Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers list	short_answers list
-2593047317812020187	Cars Land	Cars Land - wikipedia Cars Land Cars Land Looking down Route 66 in Cars Land Location Disney California Adventure 33.8056 ° N , 117.9187 ° W Status Operating Opening date June 15 , 2012 Replaced Timon Parking Lot Bountiful Valley Farms Theme Cars , Radiator Springs Area 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Attractions Attractions 3 total Cars Land is a themed area of Disney California Adventure , inspired by the Disney Pixar franchise , Cars . The 12 - acre ( 4.9 ha ) area , built as part of Disney California Adventure Park 's $1.1 billion expansion project , opened on June 15 , 2012 . It contains three rides as well as shops and restaurants , all situated in a replica of Radiator Springs , the fictional town in which most of the first film 's events take place . The area 's main attraction is Radiator Springs Racers , a racing ride that uses the technology of Epcot 's Test Track . Contents 1 History 2 Attractions 2.1 Radiator Springs Racers 2.2 Mater 's Junkyard Jamboree 2.3 Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters 3 Former attractions 4 Restaurants 5 Characters 6 Shopping 7 Layout 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Most of the present - day site of Cars Land had been used as the `` Timon '' parking lot since 2001 ; the lot had been designated as future growth space for Disney California Adventure when it was originally designed in the 1990s , and was partially built over with The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and the Flik 's Fun Fair section of A Bug 's Land . A small portion of Cars Land was built over the site of the Bountiful Valley Farm , one of the park 's original attractions . Concept art for `` Carland '' appeared in the `` Dreaming '' section of the Walt Disney Company 's 2006 Annual Report , released on December 12 , 2006 , six months after Cars was released in theaters . The concept art depicted a racing simulator ride , but provided no specifics ; Disney CEO Bob Iger stated at the time that the concept art depicted projects at various stages of development , and that some of the projects depicted `` may never be built . '' On October 17 , 2007 , Disney announced a 5 - year , $1.1 billion renovation and expansion plan for Disney California Adventure . The plan included a major overhaul of several existing areas of the park and the addition of Cars Land , an area themed to the 2006 film ; Cars Land would be anchored by Radiator Springs Racers , a Cars version of Test Track , a ride at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort . Cars Land along with the re-designed entrance plaza , Buena Vista Street , were the last features of the 5 - year project to be completed , and opened on June 15 , 2012 . Attractions ( edit ) Radiator Springs Racers Mater 's Junkyard Jamboree Luigi 's Flying Tires Radiator Springs Racers ( edit ) Radiator Springs Racers -- a slot car dark ride . The attraction takes guests in six - person vehicles through the winding roads up the mountains outside Radiator Springs and by the waterfall scene in the first film . The cars then enter the mountain and take a semi-wild ride through the outskirts of town where they encounter a number of characters . Eventually , they enter Radiator Springs at which point the track splits into two : one goes into Ramone 's while the other into Luigi 's . From here , the cars enter a briefing room where Doc gives guests some advice for the upcoming race . The two tracks come back near one another and two cars stop side - by - side . The race begins as the vehicles accelerate out of the mountain and through hairpin turns and steep banks , ending with a randomized race result and then a brief trip through Tail Light Caverns . The technology used is similar to Test Track at Epcot in Walt Disney World in Florida , and Journey to the Center of the Earth at Tokyo DisneySea . Mater 's Junkyard Jamboree ( edit ) Mater 's Junkyard Jamboree ( renamed Mater 's Graveyard JamBOOree during Halloween and Mater 's Jingle Jamboree during Christmas ) -- an attraction in the style of a whip ride themed to Mater 's Junkyard . Mater is the Master of Ceremonies of the Jamboree . The vehicles are baby tractors which pull trailers attached to them that move around with the music . Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters ( edit ) Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters ( renamed Luigi 's Honkin ' Haul - O - Ween during Halloween and Luigi 's Joy to the Whirl during Christmas ) -- Guests queue in Luigi 's Casa Della Tires shop and ride in vehicles that move and spin around to Italian music . The attraction uses a trackless ride system , similar to Aquatopia at Tokyo DisneySea . The ride vehicles are depicted as being Luigi 's cousins who have come to Radiator Springs for a dance celebration . The attraction , which officially opened March 7 , 2016 , replaced Luigi 's Flying Tires , the original attraction in this location . Former attractions ( edit ) Luigi 's Flying Tires Restaurants ( edit ) Flo 's V8 Cafe at night Cozy Cone Motel Flo 's V8 Cafe Fillmore 's Taste - in Characters ( edit ) Lightning McQueen ( dressed as a superhero during Halloween ) Mater ( dressed as a vampire during Halloween and as Santa Claus during Christmas ) Red ( dressed as a clown during Halloween ) Cruz Ramirez ( dressed as a pirate during Halloween ) DJ ( dressed as a punk rocker during Halloween ) Shopping ( edit ) Ramone 's House of Body Art Sarge 's Surplus Hut Radiator Springs Curios ( renamed Radiator Winter Curios during Christmas ) Layout ( edit ) The layout of Cars Land from the guest 's perspective is one of looking down the main street of Radiator Springs , USA , as seen in the original Cars film . There are references to the events of Cars 2 throughout the land , such as a billboard ( seen when entering from A Bug 's Land ) that gives Mater the title of `` Sir , '' and a signed photo of Finn McMissile with Luigi and Guido in Luigi 's Casa Della Tires , in addition to souvenirs from their World Grand Prix trip in a display case . The main street is Route 66 coming in from the Golden State area , across from the Golden Vine Winery and Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar . The other two entrances into the land are through a path in A Bug 's Land between the entrance of Heimlich 's Chew Chew Train and Tuck and Roll 's Drive ' Em Buggies , and through an archway as a part of the rockwork making up Ornament Valley from Pacific Wharf . The two other entrances are the same path crossing through the middle of Cars Land . The path 's name is Cross Street . At the end of Route 66 is the courthouse / firehouse where the street splits . To the left of the split is a backstage access gate . To the right of the split is the entrance to Radiator Springs Racers . In the distance , the Radiator Cap and Ornament Valley Range can be seen . The eastern edge of the Ornament Valley Range includes the Cadillac Mountain Range that consists of Cadillac tail fins that are 125 feet ( 38 m ) high and covers 300,000 square feet ( 28,000 m ) . See also ( edit ) 2012 in amusement parks References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom ( March 7 , 2012 ) . `` Taking a Tour of Cars Land , Buena Vista Street and Carthay Circle Theatre -- Opening June 15 at Disney California Adventure Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Annual Report '' . The Walt Disney Company . 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Business ( 17 October 2007 ) . `` Disney engages in mass renovation of California Adventure '' . BizJournals . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( November 17 , 2007 ) . `` Disney 's tow truck ride : noise , nausea '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Luigi 's Flying Tires to Become All - New Experience at Disney California Adventure Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters Rolling into Disney California Adventure Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters to Open March 7 at Disney California Adventure Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brady ( 14 November 2007 ) . `` Disney 's Luigi ride a beloved retread '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vaugn , Mark ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Radiator Springs Comes To Life '' . Autoweek. 62 ( 15 ) : 24 . ISSN 0192 - 9674 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cars Land . Official website archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 Cars Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Films Cars Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Planes Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Shorts Mater and the Ghostlight Cars Toons Characters Lightning McQueen Tow Mater Sally Carrera Doc Hudson Music Cars `` Real Gone '' `` Our Town '' `` Ride '' Video games Cars Cars : Radiator Springs Adventures Cars Mater - National Championship Cars Race - O-Rama The World of Cars Online Cars 2 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Attractions Cars Land Cars Quatre Roues Rallye Radiator Springs Racers Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters Luigi 's Flying Tires Miscellaneous Radiator Springs The Autobots Disney California Adventure Current attractions Former attractions Buena Vista Street Red Car Trolley Grizzly Peak Grizzly River Run Redwood Creek Challenge Trail Soarin ' Around the World Hollywood Land Disney Animation Building Animation Academy Turtle Talk with Crush Sorcerer 's Workshop Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Hyperion Theater Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Monsters , Inc . Mike & Sulley to the Rescue ! Red Car Trolley A Bug 's Land Flik 's Flyers Heimlich 's Chew Chew Train Pacific Wharf The Bakery Tour Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar Pixar Pier Games of Pixar Pier Incredicoaster Jessie 's Critter Carousel Pixar Pal - A-Round Toy Story Midway Mania ! Paradise Gardens Park Golden Zephyr Goofy 's Sky School Jumpin ' Jellyfish The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Undersea Adventure Silly Symphony Swings Cars Land Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters Radiator Springs Racers Entertainment Paint the Night World of Color Future Marvel - themed land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cars_Land&oldid=841720104 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Cars Land Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disney California Adventure Amusement rides introduced in 2012 2012 establishments in California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the cars ride open at disneyland	[ "Cars Land is a themed area of Disney California Adventure, inspired by the Disney·Pixar franchise, Cars. The 12-acre (4.9 ha) area, built as part of Disney California Adventure Park's $1.1 billion expansion project, opened on June 15, 2012. It contains three rides as well as shops and restaurants, all situated in a replica of Radiator Springs, the fictional town in which most of the first film's events take place.[1] The area's main attraction is Radiator Springs Racers, a racing ride that uses the technology of Epcot's Test Track.\n" ]	[ "June 15, 2012" ]
1657371917579558689	Alcohol tolerance	Alcohol tolerance - wikipedia Alcohol tolerance Beer Street and Gin Lane by William Hogarth , 1751 , detailing the Gin Craze in UK cities during the early Industrial Revolution . Alcohol tolerance refers to the bodily responses to the functional effects of ethanol in alcoholic beverages . This includes direct tolerance , speed of recovery from insobriety and resistance to the development of alcoholism . Contents 1 Consumption - induced tolerance 2 Physiology of alcohol tolerance 3 Alcohol tolerance in different ethnic groups 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading Consumption - induced tolerance ( edit ) Alcohol tolerance is increased by regular drinking . This reduced sensitivity requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same effects as before tolerance was established . Alcohol tolerance may lead to ( or be a sign of ) alcohol dependency . Heavy alcohol consumption over a period of years can lead to `` reverse tolerance '' . A liver can be damaged by chronic alcohol use , leading to a buildup of fat and scar tissue . The reduced ability of such a liver to metabolize or break down alcohol means that small amounts can lead to a high blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) and more rapid intoxication . Physiology of alcohol tolerance ( edit ) Alcohol dehydrogenase is a dimeric zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes Direct alcohol tolerance is largely dependent on body size . Large - bodied people will require more alcohol to reach insobriety than lightly built people . Thus men , being larger than women on average , will have a higher alcohol tolerance . The alcohol tolerance is also connected with activity of alcohol dehydrogenases ( a group of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of alcohol ) in the liver , and in the bloodstream . High level of alcohol dehydrogenase activity results in fast transformation of ethanol to more toxic acetaldehyde . Such atypical alcohol dehydrogenase levels are less frequent in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics . Furthermore , among alcoholics , the carriers of this atypical enzyme consume lower ethanol doses , compared to the individuals without the allele . An estimated one out of twenty people have an alcohol flush reaction . It is not in any way an indicator for the drunkenness of an individual . A mild flushing reaction occurs when the body metabolizes alcohol more quickly into acetaldehyde , a toxic metabolite . A more severe flushing reaction occurs when the body metabolizes the acetaldehyde more slowly , generally due to an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme . Both of those conditions -- faster conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde and slower removal of acetaldehyde -- reduce the risk for excessive drinking and alcohol dependence . Alcohol tolerance in different ethnic groups ( edit ) See also : Race and health and Genetic epidemiology To engage in alcohol consumption and development of alcoholism appear to be common to primates , and is not a specific human phenomenon . Humans have access to alcohol on far greater quantity than non-human primates , and the availability increased particularly with the development of agriculture . The tolerance to alcohol is not equally distributed throughout the world 's population . Genetics of alcohol dehydrogenase indicate resistance has arisen independently in different cultures . In North America , Native Americans have the highest probability of developing alcoholism compared to Europeans and Asians . Different alcohol tolerance also exists within Asian groups , such as between Chinese and Koreans . The health benefit of a modest alcohol consumption reported in people of European descent appear not to exist among people of African descent . Higher body masses and the prevalence of high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in an individual increase alcohol tolerance , and both adult weight and enzymes vary with ethnicity . Not all differences in tolerance can be traced to biochemistry however . Differences in tolerance levels are also influenced by socio - economic and cultural difference including diet , average body weight and patterns of consumption . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol and Tolerance '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ( NIAAA ) , Alcohol Alert ( 28 ) . April 1995 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Factors That Affect How Alcohol is Absorbed & Metabolized '' . Student affairs - Office of Alcohol Policy and Education . Stanford University . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurley TD , Edenberg HJ. ( 2012 ) Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism . Alcohol Res. 34 ( 3 ) : 339 - 344 . PMID : 23134050 Jump up ^ `` Myth or reality ? The Asian alcohol ' gene ' explained '' . Difford 's Guide . September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Identifying the Signs of Intoxication '' ( PDF ) . Government of Western Australia . December 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurley TD , Edenberg HJ. ( 2012 ) Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism . Alcohol Res. 34 ( 3 ) : 339 - 344 . PMID : 23134050 Jump up ^ Eng , MY ; Luczak , SE ; Wall , TL ( 2007 ) . `` ALDH2 , ADH1B , and ADH1C genotypes : A literature review '' . Alcohol Research & Health . 30 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 7 . PMC 3860439 . PMID 17718397 . Jump up ^ Hurley TD , Edenberg HJ. ( 2012 ) Genes encoding enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism . Alcohol Res. 34 ( 3 ) : 339 - 344 . PMID : 23134050 Jump up ^ Juarez , J ; Guzman - Flores , C ; Ervin , FR ; Palmour , RM ( December 1993 ) . `` Voluntary alcohol consumption in vervet monkeys : individual , sex , and age differences '' . Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior . 46 ( 4 ) : 985 -- 8 . PMID 8309979 . Jump up ^ Curry , A. `` Our 9,000 - Year Love Affair With Booze '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Chan , AW ( 1986 ) . `` Racial differences in alcohol sensitivity '' . Alcohol and alcoholism ( Oxford , Oxfordshire ) . 21 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 104 . PMID 2937417 . Jump up ^ Osier , Michael V. ; Pakstis , Andrew J. ; Soodyall , Himla ; Comas , David ; Goldman , David ; Odunsi , Adekunle ; Okonofua , Friday ; Parnas , Josef ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` A Global Perspective on Genetic Variation at the ADH Genes Reveals Unusual Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium and Diversity '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 71 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 99 . doi : 10.1086 / 341290 . PMC 384995 . PMID 12050823 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Use Disorder '' . NY Times . 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mail & al. ( eds. , 2002 ) : Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives : Multiple Perspectives on a Complex Problem . NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37 . Bethesda , MD : National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Jump up ^ Caetano , Raul ; Clark , Catherine L ( 1998 ) . `` Trends in Alcohol - Related Problems among Whites , Blacks , and Hispanics : 1984 - 1995 '' . Alcoholism : Clinical and Experimental Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 534 -- 538 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 0277.1998. tb03685. x . Jump up ^ Karen Chartier ; Raul Caetano . `` Ethnicity and Health Disparities in Alcohol Research '' . Jump up ^ Duranceaux & al. ( 2008 ) . `` Ethnic differences in level of response to alcohol between Chinese Americans and Korean Americans '' . J Stud Alcohol Drugs . 69 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 234 . PMID 18299763 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Chandra L. ; Hu , Frank B. ; Kawachi , Ichiro ; Williams , David R. ; Mukamal , Kenneth J. ; Rimm , Eric B. ( July 2015 ) . `` Black -- White Differences in the Relationship Between Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Mortality Among US Men and Women '' . American Journal of Public Health . 105 ( S3 ) : S534 -- S543 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2015.302615 . PMC 4455501 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin , S. - J. ; Cheng , T. - C. ; Chang , C. - P. ; Chen , Y. - J. ; Chao , Y. - C. ; Tang , H. - S. ; Chang , T. - M. ; Wu , C. - W. ( 1988 ) . `` Human stomach alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases ( ALDH ) : A genetic model proposed for ALDH III isozymes '' . Biochemical Genetics . 26 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 343 -- 60 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00554070 . PMID 3214414 . Jump up ^ Fenna , D ; Schaefer , O ; Mix , L ; Gilbert , JA ( 1971 ) . `` Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 105 ( 5 ) : 472 -- 5 . PMC 1931291 . PMID 5112118 . Jump up ^ Bennion L. ; Li T.K. ( 1976 ) . `` Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and whites '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 294 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 13 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm197601012940103 . PMID 1244489 . Jump up ^ Waldram , J.B. ; Herring , A. & Young , K. ( 1995 ) . Aboriginal Health in Canada : Historical , Cultural , and Epidemiological Perspectives . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Saggers , S. & Gray , D. ( 1998b ) . Dealing with Alcohol : Indigenous Usage in Australia , New Zealand and Canada . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press References ( edit ) Carroll , Charles R. Drugs in Modern Society . NY : McGraw - Hill , 2000 ( fifth ed . ) . Chesher , G. ; Greeley , J. ( 1992 ) . `` Tolerance to the effects of alcohol '' . Alcohol , Drugs and Driving. 8 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 106 . Osier , M ; Pakstis , AJ ; Kidd , JR ; Lee , JF ; Yin , SJ ; Ko , HC ; Edenberg , HJ ; Lu , RB ; Kidd , KK ( 1999 ) . `` Linkage disequilibrium at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci and risk of alcoholism '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 64 ( 4 ) : 1147 -- 57 . doi : 10.1086 / 302317 . PMC 1377839 . PMID 10090900 . Muramatsu , T ; Wang , ZC ; Fang , YR ; Hu , KB ; Yan , H ; Yamada , K ; Higuchi , S ; Harada , S ; Kono , H ( 1995 ) . `` Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes and drinking behavior of Chinese living in Shanghai '' . Human Genetics . 96 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00207371 . PMID 7635462 . Neumark , YD ; Friedlander , Y ; Thomasson , HR ; Li , TK ( 1998 ) . `` Association of the ADH2 * 2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel : A pilot study '' . Journal of studies on alcohol . 59 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . PMID 9500299 . Borinskaya , S.A. ; Gasemianrodsari , F. ; Kalyina , N.R. ; Sokolova , M.V. ; Yankovsky , N.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Polymorphism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ADH1B in Eastern Slavic and Iranian - Speaking Populations '' . Russian Journal of Genetics . 41 ( 11 ) : 1291 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s11177 - 005 - 0231 - 5 . Translated from `` Polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1B in eastern Slavic and Iranian - speaking populations '' . Genetika. 41 ( 11 ) : 1563 -- 6 . 2005 . PMID 16358724 . Borinskaya , Svetlana ; Kal'Ina , Nina ; Marusin , Andrey ; Faskhutdinova , Gulnaz ; Morozova , Irina ; Kutuev , Ildus ; Koshechkin , Vladimir ; Khusnutdinova , Elza ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Distribution of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH1B ∗ 47His Allele in Eurasia '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 92 ; author reply 92 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2008.12. 007 . PMC 2668054 . PMID 19124091 . Li , Hui ; Borinskaya , Svetlana ; Yoshimura , Kimio ; Kal'Ina , Nina ; Marusin , Andrey ; Stepanov , Vadim A. ; Qin , Zhendong ; Khaliq , Shagufta ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Refined Geographic Distribution of the Oriental ALDH2 * 504Lys ( nee 487Lys ) Variant '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 73 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 45 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.2009. 00517. x . PMC 2846302 . PMID 19456322 . Further reading ( edit ) Caetano R , Clark CL , Tam T ( 1998 ) . `` Alcohol consumption among racial / ethnic minorities : theory and research '' ( PDF ) . Alcohol Health Res World . 22 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 41 . PMID 15706749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Alcohol and health Specific interactions Note : see Template : Psychoactive substance use for diagnoses Aging Alcohol - induced mood disorders Brain Cancer breast cancer Sleep Tolerance Weight Substance abuse prevention Sobriety Alcohol - free zone Alcohol detoxification Alcohol rehabilitation Alcoholics Anonymous Sober companion Alcohol limitation 0 - 0 - 1 - 3 Ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages Alcohol education Alcohol server training Recommended maximum intake of alcoholic beverages Addiction medicine Alcoholism Disulfiram - like drugs : disulfiram , calcium carbimide , cyanamide Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol Dionysian Mysteries Social issues Alcohol advertising on college campuses Alcohol - free beverage definition controversy Alcohol self - medication Native Americans Binge drinking 0.08 BAC Blackout ( alcohol - related amnesia ) College student alcoholism Domestic violence Drinking games / pregaming Driving under the influence Drunkorexia Dry January Adult Children of Alcoholics Family systems French paradox High - functioning alcoholic ( HFA ) moonshine contamination Rum - running black market Sex Sin tax / Pigovian tax General Alcohol ( drug ) Short - term effects of alcohol consumption Long - term effects of alcohol consumption Psychoactive substance - related disorder ( F10 -- F19 , 291 -- 292 ; 303 -- 305 ) General SID Substance intoxication / Drug overdose Withdrawal Substance - induced psychosis SUD Substance abuse / Substance use disorder / Substance - related disorders Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence Alcohol SID Neurological disorders Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( FASD ) Fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS ) Korsakoff 's syndrome Korsakoff 's psychosis Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke 's encephalopathy Digestive system Alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Auto - brewery syndrome Nervous system Alcohol - related dementia Alcoholic hallucinosis Hangover Cardiovascular system Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Alcohol flush reaction SUD Alcoholism ( alcohol use disorder ) Binge drinking Caffeine SID Effect of caffeine on memory Caffeine - induced sleep disorder SUD Caffeine dependence Cannabis SID Effects of cannabis Long - term effects of cannabis SUD Cannabis dependence Cocaine SID Cocaine intoxication SUD Cocaine dependence Hallucinogen SID Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder Opioids SID Opioid overdose SUD Opioid use disorder Sedative / hypnotic benzodiazepine : SID Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine withdrawal SUD Benzodiazepine use disorder Benzodiazepine dependence barbiturate : SID Barbiturate overdose SUD Barbiturate dependence Stimulants SID Stimulant psychosis SUD Amphetamine dependence Tobacco SID Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal SUD Nicotine dependence Volatile solvent Inhalant abuse : Toluene toxicity Poly drug use SID Combined drug intoxication SUD Polysubstance dependence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_tolerance&oldid=856982747 '' Categories : Alcohol Race and health Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 19 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does it mean if someone has developed functional tolerance to alcohol	[]	[]
-184122693171038036	Lola Alvarez Bravo	Lola Álvarez Bravo - wikipedia Lola Álvarez Bravo Lola Alvarez Bravo Self - Portrait , Alvarez Bravo , 1950 Dolores Martinez de Anda ( 1907 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1907 Lagos de Moreno , Jalisco , Mexico July 31 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 31 ) ( aged 90 ) Mexico City , Mexico Nationality Mexican Known for Photography Spouse ( s ) Manuel Alvarez Bravo Lola Álvarez Bravo ( April 3 , 1907 -- July 31 , 1993 ) was a Mexican photographer , serving as a key figure in the post-revolution Mexican renaissance . Contents 1 Early life 2 Marriage , Divorce , and Family 3 Career 4 Legacy 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lola was born Dolores Martinez de Anda in Lagos de Moreno , Jalisco , Mexico . Lola 's mother , Sara de Anda , died when Lola was two years old . Lola 's father , Gonzalo Martinez , died of a heart attack five years later . In 1916 Lola was then taken in by her half brother . Lola and her brother were sent to live with their older half brother in Mexico City . Lola then received a traditional education at Colegio del Sagrado Corazón . Lola is quoted saying the following , `` I do n't know why since childhood , I had the idea that I wanted to do something not everybody did . What I 've hated most about my life is that they order me around and they limit my freedom . '' Marriage , divorce , and family ( edit ) In 1925 Lola married her longtime friend Manuel Álvarez Bravo and moved to Oaxaca where Manuel was an accountant for the federal government and Lola produced her first photographs . Lola and Manuel moved back to Mexico City where their son , Manuelito , was born in 1927 . That same year , they opened an art gallery in their home . Shortly after , Manuel Álvarez Bravo fell sick and Lola continued to photograph and manage the art gallery . Lola and Manuel Sr. separated in 1934 , and finally divorced in 1948 . Lola retained the Alvarez Bravo name . Career ( edit ) Manuel had taken up photography as an adolescent ; he taught Lola and they took pictures together in Oaxaca . Manuel also taught her to develop film and make prints in the darkroom . As he became more serious about pursuing a career in photography , she acted as his assistant , although she also harbored a desire to become a photographer in her own right . Frida Kahlo by Alvarez Bravo In the 1930s , just after her separation from Manuel Álvarez Bravo , Lola worked as an elementary school art teacher and soon after took a position at the Department of Education cataloging photographs . She met the minister of education by chance and was asked to photograph him . He loved her work and showed her photographs to some influential people which got her a job in the mid-1930s as the chief photographer for El Maestro Rural ( The Rural Teacher ) . El Maestro Rural was a magazine published by the secretary of public education aimed at the group of young teachers that were being hired by the progressive administration . She had her first solo art exhibition in 1944 , at Mexico City 's Palace of Fine Arts . Multiple solo and group exhibits were to follow afterwards . She photographed schools , factories , farms , orphanages , fire stations , and hospitals throughout Mexico to accompany the magazine 's articles . Álvarez Bravo is probably best known however for the photographs she took in the 1940s of her close friend , Frida Kahlo . In the adjacent image , Álvarez Bravo depicts the pain Kahlo suffered after she was in a bus accident and in her relationship with Diego Rivera . She was the director of photography at the National Institute of Fine Arts . She opened an art gallery in 1951 and was the first person to exhibit the work of Frida Kahlo in Mexico City . Inspired by photographers Edward Weston and Tina Modotti , Álvarez Bravo established her independent career . She was a photojournalist , commercial photographer , professional portraitist , political artist , teacher , and gallery curator over the course of her career . For 50 years , she photographed a wide variety of subjects , making documentary images of daily life in Mexico 's villages and city streets and portraits of leaders from various countries . She also experimented with photomontage . Bravo was not one for stylized studio shots , but wandered with her camera , searching for poignant moments and arresting compositions . Her work balances an interest in the formal qualities of light and shadow against a need to capture life as it happened . Álvarez Bravo continued to take photographs until she became blind at age seventy - nine . She made a statement late in life that sums up why her photographs are important ; `` If my photographs have any meaning , it 's that they stand for a Mexico that once existed . '' Legacy ( edit ) Álvarez Bravo 's work focused on documenting Mexico and its people during her lifetime , with a humanistic perspective . Her images document de industrialization of the country which occurred after the Mexican Revolution as well as the effects of 20th century technology . Lola Álvarez Bravo was the first woman photographer to exhibit her work at the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana with the exhibit México en la Vida , en la Danza , en la uerte in 1953 . Álvarez Bravo was accepted as a member of this institution . The full archive of Lola Álvarez Bravo 's work is located at the Center for Creative Photography ( CCP ) at the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona . The Center for Creative Photography acquired the Lola Alvarez Bravo Archive in 1996 . It includes her negatives and nearly 200 gelatin silver photographs , 100 of which were selected by Lola Alvarez Bravo in 1993 . Álvarez Bravo was a key figure in Mexico 's post-revolution renaissance . Further reading ( edit ) Alvarez Bravo , Lola. , & Ferrer , Elizabeth . ( 2006 ) . Lola Alvarez Bravo . New York , Aperture . ISBN 1 - 931788 - 94 - 4 Alvarez Bravo , Lola , and Salomón Grimberg . Lola Alvarez Bravo : The Frida Kahlo Photographs . Distributed Art Pub Inc , 1991 . Alvarez Bravo , Lola . Recuento fotográfico . Collección de Arte -- Fotografia , Mexico , 1982 . ISBN 9687199059 References ( edit ) Anglo - American Name Authority File , s.v. `` Alvarez Bravo , Lola '' , LC Control Number n 85214086 , cited 7 February 2006 Union List of Artists Names , s.v. `` Alvarez Bravo , Lola '' , cited 7 February 2006 Jump up ^ Ferrer , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Lola Alvarez Bravo . New York : Aperture . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931788 - 94 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitelegg , Isobel . `` Lola Alvarez Bravo '' . Oxford Art Online . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana. 1 . Mexico City : CONACULTA / INBA. 2014 . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 607 605 255 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Museum of Women in the Arts '' . Lola Alvarez Bravo . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Congdon , Kristin G. ; Hallmark , Kara Kelley ( 2002 ) . Artists from Latin American Cultures : A Bibliographical Dictionary . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : DesignWorkLife . `` Badass Lady Creatives ( in History ) : Lola Álvarez Bravo '' . Design Work Life . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Lola Álvarez Bravo . New York : Aperture Foundation . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kristin G. Congdon ; Kara Kelley Hallmark ( 30 October 2002 ) . Artists from Latin American cultures : a biographical dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31544 - 2 . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Congdon , Kristin G. ; Hallmark , Kara Kelley ( 2002 ) . Artists from Latin American Cultures : A Bibliographical Dictionary . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sills , Leslie ( 2000 ) . In Real Life : Six Women Photographers . New York : Holiday House . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Alvarez Bravo , Lola . `` Lola Alvarez Bravo Online Collection '' . Center for Creative Photography . Archived from the original on 2014 . ^ Jump up to : all-about-photo.com . `` Lola Álvarez Bravo Photographer - All About Photo '' . www.all-about-photo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Profile from the National Museum of Women in the Arts Center for Creative Photography website Lola Alvarez Bravo Images Online Center for Creative Photography ( CCP ) CCP at the University of Arizona has released a digital catalog of all Bravo 's images . Past and present members of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana Artists Gilberto Aceves Navarro Luis Acosta Aurea Aguilar Ignacio Aguirre Rodolfo Aguirre Tinoco Lourdes Alaniz Ernesto Alcántara Rosa María Alfonseca David Alfaro Siqueiros Ramón Alva de la Canal Ernesto Álvarez Cortés Jesús Álvarez Amaya Lola Alvarez Bravo Manuel Álvarez Bravo Colette Álvarez Urbajtel Jorge Alzaga Pablo Amor Raúl Anguiano Anibal Angulo Chappie Angulo Luis Y . Aragón Gustavo Arias Murueta Gabriela Arévalo Javier Arévalo Rolando Arjona Luis Arenal Gerardo Murillo ( `` Dr. Atl '' ) Abelardo Ávila Oscar Ávila Soberanes Alfonso Ayala Héctor Ayala Ignacio Asúnsolo Octavio Bajonero Santos Balmori Pedro Banda Silvia Barbescu Osvaldo Barra Cunningham Sofía Bassi Feliciano Béjar Arnold Belkin Valerio Bello Angelina Beloff Alberto Beltrán Félix Beltrán Luis Beltrán Roberto Berdecio Ignacio M. Beteta Helen Bickham Ángel Bracho Adrian Brun Ángel Boliver Enrique Bostelmann Bruno Pablo Bresani Alejandro Caballero Roció Caballero Geles Cabrera Yolanda Cabrera Celia Calderón Gloria Calero Sierra Susana Campos Alfonso Campos Quiroz Federico Canessi Federico Cantú Gerardo Cantú Francisco Cárdenas Martínez Alfredo Cardona Chacón Angélica Carrasco Julio Carrasco Bretón Leonora Carrington Jorja Carreño Beatriz Caso Pilar Castañeda Isidro Eduardo Castellanos Paredes Rosa Castillo Fidencio Castillo Carmen Castilleja Guillermo Castrejón Antonio Castro López Fernando Castro Pacheco Vita Castro Elizabeth Catlett Alberto Cavazos Guillermo Ceniceros Pedro Cervantes Enrique Climent Arnaldo Coen Vladimir Cora Flaviano Coral Pedro Coronel Álvaro Cortés Erasto Cortés Juárez Francisco Corzas Olga Costa Hugo Covantes Christa Cowrie José Víctor Crowley Héctor Cruz Marco Antonio Cruz Dolores Cueto Germán Cueto Alejandro Chacón Pineda Blanca Charolet Carlos Antonio Chávez José Chávez Morado Tomas Chávez Morado Maria Eugenia Chellet Julio Chico Chungtar Chong López Azteca de Gyves Myriam de la Riva Alberto de la Vega Gonzalo de la Paz Pérez Javier del Cueto Antonio Díaz Cortés Francisco Díaz de León María Elena Delgado Olga Dondé Roberto Donis Francisco Dosamantes Guillermina Dulché Armando Eguiza Evangelina Elizondo Laura Elenes Augusto Escobedo Jesús Escobedo Arturo Estrada Manuel Echauri Enrique Echeverría Alfredo Falfán Vivanco Gabriel Fernández Ledesma Javier Fernández Helguera Luis Filcer David Flores Leopoldo Flores Pedro Friedeberg Manuel Fuentes Estrada Mario Fuentes Dina Frumin Guillermo Gadda Byron Galvez Jesús Gallardo Mario Gallardo José Gama González Vicente Gandía José Julio Gaona Andrés Garay María García Arturo García Bustos Arturo García Campos Héctor García Cobo Carlos García Estrada José García Narezo José de Jesús García Gil Adalberto García Ordaz Luis García Robledo Antonio García Vega Mauricio García Vega Elva Garma Andrea Gómez Mauro Gómez Esther González Gómez Jorge González Camarena Melquiades González Silvia H. González Gregorio González Consuelo González Salazar Ignacio Granados Irma Grizá Alfredo Guati Rojo Arturo Guerrero Carlos Guerrero Jesús Guerrero Galván Lorenzo Guerrero Xavier Guerrero Ángela Gurría Luis Gutiérrez Jesús Gutiérrez Martínez Olivia Guzmán José Hernández Delgadillo Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin Miguel Hernández Urbán Cuauhtémoc Hernández Landa Víctor Manuel Hernández Castillo Manuel Herrera Cartalla Elena Huerta Muzquiz Rodolfo Hurtado Francisco Icaza Xavier Iñiguez María Izquierdo Tania Janco Carlos Jaurena Abel Jiménez Sarah Jiménez Alberto Jiménez Quinto Heriberto Juárez Juan Carlos Juárez Arreola Carlos Jurado Jazzamoart Frida Kahlo James Key Macrina Krauss Pablo Kubli María Lagunes Carlos Lamothe Silva Carmen Lang Merino Marisa Lara Gerardo Lartigue Paulina Lavista Agustín Lazo Rina Lazo Paula Lazos Fernando Leal Miguel Ledezma Campos Alfredo León Gil Rosa Lie Johansson Armando López Becerra Julia López Nacho López Amador Lugo Catherine Mac Deville Leonel Maciel Maridel Macluf Elsa Madrigal Francisco Magallán Maka Tosia Malamud Salvador Manzano Maria Luisa Martin Francisco Marín Arturo Márquez Ofelia Márquez Huitzil Mary Martín Héctor Martínez Arteche Gustavo Martínez Bermúdez Magdalena Martínez Franco Pedro Martínez Osorio Jesús Martínez Ricardo Martínez de Hoyos Ángel Mateos Benavides Daniel Manrique Rafael Mazón John Mc. Ghee Jody Mc. Grath Arturo Mecalco Ramiro Medina Jaime Mejía Patricia Mejía Contreras Deyanira África Melo Eliana Menassé Olga Méndez Leopoldo Méndez Antonio Mendoza Carlos Mérida Oscar Merino Rafael Merino Benito Messeguer Adolfo Mexiac Guillermo Meza Alfonso Michel Flor Minor Raúl Monje Poo José Monjaraz Roberto Montenegro Gustavo Montoya Francisco Mora Vicente Jesús Montes Aliria Morales Virginia Morales Alejandro Moreno Francisco Moreno Capdevila Nicolás Moreno Carlos Nakatani Rogelio Naranjo Eduardo Nasta Luna Antonio Nava Nefero Ignacio Nieves Beltrán Leonardo Nierman Claudia Nierman Rodolfo Nieto Luis Nishizawa Isidoro Ocampo Juan O'Gorman Pablo O'Higgins Froylan Ojeda Carlos Olachea Armando Ortega Ignacio Ortiz Trinidad Osorio Carlos Orozco Romero Mario Orozco Rivera Luis Ortiz Monasterio Javier Oteiza Fernando Pacheco Javier Padilla Sandra Pani Uriel Parker Mariano Paredes Tomás Parra Héctor Pérez Cruz Antonio Peláez Aida Petit - Jean Feliciano Peña Ángel Pichardo Luz María Pizá Núñez Salvador Pizarro Enrique Pontones Pedro Preux Antonio Pujol Alejandro Quijano Yolanda Quijano Francisco Quintanar Adolfo Quinteros Fanny Rabel Alice Rahon Abel Ramírez Antonio Ramírez Everardo Ramírez Noemí Ramírez Jorge Germán Ramírez Nieto Mario Rendón Lozano María Luisa Reid Walter Reuter Maria Antonieta Reyes Jesús Reyes Ferreira Mario Reyes José Reyes Meza Antonio Reynoso Diego Rivera Elvia Rivero Chavero Gilberto Rodríguez Antonio Rodríguez de la Serna Antonio Rodríguez Luna Manuel Rodríguez Lozano Ignacio Rodríguez José Julio Rodríguez Oscar Rodríguez Tránsito Rojas Santamarina Rosa Rolanda Mario Romero González José Luis Rueda Leal José L. Ruíz Antonio Ruiz El Corcito Froylan Ruiz Juan Manuel Salazar Cecilia Sanchez Duarte Carlos Sánchez Sergio Sánchez Ramos Herlinda Sanchez Laurel Sebastián Alfredo Serrano Lara Victor Scareño Naomi Siegmann Sikuame Adriano Silva Adriano Silva Pantoja Waldemar Sjölander Luz Maria Solloa Junco Elena Somonte Juan Soriano Hermenegildo Sosa Rosendo Soto Valetta Swann Eduardo Talledos Sánchez Rufino Tamayo Leticia Tarragó José Guillermo Téllez Brun Silvia Tinoco Luis Toledo Elena Tolmac 's Maria Teresa Toral Ángeles Torrejón Gerardo Torres Jorge Tovar Guillermo Toussaint Paulina Trejo Lucinda Urrusti Cordelia Urueta Luis Valsoto Sergio Valadez Estrada Ángel Vallarta Nancy Van Overveldt Aniceto Vargas Zalathiel Vargas Octavio Vázquez Reynaldo Velázquez Gabriel Vergara Fernando Vilchis Alfonso Villanueva Luis Vizuet Vlady Barry Wolfrid Héctor Xavier Mariana Yampolsky Moisés Zabludovsky Alfredo Zalce Angel Zamarripa Beatriz Zamora Álvaro Zardoni Gerardo Zarr Nahum B. Zenil Francisco Zúñiga José Zúñiga Celso Zubire WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14524487z ( data ) GND : 119184540 ISNI : 0000 0001 1809 9115 LCCN : n85214086 PIC : 312257 RKD : 392252 SNAC : w6dj9gwx SUDOC : 111324726 ULAN : 500056681 VIAF : 51924970 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lola_Alvarez_Bravo&oldid=866247143 '' Categories : Mexican photographers 1903 births 1993 deaths Mexican women photographers Artists from Jalisco People from Lagos de Moreno , Jalisco 20th - century Mexican artists 20th - century photographers 20th - century women artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 05 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the archive of l.a. bravo's work and negatives go which institution did she endow them to	[]	[]
-2336839979689225058	List of Disneyland attractions	List of Disneyland attractions - wikipedia List of Disneyland attractions Disneyland is a theme park , conceived by Walt Disney , within the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California . As of March 2017 , Disneyland has 53 attractions . ( The term `` attractions '' is used by Disney as a catch - all term for rides , shows , and exhibits . ) Below is an incomplete list of the current attractions found in Disneyland , arranged by `` land '' . These are only attractions from the Disneyland Park itself , not from Disney California Adventure Park , or other parts of the Disneyland Resort . Character meets are not listed in this article . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attractions by area 1.1 Main Street , U.S.A. 1.2 Adventureland 1.3 New Orleans Square 1.4 Critter Country 1.5 Frontierland 1.6 Mickey 's Toontown 1.7 Fantasyland 1.8 Tomorrowland 1.9 Parades 1.10 Fireworks 2 References 3 External links Attractions by area ( edit ) Main Street , U.S.A. ( edit ) Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Main Street Vehicles The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Adventureland ( edit ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Jungle Cruise Indiana Jones Adventure : Temple of the Forbidden Eye Tarzan 's Treehouse New Orleans Square ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean The Haunted Mansion Disneyland Railroad Critter Country ( edit ) Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Splash Mountain Frontierland ( edit ) Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Mark Twain Riverboat Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Sailing Ship Columbia Mickey 's Toontown ( edit ) Disneyland Railroad Goofy 's Playhouse Donald 's Boat Gadget 's Go Coaster Chip ' n Dale 's Treehouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Fantasyland ( edit ) Fantasyland Theatre `` It 's a Small World '' Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Dumbo the Flying Elephant Casey Jr . Circus Train Alice in Wonderland Matterhorn Bobsleds King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Sleeping Beauty Castle Walkthrough Tomorrowland ( edit ) Astro Orbiter Autopia Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Space Mountain Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars : Path of the Jedi Parades ( edit ) Mickey 's Soundsational Parade Pixar Play Parade A Christmas Fantasy Fireworks ( edit ) Fantasmic ! Believe ... In Holiday Magic Together Forever -- A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular ( seasonal ) Disney 's Celebrate America Halloween Screams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Attractions - Disneyland Resort '' . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland History '' . Justdisney.com . July 21 , 1954 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Disneyland attractions at Wikimedia Commons Disneyland Resort Theme parks Disneyland current attractions past attractions Disney California Adventure current attractions past attractions Hotels Disneyland Hotel Paradise Pier Hotel Grand Californian Hotel and Spa Resort area Downtown Disney World of Disney Trader Sam 's Enchanted Tiki Bar Napa Rose Disneyland Monorail System Anaheim Resort Anaheim Resort Transportation Team Disney Anaheim People Corey Burton Marc Davis Roy O. Disney Walt Disney Ron Dominguez Greg Emmer Joe Fowler Paul Frees Ed Grier Cynthia Harriss Art Linkletter Jack Lindquist Michael Eisner Matt Ouimet Paul Pressler Thurl Ravenscroft Herbert Ryman Jack Wagner Jack Wrather Events Happiest Homecoming on Earth Magic Music Days Weddings Other Incidents E ticket FastPass PhotoPass Disneyland , Inc . Stanford Research Institute Partners Federal Credit Union Voluntears Related articles Walt Disney Imagineering Walt Disney Creative Entertainment Anaheim Anaheim Rapid Connection Anaheim Resort Anaheim Resort Transportation Walt Disney Parks and Resorts The Walt Disney Company Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Space Mountain Ghost Galaxy Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars : Path of the Jedi Star Wars Launch Bay Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean The Haunted Mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! Halloween Screams Believe ... In Holiday Magic Disney 's Celebrate America Fantasy in the Sky : Special New Years Eve Countdown Pixar Play Parade Together Forever - A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular seasonal Other Partners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disneyland_attractions&oldid=848398023 '' Categories : Disneyland Lists of Disney attractions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	a list of all the rides at disneyland	[]	[]
1984696051902571390	I Still Call Australia Home	I Still Call Australia Home - Wikipedia I Still Call Australia Home Jump to : navigation , search `` I Still Call Australia Home '' Song by Peter Allen from the album Bi-Coastal Language English Released June 1980 Songwriter ( s ) Peter Allen Lyricist ( s ) Peter Allen `` I Still Call Australia Home '' is a song written and performed by Peter Allen in 1980 . In it , Allen sings of Australian expatriates ' longing for home . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance to Australian culture 2 Charts 3 Use 4 References 5 External links Significance to Australian culture ( edit ) It has been used to signify Australian patriotism and nostalgia for home . An example is the series of Qantas television commercials where it was sung either by individual Australian musicians or one of several Australian youth choirs . In the 1984 Summer Olympics ' Opening Gala TV special ( in Los Angeles ) , Olivia Newton - John performed this song from Sydney , Australia with the choir in a medley with `` Waltzing Matilda '' . Later , both songs were used in the musical about Allen 's life , The Boy from Oz , in which Hugh Jackman starred as Allen . `` I Still Call Australia Home '' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) `` I Still Call Australia Home '' peaked at number 72 on the Australian singles chart in June 1980 when it was originally released , but re-entered the charts and peaked at number 60 in September 2015 following the screening of the mini-series Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door . Use ( edit ) The song was used in the evening closing sequence for Tasmanian television station TNT - 9 Launceston and later by TasTV . In the version of the song popularly used by Qantas , `` Rio '' is replaced by `` Rome '' . Qantas does not operate flights to Rio de Janeiro , but flew to the Italian capital at the time the video was made . The version of the song used by Qantas in its 2009 advertisement replaces the entire first verse with one sung in Kala Lagaw Ya , a dialect of the Torres Strait Islands . This version was performed by the Gondwana National Indigenous Children 's Choir and the Sydney Children 's Choir as well as the Australian Girls Choir and National Boys Choir . The song is a popular inclusion in the repertoire of several Welsh male voice choirs , including the Australian Welsh Male Choir and Morriston Orpheus Choir . The Welsh version replaces `` London '' in the line `` from New York , to Rome , and old London town '' , with `` Swansea '' . Australian comedy team The Chaser composed a parody of the Qantas version of the song , called `` I Still Call Australia 51 per cent Home '' in response to Qantas outsourcing some of its engineering services to Singapore Airlines and Lufthansa . The song was performed by Chris Lilley in episodes one and two of `` We Can Be Heroes : Finding The Australian of the Year '' ( 2005 ) . The song was performed by singer Kylie Minogue in the Sound Relief concert in benefit of the victims of the Australian Bushfires on 14 March 2009 . The song featured as pre-game entertainment at the 2009 AFL Grand Final , performed by the ' Qantas choir ' and the Gondwana National Indigenous Children 's Choir . The song was performed by Nicole Kidman , Keith Urban , Hugh Jackman , Olivia Newton - John and Russell Crowe to close Oprah Winfrey 's Australian Adventure during her final season on broadcast television . This performance originally aired on US television on Friday , 21 January 2011 . The naming ceremony for Qantas ' A380 , VH - OQA , the Nancy Bird Walton , the flagship of their fleet , features a choir singing this song The song was adapted and translated into French by Sylvie Boisel . The title is L'Australie est ma patrie . She performed it at Sydney Town Hall for the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard and the Wallabies in 2007 . The song was performed by a choir at the opening ceremonies of the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane . Australian comedian and musician Tim Minchin uploaded a parody of the song called `` I Still Call Australia Homophobic '' to his Facebook page in reference to the same - sex marriage debate and proposed 2017 survey in Australia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Duncan Macleod . `` Qantas I Still Call Australia Home '' . The Inspiration Room Daily . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ National Film and Sound Archive : Sounds of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Kent Music Report No 312 -- Week Ending 16 June 1980 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by Kent Music Report ) . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Justin Bieber ' What Do You Mean ' Keeps Top Spot '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 9 Closedown Early 1980s '' . c. 1980 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAS TV End of Transmission '' . c. 1986 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wonderful Welsh Choirs '' . ( track 11 ) Jump up ^ `` Chaser QANTAS Ad '' . Jump up ^ Gondwana Choirs Ltd ( 2010 ) . Annual Report 2009 ( PDF ) . Annual report . Sydney . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Minchin - A heartfelt song to my homeland ... '' . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) I Still Call Australia Home TVC ( 2004 ) Lyrics : Peter Allen - I Still Call Australia Home I Still Call Australia Home performed in French by Sylvie Boisel ( hide ) Peter Allen Studio albums Peter Allen ( 1971 ) Tenterfield Saddler ( 1972 ) Continental American ( 1974 ) Taught by Experts ( 1976 ) I Could Have Been a Sailor ( 1979 ) Bi-Coastal ( 1980 ) Not the Boy Next Door ( 1983 ) Making Every Moment Count ( 1990 ) Compilation albums It Is Time for Peter Allen ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Peter Allen ( 1982 ) Captured Live at Carnegie Hall ( 1985 ) The Very Best of Peter Allen : The Boy from Down Under ( 1992 ) The Ultimate Peter Allen ( 2006 ) Notable singles `` Tenterfield Saddler '' ( 1972 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' ( 1975 ) `` The More I See You '' ( 1976 ) `` I Go to Rio '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Cry Out Loud '' ( 1978 ) `` I Still Call Australia Home '' ( 1980 ) Productions Soon ( 1971 ) Legs Diamond ( 1988 ) The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) Related articles The Allen Brothers Liza Minnelli Bernadette Peters `` I 'd Rather Leave While I 'm in Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' ( 1980 ) `` I Do n't Go Shopping '' ( 1981 ) ARIA Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Still_Call_Australia_Home&oldid=798408559 '' Categories : Australian patriotic songs Songs about Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 19 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	peter allen song i still call australia home	[]	[]
4043162517277350223	Scott Pilgrim vs. the World	Scott Pilgrim vs. the World - wikipedia Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Theatrical release poster Directed by Edgar Wright Produced by Eric Gitter Nira Park Marc Platt Edgar Wright Screenplay by Michael Bacall Edgar Wright Based on Scott Pilgrim by Bryan Lee O'Malley Starring Michael Cera Mary Elizabeth Winstead Kieran Culkin Chris Evans Anna Kendrick Alison Pill Brandon Routh Jason Schwartzman Music by Nigel Godrich Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Jonathan Amos Paul Machliss Production company Marc Platt Productions Big Talk Films Closed on Mondays Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) ( Fantasia Festival ) August 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) ( United States ) August 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 25 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 112 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $85 -- 90 million ( gross ) $60 million ( net ) Box office $47.7 million Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is a 2010 comedy film co-written , produced and directed by Edgar Wright , based on the graphic novel series Scott Pilgrim by Bryan Lee O'Malley . It stars Michael Cera as Scott Pilgrim , a slacker musician who must battle the seven evil exes of his newest girlfriend Ramona . A film adaptation of the comics was proposed following the release of the first volume . Wright became attached to the project , and filming began in March 2009 in Toronto . The film premiered after a panel discussion at the San Diego Comic - Con International on July 22 , 2010 , and received a wide release in North America on August 13 , 2010 . Despite receiving positive reviews from critics , who particularly noted the film 's visual style and humour , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was a box office bomb , grossing $47.7 million against its production budget of $85 -- 90 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Setting 3.3 Casting 3.4 Music 3.5 Title sequence 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Video game 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot In Toronto , 23 - year - old Scott Pilgrim is a bassist in Sex Bob - Omb , a floundering garage band . To the disapproval of his friends , he is dating Knives Chau , a 17 - year - old high - school student . Scott meets an American Amazon delivery girl , Ramona Flowers , having first seen her in a dream , and loses interest in Knives , but does n't break up with her before pursuing Ramona . When Sex Bob - Omb plays in a battle of the bands sponsored by record executive G - Man Graves , Scott is attacked by Ramona 's ex-boyfriend Matthew Patel . Scott defeats Patel and learns that , in order to date Ramona , he must defeat the remaining six evil exes . Scott breaks up with Knives , who blames Ramona and swears to win him back . Scott defeats Ramona 's second evil ex , Hollywood actor and skateboarder Lucas Lee , by tricking him into performing a dangerous stunt . He defeats her third ex , superpowered vegan Todd Ingram , who is dating Scott 's ex-girlfriend , Envy Adams , by tricking him into drinking dairy . He defeats her fourth ex , Roxy Richter ( with Ramona 's help , as he ca n't hit a girl ) , by touching the spot behind her knee ( Ramona tells him this is Roxy 's weak point ) . Scott becomes upset with Ramona 's dating history , and Ramona breaks up with him . At the next battle of the bands , Sex Bob - Omb defeats Ramona 's fifth and sixth evil exes , twins Kyle and Ken Katayanagi , earning Scott an extra life . Ramona gets back with her seventh evil ex , Gideon , AKA G - Man Graves . Sex Bob - Omb accepts Gideon 's record deal , except for Scott , who leaves the band in protest . Gideon invites Scott to his venue , the Chaos Theater , where Sex Bob - Omb is playing . Resolving to win Ramona back , Scott challenges Gideon to a fight for her affections , earning the `` Power of Love '' sword . Knives interrupts the battle , attacking Ramona , and Scott is forced to reveal that he cheated on both of them . Gideon kills Scott and Ramona visits him in limbo to reveal that Gideon has implanted her with a mind control device . Scott uses his 1 - up and re-enters the Chaos Theater . He makes peace with his friends and challenges Gideon again , this time for himself . He gains the `` Power of Self - Respect '' sword and disarms Gideon . He apologizes to Ramona and Knives for cheating on them , and Scott and Knives join forces to defeat Gideon . Free from Gideon 's control , Ramona prepares to leave . Knives accepts that her relationship with Scott is over and , at her encouragement , he leaves with Ramona . Cast See also : List of Scott Pilgrim characters Michael Cera as Scott Pilgrim Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Ramona Flowers Kieran Culkin as Wallace Wells Ellen Wong as Knives Chau Alison Pill as Kim Pine Mark Webber as Stephen Stills Johnny Simmons as `` Young '' Neil Nordegraf Anna Kendrick as Stacey Pilgrim Brie Larson as Natalie `` Envy '' Adams Aubrey Plaza as Julie Powers Nelson Franklin as Comeau Satya Bhabha as Matthew Patel Chris Evans as Lucas Lee Brandon Routh as Todd Ingram Mae Whitman as Roxy Richter Shota Saito ( ja ) as Kyle Katayanagi Keita Saito ( ja ) as Ken Katayanagi Jason Schwartzman as Gideon Graves Production Development After artist Bryan Lee O'Malley completed the first volume of Scott Pilgrim , his publisher Oni Press contacted producer Marc Platt to propose a film adaptation . O'Malley originally had mixed feelings about a film adaptation , stating that he `` expected them to turn it into a full - on action comedy with some actor that I hated '' but ultimately `` did n't even care . I was a starving artist , and I was like , ' Please , just give me some money . ' '' Universal Studios contracted director Edgar Wright , who had just finished Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) and agreed to adapt the Scott Pilgrim comics . In May 2005 , the studio signed Michael Bacall to write the screenplay . Wright cited Mario Bava 's Danger : Diabolik ( 1968 ) as an influence on his approach to Scott Pilgrim , describing it as an `` Italian influence , a sense of completely unbridled imagination . They do n't make any attempt to make it look realistic . Mario Bava 's composition and staging has a real try - anything attitude . '' Bacall said that he wanted to write the Scott Pilgrim film because he felt strongly about its story and empathized with its characters . By 2010 , casting had been completed and the film was titled Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Wright said that O'Malley was `` very involved '' with the script of the film from the start , contributing lines and adding polish . Due to the long development , several lines from various scripts written by Wright and Bacall were used in later Scott Pilgrim comics . No material from Scott Pilgrim 's Finest Hour , the sixth Scott Pilgrim volume , appeared in the film , as the comic was not complete at the time of the film 's production . O'Malley contributed suggestions for the film 's ending and gave the producers his notes for the sixth volume , but stated that the film 's ending was `` their ending '' . Casting of the principal characters began in June 2008 . Principal photography began in March 2009 in Toronto and wrapped as scheduled in August . In the film 's original ending , written before the release of the final Scott Pilgrim book , Scott gets back together with Knives . After the final book in the series was released , in which Scott and Ramona get back together , and divided audience reaction to the film 's original ending , a new ending was filmed to match the books , with Scott and Ramona getting back together . The film was given a production budget of $85 -- 90 million , an amount offset by tax rebates that resulted in a final cost of around $60 million . Universal fronted $60 million of the pre-rebate budget . O'Malley's commentary track was recorded on August 14 , 2010 , one day after the film 's theatrical release . Setting One of the producers , Miles Dale , said that the film is `` the biggest movie ever identifiably set in Toronto . '' The film features Casa Loma , St. Michael 's College School , Sonic Boom , the Toronto Public Library Wychwood Library , a Goodwill location on St. Clair West , a Second Cup , and a Pizza Pizza . The developers planned to set the series in Toronto because , in Dale 's words , `` the books are super-specific in their local details '' and director Wright wanted to use the imagery from the books , so Universal Studios had no plans to alter the setting . Dale stated that `` Bathurst Street is practically the cerebral cortex of Scott Pilgrim '' . Casting Director Wright felt confident with his casting in the film . Wright stated that `` Like with Hot Fuzz how we had great people in every single tiny part , it 's the same with this . What 's great with this is that there 's people you know , like with Michael ( Cera ) and Jason ( Schwartzman ) , and then we have people who are up and coming , like Anna Kendrick , Aubrey Plaza and Brie Larson , and then there 's complete unknowns as well '' . There was no studio interference with casting more unknowns , as Wright stated that `` Universal never really gave me any problems about casting bigger people , because in a way Michael ( Cera ) has starred in two $100 million - plus movies , and also a lot of the other people , though they 're not the biggest names , people certainly know who they are . '' Wright planned on casting Cera while writing Hot Fuzz after watching episodes of Arrested Development . Wright said he needed an actor that `` audiences will still follow even when the character is being a bit of an ass . '' Wright ran all his casting decisions by O'Malley during the casting session . Mary Elizabeth Winstead was Wright 's choice for Ramona Flowers two years before filming had started , because `` she has a very sunny disposition as a person , so it was interesting to get her to play a version of herself that was broken inside . She 's great in the film because she causes a lot of chaos but remains supernaturally grounded . '' Ellen Wong , a Toronto actress known mostly from a role in This Is Wonderland , auditioned for the part of Knives Chau three times . On her second audition , Wright learned that Wong has a green belt in tae kwon do , and says he found himself intrigued by this `` sweet - faced young lady being a secret badass '' . Music Main article : List of Scott Pilgrim soundtracks Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich , Beck , Metric , Broken Social Scene , Cornelius , Dan the Automator , Kid Koala , and David Campbell all contributed to the film 's soundtrack . Beck wrote and composed the music played by Sex Bob - omb in the film , with Brian LeBarton playing drums and bass for the band on the film 's score and soundtrack . Two unreleased songs can also be heard in the teaser trailer . Cast members Webber , Pill , and Simmons all had to learn to play their respective instruments , and spent time rehearsing as a band with Cera ( who already played bass ) before filming began . The actors also sing on the film 's soundtrack . Brendan Canning and Kevin Drew of Broken Social Scene wrote all the songs for Crash and the Boys . The tracks were sung by Knudsen , who plays Crash in the film . Drew stated that the reason behind this was that `` ( he ) knew that ( Knudsen ) did n't need to be a singer to pull ( it ) off '' because the songs were `` so quick and punk and fast '' and `` it needed to be the character 's voice . '' Metric is the inspiration for the film 's fictional band , the Clash at Demonhead , and contributed the song `` Black Sheep '' to the film . The clothing of Metric 's lead singer , Emily Haines , is also the basis for the clothing of the lead singer of Clash at Demonhead . Brie Larson provides the vocals for `` Black Sheep '' in the film , while the soundtrack features a version of the song with Haines as lead singer . Chris Murphy of the band Sloan was the guitar coach for the actors in the film . Music from the Legend of Zelda video game series is used in a dream sequence in the film . To get permission to use the music , Edgar Wright sent a clip of the film and wrote a letter to Nintendo of America that described the music as `` like nursery rhymes to a generation . '' Title sequence The opening title sequence was designed by Richard Kenworthy of Shynola , and was inspired by drawn - on - film animation . According to Kenworthy : You ca n't study animation and not be well - versed in Len Lye , Oskar Fischinger , Stan Brakhage , and Norman McLaren . We went back and re-watched those films and they were still full of life . We got excited about projecting such vivid imagery on the big screen , in front of an audience who most likely had n't experienced that work . Wright got the idea from fellow director Quentin Tarantino , who famously uses title sequences at the beginning of his films . Release Michael Cera dressed as Captain America at the Scott Pilgrim panel at the San Diego Comic - Con . A Scott Pilgrim vs. the World panel featured at the San Diego Comic - Con International held on July 22 , 2010 . After the panel , Wright invited selected members of the audience for a screening of the film which was followed by a performance by Metric . Scott Pilgrim was also shown at the Fantasia Festival in Montreal , Quebec , Canada on July 27 , 2010 and was also featured at the Movie - Con III in London , England on August 15 , 2010 . The film premiered in Japan during the Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival on February 26 , 2011 as an official selection . It was released to the rest of the country on April 29 , 2011 . Marketing On March 25 , 2010 , the first teaser trailer was released . A second trailer featuring music by The Ting Tings , LCD Soundsystem , Be Your Own Pet , Cornelius , Blood Red Shoes , and The Prodigy was released May 31 , 2010 . At the 2010 MTV Movie Awards , the first clip was released featuring Scott facing Lucas Lee in battle . The actors playing Lee 's stunt doubles are the actual stunt doubles for Chris Evans . Alison Pill , who plays Kim in the film , stated that her character 's past relationship with Scott will be explored in other media stating that `` There will be a little something - something that will air on Adult Swim '' . The animated short , Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation , produced by Titmouse Inc. , adapts the opening prologue of the second Scott Pilgrim book and was aired on Adult Swim on August 12 , 2010 , a day prior to the film 's theatrical release , later being released on their website . Michael Cera stated that he felt the film was `` a tricky one to sell . I do n't know how you convey that movie in a marketing campaign . I can see it being something that people are slow to discover . In honesty , I was slow to find Shaun of the Dead '' . Video game Main article : Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game A video game was produced based on the series . It was released for PlayStation Network on August 10 , 2010 and on Xbox Live Arcade on August 25 , being met with mostly positive reviews . The game is published by Ubisoft and developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Chengdu , featuring animation by Paul Robertson and original music by Anamanaguchi . Home media Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in North America on November 9 , 2010 and in the United Kingdom on December 27 , 2010 . The DVD features include four audio commentaries : ( director Wright , co-writer Bacall , and author O'Malley ; Wright and director of photography Pope ; Cera , Schwartzman , Winstead , Wong , and Routh ; and Kendrick , Plaza , Culkin , and Webber ) , 21 deleted , extended , and alternate scenes including the original ending ( where Scott ends up with Knives ) with commentary , bloopers , photo galleries , and a trivia track . The Blu - ray Disc release includes all DVD features , plus alternate footage , six featurettes , production blogs , Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation , trailers and TV spots , storyboard picture - in - picture , a DVD copy , and a digital copy . The `` Ultimate Japan Version '' Blu - ray Disc includes a commentary track that features Wright and Shinya Arino . It also includes footage of Wright and Cera 's publicity tour through Japan and a round - table discussion with Japanese film critic Tomohiro Machiyama . It was released on September 2 , 2011 . In its first week of release , the DVD sold 190,217 copies , earning $3,422,004 in revenue , and as of 2011 earned $27,349,933 on the total US home media sales . It reached the top of the UK Blu - ray Disc charts in its first week of release . Reception Box Office The film was widely released in North America on August 13 , 2010 , opening in 2,818 theaters . The film finished fifth on its first weekend of release with a total of $10.5 million ( $11.8 million when adjusted for inflation ) , and by its second weekend of release had dropped to the bottom of the top ten . The Wall Street Journal described this as `` disappointing '' while Ben Fritz of the Los Angeles Times noted that the film appeared to be a `` major financial disappointment '' . Universal acknowledged their disappointment at the opening weekend , saying they had `` been aware of the challenges of broadening this film to a mainstream audience '' ; regardless , the studio 's spokesman said Universal was `` proud of this film and our relationship with the visionary and creative filmmaker Edgar Wright ... Edgar has created a truly unique film that is both envelope pushing and genre bending and when examined down the road will be identified as an important piece of filmmaking . '' In the UK , the film opened in 408 cinemas , finishing second on its opening weekend with £ 1.6 million , dropping to fifth place by the next weekend . Critical response Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 81 % based on 247 reviews , with an average score of 7.5 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` its script may not be as dazzling as its eye - popping visuals , but Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is fast , funny , and inventive '' . Metacritic has assigned an average score of 69 out of 100 , based on 38 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . At a test screening , director Kevin Smith was impressed by the film saying `` That movie is great . It 's spellbinding and nobody is going to understand what the fuck just hit them . I would be hard pressed to say , ' he 's bringing a comic book to life ! ' but he is bringing a comic book to life . '' Smith also said that fellow directors Quentin Tarantino and Jason Reitman were `` really into it '' . Carla Gillis , a writer for Now and former lead singer for the band Plumtree , also commented on the film , as her band 's song `` Scott Pilgrim '' was the inspiration for O'Malley to create the series . Gillis felt the film carried the same positive yet bittersweet tone of the song . After premiere screenings at the San Diego Comic - Con International , the film received positive reviews . Variety gave the film a mixed review , referring to the film as `` an example of attention - deficit filmmaking at both its finest and its most frustrating '' and that `` anyone over 25 is likely to find director Edgar Wright 's adaptation of the cult graphic novel exhausting , like playing chaperone at a party full of oversexed college kids . '' The Hollywood Reporter wrote a negative review , stating that `` What 's disappointing is that this is all so juvenile . Nothing makes any real sense ... ( Michael ) Cera does n't give a performance that anchors the nonsense . '' and `` Universal should have a youth hit in the domestic market when the film opens next month . A wider audience among older or international viewers seems unlikely . '' David Edelstein of New York magazine wrote that `` The film is repetitive , top - heavy : Wright blows his wad too early . But a different lead might have kept you laughing and engaged . Cera does n't come alive in the fight scenes the way Stephen Chow does in the best ( and most Tashlin - like ) of all the surreal martial - arts comedies , Kung Fu Hustle . '' Cindy White at IGN gave the film a positive rating of 8 / 10 calling the film `` funny and offbeat '' as well as noting that the film is `` best suited for the wired generation and those of us who grew up on Nintendo and MTV . Its kinetic nature and quirky sensibilities might be a turnoff for some . '' Nick Schager of Slant Magazine gave the film a positive review of three and a half stars out of four , calling Edgar Wright an `` inspired mash - up artist , and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World may be his finest hybridization to date '' . A.O. Scott made the film a `` critics pick '' , stating `` There are some movies about youth that just make you feel old , even if you are n't ... Scott Pilgrim vs. the World has the opposite effect . Its speedy , funny , happy - sad spirit is so infectious that the movie makes you feel at home in its world even if the landscape is , at first glance , unfamiliar . '' According to Michael Phillips , `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is different , and not just because it 's funny first and everything else second . Director and co-writer Edgar Wright understands the appeal of the original Bryan Lee O'Malley graphic novels ... O'Malley's manga - inspired books combine utter banality with superhero hyperbole , and it 's a lot for a director to take on . Wright , who is British , has taken it on and won . Scott Pilgrim vs. the World lives and breathes the style of the original books , with animated squiggles and hearts and stars filling out the frame in many individual shots . Some of this is cute ; some of it is better , weirder than ' cute . ' '' Phillips concludes : `` To enjoy the film you must enjoy the brash , satiric spirit of hero 's quest . Cera and his fellow ensemble members , including Kieran Culkin as Scott 's roommate , Anna Kendrick as his snippy younger sister and the majestically dour Alison Pill as the band 's drummer , mitigate the apocalyptic craziness with their deadpan wiles . At its best , Wright 's film is raucous , impudent entertainment . '' After its premiere in Japan , several notable video game , film , and anime industry personalities have praised Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , among them Hironobu Sakaguchi , Goichi Suda , Miki Mizuno , Tomohiko Itō and Takao Nakano . In June 2013 , Scott Pilgrim creator Bryan Lee O'Malley , who is of Korean and white Canadian parentage , stated that he regretted the fact that the film 's cast was predominantly white , and that there were not enough roles for minorities . Accolades This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film received four nominations at the 2010 Satellite Awards held on December 19 , 2010 at the Intercontinental Hotel in Century City . It won in two categories ; Best film -- Comedy or Musical and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Michael Cera . The film also made the final short list for a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 83rd Academy Awards , but did not receive a nomination . Awards Award Name Outcome Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Big Budget Feature -- Comedy Robin D. Cook and Jennifer Euston Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Awards Best film Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Picture Nominated Best Overlooked Film Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Director Edgar Wright Nominated Best Ensemble Overall casting Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Edgar Wright Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation -- Long Form Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright Nominated Sierra Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Best Costume Design Laura Jean Shannon Nominated Best Song Beck for `` We Are Sex Bob - Omb '' Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Editing Jonathan Amos and Paul Machliss Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright Nominated SFX Awards Best Film Director Edgar Wright Won San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Editing Jonathan Amos and Paul Machliss Won Best Adapted Screenplay Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright Nominated Satellite Awards Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Michael Cera Won Best Art Direction and Production Design Nigel Churcher and Marcus Rowland Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Scream Awards The Ultimate Scream Nominated Best Director Edgar Wright Nominated Best Scream - Play Nominated Best Villain Satya Bhabha , Chris Evans , Brandon Routh , Mae Whitman , Shota Saito , Keita Saito and Jason Schwartzman as The League of Evil Exes Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ellen Wong Nominated Best Supporting Actor Kieran Culkin Nominated Fight Scene of the Year Final Battle : Scott Pilgrim and Knives vs. Gideon Graves Won Best Comic Book Movie Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Actor Michael Cera Nominated Choice Movie : Action Actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead Nominated Choice Movie : Action Nominated Utah Film Critics Association Awards Best Director Edgar Wright Nominated Best Screenplay Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright Nominated See also List of films featuring fictional films List of Relativity Media films List of British films of 2010 List of American films of 2010 Notes Jump up ^ Various sources contradict one another when it comes to this film 's country of origin . BFI says this film is a UK - US - Japanese film , as does the AFI . The Lumiere database has it as UK / US / Canadian . Per WP : WEIGHT , the US and UK should be listed , while Japan and Canada are questionable . References Jump up ^ `` SCOTT PILGRIM VS . THE WORLD ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Pilgrim vs. The World -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Box office : ' Expendables ' blows up , ' Scott Pilgrim ' out of tune , ' Eat Pray Love ' has decent first bite '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Universal spent about $85 million to make the picture , along with a small investment by Relativity Media Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Masters , Kim ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` The $200 million gamble on ' Battleship ' film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Universal 's `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , '' opening Friday , cost $80 million - $90 million ^ Jump up to : Scott Pilgrim vs. the World at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Scott Pilgrim creator Bryan Lee O'Malley '' . Total Film . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Hero Complex for your Inner Fanboy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Gabriel ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Pilgrim 's ' progresses '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom . `` 50 essential comic - book movies , with Edgar Wright : part 3 '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Scott Pilgrim ' Gets a New Life on DVD '' on YouTube . Associated Press . Retrieved on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Exes mark spots in ' Pilgrim ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Dan ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Geekadelphia : An EPIC Conversation with Edgar Wright & Michael Cera of Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Scott Pilgrim creator Bryan Lee O'Malley '' . Total Film . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. The World Will End Differently Than The Graphic Novels '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Villeneuve , Nicole ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( Just Not Toronto ) '' . Torontoist . Gothamist . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright 's photoblog '' . Bryan Lee O'Malley . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blog One -- Introduction -- Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World '' . Scott Pilgrim The Movie . Retrieved April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` August 28th , 2009 21 : 40 ( EDT ) Wrap ! '' . Edgar Wright Here . August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Ellen Wong Interview Scott Pilgrim VS . THE WORLD ; Plus Info on THE THING Prequel , DIE HARD 5 , and the Alternate Ending '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office : Sly Preys on Julia , World Beats Pilgrim '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` photos - of - me - and - edgar - wright - london - august . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schneller , Johanna . `` Hollywood goes Toronto . '' The Globe and Mail . Saturday May 23 , 2009 . Updated Thursday August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved on December 7 , 2012 . `` Nobody 's switching mailboxes or changing the identity of St. Mike 's school , ( ... ) '' which refers to St. Michael 's Collegiate School ^ Jump up to : `` Edgar Wright , Michael Cera , Jason Schwartzman Interview Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' . Collider . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Nancy ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Director Edgar Wright , Actor Michael Cera Crack Wise About Scott Pilgrim '' . Wired . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Swerdloff , Alexis ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Girls of Summer '' . Paper . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hasty , Katie ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Preview new Beck songs in ' Scott Pilgrim ' trailer '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll : ' Scott Pilgrim ' launches with Beck - scored trailer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carlick , Stephen ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. The World Soundtrack Adds Beck Bonus Tracks with Deluxe Edition '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World -- Original Score ~ Digital Release August 10 , 2010 '' . Edgar Wright Here . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' . MusicfromFilm.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright Talks Scott Pilgrim Trailer '' . Empire . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim vs. The World DVD extra Music documentary Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World Soundtrack credits Jump up ^ Warner , Andrea ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Bryan Lee O'Malley , Edgar Wright and Kevin Drew Talk the Music of Scott Pilgrim '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Ben ( August 8 , 2009 ) . `` Toronto finally gets to play itself '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World Film and soundtrack album credits Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs the World '' ( Interview with Edgar Wright , Oscar Wright & Richard Kenworthy ) . Art of the Title . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee Joyce ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' Director Treats Comic - Con Attendees to Free Screening of Film `` . CBS News . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik J. ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Scott Pilgrim ' creates Comic - Con pandemonium '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie - Con III Is Coming ! Scott Pilgrim Screening Announced ! '' . Empire . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Films & Schedules : Scott Pilgrim Vs. the World '' . Fantasia Festival . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival 2011 '' . Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival . 2011 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release dates for Scott Pilgrim vs the World '' . Internet Movie Database ( IMDb ) . 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Edgar ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` It 's here ... The Official Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World Teaser Trailer '' . Edgar Wright Here . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Edgar . `` The New Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World Trailer ! '' . Edgar Wright Here . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick . `` First ' Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World ' Clip Featuring Chris Evans as Lucas Lee '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Erik ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` CCI : Cast & Crew React to `` Scott Pilgrim '' screening `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : First Video From the Scott Pilgrim Animated Short Produced by Adult Swim '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Dave . `` Michael Cera : Hollywood 's go - to - geek '' . Time Out London . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ; Hatfield , Daemon ; Miller , Greg ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC 10 : Scott Pilgrim vs. The World -- Clash at Demonhead . The world does n't stand a chance '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Critic Reviews for PlayStation 3 at '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft and Universal Pictures Partner on Scott Pilgrim VS . The World Video Game '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim Game First Hands - On '' . Game Informer . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. The World ( US -- DVD R1 , BD RA ) '' . DVDActive . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` / FILM -- ' Scott Pilgrim vs. The World ' Hits DVD and Blu - Ray November 9 '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gifford , Kevin ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Check Out the Retro Game Master Guy 's Commentary Track on Scott Pilgrim vs. The World '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim vs. The World . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Video Archive Chart '' . Theofficialcharts.com . January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Expendables ' Tops Weekend Box Office '' . The Wall Street Journal . August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 20 -- 22 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` UK Box Office 27 -- 29 August 2010 '' . UK Film Council . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim vs. the World at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Smith Talks Scott Pilgrim '' . The Film Stage . March 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Ben ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim marches to the beat of a Plumtree ( oh , and Metric , too ) '' . National Post . Canada . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . What 's disappointing is that this is all so juvenile . Nothing makes any real sense . The `` duels '' change their rules on a whim , and no one takes the games very seriously , including the exes , who , when defeated , explode into coins the winner may collect . Certainly Cera does n't give a performance that anchors the nonsense . His character sort of drifts , not really attached to any idea or goal other than winning the heart of an apparently heartless woman while dissing a girlfriend who , despite her `` youth , '' seems ideally suited to his slacker personality . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` A Not So Super Hero '' . New York . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim Vs. the World Review . Edgar Wright 's take on the videogame - inspired comic series is full of win '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` This Girl Has a Lot of Baggage , and He Must Shoulder the Load '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Funny first and everything else second '' . Chicago Tribune . Metromix . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Edgar ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World -- Notable Japanese Personalities Tributes to the film '' . Edgar Wright Here . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Ask '' . Radiomaru.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Take that ! Twice . Scott Pilgrim Vs the World wins two Satellite awards '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Toronto portal Film portal Video games portal 2010s portal Scott Pilgrim vs. the World on IMDb Scott Pilgrim vs. the World at Box Office Mojo Scott Pilgrim vs. the World at Rotten Tomatoes Scott Pilgrim vs. the World at Metacritic Scott Pilgrim film diary on Vimeo Edgar 's Photo A Day 2009 from Flickr , with numerous photographs related to the film hide Bryan Lee O'Malley Graphic novels Lost at Sea Scott Pilgrim Characters Film Video game Soundtracks Seconds Comic books Hopeless Savages : Ground Zero Snotgirl hide Edgar Wright Films directed Feature films A Fistful of Fingers ( 1994 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Baby Driver ( 2017 ) Short films Dead Right ( 1993 ) Do n't ( 2007 ) Films written The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Related Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World&oldid=845396162 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films Scott Pilgrim 2010s romantic comedy films American films American action comedy films American romantic comedy films British films British action films British romantic comedy films Big Talk Productions films Universal Pictures films Films scored by Nigel Godrich Films about infidelity Films about music and musicians Films based on Canadian comics Films directed by Edgar Wright Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films set in Toronto Films shot in Toronto Live - action films based on comics Mind control in fiction Screenplays by Edgar Wright Relativity Media films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from July 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 14 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played ramona in scott pilgrim vs. the world	[]	[]
6350779265968572755	Malleus Maleficarum	Malleus Maleficarum - wikipedia Malleus Maleficarum Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Malleus Maleficarum ( album ) . For the Supernatural episode , see Malleus Maleficarum ( Supernatural ) . For the song by AFI , see Black Sails in the Sunset . `` Hammer of witches '' redirects here . For the Cradle of Filth album , see Hammer of the Witches . For the film , see Witchhammer . Malleus Maleficarum Hammer of Witches Title page of the seventh Cologne edition of the Malleus Maleficarum , 1520 ( from the University of Sydney Library ) . The Latin title is `` MALLEUS MALEFICARUM , Maleficas , & earum hæresim , ut phramea potentissima conterens . '' ( generally translated into English as The Hammer of Witches which destroyeth Witches and their heresy as with a two - edged sword ) . Full title Malleus Maleficarum Also known as Hammer of Witches Author ( s ) Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger Language Latin Date 1486 Date of issue 1487 The Malleus Maleficarum , usually translated as the Hammer of Witches , is the best known and the most important treatise on witchcraft . It was written by the Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer ( under his Latinized name Henricus Institoris ) and first published in the German city of Speyer in 1487 . It endorses extermination of witches and for this purpose develops a detailed legal and theological theory . It was a bestseller , second only to the Bible in terms of sales for almost 200 years . The Malleus elevates sorcery to the criminal status of heresy and prescribes inquisitorial practices for secular courts in order to extirpate witches . The recommended procedures include torture to effectively obtain confessions and the death penalty as the only sure remedy against the evils of witchcraft . At that time , it was typical to burn heretics alive at the stake and the Malleus encouraged the same treatment of witches . The book had a strong influence on culture for several centuries . Jacob Sprenger 's name was added as an author beginning in 1519 , 33 years after the book 's first publication and 24 years after Sprenger 's death ; but the veracity of this late addition has been questioned by many historians for various reasons . Kramer wrote the Malleus following his expulsion from Innsbruck by the local bishop , due to charges of illegal behavior against Kramer himself , and because of Kramer 's obsession with the sexual habits of one of the accused , Helena Scheuberin , which led the other tribunal members to suspend the trial . It was later used by royal courts during the Renaissance , and contributed to the increasingly brutal prosecution of witchcraft during the 16th and 17th centuries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Summary of contents 2.1 Justification ( Apologia auctoris ) 2.2 Papal bull 2.3 Approbation 2.3. 1 Preamble 2.3. 2 Resolution 2.4 Main text 2.4. 1 Section I 2.4. 2 Section II 2.4. 3 Section III 3 Theological foundations and major themes 3.1 Torture and confessions 3.2 Victims 3.3 Elaborated concept of witchcraft 3.4 Demonology 4 Controversies 4.1 Approbation and authorship 5 Authors ' whereabouts and circumstances 5.1 Preceding publication 5.2 Post-publication 6 Popularity and influence 6.1 Factors stimulating widespread use 7 Translations 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Citations 9.3 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Witch trials in the early modern period , Summis desiderantes affectibus , Demonology § Christianity , and European witchcraft Hypatia was a philosopher in Alexandria . Her knowledge of astronomy and mathematics led to suspicion of sorcery and she was flayed alive by a mob of monks . She is considered by scholars such as Soldan and Heppe to have been the first famous woman to be persecuted for witchcraft by the Christians . Magical acts and witchcraft had long been forbidden by the Church , whose attitude towards witchcraft was explained in the Canon Episcopi written in about AD 900 . It stated that witchcraft and magic were just delusions and that those who believed in such things `` had been seduced by the Devil in dreams and visions '' . However , in the same period supernatural intervention was accepted in the form of ordeals that were later also used during witch trials . Possessions by the Devil are considered real even in present times by some Christians and it is a part of doctrine that demons may be cast out by appropriate sacramental exorcisms . In the Malleus , exorcism is , for example , one of the five ways to overcome the attacks of incubi . Prayer and transubstantiation are traditionally excluded by Christians from the category of magical rites . In 1484 clergyman Heinrich Kramer made one of the first attempts at prosecuting alleged witches in the Tyrol region . It was not a success : he was expelled from the city of Innsbruck and dismissed by the local bishop as `` senile and crazy '' . According to Diarmaid MacCulloch , writing the book was Kramer 's act of self - justification and revenge . Ankarloo and Clark claim that Kramer 's purpose in writing the book was to explain his own views on witchcraft , systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft did not exist , discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality , claim that those who practised witchcraft were more often women than men , and to convince magistrates to use Kramer 's recommended procedures for finding and convicting witches . Some scholars have suggested that following the failed efforts in Tyrol , Kramer requested explicit authority from the Pope to prosecute witchcraft . Kramer received a papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus in 1484 . It allegedly gave full papal approval for the Inquisition to prosecute what was deemed to be witchcraft in general and also gave individual authorizations to Kramer and Dominican Friar Jacob Sprenger specifically . Other scholars have disputed the idea that Sprenger was working with Kramer , arguing that the evidence shows that Sprenger was actually a persistent opponent of Kramer , even going so far as to ban him from Dominican convents within Sprenger 's jurisdiction while also banning him from preaching . In the words of Wolfgang Behringer : `` Sprenger had tried to suppress Kramer 's activities in every possible way . He forbade the convents of his province to host him , he forbade Kramer to preach , and even tried to interfere directly in the affairs of Kramer 's Séléstat convent ... The same day Sprenger became successor to Jacob Strubach as provincial superior ( October 19 , 1487 ) , he obtained permission from his general , Joaquino Turriani , to lash out adversus m ( agistrum ) Henricum Institoris inquisitorem ( against Master Heinrich Kramer , inquisitor ) . '' The preface also includes an alleged unanimous approbation from the University of Cologne 's Faculty of Theology . Nevertheless , many historians have argued that it is well established by sources outside the `` Malleus '' that the university 's theology faculty condemned the book for unethical procedures and for contradicting Catholic theology on a number of important points : `` just for good measure Institoris forged a document granting their apparently unanimous approbation . '' The book became the handbook for secular courts throughout Renaissance Europe , but was not used by the Inquisition , which `` denied any authority to the Malleus '' in the words of historian Wolfgang Behringer . In modern times , the book has often been viewed as a typical inquisitorial manual , a perception that many historians have refuted . According to historian Jenny Gibbons : ' in the 1970s , when feminist and Neo-Pagan authors turned their attention to the witch trials , the Malleus Maleficarum ( Hammer of Witches ) was the only manual readily available in translation . Authors naively assumed that the book painted an accurate picture of how the Inquisition tried witches . Heinrich Kramer , the text 's demented author , was held up as a typical inquisitor . His rather stunning sexual preoccupations were presented as the Church 's `` official '' position on witchcraft . Actually the Inquisition immediately rejected the legal procedures Kramer recommended and censured the inquisitor himself just a few years after the Malleus was published . Secular courts , not inquisitorial ones , resorted to the Malleus . Before 1400 it was rare for anyone to be persecuted for witchcraft , but the increasingly common persecution of heresy and failure to fully defeat those heretics paved the way for later criminal prosecution of witchcraft . By the 15th century belief in witches was widely accepted in European society . Previously , those convicted of witchcraft typically suffered penalties no more harsh than public penances such as a day in the stocks , but their persecution became more brutal following the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum , as witchcraft became widely accepted as a real and dangerous phenomenon . The most vigorous persecutions took place between years 1560 and 1630 , ending in Europe around 1780 . Particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries an intense discourse on the nature of witches preoccupied demonologists across Europe and they published many printed sermons , books and tracts . The Catholic Church played an important role in shaping of debate on demonology , but the discourse was not much affected by the Reformation . Martin Luther was also convinced about the reality and evil of witches , and facilitated development of Protestant demonology . Catholic and Protestant demonologies were similar in their basic beliefs about witches and most writers agreed on the severity of the crime of witchcraft . It was accepted by both Catholic and Protestant legislatures and witch - hunting was undeniably sponsored by both Protestant and Catholic governments . Witches became heretics to Christianity and witchcraft became the greatest of crimes and sins . Within continental and Roman Law witchcraft was the crimen exceptum , a crime so foul that all normal legal procedures were superseded . During the Age of Enlightenment , belief in the powers of witches to harm began to die out in the West . For the post-Enlightenment Christians , the disbelief was based on a belief in rationalism and empiricism . Hayes urges `` Past sins need to be acknowledged and confessed -- so some kind of ' truth and reconciliation ' commission is needed -- not as a witch hunt , to accuse and punish the guilty , but to avoid the kind of denial that the Enlightenment imposed on the Great Witch Hunt in Europe -- a denial that allowed the Great Witch Hunt to reincarnate itself in the horrors of Auschwitz ( Holocaust ) and the GULAG . '' Summary of contents ( edit ) The Malleus Maleficarum consists of the following parts : Justification ( introduction , Latin Apologia auctoris ) Papal bull Approbation by professors of theology at University of Cologne Table of contents Main text in three sections Justification ( Apologia auctoris ) ( edit ) Lucifer ( Le génie du mal ) by Guillaume Geefs ( Cathedral of St. Paul , Liège , Belgium ) In this part it is briefly explained that prevalence of sorcery which is a method of Satan 's final assault motivated authors to write the Malleus Maleficarum : ( ... ) ( Lucifer ) attacks through these heresies at that time in particular , when the evening of the world declines towards its setting and the evil of men swells up , since he knows in great anger , as John bears witness in the Book of Apocalypse ( 12 : 12 ) , that he has little time remaining . Hence , he has also caused a certain unusual heretical perversity to grow up in the land of the Lord -- a Heresy , I say , of Sorceresses , since it is to be designated by the particular gender over which he is known to have power . ( ... ) In the midst of these evils , we Inquisitors , Jacobus Sprenger together with the very dear associate ( Institoris ) delegated by the Apostolic See for the extermination of so destructive a heresy ( ... ) we will bring everything to the desired conclusion . ( ... ) naming the treatise the `` Hammer for Sorceresses , '' we are undertaking the task of compiling the work for an associate ( presumably , an ecclesiastic ) ( ... ) Papal bull ( edit ) Copies of the Malleus Maleficarum contain a reproduction of a papal bull known as Summis desiderantes affectibus that is addressed to Heinrich Institoris and Jakob Sprenger . According to it , Pope Innocent VIII acknowledges that sorceresses are real and harmful through their involvement in the acts of Satan . As Mackay writes `` It is then noted that Institoris 's and Sprenger 's efforts to stamp these activities out had met with opposition in the form of technical objections relating to the specific offenses that were covered by their appointment as inquisitors , which the pope then overrides by reiterating and amplifying the terms of the inquisitors ' appointment . '' According to the date on a document , the papal bull had been issued in 1484 , two years before the Malleus Maleficarum was finished . Therefore , it is not an endorsement of a specific final text of the Malleus . Instead , its inclusion implicitly legitimizes the handbook by providing general confirmation of the reality of witchcraft and full authority to Sprenger and Institoris in their preachings and proceedings : `` And they shall also have full and entire liberty to propound and preach to the faithful Word of God , as often as it shall seem to them fitting and proper , in each and all of the parosh churches in the said provinces , and to do all things necessary and suitable under the aforesaid circumstances , and likewise freely and fully to carry them out . '' -- Summis desiderantes affectibus Approbation ( edit ) This part of the Malleus is titled `` The Approbation of The Following Treatise and The Signatures Thereunto of The Doctors of The Illustrious University of Cologne Follows in The Form of A Public Document '' and contains unanimous approval of the Malleus Maleficarum by all the Doctors of the Theological Faculty of the University of Cologne signed by them personally . The proceedings are attested by notary public Arnold Kolich of Euskirchen , a sworn cleric of Cologne with inclusion of confirmatory testimony by present witnesses Johannes Vorda of Mecheln a sworn beadle , Nicholas Cuper de Venrath the sworn notary of Curia of Cologne and Christian Wintzen of Euskirchen a cleric of the Diocese of Cologne . Text of approbation mentions that during proceedings Institoris had a letter from Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor which is summarized in the approbation : `` ( ... Maximilian I ) takes these Inquisitors under his complete protection , ordering and commanding each and every subject of the Roman Empire to render all favor and assistance to these Inquisitors and otherwise to act in the manner that is more fully contained and included in the letter . '' The approbation consists of a preamble and is followed by a resolution in two parts . Preamble ( edit ) It begins with a general statement about circumstances : IN THE NAME OF Our Lord Jesus Christ . Amen . Let all those who will read , see or hear the present public document know that in the year since the Birth of Our Lord 1487 , in the fifth indiction , on Saturday , the nineteenth day of May , at five in the afternoon or thereabouts , in the third year of the Pontificate of Our Lord , the Most Holy Father in Christ , Lord Innocent VIII , by Divine Providence Pope , in the presence of my notary public and of the witnesses written below who had been specifically summoned and asked for this purpose , the venerable and religious Brother Henricus Institoris , Professor of Holy Theology and member of the Order of Preachers , who was appointed as Inquisitor into Heretical Depravity by the Holy See along with his colleague , the venerable and religious Brother Jacobus Sprenger , also a Professor of Holy Theology and Prior of the Convent of Preachers in Cologne ( ... ) Then , signatories complain that `` Some curates of souls and preachers of the Word of God feel no shame at claiming and affirming in their sermons to the congregation that sorceresses do not exist '' and notice that the intention of the authors of the Malleus Maleficarum is not primarily to alleviate this ignorance but rather `` toil to exterminate the sorceresses by explaining the appropriate methods of sentencing and punishing them in accordance with the text of the aforementioned Bull and the regulations of the Holy Canons , thereby achieving their extermination '' ; finally , signatories explain why they are providing their expertise : It is consonant with reason that those things that are done on behalf of the common good should also be confirmed through the common approval of the Doctors , and therefore , lest the aforementioned poorly educated curates and preachers think , in their ignorance of Holy Scripture , that the aforesaid treatise , which was composed in the manner mentioned above , is poorly supported by the determinations and pronouncements of the Doctors , they offered it for examination and comparison against Scripture to the illustrious University of Cologne or rather to certain Professors of Holy Theology , in order that if any things were found to be worthy of censure or incompatible with the Catholic Truth , they should be refuted by the judgment of those Professors , and that those things found to be compatible with the Catholic Truth should be approved . This was in fact done in the ways written below . Resolution ( edit ) There are two signings , sometimes also referenced as two approbations . The difference is that four signatories of the first part testify that they have examined the treatises and endorse its text while in the second signing signatories do not assert that they have read the treatises but nonetheless express approval by explicitly restating some general propositions of the treatises and endorsing them instead . In the first part , the opinion of a `` temporary Dean of the Faculty of Holy Theology at Cologne '' namely Lambertus de Monte of ' s - Heerenberg is expressed and then professors Jacobus Straelen of Noetlinck , Andreas Schermer of Ochsenfurt and Thomas Lyel of Scotland testify that they agree with his opinion . The following is an excerpt from the opinion : ( I proclaim ) that this three part treatise , which has been examined by me and carefully compared against Scripture with regard to its first two parts , contains nothing , in my humble judgment at least , that is contrary to the pronouncements of the non-erroneous philosophers , or against the Truth of the Holy , Catholic and Apostolic Faith , or against the determinations of the Doctors approved or admitted by the Holy Church , and that the third part should certainly be upheld and approved in regard to the punishments of those heretics whom it treats , in that it does not contradict Holy Canons , and also because of the personal experiences described in this treatise , which are believed to be true because of the reputation of such great men , particularly since they are inquisitors . It should be ensured that this treatise will become known to learned and zealous men , who will then , on the basis of it , provide various healthy and appropriate advice for the extermination of sorceresses ( ... ) The second part is signed by those from the first signing and in addition by professors Ulrich Kridweiss of Esslingen , Konrad Vorn of Kampen , Cornelius Pays of Breda and Dietrich of Balveren ( Bummel ) . Signatories attest that : 1 ) The Masters of Holy Theology written below commend the Inquisitors into Heretical Depravity appointed by the authority of the Apostolic See in conformity with the Canons , and urge that they think it right to carry out their office zealously . 2 ) The proposition that acts of sorcery can happen with God 's permission through sorcerers or sorceresses when the Devil works with them is not contrary to the Catholic Faith , but consonant with the statements of Holy Scripture . Indeed , according to the pronouncements of the Holy Doctors it is necessary to admit that such acts can sometimes happen . 3 ) It is therefore erroneous to preach that acts of sorcery can not happen , because in this way preachers impede , to the extent that they can , the pious work of the inquisitors , to the prejudice of the salvation of souls . Nonetheless , secrets that are heard at any time by inquisitors should not be revealed to everyone . 4 ) All princes and Catholics should be urged to think it right to assist such pious vows on the part of the Inquisitors in defense of the Holy Catholic Faith . Main text ( edit ) Title page of an edition dated 1669 The Malleus Maleficarum asserts that three elements are necessary for witchcraft : the evil intentions of the witch , the help of the Devil , and the permission of God . The treatise is divided into three sections . The first section is aimed at clergy and tries to refute critics who deny the reality of witchcraft , thereby hindering its prosecution . The second lays the foundation for the next section by describing the actual forms of witchcraft and its remedies . The third section is to assist judges confronting and combating witchcraft , and to aid the inquisitors by removing the burden from them . However , each of these three sections has the prevailing themes of what is witchcraft and who is a witch . Section I ( edit ) Section I examines the concept of witchcraft theoretically , from the point of view of natural philosophy and theology . Specifically it addresses the question of whether witchcraft is a real phenomenon or imaginary , perhaps `` deluding phantasms of the devil , or simply the fantasies of overwrought human minds '' . The conclusion drawn is that witchcraft must be real because the Devil is real . Witches entered into a pact with Satan to allow them the power to perform harmful magical acts , thus establishing an essential link between witches and the Devil . Section II ( edit ) Matters of practice and actual cases are discussed , and the powers of witches and their recruitment strategies . It states that it is mostly witches , as opposed to the Devil , who do the recruiting , by making something go wrong in the life of a respectable matron that makes her consult the knowledge of a witch , or by introducing young maidens to tempting young devils . It details how witches cast spells , and remedies that can be taken to prevent witchcraft , or help those who have been affected by it . Section III ( edit ) Section III is the legal part of the Malleus Maleficarum that describes how to prosecute a witch . The arguments are clearly laid for the lay magistrates prosecuting witches . The section offers a step - by - step guide to the conduct of a witch trial , from the method of initiating the process and assembling accusations , to the interrogation ( including torture ) of witnesses , and the formal charging of the accused . Women who did not cry during their trial were automatically believed to be witches . Theological foundations and major themes ( edit ) See also : Thomas Aquinas , Formicarius , Directorium Inquisitorum , Book of Exodus , and Canon Episcopi Jakob Sprenger was an appointed inquisitor for the Rhineland , theology professor and a dean at the University of Cologne in Germany . Heinrich Kraemer ( Institoris ) was an appointed inquisitor of south Germany , a professor of theology at the University of Salzburg , the leading demonologist and witch - hunter in late medieval Germany . Pope Innocent VIII in Papal Bull Summis desiderantes affectibus refers to them both as `` beloved sons '' and `` professors of theology '' ; also authorizes them to extirpate witchcraft . The Malleus Maleficarum was intended to implement Exodus 22 : 18 : `` You shall not permit a sorceress to live . '' and explicitly argues that Canon Episcopi does not apply to the new , formerly unknown heresy of `` modern witchcraft '' . Kramer and Sprenger were the first to raise harmful sorcery to the criminal status of heresy . ( ... ) If harmful sorcery is a crime on the order of heresy , Kramer and Sprenger argue , then the secular judges who prosecute it must do so with the same vigor as would the Inquisition in prosecuting a heretic . The Malleus urges them to adopt torture , leading questions , the admission of denunciation as valid evidence , and other Inquisitorial practices to achieve swift results . Moreover , the authors insist that the death penalty for convicted witches is the only sure remedy against withcraft . They maintain that the lesser penalty of banishment prescribed by Canon Episcopi for those convicted of harmful sorcery does not apply to the new breed of witches , whose unprecedented evil justifies capital punishment . The treatise often makes references to the Bible and Aristotelian thought , and it is heavily influenced by the philosophical tenets of Neoplatonism . The first section of the book 's main text is written using the scholastic methodology of Thomas Aquinas characterized by a mode of disputed questions most notably used in his Summa Theologica . It was a standard mode of argumentation in scholastic discourse with a long tradition . Most of the citations in the Malleus come from multiple works of Aquinas , a highly influential author in theology . Aquinas is a main source for Section I but is cited in all sections ; Formicarius by Johannes Nider is the important source for Section II , and Directorium Inquisitorum by Spanish inquisitor Nicholas Eymeric is a crucial source for Section III . The ancient subjects of astronomy , philosophy , and medicine were being reintroduced to the West at this time , as well as a plethora of ancient texts being rediscovered and studied . The Malleus also mentions astrology and astronomy , which had recently been reintroduced to the West through the ancient works of Pythagoras . The Malleus is also heavily influenced by the subjects of divination , astrology , and healing rituals the Church inherited from antiquity . Importantly , Kramer and Sprenger were convinced that God would never permit an innocent person to be convicted of witchcraft . Torture and confessions ( edit ) See also : Strappado ( torture ) , Rack ( torture ) , and Category : Medieval instruments of torture Burning of three alleged witches in Baden , Switzerland ( 1585 ) , by Johann Jakob Wick . The Malleus recommended not only torture but also deception in order to obtain confessions : `` And when the implements of torture have been prepared , the judge , both in person and through other good men zealous in the faith , tries to persuade the prisoner to confess the truth freely ; but , if he will not confess , he bid attendants make the prisoner fast to the strappado or some other implement of torture . The attendants obey forthwith , yet with feigned agitation . Then , at the prayer of some of those present , the prisoner is loosed again and is taken aside and once more persuaded to confess , being led to believe that he will in that case not be put to death . '' All confessions acquired with the use of tortures had to be confirmed : `` And note that , if he confesses under the torture , he must afterward be conducted to another place , that he may confirm it and certify that it was not due alone to the force of the torture . '' However , if there was no confirmation , tortures could not be repeated , but it was allowed to continue them at the specified day : `` But , if the prisoner will not confess the truth satisfactorily , other sorts of tortures must be placed before him , with the statement that unless he will confess the truth , he must endure these also . But , if not even thus he can be brought into terror and to the truth , then the next day or the next but one is to be set for a continuation of the tortures -- not a repetition , for it must not be repeated unless new evidences produced . The judge must then address to the prisoners the following sentence : We , the judge , etc. , do assign to you , such and such a day for the continuation of the tortures , that from your own mouth the truth may be heard , and that the whole may be recorded by the notary . '' Victims ( edit ) The treatise describes how women and men become inclined to practice witchcraft . The text argues that women are more susceptible to demonic temptations through the manifold weaknesses of their gender . It was believed that they were weaker in faith and more carnal than men . Michael Bailey claims that most of the women accused as witches had strong personalities and were known to defy convention by overstepping the lines of proper female decorum . After the publication of the Malleus , it seems as though about three quarters of those individuals prosecuted as witches were women . Execution of alleged witches in Central Europe , 1587 Witches were usually female . The reasons for this is the suggestion that women are `` prone to believing and because the demon basically seeks to corrupt the faith , he assails them in particular . '' They also have a `` temperament towards flux '' and `` loose tongues '' . They `` are defective in all the powers of both soul and body '' and are stated to be more lustful than men . The major reason is that at the foundation of sorcery is denial of faith and `` woman , therefore , is evil as a result of nature because she doubts more quickly in the faith . '' Men could be witches , but were considered rarer , and the reasons were also different . The most common form of male witch mentioned in the book is the sorcerer - archer . The book is rather unclear , but the impetus behind male witches seems to come more from desire for power than from disbelief or lust , as it claims is the case for female witches . Indeed , the very title of the Malleus Maleficarum is feminine , alluding to the idea that it was women who were the villains . Otherwise , it would be the Malleus Maleficorum ( the masculine form of the Latin noun maleficus or malefica , ' witch ' ) . In Latin , the feminine maleficarum would only be used for women , while the masculine maleficorum could be used for men alone or for both sexes if together . The Malleus Maleficarum accuses male and female witches of infanticide , cannibalism and casting evil spells to harm their enemies as well as having the power to steal a man 's penis . It goes on to give accounts of witches committing these crimes . Arguments favoring discrimination against women are explicit in the handbook . Those arguments are not novel but constitute a selection from the long tradition of Western misogynist writings . However , according to Brauner , they are combined to produce new meanings and result in a comprehensive theory . It mixes elements borrowed from Formicarius ( 1435 ) , Preceptorium divinae legis ( 1475 ) and Lectiones super ecclesiastes ( 1380 ) . Kramer and Sprenger develop a powerful gender - specific theory of witchcraft based on a hierarchical and dualistic view of the world . Everything exists in pairs of opposites : God and Satan , Mary and Eve , and men ( or virgins ) and women . Each positive principle in a pair is delineated by its negative pole . Perfection is defined not as the integration or preservation of opposites , but rather as the extermination of the negative element in a polar pair . Because women are the negative counterpart to men , they corrupt male perfection through witchcraft and must be destroyed . Although authors give many examples of male witchery in the second part of the handbook , those witchcraft trials that are independently confirmed and that were led by Kramer himself are related to persecution of women almost exclusively . They took place in Ravensburg near Constance ( 1484 ) and Innsbruck ( since 1485 ) . According to Brauner , trial records confirm that Kramer believed that women are by nature corrupt and evil . His position was in harmony with the scholastic theory at the time . In contrast , Sprenger never conducted a witch trial though he was consulted in a few cases . Kramer and Sprenger use a metaphor of a world turned upside down by women of which concubines are the most wicked , followed by midwives and then by wives who dominate their husbands . Authors warn of imminent arrival of the apocalypse foretold in the Bible and that men risk bewitchment that leads to impotence and sensation of castration . Brauner explains authors ' prescription on how a woman can avoid becoming a witch : According to the Malleus , the only way a woman can avoid succumbing to her passions -- and becoming a witch -- is to embrace a life of devout chastity in a religious retreat . But the monastic life is reserved to the spiritually gifted few . Therefore , most women are doomed to become witches , who can not be redeemed ; and the only recourse open to the authorities is to ferret out and exterminate all witches . Elaborated concept of witchcraft ( edit ) The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters , c. 1797 , 21.5 cm × 15 cm . Strixology in the Malleus Maleficarum is characterized by a very specific conception of what a witch is , one that differs dramatically from earlier times . The word used , malefica , carries an explicit condemnation absent in other words referring to women with supernatural powers . The conception of witches and of magic by extension is one of evil . It differs from earlier conceptions of witchcraft that were much more generalized . This is the point in history where `` witchcraft constituted an independent antireligion '' . The witch lost her powerful position vis - a-vis the deities ; the ability to force the deities comply with her wishes was replaced by a total subordination to the devil . In short , the witch became Satan 's puppet . '' This conception of witches was `` part of a conception of magic that is termed by scholars as ' Satanism ' or ' diabolism ' '' . In this conception , a witch was a member of `` a malevolent society presided over by Satan himself and dedicated to the infliction of malevolent acts of sorcery ( maleficia ) on others . '' According to Mackay , this concept of sorcery is characterized by the conviction that those guilty engage in six activities : A pact entered into with the Devil ( and concomitant apostasy from Christianity ) , Sexual relations with the Devil , Aerial flight for the purpose of attending ; An assembly presided over by Satan himself ( at which initiates entered into the pact , and incest and promiscuous sex were engaged in by the attendees ) , The practice of maleficent magic , The slaughter of babies . Demonology ( edit ) See also : Demon § Christianity , Christian demonology , Exorcism in Christianity , Exorcism in the Catholic Church , Demonic possession § Christianity , and Sexuality in Christian demonology The female demon Lilith under the appearance of a snake cavorting with herself as personified within the Garden of Eden , by John Collier , 1892 In the Malleus demons are the ones who tempt humans to sorcery and are the main figures in the witches ' vows . They interact with witches , usually sexually . The book claims that it is normal for all witches `` to perform filthy carnal acts with demons . '' This is a major part of human - demon interaction and demons do it `` not for the sake of pleasure , but for the sake of corrupting . '' It is worth noting that not all demons do such things . The book claims that `` the nobility of their nature causes certain demons to balk at committing certain actions and filthy deeds . '' Though the work never gives a list of names or types of demons , like some demonological texts or spellbooks of the era , such as the Liber Juratus , it does indicate different types of demons . For example , it devotes large sections to incubi and succubi and questions regarding their roles in pregnancies , the submission of witches to incubi , and protections against them . Controversies ( edit ) Approbation and authorship ( edit ) Joseph Hansen , a historian who was appalled by the witch - craze and those who carried it out , proposed that coauthorship by Sprenger was a falsehood presented by Institoris ( Kramer ) and that approbation is partially a forgery . This had never been proposed before until Joseph Hansen in nineteenth century . Christopher Mackay , author of the modern academic translation of the Malleus into English offers rebuttals to arguments of proponents of this theory and in an interview gives an accessible summary : The argument was made in the nineteenth century by a scholar hostile to what the Malleus stood for that the approbation was a forgery by Institoris and that Sprenger had nothing to do with the composition . The evidence for this is in my view very tenuous ( and the main argument is clearly invalid ) . Nonetheless , once the argument was put forward , it took on a life of its own , and people continue to advance arguments in favor of the idea that Sprenger 's involvement was a falsification perpetrated by Institoris , despite the fact that this argument was vitiated from the start . In addition , Mackay points out that allegations raised in support of this theory that supposedly two of the signatories had not in fact signed the approbation are unsubstantiated . A similar response is offered by the author of the first translation of the Malleus into English Montague Summers . In his introduction , he ignores completely the theory that joint authorship or approbation could be a mystification . Nonetheless , he mentions briefly that it was questioned whether Kramer or Sprenger contributed more to the work . He comments that `` in the case of such a close collaboration any such inquiry seems singularly superfluous and nugatory '' . Broedel , a historian who writes that it is likely that Sprenger 's contribution was minimal , nonetheless says that `` Sprenger certainly wrote the Apologia auctoris which prefaces the Malleus and agreed to be a coauthor . Encyclopædia Britannica and The Encyclopedia of Witches , Witchcraft and Wicca ignore completely Hansen 's theory and list Sprenger and Kramer as co-authors . Wolfgang Behringer argues that Sprenger 's name was only added as an author beginning in 1519 , thirty - three years after the book was first published and decades after Sprenger 's own death . One of Sprenger 's friends who was still alive denounced the addition of Sprenger 's name as a forgery , stating that Sprenger had nothing to do with the book . Many historians have also pointed out that Sprenger 's actual views in his confirmed writings are often the opposite of the views in the Malleus , and Sprenger was unlikely to have been a colleague of Kramer since Sprenger in fact banned Kramer from preaching and entering Dominican convents within his jurisdiction , and spoke out against him on many occasions . The alleged approval from the theologians at Cologne , which Kramer included in the Malleus with a list of names of theologians who he claimed approved the book , has also been questioned by many historians , since In 1490 the clergy at Cologne condemned the book and at least two of the clergy listed by Kramer , Thomas de Scotia and Johann von Wörde , publicly denied having approved the Malleus . Jacob Sprenger 's name was added as an author beginning in 1519 , 33 years after the book 's first publication and 24 years after Sprenger 's death . Jenny Gibbons , a Neo-Pagan and a historian , writes : `` Actually the Inquisition immediately rejected the legal procedures Kramer recommended and censured the inquisitor himself just a few years after the Malleus was published . Secular courts , not inquisitorial ones , resorted to the Malleus '' . The preface also includes an allegedly unanimous approbation from the University of Cologne 's Faculty of Theology . Nevertheless , many historians have argued that it is well established by sources outside the Malleus that the university 's theology faculty condemned the book for unethical procedures and for contradicting Catholic theology on a number of important points : `` just for good measure Institoris forged a document granting their apparently unanimous approbation . '' Authors ' whereabouts and circumstances ( edit ) Preceding publication ( edit ) In 1484 Heinrich Kramer had made one of the first attempts at prosecuting alleged witches in the Tyrol region . It was not a success and he was asked to leave the city of Innsbruck . According to Diarmaid MacCulloch , writing the book was Kramer 's act of self - justification and revenge . Ankarloo and Clark claim that Kramer 's purpose in writing the book was to explain his own views on witchcraft , systematically refute arguments claiming that witchcraft does not exist , discredit those who expressed skepticism about its reality , claim that those who practised witchcraft were more often women than men , and to convince magistrates to use Kramer 's recommended procedures for finding and convicting witches . Kramer wrote the Malleus following his expulsion from Innsbruck by the local bishop , due to charges of illegal behavior against Kramer himself , and because of Kramer 's obsession with the sexual habits of one of the accused , Helena Scheuberin , which led the other tribunal members to suspend the trial . Kramer received a papal bull , Summis desiderantes affectibus , in 1484 . It gave full papal approval for the Inquisition to prosecute what was deemed to be witchcraft in general and also gave individual authorizations to Kramer and Sprenger specifically . Within two years after the issuance of the papal bull , the Malleus Maleficarum -- the most popular manual on witchcraft and its prosecution -- was finished and the papal bull was included as part of its preface ( 1486 ) . Post-publication ( edit ) Kramer was intensely writing and preaching until his death in Bohemia in 1505 . He was asked by Nuremberg council to provide expert consultation on the procedure of witch trial in 1491 . His prestige was not fading . In 1495 he was summoned by the Master General of the Order , Joaquin de Torres , O.P. to Venice and gave very popular public lectures and disputations . They were worthy of presence and patronage of Patriarch of Venice . He also wrote treatises Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist ( Nuremberg , 1496 ) ; A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli ( Venice , 1499 ) ; followed by The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses which were quoted by many authors . He was appointed as papal nuncio and his assignment as inquisitor was changed to Bohemia and Moravia by Pope Alexander VI in 1500 . Sprenger continued his work as Inquisitor Extraordinary for the Provinces of Mainz , Trèves and Cologne . Later , he was elected Provincial Superior of the whole German Province ( in 1488 ) . He had enormous responsibilities . He received a letter from Pope Alexander VI praising his enthusiasm and energy in 1495 and died in the same year . Summers observes that 17th century `` Dominican chroniclers , such as Quétif and Échard , number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their Order '' . Popularity and influence ( edit ) Gender - specific theory developed in the Malleus Maleficarum laid the foundations for widespread consensus in early modern Germany on the evil nature of women as witches . Later works on witchcraft have not agreed entirely with the Malleus but none of them challenged the view that women were more inclined to be witches than men . It was perceived as intuitive and all - accepted so that very few authors saw the need to explain why women are witches . Those who did , attributed female witchery to the weakness of body and mind ( the old medieval explanation ) and a few to female sexuality . Some authors argue that the book 's publication was not as influential as earlier authors believed . According to MacCulloch , the Malleus Maleficarum was one of several key factors contributing to the witch craze , along with popular superstition , and tensions created by the Reformation . However , according to Encyclopædia Britannica : `` The Malleus went through 28 editions between 1486 and 1600 and was accepted by Roman Catholics and Protestants alike as an authoritative source of information concerning Satanism and as a guide to Christian defense ( against acts of Satan ) . '' -- Encyclopædia Britannica Factors stimulating widespread use ( edit ) Between 1487 and 1520 , twenty editions of the Malleus Maleficarum were published , and another sixteen between 1574 and 1669 . The Malleus Maleficarum was able to spread throughout Europe rapidly in the late 15th and at the beginning of the 16th century due to the innovation of the printing press in the middle of the 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg . The invention of printing some thirty years before the first publication of the Malleus Maleficarum instigated the fervor of witch hunting , and , in the words of Russell , `` the swift propagation of the witch hysteria by the press was the first evidence that Gutenberg had not liberated man from original sin . '' The late 15th century was also a period of religious turmoil . The Malleus Maleficarum and the witch craze that ensued took advantage of the increasing intolerance of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Europe , where the Protestant and Catholic camps respectively , pitted against one another , each zealously strove to maintain what they each deemed to be the purity of faith . The Catholic Counter-Reformation would eventually even out this religious turmoil , but until then both the Catholics and Protestants constantly battled for what they believed was right . Translations ( edit ) The Latin book was firstly translated by J.W.R. Schmidt ( de ) into German in 1906 ; an expanded edition of three volumes was published in 1923 . Montague Summers was responsible for the first English translation in 1928 . Year Target Description 2009 English The Hammer of Witches : A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum , trans . by Christopher S. Mackay ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2009 ) 2007 English The Malleus Maleficarum , ed. and trans . by P.G. Maxwell - Stuart ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2007 ) ( partial translation , this work excludes or summarizes crucial sections ) 2006 English Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger , Malleus Maleficarum , ed. and trans . by Christopher S. Mackay , 2 vols ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) ( edition in vol. 1 and translation in vol. 2 ) 2000 German Der Hexenhammer : Malleus Maleficarum , trans . by Günter Jerouschek , Wolfgang Behringer , Werner Tschacher 1948 English Malleus Maleficarum - The Witch Hammer , J. Sprenger , H. Kramer , trans . by Montague Summers 1923 German Der Hexenhammer von Jakob Sprenger und Heinrich Institoris , trans . by Johann Wilhelm Richard Schmidt ( available online 1923 edition ) Some translations ignore the most brutal third section and may be misleading to the reader . For instance , sections one and three have never been translated into Polish . See also ( edit ) Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Malleus Maleficarum General Witch - hunts Witch trials in the early modern period Witchcraft Rack ( torture ) European witchcraft Witchcraft and divination in the Bible Christian views on magic Strixology Torture of witches Discoverie of Witchcraft Salem witch trials People Friedrich Spee Pope Innocent VIII Pope Alexander VI References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alternative translations : The Witch Hammer , Hammer for Sorceresses , Hammer Against Witches , Hammer For Witches Jump up ^ Amongst the authors on witchcraft it had an ultimate authority and even 17th century `` Dominican chroniclers , such as Quétif and Échard , number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their Order '' . The Malleus was ubiquitous , but at the end of the 16th century its role as a theoretical authority was superseded by Demonolatry by witch - hunter Nicholas Rémy and Magical Investigations by Jesuit Martin del Rio . Jump up ^ not a sacrament , but sacramental Jump up ^ According to Summers , the Malleus `` lay on the bench of every judge , on the desk of every magistrate '' . Jump up ^ Additional note : `` Such thinking was also mirrored in the groundbreaking work of the German scholars Wilhelm Gottfried Soldan ( 1803 - 1869 ) and Joseph Hansen ( 1862 - 1943 ) both of whom blamed witchhunts on the overweening power of the Roman Catholic Church and saw the demise of witch trials as a natural corollary of the progress of reason and science . '' Jump up ^ Additional note : `` But although Catholics have been fed comforting errors by overeager apologists about the Church 's part in persecuting witches , we must face our own tragic past . Fellow Catholics , to whom we are forever bound in the communion of saints , did sin grievously against people accused of witchcraft . If our historical memory can be truly purified , then the smoke from the Burning Times can finally disperse . '' Jump up ^ Broedel 2003 , p. 93 : He was one of the advocates of Aristotelian thought and opponents of via moderna , he was `` one of Sprenger 's most distinguished colleagues at Cologne , and the man whose name appears first on the faculty endorsement of the Malleus , ( he ) even went so far as to lead an abortive drive to obtain beatification for Aristotle . '' Jump up ^ According to Summers , `` It has been asked whether Kramer or Sprenger was principally responsible for the Malleus , but in the case of so close a collaboration any such inquiry seems singularly superfluous and nugatory . '' Jump up ^ second version ; first was published in 1928 Jump up ^ expanded edition ; first was published in 1906 Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The English translation is from this note to Summers ' 1928 introduction Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Translator Montague Summers consistently uses `` the Malleus Maleficarum '' ( or simply `` the Malleus '' ) in his 1928 and 1948 introductions . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ In his translation of the Malleus Maleficarum , Christopher S. Mackay explains the terminology at length -- sorcerer is used to preserve the relationship of the Latin terminology . ' `` Malefium '' = act of sorcery ( literally an act of ' evil - doing ' ) , while `` malefica '' = female performers of sorcery ( evil deeds ) and `` maleficus '' = male performer of evil deeds ; sorcery , sorceress , and sorcerer . '' Jump up ^ Guiley ( 2008 ) , p. 223 ' . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Summers ( 2012 ) , p. vii , Introduction to 1948 edition : `` It is hardly disputed that in the whole vast literature of witchcraft , the most prominent , the most important , the most authoritative volume is the Malleus Maleficarum '' ( The Witch Hammer ) of Heinrich Kramer ( Henricus Institioris ) and James Sprenger . '' Jump up ^ Ruickbie ( 2004 ) , 71 , highlights the problems of dating ; Ankarloo ( 2002 ) , 239 Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 175 : `` Institoris and Sprenger 's innovation was not their insistence that women were naturally prone to practice maleficium -- in this they were simply following long - standing clerical traditions . Rather , it was their claim that harmful magic belonged exclusively to women that was new . If this assertion was granted , then the presence of maleficium indicated decisively the presence of a female witch . In the Malleus , the field of masculine magic is dramatically limited and male magicians are pointedly marginalized ; magic is no longer seen as a range of practices , some of which might be more characteristic of men , some of women , and some equally prevalent among both sexes . Instead , it was the effects of magic that mattered most , and harmful magic , the magic most characteristic of witches , belonged to women . Men might be learned magicians , anomalous archer wizards , or witch - doctors and superstitiosi , but very seldom did they work the broad range of maleficium typical of witches . '' Jump up ^ Pavlac ( 2009 ) , p. 57 : `` Many historians also blame Krämer for encouraging witch hunters to target women more than men as witches . Even his spelling of `` maleficarum , '' with an a in a feminine gender instead of the usual masculine - gender `` maleficorum '' with an o , seems to emphasize his hostility toward women . Krämer 's misogynistic arguments list many reasons why women were more likely to be witches than men . They were less clever , vainer , and more sexually insatiable . While these were not new criticisms against women , Krämer helped to entrench them in strixological literature . '' Jump up ^ Guiley ( 2008 ) , p. 223 : `` Kramer in particular exhibited a virulent hatred toward women witches and advocated their extermination . The Malleus devotes an entire chapter to the sinful weakness of women , their lascivious nature , moral and intellectual inferiority and gullibility to guidance from deceiving spirits . In Kramer 's view , women witches were out to harm all of Christendom . Scholars have debated the reasons for Kramer 's misogyny ; he may have had a fear of the power of women mystics of his day , such as Catherine of Siena , who enjoyed the attentions of royalty as well as the church . '' Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 160 ` : `` One element distinguishing Malleus Maleficarum from other demonologies is its obsessive hatred of women and sex , which seems to reflect Kramer 's own twisted psyche . ( ... ) Kramer 's interpretation of why women were more likely to be witches also differed somewhat from the standard . Kramer did accept the standard argument of misogynist demonologists that the female propensity for witchcraft was in part due to female weakness . He even derived the Latin word for woman , femina , from fe minus -- ' less in faith . ' He placed more emphasis on supposedly insatiable female sexuality than on female weakness , however . Kramer saw sex as the root of all sin , as that for which Adam and Eve originally fell . ( ... ) He also suspected that the reluctance of many great ones in the land to prosecute witches was caused by their reception of demonic sexual favors . Kramer also discussed witch - caused impotence at length , going so far as to claim that witches had the ability to steal men 's penises through illusion . '' Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , pp. 35 - 36 : `` Kramer and Sprenger present an array of observations from the Bible , the church fathers , and the poets and philosophers of antiquity to support their contention that women are by nature greedy , unintelligent , and governed by passions . They argue that the evil of women stems from their physical and mental imperfections , a notion derived from Aristotle 's theory that matter , perfection , and spirituality are purely expressed in the male body alone , and that women are misbegotten males produced by defective sperm . Women speak the language of idiots , Aristotle contends ; like slaves , they are incapable of governing themselves or developing into the ' zoon politicon ' . Thomas Aquinas adapted these views to Christianity , arguing that because woman is less perfect than man , she is but an indirect image of God and an appendix to man . Citing such views , Kramer and Sprenger find that women are ' intellectually like children , ' credulous and impressionable , and therefore easily fall prey to the devil . ' Since ( women ) are feebler both in mind and body , ' the Malleus concludes , ' it is not surprising that they should come more ( than men ) under the spell of witchcraft . Lack of intelligence prevents women not only from distinguishing good from evil , but from remembering the rules of behavior . Amoral and undisciplined , women are governed primarily by passion . ' And indeed , ' Kramer and Sprenger declare , ' just as thorough the first defect in their intelligence women are more prone to abjure the faith ; so through their second defect of inordinate affections and passions they search for , brood over , and inflict various vengeances , either by witchcraft , or by some other means . ' ( ... ) ' Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a number of witches exist in this sex , ' concludes the Malleus . '' Jump up ^ Britannica : `` By 1435 -- 50 , the number of prosecutions had begun to rise sharply , and toward the end of the 15th century , two events stimulated the hunts : Pope Innocent VIII 's publication in 1484 of the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( '' Desiring with the Greatest Ardour `` ) condemning witchcraft as Satanism , the worst of all possible heresies , and the publication in 1486 of Heinrich Krämer and Jacob Sprenger 's Malleus maleficarum ( '' The Hammer of Witches `` ) , a learned but cruelly misogynist book blaming witchcraft chiefly on women . Widely influential , it was reprinted numerous times . '' Jump up ^ Levack ( 2006 ) , p. 145 : `` Explanations for the predominance of women as witches often focus on the treatises written by demonologists , many of which comment on the fact that most witches were women . This literature is in most cases intensely misogynistic , in the sense that it is demeaning , if not blatantly hostile , to women . The common theme in these demonological treatises is that women were more susceptible to demonic temptation because they were morally weaker than men and more likely , therefore , to succumb to diabolical temptation . This idea , which dates from the earliest days of Christianity , is expressed most forcefully in the Malleus Maleficarum , but it can be found in many places , even in the sceptical demonological treatise of Johann Weyer . '' Jump up ^ Guiley ( 2008 ) , p. 223 ` ` : `` Published first in Germany in 1486 , the Malleus Maleficarum proliferated into dozens of editions throughout Europe and England and had a profound impact on European witch trials for about 200 years . ( ... ) It was second only to the Bible in sales until John Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress was published in 1678 '' Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , pp. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 33 : `` Ultimately , however , the bewitched can not hope for an infallible remedy , for the power of witches is too strong . There is only one completely reliable way to combat witchcraft , and this is to eliminate the witches , the course of action Institoris and Sprenger endorse in one of the most impassioned passages of the Malleus ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 28 : `` but it was understood by everyone that the heretic was to be executed ( normally by being burned alive ) in accordance with secular laws against heresy '' Jump up ^ Summers ( 2012 ) , p. xxxviii , Introduction to 1928 edition : `` There can be no doubt that this work had in its day and for a full couple of centuries an enormous influence . There are few demonologists and writers upon witchcraft who do not refer to its pages as an ultimate authority . '' ^ Jump up to : Summers ( 2012 ) , p. ix , Introduction to 1948 edition : `` The Dominican chroniclers , such as Quétif and Échard , number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their Order '' Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 160 : `` In the Catholic world , the works of Nicholas Remy and Martin del Rio replaced the Malleus as a theoretical authority in the late sixteenth century . Its ubiquity , however , must have made it an important contributor to the ideas that many educated people held of witches and the proper way to deal with them . ^ Jump up to : Behringer , Wolfgang . Malleus Maleficarum , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Burns , William . Witch Hunts in Europe and America : An Encyclopedia , pp. 143 - 144 . Jump up ^ K.M. Sheard ( 2011 ) , `` Hypatia '' , Llewellyn 's Complete Book of Names for Pagans , Wiccans , Witches , Druids , Heathens , Mages , Shamans & Independent Thinkers of All Sorts who are Curious about Names from Every Place and Every Time , pp. 285 -- 86 , ISBN 9780738723686 Jump up ^ Pavlac ( 2009 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Pavlac ( 2009 ) , p. 31 ' : `` Both compurgation and ordeal were believed to take place under the beneficent care of God , who would ensure that the guilty would be punished and the innocent freed . Such trials accepted a degree of the miraculous . Quite common until the twelfth century , they went into decline after improved legal procedures reestablished themselves in western Europe at that time . The cold water ordeal , however , would rise again during the witch hunts . '' Jump up ^ Mohr , M.D. , & Royal , K.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Investigating the Practice of Christian Exorcism and the Methods Used to Cast out Demons '' , Journal of Christian Ministry , 4 , p. 35 . Available at : http://journalofchristianministry.org/article/view/10287/7073 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Heinrich and Sprenger , James ( 1486 ) , Summers , Montague ( translator -- 1928 ) , The Malleus Maleficarum , Part 2 , Chapter 1 , The Remedies prescribed by the Holy Church against Incubus and Succubus Devils , at sacred-texts.com Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 30 : `` First , we have to be specific about the concept that is understood by the terms `` witchcraft '' and `` magic . '' For present purposes , we will take it to mean the manipulation of the physical world through the use of special words and procedures . It could easily be argued that the practices of the medieval Church would fall under this definition , but since most contemporaries would have excluded such practices from the category , we will also ignore these here , and consider as `` magical '' only such practices as would not have been considered legitimate rites of the Church . '' ^ Jump up to : MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 2004 ) . Reformation : Europe 's House Divided . Vintage Books , 2006 . pp. 563 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028534 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ankarloo & Clark ( 2002 ) , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , 229 Jump up ^ Behringer , Wolfgang . Malleus Maleficarum pp 2 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jolly , Karen et al. , Witchcraft and Magic In Europe , p. 115 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Behringer , Wolfgang . Malleus Maleficarum , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons , Jenny . `` Recent Developments in the Study of The Great European Witch Hunt '' , in Pomegranate : The International Journal of Pagan Studies , issue number 5 , August 1998 ; pp 2 - 16 '' Jump up ^ Pavlac ( 2009 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Trevor - Roper ( 1969 ) , pp. 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Levack ( 2013 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Levack ( 2013 ) , pp. 75 - 76 . Jump up ^ Levack ( 2013 ) , p. 79 : `` As noted , Catholic demonologists did not differ much from their Protestant counterparts in their basic beliefs concerning witches . '' Jump up ^ Levack ( 2013 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Summers ( 2012 ) , p. viii , Introduction to 1948 edition . Jump up ^ Ankarloo & Clark ( 2002b ) , p. 10 : `` It is undeniable that both Protestant and Catholic governments sponsored witch - hunting . Sometimes , as in the Saarland , Catholic overlords ( the Duke of Lorraine and the Archbishop of Trier ) were more likely to sponsor witch - hunts than Protestant sovereigns ( in this case , the Lutheran Count of Nassau and the Calvinist Count of Zweibrucken ) . But in other regions , for example French - speaking western Switzerland , Protestant rulers were more severe than Catholic overlords in prosecuting witches ( Monter 1976 ) . '' Jump up ^ Levack 2013 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Catholic Culture : Who Burned The Witches ? Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1971 ) , pp. 542 -- 543 . Jump up ^ Robbins ( 1959 ) , p. 498 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes ( 1995 ) , pp. 339 - 354 . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 69 : excerpts from translation Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 8 ' : `` the general harm that sorceresses are inflicting in Germany is first described at some length , and the connection of these activities with Satan is emphasized . '' Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 1996 ) , Innocent VIII : BULL Summis desiderantes , Dec. 5th , 1484 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Summers ( 2012 ) , p. xxxvii , Introduction to 1928 edition : `` The Malleus Maleficarum when submitted by the authors to the University of Cologne was officially approved by all the Doctors of the Theological Faculty on 9 May 1487 . '' Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 76 -- 79 : phrases like `` with his own hands '' are used Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 74 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 74 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Russell , 232 Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Broedel , 30 Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2006 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2006 ) , p. 502 . ^ Jump up to : Britannica : `` The Malleus was the work of two Dominicans : Johann Sprenger , dean of the University of Cologne in Germany , and Heinrich ( Institoris ) Kraemer , professor of theology at the University of Salzburg , Austria '' Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 158 ' : `` Sprenger , a theology professor at Cologne , had already been appointed inquisitor for the Rhineland in 1470 . '' Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 158 : `` The fifteenth - century German Dominican inquisitor Heinrich Kramer , was a leading demonologist and witch - hunter in late medieval Germany . '' Jump up ^ Halsall ( 1996 ) , Innocent VIII : BULL Summis Desiderantes , Dec. 5th , 1484 ( 2 ) : `` And , although our beloved sons Henricus Institoris and Jacobus Sprenger , of the order of Friars Preachers , professors of theology , have been and still are deputed by our apostolic letters as inquisitors of heretical pravity , the former in the aforesaid parts of upper Germany , including the provinces , cities , territories , dioceses , and other places as above , and the latter throughout certain parts of the course of the Rhine ; '' Jump up ^ Britannica : `` In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII issued the bull Summis Desiderantes , in which he deplored the spread of witchcraft in Germany and authorized Sprenger and Kraemer to extirpate it . '' Jump up ^ Britannica : `` The Malleus codified the folklore and beliefs of the Alpine peasants and was dedicated to the implementation of Exodus 22 : 18 : `` You shall not permit a sorceress to live . '' '' ^ Jump up to : Brauner ( 2001 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Kieckhefer ( 2000 ) , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 28 : for information that only the first part is written using scholastic methodology of disputed questions Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Kieckhefer ( 2000 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Ankarloo & Clark ( 2002 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Guiley ( 2008 ) , p. 224 : `` Kramer and Sprenger piously maintained that God would never permit an innocent person to be convicted of witchcraft '' Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 159 : `` Kramer and Sprenger endorsed deception and torture to win confessions from accused witches , pointing out that God would never allow an innocent person to be convicted . '' ^ Jump up to : Halsall ( 1996 ) , Extracts from THE HAMMER OF WITCHES ( Malleus maleficarum ) , 1486 . Jump up ^ Bailey ( 2003 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Bailey ( 2003 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Russell , 145 ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Maxwell - Stewart ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 143 : `` there were only 2 men among 50 accused '' ( Innsbruck ) Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Mackay ( 2009 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Mackay ( 2006 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Interview with Christopher Mackay by John W. Morehead , 2008 Jump up ^ Broedel ( 2003 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Britannica Jump up ^ Guiley ( 2008 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Klose , Hans - Christian . Die angebliche Mitarbeit des Dominikaners Jakob Sprenger am Hexenhammer , nach einem alten Abdinghofer Brief . pp. 197 -- 205 in Paderbornensis Ecclesia . Beiträge zur Geschichte des Erzbistums Paderborn . Festschrift für Lorenz Kardinal Jäger zum 80 . Geburtstag . Edited by Paul - Werner Scheele . Jump up ^ Behringer , Wolfgang . Malleus Maleficarum , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Raudvere , & Peters ( eds . ) , Witchcraft and Magic in Europe : The Middle Ages , page 241 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Behringer , Wolfgang . Malleus Maleficarum p. 3 . Jump up ^ Burns , William . Witch Hunts in Europe and America : An Encyclopedia , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Jeffrey Russell , Witchcraft in the Middle Ages , page 229 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Summers ( 2012 ) , pp. viii -- ix , Introduction to 1948 edition . Jump up ^ Burns ( 2003 ) , p. 160 ' . Jump up ^ Summers ( 2012 ) , p. ix ' , Introduction to 1948 edition . Jump up ^ Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brauner ( 2001 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` The effect that the book had on witch - hunting is difficult to determine . It did not open the door ' to almost indiscriminate prosecutions ' or even bring about an immediate increase in the number of trials . In fact its publication in Italy was followed by a noticeable reduction in witchcraft cases '' , Levack , The Witch - Hunt In Early Modern Europe , p. 55 ( 2nd edition 1995 ) Jump up ^ Jolly , Peters & Raudvere ( 2001 ) , p. 241 : `` Nor was the Malleus immediately regarded as a definitive work . Its appearance triggered no prosecutions in areas where there had been none earlier , and in some cases its claims encountered substantial scepticism ( for Italy , Paton 1992 : 264 -- 306 ) . In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the Malleus said , even when it presented apparently firm evidence . Long before then , however , the Malleus was the subject of considerable debate among both clerics and lay thinkers ( Caro Baroja 1990 : 19 -- 43 ) . Indeed , the chief function of the work was to serve as a centerpiece in demonological theory whose arguments might be expanded and added to by such works as that of Grillandus , as well as a focus for arguments and debates concerning particular points it made , some of the latter reflecting traditional rivalry between religious orders and ecclesiastical schools of theology . For example , an attack on some of the central arguments of the Malleus was made by the Francisan Samuel de Cassini in 1505 and answered in favour of the Malleus by the Dominican Vincente Dodo in 1507 ( Max 1990 : 55 -- 62 ; Lea 1957 : 366 -- 8 ; Hansen 1901 : 262 -- 84 ; Bibliotheca Lamiarum 1994 : 114 -- 15 ; Clark 1997 : 486 -- 7 , 538 ) . A similar criticism by Gianfrancesco Ponzinibio of Florence in 1520 was countered by the support of the Malleus position by the Dominican Bartolommeo de Spina in 1523 ( Caro Boja 1990 : 32 ; Max 1993 : 55 -- 62 ; Lea 1957 : 385 -- 95 ; Hansen 1901 : 326 -- 7 ; Bibliotheca Lamiarum 1994 : 120 -- 2 ) . The cautionary advice of the Spanish Inquisition in 1538 was merely another instance of the kinds of interests , and objections , that Malleus raised . '' Jump up ^ `` In its own day it was never accorded the unquestioned authority that modern scholars have sometimes given it . Theologians and jurists respected it as one among many informative books ; its particular savage misogyny and its obsession with impotence were never fully accepted '' , Monter , The Sociology of Jura Witchcraft , in The Witchcraft Reader , p. 116 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Russell , 79 Jump up ^ Russell , 234 Jump up ^ Henningsen ( 1980 ) , p. 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources Mackay , Christopher S. ( 2009 ) . The Hammer of Witches : A Complete Translation of the Malleus Maleficarum ( 1 volume ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 53982 - 4 . ( in English ) Mackay , Christopher S. ( 2006 ) . Malleus Maleficarum ( 2 volumes ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85977 - 8 . ( in Latin ) ( in English ) Broedel , Hans Peter ( 2003 ) . The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft : Theology and Popular Belief . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719064418 . Summers , Montague ( 2012 ) . The Malleus Maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger . Courier Corporation . Halsall , Paul , ed. ( 1996 ) . `` Witchcraft Documents ( 15th Century ) '' . Internet Medieval Sourcebook . Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies . Tertiary sources Hayes , Stephen ( 1995 ) . `` Christian responses to witchcraft and sorcery '' . Missionalia. 23 ( 3 ) . Guiley , Rosemary ( 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of Witches , Witchcraft and Wicca . Checkmark Books . Levack , Brian P. ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America . Oxford University Press . Levack , Brian P. ( 2006 ) . The Witch - hunt in Early Modern Europe . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 0 - 5824 - 1901 - 8 . `` Malleus maleficarum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Witchcraft '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Burns , William ( 2003 ) . Witch Hunts in Europe and America : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 2142 - 6 . Jolly , Karen ; Peters , Edward ; Raudvere , Catharina ( 2001 ) . Witchcraft and Magic in Europe , Volume 3 : The Middle Ages ( History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe ) . Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 0 - 4858 - 9103 - 4 . Brauner , Sigrid ( 2001 ) . Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews : The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 5584 - 9297 - 6 . Ankarloo , Bengt ; Clark , Stuart , eds. ( 2002 ) . Witchcraft and Magic in Europe , Volume 3 : The Middle Ages . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1786 - 1 . Ankarloo , Bengt ; Clark , Stuart , eds. ( 2002 ) . Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Volume 4 . The Period of the Witch Trials . The Athlone Press London . ISBN 0 - 485 - 89104 - 2 . Bailey , Michael D. ( 2003 ) . Battling Demons : Witchcraft , Heresy , and Reform in the Late Middle Ages . Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02226 - 4 . Henningsen , Gustav ( 1980 ) . The Witches ' Advocate : Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition . University of Nevada Press . Kieckhefer , Richard ( 2000 ) . Magic in the Middle Ages . Cambridge University Press . Maxwell - Stewart , P.G. ( 2001 ) . Witchcraft in Europe and the New World . Palgrave . Pavlac , Brian ( 2009 ) . Witch Hunts in the Western World : Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials : Persecution and Punishment from the Inquisition through the Salem Trials . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313348747 . Trevor - Roper , H.R. ( 1969 ) . The European Witch - Craze : of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 131416 - 1 . Thomas , Keith ( 1971 ) . Religion and the Decline of Magic -- Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013744 - 6 . Robbins , Rossell Hope ( 1959 ) . The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology . Peter Nevill . Further reading ( edit ) Flint , Valerie . The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe . Princeton University Press . Princeton , NJ . 1991 Hamilton , Alastair ( May 2007 ) . `` Review of Malleus Maleficarum edited and translated by Christopher S. Mackay and two other books '' . Heythrop Journal . 48 ( 3 ) : 477 -- 479 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2265.2007. 00325_12. x . ( payment required ) Institoris , Heinrich ; Jakob Sprenger ( 1520 ) . Malleus maleficarum , maleficas , & earum haeresim , ut phramea potentissima conterens . Excudebat Ioannes Gymnicus . This is the edition held by the University of Sydney Library . ( 1 ) Ruickbie , Leo ( 2004 ) . Witchcraft Out of the Shadows . Robert Hale . ISBN 0 - 7090 - 7567 - 7 . Russell , Jeffrey Burton ( 1972 ) . Witchcraft in the Middle Ages . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9289 - 0 . Summers , Montague ( 1948 ) . The Malleus Maleficarum of Kramer and Sprenger . ed. and trans . by Summers . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22802 - 9 . Thurston , Robert W. ( November 2006 ) . `` The world , the flesh and the devil '' . History Today . 56 ( 11 ) : 51 -- 57 . ( payment required for full text ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malleus Maleficarum . U.S. National Library of Medicine , Digital Collections : Malleus Maleficarum -- online scan of a Latin version presumably published in 1494 . Malleus Maleficarum -- Online version of Latin text and scanned pages of Malleus Maleficarum published in 1580 . Malleus Maleficarum -- Online and downloadable scan of original Latin edition of 1490 . English translation Malleus Maleficarum Online ( in Latin ) ( in German ) Witch trials In British Isles St Osyth Witches ( 1582 ) Witches of Warboys ( 1589 -- 93 ) North Berwick witch trials ( 1590 ) Witchcraft in Orkney Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597 Pendle witches ( 1612 ) Northamptonshire witch trials ( 1612 ) Samlesbury witches ( 1612 ) Witches of Belvoir ( 1619 ) Bury St Edmunds witch trials ( 1645 , 1662 , 1655 & 1694 ) Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649 -- 50 Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661 -- 62 Bute witches ( 1662 ) Bideford witch trial ( 1682 ) Paisley witches ( 1696 ) Pittenweem witches ( 1704 ) Islandmagee witch trial ( 1711 ) In France Labourd witch - hunt of 1609 Aix - en - Provence possessions ( 1611 ) Loudun possessions ( 1634 ) Louviers possessions ( 1647 ) Affair of the Poisons ( 1679 ) In Germany Derenburg witch trials ( 1555 ) Wiesensteig witch trial ( 1562 -- 63 ) Trier witch trials ( 1581 -- 93 ) Pappenheimer family witch trial ( 1600 ) Fulda witch trials ( 1603 -- 06 ) Ellwangen witch trial ( 1611 -- 18 ) Eichstätt witch trials ( 1617 - 30 ) Würzburg witch trial ( 1626 -- 31 ) Bamberg witch trials ( 1626 -- 31 ) Mergentheim witch trials ( 1628 -- 31 ) Esslingen witch trials ( 1662 -- 66 ) Witch trial of Fuersteneck ( 1703 ) In Scandinavia Køge Huskors ( 1608 -- 15 ) Finspång witch trial ( 1617 ) Vardø witch trials ( 1621 ) Ramsele witch trial ( 1634 ) Kirkjuból witch trial ( 1656 ) Vardø witch trials ( 1662 -- 63 ) Mora witch trial ( 1669 ) Torsåker witch trials ( 1675 ) Rugård witch trials ( 1685 -- 86 ) Thisted witch trial ( 1696 -- 98 ) Elsewhere in Europe Valais witch trials ( 1428 -- 47 ) Val Camonica witch trials ( 1505 , 1518 ) Navarre witch trials ( 1525 - 26 ) Polula witch trials ( 1542 ) Lisbon witch trial ( 1559 - 60 ) Benandanti ( 1575 - 1650 ) Fairy witch trials of Sicily ( 1579 - 1651 ) Basque witch trials ( 1609 ) Roermond witch trial ( 1613 ) Spa witch trial ( 1616 ) Terrassa witch trials ( 1615 - 1619 ) Werewolf witch trials Witch trial of Nogaredo ( 1646 -- 47 ) Salzburg witch trials ( 1675 -- 81 ) Northern Moravia witch trials ( 1678 ) Liechtenstein witch trials ( 1679 -- 82 ) Szeged witch trials ( 1728 -- 29 ) Doruchowo witch trial ( 1783 ) Outside of Europe Salem witch trials ( 1692 -- 93 ) Texts Formicarius ( 1475 ) Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) Malleus Maleficarum ( 1486 ) Laienspiegel ( 1509 ) Witchcraft Act ( England ) ( 1562 ) Newes from Scotland ( 1591 ) Daemonolatreiae libri tres ( 1595 ) Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Magical Investigations ( 1599 ) Compendium Maleficarum ( 1608 ) A Guide to Grand - Jury Men ( 1627 ) The Discovery of Witches ( 1647 ) Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) Related Drudenhaus Witchcraft Act 1735 ( Great Britain ) Witchcraft Acts Witchcraft and magic Types African witchcraft Vodun Witch smeller Asian witchcraft Kulam Onmyōdō Australasian witchcraft Makutu European witchcraft Akelarre Benandanti Brujería Cunning folk Seiðr Völva White witch Witch - cult hypothesis North American witchcraft 21 Divisiones Granny woman Hoodoo Huna Pow - wow Santería Vodou Voodoo South American witchcraft Candomblé Wicca Practices Animism Black magic Coven Demon Divination Entheogen Evocation Familiar spirit Flying ointment Jinn Magic Magic circle Necromancy Occultism Poppet Potions Shamanism Sigils Spiritism Spiritualism Witch ball Witch 's ladder Witches ' Sabbath Objects Amulet Broom Cloak of invisibility Magic carpet Magic ring Magic sword Talisman Wand Folklore and mythology Agamede Aradia Baba Yaga Daayan Drude Elbow witch Huld Kalku Hecate Circe Medea Muma Pădurii Obayifo Sea witch Sorginak Spearfinger Three Witches Witch of Endor Major historic treatises Formicarius ( 1475 ) Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) Malleus Maleficarum ( 1487 ) The Discoverie of Witchcraft ( 1584 ) Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Compendium Maleficarum ( 1608 ) A Guide to Grand - Jury Men ( 1627 ) The Discovery of Witches ( 1647 ) Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) VIAF : 175261947 LCCN : no2007072431 GND : 4210558 - 4 SUDOC : 140601856 BNF : cb12048444x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleus_Maleficarum&oldid=815453902 '' Categories : 1487 books 15th - century Christian texts Witch hunter manuals Catholicism - related controversies Christian terminology Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from August 2017 Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Latin - language external links Articles with German - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 22 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the hammer symbol mean in 7 days to die	[]	[]
222219243272626377	Beauty and the Beast (2014 film)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 film ) - Wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( January 2015 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the French article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated fr La Belle et la Bête ( film , 2014 ) ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Beauty and the Beast Theatrical Poster Directed by Christophe Gans Produced by Richard Grandpierre Written by Christophe Gans Sandra Vo - Anh Based on Beauty and the Beast by Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve Starring Vincent Cassel Léa Seydoux André Dussollier Music by Pierre Adenot Cinematography Christophe Beaucarne Edited by Sébastien Prangère Production company Eskwad Pathé Studio Babelsberg Distributed by Pathé ( France ) Concorde Filmverleih ( Germany ) Release date 12 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) ( France ) 14 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) ( Berlin ) Running time 112 minutes Country France Germany Language French Budget € 35 million Box office US $49.1 million ( international ) Beauty and the Beast ( French : La Belle et la Bête ) is a 2014 Franco - German romantic fantasy film based on the traditional fairy tale of the same name by Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve . Written by Christophe Gans and Sandra Vo - Anh and directed by Gans , the film stars Léa Seydoux as Belle and Vincent Cassel as the Beast . The film was screened out of competition at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival and was released in France on 12 February 2014 to positive reviews , becoming a box office success . International reviews were more mixed . It was nominated for the People 's Choice Award for Best European Film at the 27th European Film Awards . It also received three nominations at the 40th César Awards , winning Best Production Design for Thierry Flamand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Box office 5 Critical reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A widowed merchant ( André Dussollier ) is forced to move to the countryside after going bankrupt , with his six children , three sons and three daughters . His youngest daughter , Belle ( Léa Seydoux ) is the only one happy with the change . When one of the merchant 's ships is found , the merchant prepares to return to reclaim his assets . While his two older , spoiled daughters give him a long list of expensive things to bring back for them , Belle asks only for a rose . The merchant arrives and learns that the ship and its cargo have been taken to settle his debts . On the way home through the forest , the merchant loses his way , his horse slips and is injured , and they are attacked by wolves . He laments that he has `` not even a weapon to finish off '' the poor horse . The merchant stumbles upon the magical domain of the Beast ( Vincent Cassel ) . In the castle , all of his needs are magically met , including food , the exact items his daughters had asked him to bring , and his horse , magically cured . He packs up and departs with the items . Passing through the garden , he recalls Belle 's request of a rose , and he picks one . He is immediately confronted by the Beast , who thunders at him for taking the rose . As punishment , the Beast demands the merchant return to the castle in one day after saying goodbye to his children . If he fails to return , his family will be killed . The father returns home and tells the story to his children . Learning of her father 's fate , Belle , feeling responsible , takes her father 's horse and returns to the castle to offer herself in the place of her father . At the castle , Belle is accepted as a substitute for her father . She is given luxurious goods , and allowed to roam the grounds , but must return every evening for dinner with the Beast . The Beast asks Belle if she will love him , but she rejects him . At night , Belle has a series of vivid dreams , revealing the backstory of the Prince : he enjoys hunting , but often ignores the Princess ( Yvonne Catterfeld ) who loves him but is lonely . The Prince is after an elusive golden deer , and when the Princess asks him to stop hunting the deer , he promises to do so if she will give him a son . The prince later announces that they will have an heir , but when the princess reminds him of his promise , he seems to have forgotten . Belle makes the Beast a proposal ; she will dance with him , if she is allowed to see her family one last time . The two begin to dance , and the Beast once again asks for Belle 's love . Jarred , Belle demands to see her family as she had bargained . When the Beast refuses , Belle fervently rejects him . The same night , she witnesses the Beast prey upon and devour a hog . In shock , she attempts to escape by running into the enchanted forest , and falls into a frozen lake . The Beast pulls her from the water , and brings her to the castle . Belle has a final dream about how the Prince broke his promise and killed the golden deer . While dying , the deer transformed into the Princess , who revealed that she was the Nymph of the Forest who became human because she wanted to experience love . She begged her father , the god of the forest , to spare the prince from his anger , but he transformed the prince into a beast , changed the hunting dogs into Tadommes and his friends into statues . The god of the forest proclaimed that only the love of a woman would break the Beast 's eternal curse . The Beast agrees to let Belle return home , giving her a small vial of healing water . He tells her return to him in one day or he will `` die '' . Belle arrives home , where her father is bedridden , and seems to be dying . Belle gives him the vial of water , reviving him . Belle 's eldest brother , Maxime ( Nicolas Gob ) finds a jewel on her clothing , positing that the castle may contain further treasures . He wants to find it to settle his debt to gangster Perducas ( Eduardo Noriega ) . He knocks out his youngest brother , Tristan , who tries to stop him , and meets with Perducas and his gang , leading them to the castle . Belle attempts to return to the castle , and discovers that Maxime has taken the horse to meet with Perducas . Tristan takes her to the castle , arriving just as the Beast is about to kill the invaders , including Belle 's brothers . The Beast stops his attack when Belle begs for mercy . Perducas stabs the Beast , mortally wounding him . Belle and her brothers carry the Beast into the castle , and place him into the healing pool of water . Dying , the Beast asks whether Belle could ever love him , and she counters that she already does . The Beast sinks into the water , and comes up transformed back into the Prince . The Tadommes return to dogs , and Perducas is killed by the vines and turned into a human tree . The story is being told by Belle to her two young children . They are living in the same countryside house , surrounded by rose bushes , with Belle 's father , who is now a flower merchant . Belle goes outside to greet her husband , the Prince , and the two kiss and embrace . Cast ( edit ) Vincent Cassel as La Bête ( The Beast ) / Le Prince ( The Prince ) Léa Seydoux as Belle André Dussollier as Le marchand ( The Merchant ) / Belle 's Father Eduardo Noriega as Perducas Audrey Lamy as Anne Sara Giraudeau as Clotilde Nicolas Gob as Maxime Myriam Charleins as Astrid Jonathan Demurge as Jean - Baptiste Louka Meliava as Tristan Yvonne Catterfeld as La Princesse ( The Princess ) Dejan Bucin as Louis Production ( edit ) Principal photography took place in Germany , at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam - Babelsberg , from November 2012 to February 2013 , on a production budget of € 35 million . Box office ( edit ) The film earned a total of US $49.1 million internationally . In Japan , the film topped the box office on its release , making it the first non-English - language foreign film to top the Japanese box office since Red Cliff II in 2009 , and the first French film to top the Japanese box office since Mathieu Kassovitz 's The Crimson Rivers in 2001 . Critical reception ( edit ) In France , the film received positive reviews . France Télévisions called the film Christophe Gans ' `` greatest success '' . They praised the colours and contrasts of the landscape , which they said recalled the work of American painter Maxfield Parrish , and the visual style , which they compared to films by Mario Bava and Tsui Hark . They also noted that Gans had successfully differentiated the film from the source material and prior adaptations , while keeping the `` spirit '' of the original story . Laurent Pecha of EcranLarge remarked that while the film was `` far from perfect '' , it was `` so ambitious '' compared to the `` doldrums '' of French cinema that Gans won her over . She called the introduction `` spectacular '' and praised Gans for his willingness to make the audience believe the `` incredible and improbable love story '' , praising the `` excellent '' Seydoux and Cassel . Writing for TF1 , Olivier Corriez gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and remarked that it was not easy to offer a modern interpretation of Beauty and the Beast as it had been adapted so many times before , but found Gans ' film `` flamboyant '' but `` accessible to all audiences '' . He said that it `` plays wonderfully on contrasts '' and praised Seydoux for her `` charm and tenderness '' and Cassel for providing `` brutality ( and ) weakness . '' International reviews for the film were mostly negative . Although the visuals and production design were praised , storytelling was criticized . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 32 % , based on 19 reviews and the average rating is 4.6 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 , the film has a score of 39 based on 10 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Jessica Kiang of Indiewire thought the film was `` immensely , crushingly boring '' and Seydoux wasted in a role that required her to do little more than `` heave her breasts and fall over things prettily . '' See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( disambiguation ) List of French films of 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` La Belle et La Bête '' . AlloCiné . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Christophe Gans Director '' . Cineuropa . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Vincent Cassel et Léa Seydoux : Une relecture grandiose de La Belle et la Bête Jump up ^ `` Berlinale 2014 : Competition Complete '' . berlinale . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EFA Opens Vote for People 's Choice Award '' . European Film Academy . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` European Film Academy opens vote for People 's Choice Award 2014 '' . Cineuropa . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Juliette Binoche , Marion Cotillard , Kristen Stewart Among France 's Cesar Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Awards : ' Timbktu ' Sweeps , Kristen Stewart Makes History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' La belle et la bête '' et `` Noé '' , deux films attendus en 2014 `` . TF1 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and David Bloom ( 10 January 2015 ) . `` ' Transformers 4 ′ Tops 2014 's 100 Highest - Grossing International Films -- Chart '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kevin Ma ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast , Twilight top Japan B.O. '' . Film Business Asia . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm-203397/critiques/presse/#pressreview40009516 Jump up ^ `` '' La Belle et la bête '' : Léa Seydoux et Vincent Cassel dans une version épique `` . France Télévisions ( in French ) . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critique : Belle et la Bête ( La ) '' . EcranLarge ( in French ) . 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La Belle et la Bête '' . TF1 ( in French ) . 10 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beauty_and_the_beast_2014 Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beauty-and-the-beast-2014 Jump up ^ `` Berlin Review : Christophe Gans ' ' Beauty And The Beast ' Starring Léa Seydoux & Vincent Cassel '' . Indiewire. 15 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in French ) Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Christophe Gans Crying Freeman ( 1995 ) Brotherhood of the Wolf ( 2001 ) Silent Hill ( 2006 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2014_film)&oldid=796148901 '' Categories : 2014 films French - language films 2010s fantasy films French films German films Films directed by Christophe Gans French fantasy films German fantasy films Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films shot in Germany Babelsberg Studio films Pathé films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles to be expanded from January 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 20 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was beauty and the beast 2014 filmed	[ "The film was screened out of competition at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival[4] and was released in France on 12 February 2014 to positive reviews, becoming a box office success. International reviews were more mixed. It was nominated for the People's Choice Award for Best European Film at the 27th European Film Awards.[5][6] It also received three nominations at the 40th César Awards, winning Best Production Design for Thierry Flamand.[7][8]" ]	[ "competition at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival" ]
-7796098664039866692	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? - Wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? For other uses , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the general , international franchise . For the original version , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) . For other versions , see International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Original work Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) Owner Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2008 -- ) Victory Television ( 2010 - 2014 ) Stellify Media ( 2018 - ) Films and television Television series See International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Audio Original music Scores composed by Keith and Matthew Strachan Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! ( USA ) Country of Origin United Kingdom Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Production Running time 30 -- 120 minutes ( depending on the version ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original release 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , contestants tackle a series of multiple - choice questions to win large cash prizes , with the format being a twist on the game show genre -- only one contestant plays at a time , similar to radio quizzes ; contestants are given the question before attempting an answer , and have no time limit to answer questions ; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult . The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is one million of the local currency . The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 , and was aired until its final episode on 11 February 2014 ; a revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary in 2018 , were aired from 5 to 11 May . Since its debut , international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries worldwide . Contents 1 History 2 Gameplay 2.1 Rules 2.1. 1 Original format 2.1. 2 U.S. format 2.1. 3 Other international formats 2.2 Lifelines 2.2. 1 Unique lifelines 2.3 Top prize winners 3 Original version 4 International versions 4.1 Australia 4.2 United States 4.3 Russia 4.4 India 4.5 Philippines 4.6 Other versions 5 Hallmarks 5.1 Music 5.2 Set 5.3 Catchphrase 6 Reception 6.1 Awards , accolades and honours 7 Ingram cheating scandal 8 Other media 8.1 Merchandise 8.2 Disney Parks attraction 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The format of the show was created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio , such as the bong game . Tentatively known as Cash Mountain , the show took its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , starring by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm . Since the original version launched , several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright and took the production company to court , but each claim was later settled out - of - court on an agreement / settlement . In March 2006 , original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire , together with the rest of its British programme library , as the first phase of a sell - off of the company 's format and production divisions . The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith . He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow : for example , all hosts were required to appear on - screen wearing Armani suits , as Tarrant did in the UK ; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music , instead using the same music cues used by the British version ; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version . However , some of Smith 's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise 's history has progressed . Millionaire and all of Celador 's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic . Two years later , Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £ 137.5 million . The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television ; however , the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company 's in - home sales and content distribution firm , Disney -- ABC Domestic Television . Gameplay ( edit ) Rules ( edit ) A group of contestants on each episode play a preliminary round called `` Fastest Finger First '' . All are given a question by the host and four answers which must be placed within a particular order ; in the original version and pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version , contestants have to simply answer a multiple - choice question . If any contestants are visually impaired , the host reads the question and four choices all at once , then repeats the choices after the music for this round begins . The contestant who not only answers correctly , but in the fastest time , goes on to play the main game . In the event that no one gets the question right , another question is given ; if two or more contestants answer correctly but with the same time , they are given a tie - breaker amongst them to determine who will move on . This round is only used when a new contestant is being chosen to play the main round , and can be played more than once in an episode amongst those remaining within the group seeking to play the main game . In celebrity editions , the round is not used ; celebrities automatically take part in the main game . Once a contestant enters the main game , they are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host . Each features four possible answers , in which the contestant must give the correct answer . Doing so wins them a certain amount of money , with tackling much tougher questions increasing their prize fund . During their game , the player has a set of lifelines that they may use only once to help them with a question , as well as two `` safety nets '' -- if a contestant gets a question wrong , but had reached a designated cash value during their game , they will leave with that amount as their prize . While the first few questions are generally easy , subsequent ones after them will prompt the host to ask if the answer they gave is their `` final answer '' -- if it is , then it is locked in and can not be changed . If a contestant feels unsure about an answer , and does not wish to play on , they can walk away with the money they have won , to which the host will ask them to confirm this as their final decision ; in such cases , the host will usually ask them to state what answer they would have gone for , and reveal if it would have been correct or incorrect . Original format ( edit ) During the British original , between 1998 and 2007 , the show 's format focused on fifteen questions . The safety nets in this format were set to £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 respectively , with the payout structure being as follows : For the first group of five questions : £ 100 - > £ 200 - > £ 300 - > £ 500 - > £ 1,000 For the second group of five questions : £ 2,000 - > £ 4,000 - > £ 8,000 - > £ 16,000 - > £ 32,000 For the final group of five questions : £ 64,000 - > £ 125,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 After 2007 , the format was changed , reducing the number of questions to twelve ; the overall change in format was later incorporated into a number of international versions over a period of four years , including the Arab , Bulgarian , Dutch , French , Polish , Spanish , and Turkish versions . The payout structure , as a whole , was subsequently changed as a result , with the second safety net relocated to £ 50,000 : The first two questions : £ 500 - > £ 1,000 The next five questions : £ 2,000 - > £ 5,000 - > £ 10,000 - > £ 20,000 - > £ 50,000 The final five questions : £ 75,000 - > £ 150,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 When the game show was revived for British television in 2018 , the format was changed a second time , reverting to the original arrangement used before 2007 , but with one notable difference , in that the second safety net was made adjustable -- once a contestant reached £ 1,000 , the host would ask them , before giving the next question , if they wish to set the next cash prize amount as the second safety net , with this allowing them to set up as high as £ 500,000 in their game as a result . US format ( edit ) An American syndication of the game show was conceived after the British original proved successful , debuting in 2002 . The only difference between it and the British version was that episodes were halved in length -- 30 minutes , as opposed to the 60 - minute length of the original version . The change meant that the preliminary round of the show was eliminated , and contestants had to pass a more conventional game show qualification test . Exceptions to this arrangement , in which it was used under the name `` Fastest Finger '' included : primetime special editions of the programme ; the 2004 series that was dubbed Super Millionaire , in which the final prize was increased to $10,000,000 ; and for the 10th anniversary special of the US edition , run during August 2009 for eleven episodes . The decision to remove this round would later occur in other international versions , including the British original . In 2008 , the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit . The limit varied depending on the difficulty of the question : 15 seconds for questions 1 -- 5 30 seconds for question 6 -- 10 45 seconds for question 11 -- 14 Time for each question began counting down immediately after a question was given and its answers revealed , but was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used . If a contestant exceeded the time limit , they were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point . Any time not used in these questions was banked for use in the final question . This format change was later adopted into other international versions -- the British original , for example , adopted this change for episodes on 3 August 2010 . On 13 September 2010 , the U.S. version adopted a second and more significant change in its format . In this change , the game featured two rounds . The first round consisted of ten questions , in which the cash prize associated to each = , along with the category and difficulty for each question is randomised per game . As such , the difficulty of the question in this round , is ' not ' tied to the value associated to it , and a contestant does not know what amount they won unless they provide a correct answer , or choose to walk away . As part of this format , the amount of money a contestant won in this round was banked , but if they walk away before completing the round , they left with half the amount that had been banked ; if they gave an incorrect answer during this round , they left with just $1,000 . If they answered all ten questions correctly , they then moved onto the second round , which stuck to the standard format of the game show -- the remaining questions are set to general knowledge and feature cash prizes of high , non-cumulative values . The contestant can , at this point , walk away with the total amount banked from the first round ; otherwise , an incorrect answer meant they left with $25,000 . The format was later modified for the fourteenth season of the US version , but retained the same arrangement for the last four questions . In 2015 , the so - called `` shuffle format '' was scrapped and the show returned to a version that closely resembled the original format . Other international formats ( edit ) Other notable formats used in international variations of the show , and used subsequently in other versions , included : In 2007 , the German version modified the show 's format with the inclusion of a feature called `` Risk Mode '' . During the main game , contestants were given the option of choosing this feature , in which if they chose to use it , they gained the used of a fourth lifeline that allowed them to discuss a question with a member of the audience , in exchange for having no second safety net -- if they got any question between the sixth and final cash prize amount wrong , they would leave with the guaranteed amount given for correctly answering five questions . This modified format was subsequently adopted for use in a variety of international versions abroad , including Austria , the Czech Republic , Hungary , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Switzerland and Venezuela . In November 2008 , the Norwegian version modified the show format under the title of `` Hot Seat '' . In this variation of the game , six contestant took part , with each taking it in turns to answer questions and build up their prize fund . Utilising the time limit format introduced in the US version , this variation on the format granted a contestant the right to pass the question on to another player , who can not pass it on themselves , while eliminating both the option of walking away from a question , and the use of lifelines . If a contestant can not pass on or correctly answer a question , they are eliminated , and the highest cash value they made is removed . The game ends when all contestants are eliminated or the question for the highest cash value is answered -- if a contestant who answers the final question gives a correct answer , they win that prize ; otherwise , the last contestant to be eliminated receives a small prize if they reach the fifth question safety net . This format was later introduced to various markets over the course of a four year - period from 2009 to 2012 , including Italy , Hungary , Spain , Vietnam , Indonesia , Australia , and Chile . In 2017 , Australia 's version was modified to use the Norwegian 's Hot Seat format . As part of this modification , the game Incorporated the use of the Fastest Finger First round , with the winner able to select a lifeline , out of three that the show provided . Lifelines ( edit ) During a standard play of the game , a contestant is given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . In the standard format , a contestant has access to three lifelines -- the contents can use each only once per game , but can use more than one on a single question . The standard lifelines used in the original format of the game show include Ask the Audience : When selected , each audience member takes up a voting pad , and votes the answer that they believe is correct for the question . Once the vote is tallied , the contestant is shown what the result of it was , displayed in percentages for each answer . 50 : 50 : When selected , the game 's computer selects two wrong answers for the current question and eliminates them , leaving behind the correct answer , and one remaining incorrect answer . Phone a Friend : When selected , a friend of the contestant is rung up , and tasked with providing assistance to them on the question . They are given only 30 seconds to provide input , with the time beginning the moment the contestant begins telling them what the question is , and the four possible answers for it . In the US version , some lifelines used corporate sponsorship . The US version of `` Phone - a-Friend '' was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , and then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , the US version of `` Ask the Audience '' was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In some countries which aired live editions of the programme , anyone nominated to be used for `` Phone a Friend '' were informed to be prepared for when they are alerted to their friend playing the game , and required to have their phone free and wait for three rings before answering . On 11 January 2010 , the US version eliminated the use of `` Phone a Friend '' , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them , which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline , by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . In the original British version , in the more recent series , a security guy from the production office would be at the friend 's house to make sure that the friend does n't cheat , and in The People Play specials in 2012 and 2013 , the friends are not actually on the phone , they are locked away in a studio backstage instead , and they can not see or hear what 's been going on throughout the show until one of them gets called . When the contestant calls one of their friends , the friend appears onscreen and both the contestant and friend can see and hear each other . Unique lifelines ( edit ) During the course of the game show 's history , there were a number of unique lifeline additions in various versions of the programme : Switch the Question -- Used in the US version between 2004 and 2008 , and in the UK original during celebrity specials between 2002 -- 03 and standard episode between 2010 -- 14 , this lifeline was made available after a contestant answered the tenth question of the game . When used , the computer replaced the current question with another of the same difficulty . However , use of this lifeline came with a risk -- if used , the contestant could not reinstate any lifelines used on the original question . A variation of this lifeline for the US version , called `` Cut the Question '' , was brought into use in 2014 for a week - long run of special episodes that featured child contestants , in which it could only be used within the first ten questions . Double Dip -- One of two lifelines created for the Super Millionaire spin - off of the US version . When used , this lifeline allowed contestants to make two guesses at a question , but forbade them from using any other lifelines they had left or from walking away , however if the contestant chose to use 50 / 50 and then use Double Dip on the same question , it would guarantee them the correct answer , and they would win the amount of money that they are playing for without risking to lose out on an incorrect answer . When the US format incorporated the use of a time limit on questions , the `` 50 / 50 '' lifeline was replaced by this one . This lifeline was also used in the Russian version , however unlike the US version , it did not replace 50 / 50 ( rather it was a fourth lifeline ) , nor did they introduce the clock format . Three Wise Men -- One of two lifelines created for the Super Millionaire spin - off of the US version . When used , the contestant asks a sequestered panel of three people , all chosen by the producers and appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , to help them with answering a question . Like `` Phone a Friend '' , this lifeline incorporated a 30 - second time limit for its use . This lifeline was also used in the Russian version between 2006 and 2008 , however unlike the American version it was used only with the participation of ordinary people in the game . Ask the Expert -- Based upon `` Three Wise Men '' , this lifeline provided the contestant with one person , an expert selected for them , to help them with the question . Unlike its predecessor , this lifeline had no time limit on its use , but was only available after the fifth question ; after `` Phone a Friend '' was removed , it was made readily available at anytime in the game . In the US version , the lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . In the Hong Kong edition , it replaced the `` Phone a Friend '' lifeline for one - off special in 2001 and for two celebrity specials in 2018 , though with the celebrity contestants able to ask a panel of experts for help , present in the audience , all of whom had the question and possible answers visible to them . Ask One of the Audience -- Used in the German version of the show , this lifeline was designed for use as part of its `` Risk Mode '' format . When used , the contestant selects someone from the audience , whereupon the host rereads the question and the possible answers and asks them to chose one . If the contestant goes for the answer they chose and it proves correct , the audience member is given a small cash prize in return . This lifeline was implemented as part of the Costa Rican version , but made available after passing the first safety net . Ask Three of the Audience -- Used in the Vietnamese version of the show , this lifeline was designed for use as part of its Original format . When used , the contestant selects three from the audience , whereupon the host rereads the question and the possible answers and asks them to chose one . If the contestant goes for the answer they chose and it proves correct , the audience member is given a small cash prize in return . This lifeline was implemented as part of the Vietnamese version , but made available after passing the 5th question . In the Philippine version , the lifeline is called People Speak , which can be used at any point in the game . Jump the Question -- Used in the US version of the show , as part of the `` Shuffle Format '' , from the start of the ninth season to the end of thirteenth season . When used , prior to giving a final answer , a contestant would skip the current question and move on to the next one , but would earn no money from the question they skipped ; the lifeline could not be used if they have reached the final question . Unlike other lifelines , it could be used twice during a game , except for the thirteenth season -- the introduction of `` Plus One '' led to the lifeline being modified as a result . Crystal Ball -- Used in the US version of the show , as part of specially designated weeks that used the `` Shuffle Format '' . When used during the first round , the contestant is allowed to see the cash amount that is designated to the question they are currently on . + 1 -- Used in the US version of the show from 2015 onwards . Based on `` Ask One of the Audience '' , the lifeline allows a contestant to invite on a friend from the audience to come and help them answer the question . There is no time limit , but after that question has been answered the friend has to return to the audience . Ask the Host -- Used in the 20th anniversary of the British original . When used by the contestant , the host uses their knowledge of a question 's subject , gives their thoughts about the question , and tries to assist them with finding the correct answer out of the choices given . The lifeline features no time limit , and the host reassures all they have no connection to the outside world and receive the question and possible answers for it at the same time as the contestant , and thus have no knowledge of what the correct answer is . Top prize winners ( edit ) Out of all contestants that have played the game , few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show . The first was John Carpenter , who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999 . Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question , using his Phone - a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million . Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel , the first winner of the UK version ; Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version , who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million ; Martin Flood from the Australian version , who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated , much like Charles Ingram , but was later cleared ; and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version , who is often referred to in Western media as the `` real - life Slumdog Millionaire '' . Of all the international versions , the Japanese version has produced the most number ( 38 ) of top prize winners , including juniors . The most recent Millionaire winner is Hooman Vojdani in the Austrian version , who won € 1.000. 000 on June 4 , 2018 . Original version ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) Chris Tarrant was host of the original British version , since its debut in September 1998 , until its final episode in February 2014 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? debuted in Britain on 4 September 1998 , with episodes broadcast on the ITV network . When it began airing , the show was hosted by Chris Tarrant , and became an instant hit -- at its peak in 1999 , one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers . While most of the contestants were predominantly members of the general public who had applied to take part , the show later featured special celebrity editions during its later years , often coinciding with holidays and special events . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant decided to quit the show after hosting it for 15 years . His decision led ITV to subsequently make plans to cancel the programme at the end of his contract , with no further specials being made other than those that were already planned . Tarrant 's final episode was a special clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , which aired on 11 February 2014 . Four years later , ITV revived the programme for a special 7 - episode series , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the British original . This series of special episodes was hosted by Jeremy Clarkson and aired every evening between 6 May and 11 May 2018 . International versions ( edit ) Main article : International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Since the British original debuted in 1998 , several different versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? have been created across the world , including Australia , the United States , and India . In total over 100 different international variations have been made . Australia ( edit ) On 18 April 1999 , Nine Network launched an Australian version of the game show for its viewers . This version ran until its final episode , aired on 3 April 2006 . After the first version ended , a second version was created , running for six episodes across October and November 2007 , before a third version , entitled Millionaire Hot Seat , made its debut on 20 April 2009 . The original version was hosted Eddie McGuire , until he was forced to sacrifice his on - air commitments upon being made the CEO of the network ; after his resignation from this role , he resumed his duties as host of subsequent versions of the programme . United States ( edit ) On 16 August 1999 , ABC launched an American version of the game show for its primetime viewers . Hosted by Regis Philbin , it proved to be a ratings success , becoming the highest - rated television show during the 1999 -- 2000 season , with its average audience figures reaching approximately 29 million viewers . However , ABC overexposed the series , causing viewers figures to drop . This version was cancelled as a result , with its final episode aired on 27 June 2002 . On 16 September 2002 , Meredith Vieira launched a daily syndicated version of the programme , in which she presided as host for 11 seasons until May 2013 . After her departure , the show was hosted by Cedric the Entertainer in 2013 , and Terry Crews in 2014 , before Chris Harrison took full hosting responsibilities in Autumn 2015 . Russia ( edit ) On 1 October 1999 , NTV launched a Russian version the game show , entitled О , счастливчик ! ( `` Oh , lucky man ! ! ! '' ) . This version ran until its final episode on 28 January 2001 , whereupon a few weeks later it was relaunched under the Russian translation of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , on Channel One . The relaunched version was hosted by Maxim Galkin until 2008 , when he was replaced as host by Dmitry Dibrov after that . India ( edit ) On 3 July 2000 , an Indian version of the game show was launched . The show was hosted by Amitabh Bachchan in his first appearance on Indian television , and received additional seasons in 2005 -- 06 , 2007 , and then every year since 2010 . Subsequent Indian versions were also made , including one on 9 April 2012 entitled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran , and hosted by Suresh Gopi . The original Indian version became immortalised in 2008 , within the plot of Danny Boyle 's award - winning drama film Slumdog Millionaire . adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup , Philippines ( edit ) In 2000 , a Filipino version of the game show was launched by the government - sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation . Hosted by Christopher de Leon , and produced by Viva Television , it ran for two years before being axed . On 23 May 2009 , the show was relaunched on TV5 , with Vic Sotto as the new host . The relaunched version was aired until 7 October 2012 , when it was replaced by the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live , but returned the following year on 15 September 2013 , after the talent show Talentadong Pinoy was dropped by the broadcaster that year . Other versions ( edit ) Other notable versions created in other countries , include the following : In 1999 , a Dutch version of the game show , entitled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs , was launched on SBS 6 . It was hosted by Robert ten Brink . In 2006 , the show was moved to RTL 4 and was hosted by Jeroen van der Boom until it was cancelled in 2008 . The show was later revived in 2011 . On 3 September 1999 , a German version was launched by RTL Television , with Günther Jauch hosting the game show . In 2000 , the Hungarian version of the show , Legyen Ön is milliomos ! was launched . Its iconic host was István Vágó until 2008 . On 20 April 2000 , a Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire was launched by Fuji Television . Hosted by Monta Mino , it ran as a weekly programme for seven years , after which it airs only as occasional specials . On 24 May 2000 , an Italian version was launched on Canale5 , and hosted by Gerry Scotti and tanto until 2011 On 3 July 2000 , a French version was launched on the TF1 network , and hosted by Jean - Pierre Foucault . In 2001 , a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung was launched by Asia Television . It ran until 2005 , and was hosted by actor Kenneth Chan . In 2007 , a Chinese version was launched , hosted by Lǐ Fán . It ran until the end of 2008 . In 2010 , a Sri Lankan version called Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi was launched on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network . In 2018 , a Nepalese version of the game was launched under the title of Ko Banchha Crorepati . The show is hosted by superstar Rajesh Hamal on Ap1Hd . On 11 August 2018 , a Mauritian Version has been launched on MBC 1 by the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation . The show is present by Sandra Mayotte , 14th female host for the franchise `` Qui Veu Gagner Des Millions ? '' . Hallmarks ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' score provides drama and tension , and unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the £ 2,000 to the £ 32,000 / £ 50,000 level , and then from the £ 64,000 / £ 75,000 level onwards , take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On Game Show Network ( GSN ) 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . The Strachans ' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers with numerous awards , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version 's clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) TV studio of ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? , the Salvadorian version of the show . The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in `` Hot Seats '' , which are slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the centre of the stage ; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporised , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress . When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . According to Vieira , the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Catchphrase ( edit ) Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show . The most well - known of these catchphrases is the host 's question `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified . The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official , the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer . Regularly on tier - three questions , a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant 's statement of their answer and the host 's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct . Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the `` final answer '' catchphrase . In the United States , the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country 's version , to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases , which aired in 2006 . On the Australian versions , McGuire replaces the phrase with `` Lock it in ? '' ; likewise , the Indian version 's hosts have used varying `` lock '' catchphrases . There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask `` ( Is that your ) final answer ? '' or a literal translation thereof . Besides the `` final answer '' question , other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants ' requests to use lifelines , such as `` I 'd like to phone a friend '' ; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question , `` Some questions are only easy if you know the answer . '' Reception ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? has been credited with single - handedly reviving interest in , and breaking new ground for , the television game show . It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history , and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming . Awards , accolades and honours ( edit ) In 2000 , the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its `` BFI TV 100 '' list , which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country . The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme , and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005 . The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009 , making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show , and the first to win multiple times . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first , and so far only , Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Ingram cheating scandal ( edit ) Charles Ingram became infamous for cheating on the programme with a method that staff had not anticipated Although the show employed many ways of preventing cheating , no one working on the British original was prepared for a unique style employed by one contestant -- British Army Major Charles Ingram . In September 2001 , Ingram took part on the game show for two days , joined by his wife Diana and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock . After his first day , he devised a plan to help him win the £ 1 million cash prize the following day -- for each question he faced , Ingram would read out the answers for a question , whereupon Whittock , who sat amongst the contestants who would play Fastest Finger First , would cough whenever the correct answer was spoken out . As Ingram drew close to the top prize , production staff backstage became suspicious over the amount of back noise Whittock was creating with his coughing . In addition , they also became concerned that Ingram showed no sign of having specialist knowledge on any subject he faced in his questions , in contrast to previous contestants . After the episode had been filmed , an investigation was ordered . Ingram was informed that he was suspected of cheating , and thus was not allowed to take his winnings ; his reaction to this news further justified suspicions he had cheated . When the footage was reviewed , staff began to notice the pattern between Whittock 's coughing and Ingram 's behaviour when he chose an answer . After suspending the broadcast of both episodes Ingram featured in , police were called in to investigate the matter further . In April 2003 , Ingram , Diana , and Whittock , were taken to court on the charge of using fraudulent means to win the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . During the trial , the defence claimed that Whittock had simply suffered from allergies during recording of the second episode , but the prosecution refuted this by revealing footage that showed his coughing stopped , upon Ingram leaving the set and Whittock subsequently taking his turn on the main game . The trial concluded with all three being found guilty and receiving suspended sentences . After the trial , ITV aired a documentary about the scandal , along with Ingram 's entire game , complete with Whittock 's coughing sounds . As a joke , Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme 's commercial break . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998 , and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001 . The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own , released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000 . Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version 's Hot Seat format , which was released by UGames ; a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro ; and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1 's games division . An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000 . Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire , featuring Tarrant 's likeness and voice , were released by Zoo Digital Publishing and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008 . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation consoles , produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . Two additional U.S. Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008 -- 10 clock format , with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010 -- 11 season . The second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season ( 2011 -- 12 ) . Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016 . This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one and four in round two . Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , with the top three playing round two alone . There was no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses were automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building housing the California version after its 2004 closure A theme park attraction based on the show , known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! , appeared at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theatre who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn , Chris ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Sony to buy Millionaire firm for £ 137.5 m '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Showbiz ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` Fewer -- and Harder -- Questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` New prize levels for Millionaire '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Millionaire Is Looking for a Few Fast Fingers '' . Fox News . 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic. 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire to feature new host , new / old format '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ai là triệu phú phiên bản mới sẽ ra mắt vào ngày 7 / 9 '' . VTV.vn ( in Vietnamese ) . 12 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canal13.cl '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire. 23 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sweating Bullets on the Hot Seat as a Know - It - All Phone - a-Friend '' . latimes.com. 25 April 2001 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. version ) . Season 8 . Episode 66 . 11 January 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ The Telegraph ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` The day I was phone - a-friend on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ james booker ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? The People Play 2012 Episode 1 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Кирилл Хафизов ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Кто хочет стать миллионером ? ( 04.10. 2014 ) '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . about.com . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Vigoda , Arlene ( 22 November 1999 ) . `` Million - dollar winner untaxed by celebrity '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 11 April 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` ' Real Slumdog Millionaire ' is first to win $1 m on Indian gameshow '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanglin , Douglas ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Real - life ' Slumdog Millionaire ' wins $1 M in India '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian man becomes real life Slumdog Millionaire as he wins game show '' . The Telegraph . 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Magnier , Mark ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Indian from modest background becomes TV game show millionaire '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` ' Slumdog Millionaire ' comes to life for Sushil Kumar '' . Entertainment Weekly PopWatch . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it is time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? returns to ITV this Saturday with brand new twists '' . Press Centre . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire dominates global TV '' . BBC News . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Joel ( 4 April 2006 ) . `` No McGuire , no Millionaire '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nine boss David Gyngell puts Eddie McGuire to work '' . Herald Sun . 5 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` Game on . It 's Eddie v Andrew '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Devlyn , Darren ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Eddie McGuire and Andrew O'Keefe to go head to head '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jesse ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` McGuire CEO show live on air '' . The Age . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Dan ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` ' I was n't given the flick ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( 29 November 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire. 23 July 2002 . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 11 January 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The history of the game `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' on Russian TV schastlivchik.com ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? : Information on the project Archived 30 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Channel One official site . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Saxena , Poonam ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` Five crore question : What makes KBC work ? '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original ( Article , Interview with Amitabh Bachchan ) on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India scraps millionaire TV show '' . BBC News . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode '' . One India . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran 's debut '' . Kerala TV . 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle interview '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle 's `` Slumdog Millionaire '' Captures Mumbai , a City of Extremes -- NYTimes `` . Somini Sengupta . Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be A Millionaire : Feature Show Archived retrieved via www.viva.com.ph 04 - 05 2009 Jump up ^ WWTBAM Feature Article coutesy of www.telebisyon.net Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved via www.telebisyon.net 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Fragment of the old show retrieved via www.youtube.com 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Created With Knorr . `` Vic Sotto hosts his first game show via Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to be a Millionaire on TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved via www.tv5.com.ph 05 - 16 - 2009 Jump up ^ Tomoko , Yamakawa . `` Japan , Power Exporter of Program Formats '' . Webzine . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visiware and Sony successfully launched the 2nd - screen application for Fuji - TV 's Who Wants to Be A Millionaire in Japan '' . Visiware . Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qui veut gagner des millions ? '' . millions.mu . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Qui veut gagner des millions ? '' . millions.mu . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe. 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . 15 September 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Commentary provided by Tarrant on the DVD Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? : Magic Moments and More . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger. 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ Certain non-English Millionaire shows ' hosts , in their `` final answer '' phrases , translate these words as `` definitive answer '' , `` final decision '' , etc . Jump up ^ `` The BFI TV 100 at the BFI website '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . TV Guide . 27 January -- 2 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . 31 August 2006 . GSN . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 2nd Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hot Seat -- Australia Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chi Vuol Essere Milionario -- Italy Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qui Veut Gagner des Millions -- France Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Millionaire Tabletop instructions Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? DVD Game -- UK '' . Myreviewer.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ The rules of the Facebook game are sourced from the following page : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire on Facebook '' . Ludia . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( 29 December 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . External links ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? at the National Film and Sound Archive Original United Kingdom version Official website at itv.com Challenge TV Classic WWTBAM website Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at UKGameshows.com Major Charles Ingram affair in detail Internet Movie Database pages Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? ( Argentina ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( Australia ) on IMDb Die Millionenshow ( Austria ) on IMDb Qui sera millionnaire ? ( Belgium -- in French ) on IMDb Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Belgium -- in Dutch ) on IMDb Tko želi biti milijunaš ? ( Croatia ) on IMDb Hvem vil være millionær ? ( Denmark ) on IMDb Haluatko miljonääriksi ? ( Finland ) on IMDb Qui veut gagner des millions ? ( France ) on IMDb Wer wird Millionär ? ( Germany ) on IMDb Ποιος Θέλει Να Γίνει Εκατομμυριούχος ( Greece ) on IMDb 百萬富翁 ( Hong Kong ) on IMDb Legyen ön is milliomos ! ( Hungary ) on IMDb Viltu vinna milljón ? ( Iceland ) on IMDb ? מי רוצה להיות מיליונר ( Israel ) on IMDb Kaun Banega Crorepati ( India ) on IMDb Chi vuol essere milionario ? ( Italy ) on IMDb クイズ $ ミリオネア ( Japan ) on IMDb Lotto Weekend Miljonairs ( Netherlands ) on IMDb Vil du bli millionær ? ( Norway ) on IMDb Milionerzy ( Poland ) on IMDb ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? ( Spain ) on IMDb Vem vill bli miljonär ? ( Sweden ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Play It ! Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Quiz ( play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F&oldid=866275067 '' Categories : Quiz shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Russian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use British English from April 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made who wants to be a millionaire	[ "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Created by\n\nDavid Briggs\nMike Whitehill\nSteven Knight\nOriginal work\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)Owner\nCelador (1998–2007)\n2waytraffic (2007–2010)\nSony Pictures Television (2008–)\nVictory Television (2010-2014)\nStellify Media (2018-)\nFilms and televisionTelevision series\nSee International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?AudioOriginal music\nScores composed by Keith and Matthew StrachanMiscellaneousTheme park attractions\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! (USA)Country of Origin\nUnited Kingdom", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Created by\n\nDavid Briggs\nMike Whitehill\nSteven Knight\nOriginal work\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)Owner\nCelador (1998–2007)\n2waytraffic (2007–2010)\nSony Pictures Television (2008–)\nVictory Television (2010-2014)\nStellify Media (2018-)\nFilms and televisionTelevision series\nSee International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?AudioOriginal music\nScores composed by Keith and Matthew StrachanMiscellaneousTheme park attractions\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! (USA)Country of Origin\nUnited Kingdom", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Created by\n\nDavid Briggs\nMike Whitehill\nSteven Knight\nOriginal work\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)Owner\nCelador (1998–2007)\n2waytraffic (2007–2010)\nSony Pictures Television (2008–)\nVictory Television (2010-2014)\nStellify Media (2018-)\nFilms and televisionTelevision series\nSee International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?AudioOriginal music\nScores composed by Keith and Matthew StrachanMiscellaneousTheme park attractions\nWho Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! (USA)Country of Origin\nUnited Kingdom" ]	[ "David Briggs", "Mike Whitehill", "Steven Knight" ]
-9151784475088026549	History of Puerto Rico	History of Puerto Rico - wikipedia History of Puerto Rico This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of Puerto Rico By year Pre-colonial Spanish colonial era , 1493 -- 1898 U.S. rule , 1898 - present Topics : Economic - Military - Political - Social Puerto Rico portal Map of the departments of Puerto Rico during Spanish provincial times ( 1886 ) . The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the archipelago of Puerto Rico by the Ortoiroid people between 3,000 and 2,000 BC . Other tribes , such as the Saladoid and Arawak Indians , populated the island between 430 BC and 1000 AD . At the time of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 , the dominant indigenous culture was that of the Taínos . The Taíno people 's numbers went dangerously low during the later half of the 16th century because of new infectious diseases carried by Europeans , exploitation by Spanish settlers , and warfare . Located in the northeastern Caribbean , Puerto Rico formed a key part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration , conquest and colonization of the New World . The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European powers for control of the region in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries . The smallest of the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico was a stepping - stone in the passage from Europe to Cuba , Mexico , Central America , and the northern territories of South America . Throughout most of the 19th century until the conclusion of the Spanish -- American War , Puerto Rico and Cuba were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World ; they served as Spain 's final outposts in a strategy to regain control of the American continents . Realizing that it was in danger of losing its two remaining Caribbean territories , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 . The decree was printed in Spanish , English and French in order to attract Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with the arrival of new settlers . Free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . In 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , Puerto Rico was invaded and subsequently became a possession of the United States . The first years of the 20th century were marked by the struggle to obtain greater democratic rights from the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 , which established a civil government , and the Jones Act of 1917 , which made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens , paved the way for the drafting of Puerto Rico 's Constitution and its approval by Congress and Puerto Rican voters in 1952 . However , the political status of Puerto Rico , a Commonwealth controlled by the United States , remains an anomaly . Contents 1 Pre-colonial Puerto Rico 2 Spanish rule ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.1 Beginning of colonization 2.2 Spanish and British threats 2.3 Early 19th century 2.4 Struggle for sovereignty 2.5 Invasion of 1898 3 United States rule ( 1898 -- present ) 3.1 Military government 3.2 Foraker Act of 1900 3.3 Economic and social changes 3.4 Politics 3.5 Jones Act of 1917 3.6 Establishment of the Commonwealth 3.7 Statehood issue 3.8 Hurricanes 4 Economic history 4.1 Since 1945 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General references 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources Precolonial Puerto Rico ( edit ) Further information : Taíno people Taíno Village at Macdonalds Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center in Ponce , Puerto Rico . The settlement of Puerto Rico began with the establishment of the Ortoiroid culture from the Orinoco region in South America . Some scholars suggest that their settlement dates back 4000 years . An archeological dig at the island of Vieques in 1990 found the remains of what is believed to be an Ortoiroid man ( named Puerto Ferro man ) which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . Between the seventh and 11th centuries , the Arawak are thought to have settled the island . During this time the Taíno culture developed , and by approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . Taíno culture has been traced to the village of Saladero at the basin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela ; the Taíno migrated to Puerto Rico by crossing the Lesser Antilles . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30 to 60 thousand Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it `` Borinquen '' , `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages led by a cacique and subsisted on hunting , fishing and gathering of indigenous cassava root and fruit . When the Spaniards arrived in 1493 , the Taíno were already in conflict with the raiding Carib , who were moving up the Antilles chain . The Taíno domination of the island was nearing its end , and the Spanish arrival marked the beginning of their extinction . Their culture , however , remains part of that of contemporary Puerto Rico . Musical instruments such as maracas and güiro , the hammock , and words such as Mayagüez , Arecibo , iguana , Caguas and huracán ( hurricane ) are examples of the legacy left by the Taíno . Spanish rule ( 1493 -- 1898 ) ( edit ) Beginning of colonization ( edit ) Christopher Columbus , the explorer credited with the discovery of Puerto Rico . Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , was the first governor of Puerto Rico . His grandson Juan Ponce de Leon II was the first indigenous governor of Puerto Rico . On September 24 , 1493 , Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships and 1,200 to 1,500 soldiers from Cádiz . On November 19 , 1493 he landed on the island , naming it San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist . The first European colony , Caparra , was founded on August 8 , 1508 by Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , who was greeted by the Taíno Cacique Agüeybaná and who later became the first governor of the island . Ponce de Leon was actively involved in the Higuey massacre of 1503 in Puerto Rico . In 1508 , Sir Ponce de Leon was chosen by the Spanish Crown to lead the conquest and slavery of the Taíno Indians for gold mining operations . The following year , the colony was abandoned in favor of a nearby islet on the coast , named Puerto Rico ( Rich Port ) , which had a suitable harbor . In 1511 , a second settlement , San Germán was established in the southwestern part of the island . According to the `` 500TH Florida Discovery Council Round Table '' , on March 3 , 1513 , Juan Ponce de León , organized and commenced an expedition ( with a crew of 200 , including women and free blacks ) departing from `` Punta Aguada '' Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico was the historic first gateway to the discovery of Florida , which opened the door to the settlement of the southeastern United States . They introduced Christianity , cattle , horses , sheep , the Spanish language and more to the land ( Florida ) that later became the United States of America . This settlement occurred 107 years before the Pilgrims landed . During the 1520s , the island took the name of Puerto Rico while the port became San Juan . The Spanish settlers established the first repartimiento system , under which natives were distributed to Spanish officials to be used as slave labor . On December 27 , 1512 , under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church , Ferdinand II of Aragon issued the Burgos ' Laws , which modified the repartimiento into a system called encomiendas , aimed at ending the exploitation . The laws prohibited the use of any form of punishment toward the indigenous people , regulated their work hours , pay , hygiene , and care , and ordered them to be catechized . In 1511 , the Taínos revolted against the Spanish ; cacique Urayoán , as planned by Agüeybaná II , ordered his warriors to drown the Spanish soldier Diego Salcedo to determine whether the Spaniards were immortal . After drowning Salcedo , they kept watch over his body for three days to confirm his death . The revolt was easily crushed by Ponce de León and within a few decades much of the native population had been decimated by disease , violence , and a high occurrence of suicide . As a result , Taíno culture , language , and traditions were generally destroyed , and were claimed to have `` vanished '' 50 years after Christopher Columbus arrived . Since the early 21st century , efforts have been made to revive and rebuild Taíno culture . The Roman Catholic Church of chappel , realizing the opportunity to expand its influence , also participated in colonizing the island . On August 8 , 1511 , Pope Julius II established three dioceses in the New World , one in Puerto Rico and two on the island of Hispaniola under the archbishop of Seville . The Canon of Salamanca , Alonso Manso , was appointed bishop of the Puerto Rican diocese . On September 26 , 1512 , before his arrival on the island , the first school of advanced studies was established by the bishop . Taking possession in 1513 , he became the first bishop to arrive in the Americas . Puerto Rico would also become the first ecclesiastical headquarters in the New World during the reign of Pope Leo X and the general headquarters of the Spanish Inquisition in the New World . As part of the colonization process , African slaves were brought to the island in 1513 . Following the decline of the Taíno population , more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico ; however , the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands . Also , early in the colonization of Puerto Rico , attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain . The Caribs , a raiding tribe of the Caribbean , attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were repelled by Spanish firepower . However , these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico . The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them . The first school in Puerto Rico and the first school in the United States after Puerto Rico became a US territory , was the Escuela de Gramatica ( Grammar School ) . The school was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy , and theology . Spanish and British threats ( edit ) Further information : Military history of Puerto Rico § Europeans fight over Puerto Rico View across the Bay of San Juan of Fort San Felipe del Morro . Sparked by the possibility of immense wealth , many European powers made attempts to wrest control of the Americas from Spain in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries . Success in invasion varied , and ultimately all Spanish opponents failed to maintain permanent control of the island . In 1528 , the French , recognizing the strategic value of Puerto Rico , sacked and burned the southwestern town of San Germán . They also destroyed many of the island 's first settlements , including Guánica , Sotomayor , Daguao and Loíza before the local militia forced them to retreat . The only settlement that remained was the capital , San Juan . French corsairs would again sack San Germán in 1538 and 1554 . Spain , determined to defend its possession , began the fortification of the inlet of San Juan in the early 16th century . In 1532 , construction of the first fortifications began with La Fortaleza ( the Fortress ) near the entrance to San Juan Bay . Seven years later the construction of massive defenses around San Juan began , including Fort San Felipe del Morro astride the entrance to San Juan Bay . Later , Fort San Cristóbal and Fort San Jerónimo -- built with a financial subsidy from the Mexican mines -- garrisoned troops and defended against land attacks . In 1587 , engineers Juan de Tejada and Juan Bautista Antonelli redesigned Fort San Felipe del Morro ; these changes endure . Politically , Puerto Rico was reorganized in 1580 into a captaincy general to provide for more autonomy and quick administrative responses to military threats . On November 22 , 1595 , English privateer Sir Francis Drake -- with 27 vessels and 2,500 troops -- sailed into San Juan Bay intending to loot the city . However , they were unable to defeat the forces entrenched in the forts . Knowing Drake had failed to overcome the city 's defenses by sea , on June 15 , 1598 , the Royal Navy , led by George Clifford , 3rd Earl of Cumberland , landed troops from 21 ships to the east in Santurce . Clifford and his men met Spanish resistance while attempting to cross the San Antonio bridge ( from an area known today as Condado ) into the islet of San Juan . Nonetheless , the English conquered the island and held it for several months . They were forced to abandon the island owing to an outbreak of dysentery among the troops . The following year Spain sent soldiers , cannons , and a new governor , Alonso de Mercado , to rebuild the city of San Juan . The 17th and 18th centuries saw more attacks on the island . On September 25 , 1625 , the Dutch , under the leadership of Boudewijn Hendrick ( Balduino Enrico ) , attacked San Juan , besieging Fort San Felipe del Morro and La Fortaleza . Residents fled the city but the Spanish , led by Governor Juan de Haro , were able to repel the Dutch troops from Fort San Felipe del Morro . The fortification of San Juan continued ; in 1634 , Philip IV of Spain fortified Fort San Cristóbal , along with six fortresses linked by a line of sandstone walls surrounding the city . In 1702 , the English assaulted the town of Arecibo , located on the north coast , west of San Juan , with no success . In 1797 , the French and Spanish declared war on the United Kingdom . The British attempted again to conquer the island , attacking San Juan with an invasion force of 7,000 troops and an armada consisting of 64 warships under the command of General Ralph Abercromby . Captain General Don Ramón de Castro and his army successfully resisted the attack . Amidst the constant attacks , the first threads of Puerto Rican society emerged . A 1765 census conducted by Lt. General Alejandro O'Reilly showed a total population of 44,883 , of which 5,037 ( 11.2 % ) were slaves , a low percentage compared to the other Spanish colonies in the Caribbean . In 1786 the first comprehensive history of Puerto Rico -- Historia Geográfica , Civil y Política de Puerto Rico by Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra -- was published in Madrid , documenting the history of Puerto Rico from the time of Columbus ' landing in 1493 until 1783 . The book also presents a first hand account of Puerto Rican identity , including music , clothing , personality and nationality . In 1779 , Puerto Ricans fought in the American Revolutionary War under the command of Bernardo de Gálvez , who was named Field Marshal of the Spanish colonial army in North America . Puerto Ricans participated in the capture of Pensacola , the capital of the British colony of West Florida and the cities of Baton Rouge , St. Louis and Mobile . The Puerto Rican troops , commanded by Brigadier General Ramón de Castro , helped defeat the British and Indian army of 2,500 soldiers and British warships in Pensacola . Early 19th century ( edit ) See also : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico § The Early Nineteenth Century : Revolutions and setbacks , and Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 Royal Decree of Graces , 1815 , which allowed foreigners to enter Puerto Rico . The 19th century brought many changes to Puerto Rico , both political and social . In 1809 , the Spanish government , in opposition to Napoleon , was convened in Cádiz in southern Spain . While still swearing allegiance to the king , the Supreme Central Junta invited voting representatives from the colonies . Ramón Power y Giralt was nominated as the local delegate to the Cádiz Cortes . The Ley Power ( `` the Power Act '' ) soon followed , which designated five ports for free commerce -- Fajardo , Mayagüez , Aguadilla , Cabo Rojo and Ponce -- and established economic reforms with the goal of developing a more efficient economy . In 1812 , the Cádiz Constitution was adopted , dividing Spain and its territories into provinces , each with a local corporation or council to promote its prosperity and defend its interests ; this granted Puerto Ricans conditional citizenship . On August 10 , 1815 , the Royal Decree of Grace was issued , allowing foreigners to enter Puerto Rico ( including French refugees from Hispaniola ) , and opening the port to trade with nations other than Spain . This was the beginning of agriculture - based economic growth , with sugar , tobacco , and coffee being the main products . The Decree also gave free land to anyone who swore their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . Thousands of families from all regions of Spain ( particularly Asturias , Catalonia , Majorca and Galicia ) , Germany , Corsica , Ireland , France , Portugal , the Canary Islands and other locations , escaping from harsh economic times in Europe and lured by the offer of free land , soon immigrated to Puerto Rico . However , these small gains in autonomy and rights were short lived . After the fall of Napoleon , absolute power returned to Spain , which revoked the Cádiz Constitution and reinstated Puerto Rico to its former condition as a colony , subject to the unrestricted power of the Spanish monarch . The integration of immigrants into the Puerto Rican culture and other events changed Puerto Rican society . On June 25 , 1835 , Queen María Cristina abolished the slave trade to Spanish colonies . In 1851 , Governor Juan de la Pezuela Cevallos founded the Royal Academy of Belles Letters . The academy licensed primary school teachers , formulated school methods , and held literary contests that promoted the intellectual and literary progress of the island . In 1858 , Samuel Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico . Morse 's oldest daughter Susan Walker Morse ( 1821 -- 1885 ) , would often visit her uncle Charles Pickering Walker who owned the Hacienda Concordia in the town of Guayama . Morse , who often spent his winters at the Hacienda with his daughter and son - in - law , who lived and owned the Hacienda Henriqueta , set a two - mile telegraph line connecting his son - in - law 's hacienda to their house in Arroyo . The line was inaugurated on March 1 , 1859 , in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags . The first lines transmitted by Morse that day in Puerto Rico were : Puerto Rico , beautiful jewel ! When you are linked with the other jewels of the Antilles in the necklace of the world 's telegraph , yours will not shine less brilliantly in the crown of your Queen ! Minor slave revolts had occurred in the island during this period , However the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 , was the most important of them all . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , he achieved legendary status among the slaves and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Struggle for sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Grito de Lares The last half of the 19th century was marked by the Puerto Rican struggle for sovereignty . A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308 . Of these , 300,406 ( 51.5 % ) were white and 282,775 ( 48.5 % ) were persons of color , the latter including people of primarily African heritage , mulattos and mestizos . The majority of the population in Puerto Rico was illiterate ( 83.7 % ) and lived in poverty , and the agricultural industry -- at the time , the main source of income -- was hampered by lack of road infrastructure , adequate tools and equipment , and natural disasters , including hurricanes and droughts . The economy also suffered from increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by the Spanish Crown . Furthermore , Spain had begun to exile or jail any person who called for liberal reforms . The Revolutionary flag of Lares . `` The first Puerto Rican Flag '' used in the unsuccessful Grito de Lares ( Lares Uprising ) . On September 23 , 1868 , hundreds of men and women in the town of Lares -- stricken by poverty and politically estranged from Spain -- revolted against Spanish rule , seeking Puerto Rican independence . The Grito de Lares ( `` Lares Cry '' or `` Lares Uprising '' ) was planned by a group led by Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances , at the time exiled to the Dominican Republic , and Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Dr. Betances had founded the Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico ( Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico ) in January 1868 . The most important figures in the uprising were Manuel Rojas , Mathias Brugman , Mariana Bracetti , Francisco Ramírez Medina and Lola Rodríguez de Tió . The uprising , although significant , was quickly controlled by Spanish authorities . Following the Grito de Lares revolt , political and social reforms occurred toward the end of the 19th century . On June 4 , 1870 , due to the efforts of Román Baldorioty de Castro , Luis Padial and Julio Vizcarrondo , the Moret Law was approved , giving freedom to slaves born after September 17 , 1868 or over 60 years old ; on March 22 , 1873 , the Spanish National Assembly officially abolished , with a few special clauses , slavery in Puerto Rico . In 1870 , the first political organizations on the island were formed as two factions emerged . The Traditionalists , known as the Partido Liberal Conservador ( Liberal Conservative Party ) were led by José R. Fernández , Pablo Ubarri and Francisco Paula Acuña and advocated assimilation into the political party system of Spain . The Autonomists , known as the Partido Liberal Reformista ( Liberal Reformist Party ) were led by Román Baldorioty de Castro , José Julián Acosta , Nicolás Aguayo and Pedro Gerónimo Goico and advocated decentralization away from Spanish control . Both parties would later change their names to Partido Incondicional Español ( Unconditional Spanish Party ) and Partido Federal Reformista ( Reformist Federal Party ) , respectively . In March 1887 , the Partido Federal Reformista was reformed and named the Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño ( Puerto Rican Autonomist Party ) ; it tried to create a political and legal identity for Puerto Rico while emulating Spain in all political matters . It was led by Román Baldorioty de Castro , José Celso Barbosa , Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and Luis Muñoz Rivera . Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt . Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' , who were in exile in New York City , joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement of the town of Yauco , organized another uprising , which became known as the `` Intentona de Yauco '' . This was the first time that the current Puerto Rican flag was unfurled in Puerto Rican soil . The local conservative political factions , which believed that such an attempt would be a threat to their struggle for autonomy , opposed such an action . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . The struggle for autonomy came close to achieving its goal on November 25 , 1897 , when the Carta Autonómica ( Charter of Autonomy ) , which conceded political and administrative autonomy to the island , was approved in Spain . In the past 400 - plus years , after centuries of colonial rule , Práxedes Mateo Sagasta , the Prime Minister of Spain granted the island an autonomous government on November 25 , 1897 in the empire 's legislative body in Cádiz , Spain , and trade was opened up with the United States and European colonies . The charter maintained a governor appointed by Spain , who held the power to veto any legislative decision he disagreed with , and a partially elected parliamentary structure . That same year , the Partido Autonomista Ortodoxo ( Orthodox Autonomist Party ) , led by José Celso Barbosa and Manuel Fernández Juncos , was founded . On February 9 , 1898 , the new government officially began . Local legislature set its own budget and taxes . They accepted or rejected commercial treaties concluded by Spain . In February 1898 , Governor General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government of Puerto Rico under the Autonomous Charter which gave town councils complete autonomy in local matters . Subsequently , the governor had no authority to intervene in civil and political matters unless authorized to do so by the Cabinet . General elections were held in March and on July 17 , 1898 Puerto Rico 's autonomous government began to function , but not for long . Invasion of 1898 ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , wrote a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the creation of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean Sea ; these would serve as coaling and naval stations , as well as strategic points of defense after construction of a canal in the Isthmus . Since 1894 , the Naval War College had been formulating plans for war with Spain and by 1896 , the Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan which included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . On March 10 , 1898 , Dr. Julio J. Henna and Robert H. Todd , leaders of the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party , began to correspond with United States President William McKinley and the United States Senate in hopes that they would consider including Puerto Rico in the intervention planned for Cuba . Henna and Todd also provided the US government with information about the Spanish military presence on the island . On April 24 , Spanish Minister of Defense Segismundo Bermejo sent instructions to Spanish Admiral Cervera to proceed with his fleet from Cape Verde to the Caribbean , Cuba and Puerto Rico . In May , Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission . He provided maps and information on the Spanish military forces to the US government that would be useful for an invasion . The Spanish -- American War broke out in late April . The American strategy was to seize Spanish colonies in the Atlantic -- Puerto Rico and Cuba -- and their possessions in the Pacific -- the Philippines and Guam . On May 10 , Spanish forces at Fort San Cristóbal under the command of Capt . Ángel Rivero Méndez in San Juan exchanged fire with the USS Yale under the command of Capt . William C. Wise . Two days later , on May 12 , a squadron of 12 US ships commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson bombarded installations at San Juan . On June 25 , the USS Yosemite blocked San Juan harbor . On July 18 , General Nelson A. Miles , commander of US forces , received orders to sail for Puerto Rico and to land his troops . On July 21 , a convoy with nine transports and 3,300 soldiers , escorted by USS Massachusetts , sailed for Puerto Rico from Guantánamo . General Nelson Miles landed unopposed at Guánica , located in the southern coast of the island , on July 25 , 1898 , with the first contingent of American troops . Opposition was met in the southern and central regions of the island but by the end of August the island was under United States control . On August 12 , peace protocols were signed in Washington and Spanish Commissions met in San Juan on September 9 to discuss the details of the withdrawal of Spanish troops and the cession of the island to the United States . On October 1 , an initial meeting was held in Paris to draft the Peace Treaty and on December 10 , 1898 , the Treaty of Paris was signed ( ratified by the US Senate February 6 , 1899 ) . Spain renounced all claim to Cuba , ceded Guam and Puerto Rico and its dependent islets to the United States , and transferred sovereignty over the Philippines to the United States and in turn was paid $20,000,000 ( $590 million in 2017 dollars ) by the U.S. General John R. Brooke became the first United States military governor of the island . United States rule ( 1898 -- present ) ( edit ) Military government ( edit ) Raising the US Flag over San Juan , October 18 , 1898 . After the ratification of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , Puerto Rico came under the military control of the United States of America . This brought about significant changes : the name of the island was changed to Porto Rico ( it was changed back to Puerto Rico in 1932 ) and the currency was changed from the Puerto Rican peso to the United States dollar . Freedom of assembly , speech , press , and religion were decreed and an eight - hour day for government employees was established . A public school system was begun and the U.S. Postal service was extended to the island . The highway system was enlarged , and bridges over the more important rivers were constructed . The government lottery was abolished , cockfighting was forbidden , and a centralized public health service established . Health conditions were poor at the time , with high rates of infant mortality and numerous endemic diseases . The 45 - star flag , used by the United States during the invasion of Puerto Rico , was also the official flag of Puerto Rico from 1899 to 1908 . The beginning of the military government also marked the creation of new political groups . The Partido Republicano ( Republican Party ) and the American Federal Party were created , led by José Celso Barbosa and Luis Muñoz Rivera , respectively . Both groups supported annexation by the United States as a solution to the colonial situation . The island 's Creole sugar planters , who had suffered from declining prices , hoped that U.S. rule would help them gain access to the North American market . Disaster struck in August 1899 , when two hurricanes ravaged the island : the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane on August 8 , and an unnamed hurricane on August 22 . Approximately 3,400 people died in the floods and thousands were left without shelter , food , or work . The effects on the economy were devastating : millions of dollars were lost due to the destruction of the majority of the sugar and coffee plantations . Foraker Act of 1900 ( edit ) Main article : Foraker Act The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , established in 1900 CE . The military government in Puerto Rico was short lived ; it was disbanded on April 2 , 1900 , when the U.S. Congress enacted the Foraker Act ( also known as the Organic Act of 1900 ) , sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker . This act established a civil government and free commerce between the island and the United States . The structure of the insular government included a governor appointed by the President of the United States , an executive council ( the equivalent of a senate ) , and a legislature with 35 members , though the executive veto required a two - thirds vote to override . The first appointed civil governor , Charles Herbert Allen , was inaugurated on May 1 , 1900 . On June 5 , President William McKinley appointed an Executive Council which included five Puerto Rican members and six U.S. members . The act also established the creation of a judicial system headed by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and allowed Puerto Rico to send a Resident Commissioner as a representative to Congress . The Puerto Rico Department of Education was subsequently formed , headed by Martin Grove Brumbaugh ( later governor of Pennsylvania ) . Teaching was conducted entirely in English with Spanish treated as a special subject . Both languages , however , were official on the island . On November 6 , the first elections under the Foraker Act were held and on December 3 , the first Legislative Assembly took office . On March 14 , 1901 , Federico Degetau took office as the first Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico in Washington . Economic and social changes ( edit ) See also : Economy of Puerto Rico § United States rule The American program included building up a modern economic infrastructure that included roads , ports , electric power systems , and telephones and telegraphs , as well as hospitals and programs to develop agriculture . Sugar mill owners between the period of 1898 and 1945 turned their sugar mills into monocultural plantations in response to the economy of the 20th century . The sugar mills and tobacco , cigar , and cigarette factories gained the United States ' attention due to their fast productions and large amount of produce . Women and children were the primary workers within these industries . Puerto Rican trades went to the United States 95 % of the time . By 1914 , the coffee production that once was steady failed . The sugar industry rose along with the economy . Puerto Rican mill owners and French and Spanish residents took the United States ' corporate capital . The United States had four operations were part of the United sugar refineries that were owned by Cuba and the Dominican Republic . In 1870 , Congress made the tariff wall in order to domestic producers of sugar . This had an effect of putting sugar producers into bankruptcy . The United States acquired jurisdiction over Puerto Rico where there was free trade between the two . Capital flowed into Puerto Rico with the effect of modernizing its sugar processing mills due to the United States ' influence . The United States had formed a Tobacco Trust that had basis rules for cigarettes , but Puerto Ricans had issues when it came to brand and local marketing . The Tobacco Trust controlled cigarettes and cigar production as well as controlled the tobacco leaf . There was a fall of the industry due to the exports . During the time when sugar was not going well the coffee in the late 1800s . What changed the coffee production started when the export production replaced the farming . People lost their land and properties , the amount of land disposal shrank and the people hoped that Europe would take part in the trade of coffee , but they did not . Coffee makers were not happy with them being controlled by the United States . In 1933 most of the people worked as families instead of individuals most likely due to 90 percent of the output due to them being poor . In 1899 , the United States took over rich lands that influenced Puerto Rico 's economy that soon made Puerto Rico a state that was more capitalized in operation . There was no limit in their treads to the United States , the sugar industry had expanded and irrigation payments . The taxes Hollander Act was taxing 2 percent on rural property in 1901 . This made the people very angry and the people protested . The people were able to bring the tax down to 1 percent but this still forced landowners to sell their land . The American administrators put great emphasis on developing a modern school system . English - language instruction provoked fears of cultural genocide . This effort generated resistance from teachers , parents , politicians , intellectuals and others . Resistance to the imposition of English was part of a larger effort to resist invasion and colonization . The schools became an important arena for cultural identity , as promoted by the middle - class local teachers who rejected the idea of creating Hispanic Yankees speaking only English , and instead sought to have an autonomous Puerto Rican culture that incorporated the best of modern pedagogy and learning , with a respect for the island 's Hispanic language and cultural traditions . U.S. officials underestimated the place of Spanish in Puerto Rican culture . By 1898 Spanish was firmly rooted in the population . Spanish was also one of the leading international languages , through which Puerto Ricans were in contact with the world . It was the language in which culture was communicated . The level of opposition to the imposition of English was such that it led to the failure of U.S. language policies in Puerto Rico . One shock came in 1935 , however , when a New York study found Puerto Rican schoolchildren in New York City to be seriously deficient in basic skills . After 39 years of the imposition of English at the University of Puerto Rico , Spanish became the preferred language of instruction in 1942 , and in the public schools the vernacular of Puerto Ricans became the language of teaching and learning in 1940 -- 50 . Puerto Rico 's agricultural economy was transformed into a sugar monoculture economy , supplemented by gardens for local consumption . American sugar companies had an advantage over the local sugar plantation owners . The local plantation owner could finance his operations only at local banks which offered high interest rates , compared to the low rates that American companies received from the commercial banks in Wall Street . This factor , plus the tariffs imposed , forced many of the local sugar plantation owners to go bankrupt or to sell their holdings to the more powerful sugar companies . Sugar was considered one of the few strategic commodities in which the United States was not fully self - sufficient . Politics ( edit ) An economically evolving Puerto Rico called for a new advancement in political status . Powerful , innovative Puerto Rican leaders including Luis Muñoz Rivera , José de Diego , Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón , Manuel Zeno Gandía , Luis Lloréns Torres , Eugenio Benítez Castaño , and Pedro Franceschi contributed to the rise of multiple successful political parties . However , the birth of multiple political groups led to a diversion of the island 's interests : uniting as a statehood with the US , becoming a US territory commonwealth , or declaring independence altogether . In 1900 , the Partido Federal ( Federal Party ) was formed during the US military rule of the island after the Spanish -- American War . It was formed by Luis Munoz Rivera and other members of the Autonomist Party . The Partido Federal favored immediate transformation of Puerto Rico into an organized unincorporated territory and eventually join US statehood . The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico ( Socialist Labor Party of Puerto Rico ) were founded by Santiago Iglesias Pantin . Overtime the Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico was also in favor of statehood with the US . The Partido Federal campaigned for assimilation into the United States and wanted to develop prosperously with their best interests under the new US administration . They wanted to fully integrate US law and government . Their plan was to become a territory and have representation through a delegate and eventually become a US state with no restrictions . The Partido Obrero Socialista de Puerto Rico did not advocate for independence . Instead party leader , Santiago Iglesias Pantin , advocated for statehood and change in economic policies which were influenced by his practice in founding the Federación Regional de Trabajadores ( Regional Workers Federation ) and labor newspaper Ensayo Obrero . The party was based on the principles of the Socialist Labor Party of America and received much support from American colonial authorities . After the dissolution of the Federal Party , Luis Muñoz Rivera and José de Diego founded the Partido Unionista de Puerto Rico ( Unionist Party of Puerto Rico ) in 1904 . The Unionist Party of Puerto Rico aimed to secure `` the right of Puerto Rico to assert its own personality , either through statehood or independence . '' The beginning of the Partido Independentista , the independence party , was in 1909 . Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón , Manuel Zeno Gandía , Luis Lloréns Torres , Eugenio Benítez Castaño , and Pedro Franceschi founded the party which was the first political party whose agenda was the independence of Puerto Rico . Another change occurred during the year the party was founded . The Olmsted Amendment changed the Foraker Act , which was designed to switch the Puerto Rican government from a military one to a government ran by the civilians . Instead , the Olmsted act called for the government to be managed solely under the executive branch . The Puerto Rican status quo was again altered in 1909 when the Foraker Act , which replaced military rule with a civilian government in Puerto Rico , was modified by the Olmsted Amendment . This amendment placed the supervision of Puerto Rican affairs in the jurisdiction of an executive department designated by the president of the United States . In 1914 , the first Puerto Rican officers , Martín Travieso ( Secretary ) and Manuel V. Domenech ( Commissioner of Interiors ) , were assigned to the Executive Cabinet . This allowed for native Puerto Ricans to hold a majority in the Council , which consisted of five members selected by the president , for the first time in history . A 1915 delegation from Puerto Rico , accompanied by the Governor Arthur Yager , traveled to Washington , D.C. to ask Congress to grant the island more autonomy . Luis Muñoz Rivera became one of the founders of the Union Party in Puerto Rico who was against the Foraker Act . This delegation and speeches made by Resident Commissioner Muñoz Rivera in Congress , coupled with political and economic interests , led to the drafting of the Jones -- Shafroth Act of 1917 ( Jones Act ) . Jones Act of 1917 ( edit ) Main article : Jones -- Shafroth Act The Jones Act was made to replace the Foraker Act , which allowed for the free entry of Puerto Rican goods into the U.S. market . The Jones Act was approved by the U.S. Congress on December 5 , 1916 , and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2 , 1917 . Although it extended citizenship to Puerto Ricans , it was n't always welcomed . The Partido Union had opposed extension of U.S. citizenship in 1912 if it did n't make Puerto Rico a state . If they did n't become a state , U.S. citizenship would be interpreted as an attempt to block independence of the Puerto Ricans . For them , the promise of citizenship did n't affirm the promise of statehood , it excluded any considerations of independence . The act made Puerto Rico an `` organized but unincorporated '' United States territory , much like a colony . Puerto Ricans were also collectively given a restricted U.S. citizenship . This implied that Puerto Ricans residing on the island did not have full American citizenship rights , such as the right to vote for the President of the United States . As U.S. citizens , conscription could be extended to the island . A few months later , 20,000 Puerto Rican soldiers were sent to the United States Army during the First World War . The Act also divided governmental powers into three branches : an executive ( appointed by the President of the United States ) , legislative , and judicial branch . The legislative branch was composed of the Senate , consisting of nineteen members , and a House of Representatives , consisting of 39 members . Legislators were freely elected by the Puerto Rican people . A bill of rights , which established elections to be held every four years , was also created . Though the act created a more structured government for the island , the United States Congress still held the right to veto or amend bills and laws passed by the territorial legislature . In addition to veto power , the United States could prevent the enforcing of actions taken by the legislature . The Act stated that the President of the United States was to appoint members of the Puerto Rico 's legislative branch , as well as the directors of the six major government departments - agriculture and labor , health , interior , and treasury ( with the advisement of Congress ) and the Attorney General and the commissioner of education . The Act also made English the official language of the Puerto Rican courts , government , and the public education systems . Aftermath in Mayaguez , of the 1918 earthquake . On October 11 , 1918 , an earthquake occurred , with an approximate magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale , accompanied by a tsunami reaching 6.1 metres ( 20 ft ) in height . The epicenter was located northwest of Aguadilla in the Mona Passage ( between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic ) . This earthquake caused great damage and loss of life at Mayagüez , and lesser damage along the west coast . Tremors continued for several weeks . Approximately 116 casualties were reported resulting from the earthquake and 40 from the tsunami . Some politicians were in favor of Puerto Rico becoming an incorporated state of the U.S. , while others wanted Puerto Rico to gain independence from the United States . Amid this debate , a nationalist group emerged that encouraged radical activism for Puerto Rico to become independent from the United States . As a consequence of the Jones Act and the establishment of elections , a new political party , the Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rican Nationalist Party ) , was founded on September 17 , 1922 . This party used advocated massive demonstrations and protests against any political activity that was not going to result in Puerto Rico gaining independence . In 1924 , Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and later became the vice president in 1927 . In 1930 , Albizu was elected president . Being the president , he instilled many of his political ideologies into the party which was composed heavily of anticolonial politics and feelings of contempt against the United States . In the 1930s , the Nationalist Party , led by president Pedro Albizu Campos failed to attract sufficient electoral support and withdrew from political participation . Increased conflict arose between their adherents and the authorities . On October 20 , 1935 Albizu testified against the dean of the University of Puerto Rico , claiming that he wanted to Americanize the institution . Four days later a student assembly gathered and declared Albizu a persona non grata , forbidding him to speak there . Albizu was later arrested and convicted of conspiring to overthrow the American government . He was arrested for breaking the Smith Act of 1940 which declared that it was against the law for anyone to teach or be part of a group that encouraged the overthrow of the American government . On October 23 , 1935 , a student assembly was planned to be held at the University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras campus . Its officials asked Governor Blanton Winship to provide armed police officers for the campus , to forestall possible violence . Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs , the U.S. appointed Police Chief , commanded the forces . A couple of police officers spotted what they believed to be a suspicious - looking automobile and asked the driver Ramón S. Pagán for his license . Pagán was the Secretary of the Nationalist Party at this time . He was accompanied in the car by his friends and other Nationalist Party members Pedro Quiñones and Eduardo Rodríguez . The police officers asked Pagán to slowly drive to the police station on Calle Arzuaga , but a block from the station , the police surrounded the vehicle and fired their guns into the car . Pagán , Quiñones , and Rodríguez were not armed with weapons . José Santiago Barea , another Nationalist , was approaching the car when police began shooting . It resulted in the death of the four nationalists and one bystander . In retaliation for the `` Río Piedras massacre '' at the University of Rio Piedras , on February 23 , 1936 , Nationalists Hiram Rosado and Elias Beauchamp killed Colonel E. Francis Riggs in San Juan . They were taken into custody where they were killed by policemen and officers while being held at the San Juan headquarters . Rosado and Beauchamp were declared heroes by the Nationalist Party president , Pedro Albizu - Campos . Shortly after , the San Juan Federal Court had Albizu arrested for his incitement of discontent . After initially being found innocent in a jury with seven Puerto Ricans and two North Americans , the judge ordered a new jury which had ten North Americans and two Puerto Ricans , who found him guilty . On July 31 , 1936 , Albizu and several other Nationalists such as Juan Antonio Corretjer and Clemente Soto Vélez were convicted of being associated with Riggs ' murder . They were sentenced to six to 10 years in a federal prison in the United States . Picture by journalist Carlos Torres Morales of the Ponce massacre , March 21 , 1937 . External audio You may watch newsreel scenes of the Ponce massacre here . On March 21 , 1937 , a peaceful march was organized by the Nationalist Party , under Pedro Alibizu Campos , to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 by the governing Spanish National Assembly . The police , under the orders of General Blanton Winship , the US - appointed colonial Governor of Puerto Rico , opened fire at the peaceful Puerto Rican Nationalist Party parade , which is now known as the `` Ponce massacre '' : 20 unarmed people ( including two policemen ) were killed , with wounded persons ranging between 100 -- 200 . This occurred because the head of the police force in Juana Díaz , Guillermo Soldevila , raised a whip and struck the chest of Tomás Lopez de Victoria , the captain of the cadet corps , and told him to stop the march . As a result , a police officer , Armando Martinez , ran from the corner in front of the Nationalist council and fired once into the air . This prompted many others to fire their arms . On July 25 , 1938 , a little over a year after the Ponce massacre , Governor Winship ordered a military parade take place in the city of Ponce in celebration of the American invasion of Puerto Rico . Such celebrations customarily took place in San Juan , the capital of the colonial government . At the parade , an attempt was made to assassinate Winship , allegedly by members of the Nationalist Party . It was the first time in Puerto Rico 's long history that an attempt had been made against a governor . Although Winship escaped unscathed , a total of 36 people were wounded , including a colonel in the National Guard and the Nationalist gunman . Establishment of the Commonwealth ( edit ) From 1948 to 1952 it was a felony to display the Puerto Rican flag in public ; the only flag permitted to be flown on the island was the flag of the United States . In the years after World War II , social , political and economical changes began to take place that have continued to shape the island 's character today . The late 1940s brought the beginning of a major migration to the continental United States , mainly to New York City . The main reasons for this were an undesirable economic situation brought by the Great Depression , as well as strong recruiting by the U.S. armed forces for personnel and U.S. companies for workers . In 1946 President Truman appointed Resident Commissioner Jesús T. Piñero to serve as island governor ; he was the first Puerto Rican appointed to that position . On June 10 , 1948 , Piñero signed the infamous `` Ley de la Mordaza '' ( Gag Law ) . Law 53 , as it was officially known , was passed by the Puerto Rican legislature presided by Luis Muñoz Marín on May 21 , 1948 . The Law made it illegal to display the Puerto Rican flag , sing a nationalist song , talk about independence or to campaign for the independence of the island . It resembled the anti-communist Smith Law passed in the United States . The U.S. Congress passed an act allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their governor , and the first elections under this act were held on November 2 , 1948 . Luis Muñoz Marín , president of the Puerto Rican Senate , successfully campaigned and became the first democratically elected Governor of the island on January 2 , 1949 . El Imparcial headline : `` Aviation ( US ) bombs Utuado '' during Nationalist revolts . On July 4 , 1950 , President Harry S. Truman signed Public Act 600 , which allowed Puerto Ricans to draft their own constitution establishing their own internal government structures ; it also renamed the body politic as the `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . '' in English and `` Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico '' in Spanish . ( The Commonwealth designation was similar to the bodies politic of the states of Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , Virginia and Kentucky . ) Once in office , Muñoz Marin did not pursue Puerto Rican Independence , which angered some of his constituency . On October 30 , 1950 , a group of Puerto Rican nationalists , led by Pedro Albizu Campos , staged several local attacks , known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s , the most successful of which is known as the Jayuya Uprising . The revolts included an attack on the governor 's mansion , La Fortaleza . Puerto Rican military forces were called in to put down the Jayuya Uprising . Two days later , two Nationalists from New York tried to storm in to Blair House , then the president 's temporary residence , to assassinate United States President Harry S. Truman . These acts led Muñoz to crack down on Puerto Rican nationalists and advocates of Puerto Rican independence . The actions by both Muñoz and the United States ' Government would later be determined as infringing on constitutional rights . In February 1952 , the Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by voters in a referendum , and a federal law approved it , subject to striking Sec. 20 of Article II and adding text to Sec. 3 of Article VII of the final draft , amendments that were finally ratified in November of that year . The island organized as the Estado Libre Asociado ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ) . That same year marked the first time that the Flag of Puerto Rico could be publicly displayed , after having been criminalized in 1948 by the Popular Democratic Party - controlled government . In March 1954 , four Nationalists fired guns from the visitors gallery in the US House of Representatives at the Capitol , to protest the lack of Puerto Rican independence , wounding several persons . Luis A. Ferré founded Estadistas Unidos ( United Statehooders ) , an organization to campaign for statehood in the 1967 plebiscite , after the Statehood Republican Party chose to boycott the vote . On July 23 , 1967 , the first plebiscite on the political status of Puerto Rico was held . Voters affirmed continuation of Commonwealth status ( Commonwealth -- 60.4 % Statehood -- 39 % ; Independence -- 0.6 % ) . Other plebiscites have been held to determine the political status of Puerto Rico , in 1993 and in 1998 . Both times , although by smaller margins , the status quo has been upheld . In 2012 , a majority voted to reject the current status and voted to become a state . The referendum was controversial as opponents had tried to persuade people to abstain from voting altogether and argued the vote was invalid . As the U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to admit new states , the referendum could be taken only as a sign of popular opinion . Legally the island remains a territory of the United States , under congressional supervision . After the 1967 plebiscite , the Partido Nuevo Progresista ( New Progressive Party or New Party for Progress ) was organized under Ferré 's leadership . The party campaigned for Puerto Rico to become the 51st state of the Union . Luis A. Ferré was elected governor on November 5 , 1968 , with 43.6 % of the vote , the first time a pro-statehood governor had received a plurality . The New Progressive Party , the Popular Democratic Party , and the Independence Party constitute the current political status - based registered political parties in the island . Puerto Rico continues to struggle to define its political status . Even though Puerto Rico was granted the right to draft its own Constitution , approved conditionally by Congress on July 3 , 1952 , it remains an unincorporated organized territory of the United States . Its ambiguous status continues to spark political debates which dominate Puerto Rican society . Statehood issue ( edit ) On July 23 , 1967 , the first plebiscite on the political status of Puerto Rico was held . Voters overwhelmingly affirmed continuation of Commonwealth status ( with 60.4 % voting to remain a commonwealth , 39 % voting to work towards statehood ) . Other referendums have been subsequently held to determine the political status of Puerto Rico , in 1993 and in 1998 . In all three of these , the status quo has been upheld ; there was no strong feeling in favor of independence or statehood . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 occurred on November 6 , 2012 . The result a 54 % majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island 's territorial political status , and in favor of a new status . Of votes for new status , a 61.1 % majority chose statehood . This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates . In all earlier referenda , votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory , with the remainder for independence . Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 occurred on June 11 , 2017 . While initially the referendum would only have the options of statehood and independence / free association , a letter from the Trump administration recommended to add the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . However , the Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the U.S. Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Regardless of the outcome of the referendum , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . Hurricanes ( edit ) While the eye of Category 5 Hurricane Irma passed north of the island on September 5 , 2017 , winds were sufficient to leave 1 million citizens without power . On September 20 , 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit the island directly , destroying infrastructure - electricity , potable water supplies , transportation , and communication . Economic History ( edit ) Coffee was a major industry before the 1940s . Arabica beans were introduced to the island in 1736 . Production soared in the central mountainous area after 1855 because of cheap land , a low - paid and plentiful workforce , good credit facilities , and a growing market in the U.S. , Spain and Europe . Decline set in after 1897 , and the end came with a major hurricane in 1928 and the 1930s depression . While coffee declined , sugar and tobacco grew in importance , thanks to the large mainland market . The island 's social and economic structure modernized after 1898 , with new infrastructure such as roads , ports , railroads and telegraph lines , and new public health measures . The high infant mortality death rate of the late 19th century declined steadily , thanks in large measure to basic public health programs . Land tenure did not become concentrated in fewer hands , but incomes increased as American agribusiness and capital investments arrived . The land tenure system in the firm control of local farmers ( small , medium , and large ) . After 1940 dairying became an industry second only to sugar , and had a higher dollar output than the better - known traditional crops -- coffee and tobacco . In the 1920s , the economy of Puerto Rico boomed . A dramatic increase in the price of sugar , Puerto Rico 's principal export , brought cash to the farmers . As a result , the island 's infrastructure was steadily upgraded . New schools , roads and bridges were constructed . The increase in private wealth was reflected in the erection of many residences , while the development of commerce and agriculture stimulated the extension of banking and transport facilities . This period of prosperity came to an end in 1929 with the onset of the Great Depression . At the time , agriculture was the main contributor to the economy . Industry and commerce slowed during the 1930s as well . The problems were aggravated when on September 27 , 1932 , Hurricane San Ciprián struck the island . Exact figures of the destruction are not known but estimates say that 200 -- 300 people were killed , more than a thousand were injured , and property damage escalated to $30 -- 50 million ( $540 million to $900 million as of 2017 ) . The agricultural production , the principal economic driver for the island , came to a standstill . Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , a Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration was authorized . Funds were made available for construction of new housing , infrastructure , including transportation improvements and other capital investment to improve island conditions . In 1938 , a new federal minimum wage law was passed , establishing it at 25 cents an hour . As a consequence , two - thirds of the island 's textile factories closed because they could not be profitable while paying workers at that level . Since 1945 ( edit ) After World War II , large numbers of young people migrated to the mainland 's industrial cities for work and remitted dollars back to their families . In 1950 Washington introduced Operation Bootstrap , which greatly stimulated economic growth from 1950 until the 1970s . Due to billions of dollars of corporate investments , the growth rate was 6 % for the 1950s , 5 % for the 1960s , and 4 % for the 1970s . Puerto Rico became one of the most affluent economies in Latin America . However , it had to import 80 % of its food . Operation Bootstrap was sponsored by governor Muñoz Marín . It was coupled with agrarian reform ( land redistribution ) that limited the area that could be held by large sugarcane interests . Operation Bootstrap enticed US mainland investors to transfer or create manufacturing plants by granting them local and federal tax concessions , but maintaining the access to mainland markets free of import duties . Another incentive was the lower wage scales in the densely populated island . The program accelerated the shift from an agricultural to an industrial society . The 1950s saw the development of labor - intensive light industries , such as textiles ; later manufacturing gave way to heavy industry , such as petrochemicals and oil refining , in the 1960s and 1970s . Muñoz Marín 's development programs brought some prosperity for an emergent middle class . The industrialization was in part fueled by generous local incentives and freedom from federal taxation , while providing access to continental US markets without import duties . As a result , a rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial working class . Manufacturing activity , however , has been burdened by electricity rates two to three times the average in the United States . External audio Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s are here . In 2005 , protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in income of $300 million . In 2006 , Puerto Rico saw its credit rating downgraded to one notch above non-investment grade by the main credit rating agencies , with the possibility of more downgrades happening in the near future . This has led to fiscal measures to reduce government spending , increase revenues and balance the budget , and the implementation in 2006 and expansion in 2013 of a 7 % sales tax . Present - day Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination and a leading pharmaceutical and manufacturing center , as well as a major financial center for the Caribbean . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion or $12,000 per capita at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Hurricanes Irma and Maria sharply reduced the availability of electricity throughout the island Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . In May 2018 , after Puerto Rico 's water system was massively damaged by Hurricane Maria , the Natural Resources Defense Council , a non-profit international environmental advocacy group , reported that Puerto Rico 's potable water system was the worst as measured by the Safe Drinking Water Act , with 70 % of the population living with water that violated U.S. law . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal New Spain portal History portal United States portal Puerto Rico / Did you know - Puerto Rico ? portal Archivo General de Puerto Rico Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico Crypto - Judaism French immigration to Puerto Rico German immigration to Puerto Rico Irish immigration to Puerto Rico Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 History of women in Puerto Rico List of Puerto Ricans Military history of Puerto Rico National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico Official Historian of Puerto Rico Political status of Puerto Rico Proposed political status for Puerto Rico Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Special Committee on Decolonization Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Timeline of San Juan , Puerto Rico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Teoría , Crítica e Historia : La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano '' . www.ensayistas.org . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahaffy , Cheryl ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island -- What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Figueroa , Ivonne ( July 1996 ) . `` Taínos '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedro Torres . `` The Dictionary of the Taíno Language '' . Taino Inter-Tribal Council Inc . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brau , Salvador ( 1894 ) . Puerto Rico y su historia : investigaciones críticas ( in Spanish ) . Valencia , Spain : Francisco Vives Moras . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived on the island . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving . The Tainos - Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus . Yale University Press . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05181 - 6 . Jump up ^ PROCLAMATION presented by Dennis O. Freytes , MPA , MHR , BBA , Chair / Facilitator , 500TH Florida Discovery Council Round Table , American Veteran , Community Servant , VP NAUS SE Region ; Chair Hispanic Achievers Grant Council Jump up ^ Mari , Brenda A. ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Legacy of Añasco : Where the Gods Come to Die '' . Puerto Rico Herald . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved March 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Taino Tribal Census Registration : A Record of Hope and Survival '' . La Salita Cafe . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , W.A. `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Religion '' . Puerto Rico : A Guide to the Island of Boriquén . Federal Writers Project . 1940 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 1999 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved March 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Dietz , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hispanic Firsts , by , Nicolas Kanellos , publisher Visible Ink Press ; ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ; p. 40 ^ Jump up to : `` La Fortaleza / San Juan National Historic Site , Puerto Rico '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , Paul G. ( 1947 ). Historias de Puerto Rico , 221 -- 237 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of Sir Francis Drake '' . July 20 , 2004 . Retrieved March 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The exact number of ships and troops is presently uncertain . The number of ships varies from 60 to 64 ships and the number of troops varies from 7,000 to 13,000 . No exact number of ships is given by British accounts . For more information see Alonso , María M. , The Eighteenth Century Caribbean & The British Attack on Puerto Rico in 1797 ISBN 1 - 881713 - 20 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alonso , María M. `` Chapter XIV -- Abercromby 's Siege '' ( PDF ) . The Eighteenth Century Caribbean & The British Attack on Puerto Rico in 1797 . Retrieved February 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Caro Costas , Aida R. ( 1980 ) . Antología de Lecturas de Historia de Puerto Rico ( Siglos XV - XVIII ) , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . Historia Geográfica , Civil y Política de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . S.l. : Univ Of Puerto Rico Pr . ISBN 0 - 8477 - 0800 - 4 . Jump up ^ Interview of Thomas Ellingwood Fortin , Producer , NEW ALBION PICTURES Jump up ^ `` Cajun and Cajuns : Genealogy site for Cajun , Acadian and Louisiana genealogy , history and culture '' . www.thecajuns.com . Jump up ^ `` Aspectos políticos en Puerto Rico : 1765 -- 1837 '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` El Boricua - Mirador Puertorriqueño , Wilfredo Santiago Valiente '' . www.elboricua.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Puerto Rico : 1851 - 1899 '' . www.topuertorico.org . Jump up ^ NY / Latino Journal ; Taking the PE Out of PRT ; by : Rafael Merino Cortes ; July 20 , 2006 Archived September 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 '' ; by : Guillermo A. Baralt ; Publisher Markus Wiener Publishers ; ISBN 1 - 55876 - 463 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ Grose , Howard B. , Advance in the Antilles ; the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , OCLC 1445643 ^ Jump up to : Brás , Marisabel Jump up ^ Brás , Marisabel , par . 8 Jump up ^ Brás , Marisabel , par . 8 -- 13 Jump up ^ These clauses included that slaves were required to continue working for three more years and that the owners would be compensated 35 million pesetas per slave . Jump up ^ Brás , Marisabel , par . 9 Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish -- American War '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ This legislature consisted of a Council of Administration with eight elected and seven appointed members , and a Chamber of Representatives with one member for every 25,000 inhabitants . Jump up ^ Strategy as Politics by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff ; Publisher : La Editorial ; Universidad de Puerto Rico ; page 7 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 Jump up ^ `` The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War '' . Hispanic Division , Library of Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Military Government in Puerto Rico '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Blackburn Moreno , Ronald ( February 2001 ) . `` Brief Chronology of Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . ASPIRA Association , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 17 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Emma Davila - Cox , `` Puerto Rico in the Hispanic - Cuban - American War : Re-assessing ' the Picnic ' '' , in The Crisis of 1898 : Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization ( Macmillan Press : New York and London , 1999 ) Pg. 113 Jump up ^ `` Hurricane San Ciriaco '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foraker Act ( Organic Act of 1900 ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Puerto Rican members were José Celso Barbosa , Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón , José de Diego , Manuel Camuñas and Andrés Crosas . The U.S. members were William H. Hunt , Secretary ; Jacob Hollander , Treasurer ; J.R. Garrison , Auditor ; W.B. Eliot , Interiors ; James A. Harlan , Attorney General ; and Dr. Martin G. Brumbaugh , Secretary of Education . Jump up ^ Ayala , Bernabe , Cesar , Rafael . Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ayala , Bernabe , Cesar , Rafael ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . U.S.A : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bechara , Dennis ( 1982 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Development of Puerto Rico Dennis Bechara '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ayala , Bernabe , Cesar , Rafael ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . U.S.A : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Ayala , Bernabe , Cesar , Rafael ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . U.S.A : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ayala , Bernabe , Cesar , Rafael ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . U.S.A : Puerto Rico in the American Century A History since 1898 . p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strategy as Politics ' ; by : Jorge Rodriguez Beruff ; Publisher : La Editorial ; Universidad de Puerto Rico ; page 27 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Orellana , Manuel Rodriquez . `` PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. CONGRESS : THE ROAD AHEAD '' . Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy . 21 . Jump up ^ Fernós - Isern , Antonio ( 1953 - 01 - 01 ) . `` From Colony to Commonwealth '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 285 : 16 -- 22 . JSTOR 1029109 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanic Americans in Congress -- Muñoz Rivera '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Ayala , César J. , Bernabe , Rafael ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rico in the American Century . A History since 1898 . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jones Act -- The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War ( Hispanic Division , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquake of 1918 '' . Puerto Rico Seismic Network . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mercado , A. ; McCann , W. `` Numerical Simulation of the 1918 Puerto Rico Tsunami '' . Natural Hazards. 18 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 76 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1008091910209 . ISSN 0921 - 030X . ^ Jump up to : name = `` : 1 '' > `` Anti U.S. Sentiments in Puerto Rico '' . The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of Terrorism . Jump up ^ Antrop - Gonzalez , Rene ( 2006 ) . `` Pedro Albizu Campos '' . Encyclopedia of African American Culture and History -- via Gale . Jump up ^ Meyer , Gerald ( 2011 ) . `` Pedro Albizu Campos , Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia , and Vito Marcantonio 's collaboration in the cause of Puerto Rico 's independence '' . Journal of the Center of Puerto Rican Studies -- via Gale . ^ Jump up to : name = `` PRET '' > `` Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo : Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo , 1868 -- 1938 '' ; by : Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Page 305 ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ( January 2008 ) ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 934461 - 69 - 3 Jump up ^ name = `` PRET '' > `` Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo : Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barcelo , 1868 -- 1938 '' ; by : Dr. Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Page 306 ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ( January 2008 ) ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 934461 - 69 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Gale - User Identification Form '' . go.galegroup.com . ^ Jump up to : Repression Resistance . Rebeldia : Movimiento de Liberaci. 1977 . p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Denis , Nelson A. ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . War Against All Puerto Ricans : Revolution and Terror in America 's Colony ( Reprint ed . ) . Nation Books . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 561 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bosque - Perez , Ramon ; Colon Morena , Jose Javier ( 2006 ) . Puerto Rico under Colonial Rule : Political Persecution and The Quest for Human Rights . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 6418 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Villanueva , Victor ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Memory and the Crime of Rhetoric : Pedro Albizu Campo '' . College English . 71 . ISSN 0010 - 0994 . Jump up ^ Leibowitz , Arnold ( 1989 ) . Defining Status : A Comprehensive Analysis of United States - Territorial Relations . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0069 - 6 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( 2003 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups '' . World Scholar : Latin America & the Caribbean . New York Times . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hays , Arthur ( 1937 ) . `` Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico '' . 1 : 70 . Jump up ^ `` Colonialism : Native American and Puerto Rican '' . Akwesasne Notes ( 1975 -- 1989 ) . Rooseveltown. 7 . Jump up ^ Rosado , Marisa ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Ponce Massacre ( 1937 ) '' . Puerto Rico Encyclopedia . Fundacion Puertorriqueña De Las Humanidades . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico : Migrating to a New Land '' . Library of Congress . April 22 , 2004 . Retrieved March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanic population in the United States '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of Puerto Rico - 1900 - 1949 '' . www.topuertorico.org . Jump up ^ González , Juan ( May 23 , 2000 ) . `` FBI Files on Puerto Ricans '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts Section '' ( PDF ) . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ A literal translation of Estado Libre Asociado would be `` Free Associated State '' but since the US is composed of states , it was deemed cumbersome to make this the official name ; hence `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' was chosen . Jump up ^ From 1895 to 1952 the Puerto Rican flag was outlawed . Jump up ^ `` Elections in Puerto Rico : Results 1967 Plebiscite '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ For the complete statistics regarding these plebiscites please refer to Elections in Puerto Rico : Results . Jump up ^ November 7 , 2012 , 9 : 55 AM . `` Puerto Rico votes for U.S. statehood in non-binding referendum '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090851/http://www.ceepur.org/REYDI_NocheDelEvento/index.html . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Puerto Rico vote could change ties to U.S. '' SFGate . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Puerto Rico 's Status Debate '' . Let Puerto Rico Decide . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time , CNN , 7 November 2012 Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US to Puerto Rico : Add another option to status referendum '' . 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-irma/hurricane-irma-skirts-puerto-rico-lashing-it-powerful-winds-flooding-n799086 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Estefania ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Helpless , Worried and Sick ' : Puerto Rico 's Vast Outages Leave Relatives on Mainland Worried '' . NBC New York . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James L. Dietz ( 1987 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico : Institutional Change and Capitalist Development . Princeton U.P. p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02248 - 8 . Jump up ^ Laird W. Bergad , `` Agrarian History of Puerto Rico , 1870 -- 1930 , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1978 ) 13 # 3 pp. 63 -- 94 in JSTOR Jump up ^ José O. Solá , `` Colonialism , Planters , Sugarcane , and the Agrarian Economy of Caguas , Puerto Rico , Between the 1890s and 1930 , '' Agricultural History , ( Summer 2011 ) 85 # 3 pp 349 -- 372 Jump up ^ Donald D. MacPhail , `` Puerto Rican Diarying : A Revolution in Tropical Agriculture , '' Geographical Review , ( 1963 ) 53 # 2 pp 224 -- 226 Jump up ^ `` Agriculture '' . Puerto Rico : A Guide to the Island of Boriquén . Federal Writers Project . 1940 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Industry , Commerce , and Labor '' . Puerto Rico : A Guide to the Island of Boriquén . Federal Writers Project . 1940 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 1999 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Michael , E. and Palm , Risa I. Natural Hazards in Puerto Rico : Attitudes , Experience , and Behavior of Homeowners. 1993 . Jump up ^ A.W. Maldonado , Teodoro Moscoso and Puerto Rico 's Operation Bootstrap ( 1997 ) , a biography of the key leader of the Operation . Jump up ^ Ricardo Campos and Frank Ricardo , `` Bootstraps and Enterprise Zones : The Underside of Late Capitalism in Puerto Rico and the United States , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center , ( 1982 ) 5 # 4 pp 556 -- 590 Jump up ^ Johnny Irizarry , Maria Mills - Torres , Marta Moreno Vega , Anita Rivera . `` Resistance in Paradise : Rethinking 100 Years of U.S. Involvement in the Caribbean and the Pacific '' . American Friends Service Committee . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Luis Muñoz Marín Foundation '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` After Closing of Navy Base , Hard Times in Puerto Rico '' . New York Times . April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Moody 's places Puerto Rico 's credit rating in watchlist for a possible downgrade '' ( PDF ) . Government Development Bank of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexa S. Dietrich ( 2013 ) . The Drug Company Next Door : Pollution , Jobs , and Community Health in Puerto Rico . NYU Press . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 2499 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ángel Collado Schwarz ( 2012 ) . Decolonization Models for America 's Last Colony : Puerto Rico : Radio Interviews with Francisco Catalá - Oliveras and Juan Lara . Syracuse University Press . pp. 210 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0963 - 6 . Jump up ^ Susan Margaret Collins ; Barry Bosworth ; Miguel A. Soto - Class ( 2006 ) . The Economy of Puerto Rico : Restoring Growth . Brookings Institution Press . pp. 12 , 71 , 399 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1560 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Baribeau , Simone ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States Virgin Islands Risks Capsizing Under Weight Of Debt '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 29 , 2017 ) . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME http://www.starherald.com/news/nation_world/puerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan/article_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ Doreli , Oren ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's water woes raise fears of health crisis '' . USA Today . New York City . pp. 1A , 2A . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . General references ( edit ) Brás , Marisabel . The Changing of the Guard : Puerto Rico in 1898 ; The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War ; Hispanic Division , Library of Congress . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 18 Dietz , James L. ( 1987 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02248 - 8 . Fernández , Ronald ( 1996 ) . The Disenchanted Island : Puerto Rico and the United States in the Twentieth Century ( 2nd ed . ) . Praeger Paperback . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95227 - 4 . Jiménez de Wagenheim , Olga ; Wagenheim , Kal ( 2002 ) . The Puerto Ricans : A Documentary History . Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55876 - 291 - 4 . Morales Carrión , Arturo ( 1984 ) . Puerto Rico : A Political and Cultural History . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30193 - 1 . Van Middledyk , R.A. ( 2004 ) . The History of Puerto Rico . IndyPublish.com . ISBN 1 - 4142 - 3037 - 0 . `` WWW - VL : History : Puerto Rico '' . The World Wide Web Virtual Library . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Cordasco , Francesco ( 1973 ) . The Puerto Rican Experience : A Sociological Sourcebook . Littlefield Adams . ISBN 0 - 8226 - 0259 - 8 . Dooley Jr , Edwin L. `` Wartime San Juan , Puerto Rico : The Forgotten American Home Front , 1941 - 1945 . '' Journal of Military History 63.4 ( 1999 ) : 921 . Duany , Jorge ( 2002 ) . The Puerto Rican Nation on the Move : Identities on the Island and in the United States . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5372 - 0 . Johnson , Robert D. ( 1997 ) . `` Anti-Imperialism And The Good Neighbour Policy : Ernest Gruening and Puerto Rican Affairs , 1934 -- 1939 '' . Journal of Latin American Studies . 29 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 110 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022216X96004634 . Kurlansky , Mark ( 1992 ) . A Continent of Islands : Searching for the Caribbean Destiny . Addison - Wesley Publishing . ISBN 0 - 201 - 52396 - 5 . Park , Roberta J. `` ' Forget About that Pile of Papers ' : Second World War Sport , Recreation and the Military on the Island of Puerto Rico . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 20.1 ( 2003 ) : 50 - 64 . Ramos , Reniel Rodriguez . Rethinking Puerto Rican Precolonial History ( University of Alabama Press ; 2010 ) 267 pages ; examines successive cultures on the island before 1493 . Rivera Batiz , Francisco L. ; Santiago , Carlos E. ( 1998 ) . Island Paradox : Puerto Rico in the 1990s . Russell Sage Foundation Publications . ISBN 0 - 87154 - 751 - 1 . Sotomayor , Antonio . The Sovereign Colony : Olympic Sport , National Identity , and International Politics in Puerto Rico ( University of Nebraska Press , 2016 ) . xxii , 302 pp Primary sources ( edit ) George Whitefield Davis ( 1900 ) . Report of Brig. Gen. Geo . W. Davis , U.S.V. , on Civil Affairs of Puerto Rico : 1899 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Commonwealth of Puerto Rico San Juan ( capital ) Metropolitan areas Aguadilla -- Isabela -- San Sebastián Fajardo Guayama Mayagüez Ponce San Germán -- Cabo Rojo San Juan -- Caguas -- Guaynabo Yauco Municipalities Adjuntas Aguada Aguadilla Aguas Buenas Aibonito Añasco Arecibo Arroyo Barceloneta Barranquitas Bayamón Cabo Rojo Caguas Camuy Canóvanas Carolina Cataño Cayey Ceiba Ciales Cidra Coamo Comerío Corozal Culebra Dorado Fajardo Florida Guánica Guayama Guayanilla Guaynabo Gurabo Hatillo Hormigueros Humacao Isabela Jayuya Juana Díaz Juncos Lajas Lares Las Marías Las Piedras Loíza Luquillo Manatí Maricao Maunabo Mayagüez Moca Morovis Naguabo Naranjito Orocovis Patillas Peñuelas Ponce Quebradillas Rincón Río Grande Sabana Grande Salinas San Germán San Juan San Lorenzo San Sebastián Santa Isabel Toa Alta Toa Baja Trujillo Alto Utuado Vega Alta Vega Baja Vieques Villalba Yabucoa Yauco Islands Cardona Culebra Desecheo Gatas Magueyes Cayo Icacos Caja de Muertos Isla de Cabras Isla de Jueyes Isla de Ratones , Cabo Rojo Isla de Ratones , Ponce Isleta de San Juan Isla del Frío Isla de Mona Monito Morrillito Puerto Rico Vieques Geography Cerro de Punta Cerro Maravilla Cordillera Central El Tuque El Yunque Flamenco Beach Mayagüez Bay Las Salinas Río Portugués San Juan Bay Years in Puerto Rico ( 1899 -- present ) Pre-1899 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Puerto_Rico&oldid=866460575 '' Categories : History of Puerto Rico Colonial Puerto Rico History of the Caribbean Spanish West Indies Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Accuracy disputes from November 2017 All accuracy disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	on november 19th puerto rico celebrates the arrival of whom	[]	[]
5202109761482477865	Science Olympiad Foundation	Science olympiad foundation - Wikipedia Science olympiad foundation Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Science Olympiad Foundation '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Science Olympiad Foundation ( SOF ) Formation Type Non profit organization Official language English Secretary General Mahabir Singh ( Director ) Affiliations CBSE , British Council , Institute of Company Secretaries of India , Star Sports ( formerly ) Science Olympiad Foundation Logo The Science Olympiad Foundation ( SOF ) is an educational foundation and a non-profit organisation , established in 1996 , based in New Delhi , India which promotes science , mathematics , general knowledge , introductory computer education and English language skills among school children in India through various Olympiads . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympiads 1.1 Current 1.2 Former 2 Eligibility and Pattern 3 References 4 External links Olympiads ( edit ) SOF organizes 6 olympiads each year . Current ( edit ) About 4 lakh student take part in each of the following Olympiads - International General Knowledge Olympiad ( IGKO ) The IGKO is a single level exam . Students from class I-X may participate in the examination. This olympiad has been introduced in 2017 - 2018 . International English Olympiad ( IEO ) The IEO is conducted is a single level exam each year , but in 2017 - 2018 it was conducted on two levels . Students from class I - XII can participate in this olympiad National Science Olympiad ( NSO ) The NSO is conducted on two levels each year . It was the first Olympiad to be conducted by SOF.It has been conducted since 1996 . Students from class I - XII may participate in the examination . International Mathematics Olympiad ( IMO ) The IMO is conducted on two levels each year. Students from class I - XII may participate in the examination . International Company Secretaries Olympiad Olympiad ( ICSO ) The ICSO is a single level exam . Students from classes XI & XII may participate in the examination . National Cyber Olympiad ( NCO ) The NCO is a single level exam . It was the second olympiad to be conducted by SOF . It has been conducted since 2000 . Students from class I - XII may participate in the examination . Former ( edit ) National Cyber Olympiad Level - 2 ( NCO ) The NCO was formerly a two level exam however since , the 2017 - 2018 session the NCO level - 2 has been removed due to less popularity and replaced by IEO level - 2 due to increasing popularity . International Sports Knowledge Olympiad ( ISKO ) Conducted only once , during the 2016 - 2017 session.It was a single level exam conducted in partnership with Star Sports in which students of classes I-X could participate . Eligibility and pattern ( edit ) Students from class I to XII can participate . There is a different exam paper for each class . The question paper consists of 35 multiple choice questions of 40 marks , for classes I to IV , and 50 multiple choice questions , for classes V to XII of 60 marks , to be answered in one hour . Five questions that are part of the ' Achievers ' section ' carry 3 marks each whereas the remaining questions carry one mark each . Students are required to mark their answers on an OMR sheet . Results are announced for every student and it includes the student 's overall rank , state rank , school rank , etc . From among 200000 students that participate in each of these Olympiads every year , the top 500 students , top 10 students in each state , as well as school toppers from schools having a participation of more than 10 students in the exam , are selected for the second level . SOF also generates a performance report for all participating schools , as well as awards teachers and principals whose pupils excelled in the exam . Three school toppers who got more than 50 % means 30 out of 60 or more than 30 marks get medals ( gold , silver , bronze ) and are selected for the second level of the examination . In NSO , IMO and IEO ( 2nd level ) the awarding system is as follows - International rank 1 - ₹ 50,000 International rank 2 - ₹ 25,000 International rank 3 - ₹ 10,000 State rank 1 - ₹ 5,000 State rank 2 - ₹ 2,500 State rank 3 - ₹ 1,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Science Olympiad Foundation '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_Olympiad_Foundation&oldid=833989667 '' Categories : Foundations based in India Educational organisations in India Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2012 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 10 : 45 . About Wikipedia	how many levels are there in science olympiad	[ "\nThe NSO is conducted on two levels each year. It was the first Olympiad to be conducted by SOF.It has been conducted since 1996 .Students from class I-XII may participate in the examination.\n" ]	[ "two" ]
-1292408972931843063	Visa policy of Macau	Visa policy of Macau - wikipedia Visa policy of Macau Macau Arrival Card , replaced passport stamps in 2013 Former Macau passport stamps This article is part of a series on the Politics of the People 's Republic of China Leadership ( show ) Leadership generations Succession of power Hu -- Wen Administration ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Xi -- Li Administration ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Xi Core Administration ( zh ) ( since 2017 ) 4th Leadership Core : Xi Jinping 19th Central Politburo 13th State Council Current State leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader : Xi Jinping Communist Party leader : Xi Jinping Head of state : Xi Jinping Head of government : Li Keqiang Congress Chairman : Li Zhanshu Conference Chairman : Wang Yang Commander - in - chief : Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee Related systems Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service Communist Party ( show ) History Principal leaders Constitution Organization National Party Congress ( 19th ) Central Committee ( 19th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - ranked secretary : Wang Huning Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang , Zhang Youxia National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Li Keqiang , Li Zhanshu Office Chief : Ding Xuexiang Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Directors : Li Keqiang , Wang Huning , Han Zheng Secretary - General : Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Director : Li Keqiang Office Chief : Liu He General Office Director : Ding Xuexiang General Secretary 's Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Central Security Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head : Chen Xi Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries United Front ( show ) Political Consultative Conference National Committee ( zh ) Chairman : Wang Yang Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Zhang Qingli Secretary - General : Xia Baolong Political parties : CPC ( ruling ) United Front Work Department Head : You Quan RCCK CDL CDNCA CAPD CPWDP CZGP JS TDSGL Federation of Industry and Commerce People 's organizations Ideology ( show ) Marxism -- Leninism Maoism ( `` Mao Zedong Thought '' ) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution Previous constitutions 1954 1978 `` People 's democratic dictatorship '' ( Article 1 ) Democratic centralism ( Article 3 ) Constitutional oath of office ( Article 27 ) Protection of human rights ( Article 33 ) Freedom of religion ( Article 36 ) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Legislative ( show ) National People 's Congress ( 13th ) Members Plenary sessions Voting results Presidium Standing Committee Chairman : Li Zhanshu Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Wang Chen Secretary - General : Yang Zhenwu ( zh ) Special committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education , Science , Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Legislation Law Elections Presidency ( show ) President ( list ) : Xi Jinping Presidential spouse : Peng Liyuan Presidential Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Vice-President : Wang Qishan Executive ( show ) State Council ( Central People 's Government ) Li Keqiang Cabinet II Premier ( list ) : Li Keqiang Vice-Premiers ( list ) Han Zheng Sun Chunlan Hu Chunhua Liu He State Councilors Wei Fenghe Wang Yong Wang Yi Xiao Jie Zhao Kezhi Secretary - General : Xiao Jie Cabinet - level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - Generals State - owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission Most Central Enterprises Military ( show ) Central Military Commission ( CMC ) Chairman ( supreme commander ) : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang Zhang Youxia Members : Wei Fenghe Li Zuocheng Miao Hua Zhang Shengmin Departments : General Office Joint Staff Chief : Li Zuocheng Political Work Director : Miao Hua Logistic Support Equipment Development Training & Administration National Defense Mobilization Discipline Inspection Secretary : Zhang Shengmin National armed forces : People 's Liberation Army Theater commands People 's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman : Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister : Wei Fenghe Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci. , Tech . & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader : Xi Jinping Supervision ( show ) Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Deputy Secretaries Yang Xiaodu Zhang Shengmin Liu Jinguo Yang Xiaochao Li Shulei Xu Lingyi Xiao Pei Chen Xiaojiang Secretary - General : Yang Xiaochao National Supervisory Commission Director : Yang Xiaodu Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader : Zhao Leji Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary : Zhang Shengmin Independent Commission Against Corruption ( Hong Kong ) Commission Against Corruption ( Macau ) Judiciary Law enforcement ( show ) CPC Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary : Guo Shengkun Supreme People 's Court President : Zhou Qiang People 's Courts Judicial Police ( zh ) Supreme People 's Procuratorate Procurator - General : Zhang Jun People 's Procuratorates Judicial Police ( zh ) State Council Ministry of Public Security Minister : Zhao Kezhi ( State Councilor ) Public Security Organs People 's Police ( zh ) State Immigration Administration ( zh ) Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister : Chen Wenqing State Security Organs People 's Police ( zh ) Ministry of Justice Minister : Fu Zhenghua Judicial Administrative Organs People 's Police ( zh ) Bureau of Prison Administration ( zh ) Urban Management ( chengguan ) Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services ( zh ) Public Security Police Judiciary Police ( zh ) Publicity ( show ) Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology Leader : Wang Huning Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director : Wang Huning Deputy Director : Huang Kunming Central Publicity ( Propaganda ) Department Head : Huang Kunming General Administration of Press and Publication National Film Bureau ( zh ) State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism State Administration of Radio and Television China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio International Xinhua News Agency Reference News China News Service People 's Daily Global Times China Today Censorship in China Radio jamming Media of China Internal media Publishing industry in China Internet in China Internet censorship Great Firewall Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy director : Li Keqiang Cyberspace Administration of China Director : Xu Lin Hong Kong Macau ( show ) Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader : Han Zheng HK & Macau Affairs Office Director : Zhang Xiaoming Liaison Office in Hong Kong Liaison Office in Macau One country , two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive : Lam Cheng Yuet - ngor Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macau Basic Law Chief Executive : Chui Sai On Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Cross-Strait relations ( show ) Cross-Strait relations Chinese Civil War One - China policy Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader : Xi Jinping Deputy Leader : Wang Yang Taiwan Affairs Office Director : Zhang Zhijun Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations ( hide ) Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Director : Li Keqiang Secretary - General : Yang Jiechi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Wang Yi ( State Councilor ) Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions in China Foreign aid to China Chinese foreign aid International Development Cooperation Agency ( zh ) Ministry of Commerce Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CPC International Liaison Department State Council Information Office State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports ( Hong Kong ; Macau ) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens ( Hong Kong , Macau ) Visa policy of China ( Hong Kong ; Macau ) State Immigration Administration ( zh ) Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Shanghai Cooperation Organisation One Belt One Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization China -- United States relations China -- Russia relations China -- European Union relations China -- Africa relations Related topics ( show ) Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities Other countries Atlas The Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region allows citizens of specific countries / territories to travel to Macau for tourism or business purposes for periods ranging from 180 days to 14 days without having to obtain a visa . For other entry purposes , such as establishing residence on a long term basis , a different policy applies . The Serviço de Migração ( Immigration Department ) , under the Public Security Police Force , is the government agency responsible for immigration matters , whilst the Public Security Police Force itself is responsible for enforcing immigration laws in Macau . All visitors must hold a passport valid for 1 month . Contents 1 Unrestricted stay 2 Short stays in Macau 2.1 Visa exemptions 2.1. 1 1 year ( 1 ) 2.1. 2 6 months ( 1 ) 2.1. 3 90 days ( 56 ) 2.1. 4 30 days ( 22 ) 2.1. 5 14 days ( 1 ) 2.1. 6 Unlimited access 2.1. 7 Not in force 2.2 Entry procedures for Chinese nationals not residing in Macau 2.2. 1 Mainland China 2.2. 2 Hong Kong 2.3 Entry procedures for visa nationals 2.4 Entry refusal 2.5 Extending short stays in Macau 3 Transit 4 Long stays 4.1 Special Authorization to Stay for Non-resident Students 4.2 Residence 5 Visitor statistics 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Unrestricted stay ( edit ) Under Macanese laws , holders of the following documents are residents of Macau and are allowed to return to Macau : Macau Resident Identity Card Macao Special Administrative Region passport Macao Special Administrative Region Travel Permit Visit Permit for Residents of Macao to HKSAR Short stays in Macau ( edit ) Visa exemptions ( edit ) Holders of passports issued by following countries and Hong Kong permanent residents can enter Macau as a visitor without a visa ( for a maximum period as stated below ) : Countries and territories whose citizens can enter Macao without a visa 1 year ( 1 ) ( edit ) Hong Kong ( for holders of Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards or Hong Kong Re-entry Permits , regardless of nationality ) 6 months ( 1 ) ( edit ) United Kingdom ( all classes of British nationality ) 90 days ( 56 ) ( edit ) All European Union citizens Albania Andorra Armenia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Cape Verde Dominica Egypt Grenada Iceland Israel Japan Lebanon Liechtenstein Macedonia Mali Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco New Zealand Norway Serbia South Korea Switzerland Tanzania Uruguay 30 days ( 22 ) ( edit ) Australia Belarus Canada Chile Ecuador India Indonesia Kiribati Malaysia Monaco Namibia Philippines Russia Samoa San Marino Seychelles Singapore South Africa Taiwan Thailand Turkey United States Holders of a travel document issued by Portugal to non-citizens who are unable to obtain national passports are also exempt from possessing a visa to enter Macau for a maximum of 30 days . 14 days ( 1 ) ( edit ) Brunei Unlimited access ( edit ) United Nations Laissez - Passer holders Holders of diplomatic passports Holders of diplomatic or consular identity cards issued by the Macau SAR Not in Force ( edit ) Macau plans to introduce a visa - free regime with Kazakhstan . Entry procedures for Chinese nationals not residing in Macau ( edit ) Special regulations are in force for persons of Chinese nationality who are not residents of Macau . Residency Travel document Duration of stay Mainland China Exit - Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau ( Two - way Permit ) Varies , maximum 90 days Chinese passport Chinese Travel Document Travel Permit to and from Taiwan for Mainland Residents 7 days ( for transit to a third country only ) Hong Kong Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card Hong Kong Re-entry Permit 1 year Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes 30 days Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport 7 days ( for transit to a third country only ) Mainland China ( edit ) Mainland Chinese visitors to Macau are required to hold a Two - way Permit . The duration of stay is the one indicated on the exit endorsement , but if the duration indicated is longer than 90 days , the person must report to PSPF for a `` special authorization of stay '' within the first 90 days of entry . For those who are travelling to a third country or region , they can alternatively use their Chinese passports , Chinese Travel Documents or Travel Permits to and from Taiwan for Mainland Residents for a maximum stay of 7 days . Non-permanent residents of Hong Kong with residency in mainland China are required to travel with the Two - way Permit along with the valid entry endorsement when travelling directly between Hong Kong and Macau . Hong Kong ( edit ) Permanent residents of Hong Kong holding valid Hong Kong Permanent Identity Cards or Hong Kong Re-entry Permits are granted a stay of 1 year upon entry . However , holders of Hong Kong SAR passports are only granted a stay of 7 days provided they are travelling to a third country or region . Non-permanent residents of Hong Kong who are of Chinese nationality and without mainland residency ( i.e. , those who traveled to Hong Kong with a One - way Permit for permanent settlement ) are required to use their Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes when entering Macau . They can stay for a maximum of 30 days . Entry procedures for visa nationals ( edit ) Sample of a Macau visa issued by Chinese missions ( old version ) Those holding travel documents that are not listed above will be required to obtain a visa for entry to Macau , either prior to arrival or on arrival . Visa on arrival is valid for 30 days and can be used multiple times during its validity without the need of obtaining a new one . The application fee is MOP 100 per individual , MOP 200 per family passport , and MOP 50 per child under age 12 and per member of a tourist group of more than 10 people . Alternatively , they can apply for an `` Authorization to Enter and Stay '' through a representative in Macau . Nationals of the following countries must obtain a visa in advance through the Chinese diplomatic mission ( unless they hold a Hong Kong identity card ) . They can apply for an `` Authorization to Enter and Stay '' through a representative only when there are no Chinese diplomatic missions in their country or region of residence . Bangladesh Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Sri Lanka Vietnam Entry refusal ( edit ) Under Macanese law , visitors will be denied entry if : they have been deported from Macau , they have been prohibited from entering , staying in or transiting through Macau in accordance with local or international law . In addition , visitors may be denied entry if : they are frequently entering Macau without justification , they have criminal convictions resulting in incarceration , they have , or have the intention of , committing a crime , they have no proof to support that they are bona fide visitors who will leave Macau at the end of their visit ( e.g. , insufficient funds , not possessing onward tickets or not possessing genuine travel documents ) . Extending short stays in Macau ( edit ) Visitors who have entered with short stay status can extend their `` Authorization to Stay '' , should their travel plans change , by no more than 90 days . This can be done by applying at the local Serviço de Migração office . Transit ( edit ) Nationals who would normally require visas may enter Macau without a visa for 48 hours if they arrive and depart from Macau International Airport . Long stays ( edit ) Special Authorization to stay for Non-resident Students ( edit ) Non-resident students in possession of a valid travel document have to go to the Foreigners Subdivision of the Serviço de Migração office located in Taipa , to apply for a `` Special Authorization to Stay '' ( Chinese : 外地學生之逗留的特別許可 , Portuguese : Autorização Especial de Permanência para Estudantes do Exterior ) . The Special Authorization to Stay for Non-resident Students is usually valid until 31 December if the study program ends on a date beyond the year , or valid until the last day of the program if the study program ends within the same year . For those who are enrolled in a study program which ends on a date beyond the year , can renew their Special Authorization to Stay for Non-resident Students before the expiry ( expiries usually 31 December ) , only if the Non-resident student continues to be enrolled in the study program at the same higher institute in Macau . Residence ( edit ) Those wanting to take up residence in Macau for purposes of investment can do so via the Macau Trade and Investment Office in Macau , and then visit the local Serviço de Migração office . Those wanting to take up residence for other reasons , such as employment , are required to make their application at their local Serviço de Migração office . The procedure varies depending on nationality and residency status . Chinese and Portuguese nationals should make their application via the Comissariado de Residentes at the local Serviço de Migração office , whilst foreign nationals should apply via the Comissariado de Estrangeiros at the local Serviço de Migração office . Visitor statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Macao were holding travel documents issued by the following countries : show Country / Territory 2016 2015 2014 Mainland China 20,454,104 20,410,615 21,252,410 Hong Kong 6,419,839 6,534,543 6,426,608 Taiwan 1,074,525 988,059 953,753 South Korea 662,321 554,177 554,521 Japan 300,613 282,217 299,849 Philippines 287,025 276,806 262,853 Thailand 236,169 180,836 175,906 Malaysia 222,809 229,102 250,046 United States 190,885 182,532 181,457 Indonesia 182,467 163,353 189,189 India 165,278 167,578 167,216 Singapore 155,763 158,814 196,491 Australia 93,286 92,404 105,914 Canada 75,173 70,973 70,601 United Kingdom 61,301 59,985 60,756 Total 30,950,336 30,714,628 31,525,632 See also ( edit ) China portal Macau portal International relations portal Visa policy of China Visa policy of Hong Kong Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Serviço de Migração Jump up ^ Documents to be Used by Macao Residents for Entry to and Departure from Macao Jump up ^ 澳門特別行政區居留制度淺析 Jump up ^ Visit Permit for Residents of Macao SAR to Hong Kong SAR ^ Jump up to : Entry and Exit of Non-residents Jump up ^ Kazakhstan and Macau to introduce visa - free regime Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Authorization to Enter and Stay Jump up ^ Application for Macao Visa through Chinese Embassy or Consulate Jump up ^ Extension of `` Authorization to Stay '' Jump up ^ `` Special Authorization to Stay '' for Non-resident Students Jump up ^ Renewal of `` Special Authorization to Stay '' for Non-resident Students Jump up ^ Applying for Residence in Macao S.A.R. Jump up ^ Visitor arrivals by place of issue of travel document 2016 Jump up ^ Visitor arrivals by place of issue of travel document 2015 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Macau . Immigration and residence service , Public Security Police Force Macau SAR Identification Department Visa policies and requirements in Greater China Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ASEAN : Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other : East Timor Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Macau&oldid=843827065 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Macau Tourism in Macau Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do indian citizens need a visa for macau	[]	[]
1513968269541881310	History of coffee	History of coffee - wikipedia History of coffee Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2016 ) The Coffee Bearer by John Frederick Lewis ( 1857 ) . ( Ottoman quarters in Cairo , Egypt ) The origin and history of coffee dates back to the 10th century , and possibly earlier with a number of reports and legends surrounding its first use . The native ( undomesticated ) origin of coffee is thought to have been Ethiopia . The earliest substantiated evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree is from the 15th century , in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen . By the 16th century , it had reached the rest of the Middle East , South India ( Coorg ) , Persia , Turkey , Horn of Africa , and northern Africa . Coffee then spread to the Balkans , Italy and to the rest of Europe , to South East Asia and then to America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 First use 3 History 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 England 4.3 France 4.4 Germany 4.5 Netherlands 4.6 Poland 5 Americas 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.1. 1 Chikmagalur 6.2 Japan 6.3 South Korea 6.4 Indonesia 6.5 Philippines 7 Production 8 See also 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Sources Etymology ( edit ) The word `` coffee '' entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve , in turn borrowed from the Arabic qahwah ( قهوة ) . The Arabic word qahwah originally referred to a type of wine , whose etymology is given by Arab lexicographers as deriving from the verb qahā ( قها , `` to lack hunger '' ) in reference to the drink 's reputation as an appetite suppressant . The word qahwah is sometimes alternatively traced to the Arabic quwwa ( `` power , energy '' ) , or to Kaffa , a medieval kingdom in Ethiopia whence the plant was exported to Arabia . These etymologies for qahwah have all been disputed , however . The name qahwah is not used for the berry or plant ( the products of the region ) , which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Oromo as būn . Semitic had a root qhh `` dark color '' , which became a natural designation for the beverage . According to this analysis , the feminine form qahwah ( also meaning `` dark in color , dull ( ing ) , dry , sour '' ) was likely chosen to parallel the feminine khamr ( خمر , `` wine '' ) , and originally meant `` the dark one '' . First use ( edit ) The Ethiopian ancestors of today 's Oromo ethnic group were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant . Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties , which were found to be of low diversity but with retention of some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials , and closely related diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica ; however , no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or known about it there earlier than the seventeenth century . The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been from Harar , and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with distinct nearby populations in Sudan and Kenya . Coffee was primarily consumed in the Islamic world where it originated and was directly related to religious practices . There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself . One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Ghothul Akbar Nooruddin Abu al - Hasan al - Shadhili . When traveling in Ethiopia , the legend goes , he observed birds of unusual vitality , and , upon trying the berries that the birds had been eating , experienced the same vitality . Other accounts attribute the discovery of coffee to Sheik Abou'l Hasan Schadheli 's disciple , Omar . According to the ancient chronicle ( preserved in the Abd - Al - Kadir manuscript ) , Omar , who was known for his ability to cure the sick through prayer , was once exiled from Mocha to a desert cave near Ousab . Starving , Omar chewed berries from nearby shrubbery , but found them to be bitter . He tried roasting the beans to improve the flavor , but they became hard . He then tried boiling them to soften the bean , which resulted in a fragrant brown liquid . Upon drinking the liquid Omar was revitalized and sustained for days . As stories of this `` miracle drug '' reached Mocha , Omar was asked to return and was made a saint . Another account involves a 9th - century Ethiopian goat - herder , Kaldi , who , noticing the energizing effects when his flock nibbled on the bright red berries of a certain bush , chewed on the fruit himself . His exhilaration prompted him to bring the berries to a monk in a nearby monastery . But the monk disapproved of their use and threw them into the fire , from which an enticing aroma billowed , causing other monks to come and investigate . The roasted beans were quickly raked from the embers , ground up , and dissolved in hot water , yielding the world 's first cup of coffee . Since this story is not known to have appeared in writing before 1671 , 800 years after it was supposed to have taken place , it is highly likely to be apocryphal . History ( edit ) Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo , Syria , sipping the traditional murra ( bitter ) coffee , 1930 Palestinian women grinding coffee , 1905 The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century , in Yemen 's Sufi monasteries . Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen . Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean . The word qahwa originally meant wine , and Sufis in Yemen used the beverage as an aid to concentration and as a kind of spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God . Sufis used it to keep themselves alert during their nighttime devotions . A translation of Al - Jaziri 's manuscript traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix ( the present day Yemen ) northward to Mecca and Medina , and then to the larger cities of Cairo , Damascus , Baghdad , and Constantinople . By 1414 , the beverage was known in Mecca , and in the early 1500s was spreading to the Mameluke Sultanate of Egypt and North Africa from the Yemeni port of Mocha . Associated with Sufism , a myriad of coffee houses grew up in Cairo ( Egypt ) around the religious University of the Azhar . These coffee houses also opened in Syria , especially in the cosmopolitan city of Aleppo , and then in Istanbul , the capital of the Ottoman Empire , in 1554 . In 1511 , it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative , orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca . However , these bans were to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I , with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el - İmadi issuing a fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee . In Cairo , Egypt , a similar ban was instituted in 1532 , and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked . During the 16th century , it had already reached the rest of the Middle East , the Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire . From the Middle East , coffee drinking spread to Italy , then to the rest of Europe , and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas . Similarly , coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 18th century . However , in the second half of the 19th century , Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking , and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886 ; according to Richard Pankhurst , `` this was largely due to Emperor Menilek , who himself drank it , and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink . '' The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al - Razi , known as Rhazes in the West , but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later . One of the most important of the early writers on coffee was Abd al - Qadir al - Jaziri , who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al - qahwa عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة . He reported that one Sheikh , Jamal - al - Din al - Dhabhani ( d . 1470 ) , mufti of Aden , was the first to adopt the use of coffee ( circa 1454 ) . He found that among its properties was that it drove away fatigue and lethargy , and brought to the body a certain sprightliness and vigour . Europe ( edit ) Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was first introduced to Europe on the island of Malta in the 16th century , according to the TV documentary Madwarna . It was introduced there through slavery . Turkish Muslim slaves had been imprisoned by the Knights of St John in 1565 -- the year of the Great Siege of Malta , and they used to make their traditional beverage . Domenico Magri mentioned in his work Virtu del Kafé , `` Turks , most skilful makers of this concoction . '' Also the German traveller Gustav Sommerfeldt in 1663 wrote `` the ability and industriousness with which the Turkish prisoners earn some money , especially by preparing coffee , a powder resembling snuff tobacco , with water and sugar . '' Coffee was a popular beverage in Maltese high society -- many coffee shops opened . Coffee was also noted in Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf , the first European to mention it , as chaube , in 1573 ; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers . The vibrant trade between the Republic of Venice and the Muslims in North Africa , Egypt , and the East brought a large variety of African goods , including coffee , to this leading European port . Venetian merchants introduced coffee - drinking to the wealthy in Venice , charging them heavily for the beverage . In this way , coffee was introduced to the mainland of Europe . In 1591 Venetian botanist - physician Prospero Alpini became the first to publish a description of the coffee plant in Europe . The first European coffee house apart from those in the Ottoman Empire and in Malta was opened in Venice in 1645 . Austria ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna , by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks . The officer who received the coffee beans , Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki , a Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin , opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee . Melange is the typical Viennese coffee , which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water . England ( edit ) 1652 advertisement for the UK 's first coffeehouse , St. Michael 's Alley According to Leonhard Rauwolf 's 1583 account , coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century , largely through the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company . The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael 's Alley in Cornhill , London . The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée , the servant of Daniel Edwards , a trader in Turkish goods . Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment . Oxford 's Queen 's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654 , is still in existence today . By 1675 , there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England , but there were many disruptions in the progressive movement of coffeehouses between the 1660s and 1670s . During the enlightenment , these early English coffee houses became gathering places used for deep religious and political discussions among the populace . This practice became so common , and potentially subversive , that Charles II made an attempt to crush coffee houses in 1675 . The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal , for example , women frequented them in Germany , but it appears to have been commonplace elsewhere in Europe , including in England . Many in this period believed coffee to have medicinal properties . A 1661 tract entitled `` A character of coffee and coffee - houses '' , written by one `` M.P. '' , lists some of these perceived benefits : ' Tis extolled for drying up the Crudities of the Stomack , and for expelling Fumes out of the Head . Excellent Berry ! which can cleanse the English - man 's Stomak of Flegm , and expel Giddinesse out of his Head . This new commodity proved controversial among some subjects , however . For instance , the anonymous 1674 `` Women 's Petition Against Coffee '' declared : the Excessive Use of that Newfangled , Abominable , Heathenish Liquor called COFFEE ... has ... Eunucht our Husbands , and Crippled our more kind Gallants , that they are become as Impotent , as Age . France ( edit ) Antoine Galland ( 1646 -- 1715 ) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee , tea and chocolate : `` We are indebted to these great ( Arab ) physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings , as well as sugar , tea , and chocolate . '' Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix , the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France , that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot , who had travelled through the East . On his return to that city in 1657 , Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends , one of whom was de la Croix . In 1669 , Soleiman Agha , Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV , arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans . Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink , but they also donated some beans to the royal court . Between July 1669 and May 1670 , the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , coffeehouses were first established in North Sea ports , including Bremen ( 1673 ) and Hamburg ( 1677 ) . Initially , this new beverage was written in the English form coffee , but during the 1700s the Germans gradually adopted the French word café , then slowly changed to the word Kaffee , where it stands now . In the 18th century the popularity of coffee gradually spread around the German lands , and was taken up by the ruling classes . Coffee was served at the court of the Great Elector , Frederick William of Brandenburg , as early as 1675 , but the first public coffee house in his capital , Berlin , opened only in 1721 . Café Zimmermann , Leipzig ( engraving by Johann Georg Schreiber , 1732 ) Composer Johann Sebastian Bach , who was cantor of St. Thomas Church , Leipzig , in 1723 -- 50 , conducted a musical ensemble at Café Zimmermann in that Saxon city . Sometime in 1732 -- 35 he composed the secular `` Coffee Cantata '' Schweigt stille , plaudert nicht ( BWV 211 ) , in which a young woman , Lieschen , pleads with her disapproving father to accept her devotion to drinking coffee , then a newfangled fashion . The libretto includes such lines as : Ei ! wie schmeckt der Coffee süße , Lieblicher als tausend Küsse , Milder als Muskatenwein . Coffee , Coffee muss ich haben , Und wenn jemand mich will laben , Ach , so schenkt mir Coffee ein ! ( Oh ! How sweet coffee does taste , Better than a thousand kisses , Milder than muscat wine . Coffee , coffee , I 've got to have it , And if someone wants to perk me up , * Oh , just give me a cup of coffee ! ) Netherlands ( edit ) Further information : Dutch East India Company The race among Europeans to obtain live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616 . Pieter van den Broecke , a Dutch merchant , obtained some of the closely guarded coffee bushes from Mocha , Yemen , in 1616 . He took them back to Amsterdam and found a home for them in the Botanical gardens , where they began to thrive . This apparently minor event received little publicity , but was to have a major impact on the history of coffee . The beans that van der Broecke acquired from Mocha forty years earlier adjusted well to conditions in the greenhouses at the Amsterdam Botanical Garden and produced numerous healthy Coffea arabica bushes . In 1658 the Dutch first used them to begin coffee cultivation in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) and later in southern India . They abandoned these cultivations to focus on their Javanese plantations in order to avoid lowering the price by oversupply . Within a few years , the Dutch colonies ( Java in Asia , Suriname in the Americas ) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe . Poland ( edit ) Coffee reached the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century , primarily through merchants trading with the Ottomans . The first coffee shops opened a century later . Usage of coffee has grown since , though it was a luxury commodity during the communist era of the Polish People 's Republic . Consumption of coffee has grown since the transformation of Poland into a democratic , capitalistic country in 1989 , though it still remains lower per capita than in most West European countries . Americas ( edit ) Coffee plantation Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720 . Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint - Domingue ( Haiti ) , Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean . The French territory of Saint - Domingue saw coffee cultivated starting in 1734 , and by 1788 supplied half the world 's coffee . Coffee had a major influence on the geography of Latin America . The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers . However , the dreadful conditions that the slaves worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon - to - follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there . Coffee also found its way to the Isle of Bourbon , now known as Réunion , in the Indian Ocean . The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of arabica known as var . Bourbon . The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree . Circa 1727 , the King of Portugal sent Francisco de Melo Palheta to French Guiana to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market . Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds , but he captivated the French Governor 's wife and she sent him enough seeds and shoots to commence the coffee industry of Brazil . In 1893 , the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania ( Tanganyika ) , not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia , 600 years prior , ending its transcontinental journey . Meanwhile , coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727 , although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822 . After this time , massive tracts of rainforest were cleared first from the vicinity of Rio and later São Paulo for coffee plantations . After the Boston Tea Party of 1773 , large numbers of Americans switched to drinking coffee during the American Revolution because drinking tea had become unpatriotic . Cultivation was taken up by many countries in the latter half of the 19th century , and in almost all of them it involved the large - scale displacement and exploitation of indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings , coups and bloody suppressions of peasants . For example Guatemala started producing coffee in the 1500s but lacked the manpower to harvest the coffee beans . As a result the Guatemalan government forced indigenous people to work on the fields . This lead to a strain in the indigenous and Guatemalan people 's relationship that still exists today . A notable exception is Costa Rica where a lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms . Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries . In the 20th century Latin American countries faced a possible economic collapse . Before World War II Europe was consuming large amounts of coffee . Once the war started Latin America lost 40 % of its market and was on the verge of economic collapse . Coffee was and is a Latin American commodity . The United States saw this and talked with the Latin American countries and as a result the producers agreed on an equitable division of the U.S. market . The U.S. government monitored this agreement . For the period that this plan was followed the value of coffee doubled , which greatly benefited coffee producers and the Latin American countries . Brazil became the largest producer of coffee in the world by 1852 and it has held that status ever since . It dominated world production , exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined , from 1850 to 1950 . The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers , notably Colombia , Ivory Coast , Ethiopia , and , most recently , Vietnam , which overtook Colombia and became the second - largest producer in 1999 and reached 15 % market share by 2011 . Around the turn of the century an organization named Fair Trade emerged . In the past 20 years Fair trade coffee has become very popular . The idea of fair trade is to pay the farmers more money , so the farmers can have better lives . Most fair Trade 's farmers come from Latin America . There is controversy about the effectiveness of Fair Trade . The proponents argue that Fair Trade helps the farmer receive a larger salary which allows them to live better lives . Opponents argue that Fair Trade does not keep records and therefore can not be accountable . A recent change to the coffee market are lattes , Frappuccino 's and other sugary coffee drinks . With the rise of lattes and Frappuccino 's becoming more popular this has caused coffee houses to be able to use cheaper coffee beans in their coffee , which has hurt the Latin American countries ' economy . The cheaper coffee beans is called Robusta and they contain more caffeine then the more expansive beans . This is another reason the coffee houses can use the cheaper beans because it still contains a high caffeine content . The reason using cheaper beans hurts the Latin American economy is because the producers receive less money for the production of the cheaper beans then they do for the production of the higher quality beans . Since the producers get paid less they are receiving a smaller income , which in turn , hurts the economy of Latin America . Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Also see Coffee production in India Monsooned Malabar arabica , compared with green Yirgachefe beans from Ethiopia Coffee came to India well before the East India company , through an India Sufi saint named `` Baba Budan '' . The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur ( Coorg , Southern India ) in 1670 . Since then coffee plantations have become established in the region , extending south to Kodagu . Coffee production in India is dominated in the hill tracts of South Indian states , with the state of Karnataka accounting 53 % followed by Kerala 28 % and Tamil Nadu 11 % of production of 8,200 tonnes . Indian coffee is said to be the finest coffee grown in the shade rather than direct sunlight anywhere in the world . There are approximately 250,000 coffee growers in India ; 98 % of them are small growers . As of 2009 , the production of coffee in India was only 4.5 % of the total production in the world . Almost 80 % of the country 's coffee production is exported . Of that which is exported , 70 % is bound for Germany , Russian federation , Spain , Belgium , Slovenia , United States , Japan , Greece , Netherlands and France , and Italy accounts for 29 % of the exports . Most of the export is shipped through the Suez Canal . Coffee is grown in three regions of India with Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu forming the traditional coffee growing region of South India , followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa in the eastern coast of the country and with a third region comprising the states of Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Tripura , Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh of Northeastern India , popularly known as `` Seven Sister States of India '' . Indian coffee , grown mostly in southern India under monsoon rainfall conditions , is also termed as `` Indian monsooned coffee '' . Its flavour is defined as : `` The best Indian coffee reaches the flavour characteristics of Pacific coffees , but at its worst it is simply bland and uninspiring '' . The two well known species of coffee grown are the Arabica and Robusta . The first variety that was introduced in the Baba Budan Giri hill ranges of Karnataka in the 17th century was marketed over the years under the brand names of Kent and S. 795 . Chikmagalur ( edit ) Coffee is the cornerstone of Chikmagalur 's economy . Chikmagalur is the birthplace of coffee in India , where the seed was first sown about 350 years ago . Coffee Board is the department located in Chikmagalur town that oversees the production and marketing of coffee cultivated in the district . Coffee is cultivated in Chikmagalur district in an area of around 85,465 hectares with Arabica being the dominant variety grown in upper hills and Robusta being the major variety in the low level hills . There are around 15000 coffee growers in this district with 96 % of them being small growers with holdings of less than or equal to 4 hectares . The average production is 55,000 MT : 35,000 MT of Arabica and 20,000 MT of Robusta . The average productivity per hectare is 810 kg for Arabica and 1110 kg of Robusta , which are higher than the national average . Arabica is a species of coffee that is also known as the `` coffee shrub of Arabia '' , `` mountain coffee '' or `` arabica coffee '' . Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated , being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years . It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species , Coffea canephora ( robusta ) . Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee . Robusta is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa . It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil , where it is often called Conillon . It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century . In recent years Vietnam , which only produces robusta , has surpassed Brazil , India , and Indonesia to become the world 's single largest exporter . Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta . Japan ( edit ) Coffee was introduced to Japan by the Dutch in the 17th century , but remained a curiosity until the lifting of trade restrictions in 1858 . The first European - style coffeehouse opened in Tokyo in 1888 , and closed four years later . By the early 1930s there were over 30,000 coffeehouses across the country ; availability in the wartime and immediate postwar period dropped to nearly zero , then rapidly increased as import barriers were removed . The introduction of freeze - dried instant coffee , canned coffee , and franchises such as Starbucks and Doutor Coffee in the late 20th century continued this trend , to the point that Japan is now one of the leading per capita coffee consumers in the world . South korea ( edit ) Coffee 's first notable Korean enthusiasts were 19th century emperors Sunjong and Gojong , who preferred to consume it after western - style banquets . By the 1980s instant coffee and canned coffee had become fairly popular , with a more minor tradition of independently owned coffeehouses in larger cities ; toward the end of the century the growth of franchises such as Caffe Bene and Starbucks brought about a greater demand for European - style coffee . Indonesia ( edit ) Coffee was first introduced by the Dutch during colonization in late 17th century . After several years coffee was planted on Indonesia Archipelago . Many coffee specialties are from the Indonesian Archipelago . The colloquial name for coffee , Java , comes from the time when most of Europe and America 's coffee was grown in Java . Today Indonesia is one of the largest coffee producers in the world , mainly for export . However coffee is enjoyed in various ways around the archipelago like traditional `` Kopi Ende '' which is with ginger to fancy new ways in Jakartas many coffee shops like Anomali . Philippines ( edit ) The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of commercially viable coffee : Arabica , Liberica ( Barako ) , Excelsa and Robusta . Climatic and soil conditions in the Philippines -- from the lowland to mountain regions -- make the country suitable for all four varieties . In the Philippines , coffee has a history as rich as its flavor . The first coffee tree was introduced in Lipa , Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monk . From there , coffee growing spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan , Lemery , San Jose , Taal , and Tanauan . Batangas owed much of its wealth to the coffee plantations in these areas and Lipa eventually became the coffee capital of the Philippines . By the 1860s , Batangas was exporting coffee to America through San Francisco . When the Suez Canal was opened , a new market started in Europe as well . Seeing the success of the Batangeños , Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo . In spite of this , Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans . In 1880 , the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans , and when the coffee rust hit Brazil , Africa , and Java , it became the only source of coffee beans worldwide . The glory days of the Philippine coffee industry lasted until 1889 when coffee rust hit the Philippine shores . That , coupled with an insect infestation , destroyed virtually all the coffee trees in Batangas . Since Batangas was a major producer of coffee , this greatly affected national coffee production . In two years , coffee production was reduced to 1 / 6th its original amount . By then , Brazil had regained its position as the world 's leading producer of coffee . A few of the surviving coffee seedlings were transferred from Batangas to Cavite , where they flourished . This was not the end of the Philippines ' coffee growing days , but there was less area allotted to coffee because many farmers had shifted to other crops . During the 1950s , the Philippine government , with the help of the Americans , brought in a more resistant variety of coffee . It was also then that instant coffee was being produced commercially , thus increasing the demand for beans . Because of favorable market conditions , many farmers went back to growing coffee in the 1960s . But the sudden proliferation of coffee farms resulted in a surplus of beans around the world , and for a while importation of coffee was banned in order to protect local coffee producers . When Brazil was hit by a frost in the 1970s , world market coffee prices soared . The Philippines became a member of the International Coffee Organization ( ICO ) in 1980 . Production ( edit ) The first step in Europeans ' wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen , the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn , the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen , the source of Europe 's supply , and established in the Dutch East Indies ; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe 's demand with `` Java coffee '' by 1719 . Encouraged by their success , they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon , Sumatra and other Sunda islands . Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden , whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens . Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant , which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi , predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes , in Paris . The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux , who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu , who was loath to disfigure the king 's coffee tree . Clieux , when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage , shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman , perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade . Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies , and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint - Domingue in addition to Martinique , where a blight had struck the cacao plantations , which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years , is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded . The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds , still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia , from French Guiana . By the 1800s , Brazil 's harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses . Brazil , which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity , relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888 . The success of coffee in 17th - century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) . For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries , Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade . However , a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations , such as Colombia , Guatemala , Nicaragua , Indonesia and Vietnam , now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world . Large - scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995 . Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta . Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia , that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century , and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast . The Kingdom of Kaffa , home of the plant , was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s . Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela . 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908 , while in 1927 -- 8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port . Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time , and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa -- Djibouti Railway . While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway , this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922 , surpassed exports of `` Harari '' coffee by 1925 , and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936 . Australia is a minor coffee producer , with little product for export , but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown . Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981 . See also ( edit ) Coffee portal History portal Economics of coffee International Coffee Agreement Anacafé Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia National Coffee Association Specialty Coffee Association of America A History of the World in 6 Glasses , by Tom Standage : a review by blaqswans.org Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92723 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Meyers , Hannah ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` '' Suave Molecules of Mocha '' -- Coffee , Chemistry , and Civilization `` . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2007 . Jump up ^ OED , s.v. `` Coffee '' . ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` coffee , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1891 . Jump up ^ قها . الباحث العربي ( in Arabic ) . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Alan S. ( 1986 ) . `` The etymology of `` coffee '' : The dark brew `` . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 106 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 558 . doi : 10.2307 / 602112 . JSTOR 602112 . Jump up ^ Steiger , L. ; Nagal , C. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and among Coffea arabica cultivars '' . Theoretical and Applied Genetics . 105 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.1007 / s00122 - 002 - 0939 - 8 . PMID 12582521 . ^ Jump up to : John K. Francis . `` Coffea arabica L. RUBIACEAE '' ( PDF ) . Factsheet of U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony ( 2003 ) . `` Coffee : A dark history '' . Basic Reference . USA : Fourth Estate . 28 : 217 -- 229 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grigg , David ( 2002 ) . `` The worlds of tea and coffee : Patterns of consumption '' . GeoJournal. 57 ( 4 ) : 283 -- 294 . doi : 10.1023 / b : gejo. 0000007249.91153. c3 . JSTOR 41147739 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of Coffee '' . shazuli.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ukers , William ( 1935 ) . All About Coffee . New York : The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ukers 1922 : 5 , and all other sources ^ Jump up to : `` Coffee and qahwa : How a drink for Arab mystics went global '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Al - Jaziri 's manuscript work is of considerable interest with regards to the history of coffee in Europe as well . A copy reached the French royal library , where it was translated in part by Antoine Galland as De l'origine et du progrès du café . ^ Jump up to : `` عمدة الصفوة في حل القهوة -- resource for arabic books '' . alwaraq.net . Jump up ^ Schneider , Irene ( 2001 ) . `` Ebussuud '' . In Stolleis , Michael . Juristen : ein biographisches Lexikon ; von der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert ( in German ) ( 2nd ed . ) . München : Beck . p. 193 . ISBN 3 - 406 - 45957 - 9 . Jump up ^ J.E. Hanauer ( 1907 ) . `` About Coffee '' . Folk - lore of the Holy Land . pp. 291 f . ( All ) the coffee - houses ( were ) closed , and their keepers pelted with the sherds of their pots and cups . This was in 1524 , but by an order of Selìm I. , the decrees of the learned were reversed , the disturbances in Egypt quieted , the drinking of coffee declared perfectly orthodox Jump up ^ Aregay , Merid W. ( 1988 ) . `` The Early History of Ethiopia 's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa '' . The Journal of African History . 29 ( 1 , Special Issue in Honour of Roland Oliver ) : 20 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700035969 . JSTOR 182236 . Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst , Economic History of Ethiopia ( Addis Ababa : Haile Selassie I University , 1968 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Dufour , Traitez nouveaux et curieux du café , du thé et du chocolat ( Lyon , 1684 , etc ) . Jump up ^ In later editions Dufour casts doubt on the identity of Rhazes ' bunchum , which is shared by Edward Forbes Robinson , The Early History of Coffee Houses in England ( London , 1893 ) , noted by Ukers 1922 : Jump up ^ The 19th - century orientalist Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy edited the first two chapters of al - Jaziri 's manuscript and included it in the second edition of his Chrestomathie Arabe ( Paris , 1826 , 3 vols . ) . Antoine Galland 's De l'origine et du progrès du Café ( 1699 ) was recently reissued ( Paris : Editions La Bibliothèque , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` MALTESE HISTORY THROUGH A SWEET TOOTH '' . tenzo.fr . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ William Harrison Ukers , All About Coffee : 2 . Jump up ^ `` History of Coffee '' . Nestlé Professional . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Brian William ( 2005 ) . The Social Life of Coffee : The emergence of the British Coffee house . New Haven Conn : Yale University Press ... Jump up ^ Wild , Anthony . Coffee A Dark History . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue , New York , N.Y. 10110 . Jump up ^ `` The surprising history of London 's lost coffee houses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Zappiah , Nat ( 2007 ) . `` Coffee Houses and Culture '' . Huntington Library Quarterly . 70 ( 4 ) : 671 -- 677 . doi : 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . JSTOR 10.1525 / hlq. 2007.70. 4.671 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee History '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The women 's petition against coffee representing to publick consideration the grand inconveniences accruing to their sex from the excessive use of that drying , enfeebling liquor '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 June 2006 . Jump up ^ http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/History%20of%20coffee/en-en/ Jump up ^ `` Kawa w Polsce -- historia i styl picia -- Koneserzy.pl '' . www.koneserzy.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Otwarcie kawiarni Duvala w Warszawie -- Muzeum Historii Polski '' . muzhp.pl . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SPRZEDAŻ KAWY W POLSCE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Rice , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . `` A Place Unbecoming : The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America '' . Geographical Review . 89 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 579 . doi : 10.2307 / 216102 . JSTOR 216102 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 16 Jump up ^ Kenneth Davids , Coffee : a guide to buying , brewing , and enjoying , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 24665 - X , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , p. 19 Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 20 -- 24 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Adams , John ( 6 July 1774 ) . `` John Adams to Abigail Adams '' . The Adams Papers : Digital Editions : Adams Family Correspondence , Volume 1 . Massachusetts Historical Society . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote : When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon , and I had ridden 35 miles at least . `` Madam '' said I to Mrs. Huston , `` is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled , or paid no Duties ? '' `` No sir , said she , we have renounced all Tea in this Place . I cant make Tea , but I'le make you Coffee . '' Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since , and have borne it very well . Tea must be universally renounced . I must be weaned , and the sooner , the better . ( 2 ) Stone , William L. ( 1867 ) . `` Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel 's Adventures '' . Mrs. General Riedesel : Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga ( Translated from the Original German ) . Albany : Joel Munsell . p. 147 . She then became more gentle , and offered me bread and milk . I made tea for ourselves . The woman eyed us longingly , for the Americans love it very much ; but they had resolved to drink it no longer , as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war . At Google Books . Note : Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel , commander of all German and Indian troops in General John Burgoyne 's Saratoga campaign and American prisoner of war during the American Revolution . ( 3 ) Heiss , Mary Lou ; Heiss , Robert . J ( 2007 ) . `` A History of Tea : The Boston Tea Party '' . The Story of Tea : A Cultural History and Drinking Guide . pp. 21 -- 24 . At Google Books . ( 4 ) Zuraw , Lydia ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` How Coffee Influenced The Course of History '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 5 ) DeRupo , Joseph ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` American Revolution : Stars , Stripes -- and Beans ? '' . NCA News . National Coffee Association . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . ( 6 ) Luttinger , Nina ; Dicum , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The coffee book : anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop . The New Press . p. 33 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala '' . The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia , and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 : 192 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Corntassel , Jeff ; Holder , Cindy ( 2008 ) . `` Who 's Sorry Now ? Government Apologies , Truth Commissions , and Indigenous Self - Determination in Australia , Canada , Guatemala , and Peru '' . Human Rights Review ( 4 ) : 465 -- 489 . doi : 10.1007 / s12142 - 008 - 0065 - 3 . Text `` volume9 '' ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Williamson , W.F. ( Fall 2017 ) . `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America '' . Journal of Marketing : 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ `` UNCTAD -- Coffee Production History '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.tradeforum.org/Fair-Trade/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ transfairusa . `` Santiago 's Story '' . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter . `` Fairtrade is not fair '' . Youtube . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Scholer , Mortan ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Farmers '' . International Trade Forum : 9 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wild , Anthony ( 10 April 1995 ) . The East India Company Book of Coffee . Harper Collins . ISBN 0004127390 . Jump up ^ `` BABA BUDAN GIRI '' . chickmagalur.nic.in . ^ Jump up to : Yeboah , Salomey ( 8 March 2005 ) . `` Value Addition to Coffee in India '' . Cornell Education : Intag 602 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hau Leung ; Lee , Chung - Yee ( 2007 ) . Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies . pp. 293 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 38428 - 6 . Jump up ^ Illy , Andrea ; Viani , Rinantonio ( 2005 ) . Espresso coffee : the science of quality . Academic Press . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 370371 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Regions -- India '' . Indian Coffee Organization . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coffee '' . Coffee Research Organization . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Carol ( 2010 ) . The Little Book of Coffee Law . American Bar Association . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 1 - 60442 - 985 - 2 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brief history of Coffee in Japan '' . d - cage . Jump up ^ `` Countries Compared by Lifestyle > Food and drink > Coffee > Consumption . International Statistics at NationMaster.com '' . nationmaster.com . Jump up ^ `` The Korean Coffee Myth '' . The Marmot 's Hole . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Hyo - sik ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Why do coffee shops keep popping up ? '' . Korea Times . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ William Law , The History of Coffee , including a chapter on chicory ( London ) 1850 : 14 , on the authority of Hermann Boerhaave , director of the botanical garden at Leiden . Jump up ^ E.M. Jacobs , Merchant in Asia : the trade of the Dutch East India Company during the `` Coffee from Mocha and the highlands of Batavia '' : 260ff describes the introduction of coffee plantations in detail Jump up ^ Henry Mills Alden , `` A Cup of coffee '' , Harper 's new monthly magazine 44 ( 1872 : 241 ) . Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 530 . Jump up ^ The story appeared in J.J.C. Goube , Histoire du duché de Normandie ( 1815 , vol . III : 191 ) , of which a translated excerpt was contributed to The Gentleman 's Magazine ( February 1840 : 136 ) `` Generosity of M. Desclieux -- The Coffee - tree at Martinique '' . The date of this event is variously reported : in Goube it is 1726 . Jump up ^ `` Des Clieux 's cutting was the ancestor of all the coffee trees of Martinique , the West Indies , Brazil and Colombia , and some of them went back across the Atlantic to become a source of income to the African colonies that have now gained their independence '' ( Toussaint - Samat 2008 : 531 ) . Jump up ^ Palacios , Marco ( 2002 ) . Coffee in Colombia , 1850 -- 1970 : An Economic , Social and Political History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52859 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vietnam : Silent Global Coffee Power by Alex Scofield Jump up ^ International Coffee Organization . Total Production of Exporting Countries : Crop Years 2000 / 01 to 2005 / 06 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2010 ... Retrieved 8 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 202 Jump up ^ Pankhurst , Economic History , p. 203 Jump up ^ `` Australian Coffee History '' . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Sources ( edit ) `` The Blessed Bean -- history of coffee '' . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 19 June 2006 . 1949 Encyclopædia Britannica . Otis , McAllister & Co. 1954 Allen , Stewart Lee ( 1999 ) . The Devil 's Cup : Coffee , the Driving Force in History . Soho Press . Birsel , Salâh . -- Kahveler kitabı. -- 1 . baskı . -- Istanbul : Koza Yayınları , 1975 . -- ( Olaylar - belgeler - anılar ; 8 ) . Burn , Jacob Henry , d . ( 1869 ) . A descriptive catalogue of the London traders , tavern , and coffee - house toke . 2nd ed . London . Chew , Samual C ( 1974 ) . The Crescent and the Rose . Oxford University Press , New York . Darby , M. ( 1983 ) The Islamic Perspective , An aspect of British Architecture and Design in the 19th century . Leighton House Gallery , London . Davids , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Coffee . Ellis , Aytoun ( 1956 ) . The Penny Universities : A History of the Coffee - Houses . London : Secker & Warburg . Galland , Antoine ( 1699 ) De l'origine et du progrez du café , Éd . originale J. Cavelier Paris , 1992 -- La Bibliothèque , coll . L'Écrivain Voyageur Illy , Francesco & Riccardo ( 1989 ) . From Coffee to Espresso Ibn al - Imād al - Hanbali ( d. 1089 AH / 1679 AD ) . Shadharāt al - dhahab fi akhbār man dhahab , al - Juz ' 8 . Cairo , 1931 . Malecka , Anna ( 2015 ) . `` How Turks and Persians Drank Coffee : A Little - known Document of Social History by Father J.T. Krusiński '' . Turkish Historical Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 193 . doi : 10.1163 / 18775462 - 00602006 . Pendergrast , Mark ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) . Uncommon Grounds : The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World . London : Texere . ISBN 1 - 58799 - 088 - 1 . Weinberg , Bennett Alan ; Bealer , Bonnie K. ( 2001 ) . The world of caffeine . Routledge . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92723 - 4 . Liss , David . The Coffee Trader ( 2003 ) . A well - researched historical novel about ( among other things ) the beginnings of the coffee business in 17th century Amsterdam . Includes extensive bibliography . `` Fairtrade is not fair , '' YouTube Video , 09 : 33 , Why Fair Trade is Bad on December 01 , 2009 , posted by `` Peter Griffiths , '' October 5 , 2017 . McCreery , David . `` Coffee and Indigenous Labor in Guatemala , 1871 -- 1980 . '' In The Global Coffee Economy in Africa , Asia and Latin America , 1500 -- 1989 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003.192 -- 208 . James , Deborah . `` Justice and Java . '' NACLA Report on the Americas 34 , no . 2 ( September 2000 ) : 11 -- 12 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 30 , 2017 ) . * Johannessen , Silje , and Harold Wilhite . `` Who Really Benefits from Fairtrade ? An Analysis of Value Distribution in Fairtrade Coffee . '' Globalizations 7 , no . 4 ( December 2010 ) : 525 -- 544 . Academic Search Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Santiago 's Story , '' YouTube Video , 06 : 18 , First Hand Account on March 26 , 2008 , posted by `` Fair Trade Certified , '' October 1 , 2017 , Scholer , Morten . `` Bitter or Better Future for Coffee Producers ? '' International Trade Forum no . 2 ( June 2004 ) : 9 -- 12 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 1 , 2017 ) . Topik , Steven C. `` Coffee Anyone ? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies . '' Hispanic American Historical Review 80 , no . 2 ( May 2000 ) : 225 -- 266 . Humanities International Complete , EBSCOhost ( accessed September 27 , 2017 ) . Williamson , W.F. `` The Place of Coffee in Trade with Latin America . '' Journal of Marketing 6 , no . 4 ( April 2 , 1942 ) : 149 -- 151 . Business Source Complete , EBSCOhost Coffee Topics Economics Fair trade History Production Coffee production List of countries by coffee production Species and varieties Arabica Kona coffee S795 coffee Charrieriana Liberica Robusta Components Cafestol Caffeic acid Caffeine Coffee bean Processing Coffee roasting Coffee wastewater Decaffeination Home roasting Preparation AeroPress Arabic coffee Brewed coffee Canned coffee Cezve Chorreador Coffeemaker Coffee syrup Cold brew Espresso doppio lungo ristretto Espresso machine French press Handpresso Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol Instant coffee Knockbox List of coffee dishes Moka pot Percolator Turkish coffee Vacuum maker Coffee drinks Affogato Americano Bica Bicerin Black Russian Cà phê sữa đá Café au lait Café de olla Café con leche Caffè crema Café Cubano Caffè mocha Café Touba Caffè corretto Café com Cheirinho Caffè macchiato Cappuccino Carajillo Coffee milk Cortado Espresso Flat white Frappuccino Galão Garoto Greek frappé coffee Iced coffee Indian filter coffee Ipoh white coffee Irish coffee Karsk Kopi Luwak Kopi tubruk Latte Latte macchiato Liqueur coffee Long black Lungo Mazagran Oliang Red eye Ristretto Rüdesheimer Kaffee Tenom coffee Turkish coffee White coffee White Russian Wiener Melange Yuenyeung Organisation lists Coffee companies Coffeehouses Lifestyle Barista Caffè sospeso Coffee break Coffee ceremony CoffeeCon Coffee culture Coffee cupping Coffee Palace Coffeehouse Fika Kopi tiam Latte art Viennese coffee house Substitutes Barley coffee Barley tea Barleycup Caro Chicory Dandelion coffee Inka Postum Qishr Roasted grain drink Misc . Coffee and doughnuts Coffee cup Coffee cup sleeve Demitasse Tasse à café Coffee leaf rust King Gustav 's twin experiment Coffee vending machine Demitasse spoon Single - serve coffee container Third wave of coffee Coffee portal Category : Coffee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_coffee&oldid=815786766 '' Categories : Coffee History of food and drink Hidden categories : CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations using unnamed parameters Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who discovered coffee and what is the story	[]	[]
-4289436012363720039	Law of the jungle	Law of the jungle - wikipedia Law of the jungle For other uses , see Law of the jungle ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Law for the Wolves `` NOW this is the law of the jungle , as old and as true as the sky , And the wolf that shall keep it may prosper , but the wolf that shall break it must die . As the creeper that girdles the tree trunk , the law runneth forward and back ; For the strength of the pack is the wolf , and the strength of the wolf is the pack . Wash daily from nose tip to tail tip ; drink deeply , but never too deep ; And remember the night is for hunting and forget not the day is for sleep . The jackal may follow the tiger , but , cub , when thy whiskers are grown , Remember the wolf is a hunter -- go forth and get food of thy own . Keep peace with the lords of the jungle , the tiger , the panther , the bear ; And trouble not Hathi the Silent , and mock not the boar in his lair . When pack meets with pack in the jungle , and neither will go from the trail , Lie down till the leaders have spoken ; it may be fair words shall prevail . When ye fight with a wolf of the pack ye must fight him alone and afar , Lest others take part in the quarrel and the pack is diminished by war . The lair of the wolf is his refuge , and where he has made him his home , Not even the head wolf may enter , not even the council may come . The lair of the wolf is his refuge , but where he has digged it too plain , The council shall send him a message , and so he shall change it again . If ye kill before midnight be silent and wake not the woods with your bay , Lest ye frighten the deer from the crop and thy brothers go empty away . Ye may kill for yourselves , and your mates , and your cubs as they need and ye can ; But kill not for pleasure of killing , and seven times never kill man . If ye plunder his kill from a weaker , devour not all in thy pride , Pack - right is the right of the meanest ; so leave him the head and the hide . The kill of the pack is the meat of the pack . Ye must eat where it lies ; And no one may carry away of that meat to his lair , or he dies . The kill of the wolf is the meat of the wolf . He may do what he will , But , till he has given permission , the pack may not eat of that kill . Lair right is the right of the mother . From all of her years she may claim One haunch of each kill for her litter , and none may deny her the same . Cub right is the right of the yearling . From all of his pack he may claim Full gorge when the killer has eaten ; and none may refuse him the same . Cave right is the right of the father , to hunt by himself for his own ; He is freed from all calls to the pack . He is judged by the council alone . Because of his age and his cunning , because of his gripe and his paw , In all that the law leaveth open the word of the head wolf is law . Now these are the laws of the jungle , and many and mighty are they ; But the head and the hoof of the law and the haunch and the hump is -- Obey ! '' -- Rudyard Kipling ( 1865 -- 1936 ) `` The law of the jungle '' is an expression that means `` every man for himself '' , `` anything goes '' , `` survival of the strongest '' , `` survival of the fittest '' , `` kill or be killed '' , `` dog eat dog '' or `` eat or be eaten '' . The Oxford English Dictionary defines the Law of the Jungle as `` the code of survival in jungle life , now usually with reference to the superiority of brute force or self - interest in the struggle for survival . '' It is also known as jungle law or frontier justice . The phrase was used in a poem by Rudyard Kipling to describe the obligations and behaviour of a wolf in a pack . However , this use of the term has been overtaken in popularity by the other interpretations above . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Jungle Book 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The jungle Book ( edit ) In the novel The Jungle Book , Rudyard Kipling uses the term to describe an actual set of legal codes used by wolves and other animals in the jungles of India . In Chapter Two of The Second Jungle Book , Rudyard Kipling provides a poem , featuring the Law of the Jungle as known to the wolves , and as taught to their offspring . In the 2016 Disney adaptation of the novel , the wolves often recite a poem referred as the `` law of the jungle '' and when Baloo asks Mowgli if he ever heard a song and he begins to recite this anthem , the bear responds by telling him that it is not a song , but a propaganda text . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Anarchism Evolutionary psychology Natural law Stateless society Social Darwinism The Wild West References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law of the Jungle . '' Oxford English Dictionary Online . Oxford University Press . n.d. Web . 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . The Jungle Book . New York : Sterling Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . The Second Jungle Book . Middlesex : The Echo Library , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLaw of the jungleat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Texts from Wikisource The Second Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Rudyard Kipling Novels The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) Captains Courageous ( 1896 ) Kim ( 1901 ) Collections Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) Soldiers Three ( 1888 ) The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) In Black and White ( 1888 ) The Phantom ' Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales ( 1888 ) Under the Deodars ( 1888 ) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories ( 1888 ) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel ( 1889 ) Barrack - Room Ballads ( 1892 , poetry ) Many Inventions ( 1893 ) The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' All the Mowgli Stories ( c. 1895 ) The Seven Seas ( 1896 , poetry ) The Day 's Work ( 1898 ) Stalky & Co. ( 1899 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) The Five Nations ( 1903 , poetry ) Puck of Pook 's Hill ( 1906 ) Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) The Fringes of the Fleet ( 1915 , non-fiction ) Debits and Credits ( 1926 ) Limits and Renewals ( 1932 ) Rudyard Kipling 's Verse : Definitive Edition ( 1940 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( by T.S. Eliot , 1941 ) Poems `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' `` The Ballad of the `` Clampherdown '' '' `` The Ballad of East and West '' `` The Beginnings '' `` The Bell Buoy '' `` The Betrothed '' `` Big Steamers '' `` Boots '' `` Cold Iron '' `` Dane - geld '' `` Danny Deever '' `` A Death - Bed '' `` The Female of the Species '' `` Fuzzy - Wuzzy '' `` Gentleman ranker '' `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' `` Gunga Din '' `` Hymn Before Action '' `` If -- '' `` In the Neolithic Age '' `` The King 's Pilgrimage '' `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' `` The Lowestoft Boat '' `` Mandalay '' `` The Mary Gloster '' `` McAndrew 's Hymn '' `` My Boy Jack '' `` Recessional '' `` A Song in Storm '' `` The Sons of Martha '' `` Submarines '' `` The Sweepers '' `` Tommy '' `` Ubique '' `` The White Man 's Burden '' `` The Widow at Windsor '' Short stories ``. 007 '' `` The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly '' `` Baa Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Bread upon the Waters '' `` The Broken Link Handicap '' `` The Butterfly that Stamped '' `` Consequences '' `` The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin '' `` Cupid 's Arrows '' `` The Devil and the Deep Sea '' `` The Drums of the Fore and Aft '' `` Fairy - Kist '' `` False Dawn '' `` A Germ - Destroyer '' `` His Chance in Life '' `` His Wedded Wife '' `` In the House of Suddhoo '' `` Kidnapped '' `` Learoyd , Mulvaney and Ortheris '' `` Lispeth '' `` The Man Who Would Be King '' `` A Matter of Fact '' `` Miss Youghal 's Sais '' `` The Mother Hive '' `` Ortheris '' `` The Other Man '' `` The Rescue of Pluffles '' `` The Ship that Found Herself '' `` The Sing - Song of Old Man Kangaroo '' `` The Taking of Lungtungpen '' `` Three and -- an Extra '' `` The Three Musketeers '' `` Thrown Away '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` Watches of the Night '' `` Wireless '' `` Yoked with an Unbeliever '' Related Bibliography Bateman 's ( house ) Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack ( 1997 play ) Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale ( 2006 documentary ) My Boy Jack ( 2007 film ) Family Elsie Bambridge ( daughter ) John Kipling ( son ) John Lockwood Kipling ( father ) MacDonald sisters ( mother 's family ) Stanley Baldwin ( cousin ) Georgiana Burne - Jones ( aunt ) Edward Burne - Jones ( uncle ) Philip Burne - Jones ( cousin ) Edward Poynter ( uncle ) Alfred Baldwin ( uncle ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_the_jungle&oldid=847411553 '' Categories : Fictional laws The Jungle Book Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara فارسی Français 日本語 Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 05 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	the strength of the wolf is the pack and the strength of the pack is the wolf	[]	[]
-2963433562757281816	United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland	United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland - wikipedia United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland Jump to : navigation , search An orthographic projection map featuring the United Kingdom and Ireland ( highlighted in dark green ) Eleven United States presidents have made presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland . The first visit by an incumbent president to the United Kingdom was made in December 1918 by Woodrow Wilson , and was an offshoot of American diplomatic interactions with the Principal Allied Powers at the conclusion of World War I prior to the Paris Peace Conference . The first visit by an incumbent president to Ireland was made in June 1963 by John F. Kennedy . To date , 33 visits have been made to the United Kingdom and nine to Ireland . The United States is bound together with both Ireland and the United Kingdom by shared history , an overlap in religion and a common language and legal system , plus kinship ties that reach back hundreds of years , including kindred , ancestral lines among Cornish Americans , English Americans , Manx Americans , Irish Americans , Scotch - Irish Americans , Scottish Americans , Welsh Americans , and American Britons respectively . Table of visits ( edit ) President Dates Nation Locations Major events Woodrow Wilson 01 ! December 26 -- 28 , 1918 United Kingdom London , Carlisle , Manchester Met with Prime Minister David Lloyd George and King George V . Harry S. Truman 02 ! August 2 , 1945 Plymouth Informal meeting with King George VI . Dwight D. Eisenhower 03 ! August 27 -- September 2 , 1959 London , Balmoral , Chequers Informal visit . Met with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II . 04 ! September 4 -- 7 , 1959 Culzean Castle Rested before returning to the United States . John F. Kennedy 05 ! June 4 -- 5 , 1961 London Private visit . Met with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II . 06 ! June 26 -- 29 , 1963 Ireland Dublin , Wexford , Cork , Galway , Limerick Addressed Oireachtas . Visited ancestral home . 07 ! June 29 -- 30 , 1963 United Kingdom Birch Grove Informal visit with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan at his home . Richard Nixon 08 ! February 24 -- 26 , 1969 London Informal visit . Delivered several public addresses . 09 ! August 3 , 1969 RAF Mildenhall Informal meeting with Prime Minister Harold Wilson . 10 ! October 3 , 1970 Chequers Met informally with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Edward Heath . 11 ! October 3 -- 5 , 1970 Ireland Limerick , Timahoe , Dublin State visit . Met with Prime Minister Jack Lynch . Jimmy Carter 12 ! May 5 -- 11 , 1977 United Kingdom London , Newcastle , Sunderland Attended the 3rd G7 summit . Also met with the Prime Ministers of Greece , Belgium , Turkey , Norway , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg , and with the President of Portugal . Addressed the NATO Ministers meeting . Ronald Reagan 13 ! June 7 -- 9 , 1982 London , Windsor Castle Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . Addressed Parliament . 14 ! June 1 -- 4 , 1984 Ireland Shannon , Galway , Ballyporeen , Dublin Met with President Patrick Hillery and Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald . Visited ancestral home . Addressed Parliament . 15 ! June 4 -- 10 , 1984 United Kingdom London Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . Attended the 10th G7 summit . 16 ! June 2 -- 3 , 1988 Met with Queen Elizabeth II , Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita . George H.W. Bush 17 ! May 31 -- June 2 , 1989 Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . 18 ! July 5 -- 6 , 1990 Attended NATO Summit Meeting . 19 ! July 14 -- 18 , 1991 Attended the 17th G7 summit . Also met with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev . Bill Clinton 20 ! June 4 -- 5 , 1994 Cambridge , London , Portsmouth Visited U.S. Military Cemetery . Met with Prime Minister John Major . Attended state dinner with Queen Elizabeth II and heads of state and government of Canada , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Australia , New Zealand , Norway and Belgium . Attended D - Day commemorative ceremonies . 21 ! June 8 , 1994 Oxford Received honorary degree from Oxford University . 22 ! November 28 -- December 1 , 1995 London , Belfast , Derry Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister John Major . Addressed Parliament . Delivered several public addresses in Northern Ireland . 23 ! December 1 -- 2 , 1995 Ireland Dublin Met with President Mary Robinson and Prime Minister John Bruton . 24 ! May 28 -- 29 , 1997 United Kingdom London Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and attended a Cabinet meeting . 25 ! May 14 -- 18 , 1998 Birmingham , Weston - under - Lizard , London Attended the 24th G8 summit and the U.S. - EU Summit Meeting . 26 ! September 3 , 1998 Belfast , Armagh , Omagh Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Northern Irish political leaders . Addressed the Northern Ireland Assembly . 27 ! September 3 -- 5 , 1998 Ireland Dublin , Adare , Limerick , Ballybunion Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern . Delivered several public addresses and played golf . 28 ! December 12 , 2000 Dublin , Dundalk Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern . Delivered several public addresses . 29 ! December 12 -- 14 , 2000 United Kingdom Belfast , London , Coventry Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Northern Irish political leaders in Belfast . Met with Queen Elizabeth II ; made a speech at the University of Warwick . George W. Bush 30 ! July 18 -- 20 , 2001 London , Chequers , Halton , Brize Norton Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Queen Elizabeth II . 31 ! April 7 -- 8 , 2003 Belfast , Hillsborough Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair to discuss the reconstruction of Iraq . Also met with the Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern and Northern Irish political leaders . 32 ! November 18 -- 21 , 2003 London , Sedgefield State visit . Met with Queen Elizabeth II and stayed at Buckingham Palace , where a formal state reception was held . In lieu of formal address to parliament , gave an address at Banqueting House . Later accompanied Prime Minister Blair on a tour of the latter 's constituency in Sedgefield . 33 ! June 25 -- 26 , 2004 Ireland Shannon , Dromoland Castle Attended the U.S. - EU summit meeting . Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern . 34 ! July 6 -- 8 , 2005 United Kingdom Gleneagles Attended the 31st G8 summit . 35 ! February 28 , 2006 Ireland Shannon Met with U.S. Marines who were en route to Iraq . 36 ! June 15 -- 16 , 2008 United Kingdom London , Belfast Met with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle . Met with Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Quartet Representative Tony Blair . In Belfast , met with the Northern Ireland First Minister Peter Robinson and the Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness . Barack Obama 37 ! March 31 -- April 3 , 2009 London Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Gordon Brown . Attended the G - 20 summit meeting . 38 ! May 23 , 2011 Ireland Dublin , Moneygall Met with President Mary McAleese and Prime Minister Enda Kenny . Visited ancestral home . 39 ! May 23 -- 26 , 2011 United Kingdom London State visit . Met with Queen Elizabeth II and stayed at Buckingham Palace where a ceremonial welcome and state dinner was given . Laid a wreath at the Tomb of The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey . Addressed a joint session of the British Parliament in Westminster Hall . Met with Prime Minister David Cameron and Labour Party leader Ed Miliband . 40 ! June 17 -- 18 , 2013 Belfast , Lough Erne Attended the 39th G8 summit . 41 ! September 4 -- 5 , 2014 Newport Attended the NATO Summit Meeting . 42 ! April 21 -- 24 , 2016 London , Windsor , Watford Met with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle . Met with Prime Minister David Cameron and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn . See also ( edit ) United Kingdom -- United States relations Ireland -- United States relations Foreign policy of the United States Foreign relations of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Woodrow Wilson '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Harry S. Truman '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President John F. Kennedy '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland '' . BBC News . June 27 , 1963 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Richard M. Nixon '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Travels of President Jimmy Carter '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Ronald Reagan '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` Inward State Visits Since 1952 '' ( PDF ) . The Royal Household ( UK ) . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President George H.W. Bush '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President William J. Clinton '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President George W. Bush '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . ^ Jump up to : `` Travels of President Barack Obama '' . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ `` London Summit '' . International trips made by the President of the United States By place Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Americas Canada Caribbean Central America Mexico South America Eurasia East Asia Eastern Europe & Northern Asia Middle East Northern Europe South Asia Southeast Asia Southern Europe United Kingdom and Ireland Western Europe Oceania Australia and New Zealand By president Wilson Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_visits_to_the_United_Kingdom_and_Ireland&oldid=796900563 '' Categories : United Kingdom -- United States relations Diplomacy - related lists Diplomatic visits by heads of government Diplomatic visits by heads of state Lists relating to the United States presidency United States history - related lists United States presidential visits Ireland -- United States relations Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 18 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the us president stay in london	[]	[]
-1211641843555095278	Remember the Time	Remember the Time - wikipedia Remember the Time Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Michael Jackson song . For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see Remember the Time ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . `` Remember the Time '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album Dangerous Released January 14 , 1992 Format CD single cassette single 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded March 1991 Genre Contemporary R&B funk new jack swing pop Length 4 : 00 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Teddy Riley Michael Jackson Bernard Belle Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson Teddy Riley Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Black or White '' ( 1991 ) `` Remember the Time '' ( 1992 ) `` In the Closet '' ( 1992 ) `` Black or White '' ( 1991 ) `` Remember the Time '' ( 1992 ) `` In the Closet '' ( 1992 ) Music video `` Remember The Time '' on YouTube `` Remember the Time '' is a single by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson recorded at Record One Studios . The song was released by Epic Records on January 14 , 1992 , as the second single from Jackson 's eighth studio album , Dangerous . Written and composed by Teddy Riley , Michael Jackson and Bernard Belle , the song was produced by Riley and Jackson . `` Remember the Time '' was a successful attempt by Jackson to create a dance - oriented , new jack swing - flavored jam with the accompaniment of co-producer Riley . The lyrics are about remembering being in love with someone . `` Remember the Time '' was generally well received by contemporary critics . The song was commercially successful , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number one on Billboard 's R&B singles chart . Internationally , the song was a top ten hit in nine countries , peaking at number one in New Zealand , at two in Spain and three in the United Kingdom . The song reached the top ten in all major territories . A nine - minute music video directed by John Singleton , marketed as a `` short film '' , was released for the song . The video is set in ancient Egypt and features appearances by Eddie Murphy , Iman , Tommy `` Tiny '' Lister and Magic Johnson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Live Performances 4 Critical reception 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 7 Official remixes 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Personnel 10 See also 11 References Background ( edit ) `` Remember the Time '' was released as the second single from Michael Jackson 's eighth studio album , Dangerous , on January 14 , 1992 . The song was written by Teddy Riley , Michael Jackson and Bernard Belle , and was produced by Riley and Jackson . `` Remember the Time '' is three minutes fifty nine seconds long . The song 's music was compared to Jackson 's 1979 single , `` Rock with You '' from his Off the Wall album . The song was rumored to be about Jackson 's relationship with Debbie Rowe in the late 1980s and early 1990s . Co-writer Teddy Riley , who was quoted to have said so in an interview with the Los Angeles Times in 1996 , denied in a 2011 reply to a fan on Twitter that the song was about Rowe . Others have noted that when the single was originally released in 1992 , Jackson dedicated the song to Diana Ross , including Jermaine Jackson , who in his book You Are Not Alone : Michael : Through a Brother 's Eyes wrote , `` ... that song was , as Michael told me , written with Diana Ross in mind ; the one great love that , as far as he was concerned , escaped him . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Remember the Time '' is a new jack swing song . The lyrics recall a youthful love affair : `` Do you remember when we fell in love / We were young and innocent then '' . The song is set in the key of an original F Minor with Jackson 's voice range from Eb to C. The song 's tempo is moderate at 116 beats per minute . Live performances ( edit ) `` Remember the Time '' was rehearsed for the Dangerous World Tour , but it was ultimately cut due to wardrobe malfunctions . At the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards , the song won the award for Best R&B / Soul Single - Male . Jackson appeared with an injured foot and on crutches , but was able to perform the song seated in a chair , surrounded by dancers . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Remember the Time '' was generally well received by contemporary music critics . Martin Short , a writer for Allmusic , commented that the album Dangerous had `` plenty '' of `` professional craftsmanship at its peak '' because of `` such fine singles '' like `` In the Closet '' and `` Remember the Time '' . Erlewine listed `` Remember the Time '' as being a highlight from Dangerous . Alan Light , a writer for Rolling Stone , stated that he felt `` Remember the Time '' was the `` most lighthearted musical track on the album '' and described the song 's lyrics as telling of a `` blissful romance only to ask , ' So why did it end ? ' '' Jon Parales of The New York Times commented that `` titles like ' Remember the Time ' , ' She Drives Me Wild ' and ' Give in to Me ' '' tell the lyrics ' `` whole story - though they do n't suggest the wretched tone he has when he sings them . '' Richard Harrington , a writer for The Washington Post , described `` Remember the Time '' as being `` wistful , '' commenting that he felt that the song featured Jackson 's `` least affected vocal performance '' but that it `` builds an engaging , radio - friendly momentum '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Remember the Time '' peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 on March 7 , 1992 , five weeks after the single release . The song saw similar success on other Billboard charts ; topping the R&B / Hip - Hop Songs on March 7 , and peaking at number two in Dance / Club Play Songs on April 4 , 1992 , and number 15 in Adult Contemporary on March 21 in the same year . The song peaked at number two on Billboards Hot Dance Music / Maxi Singles Sales . It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for the shipment of over 500,000 units in the United States in March 1992 . The song saw similar commercial success internationally , charting in the top 20 in all major territories at the time of its release . In the United Kingdom , `` Remember the Time '' first entered the chart on February 15 , 1992 , placing at number six . The following week , on February 22 , the song charted at number three , where it peaked ; the song remained on the charts for a total of eight weeks . `` Remember the Time '' topped the New Zealand charts for two consecutive weeks , having first entered the chart at number three on February 23 . It peaked at number four in the Netherlands and Switzerland . The song also charted within the top ten on the French , Australian , Swedish , Italian , and Norwegian charts ; peaking at number five , six , eight and ten . It charted in the top 20 , peaking at number 16 , in Austria . Having been re-issued for Jackson 's Visionary campaign in 2006 , `` Remember the Time '' peaked at number two in Spain on the charts issue date on May 14 , 2006 . After Jackson 's death in June 2009 , his music saw a surge in popularity . In the United Kingdom , on the chart of July 11 , the song re-entered at number 81 . Music video ( edit ) As part of promotion for `` Remember the Time '' , a music video , which was filmed in mid-January 1992 , was released . Prior to the release of the video , Jackson 's record label promoted it by releasing clips , as well as releasing behind the scenes clips of making the video . The nine - minute video was promoted as a `` short film '' . It premiered on MTV , Fox and Black Entertainment Television on February 2 , 1992 . After the video premiered on MTV , the channel aired a `` rockumentary '' called `` More Dangerous Than Ever '' which included glimpses of the making of the video . Jackson 's record label would not release the video 's budget figures . Directed by John Singleton and choreographed by Fatima Robinson , the video was an elaborate production and became one of Jackson 's longest videos at over nine minutes . It was set in ancient Egypt and featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy , Iman , The Pharcyde , Magic Johnson , Tom `` Tiny '' Lister , Jr. and Wylie Draper , who portrayed Jackson as an adult in the made - for - TV movie The Jacksons : An American Dream and died shortly after appearing in this video . The video also featured Michael 's first on screen kiss . Jackson appears in the video as a hooded wizard who enters an Egyptian palace and attempts to entertain the Pharaoh 's bored Queen . Two other entertainers have failed , and she has sent them to be executed . The Queen sees that this wizard is different -- instead of juggling or eating fire , he walks up the steps to her throne and sings to her , asking her if she `` remembers the time '' they were together . The Pharaoh ( played by Murphy ) hardly appreciates this move and summons his guards . Jackson runs away to another room and begins elaborate , Egyptian - style choreography with the Pharaoh 's servants . When the guards find him , Jackson turns into golden sand . In the video , Jackson was dressed in a costume made of gold satin . He wore golden chain mail , a white skirt with a phallic dangling sash , black pants and black boots . This video features a physically complicated dance routine that became the centerpiece of other videos from the Dangerous album . The music video was generally well received by music critics . Ira Robbins of Entertainment Weekly described `` Remember the Time '' as being a `` gorgeous ancient Egyptian extravaganza '' video . The music video appeared on the video albums : Dangerous -- The Short Films , Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory and Michael Jackson 's Vision . The music video , along with other videos from Dangerous , was frequently shown on MTV . Official remixes ( edit ) Album version -- 3 : 59 Frank Funky Fresh Jazz Remix - 4 : 08 A cappella -- 3 : 35 New Jack Mix -- 6 : 48 New Jack Main Mix -- 6 : 50 New Jack Radio Mix -- 4 : 00 New Jack Jazz ( 21 ) -- 5 : 06 12 '' Main Mix -- 4 : 47 7 '' Main Mix -- 3 : 59 Bonus Beats 3 -- 4 : 46 Soul 12 '' Mix -- 7 : 05 Silky Soul 7 '' Mix -- 4 : 18 Silky Dub -- 6 : 17 E-Smoove's Late Nite Mix -- 7 : 20 E-Smoove's Late Nite Dub -- 5 : 35 Maurice 's Underground Mix -- 7 : 29 Mo - Mo 's Instrumental -- 5 : 20 `` Remember the Time '' / `` Bad ( Immortal version ) -- 4 : 39 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 6 Austrian Singles Chart 16 Belgium Singles Chart Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) French Singles Chart 5 German Singles Chart 8 Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( GfK Dutch Chart ) New Zealand Singles Chart Norway Singles Chart 10 Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart 8 Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position French Singles Chart 63 Italian Singles Chart 10 Netherlands ( GfK Dutch Chart ) 44 Spanish Singles Chart UK ( Official Charts Company ) 22 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Netherlands ( GfK Dutch Chart ) 68 Swiss Singles Chart 58 UK Singles Chart 81 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 80 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 70 US Billboard Hot 100 19 Certifications ( edit ) Country Provider Certification Sales / shipments Australia ARIA Platinum 70,000 New Zealand RIANZ Platinum 15,000 United States RIAA Platinum 1,000,000 + Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Teddy Riley , Michael Jackson and Bernard Belle Produced by Teddy Riley and Michael Jackson Recorded and mixed by Bruce Swedien , Teddy Riley and Dave Way Solo and background vocals , vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Keyboards , synthesizers , Drum Programming and synthesizer arrangements by Teddy Riley Sequencing and programming by Wayne Cobham See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jon Parales ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Review / Video ; Michael Jackson 's Costly New Promotional Clip '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cheo Hodari Coker ( 1996 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Mr. New Jack Swings Back '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Riley , Teddy ( 2011 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Hell to da nooooooo ... not Debbie . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Hell to da nooooooo ... not Debbie . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Time dedicated with love to Diana Ross '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson `` Remember the Time '' dedicated with love to Diana Ross CD Cover `` . Jump up ^ You Are Not Alone : Michael : Through a Brother 's Eyes by Jermanie Jackson Jump up ^ Josephs , Brian ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` The 25 Best New Jack Swing Songs '' . Complex . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Browne ( 1994 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Sound Effects '' . EW.com . Time Warner Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Time - Michael Jackson Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` allmusic ( ( Dangerous > Overview ) ) '' . Allmusic.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Alan Light ( 1992 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Dangerous : Michael Jackson : Review '' . RollingStone.com . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 1991 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Recordings View ; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Richard Harrington ( 1991 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Article : Jackson 's ` Dangerous ' Departures ; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years '' . HighBeam.com . The Gale Group , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Click to PlayClick to Play VideoRemember the Time - Michael Jackson '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Michael Jackson > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . Allmusic.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA.com . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Charts Company - Remember The Time by Michael Jackson Search '' . The Official Charts Company . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson - Remember the Time ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung medien . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson - Remember the Time ( chanson ) '' . LesCharts.com . Humg Medien . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson - Remember the Time ( song ) '' . SpanishCharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ed Christman , Antony Bruno , ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Michael Jackson Music Sales Surge Could Last For Months '' . Billboard.com . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NEW MICHAEL JACKSON VIDEO DUE FEB. 2 '' . hiladelphia Inquirer. 1992 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 1992 - 01 - 21 ) . `` New Michael Jackson Video Dub Feb. 2 '' . Nl.Newsbank.com . News Library . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ira Robbins ( 1993 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Michael Jackson Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory '' . EW.com . Time Warner , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Schwarzbaum ( 1993 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Dangerous : The Short Films '' . EW.com . Time Warner , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Hung Medien . `` Remember the time in Australian Chart '' . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the time in Belgian Chart '' . Ultratop and Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2078 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 2086 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the time in German Chart '' . Media control . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=9 Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the time in Dutch Top 40 '' . Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the time in GfK Dutch Chart '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swiss Singles Chart Archives '' . HitParade.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Michael Jackson . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Michael Jackson . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Michael Jackson . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dangerous awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Michael Jackson . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ http://www.uk-charts.top-source.info/top-100-1992.shtml Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aria 50 Top Singles Charts '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart : Charts Facts '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_the_Time&oldid=800757916 '' Categories : 1992 singles Michael Jackson songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Songs written by Michael Jackson Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Songs written by Teddy Riley Songs written by Bernard Belle New jack swing songs 1991 songs Epic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the queen in remember the time	[]	[]
7323139987930030038	Gall–Peters projection	Gall -- Peters projection - wikipedia Gall -- Peters projection The Gall -- Peters projection of the world map The Gall -- Peters projection is a rectangular map projection that maps all areas such that they have the correct sizes relative to each other . Like any equal - area projection , it achieves this goal by distorting most shapes . The projection is a particular example of the cylindrical equal - area projection with latitudes 45 ° north and south as the regions on the map that have no distortion . The projection is named after James Gall and Arno Peters . Gall is credited with describing the projection in 1855 at a science convention . He published a paper on it in 1885 . Peters brought the projection to a wider audience beginning in the early 1970s by means of the `` Peters World Map '' . The name `` Gall -- Peters projection '' seems to have been used first by Arthur H. Robinson in a pamphlet put out by the American Cartographic Association in 1986 . Maps based on the projection are promoted by UNESCO , and they are also widely used by British schools . In the U.S. state of Massachusetts , Boston Public Schools began phasing in these maps in March 2017 , becoming the first public school district in the United States to adopt Gall -- Peters maps as their standard . The Gall -- Peters projection achieved notoriety in the late 20th century as the centerpiece of a controversy about the political implications of map design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Formula 1.2 Simplified formula 1.3 Discussion 2 Origins and naming 3 Peters World Map 4 Controversy 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Formula ( edit ) The projection is conventionally defined as : x = R π λ cos ⁡ 45 ∘ 180 ∘ = R π λ 180 ∘ 2 y = R sin ⁡ φ cos ⁡ 45 ∘ = R 2 sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x& = ( \ frac ( R \ pi \ lambda \ cos 45 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( R \ pi \ lambda ) ( 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) \ \ y& = ( \ frac ( R \ sin \ varphi ) ( \ cos 45 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) = R ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ sin \ varphi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where λ is the longitude from the central meridian in degrees , φ is the latitude , and R is the radius of the globe used as the model of the earth for projection . For longitude given in radians , remove the π / 180 ° factors . Simplified formula ( edit ) Stripping out unit conversion and uniform scaling , the formulae may be written : x = R λ y = 2 R sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x& = R \ lambda \ \ y& = 2R \ sin \ varphi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where λ is the longitude from the central meridian ( in radians ) , φ is the latitude , and R is the radius of the globe used as the model of the earth for projection . Hence the sphere is mapped onto the vertical cylinder , and the cylinder is stretched to double its length . The stretch factor , 2 in this case , is what distinguishes the variations of cylindric equal - area projection . Discussion ( edit ) The Gall -- Peters cylindrical equal - area projection with Tissot 's indicatrices of deformation The various specializations of the cylindric equal - area projection differ only in the ratio of the vertical to horizontal axis . This ratio determines the standard parallel of the projection , which is the parallel at which there is no distortion and along which distances match the stated scale . There are always two standard parallels on the cylindric equal - area projection , each at the same distance north and south of the equator . The standard parallels of the Gall -- Peters are 45 ° N and 45 ° S. Several other specializations of the equal - area cylindric have been described , promoted , or otherwise named . Named specializations of the cylindric equal - area projection Specialization Standard parallels N / S Lambert cylindric equal - area Equator Behrmann cylindric equal - area 30 ° Smyth equal - surface ( = Craster rectangular ) 37 ° 04 ′ Trystan Edwards 37 ° 24 ′ Hobo -- Dyer 37 ° 30 ′ Gall -- Peters ( = Gall orthographic = Peters ) 45 ° Balthasart 50 ° Tobler 's world in a square 55 ° 39 ′ Origins and naming ( edit ) The Gall -- Peters projection was first described in 1855 by clergyman James Gall , who presented it along with two other projections at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( the BA ) . He gave it the name `` orthographic '' and formally published his work in 1885 in the Scottish Geographical Magazine . The projection is suggestive of the Orthographic projection in that distances between parallels of the Gall -- Peters are a constant multiple of the distances between the parallels of the orthographic . That constant is √ 2 . The name `` Gall -- Peters projection '' seems to have been used first by Arthur H. Robinson in a pamphlet put out by the American Cartographic Association in 1986 . Before 1973 it had been known , when referred to at all , as the `` Gall orthographic '' or `` Gall 's orthographic . '' Most Peters supporters refer to it only as the `` Peters projection . '' During the years of controversy the cartographic literature tended to mention both attributions , settling on one or the other for the purposes of the article . In recent years `` Gall -- Peters '' seems to dominate . Peters world map ( edit ) The right and left borders of the Peters map are in the Bering Strait , so all of Russia is displayed on the right side . Greenwich great circle Bering Strait great circle ( traversing Florence in Italy , see Florence meridian ) Comparison of the Gall -- Peters projection and some cylindrical equal - area map projections with Tissot indicatrix , standard parallels and aspect ratio In 1967 , Arno Peters , a German filmmaker , devised a map projection identical to Gall 's orthographic projection and presented it in 1973 as a `` new invention '' . He promoted it as a superior alternative to the Mercator projection , which was suited to navigation but also used commonly in world maps . The Mercator projection increasingly inflates the sizes of regions according to their distance from the equator . This inflation results , for example , in a representation of Greenland that is larger than Africa , which has a geographic area 14 times greater than Greenland 's . Since much of the technologically underdeveloped world lies near the equator , these countries appear smaller on a Mercator and therefore , according to Peters , seem less significant . On Peters 's projection , by contrast , areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map . By using his `` new '' projection , Peters argued that poorer , less powerful nations could be restored to their rightful proportions . This reasoning has been picked up by many educational and religious bodies , leading to adoption of the Gall -- Peters projection among some socially concerned groups , including Oxfam , National Council of Churches , New Internationalist magazine , and the Mennonite Central Committee . However , Peters 's choice of 45 ° N / S for the standard parallels means that the regions displayed with highest accuracy include Europe and the US , and not the tropics . Peters 's original description of the projection for his map contained a geometric error that , taken literally , implies standard parallels of 46 ° 02 ′ N / S. However the text accompanying the description made it clear that he had intended the standard parallels to be 45 ° N / S , making his projection identical to Gall 's orthographic . In any case , the difference is negligible in a world map . Controversy ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Geography and Imperialism At first , the cartographic community largely ignored Peters 's foray into cartography . The preceding century had already witnessed many campaigns for new projections with little visible result . Just twenty years earlier , for example , Trystan Edwards described and promoted his own eponymous projection , disparaging the Mercator , and recommending his projection as the solution . Peters 's projection differed from Edwards 's only in height - to - width ratio . More problematic , Peters 's projection was identical to one that was already over a century old , though he probably did not realize it . That projection -- Gall 's orthographic -- passed unnoticed when it was announced in 1855 . Beyond the lack of novelty in the projection itself , the claims Peters made about the projection were also familiar to cartographers . Just as in the case of Peters , earlier projections generally were promoted as alternatives to the Mercator . Inappropriate use of the Mercator projection in world maps and the size disparities figuring prominently in Peters 's arguments against the Mercator projection had been remarked upon for centuries and quite commonly in the 20th century . As early as 1943 , Stewart notes this phenomenon and compares the quest for the perfect projection to `` squaring the circle or making pi come out even '' because the mathematics that governs map projections just does not permit development of a map projection that is objectively significantly better than the hundreds already devised . Even Peters 's politicized interpretation of the common use of Mercator was nothing new , with Kelloway 's 1946 text mentioning a similar controversy . Cartographers had long despaired over publishers ' inapt use of the Mercator . A 1943 New York Times editorial stated that `` The time has come to discard ( the Mercator ) for something that represents the continents and directions less deceptively ... Although its usage ... has diminished ... it is still highly popular as a wall map apparently in part because , as a rectangular map , it fills a rectangular wall space with more map , and clearly because its familiarity breeds more popularity . '' Because of the lack of novelty both in the projection Peters devised and in the rhetoric surrounding its promotion , the cartographic community had no reason to think Peters would succeed any more than Edwards or his predecessors had . Peters , however , launched his campaign in a different world from that of Edwards . He announced his map at a time when themes of social justice resonated strongly in academia and politics . Suggesting `` cartographic imperialism '' , Peters found ready audiences . The campaign was bolstered by the claim that the Peters projection was the only `` area - correct '' map . Other claims included `` absolute angle conformality '' , `` no extreme distortions of form '' , and `` totally distance - factual '' . All of those claims were erroneous . Some of the oldest projections are equal - area ( the sinusoidal projection is also known as the `` Mercator equal - area projection '' ) , and hundreds have been described , refuting any implication that Peters 's map is special in that regard . In any case , Mercator was not the pervasive projection Peters made it out to be : a wide variety of projections has always been used in world maps . Peters 's chosen projection suffers extreme distortion in the polar regions , as any cylindrical projection must , and its distortion along the equator is considerable . Several scholars have remarked on the irony of the projection 's undistorted presentation of the mid latitudes , including Peters 's native Germany , at the expense of the low latitudes , which host more of the technologically underdeveloped nations . The claim of distance fidelity is particularly problematic : Peters 's map lacks distance fidelity everywhere except along the 45th parallels north and south , and then only in the direction of those parallels . No world projection is good at preserving distances everywhere ; Peters 's and all other cylindric projections are especially bad in that regard because east - west distances inevitably balloon toward the poles . The cartographic community met Peters 's 1973 press conference with amusement and mild exasperation , but little activity beyond a few articles commenting on the technical aspects of Peters 's claims . In the ensuing years , however , it became clear that Peters and his map were no flash in the pan . By 1980 many cartographers had turned overtly hostile to his claims . In particular , Peters writes in The New Cartography , Philosophers , astronomers , historians , popes and mathematicians have all drawn global maps long before cartographers as such existed . Cartographers appeared in the `` Age of Discovery '' , which developed into the Age of European Conquest and Exploitation and took over the task of making maps . By the authority of their profession they have hindered its development . Since Mercator produced his global map over four hundred years ago for the age of Europeans world domination , cartographers have clung to it despite its having been long outdated by events . They have sought to render it topical by cosmetic corrections . ... The European world concept , as the last expression of a subjective global view of primitive peoples , must give way to an objective global concept . The cartographic profession is , by its retention of old precepts based on the Eurocentric global concept , incapable of developing this egalitarian world map which alone can demonstrate the parity of all peoples of the earth . This attack galled the cartographic community . Their most emphatic refutation of Peters 's assertions was the long list of cartographers who , over the preceding century , had formally expressed frustration at publishers ' overuse of the Mercator , as noted above . Many of those cartographers had already developed projections they explicitly promoted as alternatives to the Mercator , including the most influential American cartographers of the twentieth century : John Paul Goode ( Goode homolosine projection ) , Erwin Raisz ( Armadillo projection ) , and Arthur H. Robinson ( Robinson projection ) . Hence the cartographic community viewed Peters 's narrative as ahistorical and mean - spirited . The two camps never made any real attempts toward reconciliation . The Peters camp largely ignored the protests of the cartographers . Peters maintained there should be `` one map for one world '' -- his -- and did not acknowledge the prior art of Gall until the controversy had largely run its course , late in his life . While Peters likely reinvented the projection independently , his unscholarly conduct and refusal to engage the cartographic community undoubtedly contributed to the polarization and impasse . Frustrated by some very visible successes and mounting publicity stirred up by the industry that had sprung up around the Peters map , the cartographic community began to plan more coordinated efforts to restore balance , as they saw it . The 1980s saw a flurry of literature directed against the Peters phenomenon . Though Peters 's map was not singled out , the controversy motivated the American Cartographic Association ( now Cartography and Geographic Information Society ) to produce a series of booklets ( including Which Map Is Best ) designed to educate the public about map projections and distortion in maps . In 1989 and 1990 , after some internal debate , seven North American geographic organizations adopted the following resolution , which rejected all rectangular world maps , a category that includes both the Mercator and the Gall -- Peters projections : WHEREAS , the earth is round with a coordinate system composed entirely of circles , and WHEREAS , flat world maps are more useful than globe maps , but flattening the globe surface necessarily greatly changes the appearance of Earth 's features and coordinate systems , and WHEREAS , world maps have a powerful and lasting effect on people 's impressions of the shapes and sizes of lands and seas , their arrangement , and the nature of the coordinate system , and WHEREAS , frequently seeing a greatly distorted map tends to make it `` look right '' , THEREFORE , we strongly urge book and map publishers , the media and government agencies to cease using rectangular world maps for general purposes or artistic displays . Such maps promote serious , erroneous conceptions by severely distorting large sections of the world , by showing the round Earth as having straight edges and sharp corners , by representing most distances and direct routes incorrectly , and by portraying the circular coordinate system as a squared grid . The most widely displayed rectangular world map is the Mercator ( in fact a navigational diagram devised for nautical charts ) , but other rectangular world maps proposed as replacements for the Mercator also display a greatly distorted image of the spherical Earth . One map society , the North American Cartographic Information Society ( NACIS ) , declined to endorse the 1989 resolution , although no reasons were given . The geographic and cartographic communities did not unanimously disparage the Peters World Map . Some cartographers , including J. Brian Harley , have credited the Peters phenomenon with demonstrating the social implications of map projections , at the very least . Crampton sees the condemnation from the cartographic community as reactionary and perhaps demonstrative of immaturity in the profession , given that all maps are political . Denis Wood sees the map as one of many useful tools . Lastly , Terry Hardaker of Oxford Cartographers Limited , sympathetic to Peters 's mission , became the map 's official cartographer when Peters , overwhelmed by the technical aspects of cartography , sought to pass on those responsibilities . In popular culture ( edit ) A Gall -- Peters projection as well as a south - up Peters map were featured in the American television show The West Wing ( season 2 , episode 16 ) , in which the ( fictitious ) Organization of Cartographers for Social Equality is given access to the White House Press Secretary due to `` Big Block of Cheese Day '' . Dr. John Fallow ( actor John Billingsley ) explains why the President of the United States should champion the use of this map in schools , because it correctly represents the size of the countries and therefore gives due prominence to countries in less technologically developed parts of the world that are otherwise underrepresented . The map is a favorite of military geostrategist Thomas Barnett , who has included it in his presentations of The Brief , which have aired on C - SPAN in the United States . Webcomic XKCD # 977 pokes fun at the controversy surrounding the Gall -- Peters projection , where it is humorously compared to other map projections . See also ( edit ) List of map projections Gall stereographic projection : Another of Gall 's projections . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Gall , James ( 1885 ) . `` Use of cylindrical projections for geographical , astronomical , and scientific purposes '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Geographical Magazine . 1 ( 4 ) : 119 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 14702548508553829 . ^ Jump up to : American Cartographic Association 's Committee on Map Projections , 1986 . Which Map is Best p. 12 . Falls Church : American Congress on Surveying and Mapping . Jump up ^ Higgins , Hannah B . The Grid Book . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press , 2009 . ISBN 9780262512404 p. 94 . `` Embroiled in controversy from the start , the map is nonetheless widely used in the British school system and is promoted by the United Nations Educational and Scientific Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) because of its ability to communicate visually the actual relative sizes of the various regions of the planet . '' Jump up ^ Joanna Walters ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Boston public schools map switch aims to amend 500 years of distortion '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Crampton , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . `` Cartography 's defining moment : The Peters projection controversy , 1974 -- 1990 '' . Cartographica. 31 ( 4 ) : 16 -- 32 . doi : 10.3138 / 1821 - 6811 - l372 - 345p . Jump up ^ Snyder , John P. ( 1989 ) . An Album of Map Projections p. 19 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453 . ( Mathematical properties of the Gall -- Peters and related projections . ) ^ Jump up to : Monmonier , Mark ( 2004 ) . Rhumb Lines and Map Wars : A Social History of the Mercator Projection p. 152 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ( Thorough treatment of the social history of the Mercator projection and Gall -- Peters projections . ) Jump up ^ Smyth , C. Piazzi. ( 1870 ) . On an Equal - Surface Projection and its Anthropological Applications . Edinburgh : Edmonton & Douglas . ( Monograph describing an equal - area cylindric projection and its virtues , specifically disparaging Mercator 's projection . ) Jump up ^ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/resources/mapping_our_world/mapping_our_world/03-Findthatplace/findthatplace.htm Jump up ^ `` Ncc Friendship Press ' Peters Projection Map '' . Jump up ^ `` The New Flat Earth '' . Jump up ^ Ncc Friendship Press ' Peters Projection Map Jump up ^ Maling , D.H. ( 1993 ) . Coordinate Systems and Map Projections , second edition , second printing , p. 431 . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Trystan ( 1953 ) . A New Map of the World . London : B.T. Batsford LTD . Jump up ^ Hinks , Arthur R. ( 1912 ) . Map Projections p. 29 . London : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Steers , J.A. ( 1927 ) . An Introduction to the Study of Map Projections 9th ed. p. 154 . London : The University of London Press . ^ Jump up to : Kellaway , G.P. ( 1946 ) . Map Projections p. 37 -- 38 . London : Methuen & Co . LTD . ( Mentions allegations of an `` imperialistic motive '' . ) Jump up ^ Abelson , C.E. ( 1954 ) . Common Map Projections p. 4 . Sevenoaks : W.H. Smith & Sons . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Wellman ( 1947 ) . The Round Earth on Flat Paper p. 99 . Washington , D.C. : The National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Fisher , Irving ( 1943 ) . `` A World Map on a Regular Icosahedron by Gnomonic Projection . '' Geographical Review 33 ( 4 ) : 605 . ( A jab at Mercator and proposal for a replacement . ) Jump up ^ Stewart , John Q. ( 1943 ) . `` The Use and Abuse of Map Projections '' . Geographical Review 33 ( 4 ) : 590 . ( Noting quixotic promotions of new projections . ) Jump up ^ Bauer , H.A. ( 1942 ) . `` Globes , Maps , and Skyways ( Air Education Series ) '' . New York . p. 28 Jump up ^ Miller , Osborn Maitland ( 1942 ) . `` Notes on Cylindrical World Map Projections '' . Geographical Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Raisz , Erwin Josephus. ( 1938 ) . General Cartography . New York : McGraw - Hill . 2d ed. , 1948 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Arthur Howard . ( 1960 ) . Elements of Cartography , second edition . New York : John Wiley and Sons . p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , John P. ( 1993 ) . Flattening the Earth : Two Thousand Years of Map Projections p. 157 . Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76746 - 9 . ( Summary of the Peters controversy . ) Jump up ^ ( 1977 ) The Bulletin 25 ( 17 ) pp. 126 -- 127 . Bonn : Federal Republic of Germany Press and Information Office . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , John P. ( 1993 ) . Flattening the Earth : Two Thousand Years of Map Projections p. 165 . Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76746 - 9 . ( Summary of the Peters controversy . ) Jump up ^ Bowyer , T.D. ; German , G.A. ( 1959 ) . A Guide to Map Projections p. 16 . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Snyder , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` Social Consciousness and World Maps '' . Christian Century . 105 : 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Arthur H. ( 1985 ) . `` Arno Peters and His New Cartography '' . American Cartographer. 12 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1559 / 152304085783915063 . Jump up ^ Canters , Frank ; Decleir , Hugo ( 1989 ) . The World in Perspective : A Directory of World Map Projections , p. 36 . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons LTD . ISBN 0 - 471 - 92147 - 5 . ( Distortion of distance in world maps . Gall -- Peters is structurally very similar to Behrmann . ) Jump up ^ Peters , Arno ( 1983 ) . Die Neue Kartographie / The New Cartography ( in German and English ) . Klagenfurt , Austria : Carinthia University ; New York : Friendship Press . ^ Jump up to : Arno Peters : Radical Map , Remarkable Man . ( A DVD documentary . ) 2008 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Arthur ( 1990 ) . `` Rectangular World Maps -- No ! '' . Professional Geographer. 42 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 104 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0033 - 0124.1990. 00101. x . Jump up ^ American Cartographer. 1989 . 16 ( 3 ) : 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harley , J.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Can There Be a Cartographic Ethics ? '' . Cartographic Perspectives. 10 : 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ West Wing -- Why are we changing maps ? ( YouTube ) Jump up ^ Munroe , Randall ( 14 November 2011 ) . `` Map Projections '' . xkcd - A webcomic of romance , sarcasm , math , and language . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Further reading Snyder , John P. ( 1987 ) , Map Projections -- A Working Manual : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395 , Washington : Government Printing Office . https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gall - Peters projection . The Size of the Matter -- An article in the Times of India on why the Gall -- Peters projection should be more widely used . Peters Projection vs. Mercator Projection -- A critique of the importance of the Gall -- Peters projection . An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Gall Projection . Daily Mail , UK : Ten of the greatest maps that changed the world Map projection History List Portal By surface Cylindrical Mercator - conformal Gauss -- Krüger Transverse Mercator Equal - area Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Cassini Central Equirectangular Gall stereographic Miller Space - oblique Mercator Web Mercator Pseudocylindrical Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Goode homolosine Kavrayskiy VII Mollweide Sinusoidal Tobler hyperelliptical Wagner VI Conical Albers Equidistant Lambert conformal Pseudoconical Bonne Bottomley Polyconic Werner Azimuthal ( planar ) General perspective Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Equidistant Lambert equal - area Pseudoazimuthal Aitoff Hammer Wiechel Winkel tripel By metric Conformal Adams hemisphere - in - a-square Gauss -- Krüger Guyou hemisphere - in - a-square Lambert conformal conic Mercator Peirce quincuncial Stereographic Transverse Mercator Equal - area Bonne Sinusoidal Werner Bottomley Sinusoidal Werner Cylindrical Balthasart Behrmann Gall -- Peters Hobo -- Dyer Lambert cylindrical equal - area Smyth equal - surface Trystan Edwards Tobler hyperelliptical Collignon Mollweide Albers Briesemeister Eckert II Eckert IV Eckert VI Goode homolosine Hammer Lambert azimuthal equal - area Quadrilateralized spherical cube Equidistant in some aspect Conic Equirectangular Sinusoidal Two - point Werner Gnomonic Gnomonic Loxodromic Loximuthal Mercator Retroazimuthal ( Mecca or Qibla ) Craig Hammer Littrow By construction Compromise Chamberlin trimetric Kavrayskiy VII Miller cylindrical Robinson Van der Grinten Wagner VI Winkel tripel Hybrid Goode homolosine HEALPix Perspective Planar Gnomonic Orthographic Stereographic Central cylindrical Polyhedral Cahill Butterfly Dymaxion Quadrilateralized spherical cube Waterman butterfly See also Latitude Longitude Tissot 's indicatrix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gall -- Peters_projection&oldid = 842212197 '' Categories : Map projections Equal - area projections Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2016 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what compares distance on a map with distance on earth	[ "The Gall–Peters projection is a rectangular map projection that maps all areas such that they have the correct sizes relative to each other. Like any equal-area projection, it achieves this goal by distorting most shapes. The projection is a particular example of the cylindrical equal-area projection with latitudes 45° north and south as the regions on the map that have no distortion." ]	[ "map projection" ]
-3068290516158197492	Diff'rent Strokes	Diff'rent Strokes - wikipedia Diff'rent Strokes This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diff'rent Strokes Title screen Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Harris Bernie Kukoff Written by Ben Starr Budd Grossman Howard Leeds Martin Cohan Directed by Herbert Kenwith ( season 1 ) Gerren Keith Mel Ferber Tony Singletary Starring Conrad Bain Gary Coleman Todd Bridges Dana Plato Charlotte Rae Mary Jo Catlett Danny Cooksey Dixie Carter Mary Ann Mobley Theme music composer Alan Thicke Al Burton Gloria Loring Opening theme `` It Takes Diff'rent Strokes '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 189 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Budd Grossman ( season 1 ) Howard Leeds ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) Blake Hunter ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) Martin Cohan ( season 7 ) Bob Brunner Ken Hecht ( season 8 ) Producer ( s ) Howard Leeds Herbert Kenwith ( season 1 ) Martin Cohan ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) Ben Starr ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Bruce Taylor ( season 7 ) Al Aidekman Richard Gurman ( season 8 ) Location ( s ) Metromedia Square Hollywood , California ( 1978 -- 82 ) Universal City Studios Universal City , California ( 1982 -- 85 ) ABC Television Center Hollywood , California ( 1985 -- 86 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 mins . Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions , Inc . ( 1978 -- 1985 ) ( seasons 1 - 7 ) Embassy Television ( 1985 -- 1986 ) ( season 8 ) Distributor Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 - 1987 ) Sony Pictures Television Release Original network NBC ( 1978 -- 85 ) ABC ( 1985 -- 86 ) Audio format Monaural Original release November 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 03 ) -- March 7 , 1986 ( 1986 - 03 - 07 ) Chronology Related shows The Facts of Life Hello , Larry Diff'rent Strokes is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from November 3 , 1978 , to May 4 , 1985 , and on ABC from September 27 , 1985 , to March 7 , 1986 . The series stars Gary Coleman and Todd Bridges as Arnold and Willis Jackson , two black boys from Harlem who are taken in by a rich white Park Avenue businessman and widower named Phillip Drummond ( Conrad Bain ) and his daughter Kimberly ( Dana Plato ) , for whom their deceased mother previously worked . During the first season and first half of the second season , Charlotte Rae also starred as the Drummonds ' housekeeper , Mrs. Edna Garrett ( who ultimately spun off into her own successful sitcom , The Facts of Life ) . The series made stars out of child actors Gary Coleman , Todd Bridges and Dana Plato and became known for the `` very special episodes '' in which serious issues such as racism , illegal drug use , hitchhiking , kidnapping and child sexual abuse were dramatically explored . The lives of these stars were later plagued by legal troubles and drug addiction , with Plato and Coleman later suffering early deaths . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 4 ( 1978 -- 82 ) 1.2 Seasons 5 -- 6 ( 1982 -- 84 ) 1.3 Season 7 ( 1984 -- 85 ) 1.4 Season 8 ( 1985 -- 86 ) 2 Cast 2.1 Supporting characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Very special episodes 3.2 Spin - off and crossovers 3.3 Later appearances as the characters 3.4 Additional catchphrase references and appearances in popular culture 4 After Diff'rent Strokes ended 4.1 Gary Coleman 4.2 Dana Plato 4.3 Todd Bridges 5 Docudramas 6 DVD releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In pre-production , the original proposed title was 45 Minutes from Harlem ( even though Harlem is only ten or fifteen minutes away from the Drummond residence by subway or taxi ) . The series was originally devised as a joint vehicle for Maude co-star Conrad Bain ( after Maude had abruptly finished production in 1978 ) , and child actor Gary Coleman , who had caught producers ' attentions after appearing in a number of commercials . The sitcom starred Coleman as Arnold Jackson and Todd Bridges as his older brother , Willis . They played two children from a poor section of Harlem whose deceased mother previously worked for rich widower Philip Drummond ( Conrad Bain ) , who eventually adopted them . They lived in a penthouse with Drummond , his daughter Kimberly ( Dana Plato ) , and their maid . There were three maids during the sitcom 's run : Edna Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) , Adelaide Brubaker ( Nedra Volz ) , and Pearl Gallagher ( Mary Jo Catlett ) . They lived in the Penthouse Suite at 697 Park Avenue in New York City . As Arnold , Coleman popularized the catchphrase `` What'chu talkin ' ' bout , Willis ? '' The ending often varied , depending on whom he was addressing . Early episodes addressed typical issues in a family . Later episodes at times though focused on drug abuse , alcoholism , hitchhiking , and crime , among other issues . Seasons 1 -- 4 ( 1978 -- 82 ) ( edit ) In Season 1 , Charlotte Rae appeared in every episode as Edna Garrett , but she departed the show partway through the second season to star in her own spin - off , The Facts of Life . Following Rae 's departure , Nedra Volz took over as the housekeeper , Adelaide Brubaker . Although she was not part of the official main cast and not added to the opening credits , Volz appeared as a frequent semi-regular character . Seasons 5 -- 6 ( 1982 -- 84 ) ( edit ) In Season 5 , Mary Jo Catlett portrayed Pearl Gallagher , the last of the three maids , and joined the cast as a series regular . Pearl appeared in almost every episode until the final season . Midway through Season 6 , Dana Plato became pregnant and approached the producers of the show to include her pregnancy . Initially they agreed to add it , but they later decided not to add the pregnancy , with Plato 's publicized brushes with substance abuse contributing to this decision , resulting in her dismissal from the series . Plato 's character , Kimberly , was written out of the story lines with the explanation that she moved to Paris to study for a couple of years . Plato did not appear as a regular cast member in the final two seasons of the series , but she made several guest appearances . At the same time , ratings were beginning to fall , so new characters were added to open up future storylines . Dixie Carter and Danny Cooksey portrayed recently divorced television aerobics instructor Margaret `` Maggie '' McKinney , and her son , Sam McKinney . Carter was introduced midway into the sixth season ; after she left for California , Drummond and the family took off after her , during a two - part trip in February 1984 , a storyline which also introduced Sam . Phillip proposed to Maggie , and they married . Several past characters attended the wedding ceremony including Dudley , Aunt Sophia , Adelaide and Mrs. Garrett . Season 7 ( 1984 -- 85 ) ( edit ) In the seventh season , Dixie Carter and Danny Cooksey were added to the opening credits ( with Carter getting special `` and '' billing , last in the order ) , and many new areas and ideas were explored in the storylines , as viewers now got to see Philip as a happily married man . Dana Plato was no longer appearing as a main cast member , because of her pregnancy in real life . The producers felt that the pregnancy would n't be acceptable , so she was dropped from the show and returned for the season finale A Special Friend as a guest star . Also , since there was a new fresh - faced kid in the house with Sam , Arnold now had his own little sidekick and was happy to be a `` big brother '' for a change , and with Willis being dropped into the background slightly , this new brotherly duo took center stage for many storylines . In the season , Todd Bridges was continuing the show as a main cast member , but developed absences in several episodes . Additionally , stories focusing on Arnold 's school life ( featured occasionally in many previous seasons ) were delved into much more . The ratings did not improve to NBC 's hopes . Dixie Carter departed at the end of the seventh season and was replaced with Mary Ann Mobley in the eighth season . Season 8 ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( edit ) In the spring of 1985 , NBC canceled the series because of poor ratings . ABC picked up the series for an eighth season , and aired it Friday nights . In this season , Mary Ann Mobley replaced Dixie Carter as Maggie McKinney Drummond . Mobley , who had previously played an unrelated , one - off love interest of Drummond 's in the second - season episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' , was considered for Maggie when the role was created . But she was not initially chosen in part due to age disparity between her and Conrad Bain . ABC canceled the series after 19 episodes , and aired its final episode on March 7 , 1986 . The show returned to ABC 's schedule in June for three months of summer reruns , which ended on August 30 , 1986 . The final season ranked 76th out of 106 shows , and averaged an 11.5 household rating . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Diff'rent Strokes characters Conrad Bain as Phillip Drummond Gary Coleman as Arnold Jackson Todd Bridges as Willis Jackson Dana Plato as Kimberly Drummond ( 1978 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 recurring ) Charlotte Rae as Edna Garrett ( 1978 -- 79 ) Nedra Volz as Adelaide Brubaker ( 1980 -- 84 ) Janet Jackson as Charlene DuPrey ( 1980 -- 84 recurring ) Dody Goodman as Sophia Drummond ( 1981 -- 84 recurring ) Shavar Ross as Dudley Johnson ( 1980 -- 86 recurring ) Le Tari as Ted Ramsey ( 1980 -- 84 recurring ) Mary Jo Catlett as Pearl Gallagher ( 1982 -- 86 ) Rosalind Chao as Miss Chung ( 1981 -- 83 recurring ) Steven Mond as Robbie Jason ( 1980 -- 85 recurring ) Dixie Carter as Maggie McKinney Drummond # 1 ( 1984 -- 85 ) Mary Ann Mobley as Maggie McKinney Drummond # 2 ( 1985 -- 86 ) and as Ms. Osbourne Danny Cooksey as Sam McKinney ( 1984 -- 86 ) Jason Hervey as Charlie ( 1985 -- 86 recurring ) Nikki Swasey as Lisa Hayes ( 1982 -- 86 recurring ) Phillip Drummond is the only character to appear in every episode of the series . Arnold Jackson missed five episodes . Two from the 1981 -- 82 season , `` First Day Blues '' and `` The Team '' . He then missed three episodes from the 1984 -- 85 season , `` The Gymnasts '' , `` Sam Adopts a Grandparent '' and `` Baseball Blues '' . Supporting characters ( edit ) Outside of the Drummond household , there were a large number of supporting characters seen over the years . Phillip 's slightly dotty sister Sophia ( Dody Goodman ) was regularly seen in the fourth season , playing matchmaker for her brother in hopes of getting Philip to marry again . Dudley Johnson ( Shavar Ross ) was Arnold 's new best friend , who , like Arnold , was also adopted , with whom he shared many memorable childhood scrapes . Some of these were important or serious storylines under the `` very special episode '' heading , which Diff'rent Strokes popularized ( see below ) . Ted Ramsey ( Le Tari ) was Dudley 's adoptive father , who turned up occasionally . In the third season , Janet Jackson played Willis ' girlfriend Charlene DuPrey . She was a frequent recurring character until Season 6 , when Charlene and Willis decided to break up , but remain friends . Other classmates and friends of Arnold seen over time included Robbie Jason ( Steven Mond ) and snobby Lisa Hayes ( Nikki Swasey ) , who initially was sweet on Arnold , but later came to despise him , leading to hatred between the pair and many squabbles . Miss Chung ( Rosalind Chao ) was Arnold 's teacher . In the fall of 1985 , when the series moved to ABC , Arnold , Dudley and Lisa entered high school , where they gained a new friend in Charlie ( Jason Hervey ) . An oft - mentioned character , spanning the entire show 's run , was `` The Gooch '' , a notorious bully at Arnold 's school . First mentioned in the first - season episode `` The Fight '' , which revolves around his bullying of Arnold , his name is mentioned in numerous episodes ( and his bullying of Arnold returned as the center of several plots ) , with Arnold 's frequent descriptions of him as a burly , troublesome brute , forever looking for trouble but not very intelligent , but the character never actually appeared on screen . In season 7 , after years of harassing Arnold ( and later Sam ) , the Gooch was finally defeated by Arnold 's neighbor and nemesis Carmella . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Diff'rent Strokes episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Rating Tied with 24 November 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 11 - 03 ) May 4 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 04 ) NBC 27 19.9 N / A 26 September 21 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 21 ) March 26 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 26 ) 26 20.3 N / A 22 November 12 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 12 ) May 13 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 13 ) 17 20.7 Fantasy Island Trapper John , M.D. 26 October 29 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 29 ) May 20 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 20 ) N / A N / A N / A 5 24 October 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 14 ) N / A N / A N / A 6 24 October 1 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 01 ) May 12 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 12 ) N / A N / A N / A 7 24 September 29 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 29 ) May 4 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 04 ) N / A N / A N / A 8 19 September 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 27 ) March 7 , 1986 ( 1986 - 03 - 07 ) ABC N / A N / A N / A Very special episodes ( edit ) Nancy Reagan on the set of Diff'rent Strokes Diff'rent Strokes was also known for its many `` very special episodes '' , most notably an anti-drug episode ( `` The Reporter '' , in Season 5 ) that featured First Lady Nancy Reagan , who promoted her `` Just Say No '' campaign , and `` The Bicycle Man '' , a two - part episode that guest starred Gordon Jump as a pedophile who lures Arnold and Dudley into his bicycle shop and attempts to molest them . Another episode involved a con artist ( played by Whitman Mayo ) posing as a relative of Arnold and Willis in an attempt to get access to the inheritance they were left by a former neighbor . Another episode involved Kimberly 's new boyfriend Roger not allowing his sister to go to their school 's costume ball with Willis because he is African - American . In an episode on the dangers of hitchhiking , Kimberly and Arnold ( who were out in the cold weather and did n't have money for cab or bus fare ) were abducted by a serial kidnapper - rapist ( played by Woody Eney ) , who initially acted as a good Samaritan by giving the two of them a ride , and inviting them to his apartment . After the man 's true nature became known , Arnold escaped to look for help and the man nearly raped Kimberly before the police arrived to arrest him . At the end of the episode , Conrad Bain ( in an out of character PSA ) spoke about what to do if real life situations as the one portrayed on the show were to occur . Two notable episodes dealt with the consequences of alcoholism . In season 5 , Willis moves out of the penthouse to live with a friend who abuses alcohol . In season 7 , Arnold must deal with a classmate whom he catches drinking a thermos of alcohol in the school bathroom . In the final season ( when the sitcom moved from NBC to ABC ) , the one - hour season opener revolved around Sam being kidnapped by a bereaved father ( played by Royce D. Applegate ) hoping to replace his own dead son . In other notable episodes , the family discovered that Kimberly was suffering from bulimia . In another episode , Arnold and Sam met Karen , a street performer . After a performance , she has an epileptic seizure , and Sam is scared thinking she 's dying . The boys then feel uncomfortable around her , and when they begin making jokes about her seizures , they find out that housekeeper Pearl herself has epilepsy , but unlike Karen controls her seizures by taking medication . Spin - off and crossovers ( edit ) The Facts of Life ( 1979 -- 88 ) is a spin - off of Diff'rent Strokes featuring Drummond 's former maid Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) , who had accepted a job as the house - mother for a dormitory at an all - girls private school that Kimberly was attending . In a late first - season episode of Strokes ( which served as the `` backdoor pilot '' of Facts ) , Mrs. Garrett took Kimberly to the school with the intent of helping her sew costumes for a school play . While there , Mrs. Garrett met Kimberly 's classmates and was offered the job as `` dorm mother '' . She declines in this episode , but come fall , clearly had a change of heart . The Diff'rent Strokes cast appeared in the first episode of The Facts of Life ( at one point , Drummond asks Mrs. Garrett `` Are you sure we ca n't change your mind to come back to us ? '' ) . The success of the spin - off led to several Strokes / Facts crossovers in the ensuing years . While not a spin - off , Hello , Larry ( 1979 -- 80 ) had a connection to Strokes as it was established in a crossover episode that Philip Drummond and Larry Alder ( McLean Stevenson ) were old army buddies , and Mr. Drummond had bought the company that owned the radio station Larry worked at as a talk show host . Additionally , Arnold appeared on the Silver Spoons episode `` The Great Computer Caper '' and the Amazing Stories episode `` Remote Control Man '' . Later appearances as the characters ( edit ) In 1994 , Coleman appeared in an episode of Married ... with Children , playing a building code inspector whom Al Bundy called to report an illegal driveway . When Kelly recognizes him , he denies any connection to Arnold Jackson , but utters his catchphrase to Al , `` What'chu talkin ' about , Bundy ? '' . Also , in 1996 , Coleman and Bain reprised their roles for the series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air entitled `` I , Done Part 2 '' . In their scene , they reference Willis by name before meeting Will Smith 's character , leading to Coleman uttering a variation of his catchphrase , `` What'chu talkin ' about , Will ? '' . Additional catchphrase references and appearances in popular culture ( edit ) In 2004 , Gary Coleman appeared on the second season of The Surreal Life and was pressured to quote his famous catchphrase by Vanilla Ice . He also guest - starred as himself on The Wayans Bros. , The Ben Stiller Show , Drake & Josh , The Jamie Foxx Show , The Parkers , Robot Chicken and The Simpsons . After Diff'rent Strokes ended ( edit ) Following the cancellation of Diff'rent Strokes , Gary Coleman , Todd Bridges and Dana Plato encountered difficulty in obtaining acting jobs . All three experienced various legal problems while Bridges and Plato also struggled with drug addictions , all of which were documented in the press . The press and fans of the series blamed the cast 's personal problems and faltering careers on what was eventually dubbed the `` curse of Diff'rent Strokes '' by various tabloids . Gary Coleman ( edit ) Main article : Gary Coleman Three years after the series ended , Gary Coleman sued his parents and his former manager over misappropriation of his trust fund . Although he was awarded over $1,000,000 in the decision , he filed for bankruptcy in 1999 . In 1998 , Coleman was charged with assault after he punched a woman while working as a security guard at a shopping mall . In 2001 , Coleman ( still working as a security guard ) was videotaped trying to stop a vehicle from entering the mall . The driver ridiculed him , and released the tape to be broadcast on numerous television shows . In 2007 , Coleman was cited for disorderly conduct in Provo , Utah , for having a `` heated discussion '' with a woman . On May 26 , 2010 , Coleman , who had battled health problems since childhood caused by congenital kidney disease , was admitted to Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo after falling and hitting his head after suffering a seizure . Coleman was then placed on life support after suffering an intracranial hemorrhage , and died on May 28 , 2010 , from complications of his injury at age 42 . Dana Plato ( edit ) Main article : Dana Plato During Season 6 , Dana Plato became pregnant and her character was written out of the series ( Plato would go on to make guest appearances for the final two seasons ) . In 1984 she married the father of her child , musician Lanny Lambert , but the couple divorced in 1990 . Due to financial difficulties and her growing addiction to drugs and alcohol , Plato relinquished custody of her son , Tyler , to her ex-husband . In an attempt to boost her faltering career , Plato posed for Playboy in June 1989 but her appearance in the magazine did not help her land acting jobs . By 1990 , Plato was living in Las Vegas . Despite having made $25,000 an episode while on the series , she was often broke and was working as a cashier at a dry cleaning store . In February 1991 , she was arrested after robbing a Las Vegas video store armed with a pellet gun . She was arrested the following year for forging prescriptions for Valium . In 1998 , she appeared in a softcore pornographic film entitled Different Strokes : The Story of Jack & Jill ... and Jill , which was intended to capitalize on her Diff'rent Strokes fame . After her arrests , Plato publicly admitted that she struggled with an addiction to drugs and alcohol . She died of a drug overdose in 1999 at age 34 . Her death was ruled a suicide . Her son , Tyler Lambert , would later commit suicide as well . Todd Bridges ( edit ) Main article : Todd Bridges After the series ended , Todd Bridges developed an addiction to cocaine . In February 1988 , he was arrested and charged with the attempted murder of a drug dealer at a crack house in South Central Los Angeles . He was acquitted in November 1989 . Bridges was also arrested on a concealed weapon charge and possession of cocaine . In 1994 , he was arrested after allegedly ramming someone 's car after an argument . After years of battling his drug addiction , Bridges became sober in the early 1990s . He now travels across the United States , touring schools and discussing the dangers of drug use . Bridges has continued acting in films and television . His more high - profile role was as Monk , a shell - shocked Vietnam veteran , conspiracy theorist , and nephew of Chris ' boss Doc on the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris . Docudramas ( edit ) Two unofficial docudramas were produced about the show : In 2000 , Fox broadcast a one - hour television movie , After Diff'rent Strokes : When the Laughter Stopped . This film , which starred unknown actors , focused on Dana Plato 's life after the show , leading to her death . Todd Bridges guest starred in this film as a drug dealer who sold drugs -- to a younger Todd Bridges . On September 4 , 2006 , NBC aired a television drama titled Behind the Camera : The Unauthorized Story of Diff'rent Strokes . The film , which chronicles the rise and decline of the sitcom 's child stars , also features recent interview clips with Coleman and Bridges . The two also star in the movie as themselves ( briefly ) in the final scene , standing by Plato 's grave . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released Seasons 1 and 2 of Diff'rent Strokes on DVD in Region 1 & 4 . Season 1 was also released in Regions 2 & 5 on October 6 , 2008 . On September 29 , 2009 , a `` Fan Favorites '' DVD was released . This is a one disc compilation consisting of eight episodes from Season 2 . On April 6 , 2012 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series ; they subsequently released the third season on DVD on July 17 , 2012 . Season 4 was released on November 20 , 2012 . Season 5 was released on April 4 , 2017 . Season 6 was released on July 25 , 2017 . Season 7 was released on February 27 , 2018 . Season 8 was released on May 29 , 2018 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library , including Diff'rent Strokes . They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on July 15 , 2014 . DVD name No. of episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 4 The Complete First Season 24 September 14 , 2004 July 15 , 2014 ( re-release ) November 22 , 2006 The Complete Second Season 26 January 31 , 2006 July 15 , 2014 ( re-release ) November 4 , 2008 The Complete Third Season 22 July 17 , 2012 N / A The Complete Fourth Season 26 November 20 , 2012 N / A The Complete Fifth Season 24 April 4 , 2017 N / A The Complete Sixth Season 23 July 25 , 2017 N / A The Complete Seventh Season 24 February 27 , 2018 N / A The Complete Eighth Season 19 May 29 , 2018 N / A See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Adoption in the United States Interracial adoption White savior § Appearance in television Silver Spoons ( 1982 ) Webster ( 1983 ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( 1990 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bob Brunner , ' Happy Days ' writer , dies '' . Variety . 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Diff'rent Strokes : Complete First Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Diff'rent Strokes : The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Ed ; Editors of TV Guide ( 1992 ) . The TV Guide TV Book : 40 Years of the All - Time Greatest Television Facts , Fads , Hits , and History . New York : Harper Collins . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096914 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` TV Playbook : Let 's Add a Kid ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Durant Daily Democrat -- Google News Archive Search '' . google.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1688 - 1689 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Jeremy : Gary Coleman Hated Saying `` Whatchu Talkin ' Bout '' Line `` . usmagazine.com. 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanilla Ice -- I 'm Going to Gary Coleman 's Memorial '' . tmz.com . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sporkin , Elizabeth ( March 25 , 1991 ) . `` Diff'rent Strokes , Fallen Stars '' . People . 35 ( 11 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Daniel ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) . `` The Five Lowest Moments of Gary Coleman 's Career '' . esquire.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Former Child Star Gary Coleman Cited for Disorderly Conduct in Parking Lot Spat '' . FoxNews.com. 2007 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Coleman critically hurt after falling and hitting his head '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( May 24 , 1999 ) . `` Little Girl Lost '' . People . 51 ( 9 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Jump up ^ `` Dana Plato , 34 , Star of ' Diff'rent Strokes ' '' . nytimes.com . May 10 , 1999 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Diff'rent Strokes ' curse is n't a joke '' . latimes.com . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Child star Dana Plato 's life ends with overdose '' . CNN.com. 1999 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jury Acquits Todd Bridges Of Charges Of Attempted Murder , Manslaughter '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 77 ( 8 ) : 36 -- 67 . November 27 , 1989 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Bridges arrested , charged after tiff involving vehicle '' . Jet. 1997 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Todd Bridges on TV Dad Conrad Bain : ' He Treated Me Better Than My Own Father ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diff'rent Strokes Facts of Life : Where Are They Now ? '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` Troubled lives for ' Diff'rent Strokes ' stars '' . today.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island News from the Long Island Press '' . Long Island News from the Long Island Press . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonough , Kevin ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Refried nostalgia , overcooked comedy '' . recordonline.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diff'rent Strokes -- Complete Season 1 Jump up ^ `` Diff'rent Strokes -- Front / Rear Box Art , Episode List for Sony 's ' Diff'rent : Fan Favorites ' DVD '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Diff'rent Strokes -- ' Season 3 ' DVDs ! Whatchoo Talkin ' ' Bout , Shout ! Factory ? '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Diff'rent Strokes -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' is Scheduled by Shout ! for DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Diff'rent Strokes -- And Together We 'll Be Fine ! : ' The Complete 5th Season ' on DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mr. T ! Dixie Carter ! David Hasselhoff ! Janet Jackson ! ' The Complete 6th Season Archived 2017 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Diff'rent Strokes - ' The Complete 7th Season ' is Coming in 2018 from Shout ! The penultimate season of the sitcom is expected at the end of February Jump up ^ Diff'rent Strokes - Shout ! Announces a DVD Release for ' The Complete 8th and Final Season ' The show 's last 19 episodes in May , including a short return of Dana Plato as ' Kimberly ' Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diff'rent Strokes DVD news : Box Art for Diff'rent Strokes - Seasons 1 & 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Diff'rent Strokes Diff'rent Strokes on IMDb Diff'rent Strokes at TV.com St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture article about Diff'rent Strokes Behind the Camera : The Unauthorized Story of ' Diff'rent Strokes ' on IMDb After Diff'rent Strokes : When the Laughter Stopped on IMDb Television in the United States portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diff%27rent_Strokes&oldid=844636689 '' Categories : 1978 American television series debuts 1986 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms 1970s American black sitcoms 1980s American black sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City American television series revived after cancellation Works about adoption Television series about siblings Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Euskara Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 04 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did mr drummond marry on diff'rent strokes	[ "Phillip proposed to Maggie, and they married. Several past characters attended the wedding ceremony including Dudley, Aunt Sophia, Adelaide and Mrs. Garrett." ]	[ "Maggie" ]
-1425958025240075580	Black Panther (film)	Black Panther ( film ) - wikipedia Black Panther ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Black Panther ( 1921 film ) or The Black Panther ( 1977 film ) . Black Panther Theatrical release poster Directed by Ryan Coogler Produced by Kevin Feige Written by Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole Based on Black Panther by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Chadwick Boseman Michael B. Jordan Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Martin Freeman Daniel Kaluuya Letitia Wright Winston Duke Angela Bassett Forest Whitaker Andy Serkis Music by Ludwig Göransson Cinematography Rachel Morrison Edited by Michael P. Shawver Claudia Castello Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Black Panther is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , it is intended to be the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film is directed by Ryan Coogler from a screenplay by him and Joe Robert Cole , and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther alongside Michael B. Jordan , Lupita Nyong'o , Danai Gurira , Martin Freeman , Daniel Kaluuya , Letitia Wright , Winston Duke , Angela Bassett , Forest Whitaker , and Andy Serkis . In Black Panther , T'Challa returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a long - time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences . Wesley Snipes first mentioned his intention to work on a Black Panther film in 1992 , with that project going through multiple iterations over the next decade but never coming to fruition . A Black Panther film was announced as one of the ten films based on Marvel comics that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures in September 2005 , with Mark Bailey hired to write a script in January 2011 . Black Panther was officially announced in October 2014 , with Boseman first appearing in Captain America : Civil War . By the end of 2015 , Cole and Coogler had both joined Black Panther , and additional cast members came on board beginning in May 2016 . Principal photography for the film took place from January to April 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , and Busan , South Korea . Black Panther is set to be released in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) After the events of Captain America : Civil War , King T'Challa returns home to Wakanda . But when two enemies conspire to bring down the kingdom , T'Challa must team up , as the Black Panther , with CIA agent Everett K. Ross and members of the Dora Milaje -- Wakanda 's special forces -- to prevent a world war . Cast ( edit ) ( L : R ) Producer Kevin Feige , director Ryan Coogler , and actors Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan , Danai Gurira , and Chadwick Boseman promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda , who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Producer Kevin Feige described the character as `` a bit of a prince , he may even become a bit of a king , but it 's all about how this isolationist country ( of Wakanda ) meets the world . '' Screenwriter Joe Robert Cole added that after the events of Captain America : Civil War and the death of his father , `` ... we 'll be able to see ( T'Challa ) mourning and him starting to take command as king of his own nation . '' Boseman , who called T'Challa an anti-hero , said that he is `` very much aware of the responsibility '' and `` how important his role and his position is '' as the leader of Wakanda . Black Panther 's suit that forms around his body was inspired by a similar design seen in Ta - Nehisi Coates ' Black Panther comic book run . He worked with the same dialect coach he had during Message from the King for the film . Boseman signed a five - film contract with Marvel . Michael B. Jordan as Erik Killmonger : A Wakandan exile who seeks to overthrow T'Challa . Executive producer Nate Moore said Killmonger `` has his own opinion on how Wakanda has been run and should ( be ) run '' , and `` is a voice of a different side of Wakanda '' which `` puts T'Challa in a difficult situation '' . Killmonger 's bumpy , ritualistic tribal markings on his chest and torso resemble the scar tattoos of the Mursi and Surma tribes . Jordan noted the character 's dreadlocks hairstyle was a way `` to stay true to the original character ( 's long hair ) as much as possible and make it as modern as we could . '' Jordan , who had `` been wanting to play a villain for a while , '' likened Killmonger and T'Challa's relationship to the X-Men characters Magneto and Professor X . He added that Killmonger is `` very strategic , thoughtful . He 's very patient . Very well skilled , trained to a T. He works very hard , and he feels what he 's doing is right . '' Corey Calliet once again served as Jordan 's trainer on the film , after doing so on Creed . Lupita Nyong'o as Nakia : T'Challa's former lover and an undercover operative of the Dora Milaje , the all - female special forces of Wakanda who serve as T'Challa's bodyguards . Nyong'o called Nakia a `` departure '' from her comic counterpart , saying she `` is a war dog . She is basically an undercover spy for Wakanda . Her job is to go out into the world and report back on what 's going on . '' Danai Gurira as Okoye : An `` extremely proud '' Wakandan and traditionalist from the Border Tribe , who is the head of the Dora Milaje . When looking to cast Gurira , director Ryan Coogler had not seen The Walking Dead , in which Gurira portrays the popular character Michonne , and instead wanted her for the part because of her performance in Mother of George . Gurira said that the fighting skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye , but that `` there 's a lot of ways that they 're extremely different ... Okoye is a whole ' nother thing . '' Gurira described the Dora Milaje as `` more like a secret service in a sense that it 's also very much about intel . It 's not just military , '' with Okoye the head of intel . Regarding Okoye 's stoic demeanor , Gurira said , `` She can be serious , but she also has an unexpected sense of humor . She has a heart , but for her country and for her people . She 's not a person who does n't connect to human beings as a result of what she does . '' Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross : A member of the CIA 's Joint Counter Terrorism Center . Freeman said that Ross `` has an uneasy peace with T'Challa '' , and that he `` goes on a strange journey , an enlightening journey to Wakanda . '' Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi : A confidant to T'Challa and his best friend , who is the head of security for the Border Tribe , serving as the first line of defense for Wakanda . Letitia Wright as Shuri : T'Challa's sister and the princess of Wakanda who designs new technology for the country . Wright described her as `` an innovative spirit and an innovative mind '' who `` wants to take Wakanda to a new place ... ( and ) has a great fashion sense '' . Wright also felt Shuri was `` vibrant '' and `` refreshing '' , and was a good role model for young black girls . Winston Duke as M'Baku : A powerful , ruthless warrior who is the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe , the Jabari , who are in protest to T'Challa being the new king . Duke describe the Jabari as people who `` strongly believe that to move forward , you have to have a strong adherence and respect for the past . So they have a deep moral conscience '' and that M'Baku `` deeply cares about his people ... ( and ) his country as a whole . '' M'Baku is also the head of the religious minority in Wakanda , who worship the gorilla . Character elements from Christopher Priest 's 1998 - 2003 Black Panther series were adapted for the film . Executive producer Nate Moore noted that M'Baku would not be referred to by his comics alter ego of `` Man - Ape '' , since there were `` a lot of racial implications that do n't sit well '' in having a black character dress up as an ape . This aspect of the character was instead reworked to have the tribe M'Baku is the leader of worship the gorilla gods , with M'Baku still wearing elements of fur on his arms and legs and a chest - plate that hints at the gorilla . Moore continued , `` Man - Ape is a problematic character for a lot of reasons , but the idea behind Man - Ape we thought was really fascinating. ... It 's a line I think we 're walking , and hopefully walking successfully . '' Angela Bassett as Ramonda : T'Challa's mother and Queen Mother of Wakanda . Boseman noted that Ramonda `` is one of the advisors that ( T'Challa ) would look to ... for some of the answers of what his father might want or might do . She may not be exactly right all the time , but she definitely has insights . '' Calliet also served as Bassett 's trainer , working with her before she began filming and while she was on set , by creating high - intensity interval training circuits and helping to craft her diet . Forest Whitaker as Zuri : An elder statesman in Wakanda , and the keeper of the Heart - Shaped Herb . Coogler noted that Zuri was a religious and spiritual figure , and was a way to reference the spirituality within Wakanda from the comics . He also added that Zuri `` is a major tie back '' to T'Chaka for T'Challa , and felt Zuri was `` Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi . '' Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue : A black - market arms dealer , smuggler and gangster working out of South Africa , and allied with Killmonger , who uses a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as a sonic disruptor arm - cannon . Boseman described Klaue as a threat to Wakanda , as one of the few outsiders to enter the country and someone with access to vibranium , comparing him to Osama bin Laden . Serkis added that in addition to his desire for vibranium , Klaue is motivated by a `` personal '' vendetta against T'Challa , and `` to expose what he thinks is the hypocrisy of Wakanda . '' Additionally , Florence Kasumba and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo and T'Chaka respectively from Captain America : Civil War . Sterling K. Brown plays N'Jobu , a figure from T'Challa's past , Isaach de Bankolé plays the elder of one of the largest tribes in Wakanda , Nabiyah Be portrays the criminal Tilda Johnson , and Sydelle Noel portrays Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . Atandwa Kani was cast in an undisclosed role . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In June 1992 , Wesley Snipes announced his intention to make a film about Black Panther , and he had begun work on one by that August . The next July , Snipes planned to begin The Black Panther after starring in Demolition Man , and the next month he expressed interest in making sequels to the film as well . In January 1994 , Snipes entered talks with Columbia Pictures to portray Black Panther , and Stan Lee joined the film by March ; it had entered early development by May . When the film had not progressed in January 1996 , Lee explained that he had not been pleased with the scripts for the project . We have a wide - open field for comic book characters on the big screen and we 've yet to have a major black comic book hero on the screen . Especially the Black Panther , which is such a rich , interesting life . It 's a dream come true to originate something that nobody 's ever seen before . -- Actor Wesley Snipes , who worked on early iterations of Black Panther In July 1997 , Black Panther was listed as part of Marvel Comics ' film slate , and in March 1998 , Marvel hired Joe Quesada and Jimmy Palmiotti to work on it . That August , corporate problems at Marvel had put the project on hold , while the next August , Snipes was set to produce , and possibly star , in the film . In May 2000 , Artisan Entertainment announced a deal with Marvel to co-produce , finance , and distribute a film based on Black Panther . In March 2002 , Snipes said he planned to do Blade 3 or Black Panther in 2003 , and reiterated his interest five months later . In July 2004 , Blade 3 director David S. Goyer said this was unlikely , as Snipes was `` already so entrenched as Blade that another Marvel hero might be overkill . '' In September 2005 , Marvel chairman and CEO Avi Arad announced Black Panther as one of the ten Marvel films that would be developed by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . In June 2006 , Snipes said he hoped to have a director for the project soon . In February 2007 , Kevin Feige , president of production for Marvel Studios , reiterated that Black Panther was on Marvel 's development slate . By July , John Singleton had been approached to direct the film . In March 2009 , Marvel hired writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , including Black Panther , with Nate Moore , the head of the writers program , helping to oversee the development of the Black Panther film specifically . In January 2011 , Marvel Studios hired documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey to write a script for Black Panther to be produced by Feige . In October 2013 , Feige said `` I do n't know when it will be exactly , but we certainly have plans to bring ( Black Panther ) to life some day '' , noting that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had already introduced the metal vibranium , which comes from Black Panther 's home nation Wakanda . In October 2014 , Feige announced that Black Panther would be released on November 3 , 2017 , with Chadwick Boseman cast in the title role . Boseman 's hiring `` was n't really an audition process . It was more of a discussion about what they wanted to do and how I saw it and what I wanted to do . '' The actor was set to first portray the character in Captain America : Civil War , before starring in his own film . Feige said that Marvel was considering minority filmmakers for the director and writer , saying `` we 're doing what we always do , which is looking for the best filmmakers , the best writers , the best directors possible . So I 'm not going to say for sure that we 're going to hire from any one demographic , but we 're meeting a lot of people . '' He added that the studio had met with Reginald Hudlin , former writer of the Black Panther comics in the mid-2000s . In January 2015 , Boseman said that the film was going through a `` brainstorming phase '' , explaining , `` I think right now , it 's just going through the possibilities of what he can do ... trying to figure out what it looks like and what it should feel like in certain moments . But just going through ( the material ) , because there 's always a difference from one story to the next of who he is -- trying to find a way to merge those things together . '' The next month , Marvel pushed back the release date to July 6 , 2018 , while in April 2015 , Feige stated that he would be meeting with directors after the release of Avengers : Age of Ultron at the end of the month , and that `` casting is already underway in many ways . Some of which ( is known ) , some of which ( is not ) . '' By May 2015 , Marvel had discussions with Ava DuVernay to direct this film or Captain Marvel . In June , Feige confirmed that he had met with DuVernay alongside a number of other directors and stated he expected a decision to be made by mid - to late 2015 . By early July 2015 , DuVernay had passed on directing the film , explaining that `` Marvel has a certain way of doing things and I think they 're fantastic and a lot of people love what they do . I loved that they reached out to me ... ( but ) we had different ideas about what the story would be ... we just did n't see eye to eye . Better for me to realize that now than cite creative differences later . '' Later in the month , DuVernay expanded , `` For me , it was a process of trying to figure out , are these people I want to go to bed with ? Because it 's really a marriage , and for this it would be three years . It 'd be three years of not doing other things that are important to me . So it was a question of , is this important enough for me to do ? At one point , the answer was yes because I thought there was value in putting that kind of imagery into the culture in a worldwide , huge way , in a certain way : excitement , action , fun , all those things , and yet still be focused on a black man as a hero -- that would be pretty revolutionary . These Marvel films go everywhere from Shanghai to Uganda , and nothing that I probably will make will reach that many people , so I found value in that . That 's how the conversations continued , because that 's what I was interested in . But ... it 's important to me that ( my work ) be true to who I was in this moment . And if there 's too much compromise , it really was n't going to be an Ava DuVernay film . '' By October 2015 , F. Gary Gray and Ryan Coogler had been considered to direct the film , though negotiations with Coogler had cooled , and Gray had chosen to direct Fast & Furious 8 instead . Joe Robert Cole , a member of the Marvel writers program , was in talks to write the screenplay , and Marvel changed the release date once again , moving it to February 16 , 2018 . By December , discussions with Coogler were reignited after the successful opening of his film Creed . Feige described Black Panther as `` a big geopolitical action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king '' , while calling the film `` a very important '' link to Avengers : Infinity War and its sequel . He added that the film would be the first Marvel Studios production to feature a `` primarily African - American cast '' . Pre-production ( edit ) What 's so great about Panther is he 's a superhero who , if you grab him and ask him if he 's a superhero , he 'll tell you , ' No . ' He sees himself as a politician , as a leader in his country . It just so happens that the country is a warrior - based nation where the leaders have to be warriors , as well , so sometimes he has to go fight . -- Ryan Coogler , director of Black Panther In January 2016 , Coogler was confirmed as director , and explained that he grew up reading comics , so Black Panther `` is just as personal to me as the last couple of films I was able to make . I feel really fortunate to be able to work on something I 'm this passionate about again . '' In agreeing to direct the film after being `` wooed '' by Feige for months , Coogler insisted that he bring collaborators from his previous films to work on Black Panther to differentiate the film from others in the MCU that are often `` shot , composed , and edited by the same in - house people '' . Coogler wanted to `` put his own personal stamp '' on the film . People he brought back to work with him on the film include Fruitvale Station cinematographer Rachel Morrison , as well as production designer Hannah Beachler and composer Ludwig Göransson , who both worked with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Cole , speaking in February , called the film a `` historic opportunity to be a part of something important and special , particularly at a time when African - Americans are affirming their identities while dealing with vilification and dehumanization . The image of a black hero on this scale is just really exciting . '' He added that it was important to approach the themes of the film `` from a perspective that is rooted in the cultures of the ( African ) continent , '' also stating `` we 're thinking about where we are locating Wakanda within the continent , and what the people and history of that region are like ... ( W ) e are going to be engaged with consultants who are experts on the continent and on African history and politics . '' Elaborating on this , Cole noted that there are many African countries , each `` with different histories , mythologies , and cultures ( so ) what we tried to do was hone in on some of the history , some of the cultural influences and then extrapolate out in our technology , extrapolate out in how we see Wakanda and the different parts of the country and the culture of the country as well . So we wanted to root it in reality first and then build out from there , so we 'd feel pretty authentic and grounded . '' Coogler added that they wanted Wakanda to `` feel like a country , as opposed to just one city or town '' by capturing the essence of actual African countries where there are `` several tribes , who speak their own languages , have their own culture , and have distinct food and way of dress . They live amongst each other , and together they make the identity of those countries . '' Costume designer Ruth E. Carter referenced the Maasai , Himba , Dogon , Basotho , and Tuareg people in her designs for Wakanda . Beachler noted her designs were `` about honoring ( the ) comic , then filling in the holes that were n't there . '' Her research concentrated on Sub-Saharan Africa , pulling inspiration from Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Ethiopia . Much of the architecture Beachler designed was inspired by `` a lot of the different tribes , traditions , then figuring out a way to really make them technologically advanced , as if it would be very natural . Because we 're also looking at Wakanda as never having been colonized . '' While researching in South Africa , the visuals of mountains looking like rondavels at Blyde River Canyon were incorporated to the tops of Wakanda 's skyscrapers . Coogler compared the rarity of vibranium existing only in Wakanda to the real - life mineral coltan that can almost only be found in Congo . Coogler promoting Black Panther at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International In April 2016 , Feige said that Coogler was working on the script with Cole , and that filming would begin at the `` very beginning of next year '' . Feige noted that Civil War laid `` the groundwork '' for T'Challa's morality , and established the `` geopolitical landscape '' that he would have to deal with on returning to Wakanda for Black Panther . Civil War also introduced the Wakandan language , based on the Xhosa language which Boseman was taught by John Kani , who first appeared as T'Challa's father T'Chaka in that film . Lupita Nyong'o entered negotiations to star as T'Challa's love interest the next month , and Michael B. Jordan joined in an undisclosed role , after previously working with Coogler on Fruitvale Station and Creed . Coogler discussed working in with the MCU while still creating `` a Ryan Coogler movie '' , saying , What Marvel 's doing ... is making content that exists in a particular universe , where the characters tie in and crossover , and I think that 's a great creative challenge to me -- to make this movie as personal as possible . It 's going to be my most personal movie to date , which is crazy to say , but it 's completely the case . I 'm obsessed with this character and this story right now , and I think it 's going to be very unique and still fit into the overall narrative that they 're establishing . I grew up as a comic book fan , and the same things used to happen in the comic books . You 'd have Wolverine 's books , and they 'd be so much darker and more brutal than the X-Men books , but they 'd still fit in when you open the pages of the X-Men book . It 's new to movies , but it 's not new to storytelling . Later in May , Moore , now serving as a producer on the film , stated that filming would occur in Atlanta , Georgia , with Marvel `` definitely investigating shooting in Africa '' as well . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Nyong'o was confirmed for the film , in the role of Nakia , while Jordan 's role was revealed to be Erik Killmonger . Also announced was Danai Gurira as Okoye , while Coogler confirmed that filming would begin in January 2017 . Coogler also noted that he and Cole were inspired by Ta - Nehisi Coates ' run on Black Panther , who was writing the comic at the time , saying `` what he 's doing with Panther is just incredible . You can really see his background as a poet in some of the dialogue . And what Brian Stelfreeze is doing with the visuals in that book . And some of the questions that it 's asking . '' Coogler also indicated that they pulled from `` almost every run '' of Black Panther in the comics , including Jack Kirby , Christopher Priest ( which Coogler felt the most was pulled from ) , Jonathan Hickman , Hudlin , and Coates . On the variety of characters included , Coogler said , `` We kind of picked and pulled the characters we worked best for the story we were trying to tell and I think when people see the film it will be pretty natural , because you ca n't run a country without a good team around you . It 's impossible . It 's kind of like natural that these characters would pop up . '' In September 2016 , Winston Duke was cast as M'Baku , a role that Yahya Abdul - Mateen II also tested for . The following month , Forest Whitaker was cast as Zuri and Daniel Kaluuya as W'Kabi , with Florence Kasumba revealed to be reprising her role as Ayo from Captain America : Civil War . Letitia Wright was also cast in an unspecified role . Angela Bassett was cast as T'Challa's mother , Ramonda , in November , and by January 2017 , Sterling K. Brown was cast as N'Jobu . At that time , Marvel received permission from the Oakland - based public transit agency AC Transit to use their logo in the film , for a bus that T'Challa rides in a 1990 flashback to commute to Saint Mary 's College High School in Berkeley , California . The setting was chosen due to Coogler 's Oakland roots . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography had begun by January 21 , 2017 , at EUE / Screen Gems Studios and Pinewood Atlanta Studios in the Atlanta metropolitan area , under the working title Motherland . Filming also took place in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood in Atlanta and Atlanta City Hall , the latter serving as a United Nations building . Additional filming also took place in South Korea , with the city of Busan serving as the setting of a car chase scene , involving 150 cars and over 700 people . Filming in Busan began on March 17 , 2017 , with shooting occurring at the Jagalchi Fish Market , and filming taking place by Gwangalli Beach on March 21 . Additional filming locations included Marine City and at the Gwangandaegyo Bridge . The production crew also hired hundreds of local , current , and former film students from local universities as staff or assistant staff during the South Korea filming . Filming in the country wrapped up on March 27 , while a Korean actor was expected to be cast for the film . Shortly after filming started , Kani 's son Atandwa stated that he would appear in the film alongside his father , the latter reprising the role of T'Chaka , while on set photographs revealed that Martin Freeman would reprise his role as Everett K. Ross . Marvel announced the start of production on January 26 , along with confirming the casting of Freeman , Wright , and John Kani , and revealing that Andy Serkis would reprise his role as Ulysses Klaue from Avengers : Age of Ultron . At CinemaCon 2017 , Wright was revealed to be portraying Shuri in the film . Filming concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Post-production ( edit ) At the end of June 2017 , Sydelle Noel revealed she had been cast in the film as Xoliswa , a member of the Dora Milaje . In July 2017 , Moore noted that Black Panther would be a cross between The Godfather and the James Bond films , saying the film was a `` big , operatic family drama centered around a world of international espionage . So hopefully we 're getting the best of both worlds . '' Feige also called the film 's story `` rich in culturally relevant ideas . These are conversations we were having two years ago because that is inherently the story within the comics . Now it 's going to seem like the most highly fluid thing we could have done . '' Boseman also indicated there were parallels to `` pull from '' in the film in relation to Donald Trump becoming President of the United States after Barack Obama . Music ( edit ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Black Panther is scheduled to be released in the United Kingdom on February 9 , 2018 , and in the United States on February 16 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . The film will have a `` cross-nation release '' in Africa , a first for a Disney film . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 3 , 2017 , the date which Thor : Ragnarok took over , before moving in February 2015 to July 6 , 2018 to accommodate Spider - Man : Homecoming . In October 2015 , it moved again to accommodate Ant - Man and the Wasp . Marketing ( edit ) Marvel debuted early footage and concept art from the film in April 2017 , at a press event for several of their Phase Three films . Kyle Buchanan at Vulture.com praised the cinematography , costume and production design , and focus on dark skinned actors and characters , saying `` Black Panther does n't look like any of the other Marvel movies ... If this is what the future of superhero movies looks like , deal me in . '' Feige believed the screened footage was the first time Marvel had shown raw dailies , a decision made because the company wanted to show off the film 's cast ( which Feige called `` the highest - class cast we 've had on a first movie '' ) and diversity , even though editing for it had not yet begun . A teaser poster was released ahead of the first teaser trailer , which premiered during Game 4 of the 2017 NBA Finals . Fans felt the poster was poorly photoshopped , with tweets mentioning `` poster '' and `` Black Panther '' being 27 percent positive , 27 percent negative , and the rest neutral , according to CNBC 's marketing technology firm Amobee . It was also noted that the poster looked similar to a real - life picture of Black Panther Party co-founder Huey P. Newton holding two gun spears . The trailer received a much more positive reception , with Peter Sciretta of / Film saying it was `` nothing like I was expecting this movie to look like and that 's refreshing . '' Ben Pearson , also for / Film , felt the trailer reminded him of a quote from Michael K. Williams ' Omar Little in the television series The Wire : `` You come at the king , you best not miss . '' io9 's Charles Pulliam - Moore called the teaser `` every bit as intense as you were hoping it would be '' and `` epic as hell '' . He also felt the Dora Milaje , who are present many shots of the teaser , stole the trailer . Andrew Husband for Uproxx felt the single teaser `` easily outshines Spider - Man : Homecoming 's big - from - the - beginning marketing campaign . '' Forbes 's Scott Mendelson enjoyed how the teaser showed the film `` playing in the 007 sandbox '' being a `` spy actioner ( which ) is a good way to give it a hard foothold beyond merely being the MCU 's first black - led superhero movies . '' Mendelson also felt that `` Black Panther has the chance to be a seminal event in the same way we 're now seeing with Wonder Woman . '' Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter also agreed with Mendelson 's comparison of Black Panther to Wonder Woman , noting the `` impeccably timed '' teaser showcased `` the similar spirit of expansion of superhero diversity and audiences , the surprising visual parallels in terms of palette , ( and ) the unexpected narrative threads that connect the two . '' In 24 hours , the trailer was viewed 89 million times , including 19 millions views from those watching Game 4 . The teaser `` dominated the conversation on social media for much of the night '' over Game 4 , being the top - trending item on Twitter . Amobee calculated 109,000 tweets with the hashtag # BlackPanther from 9 p.m. EST until midnight the night the teaser was released , of which 86 % were positive . Additionally , the hashtag # BlackPantherSoLit was used in approximately an additional 15,400 tweets . Amobee 's principal brand analyst Jonathan Cohen noted , `` The real - time reaction to the Black Panther trailer was overwhelmingly positive on social media ; reaffirming what the success of Wonder Woman has already proven -- that fans of Marvel and DC movies are hungry for representation . '' Based on the engagement , Cohen concluded that `` it appears fans have gone from cautiously optimistic about the Black Panther movie to feeling February 2018 ca n't come soon enough . '' The Hollywood Reporter noted that the teaser generated 349,000 Twitter mentions in 24 hours , also more than Game 4 . The amount of mentions were second to the amount the Star Wars : The Last Jedi teaser received . comScore and its PreAct service noted 446,000 new social media conversations for the film after the trailer released , the most for the week . For the week ending on June 18 , comScore and its PreAct service again noted social media conversations for the film , with over 33,000 new ones , the second-most for the week behind Spider - Man : Homecoming . The service also noted Black Panther produced a total of 566,000 conversations to date . Costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 and the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . Also in July , Marvel Studios unveiled a partnership with Lexus , with the 2018 Lexus LC scheduled to be featured in the film . A graphic novel , Black Panther : Soul of the Machine , will be released in December 2017 from writers Fabian Nicieza , Geoffrey Thorne and Chuck Brown , with cover illustrations by Scott `` Rahzzah '' Wilson and Szymon Kudranski , in which Black Panther defeats a villain with the help of the Lexus LC 500 . Nicieza stated `` Lexus wanted ( the comic ) to be much more a story about craftsmanship and the constant search for perfecting the creative process than about car chases . '' The story is `` an exploration of man 's search for the perfect amalgam of biology and technology '' with the villain , Machinesmith , seeking `` Wakanda 's vibranium to jump - start a techno - organic evolution . '' Lexus also unveiled the 2018 LC Inspiration Series production car and a concept coupe dubbed the Black Panther Inspired LC . The 2018 LC will only have 100 cars sold in the U.S. , and `` features a first - of - its - kind paint technique called Structural Blue , '' which was inspired by the morpho butterfly and does not contain any blue pigment . Rather , `` its unique construction reflects blue light and highlights the vehicle 's dynamic design and features to produce a compelling motion effect even when parked . '' The concept coup `` is a celebration of the Black Panther and Wakanda itself -- complete with a powertrain that gets an extra boost from vibranium . '' Coogler , Boseman and other members of the cast presented exclusive footage of the film at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , which received a standing ovation from the audience . The footage segued into a trailer - like montage , which featured Kendrick Lamar 's song `` DNA '' . Coogler called the lyrics `` amazing '' and `` actually oddly literal for our trailer 's purposes -- and I think a lot of the cultural things we 're dealing with in Wakanda are in the zeitgeist in the African American community . '' In September 2017 , Coogler , Gurira and Moore participated in a panel at the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 's Annual Legislative Conference , where exclusive footage from the film was also shown . The footage was received positively by the mainly black audience . Richard Loverd , director of Science & Entertainment Exchange at the National Academy of Sciences who also spoke at the panel , felt the film would `` spark interest in science and tech as well as travel to Africa in a whole generation of black Americans '' , similarly to how The Hunger Games films and Brave sparked girls ' interest in archery . On October 16 , 2017 , the film 's trailer was released . Dave Trumbore for Collider felt it was `` a killer trailer . It not only shows off a ton of action sequences , outrageous costume design , and comic book goodies for fans out there , it also brings an unmistakable sense of style that 's all Black Panther 's own . '' MTV 's Crystal Bell noted a line spoken in the trailer by Killmonger ( `` I waited my entire life for this '' ) , saying `` Honestly , I feel the same way after watching this trailer . '' Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter said the message of the trailer was clear : that `` this is n't like the other Marvel movies , this is something else , '' while also noting the trailer followed a recent model used by The Last Jedi and other big - budget films , where `` a collection of disconnected ( yet appropriately ' cool ' ) scenes ( are featured ) that catch the attention and open space for all kinds of speculative discussion in fandom , but provide very little concrete information beyond that . '' BamSmackPow 's Brendan Day said the trailer `` does everything right '' , showing `` a lot of cool imagery and action scenes without giving us much context or story points '' and having unique music choices , featuring `` BagBak '' by Vince Staples and `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' by Gil Scott - Heron . Writing for Rolling Stone Tre Johnson felt the trailer showed T'Challa as `` someone with the arrogance of ( John ) Shaft , the coolness of ( Barack ) Obama and the hot - headed impulsiveness of Kanye West . '' He continued , `` after decades of trying to nail the modern black superhero , we may finally be getting what we 've asked for -- and getting it right ... Coogler has set out to do something with the modern black superhero that all previous iterations have fallen short of doing : making it respectable , imaginative and powerful . The Afro - punk aesthetic , the unapologetic black swagger , the miniscule appearances from non-black characters -- it 's an important resetting of a standard of what 's possible around creating a mythology for a black superhero . '' A few days later , Marvel Comics published a prelude tie - in comic , which focused on one of T'Challa's first missions as the new Black Panther , after Tony Stark revealed himself as Iron Man . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Studios Begins Production On ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` New Black Panther Synopsis Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Black Panther ' Screenwriter on Wakanda 's Rise Within the Marvel Universe ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman to Star in Marvel 's Black Panther '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donn , Emily ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Director Explains T'Challa's Powers '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Christopher ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman teases Black Panther as the ' anti-hero ' superhero '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Black Panther : Meet Marvel 's fearsome warrior from Captain America : Civil War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther cast details their secret Comic - Con footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman Signed For 5 Films As Black Panther , Captain Marvel Bring Diversity To Superhero Slate '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel confirms Andy Serkis for Black Panther , releases plot summary '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` How Black Panther aims to be the superhero version of The Godfather and 007 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther : 20 New Images From the Marvel Adventure ! - Killmonger 's Tribal Scars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Crystal ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Michael B. Jordan 's Black Panther Villain Is ' Unapologetically Who He Is ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Joshua ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Kevin Feige , Directors and Stars on the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : What Motivates Villain Killmonger In Black Panther '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olya , Gabrielle ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Angela Bassett Will Shape Up for Marvel 's Black Panther '' . People . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Confirms Additional Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Black Panther cast confirmed to include Lupita Nyong'o , Michael B. Jordan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in ' Black Panther ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` From Michonne to Marvel Comics : Danai Gurira brings fierce loyalty to Black Panther '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Danai Gurira Compares Black Panther Role To The Walking Dead 's Michonne '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther 's Martin Freeman Talks About His Character 's Journey '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forest Whitaker Joins Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . October 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullen , Matt ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Letitia Wright '' . Interview . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Black Panther solves the problem of M'Baku '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Jenna ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Coogler , Winston Duke and Letitia Wright Talk Black Panther at Comic - Con '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Angela Bassett Boards Marvel 's `` Black Panther '' `` . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie - Slide 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . `` He 's somewhat a religious figure , or spiritual figure , '' Coogler says of Zuri . `` Spirituality is something that exists in Wakanda in the comics and it 's something we wanted to have elements of in the film . Forest 's character , more than anything , is a major tie back to T'Challa's father . Zuri is someone he looks to for guidance . '' He says think of him as the Wise Old Man -- Black Panther 's version of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie - Slide 14 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . In the comics , Klaue 's weapon was an ultra-sonic emitter he used as a prosthetic for his missing arm . In this film , he attaches a piece of advanced Wakandan mining equipment as his arm - cannon -- which is presumable what led the CIA and Black Panther to capture him . In this shot , we can see the limb has been taken from him . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman reveals Black Panther plot details , explains political relevance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Serkis ' Black Panther Villain Out to Expose Wakanda 's `` Hypocrisy '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koopman , Sarah ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Atandwa And John Kani Are In Atlanta And All The Signs Point To Them Joining The ' Black Panther ' Cast '' . The Huffington Post South Africa . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Storm , Marc ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sterling K. Brown Signs On To Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther trailer decoded : Secrets of the new Marvel movie - Slide 18 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Among the tribal rulers , the camera lingers on one especially compelling presence . Coogler says the man with the emerald suit and lip plate is `` the elder of one of the largest tribes in Wakanda . '' He 's played by actor Isaach De Bankolé , known for brutalizing Daniel Craig 's 007 in Casino Royale . Across from him sits T'Challa's widowed mother , Ramonda ( played by Angela Bassett ) ... Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Confirmed to Include Nightshade '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tatiana ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` SATURN AWARDS : Sydelle Noel Talks GLOW & Black Panther '' . With An Accent . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marston , George ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Arrow Adds Black Panther Actress in Recurring Role '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Jay ( June 21 , 1992 ) . `` Can penguin cones be far behind ? '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Carr , Jay ( August 30 , 1992 ) . `` Tolkin to sit in director 's chair '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Valentine , Evan ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About BLACK PANTHER : An Introduction to the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's New Addition '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Persall , Steve ( August 3 , 1993 ) . `` Future is bright for Snipes '' . St. Petersburg Times . Jump up ^ Brodie , John ( January 5 , 1994 ) . `` Hollywood Pours Its Heroes Into Tights '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Pitts , Jr. , Leonard ( March 27 , 1994 ) . `` A comics milestone from the action - filled universe of superheroes come new characters , and a new diversity '' . Miami Herald . p . J1 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Off the drawing board '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Nye , Doug ( January 28 , 1996 ) . `` Stan Lee hopes New World deal pumps life into his creations '' . The State . Jump up ^ Dawes , Amy ( July 27 , 1997 ) . `` Action ! Movie studios lining up to turn comics into cinematic gold '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( March 22 , 1998 ) . `` So here 's the wackiest gimmick of all -- good writing for comics '' . The Commercial Appeal . Jump up ^ Fortes , Stephan ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` Blade Runner '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Radford , Bill ( August 1 , 1999 ) . `` Superheroes at home on big screen '' . The Gazette . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 16 , 2000 ) . `` Artisan deal a real Marvel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guzman , Rene A. ( March 24 , 2002 ) . `` Snipes ' Blade draws focus to black comic book heroes '' . San Antonio Express - News . Jump up ^ Hutchen , Monroe ( August 22 , 2002 ) . `` Undisputed '' . Latino Review . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` Goyer talks Superman and Black Panther '' . Moviehole.net . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Making Movies '' . IGN . September 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Malone , Sam ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` Snipes on Blade and Black Panther '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Radford , Bill ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Marvel stays true to superhero characters in transition to big screen '' . The News Sentinel . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` John Singleton News '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Marvel 's hiring writers '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Kelley L. ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` The man who put Marvel in the black '' . The Undefeated . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Back in Development at Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Black Panther Movie is ' Absolutely in Development , ' Says Marvel 's Kevin Feige '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking Big : Welcome to The Show , Chadwick Boseman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Chadwick Boseman Shares New `` Black Panther '' Insight : ' It 's a Brainstorming Phase ' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Schedules New Release Dates for 4 Films '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Feige Phase 3 Updates : ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' ' Black Panther , ' ' Inhumans ' and ' Captain Marvel ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Courting Ava DuVernay to Direct Diverse Superhero Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Rudd and Marvel 's Kevin Feige Reveal ' Ant - Man 's ' Saga , from Director Shuffle to Screenplay Surgery to Studio 's `` Phase Three '' Plans `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sangweni , Yolanda ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Ava DuVernay Wo n't Be Directing ' Black Panther ' Movie '' . Essence . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's Advice on Hollywood : `` Follow the White Guys , They 've Got This Thing Wired '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 ' Director Search Narrowed Down to Four '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Creed ' Director Ryan Coogler in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' : F. Gary Gray Confirms He Will Direct '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Robert Cole Nearing Deal to Write ' Black Panther ' for Marvel ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Phase 3 Update '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Will Set Up ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Says Kevin Feige '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( February 2016 ) . `` Set Phase 3 To Stun '' . Empire . United Kingdom : Bauer Media Group . p. 21 . Black Panther ( February 9 , 2018 ) ... Feige confirms that the film , which will be the last Marvel movie before the Avengers return , will boast a `` primarily African - American cast '' , while Creed 's Ryan Coogler is reportedly in negotiations to direct ( Coogler declined to comment ) . As for the film itself , `` It 's a big geo - political action adventure that focuses on the family and royal struggle of T'Challa in Wakanda , and what it means to be a king . T'Challa's story is very important to us as it links to the next Avengers films , which is why we brought it forward . '' Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` Black Panther will feature majority black cast , is crucial to Avengers : Infinity War '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Black Panther Director Ryan Coogler : Ta - Nehisi Coates Has ' Absolutely ' Influenced the Movie '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Coogler to Direct Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Josh ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Creed director Ryan Coogler talks for the first time about helming Marvel 's Black Panther '' . HeyUGuys.com . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Coogler Calls `` Black Panther '' A `` Personal '' Project `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Valentini , Valentina ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Black Panther ' Production Designer on Big Break With Ryan Coogler '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Brandon Ellington ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars So White ? Black Panther to the Rescue '' . Mother Jones . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogo , Paula ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ruth Carter Is The Veteran Black Costume Designer Serving Looks In Black Panther '' . Essence . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darville , Jordan ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` This Designer Created Worlds For Moonlight , Lemonade , And Black Panther '' . The Fader . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Jason ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Best Part of Congressional Black Caucus Week ? Exclusive Footage of Marvel 's Black Panther '' . The Root . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Kevin Feige Reveals Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ; Talks Filming Dates '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Coogler Is Co-Writing ' Black Panther , ' Which Might Not Be Another Origin Story '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Black Panther 's language : Where Civil War found the words of Wakanda '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Dan ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` How `` Creed '' Auteur Ryan Coogler Punches Through The Hollywood Mold `` . Fast Company . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Taps ' Person of Interest ' Actor Winston Duke to Play M'Baku ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Adds ' Ready Player One ' Actress Letitia Wright ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baldassari , Erin ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` AC Transit bus could get screen time in forthcoming Marvel movie '' . East Bay Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wilding , Josh ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` Martin Freeman , Chadwick Boseman And More Spotted On Black Panther Set '' . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Walljasper , Matt ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Black Panther , I , Tonya , Stranger Things , and why MCU = ATL '' . Atlanta . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Black Panther Working Title Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Hyo - won ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' to Shoot Key Scenes in South Korea '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Hyo - won ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : ' Black Panther ' Car Chase Scene '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shin , Joseph ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther 's Korea Film Shoot Attracts Local Film Talent '' . The Korea Bizwire . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Set Footage Shows First Look At The Dora Milaje '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther : Letitia Wright Confirmed as Shuri '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Let Kevin Feige Get You Even More Hyped for Black Panther '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Menta , Anna ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Poster Is Here And Fans Are Pointing Out A Major Detail '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Husband , Andrew ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Is Finally Here '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David , Javier E. ; DiChristopher , Tom ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' teaser trailer debuts steals the spotlight , challenging LeBron James and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Teaser Trailer : T'Challa Takes the Throne '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulliam - Moore , Charles ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` The First Black Panther Teaser Trailer is Here and It 's Epic as Hell '' . io9 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Black Panther ' May Be A ' Wonder Woman ' - Level Event '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : Why the Teaser Trailer Could Be Marvel 's Best Timing Yet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Teaser Trailer Racks Up 89M Views in First 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Climbs to Top of Social Media Chart With First Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Announces Epic Experiences For Fans At Disney 's D23 Expo 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Costumes on Display at Comic - Con '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Unveils Lexus Partnership Ahead of Comic - Con ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Arrant , Chris ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Taken for a Ride in a Lexus Courtesy of Fabian Nicieza '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lexus ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lexus Introduces Two New Vehicles Inspired by Marvel Studios ' `` Black Panther '' Ahead of SEMA 2017 `` . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Intense , secret Black Panther footage scores standing ovation at Comic - Con '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Coogler explains why Kendrick Lamar is the perfect sound for ' Black Panther ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' : New Trailer Teases One of Marvel 's Most Exciting Movies Yet '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` New Black Panther Trailer Shows Us What Marvel 's Been Hiding '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Trailer Says So Little So Beautifully '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Day , Brendan ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` What makes the Black Panther movie trailer awesome '' . BamSmackPow ( FanSided ) . Time Inc . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tre ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Black Superheroes Matter : Why a ' Black Panther ' Movie Is Revolutionary '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pulliam - Moore , Charles ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` We Finally Know What the Black Panther Was Up to Before Captain America : Civil War '' . io9 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Panther ( film ) . Black Panther on IMDb Black Panther at Box Office Mojo Black Panther at Rotten Tomatoes Black Panther at Metacritic Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Dora Milaje Everett K. Ross Junta Shuri Storm T'Chaka W'Kabi White Tiger Zuri Allies Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Eden Fesi Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Gentle Luke Cage Misty Knight Monica Rambeau Antagonists Achebe Doctor Doom Erik Killmonger Kiber the Cruel Klaw Malice Man - Ape Venomm Windeagle Publications Jungle Action Storylines `` Doomwar '' In other media Black Panther ( TV series ) Captain America : Civil War Black Panther ( film ) Related articles Avengers The Crew Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Illuminati Ultimates Coal Tiger King Solomon 's Frogs Wakanda Vibranium Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Red Sonja Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther The New Mutants Venom Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Films directed by Ryan Coogler Fruitvale Station ( 2013 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_(film)&oldid=816152120 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s science fiction films 2010s spy films 2010s superhero films 2018 3D films Action adventure films Afrofuturism American action films American films American science fiction action films American spy films Films about royalty Films based on works by Jack Kirby Films based on works by Stan Lee Films directed by Ryan Coogler Films scored by Ludwig Göransson Films set in 1990 Films set in a fictional African country Films set in South Korea Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Busan Films shot in South Korea IMAX films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use list - defined references from June 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is playing black panther in the movie	[ "Black Panther is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the eighteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film is directed by Ryan Coogler from a screenplay by him and Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyong'o, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Letitia Wright, Winston Duke, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, and Andy Serkis. In Black Panther, T'Challa returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences." ]	[ "Chadwick Boseman" ]
-1321897404898273201	United States National Security Council	United States National Security Council - wikipedia United States National Security Council Jump to : navigation , search United States National Security Council Agency overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) Headquarters Eisenhower Executive Office Building Agency executives Donald Trump , President of the United States , Chairman Michael Pence , Vice President Mike Pompeo , Secretary of State James Mattis , Secretary of Defense Rick Perry , Secretary of Energy Parent agency Executive Office of the President of the United States Website National Security Council Website President Barack Obama at an NSC Meeting in the Situation Room . Participants include Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton , Defense Secretary Robert Gates , NSC Advisor Gen. James `` Jim '' Jones , Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) Dennis Blair , Deputy National Security Advisor Tom Donilon , White House Counsel Greg Craig , CIA Director Leon Panetta , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. James Cartwright , and White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel The White House National Security Council ( NSC ) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security , military matters , and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the executive office of the president of the United States . Since its inception under Harry S. Truman , the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies . The Council also serves as the president 's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies . The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of many other nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Detailed history 2 Authority and powers 2.1 Kill authorizations 3 Membership 3.1 Principals Committee 3.2 Deputies Committee 3.3 Policy Coordination Committees 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States National Security Council The predecessor to the National Security Council was the National Intelligence Authority ( NIA ) which was established by President Harry S. Truman 's Executive Letter of 22 January 1946 to oversee the Central Intelligence Group , the CIA 's predecessor . The NIA was composed of the Secretary of State , Secretary of War , Secretary of the Navy , and the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief . The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act . It was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States . The intent was to ensure coordination and concurrence among the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force and other instruments of national security policy such as the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , also created in the National Security Act . In 2004 , the position of Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) was created , taking over the responsibilities previously held by the head of CIA , the Director of Central Intelligence , as a cabinet - level position to oversee and coordinate activities of the Intelligence Community . On May 26 , 2009 , President Barack Obama merged the White House staff supporting the Homeland Security Council ( HSC ) and the National Security Council into one National Security Staff ( NSS ) . The HSC and NSC each continue to exist by statute as bodies supporting the President . The name of the staff organization was changed back to National Security Council Staff in 2014 . On January 29 , 2017 , President Donald Trump restructured the Principals Committee ( a subset of the full National Security Council ) , while at the same time altering the attendance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Director of National Intelligence . On April 5 , 2017 , President Trump removed Steve Bannon from the Security Council . According to a National Security Presidential Memorandum 2 , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Director of National Intelligence were to sit on the Principals Committee as and when matters pertaining to them arise , but will remain part of the full National Security Council . However , Chief of Staff Reince Priebus clarified the next day that they still are invited to attend meetings . With National Security Presidential Memorandum 4 in April 2017 , the Director of National Intelligence and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff `` shall '' attend Principals Committee meetings and included the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency as a regular attendee . The reorganization also placed the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development as a permanent member of the Deputies Committee , winning moderate praise . As of 6 April 2017 , the White House Chief Strategist has been removed from the National Security Council and the roles of the director of national intelligence , CIA director and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been restored to the Principal 's Committee . Detailed history ( edit ) For a detailed history of the United States National Security Council by year see : 1947 -- 1953 1953 -- 1961 1961 -- 1963 1963 -- 1969 1969 -- 1974 1974 -- 1977 1977 -- 1981 1981 -- 1989 1989 -- 1993 1993 -- present Authority and powers ( edit ) The National Security Council was established by the National Security Act of 1947 ( PL 235 -- 61 Stat. 496 ; U.S.C. 402 ) , amended by the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 ( 63 Stat. 579 ; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq . ) . Later in 1949 , as part of the Reorganization Plan , the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President . The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group also reports to the NSC . Kill authorizations ( edit ) Main article : Disposition Matrix A secret National Security Council panel pursues the killing of an individual , including American citizens , who has been called a suspected terrorist . In this case , no public record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available . The panel 's actions are justified by `` two principal legal theories '' : They `` were permitted by Congress when it authorized the use of military forces against militants in the wake of the attacks of September 11 , 2001 ; and they are permitted under international law if a country is defending itself . '' National Security Advisor Susan Rice , who has helped codify targeted killing criteria by creating the Disposition Matrix database , has described the Obama Administration targeted killing policy by stating that `` in order to ensure that our counterterrorism operations involving the use of lethal force are legal , ethical , and wise , President Obama has demanded that we hold ourselves to the highest possible standards and processes '' . Reuters has reported that Anwar al - Awlaki , an American citizen , was on such a kill list and was killed accordingly . On February 4 , 2013 , NBC published a leaked Department of Justice memo providing a summary of the rationale used to justify targeted killing of US citizens who are senior operational leaders of Al - Qa'ida or associated forces . Membership ( edit ) The Trump Administration 's National Security Council , as per the statute , and National Security Presidential Memorandum -- 4 is chaired by the President . Its members are the Vice President ( statutory ) , the Secretary of State ( statutory ) , the Secretary of Defense ( statutory ) , the Secretary of Energy ( statutory ) , the National Security Advisor ( non-statutory ) , the Attorney General ( non-statutory ) , the Secretary of Homeland Security ( non-statutory ) , the Representative of the United States to the United Nations ( non-statutory ) , and the Secretary of the Treasury ( statutory ) . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the Council , the Director of National Intelligence is the statutory intelligence advisor , and the Director of National Drug Control Policy is the statutory drug control policy advisor . The Chief of Staff to the President , White House Counsel , and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy are also regularly invited to attend NSC meetings . The Attorney General , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities . The heads of other executive departments and agencies , as well as other senior officials , are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate . Structure of the United States National Security Council Chairman President Statutory Attendees Vice President Secretary of State Secretary of Defense Secretary of Energy Military Advisor ( and regular attendee ) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Intelligence Advisor ( and regular attendee ) Director of National Intelligence Drug Policy Advisor Director of National Drug Control Policy Regular Attendees National Security Advisor Deputy National Security Advisor Homeland Security Advisor Attorney General White House Chief of Staff Additional Participants Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Homeland Security White House Counsel Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Assistant to the President for Economic Policy Ambassador to the United Nations Director of Office of Management and Budget Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs Principals Committee ( edit ) The Principals Committee of the National Security Council is the Cabinet - level senior interagency forum consideration of national security policy issues . The Principals Committee is convened and chaired by the National Security Advisor . The regular attendees of the Principals Committee are the Secretary of State , the Secretary of the Treasury , the Secretary of Defense , the Attorney General , the Secretary of Energy , the Secretary of Homeland Security , the White House Chief of Staff , the Director of National Intelligence , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency , the Homeland Security Advisor , and the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . The White House Counsel , the Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , the Deputy National Security Advisor , the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy , the National Security Advisor to the Vice President , and the NSC Executive Secretary may also attend all meetings of the Principals Committee . When considering international economic issues , the Principals Committee 's regular attendees will include the Secretary of Commerce , the United States Trade Representative , and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy . Deputies Committee ( edit ) The National Security Council Deputies Committee is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of national security policy issues . The Deputies Committee is also responsible for reviewing and monitoring the interagency national security process including for establishing and directing the Policy Coordination Committees . The Deputies Committee is convened and chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor or the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor . Regular members of the Deputies Committee are the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy , the Deputy Secretary of State , Deputy Secretary of the Treasury , the Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Deputy Attorney General , the Deputy Secretary of Energy , the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security , the Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget , the Deputy Director of National Intelligence , the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the National Security Advisor to the Vice President , the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development , and the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . Invitations to participant in or attend specific meetings are extended to Deputy or Under Secretary level of executive departments and agencies and to other senior officials when relevant issues are discussed . The Executive Secretary and the Deputy White House Counsel also attend . The relevant Senior Director on the National Security Council staff is also invited to attend when relevant . Policy Coordination Committees ( edit ) The Policy Coordination Committees of the National Security Council , established and directed by the Deputies Committee , are responsible for the management of the development and implementation of national security policies through interagency coordination . Policy Coordination Committees are the main day - to - day fora for interagency coordination of national security policy development , implementation and analysis in aide of the Deputies Committee and the Principals Committee . Policy Coordination Committees are chaired by Senior Directors on the National Security Council staff , or sometimes National Economic Council staff , with Assistant Secretary - level officials from the relevant executive department or agency acting as co-chairs . See also ( edit ) United States portal Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations National Coordinator for Security , Infrastructure Protection and Counter-Terrorism National Security Medal National Security Advisor Iran -- Contra affair Targeted killing Tower Commission Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American foreign policy , 2nd ed . Vol. 2 , New York : Scribner , 2002 , National Security Council , 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the US Intelligence Community , Douglas F. Garthoff , 2007 , cia.gov Jump up ^ Helene Cooper ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` In Security Shuffle , White House Merges Staffs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Hayden ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` NSC Staff , the Name Is Back ! So Long , NSS '' ( Press release ) . WhiteHouse.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merrit Kennedy ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` With National Security Council Shakeup , Steve Bannon Gets A Seat At The Table '' . NPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jacobs ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Bannon Loses National Security Council Role in Trump Shakeup '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Press Secretary . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jim Garamone ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` No Change to Chairman 's Status as Senior Military Adviser , Officials Say '' . United States Department of Defense . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Yuhas ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Trump chief of staff : defense officials not off NSC after Bannon move '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Lawfare Blog NSPM - 4 : `` Organization of the National Security Council , the Homeland Security Council , and Subcommittees '' : A Summary Jump up ^ Scott Morris ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Maybe the Trump Administration Just Elevated Development Policy , or Maybe Not '' . Center for Global Development . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Bannon loses National Security Council seat '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ed Barnes ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Elite High Value Interrogation Unit Is Taking Its First Painful Steps '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Hosenball ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Secret panel can put Americans on `` kill list '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John O. Brennan ( April 30 , 2012 ) . The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy ( Speech ) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of Al - Qa'ida or An Associated Force ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ `` 50 U.S. Code § 3021 - National Security Council '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Presidential Memorandum -- 4 of April 4 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 50 U.S. Code § 3021 - National Security Council '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Organization of the National Security Council System '' ( PDF ) . February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Council '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Press Secretary ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . White House Office . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Federal Register National Security Presidential Memorandum ( NSPM - 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) White House Office of the Press Secretary Presidential Memorandum Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council Further reading ( edit ) Ivo H. Daalder and I.M. Destler , In the Shadow of the Oval Office : Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served -- From JFK to George W. Bush Simon & Schuster ; 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5319 - 9 . Karl F. Inderfurth and Loch K. Johnson , eds . Fateful Decisions : Inside the National Security Council . Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515966 - 0 . James Peck ( 2006 ) . Washington 's China : The National Security World , the Cold War , and the Origins of Globalism . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . David J. Rothkopf , Running The World : the Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power , PublicAffairs ; 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 423 - 1 . Journey to the Center of the World : U.S. National Security Council -- Arzın Merkezine Seyahat : ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi -- Article on US NSC in Turkish Cody M. Brown , The National Security Council : A Legal History of the President 's Most Powerful Advisers , Project on National Security Reform ( 2008 ) . M. Kent Bolton , U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking after 9 / 11 : Present at the Re-Creation , Rowman & Littlefield ; 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4847 - 3 . Story on the NSC in Foreign Policy journal . Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Staff ; Executive Office of the President , Wednesday , July 1 , 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Security Council . Official National Security Council website History of the NSC from the White House at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 12 , 2008 ) Records of the National Security Council ( NSC ) in the National Archives White House Office , National Security Council Staff Papers , 1948 -- 1961 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Homeland Security Watch ( www.HLSwatch.com ) provides current details on the NSC as it pertains to homeland security . Works by United States National Security Council at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States National Security Council at Internet Archive Executive Office of the United States President Executive Office of the President Advisory Boards ( Council for Community Solutions , Global Development Council , Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders , President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology , President 's Intelligence Advisory Board , President 's Management Advisory Board ) Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Digital Service Executive Residence ( Committee for the Preservation of the White House , Office of the Curator , Office of the Chief Usher , Office of the Chief Floral Designer , Office of the Executive Chef , Graphics and Calligraphy Office ) National Security Council ( Deputies Committee , Homeland Security Council ) Office of Administration ( Office of Mail and Messenger Operations , Office of the Chief Financial Officer , Office of the Chief Administrative Officer ) Office of Management and Budget ( Office of the Chief Performance Officer , Office of E-Government and Information Technology , Office of Federal Financial Management , Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ) Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy ( Office of the Chief Technology Officer ) Office of the Trade Representative Office of the Vice President ( Office of the Chief of Staff ) Military Office ( Communications Agency , Medical Unit , Presidential Food Service , Transportation Agency ) White House Office Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of the Chief of Staff ( Office of Senior Advisors ) Office of Communications ( Office of Media Affairs , Office of Research , Office of the Press Secretary , Office of Speechwriting ) Office of the Counselor Office of Digital Strategy Domestic Policy Council ( Office of Faith - Based and Neighborhood Partnerships , Office of National AIDS Policy , Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation , Rural Council ) Office of the First Lady ( Office of the Social Secretary ) Office of the National Security Advisor ( Homeland Security Advisor ) Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration ( White House Operations , White House Personnel , Visitors Office ) National Economic Council National Trade Council Oval Office Operations ( Personal Secretary ) Office of Political Affairs Presidential Innovation Fellows Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs ( Council on Women and Girls , Jewish Liaison , Office of Urban Affairs ) Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary ( Office of the Executive Clerk , Office of Presidential Correspondence , Office of Records Management ) Office of the White House Counsel White House Fellows United States Intelligence Community Intelligence Community Defense Defense Intelligence Agency ( Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System National Intelligence University Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance ) National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Central Security Service , Special Collection Service ) Armed Forces Army Intelligence and Security Command Marine Corps Intelligence Office of Naval Intelligence Twenty - Fifth Air Force Coast Guard Intelligence ( Homeland Security ) Civilian Bureau of Intelligence and Research ( State ) Central Intelligence Agency ( Directorate of Operations Special Activities Division Open Source Center Directorate of Science and Technology CIA University ) Drug Enforcement Administration ( Justice ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( Justice ) Office of Intelligence and Analysis ( Homeland Security ) Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence ( Treasury ) Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence ( Energy ) Director of National Intelligence Director of National Intelligence National Counterterrorism Center National Counterproliferation Center Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive National Intelligence Council Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity Joint Intelligence Community Council Chief Information Officer Executive Office of the President National Security Advisor National Security Council President 's Intelligence Advisory Board Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor President 's Daily Brief Other Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Army Intelligence Support Activity Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System Intellipedia Oversight United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Office of Management and Budget Defunct Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse Counterintelligence Field Activity Military Information Division Military Intelligence Division Military Intelligence Service Office of Strategic Services Office of Special Plans Strategic Support Branch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_National_Security_Council&oldid=843122114 '' Categories : Anti-communism in the United States Executive Office of the President of the United States United States National Security Council National security councils 1947 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not an official member of the national security council	[]	[]
8159610347200357399	Honda Odyssey (North America)	Honda Odyssey ( North America ) - wikipedia Honda Odyssey ( North America ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Honda minivan model . For the Honda all - terrain vehicle , see Honda Odyssey ( ATV ) . This article is about the North American Honda Odyssey . For the Odyssey sold outside North America , see Honda Odyssey ( international ) . Honda Odyssey Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 1994 -- present Model years 1995 -- present Body and chassis Class Full - size Minivan Body style 5 - door minivan Layout FF layout The Honda Odyssey is a minivan manufactured and marketed by Japanese automaker Honda since 1994 , now in its fifth generation . The Odyssey had originally been conceived and engineered in Japan , in the wake of the country 's economic crisis of the 1990s -- which in turn imposed severe constraints on the vehicle 's size and overall concept , dictating the minivan 's manufacture in an existing facility with minimal modification . The result was a smaller minivan , in the Compact MPV class , that was well received in the Japanese domestic market and less well received in North America . The first generation Odyssey was marketed in Europe as the Shuttle . Subsequent generations diverged to reflect market variations , and Honda built a plant in Lincoln , Alabama , incorporating the ability to manufacture larger models . Since model year 1999 , Honda has marketed a larger ( large MPV - class ) Odyssey in North America and a smaller Odyssey in Japan and other markets . Honda also offered the larger North American Odyssey in Japan as the Honda LaGreat beginning in June 1999 through 2005 . Both versions of the Odyssey were sold in Japan at Honda Clio dealership locations . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 1.1 Development 1.2 Taxi service 2 Second generation ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2.1 Mid-generational refresh 2.2 Transmission issues 3 Third generation ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 3.1 Mid-generational refresh 4 Fourth generation ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 4.1 Mid-generational refresh 4.2 Safety 4.2. 1 IIHS 4.2. 2 NHTSA 5 Fifth generation ( 2018 -- present ) 6 Reception 7 Awards and recognition 8 Export vehicle 9 Sales 10 References 11 External links First generation ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) First generation RA1 - 5 Overview Also called Isuzu Oasis Honda Shuttle Production 1994 -- 98 Assembly Sayama , Japan ( Honda Sayama Factory ) Body and chassis Related Honda Accord Isuzu Aska Powertrain Engine 2.2 L F22B6 I4 2.3 L F23A7 I4 Transmission 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 111.4 in ( 2,830 mm ) Length 187.6 in ( 4,765 mm ) ( 1996 - 98 ) 187.2 in ( 4,755 mm ) ( 1994 - 96 ) Width 70.6 in ( 1,793 mm ) Height 64.6 in ( 1,641 mm ) The Odyssey was introduced in 1994 as Honda 's first minivan -- based on the Accord platform , with a 4 - cylinder engine , all - disc anti-lock braking , all wishbone suspension , and a four - speed automatic transmission with a steering - column - mounted shifter and a hill - hold feature , marketed as Grade Logic . The design featured unibody construction , dual airbags , dual gloveboxes , dual zone heating and cooling with 20 percent greater capacity than an Accord 's system ( overhead rear fan - speed adjustment control , and main control switch over the front - seat passenger ) , conventional rear swing - open rather than sliding doors , and a third row seat that could fold and tumble into a compartment beneath the floor -- the spacesaver spare tire carried inside , on the right , rear wall of the cabin . Honda marketed the first generation Odyssey in two trim levels . The LX accommodated seven passengers with two front buckets , a removable three - seat middle bench , and a 2 - seat third row bench . The EX accommodated six passengers ( using two removable second row captain 's chairs in lieu of the bench ) and offered additional equipment including a roof rack , alloy wheels , power driver 's seat height adjustment , power sunroof , remote keyless entry system , fog lights ( later model years ) , body - colored side moldings and mirrors , map lights , and 20 - watt AM / FM / cassette six - speaker audio system . Isuzu offered a rebadged version of the Odyssey from 1996 -- 1999 as the Isuzu Oasis . Development ( edit ) The Odyssey was engineered by Kunimichi Odagaki , then a chief engineer at the Honda 's Research and Development Center , along with a team of 20 members -- in the wake of Japan 's recession of the early 1990s and the possibility of a 25 - percent tariffs if the minivans were imported to the U.S. as light trucks . In the course of developing the Odyssey , it became paramount to circumvent these obstacles and conceive a feasible interior package that could use existing manufacturing facilities with minimal investment . Odagaki traveled to the U.S. in September 1990 with a small sub-team to conduct a review of the U.S. minivan market . At the project 's inception , the team was considering variations for the project from 4 - cylinder to V6 alternatives , when the project was canceled . Odagaki continued working with an `` underground '' team , using as its design credo the concept of a `` personal jet '' -- which in turn led to the car 's original PJ concept code - name . Odagaki conceived the idea of the third row seat folding into a floor compartment , and he worked with his team to include a `` center aisle . '' The team determined a minimum interior height of 1.2 meters to retain the aisle , and favored a design with a low floor -- to provide ease of passenger entry and exit , easy garage - ability , low roof - loading height , as well as enhanced productivity on the assembly line . The team worked to convince management of the project 's viability , using extensive illustrations , a one - quarter scale model and a full - size foam model . By April 1991 , Odagaki won permission to develop a prototype . After bringing the right - hand drive prototype to the U.S. , Odagaki won the support of American Honda . Production was officially launched on October 20 , 1994 -- the first Honda model in to be released at the same time through Honda 's three Japanese distribution channels ( Primo , Clio , Verno ) , marketing the Odyssey through the three channels under the same name . At its debut , the Odyssey won the Japan Car of the Year Award ( Special Category ) and the RJC New Car of the Year Award . By September 1997 , the Odyssey had sold more than 300,000 units , becoming Honda 's fastest - selling new car and breaking the Civic 's record . 1998 Honda Odyssey ( US ) Taxi service ( edit ) In 1996 , New York City 's Taxi and Limousine Commission ( TLC ) expanded the number of licensable automobiles , approving the first generation Odyssey for use in the city 's taxi fleet -- the Odyssey having been recommended by the seven - year - old grandson of a TLC advisory commission member . Initial test riders identified advantages over then - prevalent Chevrolet Caprice and the Ford Crown Victoria taxi models -- including greater height ( for a better view of the road ) , headroom , rear legroom , rear footroom ( the front - wheel - drive Odyssey having a flat floor ) and cargo space over the sedans , as well as air - conditioning vents in the rear , which the sedans did not offer . Second generation ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Second generation RL1 ( North America ) Overview Also called Honda LaGreat ( Japan ) Production 1998 -- 2004 Model years 1999 -- 2004 Assembly Alliston , Ontario , Canada Lincoln , Alabama , United States Body and chassis Related Acura CL Acura TL Honda Accord Powertrain Engine 3.5 L J35 V6 Transmission 4 - speed B7XA automatic ( 1999 - 01 ) 5 - speed BYBA automatic ( 2002 - 04 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 118.1 in ( 3,000 mm ) Length 201.2 in ( 5,110 mm ) Width 75.6 in ( 1,920 mm ) Height 69.7 in ( 1,770 mm ) 68.5 in ( 1,740 mm ) ( LX ) Chronology Successor Honda Elysion ( LaGreat ) The second generation North American market Odyssey was first assembled in Canada as a 1999 model mainly for North America -- and marketed in Japan as the LaGreat between 1999 and 2005 . The television ad campaign for the new Odyssey evoked moments from the film 2001 : A Space Odyssey , particularly the extended space - station docking and lunar landing sequences to the soundtrack of The Blue Danube waltz . Honda LaGreat ( JDM ) Honda Odyssey By its second generation , the Odyssey was considerably larger than its predecessor , and adopted the Chrysler style minivan format , with sliding rear doors instead of hinged ones , simpler front strut suspension in place of upper and lower control arm front suspension of the 1995 - 1998 model and a 210 horsepower ( 160 kW ) V6 engine instead of the original , four - cylinder . The Odyssey offered two sliding doors as standard equipment , whereas some minivans of the time only offered one , a second door being optional . The Odyssey offered power sliding doors which were standard on the EX trims , but not available on the LX trims . The Odyssey kept the fold - into - the - floor rear seat , an innovation adopted by many other minivans . The van continued to receive upgrades , such as offering both VHS and DVD - based entertainment systems . There was also an available Honda Satellite - Linked Navigation System , introduced during 1999 , which became the first navigation system ever offered in a minivan . The 2004 model was the only second generation Odyssey model year to receive reliability ratings of five out of five according to Automotive Information Systems . IIHS gave the Odyssey a Good rating in the Frontal Offset Test in years 1999 - 2004 . The second generation was praised for its powerful V6 , its handling from its four - wheel independent suspension , and its features such as a large cabin , power sliding doors ( manual sliding doors on LX models ) and the stow - away third - row seat . Some found it noisier than competitors . It won consecutive Edmunds.com Editors ' Most Wanted awards from 1999 -- 2003 in the minivan category . This is also the only generation of the Honda Odyssey where the power windows are only on the driver 's and front passenger 's doors . Mid-generational refresh ( edit ) 2002 -- 2004 Honda Odyssey EX ( US ) The Odyssey also received a significant increase in power from 210 hp ( 157 kW ) to 240 hp ( 179 kW ) during 2001 . Also added was a five - speed automatic transmission , side torso airbags ( not side curtain airbags ) , rear disc brakes , and a few minor cosmetic improvements on the outside as well as the inside . Other than an AUTO power driver 's window , the Odyssey remained unchanged for 2003 and 2004 , before being replaced with the third - generation model . Transmission issues ( edit ) The 4 - speed automatic transmission in 1999 to 2001 models had serious problems with transmission durability . Honda spokesman Mike Spencer stated that four - speed models were afflicted with a bad bearing that could break apart , scattering fragments of metal that clogged fluid passageways in the transmission , causing it to shift erratically . Honda responded to the problems by extending the warranty on the transmission on American 1999 - 2001 models to 7 years or 100,000 miles ( 160,900 km ) . A class action settlement further extended coverage to 109,000 miles ( 175,400 km ) or 93 months for some 1999 - 2001 Odysseys in the US . Canada is not included . The five - speed automatic was first installed in the Odyssey for the 2002 model , but general reliability of the 1999 - 2003 transmission was poor according to Consumer Reports . Mike Spencer , a spokesman for Honda , said that the five - speed models typically were damaged by premature wear of the third - gear clutch pack . As the clutch friction material abraded , it scattered bits inside the transmission case , clogging fluid lines and causing erratic shifting . Drivers might suffer slipping , poor or no shifts , or sudden down - shifts from 5th gear to 2nd gear . Under some conditions , a different 5 - speed transmission problem arose . Second gear could overheat and break , causing the transmission to lock . An oil jet was added to lubricate this gear but this did not solve the third gear clutch problem . The addition of the Honda transmission cooler with the towing package still allows transmission fluid temperatures that are too high . But it was required along with a power steering cooler for any towing , or the warranty would be void . The Acura CL , TL , MDX and Honda Accord suffered similar problems . Third generation ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Third generation RL3 , RL4 ( North America ) Overview Production Aug 2004 -- 2010 Model years 2005 -- 2010 Assembly Lincoln , Alabama ( HMA ) Designer Akio Fumiiri ( 2002 ) Body and chassis Related Acura MDX Acura TL Honda Accord Honda Pilot Honda Elysion Powertrain Engine 3.5 L J35 V6 Transmission 5 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 118.1 in ( 3,000 mm ) Length 2005 - 07 : 201.0 in ( 5,105 mm ) 2008 -- 10 : 202.1 in ( 5,133 mm ) Width 77.1 in ( 1,958 mm ) Height 70.0 in ( 1,778 mm ) 68.8 in ( 1,747.5 mm ) ( LX ) Honda introduced the third - generation Odyssey for the 2005 model year . It grew in width and weight but retained the previous generation 's length and interior space . Pre-facelift Odyssey EX-L interior Honda introduced the ACE body engineering to the third - generation Odyssey , which was later used on the eighth generation Civic . Side - curtain airbags and electronic stability control are included in all models . Both features were previously unavailable . Additional features included integrated sunshades in the rear doors , windows that roll down in the second row , and the third row ' Magic Seat ' was changed from a straight bench design to a split 60 / 40 design to allow for variable folding . The headrests could now be left in place when tumbling the rear seat . Some notable features of the redesign were dual glove boxes and an in - floor lazy susan storage compartment , located in the previous generation 's spare tire well . Third generation models offered a dashboard - mounted shifter , instead of a column - mounted shifter . The second row bucket seats do not fold into the floor . A ' Plus - One ' jump seat was standard on EX and EX-L trims for use with an eighth passenger . Touring models came with a center storage compartment . Engine power was increased to 255 ( re rated to 244 by the new SAE J1349 guidelines , and used in 2006 + model descriptions ) and EX-L and Touring models received Honda 's VCM , or Variable Cylinder Management system . This enabled this van to receive U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) fuel economy ratings of 20 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 24 mpg ) / 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) for the 2005 model year . ( 19 mpg ( 12 L / 100 km ; 23 mpg ) / 25 mpg ( 9.4 L / 100 km ; 30 mpg ) for non VCM equipped LX and EX models . ) < These numbers were re-rated in 2007 , bringing numbers to 17 / 25 for VCM equipped models , and 16 / 23 for non VCM equipped models . Acceleration was slightly slower than generation two models . It was rated top pick in minivan category in Consumer Reports 2005 Annual auto issue . The EX-L and higher trims could be purchased with both navigation and rear entertainment systems , or rear entertainment system only , while the VHS - based i - VES system was dropped . Four trim levels were available in the United States : LX , EX , EX-L , and Touring , the top - of - the - line package in the Odyssey lineup that incorporated features such as run - flat tires , power tailgate , power adjustable pedals , multi information display , memory seats and chrome tailgate trim . Problem areas included body integrity , which includes paint wear and rusting issues , body hardware bumpers being loose , audio system , brakes and suspension according to the Consumer Reports issue of April 2006 . According to the online edition of Consumer Reports in June 2016 , transmission problems were better than average for 2006 models . Crash test ratings have been five star in every test but the 2005 had a safety concern . `` During the side impact test , the driver door became unlatched and opened . A door opening during a side impact crash increases the likelihood of occupant ejection . '' Odyssey has won a spot on Car and Driver 's 5 Best trucks for the past three years , as well as a host of other awards . The Odyssey is the top - ranked minivan in the US News charts . The 2007 - 09 Odyssey was the best - selling minivan in the United States . Mid-generational refresh ( edit ) 2010 Honda Odyssey EX For 2008 , the Odyssey received a mid-model facelift . All models were equipped with active front head restraints , daytime running lights , redesigned dashboard , grille and taillights . An audio AUX jack became standard equipment . The backup camera , previously only included with navigation - equipped models , was integrated into the rear - view mirror of the non-navigation EX-L . Touring models featured full Bluetooth support for all Bluetooth - equipped devices , and are now standard with navigation . EX , EX-L , and Touring models came standard with the updated ' Plus One ' jump seat with added storage features . In Canada , an entry - level DX trim was added to the LX , EX , EX-L , and Touring packages for the 2008 - 2010 model years . The DX lacks features such as the `` 2nd - Row Plus One Seat with storage '' , conversation mirror with sunglasses holder , tinted glass , roof rails , and has black body moldings . The LX trim level was dropped for the 2010 model year , which also saw a SE Odyssey NHL edition replace the EX ( being identical to the 2008 - 09 EX in all respects but with a rear entertainment system and NHL badges ) . For the 2010 model year , the DVD rear entertainment system is now available on the EX-L trim and while it is still standard on the Touring . Fourth generation ( 2011 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Fourth generation RL5 ( North America ) Overview Production Aug 2010 -- 2017 Model years 2011 -- 2017 Assembly Lincoln , Alabama , United States ( HMA ) Body and chassis Related Acura MDX , TL Honda Pilot , Accord Powertrain Engine 3.5 L J35 V6 Transmission 5 - speed automatic ( 2011 -- 13 ) 6 - speed automatic ( Touring models : 2011 -- 13 , all models : 2014 - 17 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 118.1 in ( 3,000 mm ) Length 202.9 in ( 5,154 mm ) Width 79.2 in ( 2,012 mm ) Height 68.4 in ( 1,737 mm ) Honda presented the 2011 Odyssey Concept in early 2010 at the Chicago Auto Show and officially on June 17 ; with a larger , wider body , a lower roofline and revised styling . A Touring Elite model became available . Honda Odyssey post-facelift Compared to its predecessor , the fourth generation Honda Odyssey is 0.8 in ( 20 mm ) longer , 2.1 in ( 53 mm ) wider and 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) - 0.6 in ( 15 mm ) lower . The body is constructed using 59 % high strength steel , ranging from 390 - 1,500 MPa yield strength . Available trim levels initially included the LX , EX , EX-L , Touring and Touring Elite . The fourth generation Odyssey introduced options including 12 - speaker 650 watt audio system ( Touring Elite ) , a voice - controlled satellite GPS and HDD navigation system with XM NavTraffic ( Touring and above , available EX-L ) , an external HDMI input ( Touring Elite ) , a larger 16.2 - inch ( 410 mm ) split - screen rear - seat DVD entertainment system ( Touring Elite ) , a `` cool box '' chilled by the air conditioning ( EX-L and above ) , a stowable 3rd row 60 / 40 split bench seat , a removable first row center console ( EX and above ) , and a new steering wheel via updates . The fourth generation Odyssey includes projector headlamps or HID xenon low - beam headlamps ( Touring Elite ) , standard 17 - inch wheels , 18 - inch alloy wheels ( Touring and above ) , and 6 - speed automatic transmission ( Touring and above ) . A Blind Spot Display for the driver 's side and a tri-angle backup camera are available . Mid-generational refresh ( edit ) For the 2014 model year , Honda facelifted the Odyssey . Changes included a 6 - speed automatic transmission on all trims , sleeker exterior styling with a new aluminum hood , aluminum front fenders , twin - bar grille and revised lower front fascia with integrated fog lights , darker - finish projector headlight housings , Smart entry availability and LED rear taillight bars . A built - in vacuum cleaner system is included with the Touring Elite model . Honda 's i - MID , also available on the Civic and Accord , became standard equipment in 2014 models ; all models now got standard Pandora Internet Radio capabilities , Bluetooth Hands - Free Link , iPod , iPhone , and USB integration , and a color display screen . New safety features included in the refresh include a LaneWatch camera housed in the passenger side - view mirror which may be paired to the driver 's side Blind Spot Display system . Forward Collision Warning ( FCW ) and Lane Departure Warning ( LDW ) are also available while a single - angle backup camera with dynamic guidelines became standard equipment . The models for 2014 include the LX , the EX , the EX w / Leather ( EX-L ) , the Touring , and the Touring Elite . The SE trim positioned between LX and EX , was initially limited to the Canadian market , but is available in the US as of the 2016 model year . New exterior paint colors were made available in 2014 , as are new interior fabrics and trim pieces . Safety ( edit ) The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) found the Odyssey to have the lowest overall driver death rate in its class with 0 deaths per million registered years . Beginning with the 2013 model year all Odysseys came equipped with a rear - view backup camera . For 2014 the front crash structure was upgraded . IIHS ( edit ) IIHS : Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Small overlap frontal offset ( 2014 -- present models ) Good Side impact Good Roof strength Good first minivan to earn IIHS Top Safety Pick+ award NHTSA ( edit ) 2011 Odyssey FWD NHTSA Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover : / 12.7 % Fifth generation ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Fifth generation Overview Production Apr 2017 - present Model years 2018 - present Assembly Lincoln , Alabama ( HMA ) Powertrain Engine 3.5 L ( J35Y6 ) V6 Transmission 9 - speed ZF 9HP automatic 10 - speed automatic ( optional ) Dimensions Wheelbase 118.1 in ( 3,000 mm ) Length 203.2 in ( 5,161 mm ) Width 78.5 in ( 1,994 mm ) Height 68.3 in ( 1,735 mm ) The fifth generation Odyssey was unveiled at the 2017 North American International Auto Show in January . Sales began on May 25 , 2017 as a 2018 model . A 10 - speed automatic ( Touring and Elite trim levels ) produced at Honda Precision Parts Georgia ( HPPG ) is Honda 's first use of a 10 - speed transmission in a production automobile . Honda Manufacturing of Alabama ( HMA ) kicked off production of the fifth generation Odyssey in April 26 , 2017 . Compared to its predecessor , the fifth generation Honda Odyssey is 1.9 in ( 21 mm ) longer , 2.1 in ( 54 mm ) wider , 0.4 in ( 10.5 mm ) - 1.6 in ( 41 mm ) lower and share the same 118.1 in ( 3,000 mm ) wheelbase . The body is constructed using ultra-high - strength steel , aluminum and magnesium that minimizes weight to up to 75 pounds and improves body rigidity up to 44 percent from the previous generation . Available trim levels follows the outgoing model in the LX , EX , EX-L , Touring , and Touring Elite trims . The fifth generation Odyssey introduced options including an array of active safety systems packaged under Honda Sensing as standard along with Forward Collision Warning ( FCW ) and Lane Departure Warning ( LDW ) available from EX-L and up , Magic Slide 2nd - row seats standard from EX and up , as well as CabinTalk and CabinWatch as part of the Touring models . Reception ( edit ) At its debut , the Odyssey won the Japan Car of the Year Award ( Special Category ) and the RJC New Car of the Year Award . By September 1997 , the Odyssey had sold more than 300,000 units , becoming Honda 's fastest - selling new car and breaking the Civic 's record . The Odyssey was Wheels magazine 's Car of the Year for 1995 . At the Odyssey 's European launch , where it was marketed as the Shuttle , British ex-Grand Prix driver Jonathan Palmer described its handling as equal of any `` executive sedan '' . In a 1995 owner survey , 98 % of the respondents rated the Odyssey 's handling as above average , 50.3 percent rating engine power to be good -- and 25 percent wanted a more powerful engine . A later review of the first generation Odyssey summarized the minivan 's market reception : `` The Odyssey was misplaced in the minivan market , which favors a huge , comfortable amount of interior space and versatility '' Awards and recognition ( edit ) The Odyssey has received numerous awards since its inception , winning both Car and Driver 's `` 5 Best Trucks '' and Consumer Reports ' `` Top Pick Minivan '' several times . Export vehicle ( edit ) In the middle of 2012 , Honda began exporting the new Odyssey minivan to the Philippines . Export of the Odyssey to that market ceased after the introduction of the international fifth - generation Odyssey . A version of the second generation North American Odyssey was sold in Japan as the LaGreat . The Odyssey manufactured at HMA in Alabama has also been exported to Canada , Mexico , the United Arab Emirates , and South Korea . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year US sales 230 1995 25,911 27,025 20,333 1998 20,819 1999 77,801 2000 126,705 131,041 2002 153,467 2003 154,063 154,238 2005 174,275 2006 177,919 2007 173,046 2008 135,493 2009 100,133 108,182 2011 107,068 2012 125,980 2013 128,987 2014 122,738 2015 127,736 2016 120,846 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Developing a Car with a Roomy Interior '' . Honda Worldwide . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Greg ( January 1 , 1999 ) . `` First Drive : 1999 Honda Odyssey '' . Insideline . ^ Jump up to : Karr , Jeff ( March 1995 ) . `` Honda Odyssey EX VS Nissan Quest GXE - Road Test '' . Motor Trend . ^ Jump up to : Bartlet , Jeff ( February 1995 ) . `` 1995 Honda Odyssey - Long Term Wrapup '' . Motor Trend . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , Jonathan . `` Honda Shuttle ( 1995 - 2000 ) '' . Yahoo Cars , UK . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( 1996 - 05 - 03 ) . `` A More Varied Diet for a Cab - Hungry City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Williams , Laura ( 1996 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Brooklyn People in Profile : Jimmy Beatrice '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Perez - Pena , Richard ( 1995 - 11 - 05 ) . `` A Cab That 's a Van ! ' and Other Reactions to a Test Drive '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide Products & Technology Automobiles History '' . World.honda.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Odyssey Vehicle Details '' . IIHS . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Odyssey Minivan '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : O'dell , John ( 2002 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Honda 's Unexpected Gear Shift '' . The L.A. Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Honda Transmission Settlement Jump up ^ `` Odyssey Transmission Recall '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` OdyClub Forums - `` Does Plus one seat fit touring ? '' `` . Odyclub.com. 2007 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Honda Odyssey model library '' . Automobiles.honda.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Odyssey model library '' . Automobiles.honda.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NHTSA - 2005 Honda Odyssey w / SAB '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Odyssey Reviews , Pictures and Prices '' . U.S. News Rankings and Reviews . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Cheryl ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Honda Odyssey Is the Latest Weapon in the Battle of the Vans - Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The all - new 2011 Honda Odyssey Brochure '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` Honda reveals 2011 Odyssey minivan '' . Leftlanenews.com. 2010 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Honda Odyssey Promises `` More Swagger '' `` . Jalopnik.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.hondanews.com/channels/odyssey-specs-features/releases/2011-honda-odyssey-specifications-and-features Jump up ^ `` Improved vehicle designs bring down death rates '' . IIHS . Jump up ^ `` Driver death rates by make and model '' . IIHS . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Honda Odyssey : What 's Changed '' . Cars.com . Jump up ^ http://www.autonews.com/article/20130805/OEM03/308059946/hondas-revamped-minivan-seeks-crash-test-redemption Jump up ^ `` Honda Odyssey is first minivan to earn the IIHS TOP SAFETY PICK+ award '' . IIHS . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Honda Odyssey VAN FWD '' . Safercar.gov . Jump up ^ http://hondanews.com/releases/honda-to-debut-all-new-2018-odyssey-minivan-at-2017-north-american-international-auto-show Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Odyssey Production Begins '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Odyssey Press Kit - Overview '' . Honda Newsroom . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Quality and Reliability Make Honda Odyssey Award - Winning Minivan '' . Honda.com. 2003 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' . Honda . Issue of Nov 2003 of Car and Driver HK External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Odyssey ( North America ) . Cars portal Official U.S. Site Original design presentation drawings for the first - generation Honda Odyssey Informative website related to transmission issues in 1999 - 2004 Honda Odyssey ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Odyssey_(North_America)&oldid=808381728 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Minivans Vans Front - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 1995 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the honda odyssey body style change	[]	[]
2174688059582748577	Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands	Saint Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands - wikipedia Saint Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the island of Saint Croix in the Virgin Islands . For other uses of the name , see Saint Croix ( disambiguation ) . `` St. Croix '' and `` Saint Croix '' redirect here . For other uses , see St. Croix ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saint Croix Nickname : Twin City Saint Croix from space , January 1992 Saint Croix Saint Croix Show map of USA VI Saint Croix Show map of the Virgin Islands Show all Geography Location Caribbean Sea Coordinates 17 ° 44 ′ 23 '' N 64 ° 44 ′ 20 '' W / 17.73972 ° N 64.73889 ° W / 17.73972 ; - 64.73889 Coordinates : 17 ° 44 ′ 23 '' N 64 ° 44 ′ 20 '' W / 17.73972 ° N 64.73889 ° W / 17.73972 ; - 64.73889 Archipelago Virgin Islands , Leeward Islands Area 82 sq mi ( 210 km ) Length 22 mi ( 35 km ) Width 7 mi ( 11 km ) Highest elevation 1,165 ft ( 355.1 m ) Highest point Mount Eagle Administration United States Territory Virgin Islands District District of Saint Croix Demographics Demonym Crucian Population 50,601 ( 2010 ) Pop . density 610 / sq mi ( 236 / km ) Ethnic groups Afro - Caribbean , Puerto Rican , Caucasian Historical marker for Alexander Hamilton Saint Croix ( / ˌseɪnt ˈkrɔɪ / ; Spanish : Santa Cruz ; Dutch : Sint - Kruis ; French : Sainte - Croix ; Danish and Norwegian : Sankt Croix , Taino : Ay Ay ) is an island in the Caribbean Sea , and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . St. Croix is the largest of the islands in the territory . However , the territory 's capital , Charlotte Amalie , is located on Saint Thomas . As of the 2010 United States Census , St. Croix 's population was 50,601 , its highest point is Mount Eagle , at 355 metres ( 1,165 ft ) . St. Croix 's nickname is `` Twin City '' , for its two towns on opposite ends of the island , Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the east . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Subdivisions 6 Language 7 Religion 8 Economy 9 Transportation 10 Education 11 Culture 11.1 Festivals 12 Points of interest 12.1 Scuba diving , snorkeling , and watersports 12.2 Bioluminescent bays 12.3 Protected areas 13 Famous Crucians , St. Croix - born persons and Saint Croix residents 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) A 1754 Danish map of the island Dannebrog being lowered at the Governor 's Mansion for the last time ( 31 March 1917 ) The island was inhabited by various indigenous groups during its prehistory . Christopher Columbus landed on Santa Cruz , as he called it , on November 14 , 1493 , and immediately was attacked by the Kalinago , who lived at Salt River on the north shore . This is the first recorded fight between the Spanish and a New World native population , and Columbus gave the battle site the name Cabo de la Flecha ( Cape of the Arrow ) . The Spanish never colonized the Islands , but most or all of the native population was eventually dispersed or killed . By the end of the 16th century , the islands were said to be uninhabited . Dutch and English settlers landed St. Croix in 1625 , joined by some French refugees from St. Kitts . However , the English expelled the settlers , before they themselves were evicted by a Spanish invasion in August 1650 . The Spanish occupation was short lived , since a French force of 166 men attacked , and in the following year 1651 had established a colony of 300 on the island . From 1651 until 1664 , the Knights of Malta ruled the island in the name of Louis XIV . The island then passed to the French West India Company . The colony was evacuated to San Domingo in 1695 , when France battled the English and Dutch in the War of the Grand Alliance . The island then lay uninhabited and abandoned for another 38 years . In 1725 , St. Thomas Governor Frederick Moth encouraged the Danish West Indies Company 's directors to consider purchasing Ste . Cruds ( St. Croix ) . On 15 June 1733 , France and Denmark - Norway concluded a treaty by which the Danish West India Company bought St. Croix for 750,000 livres . Louis XV ratified the treaty on 28 June , and received half the payment in French coins , with the remaining half paid in 18 months . On 16 Nov. 1733 , Moth was named the first Danish governor of St. Croix . The 1742 census lists 120 sugar plantations , 122 cotton plantations , and 1906 slaves , with about 300 Englishmen and 60 Danes on the island . By 1754 , the number of slaves had grown to 7,566 . That year , King Frederick took direct control of St. Croix from the company . For nearly 200 years , St. Croix , St. Thomas and St. John were known as the Danish West Indies . By the mid to late 18th century , `` at the peak of the plantation economy , the enslaved population of St. Croix numbered between 18,000 and 20,000 , the white population ranging between 1,500 and 2,000 '' . Alexander Hamilton and his brother lived with their mother Rachel `` Faucette '' on St. Croix , after she returned to the island in 1765 . Their residence was in the upper floor of a house at 34 Company Street , while Rachel used the lower floor as a shop selling food items . Within two years , however , Hamilton lost his father , James Hamilton , by abandonment , and his mother to death . Official documents from the island , a 1768 probate court testimony from his uncle , established Alexander 's age at thirteen . By 1769 , Hamilton 's cousin , aunt , uncle , and grandmother had also died . His brother James became an apprentice carpenter , and Alexander Hamilton became the ward of Thomas Stevens , a merchant on King Street . Hamilton was soon clerking in the export - import business of Beekman and Cruger , at the intersection of King and King 's Cross Streets . In 1772 , local businessmen funded Hamilton 's further education in New York . The British invasion and occupation of the Danish West Indies took place at the end of March 1801 , with the arrival of a British fleet arrived at St Thomas . Denmark - Norway accepted the Articles of Capitulation and the Britain occupied the islands without a shot being fired . Their occupation lasted only until April 1802 , when Britain returned the islands to Denmark - Norway . A second British invasion of the Danish West Indies took place in December 1807 , when a British fleet captured St Thomas on 22 December , and St. Croix on 25 December . Denmark - Norway did not resist and the invasion again was bloodless . This occupation lasted until 20 November 1815 . Both invasions were due to Denmark 's alliance with France during the Napoleonic Wars . On the conclusion of a peace with France , the islands were returned to Denmark . In 1916 , Denmark sold St. Croix , St. Thomas , and St. John to the United States , formalizing the transfer in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies , in exchange for a sum of US $25 million in gold . In a national referendum on the issue , 64.2 % of Danish voters approved the sale . An unofficial referendum held in the islands resulted in 99.83 % vote in favor of the purchase . Formal transfer of the islands to the U.S. took place on April 1 , 1917 . The island 's inhabitants were granted United States citizenship in 1927 . Industrialization of the island and its move away from an agrarian society took place in the 1960s . The 2012 shutdown of the Hovensa refinery resulted in the loss of many jobs . Agriculture has seen a slow resurgence , due to an increase in demand for local produce and agricultural products . Geography ( edit ) St. Croix geologic map , where Km is the Cretaceous Mt . Eagle Group , Kd is Cretaceous diorite , Kg is Cretaceous gabbro , Tbf is the Pliocene Blessing Formation , Tmb and Tlr are the Miocene Kingshall Limestone , Qab is Quaternary alluvium , and Qr is Quaternary reef . St. Croix lies at 17 ° 45 ′ N 64 ° 45 ′ W / 17.750 ° N 64.750 ° W / 17.750 ; - 64.750 : the easternmost point in the United States of America ( as measured from the center of the continental United States , ignoring the westernmost of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska just west of the 180th meridian ) is St. Croix 's Point Udall . The island has an area of 214.66 km ( 82.88 sq mi ) . The terrain is rugged , though not extremely so . The highest point on the island , Mount Eagle , is 1,165 feet ( 355 m ) high . Most of the east end is quite hilly and steep , as is the north side from Christiansted west . From the north side hills , a fairly even plain slopes down to the south coast : this was cultivated as the prime sugar land on the island . Climate ( edit ) The trade wind blows more or less along the length of the island . The hills of the western part of the island receive a good deal more rain than the east end ; annual rainfall is on the whole extremely variable , averaging perhaps 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) a year . The east end of the island is a dry desert range with a substantial amount of cactus , while the west end has lush vegetation and palm trees . The island has multiple ecosystems in a small geographic area . Fairly severe and extended drought has always been a problem , particularly considering the lack of fresh ground water and lack of freshwater streams or rivers on the island . The island has a desalination plant , but most residential homes and businesses have built - in cisterns used to collect rainwater . Demographics ( edit ) Inhabitants are called Crucians / ˈkruːʒən / ( frequently written as `` Cruzans '' ) . Due to St. Croix 's history of immigration , there is much debate as to what constitutes a native Crucian . The consensus in Crucian society is that if one is bahn ya ( `` born here '' in Crucian dialect ) on St. Croix , they can claim to be Crucian , but not necessarily a native Crucian . Those considered to be the native Crucians ( or by the more politically correct term : ancestral native Crucian ) of St. Croix are persons who can trace their ancestry to the era prior to U.S. Virgin Islands acquisition of American citizenship in 1927 . Ancestral native Crucians ( approximately one - fourth to one - third of St. Croix 's population ) largely consist of the descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the island by Europeans during the 18th and 19th centuries , as well as the descendants of paid laborers recruited by the Danish from the British and Dutch West Indies after emancipation in 1848 . As on other Caribbean islands , many ancestral natives are also descended from European settlers and planters that migrated to the West Indies during the 17th , 18th , and 19th centuries . Due to a low number of European females in the colonial West Indies , many European males in colonial St. Croix produced offspring with the majority African population , whose mixed - heritage descendants bear the surnames of their European ancestors . However , there are also a handful of ancestral families on the island ( traditionally known as bukra ) of full European ancestry . Due to historical economic and political differences , as well as the remnants of a 19th - century caste system based on skin complexion , socioeconomic class differences among ancestral native Crucians can vary widely , even within the same family . Most ancestral native Crucians today are employed by the Government of the Virgin Islands , although there are others who are involved in the tourism industry , as well as the legal and medical professions . Puerto Rican migration was prevalent in the 1930s , 40s and 50s , when many Puerto Ricans relocated to St. Croix for work after the collapse of the sugar industry . In addition , the U.S. Navy purchase of two - thirds of the nearby Puerto Rican island of Vieques during World War II resulted in the displacement of thousands of Viequenses , many of whom relocated to St. Croix because of its similar size and geography . The local holiday , Puerto Rico / U.S. Virgin Islands Friendship Day , has been celebrated since the 1960s on the second Monday of October , which is also the same date as Columbus Day . Puerto Ricans in St. Croix , most of whom have lived on the island for more than a generation , have kept their culture alive while integrating it into the native Crucian culture and society . For example , in informal situations , many Puerto Ricans in St. Croix speak a unique Spanglish - like combination of Puerto Rican Spanish and the local Crucian creole English . Migration from `` down - island '' ( a Virgin Islander colloquial term for Caribbean islands east and south of the U.S. and British Virgin Islands ) , occurred mainly throughout the 1960s and 70s . In that period , agriculture declined as the major industry in St. Croix and was replaced by tourism , alumina production , and oil refining . Jobs were plentiful in these industries and down - islanders came to St. Croix by the thousands . The demand for imported labor in St. Croix was exacerbated by the fact that many ancestral native Crucians , having acquired American citizenship several decades earlier , migrated to the mainland United States to pursue educational and career opportunities . Many down - islanders made St. Croix their permanent home , while others eventually relocated to the mainland United States or returned to their native countries . Most down - islanders came from St. Kitts and Nevis , Antigua , St. Lucia and Dominica , although people from every Anglophone Caribbean nation can be easily found on St. Croix . Down islanders and their St. Croix - born offspring form the majority of St. Croix 's middle class , which has dwindled in size since the 2008 global recession . Although down - island migration to St. Croix is most commonly thought of as a mid-20th century phenomenon brought upon by American immigration policy , it is important to note that persons of both European and African descent from the nearby islands of Anguilla , St. Martin , Statia , Saba , St. Kitts , Nevis , Antigua , and Montserrat have been migrating to St. Croix since the 1600s . In addition , many ancestral native Crucians also share family ties with Barbados , as Bajans were heavily recruited to St. Croix to work on sugar plantations throughout the late 19th century . Continental Americans , although small in number in comparison to Caribbean immigrants , have also been part of the St. Croix community . Most reside on the East End of St. Croix and tend to work in the tourism industry , real estate , and legal professions . Many are temporary residents or retirees , as well . Arab Palestinians have been an influential part of the local economy since the 1960s , when they first started to migrate to St. Croix to set up shops , supermarkets and gas stations . In the 21st century , recent waves of migration to St. Croix have included people from the Dominican Republic , Haiti , Jamaica , the Philippines , and various South American nations . St. Croix 's history of migration has sometimes caused tensions between immigrants and Crucians whose ancestry on the island dates back for generations . Tensions have subsided to some extent in recent years , mainly due to intermarriage among Crucians and other Caribbean peoples . In the late 1990s , many people supported legislation to define as a `` native U.S. Virgin Islander '' anyone who could trace their ancestry on the island to 1927 , the year in which U.S. Virgin Islanders were granted United States citizenship . This effort by a select group of nationalist senators eventually failed after much public outcry and controversy . It was learned that most native - born U.S. Virgin Islanders would not qualify as `` native '' under the proposed legislation , as their immigrant ancestors had arrived later than 1927 , but thousands of Danish citizens would have qualified . In 2009 , the proposed U.S. Virgin Islands Constitution voted by the Fifth Constitutional Convention established three definitions of U.S. Virgin Islanders : `` Ancestral Native Virgin Islander '' - those with ancestral ties ( and their descendants ) ; `` Native Virgin Islander '' - those born on the island ( and their descendants ) ; and `` Virgin Islander '' - any United States citizen who has resided in the territory for five years . The proposed constitution was rejected by the United States Congress in 2010 for violating the principle of equal rights for all citizens of the territory , `` native '' or not , and was sent back to the convention for further consideration . The total population of the island as per the 2010 U.S. Census is 50,601 . Subdivisions ( edit ) St. Croix is divided into the following subdistricts ( with population as per the 2010 U.S. Census ) : Anna 's Hope Village ( pop . 4,041 ) Christiansted ( pop . 2,626 ) East End ( pop . 2,453 ) Frederiksted ( pop . 3,091 ) Northcentral ( pop . 4,977 ) Northwest ( pop . 4,863 ) Sion Farm ( pop . 13,003 ) Southcentral ( pop . 8,049 ) Southwest ( pop . 7,498 ) Language ( edit ) English is the dominant language on St. Croix and has been the official language since 1917 , when the Danish West Indies were purchased by the United States . Previously , the official language was Danish , although it was not widely spoken . Other languages throughout St. Croix 's colonial history included Irish , Scots , Spanish and French , as well as a Dutch Creole spoken by St. Thomas and St. John - born persons living in St. Croix , as well as the local creole English , which still exists today . Known on the island as Crucian , Virgin Islands Creole English is spoken by the majority of the population in informal situations . Spanish is spoken by Puerto Rican and Dominican ( Dominican Republic ) immigrants and their St. Croix - born offspring , and various French creoles are spoken by the large St. Lucian and Dominican ( Dominica ) communities , as well as the smaller Haitian one . Arabic is common among the large Palestinian community on St. Croix . Immigrants from the Anglophone Caribbean that migrated to St. Croix after their formative years tend to speak the English creoles of their respective islands in informal situations , which are , for the most part , mutually intelligible with Virgin Islands Creole English . Religion ( edit ) St. John 's Anglican Church , Christiansted Christianity is the predominant religion ; the island has been called the `` Land of Churches '' for the approximately 150 churches that serve its 50,000 residents . Protestant denominations are the most prevalent , but there is also a significant Roman Catholic presence due to St. Croix 's large Hispanic population , as well as Irish influence during the Danish colonial period . Anglican , Methodist , Moravian , Presbyterian , Pentecostal and Seventh - day Adventists are among the Protestant denominations prevalent on the island . There are also followers of the Jehovah 's Witness faith , as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - Day Saints ( LDS or Mormon ) . As in most of the Caribbean , various forms of Rastafari are practiced on the island . Islam is prevalent among the small local Arab population , and there is a small Jewish presence as well . Economy ( edit ) HOVENSA oil refinery St. Croix was once an agricultural powerhouse in the Caribbean , but this period ended with the rapid industrialization of the island 's economy in the 1960s . Like many other Caribbean islands today , St. Croix has tourism as one of its main sources of revenue . A number of other industries on the island contribute to the economy . St. Croix was home to HOVENSA , one of the world 's largest oil refineries . HOVENSA is a limited liability company owned and operated by Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp . ( HOVIC ) , a division of U.S. - based Hess Corporation , and Petroleos de Venezuela , SA ( PDVSA ) , the national oil company of Venezuela . Gas prices on the island were slightly higher than average when compared to gas prices in the continental United States . On January 18 , 2012 , the company announced that the HOVENSA refinery would be permanently shut down . This was expected to have a major adverse effect on the economy of St. Croix and the entire U.S. Virgin Islands , as the refinery employed 1,200 residents and 950 contractors . St. Croix is also home to the Cruzan Rum Distillery , makers of Cruzan Rum , a brand of Beam Suntory , Inc . The Cruzan Rum Distillery was founded in 1760 as Estate Diamond , and for many years used locally grown sugar cane to produce a single `` dark '' style rum . The distillery now imports sugar cane molasses from other countries in the region , primarily from the Dominican Republic and South America . In recent years , Cruzan Rum , along with Bacardi from Puerto Rico and Gosling 's from Bermuda , has contributed to the resurgence of `` single barrel , '' super-premium rum . The quality and smoothness of the Cruzan Estate Rums has won more than 30 Spirit Awards . Cruzan Estate Diamond Rum ( aged five years in American oak barrels ) and Cruzan Single Barrel Estate Rum ( aged 12 years in American oak barrels ) are two examples . Diageo has completed construction of a new distillery on a 26 - acre industrial site next to the Hovensa Refinery . The new distillery produces Captain Morgan Rum . Diageo 's entrance into the U.S. Virgin Islands rum industry has been controversial . The cash - strapped U.S. Virgin Islands government secured $250 million in bonds for the plant , about which the Puerto Rican government has bitterly complained . Transportation ( edit ) See also : List of United States Virgin Islands highways § Highways on St. Croix Cars drive on the left hand side of the road , but nearly all the automobiles on the island have left side steering columns . This has proven difficult for new residents and visitors from right - hand traffic locales such as the mainland United States , the French and Dutch West Indies , and Puerto Rico . There is a public bus service called Virgin Islands Transit , also known as VITRAN , operated by the Virgin Islands Department of Public Works . In addition to taxis and buses , St. Croix has shared taxis , locally known as `` taxi buses '' ( also found on the other U.S. Virgin Islands ) . Taxi buses are full - sized vans running a route from Frederiksted to Christiansted . Taxi buses are privately owned and operated ; they do not follow a regular schedule , and there are no pre-specified stops . People simply wait by the side of the road until a taxi bus approaches , then flag the driver down by waving . Passengers can get out anywhere along the taxi route . Taxi buses are not metered and are required by law to charge a flat rate of $2.50 , regardless of where a rider gets on and off . Taxis to specific locations are much more expensive and are typically used by tourists . Ferry service to St. Thomas was restarted in April , 2017 . The QE IV Ferry makes two trips per day to St. Thomas . Ferry companies based in St. Thomas and St. John sometimes operate St. Croix - to - St. Thomas service for special occasions , such as the St. Croix Agricultural Fair in February , Virgin Islands Carnival , Crucian Christmas Carnival , as well as horse races . The Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix with regular flights from the U.S. mainland , Puerto Rico , and the Eastern Caribbean . Seaplanes , operated by Seaborne Airlines , make the trip from St. Croix to St. Thomas , departing and arriving in Christiansted Harbor . Although St. Croix is a U.S. territory , the U.S. Virgin Islands are maintained as a free port in a separate customs zone . Therefore , travelers to and from the contiguous United States and Puerto Rico must clear U.S. customs but do not need to present a passport , and only need proof of U.S. citizenship or nationality . The immigration status of non-U.S. citizens may be verified during this process . Education ( edit ) University of the Virgin Islands campus The St. Croix School District operates public schools in St. Croix . There also exist multiple private schools , including , but not limited to , St. Croix Montessori , Star Apple Montessori School , The Good Hope Country Day School , AZ Academy , St. Mary 's Catholic School , Free Will Baptist , St. Croix SDA School , and The Manor School . The only colleges on the island are the University of the Virgin Islands , St. Croix campus and Barry University , which operates a physician assistant training program . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands Festivals ( edit ) The island 's largest festival , termed `` Crucian Christmas Carnival , '' is celebrated on St. Croix throughout late December and early January . Another significant festival is the Agricultural and Food Fair held in mid-February . Several times a year , there is a nighttime festival in Christiansted called `` Jump - Up '' and a monthly event called `` Sunset Jazz '' in Frederiksted , where local jazz musicians play on Frederiksted Beach . Every year on the Saturday before Mardi Gras , there is a local Mardi Croix parade and a dog parade through the North Shore . The St. Croix Half Ironman Triathlon is held in the first week of May . The Triathlon includes a 1.2 - mile ( 1.9 km ) swim , a 56 - mile ( 90 km ) bike ride , and a 13.1 - mile ( 21.1 km ) run . Because the bicycle route includes a ride up an extremely steep hill known as `` The Beast '' , this triathlon is often nicknamed `` Beauty and the Beast '' . A costumed carnival dancer . Parade of costumed carnival dancers . A costumed carnival dancer . A costumed carnival dancer . A Moko jumbie . Points of interest ( edit ) Fort Frederik in Frederiksted Frederiksted maintains its Victorian era architecture and original seven street by seven street city design and is host to several historic structures . Among them are St. Patrick 's Catholic Church built in the 1840s and its primary school , the Customs House , the 19th Century Apothecary , and many other buildings ; some of which due to hurricanes past have fallen into very scenic ruins . Frederiksted operates at a more relaxed pace than most of the island , and is more lively during Carnival in January and whenever visiting cruise ships are in port . Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve contains the only known site where members of a Columbus expedition set foot on what is now United States territory . It also preserves upland watersheds , mangrove forests , and estuarine and marine environments that support threatened and endangered species . The site is marked by Fort Salé , a remaining earthworks fortification from the French period of occupation , about 1617 . The park also preserves prehistoric and colonial - era archeological sites including the only existent example of a ball court in the Caribbean . This is one of two sites on the island for bioluminescent bays ( the other being Altona Lagoon ) . Fort Christiansværn built in 1749 and other buildings are maintained by the National Park Service as the Christiansted National Historic Site . Buck Island Reef National Monument preserves a 176 acres ( 71 ha ) island just north of St. Croix and the surrounding reefs . This is a popular destination for snorkelers . Buck Island maintains a U.S. Coast Guard weather station and is also home to a student monitored lemon shark breeding ground . Green Cay ( pronounced green key ) is a small island located southwest of Buck Island ; it is managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service . It hosts a nearby reef popular among scuba divers and snorkelists -- Tamarind Reef . Scuba diving , snorkeling , and watersports ( edit ) Scuba Diving in St. Croix , US Virgin Islands Seahorse at the pier in Frederiksted . The waters surrounding St. Croix are warm year - round , with temperatures ranging from 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) -- 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , making it a popular destination for watersports including scuba diving , snorkeling , kayaking , paddleboarding , surfing , kite surfing , parasailing , jet skiing , fishing , and sailing . Two of the island 's most popular underwater sites for scuba divers are the Frederiksted Pier and the drop - off into deep water at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . Frederiksted is known for reef diving and access to wreck diving . The western side of the island has calm waters that allow snorkeling with access from the beach . Paddleboarding is popular near Frederiksted for the same reason . The Frederiksted Pier attracts scuba divers and snorkellers , as well as those who simply jump off it . The shallow water and sandy bottom around the pier are ideal for recreational diving by novice scuba divers in PADI Discover Scuba Diving programs ( also called resort diving ) , for extended shore diving , night diving , and for underwater photography , especially of its abundant seahorse population . A few hundred meters off the northern coast of the island , from Salt River to Cane Bay , the bottom drops suddenly into a deep trench , where coral reefs , abundant tropical fish , and migrant sea turtles may be observed . Kayaking is popular in the Salt River area as well . The town of Christiansted , a short distance from Buck Island and Green Cay , is a former capital of the Danish West Indies . It lies just east of the northern underwater drop - off and is protected by a reef . Bioluminescent bays ( edit ) There are two bioluminescent bays or bio bays on St Croix . The most widely known and visited is located at Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . A second bio bay can be found at Altona Lagoon . Bio bays are extremely rare with `` only seven year - round lagoons known to exist in the Caribbean '' . A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence : red mangrove trees surround the water ( the organisms have been related to mangrove forest , although mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species ) . A study at the bio bay located at Salt River is being conducted as of 2013 by faculty and students from the University of South Carolina , the University of North Carolina - Wilmington and the University of the Virgin Islands . Their research is focused on analyzing quality and nutrient composition of the water , the distribution of a micro-organism , the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense , which glows whenever the water is disturbed , and the abundance of `` cysts , '' dormant dinoflagellates embedded in the sea floor . A concurrent complementary study is being undertaken by the St. Croix Environmental Association in conjunction with Scripps Institution of Oceanography which focuses on counting the photon density of the phenomenon over time and through various conditions of weather and other impacts . Water quality and taxonomic analysis from both studies will be shared and correlated to create one of the most thorough investigations of year - round bioluminescent bays to date . The two bio bays on St Croix have very different characteristics . The one at Altona Lagoon is large in size but is very shallow allowing one to see the various marine life swimming and agitating the water , lighting it up . The bio bay at Salt River is smaller in size but is deeper than Altona Lagoon . Because of its depth this bay is also home to a second form of bioluminescence called Ctenophora or comb - jellies , which are not found at Altona Lagoon . A third bioluminescent organism is also found in Salt River . A species of marine fireworm performs its brilliant green mating ritual within 57 hours after the full moon , females rising to the surface and leaving a luminescent green puddle for the males to race through , fertilizing the eggs . Protected areas ( edit ) Buck Island Reef National Monument Christiansted National Historic Site , managed by the National Park Service ( a federal agency ) Green Cay National Wildlife Refuge , managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service ( a federal agency ) Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve , co-managed by the Territory of the Virgin Islands and the National Park Service ( a federal agency ) Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge , managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service ( a federal agency ) Point Udall St. Croix East End Marine Park : managed by the Government of the Virgin Islands through the Department of Planning and Natural Resources ' Division of Coastal Zone Management Christiansted , looking north . Christiansted , looking northeast Downtown Christiansted and harbor Old Danish Customs House , Christiansted East End Scuba Diving in the calm waters of Frederiksted East End Teague Bay Beach Canegarden Bay Beach St. George Village Botanical Gardens Scuba diver and sponges , Cane Bay wall Scuba diver and sponges , Cane Bay wall Famous Crucians , St. Croix - born persons and Saint Croix residents ( edit ) Hans Jonatan ( 1784 -- 1827 ) , possibly the first person of color to live in Iceland Joe Aska , former professional American football running back Raja Bell , professional basketball player , Utah Jazz De Apostle , reggae singer , songwriter Bennie Benjamin , musician , songwriter Judah P. Benjamin , American and Confederate politician Victor Borge , Danish pianist and comedian Edmund Bourke ( 1761 -- 1821 ) , Danish diplomat Livingstone Bramble , boxer ( raised on St. Croix ) from Montserrat Georg Carstensen , Danish engineer founder of Tivoli Gardens Annie de Chabert , political figure , Entrepreneur Horace Clarke , professional baseball player , New York Yankees and San Diego Padres Quentin Coryatt , professional NFL American football player , Indianapolis Colts Frank Crosswaith -- union leader Dezarie , reggae singer Tim Duncan , professional NBA basketball player , San Antonio Spurs Walt Frazier , professional NBA basketball player Jack Gantos , author ( mentioned in Hole In My Life ) Muhammad Halim , Olympic triple jumper Alexander Hamilton , American statesman , first United States Secretary of the Treasury ( born on Nevis ) Jimmy Hamilton , jazz musician Hubert Harrison , Harlem activist and intellectual `` The Father of Harlem Radicalism '' Elizabeth Hawes , clothing designer , author and social critic , who wrote a book about her life in St. Croix titled But Say It Politely Casper Holstein , Harlem Renaissance philanthropist Roy Innis , civil rights advocate , chairman , Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Rea Irvin , illustrator and first art director on The New Yorker magazine Peter Jackson , 19th - century Australian boxing champion Linval Joseph , professional NFL American football player , Minnesota Vikings William Alexander Leidesdorff , entrepreneur Audre Lorde , poet , feminist Midnite , roots reggae band Abraham Markoe , American revolutionary figure Hanik Milligan , professional American football player , San Diego Chargers Warren Mosler , economist Richard Cooper Newick , boat builder and designer Maureen O'Hara , actress Elmo Plaskett , baseball player Jasmin St. Claire , pornographic actress Sugar Ray Seales , Olympic gold medalist , boxer Jim Simpson , Hall of Fame sportscaster Allen Stanford , financier convicted of fraud Andre Wadsworth , professional NFL American football player , Arizona Cardinals Henry S. Whitehead , American author of horror fiction and fantasy Mike Yard , contributor on The Nightly Show Frederick Moth - Governor of St. Croix ( January 8 , 1735 -- May 15 , 1747 ) See also ( edit ) 1878 St. Croix Labor Riots Cruzan Rum Culture of the Virgin Islands Danish West Indies Music of the Virgin Islands St. George Village Botanical Garden Virgin Islands Creole Virgin Islands patch reefs WSVI , ABC TV station WTJX - TV , Virgin Island Public Television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the figure reported by the government of the U.S. Virgin Islands on the St. Croix page of usvi.net . Other reliable sources report different figures . The article at the on - line edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica reports the area as 84 square miles . The Virgin Islands ( United States ) page at the United Nations Environment Programme 's Island Directory gives the area as 214.4 square kilometers , equivalent to 82.8 square miles . And although the U.S. Census Bureau does not report the areas of geopgraphic entities , it does report their population densities ( equal to the total population divided by the area ) . In the 2010 census , the population was reported as 50,601 ( Table P1 , `` Total Population '' ) and the population density was reported as 607.3 per square mile ( Table P40 , `` Population Density '' ) . Together , these figures imply an area of 83.3 square miles . Jump up ^ `` Population of the United States Virgin Islands by Estate : 2010 '' . Census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel ( 1942 ) . Admiral of the Ocean Sea . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . pp. 414 -- 418 . ISBN 0316584789 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Vincent ( 2002 ) . A History of St. Kitts . Macmillan Caribbean . p. 14 . ISBN 9780333747605 . ^ Jump up to : Westergaard , Waldemar ( 1917 ) . The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule ( 1671 - 1754 ) . New York : The Macmillan Company . pp. 206 -- 209 , 222 -- 225 , 235 , 243 . Jump up ^ `` St. Croix , Virgin Islands : Facts & History '' . Vinow.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kristín Loftsdóttir and Gísli Pálsson , `` Black on White : Danish Colonialism , Iceland and the Caribbean '' , in Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity : Small Time Agents in a Global Arena , ed. by Magdalena Naum and Jonas M. Nordin , Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology Volume , 37 ( New York : Springer , 2013 ) , pp. 37 -- 52 ( pp. 41 -- 42 ) . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 6202 - 6_3 Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . New York : The Penguin Press . pp. 16 -- 17 , 22 -- 40 . ISBN 1594200092 . Jump up ^ `` Crucian Dictionary '' . cruciandictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census U.S. Virgin Islands , United States Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language '' . Vinow . VI Now . 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . A dialect of English Creole called Crucian is heard on St. Croix today . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language - Virgin Islands '' . Jump up ^ https://www.coldwellbankervi.com/page-religion-on-st-croix-72.html Jump up ^ AP ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Refinery closing in huge blow to USVI economy '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynne M. Sullivan ( 2006 ) . Adventure Guide Virgin Islands ( 6th ed . ) . Hunter Publishing . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1588435811 . Jump up ^ `` that 's the SPIRIT ! '' Mixology > Cruzan Rum `` . Thatsthespirit.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands governor John de Jongh announces initiative with Diageo for Captain Morgan rum distillery on St. Croix '' . Diageo . June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ St. Croix School District Archived May 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Virgin Islands Department Of Education . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Caribbean Classic Triathlon '' . Jump up ^ Bennett , Steve ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Uncommon Caribbean - On - Site St. Croix : Re-living the Joy of Jumping Off Frederiksted Pier '' . Uncommon Caribbean . Jump up ^ `` Blog , Jump Off the Frederiksted Pier , St. Croix , USVI - GoToStCroix.com '' . www.gotostcroix.com . Jump up ^ Larry Larsen ; M. Timothy O'Keefe ( 1 June 1991 ) . Fish & Dive the Caribbean : A Candid Destination Guide to the Bahamas , Bermuda , Jamaica , British Virgin Islands , Cancun , Cozumel , Cayman Islands , U.S. Virgin Islands and Others . Larsen 's Outdoor Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 936513 - 17 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sport Diver . June 2005 . p. 84 . ISSN 1077 - 985X . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands - Top 10 Dives '' . Jump up ^ `` SEA Launching Second Study on Bioluminescence '' . stcroixsource.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Usup G , Azanza RV ( 1998 ) Physiology and dynamics of the tropical dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense . In : Anderson DM , Cembella AD , Hallegraeff GM ( eds ) The physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms . NATO ASI Series , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , p 81 -- 94 Jump up ^ Phlips , EJ , Badylak , S , Bledsoe , E & M Cichra. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Raja Bell '' . Basketball-Reference.Com . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quentin Coryatt '' . Football-Reference.Com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan '' . Basketball-Reference.Com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` At Home With Walt Frazier '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Linval Joseph '' . Football-Reference.Com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Wadsworth '' . Football-Reference.Com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Croix . Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Croix . St. Croix - United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism Office of the Lieutenant Governor - Office of the Lieutenant Governor Gregory R. Francis St. Croix USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. Croix , USVI Territory of United States Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Demographics Culture Languages Religion Women Economy Sugar production Tourist attractions Geography History Telecommunications Transportation Government Congressional Delegates Elections Governors Politics Cannabis LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Senators Cities Anna 's Retreat Charlotte Amalie Charlotte Amalie West Christiansted Cruz Bay Frederiksted Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Water Island Others Parks Buck Island Reef NM Christiansted NHS Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM Virgin Islands NP British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands&oldid=815118162 '' Categories : Islands of the United States Virgin Islands Saint Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands Former Danish colonies 1650 establishments in the French colonial empire 1733 disestablishments in the French colonial empire 1733 establishments in the Danish colonial empire 1916 disestablishments in the Danish colonial empire 1916 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is st croix located in the caribbean	[]	[]
5867951453294439868	Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968	Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 - wikipedia Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Jump to : navigation , search Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Long title An Act to assist State and local governments in reducing the incidence of crime , to increase the effectiveness , fairness , and coordination of law enforcement and criminal justice systems at all levels of government , and for other purposes . Nicknames Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Assistance Act of 1967 Enacted by the 90th United States Congress Effective June 19 , 1968 Citations Public law 90 - 351 Statutes at Large 82 Stat. 197 Codification Titles amended 34 U.S.C. : Crime Control and Law Enforcement U.S.C. sections created 34 U.S.C. ch. 101 § 10101 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 5037 by Emanuel Celler ( D - NY ) on July 17 , 1967 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on August 8 , 1967 ( 378 -- 23 ) Passed the Senate on May 23 , 1968 ( 72 - 4 , in lieu of S. 917 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on June 6 , 1968 ( 369 - 17 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on June 19 , 1968 The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ( Pub. L. 90 -- 351 , 82 Stat. 197 , enacted June 19 , 1968 , codified at 34 U.S.C. § 10101 et seq . ) was legislation passed by the Congress of the United States and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson that established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration ( LEAA ) . Title III of the Act set rules for obtaining wiretap orders in the United States . It had been started shortly after November 22 , 1963 when evidence in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy increased public alertness to the relative lack of control over the sale and possession of guns in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Grants 2 Handguns 3 Wiretaps 3.1 Employee Privacy 4 FBI expansion 5 Miranda warning 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Grants ( edit ) The LEAA , which was superseded by the Office of Justice Programs , provided federal grant funding for criminology and criminal justice research , much of which focused on social aspects of crime . Research grants were also provided to develop alternative sanctions for punishment of young offenders . Block grants were provided to the states , with $100 million in funding . Within that amount , $50 million was earmarked for assistance to local law enforcement agencies , which included funds to deal with riot control and organized crime . Handguns ( edit ) The Omnibus Crime Bill also prohibited interstate trade in handguns and increased the minimum age to 21 for buying handguns . This legislation was soon followed by the Gun Control Act of 1968 , which set forth additional gun control restrictions . Wiretaps ( edit ) The wiretapping section of the bill was passed in part as a response to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions Berger v. New York , 388 U.S. 41 ( 1967 ) and Katz v. United States , 389 U.S. 347 ( 1967 ) , which both limited the power of the government to obtain information from citizens without their consent , based on the protections under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . In the Katz decision , the Court `` extended the Fourth Amendment protection from unreasonable search and seizure to protect individuals with a ' reasonable expectation of privacy . ' '' Section 2511 ( 3 ) of the Crime Control Bill specifies that nothing in the act or the Federal Communications Act of 1934 shall limit the constitutional power of the President `` to take such measures as he deems necessary '' : `` to protect the nation against actual or potential attack or other hostile acts of a foreign power , to obtain foreign intelligence information deemed essential to the security of the United States or to protect national security information against foreign intelligence activities '' `` to protect the United States against the overthrow of the Government by force or other unlawful means , or against any other clear and present danger to the structure or existence of the Government '' The section also limits use in evidence only where the interception was reasonable and prohibits disclosure except for purpose . In 1975 , the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , ( known as the `` Church Committee '' ) was established to investigate abuses by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) . In 1975 and 1976 , the Church Committee published 14 reports on various U.S. intelligence agencies ' operations , and a report on the FBI 's COINTELPRO program stated that `` the Fourth Amendment did apply to searches and seizures of conversations and protected all conversations of an individual as to which he had a reasonable expectation of privacy ... At no time , however , were the Justice Department 's standards and procedures ever applied to NSA 's electronic monitoring system and its ' watch listing ' of American citizens . From the early 1960s until 1973 , NSA compiled a list of individuals and organizations , including 1200 American citizens and domestic groups , whose communications were segregated from the mass of communications intercepted by the Agency , transcribed , and frequently disseminated to other agencies for intelligence purposes '' . Employee privacy ( edit ) The Act prohibits `` employers from listening to the private telephone conversations of employees or disclosing the contents of these conversations . '' Employers can ban personal phone calls and can monitor calls for compliance provided they stop listening as soon as a personal conversation begins . Violations carry fines up to $10,000 . The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 expanded these protections to electronic and cell phone communication . See also Employee monitoring and Workplace privacy . FBI expansion ( edit ) The bill increased the FBI budget by 10 % to fund police training at the FBI National Academy . Much of this training was for riot control , a popular political issue at the time . Miranda warning ( edit ) In 1966 , the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 384 U.S. 436 ) created the requirement that a citizen must be informed of their legal rights upon their arrest and before they are interrogated , which came to be known as Miranda warnings . Responding to various complaints that such warnings allowed too many criminals go free , Congress , in provisions codified under 18 U.S.C. § 3501 with a clear intent to reverse the effect of the court ruling , included a provision in the Crime Control Act directing federal trial judges to admit statements of criminal defendants if they were made voluntarily , without regard to whether he had received the Miranda warnings . The stated criteria for voluntary statements depended on such things as : ( 1 ) the time between arrest and arraignment ; ( 2 ) whether the defendant knew the crime for which he had been arrested ; ( 3 ) whether he had been told that he did not have to talk to the police and that any statement could be used against him ; ( 4 ) whether the defendant knew prior to questioning that he had the right to the assistance of counsel ; and , ( 5 ) whether he actually had the assistance of counsel during questioning . It also provided that the `` presence or absence of any of '' the factors `` need not be conclusive on the issue of voluntariness of the confession . '' ( As a federal statute , it applied only to criminal proceedings either under federal laws , or in the District of Columbia . ) That provision was disallowed by a federal appeals court decision that was not appealed , and it escaped Supreme Court review until 32 years after passage , when another appeals court ( the Fourth Circuit , covering states from South Carolina to Maryland ) failed to follow suit and reversed one of its district courts in Dickerson v. United States . It reasoned , following a paper by University of Utah law professor Paul G. Cassell , that Miranda was not a constitutional requirement , that Congress could therefore overrule it by legislation , and that the provision had supplanted the requirement that police give Miranda warnings . The Supreme Court then agreed to hear the case . Typically , it overrules constitutional decisions only when their doctrinal underpinnings have eroded , and the majority justices found , in 2000 , that it had intended Miranda as an interpretation of the Constitution and that if `` anything , our subsequent cases have reduced the impact of the Miranda rule on legitimate law enforcement while reaffirming the decision 's core ruling that unwarned statements may not be used as evidence in the prosecution 's case in chief . '' See also ( edit ) Gun law in the United States Warrantless wiretaps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Lyndon B. Johnson : `` Statement by the President Upon Signing the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. , '' June 19 , 1968 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Savelsberg , Joachim J. , Lara L. Cleveland , Ryan D. King ( June 2004 ) . `` Institutional Environments and Scholarly Work : American Criminology , 1951 - 1993 '' . Social Forces . 82 ( 4 ) : 1275 -- 1302 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2004.0093 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Government 's 50 Greatest Endeavors '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Intelligence Reports and the Rights of Americans : Book II ( PDF ) . Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities. April 24 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Kubasek , Nancy ; Browne , M. Neil ; Heron , Daniel ; Dhooge , Lucien ; Barkacs , Linda ( 2016 ) . Dynamic Business Law : The Essentials ( 3d ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . p. 528 . ISBN 9781259415654 . ^ Jump up to : Slide 21 of Chapter 24 Powerpoint for text : Kubasek , Nancy ; Browne , M. Neil ; Heron , Daniel ; Dhooge , Lucien ; Barkacs , Linda ( 2013 ) . Dynamic Business Law : The Essentials ( 2d ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0073524972 . Jump up ^ McKnight , Gerald D. ( 1998 ) . `` ' The Poor People Are Coming ! ' ' The Poor People Are Coming ! ' '' . The last crusade : Martin Luther King , Jr. , the FBI , and the poor people 's campaign . Boulder ( u.a. ) : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3384 - 9 . External links ( edit ) List of privacy / tapping legislation at Government Computer News Church report summary of the passing of this law text of the Church Report which references this law . Text of the Act from the FCC library A Primer on the Federal Wiretap Act and Its Fourth Amendment Framework ( hide ) Patriot Act Titles I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- IX -- X Statute legislative and judicial history History of the Patriot Act Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Jim Dempsey Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968&oldid=827099959 '' Categories : 1968 in law United States federal criminal legislation United States federal privacy legislation Privacy of telecommunications Privacy law in the United States United States federal firearms legislation 90th United States Congress Labor rights Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the purpose of the omnibus crime control and safe streets act of 1968	[]	[]
-5450755524510114497	Osvaldo Benavides	Osvaldo Benavides - wikipedia Osvaldo Benavides Osvaldo Benavides ( 1979 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Mexico City , Mexico Nationality Mexican Occupation Actor , writer , producer , cinematographer Years active 1992 -- present Osvaldo Benavides ( born June 14 , 1979 , Mexico City , Mexico ) , is a Mexican actor , writer , producer and cinematographer . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Other works 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Mexico City , Mexico , currently resides in Tepoztlán , Morelos . Osvaldo began acting at age 9 years . He has participated in musical theater rods as : `` El Graduado '' and `` Todos eran mis hijos '' . Career ( edit ) He made his film debut in 1990 in the movie La primera noche . He later made his television debut at the age of 9 years in the telenovela El abuelo y yo . In 1995 obtained his second television role at the age of 16 years , in the telenovela María la del Barrio , where he shared credits with Thalía and Fernando Colunga . He has participated in several telenovelas from Televisa such as El premio mayor , Te sigo amando , Preciosa , Locura de amor , Daniela and Piel de otoño . In 2010 he participated in the TV series Gritos de muerte y libertad . In that same year he participated in Soy tu fan and Cloroformo . In 2011 returned to telenovelas with La que no podía amar playing `` Miguel Carmona '' , in that year he became known as soap opera villain and director . In 2013 he obtained a role in the soap opera Lo que la vida me robó , a version and adaptation of telenovelas Bodas de odio and Amor Real , and shared credits with Angelique Boyer , Sebastián Rulli and Daniela Castro . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 La primera noche Sergio 2000 Por la libre Rocco 2001 Piedras verdes Sebastián 2001 La segunda noche Alfonso 2001 Seres humanos Damián 2002 El Mago Short film 2003 Ligerita Short film 2006 Un mundo maravilloso Curioso SubHysteria Ariel Writer and producer 2013 Me late chocolate Alex 2014 La dictadura perfecta Ricardo Díaz 2015 El cielo es azul Auturo 2018 Todo mal Fernando 2018 Hermanos Marquez Castillo Fausto Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes El abuelo y yo Francisco `` Paco '' Recurring role 1995 María la del Barrio Fernando `` Nandito '' de la Vega Hernández Co-lead role 1995 El premio mayor Chicles Recurring role Te sigo amando Lazarito Co-lead role 1998 Preciosa Simón Ortiz Recurring role 2000 Locura de amor León Palacios Recurring role 2002 Daniela Andrés Miranda Lead role 2005 Piel de otoño Damián Recurring role Gritos de muerte y libertad Lucas Alamán Lead role 2010 -- 12 Soy tu fan Julián Muñoz Lead role 2011 La que no podía amar Miguel Carmona Recurring role 2012 Cloroformo El Joe Lead role 2013 -- 14 Lo que la vida me robó Dimitrio Mendoza Co-lead role 2015 -- 16 A que no me dejas Adrián Olmedo Lead role 2016 Ruta 35 Mercurio Acosta Lead role 2018 La bella y las bestias Juan Pablo Quintero Lead role TBA El Rey del Valle Luis Miguel del Valle Lead role Other works ( edit ) Year Title Notes The Way of the Vampire Cinematographer Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result María la del Barrio 14th TVyNovelas Awards for Best Young Lead Actor Won 1998 Te sigo amando 16th TVyNovelas Awards for Best Young Lead Actor Won 2015 Lo que la vida me robó 33rd TVyNovelas Awards for Best Supporting Actor Won 2015 La dictadura perfecta Diosa de Plata Awards for Best Role of Men Won 2016 A que no me dejas 34th TVyNovelas Awards for Best Leading Actor Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michelle Oyola ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Osvaldo Benavides , en la pantalla chica y la pantalla grande '' ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MarianaVidal ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Osvaldo Benavides '' ( in Spanish ) . La Ciudad de Frente . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fernando Rosales . `` Osvaldo Benavides : actor , director y ... villano '' ( in Spanish ) . Quién . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Osvaldo Benavides protagonizará la cinta ' Moctezuma y yo ' '' . cmxmexico.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Méndez , Nancy . `` Osvaldo Benavides sólo quiere divertirse '' . excelsior.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Juan Ríos ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Osvaldo le hizo cambios a Dimitrio '' ( in Spanish ) . Televisa . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adrián Olmedo '' . Televisa ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grisel Vaca ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Osvaldo Benavides protagonizará ' El lenguaje del amor ' '' . Tvynovelas ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poza , Javier . `` Geraldine Galván y Osvaldo Benavides en serie `` Ruta 35 '' `` . radioformula.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Janette Yerena . `` Osvaldo Benavides se suma a las narcoseries '' . Excelsior ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` A Altair Jarabo por fin le llegó el protagónico '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' El Rey del Valle ' , la nueva serie sobre ' narcos ' de Claro video '' . laprensa.peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Novelalounge . `` Premios TVyNovelas 2015 : Lista Completa De Nominados '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premios TVyNovelas 2015 Ganadores : Mejor Actor De Reparto , Osvaldo Benavides Por ' Lo Que La Vida Me Robó ' '' ( in Spanish ) . NovelaLounge . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' La dictadura perfecta '' compite por la Diosa de Plata `` . estoenlinea.oem.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Javier Poza . `` Aún sin confirmar protagónico `` El Lenguaje del amor '' : Benavides `` . Grupo Fórmula ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premios TVyNovelas 2016 México Nominados Votaciones : ' Antes Muerta Que Lichita ' Domina Nominaciones '' . spanish.latinospost.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Osvaldo Benavides on IMDb TVyNovelas Award for Best Supporting Actor 1993 -- 1999 Fernando Ciangherotti and Raúl Padilla `` Chóforo '' ( 1993 ) Pedro Weber `` Chatanuga '' ( 1995 ) Otto Sirgo ( 1996 ) Leonardo Daniel ( 1997 ) Alejandro Ruiz ( 1998 ) César Évora ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present César Évora ( 2000 ) Pablo Montero ( 2001 ) Rodrigo Vidal ( 2002 ) Rafael Inclán ( 2003 ) Ernesto Laguardia ( 2004 ) Eric del Castillo ( 2005 ) Ernesto Laguardia ( 2006 ) José José ( 2007 ) 2008 and 2012 Flavio Medina ( 2013 ) Manuel `` Flaco '' Ibáñez ( 2014 ) Osvaldo Benavides ( 2015 ) Pierre Angelo ( 2016 ) Juan Vidal ( 2017 ) Sergio Mur ( 2018 ) TVyNovelas Award for Best Young Lead Actor 1985 -- 1999 Guillermo Capetillo ( 1985 ) Juan Antonio Edwards ( 1986 ) Alberto Mayagoitia ( 1987 ) Ernesto Laguardia ( 1988 ) Ernesto Laguardia ( 1989 ) Eduardo Yáñez ( 1990 ) Omar Fierro ( 1991 ) Raúl Araiza ( 1992 ) Eduardo Santamarina ( 1993 ) Rodrigo Vidal ( 1994 ) Germán Gutiérrez ( 1995 ) Osvaldo Benavides ( 1996 ) Osvaldo Benavides ( 1998 ) Guy Ecker ( 1999 ) 2000 - present Kuno Becker ( 2000 ) 2001 to 2005 Mauricio Aspe ( 2006 ) Imanol Landeta ( 2007 ) 2008 Eleazar Gómez ( 2009 ) José Ron ( 2010 ) Alfonso Dosal ( 2011 ) Osvaldo de León ( 2012 ) Ferdinando Valencia ( 2013 ) Alejandro Speitzer ( 2014 ) José Eduardo Derbez ( 2015 ) Brandon Peniche ( 2016 ) Polo Morín ( 2017 ) Germán Bracco ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Benavides&oldid=854621167 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century Mexican male actors Male actors from Mexico City 21st - century Mexican male actors Mexican male film actors Living people Mexican male telenovela actors Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Polski Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 17 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dimitrio lo que la vida me robó actor	[]	[]
-6862267747752158204	Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree	Rockefeller Center Christmas tree - wikipedia Rockefeller Center Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree photographed in December 1987 , a 78 foot ( 24 m ) high Norway Spruce decorated with 18,000 lights . The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a large Christmas tree placed annually in Rockefeller Center , in Midtown Manhattan . The tree is erected in mid November and lit in a public ceremony in late November or early December . Since 1997 , the lighting has been broadcast live , to hundreds of millions , on NBC 's Christmas in Rockefeller Center telecast on a Wednesday after Thanksgiving . The tree lighting ceremony is aired at the end of every broadcast , following live entertainment and the tree is lit by the current Mayor of New York City and special guests . An estimated 125 million people visit the attraction each year . The tree , usually a Norway spruce 69 to 100 feet ( 21 to 30 m ) tall , has been a national tradition each year since 1933 . The 2018 Christmas Tree Lighting takes place on November 28 , 2018 ; the tree will remain on display until January 7 , 2019 . Contents 1 Selection and decoration 2 History 3 Broadcasting 4 Yearly tree details 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Selection and decoration ( edit ) Trees are traditionally donated to Rockefeller Center , which in turn donates the lumber after display . Until his death in 2009 , the late David Murbach , Manager of the Gardens Division of Rockefeller Center , scouted for the desired tree in upstate New York and surrounding states , and even Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . The trees are now scouted by Erik Pauzé , Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center . Pauzé visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area while keeping his eye out for one - of - a-kind backyard trees . Trees may also be submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Center 's web site . Pauzé and his team choose each year 's tree based on its heartiness and `` Christmas tree shape , '' as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments . Once a tree is selected , a crane supports the tree while it is cut , then moved to a custom telescoping trailer able to transport trees up to 125 feet ( 38 m ) tall , although the width of city streets around Rockefeller Center limits the height of the tree to 100 feet ( 30 m ) . Local business Christmas Tree Brooklyn provides support in delivering the tree safely into the city . On its way to Manhattan , the tree is often dressed in giant red bows or banners extending holiday greetings to witnesses . Trucks , barges , and even a transport plane have all been used to help the tree make the trip . Once at Rockefeller Center , the tree is supported by four guy - wires attached at its midpoint and by a steel spike at its base . Scaffolding is erected around the tree to assist workers in hanging about 50,000 multi-colored LED lights and the star top . The crystal star that has topped the tree since 2004 is 9.5 feet ( 2.9 m ) in diameter and weighs 550 pounds ( 250 kg ) . This `` Swarovski Star , '' containing 25,000 Swarovski crystals , 1 million facets , and LED lights , was created by German artist Michael Hammers . History ( edit ) The first tree at Rockefeller Center , erected by construction workers in 1931 shortly after the site was cleared . Above , the workers line up for pay beside the tree , adorned with garlands made by workers ' families . Although the official Christmas tree tradition at Rockefeller Center began in 1933 ( the year 30 Rockefeller Plaza opened ) , an unofficial tradition began during the Depression - era construction of the Center , when workers decorated a smaller 20 foot ( 6.1 m ) balsam fir with `` strings of cranberries , garlands of paper , and even a few tin cans '' on Christmas Eve ( December 24 , 1931 ) , as recounted by Daniel Okrent in his history of Rockefeller Center . According to Rockefeller Center , workers pooled their money for that unlit tree , with the garlands made by workers ' families . With the lighting of the 50 - foot - tall ( 15 m ) first official tree two years later , the tree became what Rockefeller Center dubbed `` a holiday beacon for New Yorkers and visitors alike . '' A skating rink was opened below the tree in the plaza in 1936 . Rockefeller Center has observed the tree to be `` from the beginning ... a gathering place and reflection of what was happening in the world around it . '' World War II ushered in simple , patriotic decorations , including red , white and blue unlit globes and painted wooden stars . In 1942 , instead of one large tree , three more modest trees were raised , each decorated in one of the flag 's colors . From 1944 until the war 's end in 1945 , the tree went unlit due to blackout regulations . After the war , the year of darkness was left behind , as six ultraviolet light projectors were employed to make it appear as though the tree 's 700 fluorescent globes were glowing in the dark . By the 1950s , workers began using scaffolding to decorate the tree , as larger trees were accommodated . Before the decade was over , the decorating process called for 20 workers and nine days . 1951 marked the first time that NBC televised the tree lighting with a special on The Kate Smith Show . In 1969 , artist Valerie Clarebout 's towering wire herald angels were added to the Channel Gardens in front of the tree near Fifth Avenue . Clarebout created the 12 sculptures using 75 points of metal wire each . The 1971 tree , a 65 - footer from East Montpelier , Vt. , was the first to be mulched and recycled . It was turned into 30 three - bushel bags of mulch for the nature trails of upper Manhattan . Though the tree typically makes its journey on a truck bed , in 1998 it was flown in from Richfield , Ohio on the world 's largest transport plane . The 2016 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree , a 94 foot ( 29 m ) high Norway Spruce from Oneonta , N.Y. , with 50,000 lights . Photographed December 2 , 2016 by Michael Vadon . 1999 saw Rockefeller Center 's tallest tree , a 100 foot ( 30 m ) spruce from Killingworth , Conn . In 2001 , following the events of September 11 , the tree was again decorated in hues of red , white and blue . In 2007 , the tree went `` green '' , converting to energy - efficient lighting with LEDs . The LEDs use 1,200 fewer kilowatts of electricity per day , enough to power a 2,000 - square - foot home for a month . Also since 2007 , each year after display , the tree has been milled into lumber and donated to Habitat for Humanity for use in house construction . The 2016 tree , a Norway Spruce from Oneonta , N.Y. , is at 94 feet high the second tallest ever erected at Rockefeller Center . At 56 feet wide and over 30,000 pounds , the tree is the widest and heaviest to date , according to construction crews . Since 2011 , the tree lighting ceremony has been followed by the singing of Joy to the World . The decorated tree remains on display at Rockefeller Plaza , between West 48th and 51st Streets and Fifth and Sixth Avenues , at least through January 6 of the new year . More than a half million people pass by the tree each day while it is on display , according to Rockefeller Center . Broadcasting ( edit ) Since 1997 , the lighting ceremony has been broadcast live on NBC in the first hour of primetime , live in the Eastern and Central time zones , and on tape elsewhere . The ceremony is hosted by Today 's Al Roker ( 1997 -- present ) , Savannah Guthrie ( 2012 -- present ) , and Hoda Kotb ( 2017 -- present ) Yearly tree details ( edit ) Year Original location Tree type Height Lighting 2017 State College , PA Norway spruce 75 ft November 29 , 2017 2016 Oneonta , NY Norway spruce 94 ft November 30 , 2016 2015 Gardiner , NY Norway spruce 78 ft December 2 , 2015 2014 Danville , PA Norway spruce 85 ft December 3 , 2014 2013 Shelton , CT Norway spruce 76 ft December 4 , 2013 2012 Flanders , NJ Norway spruce 80 ft November 28 , 2012 2011 Mifflinville , PA Norway spruce 74 ft November 30 , 2011 Mahopac , NY Norway spruce 74 ft November 30 , 2010 2009 Easton , CT Norway spruce 76 ft December 2 , 2009 2008 Hamilton , NJ Norway spruce 72 ft December 3 , 2008 2007 Shelton , CT Norway spruce 84 ft November 28 , 2007 2006 Ridgefield , CT Norway spruce 88 ft November 29 , 2006 2005 Wayne , NJ Norway spruce 74 ft November 30 , 2005 Suffern , NY Norway spruce 71 ft November 30 , 2004 2003 Manchester , CT Norway spruce 79 ft December 3 , 2003 2002 Bloomsbury , NJ Norway spruce 76 ft December 4 , 2002 Wayne , NJ Norway spruce 81 ft November 28 , 2001 2000 Buchanan , NY Norway spruce 80 ft November 29 , 2000 1999 Killingworth , CT Norway spruce 100 ft * December 1 , 1999 1998 Richfield , OH Norway spruce 75 ft December 2 , 1998 Stony Point , NY Norway spruce 70 ft December 2 , 1997 Armonk , NY Norway spruce 90 ft December 3 , 1996 1995 Mendham , NJ Norway spruce 75 ft December 5 , 1995 Ridgefield , CT Norway spruce 85 ft December 2 , 1994 Montebello , NY Norway spruce 70 ft 1986 Nanuet , NY Norway spruce 68 ft 1980 Mahwah , NJ Norway spruce 70 ft 1978 Mahwah , NJ Norway spruce 75 ft 1963 Rockaway , NJ Bruce Fir , Veit 84 ft 1957 Brighton , VT White spruce 67 ft * Tallest Tree on Record See also ( edit ) National Christmas Tree References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` A Christmas Tree That Manhattan 's Can Look Up To '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree , a NYC Tradition '' . www.6sqft.com . November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree '' . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas tree hunter David Murbach dies just before Christmas '' . The New York Daily News . January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center 's tree '' . about.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How Rockefeller Center Chooses a Christmas Tree Each Year '' . Travel + Leisure . November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tree Lighting History '' . rockefellercenter.com/holidays . Jump up ^ In New York , a Big Tree Takes Its Place . Youtube . Jump up ^ AP ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lights Up '' . Gazers . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Paul ( 2005 - 12 - 04 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) . `` A Star Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Okrent , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Great Fortune : The Epic of Rockefeller Center . New York : Viking Press . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03169 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Yule Never Guess The Tree Height '' . thetreenyc.org . Jump up ^ `` The tree at Rockefeller Center '' . Rockefeller Center . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` LEDs will light up Rockefeller Christmas tree '' . CNN . 2007 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 84th Rockefeller Center Tree Lighting 2016 '' . rockefellercenter.com/holidays . Jump up ^ `` This Year 's Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Is a Huge Norway Spruce '' . ny.curbed.com . Jump up ^ https://www.rockefellercenter.com/holidays/rockefeller-center-christmas-tree-lighting/ Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas tree will come from State College '' . Centre Daily . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rockefeller Center Christmas tree arrives in NYC , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Tree to Arrive in New York City This Week '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Danville Christmas Tree Rockefeller Center '' . PennLive . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree '' . Courant . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas tree hails from N.J. this holiday season '' . Star - Ledger. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree donated by family of Ground Zero FDNY veteran '' . New York Daily News . 2010 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree going up in NY 's Rockefeller Center '' . Associated Press . 2009 - 11 - 12 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton tree headed for Rockefeller Center called ' miracle ' '' . NJ.com. 2008 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree From Shelton , Connecticut '' . About.com. 2007 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Tree Spruces Up Rockefeller Plaza '' . Fox News . 2006 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Katrina , Rita Kids Light Rockefeller Tree '' . Fox News . 2005 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC -- Rockefeller Christmas and Tree -- New York City '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 76 - foot spruce arrives in Rockefeller Center for holidays '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Center Christmas tree installed '' . CNN . 2010 - 11 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rockefeller Tree Lighting is Close '' . Jump up ^ `` The 1998 Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Torsilieris Deliver the Rockefeller Tree , Once Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 70 - Foot Spruce Finds a Home for the Holidays '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny . `` It 's No Simple Matter Before a Tree Joins Rockefeller Center History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Storer , Sam . `` Rockefeller Center Tree Goes up in New York City '' . Jump up ^ Storer , Sam ( 1978 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Christmas tree going up today '' . Gadsden Times . Jump up ^ Hunt , Pat ( December 2008 ) . `` Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree '' . Vermont 's Northland Journal . 7 ( 9 ) : 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center . ISBN 0 - 9650308 - 7 - 3 . `` Christmas Tech '' . Modern Marvels. 2006 - 12 - 20 . The History Channel . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Moseman , Andrew ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` How Riggers Raise the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree : Live on Scene '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree . 2006 Rockefeller Center Tree Lighting Image Gallery NYC Insider Guide to Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Lighting Christmas in Rockefeller Center , NBC.com Special tree - decorating game , NBC.com Christmas at Rockefeller Center , NBC.com Happy Holidays from NBC ( ' 08 - ' 09 ) Happy Holidays from NBC ( ' 09 - ' 10 ) Holidays on NBC ( 2011 ) Tree Lighting Times at Rockefeller Center , NYSGO.com The Swarovski Star A Rockefeller Christmas , The Rockefeller Archive Center Rockefeller Center Buildings Original complex 30 Rockefeller Plaza Rainbow Room 1250 Avenue of the Americas 1270 Avenue of the Americas Radio City Music Hall Simon & Schuster Building Center Theatre British Empire Building International Building International Building North La Maison Francaise Palazzo d'Italia 600 Fifth Avenue 1 Rockefeller Plaza 10 Rockefeller Plaza 50 Rockefeller Plaza Later buildings 75 Rockefeller Plaza 1211 Avenue of the Americas 1221 Avenue of the Americas 1251 Avenue of the Americas 1271 Avenue of the Americas History Elgin Botanic Garden Construction Art Atlas Lunch atop a Skyscraper Man at the Crossroads Prometheus Other structures Rockefeller Plaza Christmas tree Nintendo New York NBC Studios St. Nicholas Church Subway station Notable figures Wallace Harrison Ivy Lee Rockefeller family John D. Rockefeller Jr . Nelson Rockefeller Owners Beacon Capital Partners Rockefeller Group Tishman Speyer Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Christmas Blue Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Secular Christmas stories Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday Grinch El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 58 ′ 42 '' W / 40.75861 ° N 73.97833 ° W / 40.75861 ; - 73.97833 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockefeller_Center_Christmas_Tree&oldid=854068956 '' Categories : Individual Christmas trees Culture of New York City Rockefeller Center Christmas in the United States Individual trees in New York ( state ) 1933 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when do they light up the tree in rockefeller center	[ "The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a large Christmas tree placed annually in Rockefeller Center, in Midtown Manhattan. The tree is erected in mid November and lit in a public ceremony in late November or early December. Since 1997, the lighting has been broadcast live, to hundreds of millions, on NBC's Christmas in Rockefeller Center telecast on a Wednesday after Thanksgiving. The tree lighting ceremony is aired at the end of every broadcast, following live entertainment and the tree is lit by the current Mayor of New York City and special guests.[1] An estimated 125 million people visit the attraction each year.[2]\n" ]	[ "Wednesday after Thanksgiving" ]
-513596887957758817	List of Spartacus episodes	List of Spartacus episodes - wikipedia List of Spartacus episodes Spartacus is an American historical epic series created by Steven S. DeKnight , who served as an executive producer alongside Sam Raimi and Rob Tapert . The series tells the story of a Thracian warrior who leads a rebellion against the Roman Republic . Initially the warrior , whose name is not given , agrees to fight alongside the Roman army to help defeat barbarians from a rival tribe , but he returns home to defend his village when a Roman general decides to abandon the warrior 's village and ignore the barbarians to pursue glory elsewhere . Captured by the Romans as a deserter , his wife forced into slavery , the warrior is taken to Capua to be put to death by gladiators before the public . Here the warrior proves his worth as a fighter and is sent to the House of Batiatus to be trained as a gladiator , earning the name Spartacus ( Batiatus names him after a ' legendary Thracian king ' ) . The series premiered on the Starz Network on January 22 , 2010 and aired its final episode on April 12 . 2013 . For the first season , the role of Spartacus was played by Andy Whitfield , who was diagnosed with non-hodgkins lymphoma at the completion of the first season . Although in June 2010 Whitfield was reported to be healthy and cancer free , in September his cancer returned and he died on 11 September 2011 . Australian actor Liam McIntyre took over the role of Spartacus from Season 2 . A total of 33 episodes of Spartacus were broadcast over three seasons . A six - part prequel miniseries entitled Spartacus : Gods of the Arena was also broadcast between Seasons 1 and 2 ( in 2011 ) . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) 2.2 Prequel Season : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) 2.3 Season 2 : Vengeance ( 2012 ) 2.4 Season 3 : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) 3 Home media releases 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Title Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Blood and Sand 13 January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) April 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) Prequel Gods of the Arena 6 January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) Vengeance 10 January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) War of the Damned 10 January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) April 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spartacus : Blood and Sand No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Serpent '' Rick Jacobson Steven S. DeKnight January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) SPS101 0.66 `` Sacramentum Gladiatorum '' Rick Jacobson Steven S. DeKnight January 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 29 ) SPS102 0.77 `` Legends '' Grady Hall Brent Fletcher February 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) SPS103 0.86 `` The Thing in the Pit '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) SPS104 0.66 5 5 `` Shadow Games '' Michael Hurst Miranda Kwok February 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) SPS105 0.85 6 6 `` Delicate Things '' Rick Jacobson Tracy Bellomo & Andrew Chambliss February 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 26 ) SPS106 1.08 7 7 `` Great and Unfortunate Things '' Jesse Warn Brent Fletcher & Steven S. DeKnight March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) SPS107 0.97 8 8 `` Mark of the Brotherhood '' Rowan Woods Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing March 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) SPS108 0.88 9 9 `` Whore '' Michael Hurst Daniel Knauf March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) SPS109 1.11 10 10 `` Party Favors '' Chris Martin - Jones Brent Fletcher & Miranda Kwok April 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) SPS110 1.27 11 11 `` Old Wounds '' Glenn Standring Story by : Dan Filie & Patricia Wells April 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) SPS111 1.13 12 12 `` Revelations '' Michael Hurst Brent Fletcher April 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) SPS112 1.29 13 13 `` Kill Them All '' Jesse Warn Steven S. DeKnight April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) SPS113 1.23 Prequel Season : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spartacus : Gods of the Arena No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Past Transgressions '' Jesse Warn Steven S. DeKnight January 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 21 ) 1.10 `` Missio '' Rick Jacobson Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 1.14 `` Paterfamilias '' Michael Hurst Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 1.26 `` Beneath the Mask '' Brendan Maher Seamus Kevin Fahey & Misha Green February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 1.11 5 `` Reckoning '' John Fawcett Brent Fletcher February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 1.38 6 `` The Bitter End '' Rick Jacobson Steven S. DeKnight February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) 1.72 Season 2 : Vengeance ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spartacus : Vengeance No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Fugitivus '' Michael Hurst Steven S. DeKnight January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) SPS201 1.39 15 `` A Place in This World '' Jesse Warn Brent Fletcher February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) SPS202 1.30 16 `` The Greater Good '' Brendan Maher Tracy Bellomo February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) SPS203 1.40 17 `` Empty Hands '' Mark Beesley Allison Miller February 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) SPS204 1.47 18 5 `` Libertus '' Rick Jacobson Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) SPS205 1.56 19 6 `` Chosen Path '' Michael Hurst Misha Green March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) SPS206 1.19 20 7 `` Sacramentum '' Jesse Warn Seamus Kevin Fahey March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) SPS207 1.25 21 8 `` Balance '' Chris Martin - Jones Jed Whedon March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) SPS208 1.10 22 9 `` Monsters '' TJ Scott Brent Fletcher March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) SPS209 1.35 23 10 `` Wrath of the Gods '' Jesse Warn Steven S. DeKnight March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) SPS210 1.45 Season 3 : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Spartacus : War of the Damned No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 24 `` Enemies of Rome '' Mark Beesley Steven S. DeKnight January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) SPS301 0.93 25 `` Wolves at the Gate '' Jesse Warn Aaron Helbing & Todd Helbing February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) SPS302 0.82 26 `` Men of Honor '' John Fawcett Brent Fletcher February 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) SPS303 0.95 27 `` Decimation '' Michael Hurst Seamus Kevin Fahey February 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) SPS304 0.88 28 5 `` Blood Brothers '' TJ Scott Allison Miller March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) SPS305 1.02 29 6 `` Spoils of War '' Mark Beesley Jed Whedon March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) SPS306 0.87 30 7 `` Mors Indecepta '' Jesse Warn David Kob & Mark Leitner March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) SPS307 1.09 31 8 `` Separate Paths '' TJ Scott Brent Fletcher March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) SPS308 1.09 32 9 `` The Dead and the Dying '' Michael Hurst Jeffrey Bell April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) SPS309 1.07 33 10 `` Victory '' Rick Jacobson Steven S. DeKnight April 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) SPS310 1.42 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray releases Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 13 September 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 21 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) December 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) Prequel 6 September 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 13 ) October 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) August 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 10 September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) August 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 10 September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Red Serpent '' . Spartacus : Blood and Sand . Season 1 . 2010 - 01 - 22 . Starz Network . Starz . Jump up ^ `` Andy Whitfield Has Cancer : ' Spartacus ' Actor Diagnosed With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma '' . The Huffington Post . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Andy ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` A personal message from Andy Whitfield '' . Starz Community Forums . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spartacus ' Star Andy Whitfield 's Cancer Is Back : Wo n't Return Next Season To Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` R.I.P. Andy Whitfield Of Starz 's ' Spartacus ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Liam McIntyre is the new Spartacus ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` '' Spartacus : Blood and Sand '' Season Finale , `` Kill Them All '' Sees Ratings Highs With Adults 18 -- 49 `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' & NBA Lead Night +'Smackdown , ' ' Spartacus , ' ' Victorious , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Leads Night , ' Spartacus ' Steady , + ' Smackdown , ' ' Winter X-Games , ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' Lead Night , ' Merlin ' Down + ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska , ' Leads Night ; ' Merlin ' Steady ; + ' Spartacus : GotA , ' ' Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush : Alaska ' Ends Season on Top ; ' Merlin ' & ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rise + ' Wizards of Waverly ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ! ' Leads Cable ; ' Spartacus : Gods of The Arena ' Rises + ' Merlin , ' ' Hall Of Game Awards ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Spartacus : Vengeance ' Premiere , ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' Merlin , ' Smackdown ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Bering Sea Gold ' Stay On Top + ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Robot Chicken ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' on Top Again , ' SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' Round out Original Programming '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball on TNT Wins the Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' In Plain Sight ' And More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Cable , + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Ultimate Fighter Live ' , & ' Tangled Ever After ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Robot Chicken ' Wins Night ; ' The Boondocks , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' WWE Friday Night Smackdown ' & More ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , WWE Friday Night Smackdown & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery Is `` Gold '' in Demos , Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Again , + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Again + ' Yukon Men ' , ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Jessie ' , ' Robot Combat League ' , ' Spartacus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Friday Night SmackDown ' Wins Night + NBA Basketball , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ' Wins Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Gravity Falls ' , ' Spartacus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Night + ' Friday Night SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Storage Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Friday Night SmackDown ' Wins Night + ' Yukon Men ' , ' Storage Wars ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Masters ' Coverage Wins Night , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Spartacus ' , ' Da Vinci 's Demons ' , ' Yukon Men ' , ' Vice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Spartacus - ' Vengeance : Season 2 ' on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Extras , Box Covers '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spartacus - Vengeance ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spartacus : Vengeance - Season 2 : Uncut '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Spartacus - ' War of the Damned : The Complete 3rd Season ' Press Release Announces Date , Details , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spartacus : War of the Damned ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spartacus : War Of The Damned '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Spartacus at TV.com Spartacus on IMDb Spartacus ( TV series ) Characters Episodes Blood and Sand Gods of the Arena Vengeance War of the Damned Legends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spartacus_episodes&oldid=843182504 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Spartacus television series Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes are in spartacus season 4	[]	[]
552681895418621106	Peanut butter and jelly sandwich	Peanut butter and jelly sandwich - wikipedia Peanut butter and jelly sandwich `` Peanut Butter Jelly '' redirects here . For the Galantis song , see Peanut Butter Jelly ( song ) . Peanut butter and jelly sandwich A peanut butter and jelly sandwich on white bread Alternative names PB&J Course Lunch or snack Place of origin United States Serving temperature Room temperature Variations Peanut butter and jam , other nut butters , with butter or marshmallow fluff Food energy ( per serving ) 403 kcal ( 1687 kJ ) Cookbook : Peanut butter and jelly sandwich Media : Peanut butter and jelly sandwich A peanut butter and jelly ( or jam ) sandwich , or PB&J , includes one or more layers of peanut butter and one or more layers of either jelly or jam on bread . Sometimes the sandwich is eaten open - faced or with one slice of bread folded over ( effectively a `` half sandwich '' ) . The sandwich is quite common and popular in North America , especially for children ; a 2002 survey showed the average American will have eaten 1,500 of these sandwiches before high school graduation . There are several variations on the sandwich . For example , honey or sliced fruit can be substituted for the jelly component . On the flip side , the popularity of almond butter has inspired some aficionados to transition to `` almond butter and jelly '' ( AB&J ) sandwiches . Other nut butters are less common . Marshmallow fluff can also be substituted for the jelly , or simply added for extra flavor ; this sandwich is called a `` fluffernutter '' . Cream cheese , substituted for the peanut butter , makes a cream cheese and jelly sandwich . Nutella is another possible substitute for one of the spreads . White bread may have been common in the past , but whole wheat bread can be used as a healthier option . Creamy peanut butter with jelly yields a very smooth sandwich , while chunky peanut butter and jam offers up a lot of texture . The sandwich may be served whole or cut . If the sandwich is left to sit , or prepared in the morning for lunchtime , then the jelly or jam may soak into the bread and create a soggy slice . The solution invented by sandwich - makers is to utilize the `` barrier strategy '' , whereby a layer of peanut butter on each slice protects the bread from becoming soggy ( see photo for `` sandwich preparation '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Nutrition 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Peanut butter and strawberry jam can create a very appealing red / orange contrast . Peanut butter was originally paired with a diverse set of foods , such as pimento , cheese , celery , watercress , and toasted crackers . In a Good Housekeeping article published in May 1896 , a recipe `` urged homemakers to use a meat grinder to make peanut butter and spread the result on bread . '' The following month , the culinary magazine Table Talk published a `` peanut butter sandwich recipe . In the early 1900s , this sandwich was adopted down the class structure as the price of peanut butter dropped . It became popular with children by the 1920s as manufacturers began adding sugar to the peanut butter . Since World War II , both peanut butter and jelly were found on US soldiers ' military ration list . Nutrition ( edit ) A peanut butter and jelly sandwich made with white bread , two tablespoons each of peanut butter and strawberry jelly , provides 403 kcal , 18 g fat , 58 g carbs and 12 g protein which is 27 % of the Recommended Daily Intake of fat and 22 % of calories . While roughly 50 % of the calories are from fat , most of them come from monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fats , which have been linked positively with heart health . Sandwich preparation Close - up view of a cut peanut butter and jelly sandwich See also ( edit ) Food portal Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Jam sandwich Peanut butter , banana and bacon sandwich List of sandwiches List of peanut dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PB&J is A-OK '' . Prepared Foods 171.10 . Prepared Foods . October 2002 . p. 32 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peanuts : The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Mark McWilliams . The Story Behind the Dish : Classic American Foods . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . Jump up ^ Lau , Maya ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Who Made That ? '' . New York Times Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Food Timeline '' . Lynne Olver . Jump up ^ Why Do Donuts Have Holes ? . Citadel Press . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Jegtvig , about.com , undated , `` How Nutritious is a PB&J ? '' , archived from the original , January 13 , 2006 . Accessed December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corleone , Jill . `` Are Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwiches Healthy ? '' . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich Fun peanut facts Keep your peanut - butter - and - jelly sandwich from getting soggy Grilled Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich History of Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich hide Sandwiches List of sandwiches Afghani burger Bagel toast Bánh mì Bocadillo Breakfast Bacon , egg and cheese Bun kebab Cemita Chimichurris Chip butty Chocolate Chopped Cheese Chow mein Crisp Dagwood Doughwich Egg Fluffernutter Fool 's Gold Loaf Gatsby Guajolota Hamdog Ice cream Jam Mitraillette Mother - in - law Pambazo Peanut butter , banana and bacon Pistolette Pocket Sabich Sándwich de milanesa Sandwiches de miga Sincronizada Smørrebrød Spaghetti Spatlo Spiedie St. Paul Tea Toast Tramezzino Trancapecho Wrap Cheese Carrozza Cheese and tomato Cheese dream Cheese on toast Grilled cheese Limburger Melt Pebete Fish and seafood Bake and Shark Balık ekmek Fischbrötchen Fish finger Prawn roll Salmon burger Sol over Gudhjem Tuna fish Meat American sub Barbecue Bauru Bologna Chacarero Chicken Chivito Choripán Club Cuban Cudighi Doner kebab Donkey Burger Francesinha Francesinha poveira Fried - brain Gua bao Gyro Italian Jibarito Kati roll Kottenbutter Medianoche Pepito Po ' boy Redonkadonk Roujiamo Sailor Shawarma Shooter 's Slider Sloppy joe Strammer Max Submarine Tonkatsu Torta Torta ahogada Wrap roti Wurstbrot Beef Barros Luco Beef on weck Cheesesteak Corned beef Denver French dip Hamburger List of hamburgers Italian beef Montreal - style smoked meat Pastrami on rye Reuben Roast beef Sloppy joe Steak burger Steak Tavern Tongue Ham and pork Bacon Barros Jarpa BLT Croque - monsieur Flæskesteg Ham and cheese Ham and egg bun Ham salad Monte Cristo Porchetta Pork chop bun Pork tenderloin Toast Hawaii Sausage Braunschweiger Liverwurst Maxwell Street Polish Mortadella Polish Boy Porilainen Open Butterbrot Canapé Dyrlægens natmad Gerber Horseshoe Mollete Muisjes Obložené chlebíčky Pan bagnat Panini Smørrebrød Zapiekanka Vegetarian Baked bean Cucumber Dabeli Doubles Lettuce Peanut butter and jelly Tomato Vada pav Vegetable Related Sandwich bread Sandwich loaf Soup and sandwich Category : Sandwiches Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peanut_butter_and_jelly_sandwich&oldid=844869755 '' Categories : American sandwiches Vegan cuisine Peanut butter Food combinations Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the peanut butter and jelly sandwich invented	[]	[]
-6820090275398202474	Fast Five	Fast Five - wikipedia Fast Five Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2011 film . For other uses , see Fast Five ( disambiguation ) . Fast Five Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Jordana Brewster Tyrese Gibson Chris Bridges Matt Schulze Sung Kang Dwayne Johnson Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Production companies Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 15 ) ( Rio de Janeiro ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $626.1 million Fast Five ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 5 or Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist ) is a 2011 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the fifth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . It was released first in Australia on April 20 , 2011 , and then in the United States on April 29 , 2011 . Fast Five follows Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) , and Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) as they plan a heist to steal $100 million from corrupt businessman Hernan Reyes ( Joaquim de Almeida ) while being pursued for arrest by U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs ( Dwayne Johnson ) . While developing Fast Five , Universal Studios deliberately departed from the street racing theme prevalent in previous films in the series , to transform the franchise into a heist action series involving cars . By doing so , they hoped to attract wider audiences that might otherwise be put off by a heavy emphasis on cars and car culture . Fast Five is considered the transitional film in the series , featuring only one car race and giving more attention to action set pieces such as gun fights , brawls , and the heist of $100 million . The production mounted a comprehensive marketing campaign , marketing the film through social media , virtual games , cinema chains , automobile manufacturers , and at NASCAR races . Fast Five achieved financial success , breaking box office records for the highest - grossing April opening weekend and the second - highest spring opening weekend , and surpassing Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) to become the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Fast Five grossed over $625 million worldwide , making it number 66 on the all - time worldwide list of highest - grossing films , in unadjusted dollars , and the seventh - highest - grossing film of 2011 . Fast Five received mostly positive reviews , with critics praising the combination of comedy and `` action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' ; some labeled it the best film in the series . Johnson was singled out for praise in numerous reviews for his performance , with critics calling him `` the best thing , by far , in Fast Five '' and remarking that scenes shared by Johnson and Diesel were often the `` best moments '' . Despite the positive response , many were critical of the film 's running time , considering it too long , and others criticized the treatment of women , stating `` ( Women ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names . '' South American reviewers were critical of the film 's portrayal of Rio de Janeiro as a haven for drug trafficking and corruption , labeling it a `` stereotype '' . A sequel , Fast & Furious 6 , was released in May 2013 to box office success , surpassing Fast Five as the highest - grossing film in the franchise . Another sequel , Furious 7 , released in April 2015 , soon surpassed Fast & Furious 6 , grossing over $1.5 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Vehicle stunts 4 Music 5 Marketing 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Brazilian critics 6.4 Accolades and recognition 6.5 Home media 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that one of them , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car , a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang breaks into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Diesel , Walker and Brewster reprised their roles from the original The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) . For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto A professional criminal , street racer , and fugitive . Diesel was reportedly paid $15 million to star in and produce the film . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner A former FBI agent turned criminal . He is in a relationship with Mia Toretto . Walker did many of his own stunts for the film , training with parkour professional Paul Darnell to improve his movement . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto Dominic 's younger sister and Brian 's girlfriend . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce Brian 's childhood friend . Gibson 's involvement was confirmed on June 30 , 2010 . Gibson was committed to Transformers : Dark of the Moon at the time he signed on to Fast Five , so he flew between Puerto Rico and Atlanta to accommodate both films . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker Brian 's and Roman 's friend from Miami . Ludacris confirmed his involvement in the film on July 12 , 2010 , when he stated he had arrived in Puerto Rico to begin filming . Matt Schulze as Vince Dominic 's childhood friend . Schulze had appeared in the first film , and it was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that he would be returning . Sung Kang as Han Seoul - Oh A street racer who was Dominic 's business partner in the Dominican Republic . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs A Diplomatic Security Service agent . According to producer Vin Diesel , the role of Hobbs was originally developed with Tommy Lee Jones in mind . However , when reading feedback on his Facebook page , Diesel noted a fan stating a desire to see Diesel and Johnson in a film together . Diesel and Lin then redesigned the role for Johnson . Johnson wanted to work with Universal Studios , citing their support for him during his transition from wrestling to acting . He described the role as a former bounty hunter turned US Marshal and as `` the government 's version of the best bounty hunter on the planet '' . He undertook an extensive daily workout regime to enlarge his physique , wanting his character to appear as a `` hunter '' and to be formidable enough to present a credible threat to the protagonists . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar A former Mossad agent . Although Gadot had prior experience handling motorbikes , she was required to learn how to ride the larger , more powerful Ducati Streetfighter for the film . Joaquim de Almeida as Hernan Reyes A ruthless drug lord posing as a legitimate businessman . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Almeida would play Reyes . Having previously played several antagonists , he hesitated to take this role , but accepted it after speaking with Lin and hearing his take on the character . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves A Rio police officer who works with Hobbs ' team and becomes Dominic 's love interest . It was confirmed on July 16 , 2010 , that Pataky would take this role . She underwent several days of tactical training with a police / military technical advisor and was required to learn how to handle her gun in a variety of situations to portray Elena believably . The central cast is rounded out by Puerto Rican singers Tego Calderón and Don Omar as Leo and Santos respectively , members of the heist team . Michael Irby plays Reyes ' right - hand man Zizi . Alimi Ballard , Fernando Chien , Yorgo Constantine , and Geoff Meedy portray Hobbs ' team members Fusco , Wilkes , Chato , and Macroy . Michelle Rodriguez appears in photographs as Letty Ortiz , Dominic 's girlfriend who is presumed dead following the events of Fast & Furious . Eva Mendes appears in an uncredited cameo as Agent Monica Fuentes , reprising her role from 2 Fast 2 Furious . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) By February 3 , 2010 , it was confirmed that a fifth film , referred to as Fast Five , was going into production in the Fast and Furious series , and that a sixth film was being planned . It was also confirmed that Diesel , Walker , writer Chris Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz would all return to their roles for the new installment . Moritz said that , following the success of Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) , which had reunited Diesel , Brewster , Walker and Rodriguez from the original film , the production wanted to bring them back again for the next one . Diesel felt that the story between the characters portrayed by himself and Walker should continue , envisioning it as three chapters , of which Fast Five would be the last . Diesel also wanted to bring back a variety of characters that had been in previous films without interacting , put them together and `` have a lot of fun '' . The production had originally intended to film on location in Rio de Janeiro . However , the Puerto Rican government offered tax incentives totaling nearly $11 million , influencing the decision to film there , using Puerto Rico to represent Rio de Janeiro . Universal intended to transform the series from street - racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , with Fast Five as the transitional movie . In April 2011 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said : The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was : Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago ? Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a `` ceiling '' on the number of people willing to see films in the series , and that , by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film , he hoped to increase the series ' audience . Writing ( edit ) `` For me , each chapter in this franchise is an extension of the first one , and they each get bigger . It is always a privilege to be able to revisit a good character - driven story . This franchise is more than street racing and tuner cars ; it really is about this larger family and community of racers . '' -- Morgan on his approach to writing the film . Lin wanted to explore the elements of `` freedom and family '' in the film and collaborated with Morgan towards that ideal , both having worked together on previous installments of the franchise . Morgan worked with Diesel to produce a story arc that would further explore and develop Diesel 's character . An idea involving heisting a large safe had been conceived by Morgan during the production of Fast & Furious , but that film 's premise did not work with how Morgan envisioned it . He later incorporated it into Fast Five . Filming ( edit ) On a budget of $125 million , the shooting of Fast Five was scheduled for July and August 2010 . Shooting had started by July 14 , 2010 , but it took longer than forecast : the film was still being shot in early November 2010 . Three film units worked simultaneously . The main cast were required to travel to Rio at the behest of Lin , who felt it important to understand the area and its culture to give the film a good sense of place . Diesel agreed that it was important to shoot key scenes in Brazil , commenting `` we were able to shoot where other productions might not be able to shoot because our franchise has such good street cred . '' The Rio film unit captured aerial shots of the city including Sugarloaf Mountain , Fort Copacabana , Ipanema Beach , the Dona Marta lookout point and the Christ the Redeemer statue . Establishing shots of the heist team members were taken as each arrived in Rio . Gibson was filmed arriving in character at Galeão International Airport but , when it became publicly known that a scene was being shot at the airport , the cast and crew were mobbed . A similar situation occurred while Ludacris was shooting a scene in which his character buys a car to drive around the city . A scene where the completed heist team walk down a beach was filmed in Copacabana . The rooftop chase across favelas was filmed in Puerto Rico , where the production could have more control over the area . The main and second filming units began filming in and around the capital , San Juan . The island 's mixture of tropical greenery and wide streets allowed the production to re-create the densely populated favelas of Rio while completing the larger action and external scenes without incident . Production designer Peter Wenham had the task of transforming Puerto Rico and Atlanta into the previously scouted Rio locations in four weeks , as the production deemed Rio unsuitable for filming many of the larger scenes . Wenham had to reinforce buildings to support the heavy camera equipment , and to alter the colors of more than 30 buildings in the city to make them suitable for filming . His team needed to alter the buildings and strew debris to make the area look disheveled and appear as a Rio shantytown . Wenham remarked that , though the development was difficult , in part due to the heat , it was `` a walk in the park '' compared with filming in the Rio favelas themselves . Wenham aimed to maintain a monochromatic color scheme for the film , with muted blacks and grays , including his choice of colors for the cars used . He only chose to add a multitude of colors in the favela set . The Teodoro Moscosco bridge connecting San Juan to neighboring Isla Verde was used to film the final showdown between Dom and Reyes , while a U.S. Navy base pier 60 miles outside San Juan stood in for the bridge for scenes involving the vault smashing cars . Action scenes were also filmed in the Hato Rey and Río Piedras districts of San Juan . A foot pursuit in which Diesel , Brewster and Walker are chased across favela rooftops by Johnson and his team was filmed over the course of a week in the small hillside town of Naranjito , Puerto Rico . The scene was considered difficult to shoot , as pathways were slippery from moist tropical heat and the scene involved actors and stunt doubles running while avoiding dogs , chickens and other stray animals loose in the area . To capture the scene , a 420 - foot cable - camera rig was used to allow for a fast moving , birds - eye view of the action , and cameras on cranes were set up on rooftops and in alleyways . Walker and Brewster made multiple takes of the conclusion of the scene , requiring them to jump nearly 30 feet from a building onto a waiting safety mat . In total the production employed 236 technicians , 13,145 extras , and generated 16,824 room nights at hotels , contributing $27 million to the Puerto Rican community . Filming moved to Atlanta , Georgia for the final phase . Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters . Redesigning the train yard took place over several months . It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building , and it had to include an integrated lighting system . The design team removed walls , hauled out old railway cars , suspended rusted car parts and auto - plant car rails , and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site . With twenty - five pages of script to shoot in a limited time , cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high - powered , motorized lights in the rafters of the building , that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set . An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party , involving several high - performance cars , was filmed near the Georgia Dome . The train heist scene was filmed in Rice , California over three weeks . A brawl scene between Johnson 's and Diesel 's characters was considered difficult to choreograph . The characters were written to be equally formidable , so the fight was punctuated with moments of character development , as Moritz felt this made the fight more exciting . The scene required several weeks of rehearsal and more than a week of filming by the actors and their stunt doubles , who incurred several minor injuries . Vehicle stunts ( edit ) Most of the climatic scenes were filmed in the Milla de Oro district in Hato Rey , Puerto Rico . The climatic vault heist required four weeks of preparation with every scene and camera angle determined in advance . The filmmakers hired stunt director Spiro Razatos and stunt coordinator Jack Gill to direct the second - unit action filming . The pair initially began research for the stunt by testing the capabilities of the prop vaults and the Dodge Chargers driven by Diesel and Walker . Filmed on the streets of Hato Rey , the chaotic scene demanded specific timing that had to be synchronized with the various character interactions also occurring during the scene . Razatos chose to use a series of camera cars including a crane - mounted camera atop a Porsche Cayenne , which allowed him to film from a variety of angles and heights while the vehicles were in motion , and a Subaru Impreza with a steel cage built around it that allowed for tracking shots . The Subaru 's driver Allen Padelford would occasionally accidentally collide with the vault , creating a shower of sparks that inadvertently became useful footage . Padelford also developed a top - mount dual - drive system for the Chargers that allowed a stunt driver to control the vehicle from the roof , while the actor focused on their performance inside the car . Six versions of the 8 - foot high vault were built , each with specific uses . One of the vaults was a façade built onto the front of a semitruck and was used for filming close shots of the vault destroying street cars . Another vault was a reinforced , four - wheel self - drive vehicle that was connected to 30 - foot cables and dragged through the streets of San Juan by the two stunt Dodge Chargers . The four - ton vault was driven by stunt driver Henry Kingi , who had to wear a temperature controlled suit to compensate for the temperatures within that could exceed 100 degrees . A scene where the vault tumbled as the cars rounded a corner was a practical effect , and the result was more violent than the filmmakers had anticipated . Over 200 vehicles were destroyed by the vault during filming . Several stunts had to be cut including a final scene that would have seen the vault hanging over the edge of the Teodoro Moscoso Bridge . This stunt was abandoned when it was determined that even the powerful Chargers would not be able to support the vault 's weight . The train heist presented several challenges . The filmmakers were required to effectively purchase a length of working railroad for filming and the trains necessary to ride the tracks . Then trucks had to be built that could race the train and meet the needs of the heist itself . Lin also required that the cars being carried on the train be able to jump out of the train at full speed . The scene took precise execution . The filmmakers chose to use cars they could cheaply replicate for the train heist -- a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera , a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette GS Roadster , and a Ford GT40 -- to avoid the expense of replacing a genuine $2 million Ford GT40 . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Fast Five ( soundtrack ) and Fast Five ( score ) Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on iTunes on April 25 , 2011 , and on CD on May 3 , 2011 , by ABKCO Records . It features many reggaeton and rhythmic Latin tracks , including songs by Don Omar , Busta Rhymes and many others , with three pieces from Tyler 's original score for the film : `` Assembling the Team '' , `` Mad Skills '' and `` Fast Five Suite '' . Music guide AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5 , commenting that `` The goal here is to accompany a picture that , as usual , is packed with driving sequences involving flashy cars , beautiful , scantily clad women , and muscled men . That goal is accomplished with this beat - heavy music and the gruff , aggressive Latin rapping . '' Ludacris collaborated with Slaughterhouse and Claret Jai for the soundtrack 's lead single , `` Furiously Dangerous '' . The film score was released on May 3 , 2011 , by Varèse Sarabande . The release has 25 tracks and plays for 78 minutes . The score spent four weeks on the Billboard 200 , peaking as high as number 60 and reaching number 24 on the digital albums chart and number 5 on the soundtrack - only chart . Marketing ( edit ) An example of Fast Five 's cross-media marketing . A Regal Entertainment Group - branded , virtual drive - in theater in Car Town , shows the trailer for Fast Five . The first trailer for Fast Five was released on Diesel 's Facebook page on December 14 , 2010 , in what was believed to be the first ever use of this marketing approach . At the time , Diesel 's page had over 20 million subscribers ( one of the top five personal sites of celebrities ) , providing a wide audience for the trailer . Following this debut , other members of the cast with personal social media platforms released the teaser trailer to their own fans . The Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group ( REG ) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion . Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG - branded , in - game drive - in theater and race around a virtual Rio de Janeiro . The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film , while allowing players to race against Fast Five characters and take part in a bank heist . REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in - game via Fandango for films at REG theaters . By buying these tickets in - game , players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 1970s Dodge Charger , used by Diesel 's character in the original film . REG promoted the partnership between the film and the game in their theaters across 37 states , online and through social media , while Universal promoted it via their own Facebook , Twitter and YouTube sites . In October 2011 , it was claimed that over 200 million races had taken place within the virtual Rio de Janeiro environment in the six months since the campaign 's April launch . Automobile manufacturer Dodge collaborated with Universal in marketing the film , supplying several Dodge Chargers to use in it . The partnership with Dodge included the `` Fast Five '' Dodge Charger driven by Robby Gordon in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series throughout April 2011 -- the opening month of Fast Five . Dodge also sponsored the world premiere of the film in Rio de Janeiro . Release ( edit ) The premiere of Fast Five took place on April 15 , 2011 , at the Cinépolis Lagoon theater in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . It was hosted by actress Susie Castillo and sponsored by car manufacturer Dodge . Box Office ( edit ) Fast Five grossed $209.8 million ( 33.5 % ) in the United States and Canada and $416.3 million ( 66.5 % ) in other territories for a total of $626.1 million . Worldwide , it is the seventy - first highest - grossing film , the seventh highest - grossing 2011 film , the fourth highest - grossing film in the Fast & Furious series ( behind Fast & Furious 6 , The Fate of the Furious , and Furious 7 ) , and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It achieved a worldwide opening weekend of $109.6 million . The film reached a peak of number 55 on the list of all - time highest - grossing films worldwide in October 2011 . It became the highest - grossing film of the series in worldwide grosses ( as well as separately in the US and Canada , and outside the US and Canada ) but was out - grossed in all three cases by Fast & Furious 6 . Outside the United States and Canada Fast Five is the ninth highest - grossing 2011 film , the third highest - grossing film of the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) and the fifth highest - grossing Universal film . It was initially released in Australia on Wednesday , April 20 , 2011 -- nine days before the release date in North America -- followed by releases in the UK , South Korea and New Zealand . The earlier start in these countries was timed to coincide with their Easter holidays and avoided competition from forthcoming summer films , although this placed it in direct competition with Thor in some countries . By the end of its opening weekend , the film had accrued a total of $23.4 million from these countries . On its second weekend , Fast Five earned $46.3 million across 3,139 theaters in 14 countries , ranking first at the box office in each of its ten new markets . For the overall weekend , it ranked second behind Thor . In the third weekend of release , Fast Five topped the box office in a further 44 countries , playing in a total of 6,979 theaters across 58 countries . It ranked first during the weekend with $85.8 million . It set an opening - weekend record in the United Arab Emirates ( $1.65 million ) , holding this record for two weeks before being out - grossed by Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( $2.24 million ) . Across all markets , the film scored Universal 's highest - grossing opening weekend in Russia , Spain , Turkey , Argentina , Brazil , Chile , France , India , Italy , Malaysia , Mexico , the Netherlands , Thailand , the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam . United States and Canada Fast Five is the third highest - grossing film in the Fast and Furious franchise ( behind Fast 6 and Furious 7 ) , the sixteenth highest - grossing Universal film , the sixth highest - grossing 2011 film , the second highest - grossing heist / caper film , behind Inception , and the second highest - grossing car - racing film , behind Cars . According to Box Office Mojo , Fast Five is one of the most successful sequels of 2011 , when taking into account that it is one of few to have outperformed the immediately - preceding instalment of its franchise in the US and Canada . Fast Five opened on April 29 , 2011 , in 3,644 theaters , It took $3.8 million in midnight showings , setting new records for the Fast and the Furious series and Universal ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) . By the end of its opening day , it had accrued a total of $34.4 million ( including midnight earnings ) , setting an April opening - day record , replacing Fast & Furious ( $30.1 million ) , and marking the third largest Friday outside of the summer and holiday period , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . In total , Fast Five earned $86.2 million during its opening weekend , an average of $23,655 per theater , with IMAX showings contributing over $8 million . It thus set an opening - weekend record for the Fast and Furious series , for Universal , ( both records overtaken by Fast 6 ) and for films released in April ( the record was surpassed in 2014 by Captain America : The Winter Soldier ) . It also achieved the third - largest spring opening , behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland . The film also set an opening - weekend record among films starring Diesel , Walker , Brewster , Johnson , Moritz and Lin , records overtaken in all cases by Fast 6 . The film opened dropped 62 % on its second weekend , earning $32.4 million , and ranking second behind Thor . This result was partially attributed to the reduction in IMAX and large - format screens showing the film ( reduced from 244 to 20 ) , since IMAX only contributed $510,000 to the film 's second - weekend gross . On June 4 , 2011 , 37 days after release in the US , the film became the first of 2011 to accrue more than $200 million . The film received a one - week re-release in IMAX theaters on September 30 , 2011 . Release date ( s ) Budget Box office revenue Box office ranking ( current / peak ) US & Canada International Worldwide Release year All time US All time worldwide April 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 20 ) ( Australia ) April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) ( United States ) $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 7 / # 1 # 116 / # 103 # 66 / # 55 Note ( s ) Box office ranking accurate as of February 2013 . Critical reception ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson received praise from several critics for his performance . Fast Five received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 77 % , based on 193 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sleek , loud , and over the top , Fast Five proudly embraces its brainless action thrills and injects new life into the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , praising it as `` a skillfully assembled 130 minutes at the movies , with actors capable of doing absurd things with straight faces , and action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics '' , while Richard Corliss of Time considered it `` maybe the first great film of the post-human era '' . The New York Times said it deftly combined action and humor , stating `` The only time you wo n't be watching the screen is when your eyes have squeezed shut because you 're laughing so hard . '' The Telegraph appreciated the presence of Johnson and Diesel together , calling it a `` cosmic event '' , and added that director Lin had revitalized the series , saying `` the start and finish here , defying every imaginable law of physics , are series highs . '' Empire also heaped praise on Johnson , saying `` How to re-ignite an ageing franchise ? Drop ( Johnson ) on it . The best thing , by far , in Fast Five ... Dwayne Johnson hulks through the movie leaving testosterone trails in his wake . '' However , Empire took the view that the film itself was `` not , by any normal criteria , a good film '' , arguing that it was too long , although conceding that the action scenes , in particular the final car chase , made the film `` the most entertaining in the series . '' Anna Smith of Time Out London also commented that the film was too long and criticized the simplistic characters and dialog , but she called the film `` slick '' and stated that these criticisms could be overlooked because `` it does n't take itself too seriously . '' Variety focused on the roles of Johnson and Diesel , lamenting the current lack of 1980s - style `` brawny '' leading men and of the `` manly men '' typical of the 1950s and 1960s , and calling their pairing `` a welcome injection of tough - guy vigor '' . Variety commented that , based on Fast Five , a `` sixth entry could be something worth waiting for '' . The New Yorker called the action scenes `` spectacular '' , praising director Lin by saying his `` direction and the sharp editing never confuse or lose momentum '' , but also found the film too long and criticized the dialog , labeling it `` subpar Ocean 's Eleven - style banter '' . On the characters , The New Yorker considered Walker and Diesel `` serviceable '' , but singled out Johnson for praise for bringing a `` hip , comic knowingness to his role ... his enjoyment is infectious and keeps the movie speeding along . '' Total Film welcomed the return of Ludacris and Tyrese Gibson to `` ( inject ) the film with much - needed laughs '' and felt that Johnson fit into the established cast with ease , though it believed the film itself was `` no mould - breaker . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone , who disliked the previous movies , gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , praising the transformation of the series into a heist film ( `` Damn it , it works '' ) , commenting favorably on scenes between Johnson and Diesel , and judging that `` Fast Five will push all your action buttons , and some you have n't thought of . '' The Los Angeles Times felt that scenes shared by Diesel and Johnson were the `` best moments '' and appreciated the humor , but considered the pacing a `` strange mix '' , switching between exposition , comedy scenes and then sudden action . The reviewer echoed other critics ' sentiments concerning the running time of the film , but concluded that `` the sheer audacity of `` Fast Five '' is kind of breathtaking in a metal - twisting , death - defying , mission - implausible , B - movie - on - steroids kind of way `` , labeling it the `` best '' of the series . Both Empire and Variety noted that the final chase scene of Fast Five contained allusions to Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) : Variety stated that the scene `` seems inspired in part by a similarly spectacular scene in Bad Boys II '' ; Empire said that it `` nearly out - Bad - Boys - 2s Bad Boys 2 '' . Not all reviews were positive , however . Film4 criticized both the film 's long running time and its treatment of female characters , remarking `` ( Females ) cameo strikingly in buttock form . Others actually have first names '' . But Film4 praised Johnson 's role as DSS agent Luke Hobbs , saying he `` provides a more credible anti-antagonist to our anti-heroes than the straight up villains can manage '' . The Boston Herald gave a more mixed reaction : it derided the lack of realism as removing any sense of threat to the protagonists , but conceded that `` these films may be robustly anti-intellectual and deplorably commercialized , but they are the envy of the rest of the world . '' Despite giving the film a positive review and praising the action , The Hollywood Reporter was critical of its stars , saying `` it 's clear the budget was n't used on acting lessons for the cast . '' The New York Post 's Kyle Smith gave the film a negative review , criticizing the shortage of car - related action before the finale and calling it less a `` vroomer '' and more a `` knucklehead Ocean 's Eleven '' . Smith went on to call the film 's villain Reyes ( Almeida ) `` unforgivably dull '' and considered the long running time a result of taking `` that long to read every item in the cliché dictionary . '' Time Out New York stated that `` The Fast and the Furious movies have n't exactly gotten better as they 've gone along '' but gave the director a backhanded compliment , saying `` Justin Lin , taking his third turn behind the franchise 's wheel , is at least a competent hack . '' Ebert was more complimentary , saying `` Justin Lin is emerging as a first - rate director in this second - rate genre '' and Rolling Stone managed `` Justin Lin , who misdirected the last two sequels , finds his pace this time , staging dynamite action . '' Brazilian critics ( edit ) Fast Five cast in Rio de Janeiro Brazilian reviewers criticized the use of Rio de Janeiro in the film , claiming it was stereotyped as `` dominated by heavily armed drug traffickers , corrupt police , and sexy women '' . O Globo accused the producers of using `` aerial shots and quick editing '' to `` deceive the viewer '' into believing that the criminal acts take place in Rio . Globo also reacted negatively to the use of `` foreigners '' to represent Brazilians , `` speaking Portuguese with laughable accents '' . Veja agreed with O Globo , saying , `` The city of Rio and the Rio Film Commission supported the production . But the image that will spread across the world is exactly what the city does n't want . '' Accolades and recognition ( edit ) Tyler 's score for Fast Five earned him an award at the 2011 BMI Film Music Awards . The marketing components of Fast Five were nominated for three Golden Trailer Awards , winning one for Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot . For the 2011 Teen Choice Awards , Fast Five received five nominations , including Choice Action Movie and Choice Action Movie Actress . Three of the five available nomination slots for Choice Action Movie Actor were taken by actors from Fast Five : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson and Paul Walker . The film ultimately received one Teen Choice Award , for Choice Action Movie . The film received two nominations for the 2011 People 's Choice Awards for Favorite Action Movie , and Favorite Action Movie Star for Diesel . Diesel was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture . The film 's sound and music editing was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film by the Motion Picture Sound Editors society . The film also received two Saturn Award nominations from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Action / Adventure Film and Best Editing for Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner . In December , 2011 , Richard Corliss ranked the film number 10 on his list of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011 , saying , `` A carnival of roguish heroes and pretty girls , car chases and cliffhangers , Fast Five is as much a tribute as The Artist or Hugo to the cinema 's primal thrills . '' Empire placed the film number 20 on its list of the Top 20 Films of 2011 , while IGN named it the `` Best Action Movie '' of 2011 . Fast Five was listed as the number 1 most illegally downloaded film of 2011 on BitTorrent with approximately 9.3 million downloads . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2011 BMI Film Music Award Film Music Brian Tyler Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot `` Fast Women '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Nominated Best Summer 2011 Blockbuster Poster `` Fast Five '' -- Universal Pictures , Cold Open Nominated Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot `` Super Bowl '' -- Universal Pictures , AV Squad Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie -- Action Fast Five Won Choice Movie Actor -- Action Vin Diesel Nominated Dwayne Johnson Nominated Paul Walker Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Action Jordana Brewster Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Fast Five Nominated Favorite Action Movie Star Vin Diesel Nominated Critic 's Choice Awards Best Action Movie Fast Five Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Vin Diesel Nominated Golden Reel Awards Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film Fast Five Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure Film Fast Five Nominated Best Editing Kelly Matsumoto , Fred Raskin , and Christian Watner Nominated Home Media ( edit ) On August 2 , 2011 , USA Network purchased the rights to the United States network premiere of Fast Five . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United Kingdom on September 5 , 2011 , and in the United States on October 4 , 2011 , in 2.35 : 1 aspect ratio with DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 sound . A triple pack was also released containing a Blu - ray , DVD , and digital copy of the film in either Blu - ray or DVD packaging . The Blu - ray versions contains several exclusive additional features , including behind - the - scenes footage , cast and crew interviews , a `` virtual car garage '' that provides further details on the vehicles used in the production , and music tracks from the film . Both the DVD and the Blu - ray contain a theatrical and extended cut of the film , director commentary , deleted scenes , a gag reel and features on the three central characters . Commenting on the extended cut , Lin said `` this is the version that I prefer . '' During first week sales in the United States the DVD was the number 1 selling DVD , the number 1 rental DVD , and the number 2 selling Blu - ray disc behind the Blu - ray re-release of The Lion King . 57 % of the total first week disc sales of Fast Five were the Blu - ray disc version . To promote the release of the DVD and Blu - ray , Universal Studios Home Entertainment sponsored the first race of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series , at the Chicagoland Speedway . The event , renamed as the `` Fast Five 225 '' , took place on September 16 , 2011 , with Gibson and Brewster as Grand Marshals ; Gibson sang the American national anthem for the event and Brewster acted as honorary starter . The event served as the kickoff for the first weekend of the Chase for the Sprint Cup and was won by Austin Dillon . The deal marked the first time that a film promotion had been allowed to take over a NASCAR race as a title sponsor . Continuing the partnership with Car Town , the game was used as the exclusive means of pre-ordering the Blu - ray / DVD combo release at Walmart , via players clicking on a Walmart - themed truck , which in turn provided the player with Fast Five branded in - game rewards . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 A sixth film in The Fast and The Furious series was planned in February 2010 as development on Fast Five began , and in April 2011 , it was confirmed that Morgan had begun work on a script for the potential sixth film . Diesel and Moritz returned as producers for the film and Lin would return to direct . Fast & Furious 6 was released on May 24 , 2013 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . bbfc.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification . April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five Becomes Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist and Picks Up New Poster '' . Scannain . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Betsy ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Fast Five ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : de Semlyen , Nick ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bray , Catherine ( 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 '' . Film4 . Channel Four Television Corporation . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast and the furious five ' causes violent portrait of Rio de Janeiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Organizações Globo. April 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Top 40 '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . March 2011 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tyrese is Still Fast , Still Furious '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` This Fast Five Movie Is Getting Ludacris '' . Latino Review . July 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Fast and the Furious ' adds to cast '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson thanks Facebook fan for Fast 5 role '' . Hollywood.com. April 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faster the Chronicles : Dwayne Johnson -- Exclusive Interview that Covers Faster , Fast Five , The Other Guys , 3D , More '' . Collider . November 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Dwayne Johnson Reveals Details About His Badass Bounty Hunter In ' Fast Five ' '' . MTV . Viacom . June 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Roush , George ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Eva Mendes Says She Wo n't Be Returning For ' Fast Six ' '' . Screen Crush . Townsquare Media , LLC . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez returns for ' Machete Kills ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Universal revs up another ' Fast and Furious ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schrader , Chris ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast and the Furious 6 ′ Already in Development '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Verrier , Richard ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Puerto Rico hoping to ride box - office success of ' Fast Five ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast Five ' Will Transition Franchise From Street Racing To Future Full Of Heist Action '' . Deadline.com . PMC . April 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five Filming Update '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . May 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roush , George ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Couple Of Cast Pics From Fast Five '' . Latino Review . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Not so Fast or Furious : Life 's a beach for Vin Diesel as he continues to film in Brazil '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 24 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Mike ( 2011 ) . `` Stunt Coordinator Jack Gill Talks ' Fast Five ' Action '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2011 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Production 2011 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . All Music . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listen : Ludacris f / Slaughterhouse `` F5 ( Furiously Dangerous ) '' `` . Complex . Complex Media . April 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast Five '' . Billboard 200 . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Raup , Jordan ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Trailer Pits Vin Diesel Vs . The Rock '' . The Film Stage . Banquet Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Facebook Gets Vin Diesel ' Fast Five ' Trailer '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Egan , John ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook Game ' Car Town ' Helps Drive Promotion of ' Fast Five ' '' . technorati.com . Technorati . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kung , Michelle ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Drives ' Car Town ' Promotion '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Osborne , Joe ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` To pick up Fast Five on Blu - ray , DVD at Walmart , better try Car Town '' . games.com . Aol . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' partners with Charger '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne Johnson '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Company . April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Susie ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five World Premiere '' . Susie Castillo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . June 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Studio ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Weekend Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' Holds # 1 Domestic With $344 M Worldwide ; ' Fast Five ' Still Tops Global With $440 M ; ' Bridesmaids ' Overperforms For $24.4 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Man of Steel ' Soars , Scores New June Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Overseas ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Update : ' Fast Five ' Still No. 1 Down Under While ' Thor 3D ' Still Bigger Than ' Iron Man 1 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` Universal pic off to ' Fast ' start '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Rio ' Reigns Again , ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Duke It Out in Australia '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki . `` ' Fast Five ' Now No. 1 In UK Previews , Also Tops Korea And New Zealand '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` International Box Office : Paramount 's ' Thor ' Claims No. 1 With Stellar $83 Million Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mighty ' Thor ' Hammers $242 M Global Cume ; ' Fast Five ' $324 M ; ' Jumping Broom ' $13.7 M ; ' Something Borrowed ' $13.1 M '' . Deadline.com . PMC . May 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' drives to No. 1 overseas '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Thor ' Or ' Fast Five ' # 1 In Foreign Markets While Studios Wage Global War Of Words '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Subbers , Ray ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Fast Five ' Vanquishes ' Thor ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Universal All Time Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heist / Caper '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . August 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Car Racing '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . August 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sequel Scorecard : ' Fast Five ' Leads 2011 Sequel Race So Far '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fast Five ' Fever '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NORTH AMERICA : ' Fast & Furious 6 ' Snags Best Universal Opening Of All Time , Leads Record - Breaking Holiday Weekend With Massive $117 M Debut ; ' Hangover 3 ' Disappoints With $50.3 M , ' Epic ' Posts Healthy $42.8 M Opening '' . boxoffice.com . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Single Day Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Fast Five ' Hits Top Gear '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : Highest Grossing Fridays at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Fast Five ' Packs Record Heat '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Speeds to $165 M Cume ! Record Breaking $83.6 M North American Weekend ; Newbies ' Prom ' & ' Hoodwinked Too ' Bomb '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Fast 6 ' No. 1 With $300 Million Globally ; ' Hangover III ' Sputters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Captain America 2 ' Scores Record $96 M Debut , Tops $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Spring Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Fast Five ' Packs Heat '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May 6 -- 8 , 2011 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Thor ' Thwacks It Within the Park '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' First Class ' Ranks Last Among ' X-Men ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek , ' ' Inception ' and ' Fast Five ' Getting Imax Rerelease '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . September 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Worldwide Grosses ( Snapshot of May 15 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . May 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses ( Snapshot of June 5 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . June 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five : The First Great Post-Human Movie '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manhola ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 : Rio Heist , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Fast & Furious 5 '' . Time Out London . Time Out . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Koehler , Robert ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Diones , Bruce . `` Fast Five '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five Like Pixar 's Cars , but more cartoony '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Verniere , Jason ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast ' and loose '' . Boston Herald . Herald Media Inc . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , Megan ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Not So Fast '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five '' . Time Out New York . Time Out . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lemos , Rafael ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` O Rio de ' Velozes e Furiosos 5 ' é um apanhado de estereótipos '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Grupo Abril . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . A prefeitura do Rio ea Rio Film Commission apoiaram a produção . Mas a imagem que vai rodar o mundo é tudo o que não se quer para a cidade . ^ Jump up to : `` Brian Tyler Awards '' . Official Brian Tyler Website. 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 12th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen Choice Awards Nominees -- 2011 List '' . The National Ledger . The National Ledger , LLC . June 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Teen Choice Awards -- All The Winners '' . RadarOnline . American Media , Inc . August 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 NAACP Image Award Film And TV Nominations '' . Deadline.com . PMC . January 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sound Editors Give ' Super 8 ′ , ' War Horse ' , ' Rise Of Planet Of Apes ' Most Nominations '' . Deadline.com . PMC . January 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Award . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2011 -- Fast Five '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Team Empire ( December 2011 ) . `` Empire 's Top 20 Films Of 2011 '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 -- Best Action Movie '' . IGN . News Corporation . 2011 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five , ' ' Hangover II , ' ' Thor ' Top List of Year 's Most Pirated Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' is the most pirated movie of 2011 '' . MSN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 BMI Film / TV Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards nominations 2012 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Hugo & The Artist Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations With 11 Each '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` USA Acquires 30 Movies From Universal , Including ' Bridesmaids ' , ' Fast 5 ' & ' Fockers ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Oliver ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` GQ&A : Jordana Brewster '' . GQ . Conde Nast Publications . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' sequel : Justin Lin looks for franchise finish line '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . the-numbers.com . Nash Information Services , LLC . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Matthew ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fast Five Blu - ray ( Updated ) '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast Five ' tops DVD sales , rental charts '' . United Press International . News World Communications . October 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Latchem , John ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' Tops Overall DVD Sales , ' Lion King ' No. 1 for Blu - ray '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Dillon takes the win at the Fast Five 255 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series at Chicagoland Speedway '' . chicagolandspeedway.com . Chicagoland Speedway . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Fast Five ' vid to ride NASCAR tie - in '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Universal Schedules ' Fast & Furious 6 ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Documents `` Fast Five '' ( PDF ) . Official Fast Five website . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fast Five Official website Fast Five at AllMovie Fast Five at Box Office Mojo Fast Five on IMDb Fast Five at Rotten Tomatoes Fast Five at Metacritic The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Justin Lin Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_Five&oldid=816105171 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American heist films American sequel films Prequel films Auto racing films The Fast and the Furious Films scored by Brian Tyler Films directed by Justin Lin Films set in Brazil Films set in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) Films set in Florida Films set in Germany Films set in Monaco Films set in 2009 Films set in 2011 Films shot in Arizona Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Puerto Rico Films shot in Rio de Janeiro ( city ) IMAX films One Race Films films Original Film films Universal Pictures films 2010s road movies American road movies Screenplays by Chris Morgan Immediate sequels Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the race at the end of fast five	[]	[]
9122749527145182386	List of bodies of water by salinity	List of bodies of water by salinity - wikipedia List of bodies of water by salinity Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Part of a series on Water salinity Salinity levels Fresh water ( < 0.05 % ) Brackish water ( 0.05 -- 3 % ) Saline water ( 3 -- 5 % ) Brine ( > 5 % ) Bodies of water Seawater Salt lake Hypersaline lake Salt pan Brine pool Bodies by salinity This is a list of bodies of water by salinity that is limited to natural bodies of water that have a stable salinity above 0.5 % , at or below which water is considered fresh . On average , seawater has a salinity of 3.5 % ( or 35 parts per thousand ) . Water salinity often varies by location and season , particularly with hypersaline lakes in arid areas , so the salinity figures in the table below should be interpreted as an approximate indicator . Salinity , g / kg ( ‰ ) Name Type Region or countries Refs 474 Don Juan Pond Salt lake Antarctica 433 Gaet'ale Pond Salt lake Ethiopia 400 Lake Retba Salt lake Senegal 350 Lake Vanda Salt lake Antarctica 350 Garabogazköl Lagoon Turkmenistan 348 Lake Assal Salt lake Djibouti 337 Dead Sea Salt lake Israel , Jordan 85 -- 280 Lake Urmia Salt lake Iran 50 -- 270 Great Salt Lake Salt lake United States 180 Little Manitou Lake Salt lake Canada 50 -- 99 Mono Lake Salt lake United States 44 Salton Sea Salt lake United States 38 Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean sea Southern Europe , Levant , North Africa 36 -- 41 Red Sea Mediterranean sea Middle East 30 -- 40 Lake Natron Salt lake Tanzania 35 Pacific Ocean Ocean 35 Atlantic Ocean Ocean 28 -- 32 Beaufort Sea Marginal Sea North of Alaska and northern Canada 0.13 -- 31.73 Chilika Lake Lagoon India 13 -- 23 Black Sea Mediterranean sea Eastern Europe , Turkey 23 Lake Van Salt lake Turkey 12.5 Caspian Sea Inland sea Central Asia 11.4 Sarygamysh Lake Salt lake Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan 10 Baltic Sea Mediterranean sea Northern Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammer , U.T. ( 1986 ) . Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World . Springer . p. 109 . ISBN 9789061935353 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Eduardo ; Chebude , Yonas ( April 2017 ) . `` Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale , a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression ( Ethiopia ) : New Record for the Most Saline Water Body on Earth '' . Aquatic Geochemistry. 23 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 117 . doi : 10.1007 / s10498 - 017 - 9312 - z . Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. ( ed . ) The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) . Vol. 3 , p. 937 . Chicago , 1986 Jump up ^ `` Lake Urmia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Can I float in Great Salt lake ? . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Little Manitou Lake . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake '' . monolake.org . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean salinity '' . Science Learning Hub . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ A. Anati , David ( March 1999 ) . `` The salinity of hypersaline brines : Concepts and misconceptions '' . International Journal of Salt Lake Research . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1009059827435 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Biology and Culture of Tilapias : Proceedings of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaufort Sea '' . Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Indian Journal of Marine Sciences - Variation of Water Quality of Chilika Lake , Orissa Jump up ^ Black Sea - Encyclopedia of Ukraine Jump up ^ Yama , Tomonaga ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Porewater salinity reveals past lake - level changes in Lake Van , the Earth 's largest soda lake '' . Scientific Reports . Nature ( 7 ) . Bibcode : 2017NatSR ... 7 ... 313T . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 00371 - w . Jump up ^ Lake Basin Management Initiative - The Caspian Sea ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Orlovsky , Leah ; Matsrafi , Offir ; Orlovsky , Nikolai ; Kouznetsov , Michael ( 2014 ) . `` Sarykamysh Lake : Collector of Drainage Water -- The Past , the Present , and the Future '' . The Turkmen Lake Altyn Asyr and Water Resources in Turkmenistan . Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer - Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 698_2012_191 . Jump up ^ Long Term Temperature & Salinity Records from the Baltic Sea Transition Zone Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some bays have considerably lower salinity . Bibliography ( edit ) Johanna Laybourn - Parry ; Jemma L. Wadham ( 2014 ) . Antarctic Lakes . Oxford University Press . pp. 92 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 967049 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bodies_of_water_by_salinity&oldid=834966144 '' Categories : Lists of bodies of water Oceans Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from November 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 40 . About Wikipedia	in which of the following region would you expect to have the highest levels of seawater salinity	[]	[]
5046627711404935017	2018 UEFA Champions League Final	2018 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2018 UEFA Champions League final Jump to : navigation , search 2018 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Liverpool Date 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) Venue NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Man of the Match Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Referee Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Attendance 61,561 Weather Sunny 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 37 % humidity ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , the 63rd season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine on 26 May 2018 , between Spanish side and defending champions Real Madrid , who had won the competition in each of the last two seasons , and English side Liverpool . Real Madrid won the final 3 -- 1 for their 3rd consecutive and 13th overall Champions League title , becoming the first team to achieve three back - to - back titles since Bayern Munich defeated Saint - Étienne in the 1976 European Cup Final . They also earned the right to play the winners of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League , Atlético Madrid , in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup and to enter the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Venue 3 Background 4 Road to the final 5 Pre-match 5.1 Ambassador 5.2 Ticketing 5.3 Opening ceremony 5.4 Related events 5.5 Incidents 6 Match 6.1 Officials 6.2 Summary 6.3 Details 6.4 Statistics 7 Post-match 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Teams In the following table , finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era , since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era . Team Previous finals appearances ( bold indicates winners ) Real Madrid 15 ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1981 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Liverpool 7 ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 ) Venue The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev hosted the final The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium was announced as the final venue on 15 September 2016 , following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Athens , Greece . This was the sixth European Cup / Champions League final hosted at an Eastern European venue following those in 1973 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , the 1983 , 1994 and 2007 finals hosted by Athens , Greece as well as the 2008 final in Moscow , Russia . The Olimpiyskiy Stadium was built in 1923 and it has been renovated three times , most recently in 2011 in preparation for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament . The stadium was used as a venue in the 1980 Summer Olympics for its football event and the aforementioned European Championship , including the final match which saw Spain thrash Italy by the record - breaking score of 4 -- 0 on the way to their third title . Its current capacity is 70,050 and it is used by the Ukraine national football team , Dynamo Kyiv , and major domestic matches like the Ukrainian Cup . Background Defending champions Real Madrid reached a record 16th final after a 4 -- 3 aggregate win against German side Bayern Munich , knocking them out of the competition for the second consecutive season . This was Real Madrid 's third consecutive final , and fourth final in five tournaments with an opportunity to win a record 13th title . Previously they won finals in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ; and lost in 1962 , 1964 and 1981 . This was also their 20th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions , having also played in two Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( losing in 1971 and 1983 ) and two UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1985 and 1986 ) . Real Madrid are only the third team since the competition 's rebranding as the Champions League to reach three consecutive finals after Milan in 1995 and Juventus in 1998 . They are the first team in the Champions League era , and the fourth overall , to win three straight finals , a feat only achieved by the Real Madrid side of the 1950s , as they went on to win a record five successive finals , as well as the Ajax and Bayern Munich squads of the 1970s in 1973 and 1976 , respectively . Liverpool reached their eighth final , their first since 2007 , after a 7 -- 6 aggregate win against Italian side Roma . They have won the final on five occasions ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 and 2005 ) , and have lost twice ( 1985 and 2007 ) . This was also their 13th final in UEFA seasonal competitions , having played in one Cup Winners ' Cup final ( losing in 1966 ) and four UEFA Cup / Europa League finals ( winning in 1973 , 1976 and 2001 ; and losing in 2016 ) . Liverpool were the first team since Bayern Munich in 2011 -- 12 to reach the final having qualified for the competition through the play - off round . This was also the most recent occasion the final featured an English team ( Chelsea ) . Liverpool were the most recent team to defeat Real Madrid in a European Cup Final , winning 1 -- 0 in Paris in 1981 . Besides the 1981 final , the two teams have played each other four times in the Champions League era . Liverpool won both matches in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , while Real Madrid won both matches in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League group stage . Road to the final Further information : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Note : In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first ( H : home ; A : away ) . Real Madrid Round Liverpool Bye Qualifying phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Play - off round 1899 Hoffenheim 6 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 2 ( H ) Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result APOEL 3 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 1 Sevilla 2 -- 2 ( H ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 2 Spartak Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ( H ) Matchday 3 Maribor 7 -- 0 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 3 ( A ) Matchday 4 Maribor 3 -- 0 ( H ) APOEL 6 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 5 Sevilla 3 -- 3 ( A ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) Matchday 6 Spartak Moscow 7 -- 0 ( H ) Group H runners - up Pos Team Pld Pts Tottenham Hotspur 6 16 Real Madrid 6 13 Borussia Dortmund 6 APOEL 6 Source : UEFA Final standings Group E winners Pos Team Pld Pts Liverpool 6 12 Sevilla 6 9 Spartak Moscow 6 6 Maribor 6 Source : UEFA Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Paris Saint - Germain 5 -- 2 3 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Porto 5 -- 0 5 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 4 -- 3 3 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 3 ( H ) Quarter - finals Manchester City 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Bayern Munich 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-finals Roma 7 -- 6 5 -- 2 ( H ) 2 -- 4 ( A ) Pre-match Ambassador Andriy Shevchenko was named as the ambassador for the final . The ambassador for the final was former Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko , who won the UEFA Champions League with Milan in 2003 . Ticketing With a stadium capacity of 63,000 for the final , a total of 40,700 tickets are available to fans and the general public , with the two finalist teams receiving 17,000 tickets each and with 6,700 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 15 to 22 March 2018 in four price categories : € 450 , € 320 , € 160 , and € 70 . The remaining tickets are allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA and national associations , commercial partners and broadcasters , and to serve the corporate hospitality programme . Opening ceremony English singer Dua Lipa performed at the opening ceremony preceding the final . Jamaican rapper Sean Paul joined Dua Lipa at the opening ceremony as a special guest to perform `` No Lie '' ( which is Dua Lipa and Sean Paul 's collaboration ) . Related events The 2018 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was held two days earlier , on 24 May 2018 , at the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium between Wolfsburg and Lyon , Lyon emerging victorious 4 -- 1 . This was also the last time that the host city for the men 's Champions League final was also automatically assigned the Women 's Champions League final . The annual UEFA Champions Festival will be held between 24 -- 27 May 2018 at the Kiev city centre . Incidents In late May , The New York Times reported that some fans with allocated tickets had returned them after having trouble finding flights to and accommodation in Kiev . Locals in Kiev began offering free accommodation for fans affected by cancelled hotel and apartment arrangements . Several charter flights arranged for Liverpool fans were cancelled , leaving fans with tickets stranded and leading to an unsuccessful search for alternative solutions by the club and city government . Other airlines offered flights to Kiev from airports in Liverpool and Manchester , using assigned slots at Kiev 's airports . On 24 May , a group of Liverpool fans were attacked in a restaurant by 20 masked hooligans . Match Officials On 7 May 2018 , UEFA announced that Serbian Milorad Mažić would officiate the final . Mažić has been a FIFA referee since 2009 , and gained UEFA 's elite referee status in 2013 . He will be joined by his fellow countrymen , with Milovan Ristić and Dalibor Đurdević as assistant referees , Nenad Đokić and Danilo Grujić as additional assistant referees , and Nemanja Petrović as reserve assistant referee . The fourth official for the final was Frenchman Clément Turpin . Summary Gareth Bale entered the match as a substitute in the 61st minute and scored two goals for Madrid The match began with Liverpool 's kickoff and the team 's successive attacks to counter Madrid 's slower , possession - based buildup . In the 23rd minute , a low shot by Trent Alexander - Arnold went through a defender 's legs and forced a late save by Keylor Navas . Two minutes later , Liverpool forward Mohamed Salah was injured competing for the ball with Sergio Ramos , who had locked Salah 's arm resulting in a fall . Due to a dislocated shoulder , Salah was substituted four minutes later for Adam Lallana . Madrid 's Dani Carvajal was substituted in the 37th minute with a hamstring injury after an attempted backheel . Minutes later , Karim Benzema 's goal was disallowed after he was determined to be offside while finishing a shot started by Cristiano Ronaldo 's header . The first half ended scoreless , with Madrid dominating possession but Liverpool having more chances to score . The second half began with a shot by Isco , who hit the crossbar . In the 51st minute , Benzema scored the match 's first goal by deflecting a throw by Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius . Liverpool equalised four minutes later on a tap - in by Sadio Mané , who finished a header by Dejan Lovren during a corner kick . Gareth Bale was substituted in for Isco in the 61st minute and scored Madrid 's second goal two minutes later , using an acrobatic bicycle kick to finish a cross by Marcelo . Liverpool pressed for a second equalising goal , with a shot by Mané that hit the goal post and calls for a penalty for an alleged handball , but were also losing possession to Madrid . Ronaldo had a chance to score his first goal of the match during a counterattack in the 73rd minute , but was tackled by Liverpool defender Andrew Robertson in the penalty box . Bale scored his second goal of the match in the 83rd minute on a 40 - yard ( 37 m ) shot that was mishandled by Karius . A second chance on goal for Ronaldo in the 93rd minute of play was interrupted by a pitch invader , who was captured by stadium stewards . Details The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw , which was held on 13 April 2018 , 13 : 00 CEST , at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland . 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 21 : 45 EEST Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool Benzema 51 ' Bale 64 ' , 83 ' Report Mané 55 ' NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Attendance : 61,561 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Real Madrid Liverpool GK Keylor Navas RB Dani Carvajal 37 ' CB 5 Raphaël Varane CB Sergio Ramos ( c ) LB 12 Marcelo CM 10 Luka Modrić CM 14 Casemiro CM 8 Toni Kroos AM 22 Isco 61 ' CF 9 Karim Benzema 89 ' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Substitutes : GK 13 Kiko Casilla DF 6 Nacho 37 ' DF 15 Theo Hernández MF 20 Marco Asensio 89 ' MF 23 Mateo Kovačić FW 11 Gareth Bale 61 ' FW 17 Lucas Vázquez Manager : Zinedine Zidane GK Loris Karius RB 66 Trent Alexander - Arnold CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB Virgil van Dijk LB 26 Andrew Robertson CM 7 James Milner 83 ' CM 14 Jordan Henderson ( c ) CM 5 Georginio Wijnaldum RF 11 Mohamed Salah 31 ' CF 9 Roberto Firmino LF 19 Sadio Mané 82 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Simon Mignolet DF Nathaniel Clyne DF 17 Ragnar Klavan DF 18 Alberto Moreno MF 20 Adam Lallana 31 ' MF 23 Emre Can 83 ' FW 29 Dominic Solanke Manager : Jürgen Klopp Man of the Match : Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Clément Turpin ( France ) Additional assistant referees : Nenad Đokić ( Serbia ) Danilo Grujić ( Serbia ) Reserve assistant referee : Nemanja Petrović ( Serbia ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used . Statistics First half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 5 9 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 65 % 35 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 10 Offsides Yellow cards 0 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target 5 Saves 0 Ball possession 58 % 42 % Corner kicks 7 Fouls committed 8 Offsides Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 12 12 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 62 % 38 % Corner kicks 9 5 Fouls committed 5 18 Offsides 7 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Post-match Real Madrid became the first team since Bayern Munich in 1974 -- 76 to win three consecutive UEFA Champions Leagues or European Cups . The title was Madrid 's 13th , another Champions League record , and fourth in five years . Manager Zinedine Zidane became the first to win three consecutive Champions League titles and matched Carlo Ancelotti 's record of Champions League era wins . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player to win the Champions League five times , beating the record set by Clarence Seedorf in 2007 and by Andrés Iniesta in 2015 . Gareth Bale became the first substitute to score two goals in a Champions League final and was named man of the match . His first goal received acclaim as one of the best in Champions League history and was compared to Ronaldo 's bicycle kick goal against Juventus in the quarter - final and manager Zinedine Zidane 's goal in the 2002 final . Sergio Ramos 's tackle on Mohammed Salah received mixed reactions from the press and fans on whether the injury was the result of a deliberate blow or an accident . Egyptian fans responded with anger on social media , including insults that became trending topics on Twitter . A Change.org petition calling on UEFA and FIFA to punish Ramos for the challenge received 400,000 signatures within two days . A separate incident involving Ramos and Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius raised questions after a video showed him allegedly elbowing Karius in the face prior to his first goalkeeping error . UEFA declined to take action against Ramos for the incident with Karius . Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp lost his sixth of seven major finals , including Champions League and league cups . After the match , Loris Karius tearfully apologised to Liverpool supporters who remained in the stands and stated that his mistakes `` lost the team the final '' . After the match , Karius received online death threats and hate messages directed at him and his family . See also Association football portal Ukraine portal 2018 UEFA Europa League Final 2018 UEFA Super Cup References ^ Jump up to : `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milorad Mažić to referee Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Report Final -- Real Madrid v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - ups -- Final -- Saturday 26 May 2018 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyiv to host 2018 Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the Champions League final '' . UEFA.com. 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid v Liverpool : meet the Champions League finalists '' . UEFA.com. 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 -- 73 season at UEFA website '' . UEFA. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 season at UEFA website '' . UEFA. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 season at UEFA website '' . UEFA. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Inzaghi inspires Milan to glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 season at UEFA website '' . UEFA. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kyiv opens host stadium for Euro 2012 final '' . Kyiv Post . 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Technical Report -- 1980 Olympics Football Tournament '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1980 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 4 Italy 0 Match Report '' . Guardian UK . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final : Guide to Kyiv '' . UEFA . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid making final history '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool see off spirited Roma to reach Champions League final '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club facts : Liverpool '' . UEFA.com. 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Roma 4 - 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final repeat of 1981 shows tables have turned at Madrid , Liverpool '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : detailed head - to - head '' . UEFA.com. 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the Champions League final '' . UEFA. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League final ticket application window '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final ticket sales launched '' . UEFA.com. 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa to Perform at UEFA Champions League Opening Ceremony : ' There 'll Be a Whole Lot of Girl Power ' '' . Billboard. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Paul returns to stage after father 's death '' . www.loopjamaica.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wrack , Suzanne ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Lyon sweep to Women 's Champions League win over 10 - player Wolfsburg '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Lyon beats Wolfsburg 4 - 1 to win Women 's Champions League '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Associated Press . 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions Festival in Kyiv during final week '' . UEFA.com. 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 20 May 2018 ) . `` Why Was My Room Canceled ? A Final Overwhelms Kiev '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final : Fans gather in Kiev after flight cancellations '' . BBC . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool mayor ' gutted ' after Kiev flights cancelled '' . Sky News . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Calder , Simon ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final 2018 : What went wrong with cancelled flights to Kiev ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Masked hooligans attack Liverpool fans like a ' pack of dogs ' in horrifying ambush ahead of Champions League final in Kiev '' . Mirror.co.uk. 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as brilliant Bale sinks Liverpool '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Ramos had locked Salah 's right arm and turned him , judo - style , as they lost balance going for the same ball . Jump up ^ `` Salah and Karius mark dark night for Reds '' . SBS. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . They jeered Madrid captain Ramos , who appeared to have had Salah in an armlock as they fell to the ground ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : Champions League final 2018 -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , Glenn ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah , Real Madrid 's Dani Carvajal injured in Champions League final '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rory ; Das , Andrew ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid Beats Liverpool in Champions League Final on a Wonder and Two Blunders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-final and final draws '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane reaches more milestones in Kyiv '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool -- Story of the match '' . BT Sport . Press Association . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Winter , Lewis ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Gareth Bale goal : Real Madrid hero makes Zidane and Ronaldo comparison on Liverpool strike '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kristian ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Football world split on Mohamed Salah injury - and whether Liverpool should blame Sergio Ramos '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellingworth , James ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Salah 's World Cup in doubt as Egyptians turn on Ramos '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 400,000 sign petition for Sergio Ramos to be banned for Mohamed Salah injury '' . ESPN . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final Extra Time : Pitch invader stops Ronaldo , Should Ramos have been sent off ? '' . News.com.au . News Corp Australia . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 's historic Champions League title obscured by online outrage '' . ESPN . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Sergio Ramos to face no action for Loris Karius clash - UEFA '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loris Karius apologises to Liverpool for Champions League horror show : ' my mistakes lost us the final ' '' . The Independent . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Wil ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Police investigating death threats issued to Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . External links UEFA Champions League ( official website ) 2018 UEFA Champions League final : Kyiv , UEFA.com European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Appearances Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Real Madrid C.F. matches Copa del Rey Finals 1903 1905 1906 1907 1908 1916 1917 1918 1924 1929 1930 1933 1934 1936 1940 1943 1946 1947 1958 1960 1961 1962 1968 1970 1979 1980 1982 1989 1990 1992 1993 2002 2011 2013 2014 Copa de la Liga Finals 1985 Supercopa de España 1982 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997 2001 2003 2007 2008 2011 2012 2014 2017 UEFA Champions League Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1964 1966 1981 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1971 UEFA Cup Finals 1985 1986 UEFA Super Cup 1998 2000 2002 2014 2016 2017 2018 Intercontinental Cup 1960 1966 1998 2000 2002 FIFA Club World Cup Finals 2014 2016 2017 Other matches El Clásico Madrid Derby Copa Iberoamericana ( 1994 ) Alcorconazo ( 2009 ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2017 ) Liverpool F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1914 1950 1965 1971 1977 1986 1988 1989 1992 2001 2006 2012 League Cup Finals 1978 1981 1982 1984 1995 2001 2003 2005 2012 2016 FA Community Shield 1922 1964 1965 1966 1971 1976 1977 1979 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1989 1990 1992 2001 2002 2006 UEFA Champions League Finals 1977 1978 1981 1984 1985 2005 2007 2018 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1966 UEFA Europa League Finals 1973 1976 2001 2016 UEFA Super Cup 1977 1978 1981 1984 2001 2005 Intercontinental Cup 1978 1981 1984 FIFA Club World Championship Final 2005 Notable league matches Liverpool 0 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1989 ) Liverpool 9 -- 0 Crystal Palace ( 1989 ) Liverpool 4 -- 3 Newcastle ( 1996 ) Other matches Ajax 5 -- 1 Liverpool ( 1966 ) 1983 -- 84 European Cup semi-final 1986 English Super Cup Final Football League 100th Championship Challenge ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&oldid=843592856 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League 2017 -- 18 in Ukrainian football Sports competitions in Kiev International club association football competitions hosted by Ukraine Real Madrid C.F. matches Liverpool F.C. matches 2017 -- 18 in Spanish football 2017 -- 18 in English football 2010s in Kiev May 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from May 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is playing in the champions league final	[]	[]
-6545315202485882666	Kashi Vishwanath Temple	Kashi Vishwanath temple - wikipedia Kashi Vishwanath temple Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Vishwanath Temple , BHU . For other uses , see Kashi Vishwanath Temple ( disambiguation ) . Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kashi Vishwanath Temple , ca . 1915 Location within Uttar Pradesh Geography Coordinates 25 ° 18 ′ 38.79 '' N 83 ° 0 ′ 38.21 '' E / 25.3107750 ° N 83.0106139 ° E / 25.3107750 ; 83.0106139 Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ 38.79 '' N 83 ° 0 ′ 38.21 '' E / 25.3107750 ° N 83.0106139 ° E / 25.3107750 ; 83.0106139 Country India State Uttar Pradesh District Varanasi Culture Sanctum Vishwanath ( Shiva ) Important festivals Maha Shivaratri Architecture Architectural styles Mandir History and governance Date built 1780 Creator Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar Website shrikashivishwanath.org Kashi Vishvanath Temple is one of the most famous Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva . It is located in Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India . The temple stands on the western bank of the holy river Ganga , and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas , the holiest of Shiva temples . The main deity is known by the name Vishvanatha or Vishveshvara meaning Ruler of The Universe . Varanasi city is also called Kashi , and hence the temple is popularly called Kashi Vishvanath Temple . The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy . It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history . The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb , the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site . The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler , Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780 . Since 1983 , the temple has been managed by the government of Uttar Pradesh . During the religious occasion of Shivratri , Kashi Naresh ( King of Kashi ) is the chief officiating priest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legend 3 The temple structure 4 Importance of the temple 5 Puja details 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda ( section ) of Skanda Purana . The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb - ud - din Aibak in 1194 CE , when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori . The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi 's Sultan Iltutmish ( 1211 - 1266 CE ) . It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi ( 1447 - 1458 ) or Sikandar Lodhi ( 1489 - 1517 ) . Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar 's rule , but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family . Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar 's funding at its original site in 1585 . In 1669 CE , Emperor Aurangzeb destroyed the temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque in its place . The remains of the erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation , the columns and at the rear part of the mosque . Gyanvapi Mosque , sketched as Temple of Vishveshvur in 1834 by James Prinsep Plan of the Ancient Temple of Vishveshvur , by James Prinsep Elevation of the present temple structure In 1742 , the Maratha ruler Malhar Rao Holkar made a plan to demolish the mosque and reconstruct Vishweshwar temple at the site . However , his plan did not materialize , partially because of intervention by the Nawabs of Lucknow , who controlled the territory . Around 1750 , the Maharaja of Jaipur commissioned a survey of the land around the site , with the objective of purchasing land to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath temple . However , his plan to rebuild the temple did not materialize either . In 1780 , Malhar Rao 's daughter - in - law Ahilyabai Holkar constructed the present temple adjacent to the mosque . In 1828 , Baiza Bai , widow of the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwalior State , built a low - roofed colonnade with over 40 pillars in the Gyan Vapi precinct . During 1833 - 1840 CE , the boundary of Gyanvapi Well , the ghats and other nearby temples were constructed. A 7 - feet high stone statue of Nandi bull , gifted by the Raja of Nepal lies to the east of the colonnade . Many noble families from various ancestral kingdoms of Indian subcontinent and their prior establishments make generous contributions for the operations of the temple . In 1841 , the Bhosales of Nagpur donated silver to the temple . In 1835 , Maharaja Ranjit Singh donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the temple 's dome . The temple was managed by a hereditary group of pandas or mahants . After the death of Mahant Devi Dutt , a dispute arose among his successors . In 1900 , his brother - in - law Pandit Visheshwar Dayal Tewari filed a lawsuit , which resulted in him being declared the head priest . Legend ( edit ) As per Shiva Purana , once Brahma ( the Hindu God of creation ) and Vishnu ( the Hindu God of Harmony ) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation . To test them , Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light , the jyotirlinga . Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions . Brahma lied that he found out the end , while Vishnu conceded his defeat . Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshiped till the end of eternity . The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality , out of which Shiva partly appears . The jyothirlinga shrines , thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light . There are 64 forms of Shiva , not to be confused with Jyotirlingas . Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva . At all these sites , the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar , symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva . The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat , Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh , Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh , Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh , Kedarnath in Himalayas , Bhimashankar in Maharashtra , Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh , Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra , Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga , Deogarh in Deoghar , Jharkhand , Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat , Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra . The Manikarnika Ghat on the banks of Ganges near to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple is considered as a Shakti Peetha , a revered place of worship for the Shaktism sect . The Daksha Yaga , a Shaivite literature is considered as an important literature which is the story about the origin of Shakti Peethas . The temple structure ( edit ) The original holy well -- Gyanvapi in between the temple and Gyanvapi Mosque The temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines , located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Galli , near the river . The linga of the main deity at the shrine is 60 cm tall and 90 cm in circumference housed in a silver altar . The main temple is quadrangle and is surrounded by shrines of other gods . There are small temples for Kaalbhairav , Dhandapani , Avimukteshwara , Vishnu , Vinayaka , Sanishwara , Virupaksha and Virupaksh Gauri in the complex . There is a small well in the temple called the Jnana Vapi also spelled as Gyaan vapi ( the wisdom well ) . The Jnana Vapi well sites to the north of the main temple and it is believed that the Jyotirlinga was hidden in the well to protect it at the time of invasion . It is said that the main priest of the temple jumped in the well with the Shiv Ling in order to protect the Jyotirlinga from invaders . According to the structure of the temple , there is a Sabha Griha or Congregation Hall leading to the inner Garbha Griha or Sanctum Sanctorum . The venerable Jyotirlinga is a dark brown colored stone which is enshrined in the Sanctum , placed on a silver platform . Structure of the Mandir is composed of three parts . The first compromises a spire on the Mandir of Lord Vishwanath or Mahadeva . The second is gold dome and the third is the gold spire atop Lord Vishwanath carrying a flag and a trident . The Kashi Vishwanath temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day . On certain occasions the numbers reach 1,000,000 and more . Noteworthy about the temple is 15.5 metre high gold spire and gold dome . There are three domes each made up of pure gold . Importance of the temple ( edit ) Street near temple Located on the banks of the holy Ganges , Varanasi is regarded among the holiest of the Hindu cities . The Kashi Vishwanath temple is widely recognized as one of the most important places of worship in Hindu religion . Inside the Kashi Vishvanath Temple is the Jyotirlinga of Shiva , Vishveshvara or Vishvanath . The Vishveshvara Jyotirlinga has a very special and unique significance in the spiritual history of India . Many leading saints , including Adi Sankaracharya , Ramakrishna Paramhansa , Swami Vivekananda , Bamakhyapa , Goswami Tulsidas , Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Sathya Sai Baba and Gurunanak have visited the site . A visit to the temple and a bath in the river Ganges is one of many methods believed to lead one on a path to Moksha ( liberation ) . Thus , Hindus from all over the world try to visit the place at least once in their lifetime . There is also a tradition that one should give up at least one desire after a pilgrimage the temple , and the pilgrimage would also include a visit to the temple at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu in Southern India , where people take water samples of the Ganges to perform prayer at the temple and bring back sand from near that temple . Because of the immense popularity and holiness of Kashi Vishwanath temple , hundreds of temples across India have been built in the same architectural style . Many legends record that the true devotee achieves freedom from death and saṃsāra by the worship of Shiva , Shiva 's devotees on death being directly taken to his abode on Mount Kailash by his messengers and not to Yama . The superiority of Shiva and his victory over his own nature -- Shiva is himself identified with death -- is also stated . There is a popular belief that Shiva himself blows the mantra of salvation into the ears of people who die naturally at the Vishwanath temple . Puja details ( edit ) There are 5 aartis of Shree Kashi Vishwanath : . Mangala Aarti : - 3.00 - 4.00 ( Morning ) . . Bhoga Aarti : - 11.15 to 12.20 ( Day ) . . Sandhya Aarti : - 7.00 to 8.15 ( Evening ) . . Shringara Aarti : - 9.00 to 10.15 ( Night ) . . Shayana Aarti : - 10.30 - 11.00 ( Night ) . Security arrangements do not allow any cell phones , camera , belts with metal buckle , cigarettes , lighters , etc. inside the temple . See also ( edit ) Shri Vishwanath Mandir Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Ratneshwar Mahadev temple Hindu temples in Varanasi India portal Uttar Pradesh portal Varanasi portal Hinduism portal Religion portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akhil Bakshi ( 2004 ) . Between heaven and hell : travels through Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Nepal , and India : an account of the expedition hands across the borders . Odyssey Books . Jump up ^ `` Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple - A Brief history '' . Jump up ^ S.P. Udayakumar ( 1 January 2005 ) . Presenting the Past : Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97209 - 7 . Jump up ^ Catherine B. Asher ( 24 September 1992 ) . Architecture of Mughal India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26728 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Betts ; Victoria McCulloch ( 30 October 2013 ) . Delhi to Kolkata Footprint Focus Guide . Footprint Travel Guides . pp. 108 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909268 - 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ James Prinsep . Benares Illustrated in a Series of Drawings . p. 29 . ISBN 9788171241767 . ^ Jump up to : Madhuri Desai ( 2007 ) . Resurrecting Banaras : Urban Space , Architecture and Religious Boundaries . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 52839 - 5 . Jump up ^ Matthew Atmore Sherring ( 1868 ) . The Sacred City of the Hindus : An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times . Trübner & co . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Matthew Atmore Sherring ( 1868 ) . The Sacred City of the Hindus : An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times . Trübner & co . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Trivikram Narain Singh And Ors . vs State Of U.P. And Ors . ( Allahabad High Court 28 October 1986 ) . Text ^ Jump up to : R. 2003 , pp. 92 - 95 Jump up ^ Eck 1999 , p. 107 Jump up ^ See : Gwynne 2008 , Section on Char Dham ^ Jump up to : Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 324 - 325 Jump up ^ Harding 1998 , pp. 158 - 158 Jump up ^ Vivekananda Vol. 4 Jump up ^ Chaturvedi 2006 , pp. 58 - 72 Jump up ^ `` Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal '' . http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ . Kottiyoor Devaswam . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cultural holidays - Kashi Vishwanath temple '' . Jump up ^ `` History ! Kashi Vishwanath temple '' . Notes ( edit ) Chaturvedi , B.K. ( 2006 ) , Shiv Purana ( First ed . ) , New Delhi : Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd , ISBN 81 - 7182 - 721 - 7 Eck , Diana L. ( 1999 ) , Banaras , city of light ( First ed . ) , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 11447 - 8 Gwynne , Paul ( 2009 ) , World Religions in Practice : A Comparative Introduction , Oxford : Blackwell Publication , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6702 - 4 . Harding , Elizabeth U. ( 1998 ) . `` God , the Father '' . Kali : The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1450 - 9 . Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M , Rosen Publishing Group , p. 122 , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3179 - X R. , Venugopalam ( 2003 ) , Meditation : Any Time Any Where ( First ed . ) , Delhi : B. Jain Publishers ( P ) Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 8056 - 373 - 1 Vivekananda , Swami . `` The Paris Congress of the History of Religions '' . The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda . Vol. 4 . External links ( edit ) Kashi Vishwanath Temple Website Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir , Varanasi Shaivism History History of Shaivism Deities Shiva Sadyojata Vamadeva Aghora Tatpurusha Ishana Nataraja Dakshinamurthy Harihara Shakti Ardhanarishvara Parvati Ganesha Kartikeya Nandi Texts Shvetashvatara Upanishad Shivarahasya Purana Shiva Purana Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta Mantra / Stotra Om Namah Shivaya Rudrashtakam Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Shiva Tandava Stotram Shiva Sahasranama Shiv Chalisa Shri Rudram Chamakam Shiva mahimna stotram Philosophical Traditions Shaiva Siddhanta Pashupata Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism Veera Shaivism Siddha Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shaiva Smartas Jyotirlingas Bhimāśankara Ghuṣmeśvara Kedāranātha Viśveśvara Mallikārjuna Mahākāleśvara Nāgeśvara Omkāreśvara Rāmeśvara Somanātha Tryambakeśvara Vaidyanātha Pancha Bhoota Stalam Chidambaram Temple ( Ether ) Sri Kalahasti Temple ( Air ) Annamalaiyar Temple ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval Temple ( Water ) Ekambareswarar Temple ( Earth ) Temples Amarnath Brihadeeswarar Kailash Mansarovar Katasraj temple Lingaraj Temple Meenakshi Tirunelveli Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancha Sabhai Ratna Sabai Pon Sabai Velli Sabai Thamira Sabai Chitira Sabai Tiruchengode Thirukutralam Vadakkum Nathan List of Shiva temples in India Traditional Observances Kanwar Yatra Lingam Rasalingam Maha Shivaratri Pradosha Shiva Puja Siddha Vibhuti Other names Shiva Temples Trilinga Kshetras Draksharama Srisailam Kaleshwaram Pancha Kedaras Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancharama Kshetras Amararama Draksharama Ksheerarama Kumararama Somarama Pancha Sabha Stalams Emarald Thiruvalangadu Gold Thillai Silver Madurai Copper Nellai Art Courtallam Panchabhuta Sthalams Kanchipuram ( Earth ) Annamalai ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval ( Water ) Chidambaram ( Ether ) Srikalahasthi ( Air ) Pancheshwarams ( Sri Lanka ) Kethishwaram Koneshwaram Munneshwaram Naguleshwaram Thondeshwaram Jyotirlinga Sthalas Somnath Srisailam Mahakaleshwar Omkareshwar Kedarnath Bhimashankar Kashi Vishvanath Trimbakeshwar Vaidyanath Nageshvara Rameshwaram Grishneshwar Significant 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams Brihadeeswaram Amarnath Lingaraj Gokarna Kudalasangama Vaikom Thrissur Thiruvarur Khajuraho More ... Out of India Bhadreshwaram ( Vietnam ) Fire temple ( Azerbaijan ) Ganga Talao ( Mauritius ) Iraivan temple ( USA ) Katasraj ( Pakistan ) Kadhalishwaram ruins ( China ) Kethishwaram ( Sri Lanka ) Koneshwaram ( Sri Lanka ) Mt . Kailash ( Tibet ) Pashupatinath ( Nepal ) Shivagraham ( Indonesia ) Sivan temple ( Singapore ) Sthūlādri ( Thailand ) Temple in the Sea ( Trinidad & Tobago ) Tribhuvanamāhesvaram ( Cambodia ) Temples in Varanasi Annapurna Devi Mandir Baba Keenaram Sthal Bharat Mata Mandir Durga Mandir Kaal Bhairav Mandir Kashi Vishwanath Temple Lalita Gauri Mandir Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Nepali Mandir Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple Sankata Devi Mandir Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir Tulsi Manas Mandir Vishalakshi Temple Vishwanath Mandir ( BHU ) Hindu Temples in Uttar Pradesh Alopi Devi Mandir Annapurna Devi Mandir Baba Keenaram Sthal Banke Bihari Temple Belon Temple Bharat Mata Mandir Bhitargaon Daan - Ghati Durga Mandir , Ramnagar Durga Mandir , Varanasi Gola Gokaran Nath Temple Gorakhnath Math Hanumangarhi J.K. Temple Jarai - ka - Math Junglee Nath Kaal Bhairav Mandir Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kesava Deo Temple Krishna Balaram Mandir Krishna Mandir , Barohiya Lalita Gauri Mandir Madidai Ka Mandir Mankameshwar Temple Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Neelkantheshwar Nepali Mandir Prem Mandir Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple Sankata Devi Mandir Shakumbhri Devi Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir Vishwanath Mandir ( BHU ) Someshwar Mahadev Temple Tulsi Manas Mandir Vindhyachal Vishalakshi Temple Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple&oldid=808623560 '' Categories : Jyotirlingas Hindu temples in Varanasi Places of worship converted into mosques Religious buildings completed in 1780 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Hindu temple with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip தமிழ் اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who build kashi vishwanath temple in 16 century	[ "The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211-1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447-1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585.[3]" ]	[ "Akbar" ]
-3970621160812891621	Shays' Rebellion	Shays ' rebellion - wikipedia Shays ' rebellion Jump to : navigation , search Shays ' Rebellion Contemporary depiction of Daniel Shays ( left ) and Job Shattuck , two of the main protest leaders Date August 31 , 1786 -- June 1787 Location Western Massachusetts , U.S. Caused by Economic policy Aggressive tax and debt collection Political corruption and cronyism Goals Reform of state government , later its overthrow Methods Direct action to close courts ; then military organization in attempt to capture the U.S. arsenal at the Springfield Armory Resulted in Rebellion crushed , and problems of Federal authority linked to the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention Parties to the civil conflict Anti-government protesters United States Massachussetts State militia Privately - funded local militia Lead figures Daniel Shays Luke Day Eli Parsons Job Shattuck James Bowdoin Benjamin Lincoln William Shepard Number 4,000 + ( largest force 1,500 ) 4,000 + ( largest force 3,000 ) Casualties 4 killed dozens wounded many arrested 2 hanged afterward 1 killed dozens wounded Shays ' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts ( mostly in and around Springfield ) during 1786 and 1787 . Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels ( called Shaysites ) in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices . In 1787 , the rebels marched on the United States ' Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government . The rebellion took place in a political climate where reform of the country 's governing document , the Articles of Confederation , was widely seen as necessary . The events of the rebellion served as a catalyst for the calling of the U.S. Constitutional Convention , and ultimately the shape of the new government . The shock of Shays ' Rebellion drew retired General George Washington back into public life , leading to his two terms as the United States ' first President . The exact nature and consequence of the rebellion 's influence on the content of the Constitution and the ratification debates continues to be a subject of historical discussion and debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early rumblings 3 Shutting down the courts 4 Rebellion 5 Mopping up 6 Consequences 7 Impact on Constitution 7.1 Influence upon the Constitutional Convention 7.2 Influence upon the Constitution 7.3 Influence upon ratification 8 Memorials 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) In the rural parts of New England , particularly in the hill - towns of central and western Massachusetts , the economy during the American Revolutionary War had been one of little more than subsistence agriculture . Some residents in these areas had little in the way of assets beyond their land and bartered with one another for goods or services . In lean times , farmers might obtain goods on credit from suppliers in local market towns who would be paid when times were better . In the more economically developed coastal areas of Massachusetts Bay and in the fertile Connecticut River Valley , the economy was basically a market economy , driven by the activities of wholesale merchants dealing with Europe , the West Indies and elsewhere on the North American coast . The state government was dominated by this merchant class . Populist Governor John Hancock refused to crack down on tax delinquencies , and accepted devalued paper currency for debts . When the Revolutionary War ended in 1783 , the European business partners of Massachusetts merchants refused to extend lines of credit to them and insisted that they pay for goods with hard currency . Despite the continent - wide shortage of such currency , merchants began to demand the same from their local business partners , including those merchants operating in the market towns in the state 's interior . Many of these merchants passed on this demand to their customers , although the popular governor , John Hancock , did not impose hard currency demands on poorer borrowers and refused to actively prosecute the collection of delinquent taxes . The rural farming population was generally unable to meet the demands being made of them by merchants or the civil authorities , and individuals began to lose their land and other possessions when they were unable to fulfill their debt and tax obligations . This led to strong resentments against tax collectors and the courts , where creditors obtained and enforced judgments against debtors , and where tax collectors obtained judgments authorizing property seizures . At a meeting convened by aggrieved commoners , a farmer identified as `` Plough Jogger '' , encapsulated the situation : `` I have been greatly abused , have been obliged to do more than my part in the war , been loaded with class rates , town rates , province rates , Continental rates and all rates ... been pulled and hauled by sheriffs , constables and collectors , and had my cattle sold for less than they were worth ... The great men are going to get all we have and I think it is time for us to rise and put a stop to it , and have no more courts , nor sheriffs , nor collectors nor lawyers . '' Governor James Bowdoin instituted a heavy tax burden and stepped up collection of back taxes . Overlaid upon these financial issues was the fact that veterans of the war had received little pay during the war and faced difficulty collecting pay owed them from the State or the Congress of the Confederation . Some of the soldiers , Daniel Shays among them , began to organize protests against these oppressive economic conditions . Shays was a farmhand from Massachusetts when the Revolution broke out ; he joined the Continental Army , saw action at the Battles of Lexington and Concord , Bunker Hill and Saratoga , and was eventually wounded in action . In 1780 , he resigned from the army unpaid and went home to find himself in court for nonpayment of debts . He soon realized that he was not alone in his inability to pay his debts and began organizing for debt relief . Early rumblings ( edit ) One early protest against the government was led by Job Shattuck of Groton on the New Hampshire border , who in 1782 organized residents there to physically prevent tax collectors from doing their work . A second , larger - scale protest took place in the Massachusetts town of Uxbridge , in Worcester County on the Rhode Island border . On Feb. 3 , 1783 a mob seized property that had been confiscated by a local constable and returned it to its owners . Governor Hancock ordered the sheriff to suppress these actions . Most rural communities attempted to use the legislative process to gain relief . Petitions and proposals were repeatedly submitted to the state legislature to issue paper currency . Such inflationary issues would depreciate the currency , making it possible to meet obligations made at high values with lower - valued paper . The merchants , among them James Bowdoin , were opposed to the idea , since they were generally lenders who stood to lose from such proposals . As a result , these proposals were repeatedly rejected . Governor Hancock , accused by some of anticipating trouble , resigned citing health reasons in early 1785 . When Bowdoin ( a perennial loser to Hancock in earlier elections ) was elected governor that year , matters became more severe . Bowdoin stepped up civil actions to collect back taxes , and the legislature exacerbated the situation by levying an additional property tax to raise funds for the state 's portion of foreign debt payments . Even comparatively conservative commentators such as John Adams observed that these levies were `` heavier than the People could bear . '' Shutting down the courts ( edit ) Great Barrington Northampton Springfield Concord Worcester Taunton Petersham Sheffield This modern map of Massachusetts is annotated to show points of conflict . Places where military conflicts occurred are highlighted in red ; the others are locations of courthouses that were shut down . The Quabbin Reservoir , located between Petersham and Northampton , did not exist at the time . Protests in rural Massachusetts turned into direct action in August 1786 , after the state legislature adjourned without considering the many petitions that had been sent to Boston . On August 29 a well - organized force of protestors formed in Northampton and successfully prevented the county court from sitting . The leaders of this and later forces proclaimed that they were seeking relief from the burdensome judicial processes that were depriving the people of their land and possessions . They called themselves Regulators , a reference to the Regulator movement of North Carolina that sought to reform corrupt practices in the late 1760s . On September 2 Governor Bowdoin issued a proclamation denouncing such mob action , but took no military measures beyond planning militia response to future actions . When the court in Worcester was shut down by similar action on September 5 , the county militia ( composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors ) refused to turn out , much to Bowdoin 's amazement . Governors of the neighboring states where similar protests took place acted decisively , calling out the militia to hunt down the ringleaders after the first such protests . In Rhode Island , matters were resolved without violence because the `` country party '' gained control of the legislature in 1786 and enacted measures forcing its merchant elites to trade debt instruments for devalued currency . The impact of this was not lost on Boston 's merchants , especially Bowdoin , who held more than £ 3,000 in Massachusetts notes . Daniel Shays , who had participated in the Northampton action , began to take a more active role in the uprising in November , though he firmly denied that he was one of its leaders . On September 19 , the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts indicted eleven leaders of the rebellion as `` disorderly , riotous , and seditious persons . '' When the supreme judicial court was next scheduled to meet in Springfield on September 26 , Shays in Hampshire County and Luke Day in what is now Hampden County ( but was then part of Hampshire County ) organized an attempt to shut it down . They were anticipated by William Shepard , the local militia commander , who began gathering government - supporting militia the Saturday before the court was to sit . By the time the court was ready to open , Shepard had 300 men protecting the Springfield courthouse . Shays and Day were able to recruit a similar number , but chose only to demonstrate , exercising their troops outside Shepard 's lines , rather than attempt to seize the building . The judges first postponed the hearings , and then adjourned on the 28th without hearing any cases . Shepard withdrew his force , which had grown to some 800 men ( to the Regulators ' 1,200 ) , to the federal armory , which was then only rumored to be the target of seizure by the activists . Protests in Great Barrington , Concord , and Taunton were also successful in shutting courts down in those communities in September and October . James Warren wrote to John Adams on October 22 , `` We are now in a state of Anarchy and Confusion bordering on Civil War . '' Courts in the larger towns and cities were able to meet , but required protection of the militia , which Bowdoin called out for the purpose . Militia general William Shepard defended the Springfield Armory against rebel action . The Boston elites were mortified at this resistance . Governor Bowdoin commanded the legislature to `` vindicate the insulted dignity of government . '' Samuel Adams claimed that foreigners ( `` British emissaries '' ) were instigating treason among the commoners , and he helped draw up a Riot Act , and a resolution suspending habeas corpus in order to permit the authorities to keep people in jail without trial . Adams proposed a new legal distinction : that rebellion in a republic , unlike in a monarchy , should be punished by execution . The legislature also moved to make some concessions to the upset farmers , saying certain old taxes could now be paid in goods instead of hard currency . These measures were followed up by one prohibiting speech critical of the government , and offering pardons to protestors willing to take an oath of allegiance . These legislative actions were unsuccessful in quelling the protests , and the suspension of habeas corpus alarmed many . In late November warrants were issued for the arrest of several of the protest ringleaders . On November 28 a posse of some 300 men rode to Groton to arrest Job Shattuck and other rebel leaders in the area . Shattuck was chased down and arrested on the 30th , and was wounded by a sword slash in the process . This action and the arrest of other protest leaders in the eastern parts of the state radicalized those in the west , and they began to organize an overthrow of the state government . `` The seeds of war are now sown '' , wrote one correspondent in Shrewsbury , and by mid-January rebel leaders spoke of smashing the `` tyrannical government of Massachusetts . '' Rebellion ( edit ) General Benjamin Lincoln , portrait by Henry Sargent . Since the federal government had been unable to recruit soldiers for the army ( primarily because of a lack of funding ) , the Massachusetts elites determined to act independently . On January 4 , 1787 , Governor Bowdoin proposed creation of a privately funded militia army . Former Continental Army General Benjamin Lincoln solicited funds , and had by the end of January raised more than £ 6,000 from more than 125 merchants . The 3,000 militia that were recruited into this army were almost entirely from the eastern counties of Massachusetts , and marched to Worcester on January 19 . While the government forces assembled , rebel leaders in the west -- including Shays and Day -- organized their forces establishing regional regimental organizations that were run by democratically - elected committees . Their first major target was the federal armory in Springfield . General Shepard had taken possession of the armoury , pursuant to orders from Governor Bowdoin , and used its arsenal to arm a force of some 1,200 militia . He had done this despite the fact that the armory was federal , not state , property , and that he did not have permission from Secretary at War Henry Knox to do so . The insurgents were organized into three major groups , and intended to surround and simultaneously attack the armory . Shays had one group east of Springfield near Palmer , Luke Day had a second force across the Connecticut River in West Springfield , and the third force , under Eli Parsons , was to the north at Chicopee . The rebels had planned their assault for January 25 . Luke Day changed this at the last minute , sending Shays a message indicating he would not be ready to attack until the 26th. Day 's message was intercepted by Shepard 's men , so the militia of Shays and Parsons , some 1,500 men , approached the armory on the 25th not knowing they would have no support from the west . The Springfield Armory ( building pictured is from the 19th century ) was the first major target of the rebellion . When Shays and his forces neared the armory , they found Shepard 's militia waiting for them . Shepard first ordered warning shots fired over the approaching Shaysites ' heads , and then ordered two cannons to fire grape shot at Shays ' men . Four Shaysites were killed and twenty wounded . There was no musket fire from either side , and the rebel advance collapsed . Most of the rebel force fled north , eventually regrouping at Amherst . On the opposite side of the river , Day 's forces also fled north , also eventually reaching Amherst . General Lincoln , when he heard of the Springfield incident , immediately began marching west from Worcester with the 3,000 men that had been mustered . The rebels moved generally north and east to avoid Lincoln , eventually establishing a camp at Petersham ; along the way they raided the shops of local merchants for supplies , taking some of them hostage . Lincoln pursued them , reaching Pelham , some 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Petersham , on February 2 . On the night of February 3 -- 4 , he led his militia on a forced march to Petersham through a bitter snowstorm . Arriving early in the morning , they surprised the rebel camp so thoroughly that they scattered `` without time to call in their out parties or even their guards . '' Although Lincoln claimed to capture 150 men , none of them were officers , leading historian Leonard Richards to suspect the veracity of the report . Most of the leadership escaped north into New Hampshire and Vermont , where they were sheltered despite repeated demands that they be returned to Massachusetts for trial . Mopping up ( edit ) This monument marks the spot of the final battle of Shays ' Rebellion , in Sheffield , Massachusetts . Lincoln 's march marked the end of large - scale organized resistance . Ringleaders who eluded capture fled to neighboring states , and pockets of local resistance continued . Some rebel leaders approached Lord Dorchester , the British governor of Quebec for assistance , who was reported to promise assistance in the form of Mohawk warriors led by Joseph Brant . ( Dorchester 's proposal was vetoed in London , and no assistance came to the rebels . ) The same day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham , the state legislature passed bills authorizing a state of martial law , giving the governor broad powers to act against the rebels . The bills also authorized state payments to reimburse Lincoln and the merchants who had funded the army , and authorized the recruitment of additional militia . On February 12 the legislature passed the Disqualification Act , seeking to prevent a legislative response by rebel sympathizers . This bill expressly forbade any acknowledged rebels from holding a variety of elected and appointed offices . Most of Lincoln 's army melted away in late February as enlistments expired ; by the end of the month he commanded but thirty men at a base in Pittsfield . In the meantime some 120 rebels had regrouped in New Lebanon , New York , and on February 27 they crossed the border . Marching first on Stockbridge , a major market town in the southwestern corner of the state , they raided the shops of merchants and the homes of merchants and local professionals . This came to the attention of Brigadier John Ashley , who mustered a force of some 80 men , and caught up with the rebels in nearby Sheffield late in the day . In the bloodiest encounter of the rebellion , 30 rebels were wounded ( one mortally ) , at least one government soldier was killed , and many were wounded . Ashley , who was further reinforced after the encounter , reported taking 150 prisoners . Consequences ( edit ) Four thousand people signed confessions acknowledging participation in the events of the rebellion in exchange for amnesty . Several hundred participants were eventually indicted on charges relating to the rebellion . Most of these were pardoned under a general amnesty that only excluded a few ringleaders . Eighteen men were convicted and sentenced to death . Most of these were either overturned on appeal , pardoned , or had their sentences commuted . Two of the condemned men , John Bly and Charles Rose , were hanged on December 6 , 1787 . Bly and Rose were also accused of common - law crime as both were looters . Shays was pardoned in 1788 and he returned to Massachusetts from hiding in the Vermont woods . He was vilified by the Boston press , who painted him as an archetypal anarchist opposed to the government . He later moved to the Conesus , New York area , where he lived until he died poor and obscure in 1825 . The crushing of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically . In the gubernatorial election held in April 1787 , Bowdoin received few votes from the rural parts of the state , and was trounced by John Hancock . The military victory was tempered by tax changes in subsequent years . The legislature elected in 1787 cut taxes and placed a moratorium on debts . It also refocused state spending away from interest payments , resulting in a 30 % decline in the value of Massachusetts securities as those payments fell in arrears . Vermont , then an unrecognized independent republic that had been seeking statehood independent from New York 's claims to the territory , became an unexpected beneficiary of the rebellion due to its sheltering of the rebel ringleaders . Alexander Hamilton broke from other New Yorkers , including major landowners with claims on Vermont territory , calling for the state to recognize and support Vermont 's bid for admission to the union . He cited Vermont 's de facto independence and its ability to cause trouble by providing support to the discontented from neighboring states as reasons , and introduced legislation that broke the impasse between New York and Vermont . Vermonters responded favorably to the overture , publicly pushing Eli Parsons and Luke Day out of the state ( but quietly continuing to support others ) . After negotiations with New York and the passage of the new constitution , Vermont became the fourteenth state . Impact on constitution ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson , who was serving as ambassador to France at the time , refused to be alarmed by Shays ' Rebellion . In a letter to James Madison on January 30 , 1787 , he argued that a little rebellion now and then is a good thing . `` The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants . It is its natural manure . '' In contrast to Jefferson 's sentiments George Washington , who had been calling for constitutional reform for many years , wrote in a letter to Henry Lee , `` You talk , my good sir , of employing influence to appease the present tumults in Massachusetts . I know not where that influence is to be found , or , if attainable , that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders . Influence is not government . Let us have a government by which our lives , liberties , and properties will be secured , or let us know the worst at once . '' Influence upon the Constitutional convention ( edit ) The 1787 Constitutional Convention by Junius Brutus Stearns , 1856 . At the time of the rebellion , the weaknesses of the federal government as constituted under the Articles of Confederation were apparent to many . A vigorous debate was going on throughout the states on the need for a stronger central government , with Federalists arguing for the idea , and Anti-Federalists opposing them . Historical opinion is divided on what sort of role the rebellion played in the formation and later ratification of the United States Constitution , although most scholars agree it played some role , at least temporarily drawing some anti-Federalists to the strong government side . By early 1785 many influential merchants and political leaders were already agreed that a stronger central government was needed . A convention at Annapolis , Maryland , in September 1786 of delegates from five states concluded that vigorous steps needed to be taken to reform the federal government , but it disbanded because of a lack of full representation , calling for a convention of all the states to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787 . Historian Robert Feer notes that several prominent figures had hoped that convention would fail , requiring a larger - scale convention , and French diplomat Louis - Guillaume Otto thought the convention was intentionally broken off early to achieve this end . In early 1787 John Jay wrote that the rural disturbances and the inability of the central government to fund troops in response made `` the inefficiency of the Federal government ( become ) more and more manifest . '' Henry Knox observed that the uprising in Massachusetts clearly influenced local leaders who had previously opposed a strong federal government . Historian David Szatmary writes that the timing of the rebellion `` convinced the elites of sovereign states that the proposed gathering at Philadelphia must take place . '' Some states , Massachusetts among them , delayed choosing delegates to the proposed convention , in part because in some ways it resembled the `` extra-legal '' conventions organized by the protestors before the rebellion became violent . Elbridge Gerry ( 1861 portrait by James Bogle ) was opposed to the Constitution as drafted , although his reasons for doing so were not strongly influenced by the rebellion . Influence upon the constitution ( edit ) The convention that met in Philadelphia was dominated by strong - government advocates . Delegate Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut argued that because the people could not be trusted ( as exemplified by Shays ' Rebellion ) , the members of the federal House of Representatives should be chosen by state legislatures , not by popular vote . The example of Shays ' Rebellion may also have been influential in the addition of language to the constitution concerning the ability of states to manage domestic violence , and their ability to demand the return of individuals from other states for trial . The rebellion also played a role in the discussion of a number of the executives . While mindful of tyranny , delegates of the Constitutional Convention thought that the single executive would be more effective in responding to national disturbances . Federalists cited the rebellion as an example of the confederation government 's weaknesses , while opponents such as Elbridge Gerry thought that a federal response to the rebellion would have been even worse than that of the state . ( Gerry , a merchant speculator and Massachusetts delegate from Essex County , was one of the few convention delegates who refused to sign the new constitution , although his reasons for doing so did not stem from the rebellion . ) Influence upon ratification ( edit ) When the constitution had been drafted , Massachusetts was viewed by Federalists as a state that might not ratify it , because of widespread anti-Federalist sentiment in the rural parts of the state . Massachusetts Federalists , including Henry Knox , were active in courting swing votes in the debates leading up to the state 's ratifying convention in 1788 . When the vote was taken on February 6 , 1788 , representatives of rural communities involved in the rebellion voted against ratification by a wide margin , but the day was carried by a coalition of merchants , urban elites , and market town leaders . The state ratified the constitution by a vote of 187 to 168 . Historians are divided on the impact the rebellion had on the ratification debates . Robert Feer notes that major Federalist pamphleteers rarely mentioned it , and that some anti-Federalists used the fact that Massachusetts survived the rebellion as evidence that a new constitution was unnecessary . Leonard Richards counters that publications like the Pennsylvania Gazette explicitly tied anti-Federalist opinion to the rebel cause , calling opponents of the new constitution `` Shaysites '' and the Federalists `` Washingtonians '' . David Szatmary argues that debate in some states was affected , particularly in Massachusetts , where the rebellion had a polarizing effect . Richards records Henry Jackson 's observation that opposition to ratification in Massachusetts was motivated by `` that cursed spirit of insurgency '' , but that broader opposition in other states originated in other constitutional concerns expressed by Elbridge Gerry , who published a widely distributed pamphlet outlining his concerns about the vagueness of some of the powers granted in the constitution and its lack of a Bill of Rights . The military powers enshrined in the constitution were soon put to use by President George Washington . After the passage by the United States Congress of the Whiskey Act , protest against the taxes it imposed began in western Pennsylvania . The protests escalated and Washington led federal and state militia to put down what is now known as the Whiskey Rebellion . Memorials ( edit ) The events and people of the uprising are commemorated in the towns where they lived and those where events took place . Sheffield erected a memorial ( pictured above ) marking the site of the `` last battle '' , and Pelham memorialized Daniel Shays . US Route 202 , which runs through Pelham , is called the Daniel Shays Highway . A statue of General Shepard was erected in his hometown of Westfield . In the town of Petersham , Massachusetts , a memorial was erected in 1927 by the New England Society of Brooklyn , New York . The memorial commemorates General Benjamin Lincoln , who raised 3,000 troops and routed the rebellion on February 4 , 1787 . It ends with the line , `` Obedience to the law is true liberty . '' See also ( edit ) Fries 's Rebellion List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Paper Money Riot Whiskey Rebellion Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Richards , Leonard ( 2003 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 1 -- 10 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 10 -- 15 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 31 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 25 -- 31 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 85 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 29 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Zinn , p. 91 Jump up ^ Hahn , John Willard ( 1946 ) . The background of Shays 's rebellion : a study of Massachusetts history 1780 - 1787 . University of Wisconsin - Madison . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Broadus ( 1957 ) . Heritage from Hamilton . Columbia University Press . p. 26 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zinn , p. 93 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 43 Jump up ^ Bacon , p. 1 : 148 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 38 -- 42 , 45 Jump up ^ G. North Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 88 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Morse , p. 208 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 56 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 80 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 84 -- 87 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 245 -- 247 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 247 Jump up ^ Manuel , p. 219 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 84 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 92 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 94 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 97 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 84 -- 86 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 86 -- 89 , 104 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 261 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 28 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 101 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 29 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 102 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 103 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 103 -- 104 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 105 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 31 , 120 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 108 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 34 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 32 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 33 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 35 Jump up ^ Szatmary ( p. 122 ) and Richards ( p. 36 ) disagree on the casualty figures . Szatmary reports three government soldiers killed , Richards one . Richards does not report on the government wounded . Jump up ^ Richards , p. 36 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 38 -- 41 ^ Jump up to : Zinn , p. 95 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 117 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 119 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 122 Jump up ^ Foner , p. 219 Jump up ^ Lodge , p. 2 : 26 Jump up ^ Feer , p. 396 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 120 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 122 Jump up ^ Feer , pp. 391 -- 392 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 123 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 127 Jump up ^ Feer , p. 393 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 132 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 134 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 130 Jump up ^ Milkis , S. , Nelson , M. , The American Presidency . Washington : CQ Press , 2003 . Fourth Edition . Print Jump up ^ Feer , p. 395 Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 133 Jump up ^ Feer , p. 404 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 139 Jump up ^ Szatmary , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 141 -- 143 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Richards , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Peet , Richard ( March 1996 ) . `` A Sign Taken for History : Daniel Shays ' Memorial in Petersham , Massachusetts '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 86 ( 1 ) : 21 . JSTOR 2563945 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1996. tb01744. x . Bibliography ( edit ) Bacon , Edwin M. , ed. ( 1896 ) . Supplement to the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts . Boston : Geo . Ellis . OCLC 14050329 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Feer , Robert ( September 1969 ) . `` Shays 's Rebellion and the Constitution : A Study in Causation '' . The New England Quarterly ( Volume 42 , No. 3 ) . JSTOR 363616 . Foner , Eric ( 2006 ) . Give Me Liberty ! An American History . New York : W.W Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92782 - 5 . OCLC 61479662 . Holland , Josiah Gilbert ( 1855 ) . History of Western Massachusetts . Springfield , MA : S. Bowles . OCLC 505288328 . Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1889 ) . American Statesmen : George Washington . Houghton , Mifflin . OCLC 123204544 . Manuel , Frank Edward ; Manuel , Fritzie Prigohzy ( 2004 ) . James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87169 - 247 - 4 . OCLC 231993575 . Morse , Anson . The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . OCLC 718724 . North , Gary ( Feb 9 , 2004 ) . `` John Hancock 's Big Toe and the Constitution '' . LewRockwell.com . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Richards , Leonard L ( 2002 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The American Revolution 's Final Battle . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1870 - 1 . OCLC 56029217 . Swift , Esther M. ( 1969 ) . West Springfield Massachusetts : A Town History . Springfield , MA : F.A. Bassette Company . OCLC 69843 . Szatmary , David P. ( 1980 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 419 - 4 . Zinn , Howard ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083865 - 2 . OCLC 61265580 . Further reading ( edit ) Additional scholarly sources Beard , Charles ( 1935 ) . An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States . New York : Macmillan . Gross , Robert A . `` A Yankee Rebellion ? The Regulators , New England , and the New Nation , '' New England Quarterly ( 2009 ) 82 # 1 pp. 112 -- 135 in JSTOR Gross , Robert A. , ed. ( 1993 ) . In Debt to Shays : The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Rebellion . University Press of Virginia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1354 - 4 . Hale , Edward Everett ( 1891 ) . The Story of Massachusetts . Boston : D. Lothrop Company . Kaufman , Martin , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shays 's Rebellion : Selected Essays . Westfield , MA : Westfield State College . OCLC 15339286 . McCarthy , Timothy Patrick ; McMillan , John , eds. ( 2011 ) . The Radical Reader : A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 742 - 8 . OCLC 741491899 . ( Reprints a petition to the state legislature . ) Middleton , Lamar ( 1968 ) ( 1938 ) . Revolt , USA . Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press . OCLC 422400 . Minot , George Richards ( 1788 ) . History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts . Worcester , MA : Isaiah Thomas . OCLC 225355026 . ( The earliest account of the rebellion . Although this account was deeply unsympathetic to the rural Regulators , it became the basis for most subsequent tellings , including the many mentions of the rebellion in Massachusetts town and state histories . ) Munroe , James Phinney ( 1915 ) . New England Conscience : With Typical Examples . Boston : R.G. Badger . OCLC 1113783 . Shattuck , Gary , Artful and Designing Men : The Trials of Job Shattuck and the Regulation of 1786 -- 1787 . Mustang , OK : Tate Publishing , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62746 - 575 - 5 Starkey , Marion Lena ( 1955 ) . A Little Rebellion . New York : Knopf . OCLC 1513271 . Wier , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` Shays ' Rebellion '' . In Wier , Robert . Class in America : Q-Z . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34245 - 5 . OCLC 255745185 . Fictional treatments Bellamy , Edward ( 1900 ) . The Duke of Stockbridge : A Romance of Shays ' Rebellion . New York , Boston , and Chicago : Silver , Burdett & Co . OCLC 656929797 . ( Fictional depiction of the rebellion , as social commentary . ) Collier , James Lincoln ; Collier , Christopher ( 1978 ) . The Winter Hero . Four Winds Press . ( The rebellion is the central story of this children 's novel . ) Degenhard , William ( 1943 ) . The Regulators . New York : The Dial Press . OCLC 1663869 . Martin , William ( 2007 ) . The Lost Constitution . ( The rebellion plays a central role in this novel . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shays ' Rebellion . Shays ' Rebellion ( George Washington 's Mount Vernon ) `` To Gen Washington from Gen. Benjamin Lincoln '' ( a letter extensively covering the events of Shays ' Rebellion ) ( National Archives ) Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern By state Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shays%27_Rebellion&oldid=802637188 '' Categories : Agrarian politics Conflicts in 1786 Conflicts in 1787 History of Massachusetts History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1780s in Massachusetts Rebellions in the United States 18th - century rebellions 1786 in the United States 1787 in the United States 1786 in Massachusetts 1787 in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did shay's rebellion lead to the reform of the articles of confederation	[]	[]
-4551855184887457193	List of highest paid Major League Baseball players	List of highest paid Major League baseball players - Wikipedia List of highest paid Major League baseball players This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $28,000,000 . He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history . The highest - paid player in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from the 2018 Major League Baseball season is Los Angeles Dodgers ' pitcher Clayton Kershaw with an annual salary of $34,000,000 on a 7 year contract for $215,000,000 . MLB does not have a hard salary cap , instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season . Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s , allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries . Babe Ruth , widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever , earned an estimated $910,696 ( $14,654,832 inflation - adjusted from 1931 dollars ) over his entire playing career . When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ( $1,171,952 inflation - adjusted ) , while the president , Herbert Hoover , had a $75,000 salary , Ruth famously remarked , `` What the hell has Hoover got to do with it ? Besides , I had a better year than he did . '' Rodriguez has signed two record - breaking contracts over the course of his career . First , he signed a $252 million , 10 - year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ( $358,107,826 inflation - adjusted from 2000 dollars ) . Sandy Alderson called the deal `` stupefying '' , while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez 's early salaries under the contract ( $21 million ) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ( $15.8 million ) . The deal was the largest sports contract in history , doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett 's $126 million National Basketball Association contract ( the previous record holder ) and more than doubling Mike Hampton 's $121 million contract , the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before . The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season , though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract . Despite this , he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million , 10 - year agreement with the Yankees , breaking his own record for the largest sports contract . Under this deal , Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , and Barry Bonds ( 762 ) , along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds ' mark . First base was the highest - paid position in 2010 ; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572 . Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million , signing a $4.5 million , 4 - year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979 . Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989 , in 1990 Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million , making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year . It was until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark . Five of the twenty highest - paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees . Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490 , roughly $12 million above the second - largest Los Angeles Dodgers . The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll , with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB . Contents 1 Key 2 Highest annual salaries in 2017 3 Career earnings 4 Salary progression 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References Key ( edit ) Key Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop LF Left fielder CF Center fielder RF Right fielder Catcher SP Starting pitcher RP Relief pitcher DH Designated hitter Highest annual salaries in 2017 ( edit ) This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone , not the overall average value of the contract . Rank Name Position Team ( s ) Salary Ref Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers / Houston Astros $28,000,000 6 Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 7 Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 8 Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 9 Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 9 CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000 Career earnings ( edit ) Though retired since 2007 , Barry Bonds ' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fifth - highest overall in MLB history . Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season . Name Team ( s ) Position Years Earnings Ref Alex Rodriguez Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers New York Yankees SS , 3B 1994 -- 2016 $396,416,252 Derek Jeter New York Yankees SS 1995 -- 2014 $265,159,364 Carlos Beltrán Kansas City Royals Houston Astros New York Mets San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees Houston Astros CF , RF 1998 -- 2017 $221,952,782 Manny Ramirez Cleveland Indians Boston Red Sox Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago White Sox Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993 -- 2011 $206,827,769 Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates San Francisco Giants LF 1986 -- 2007 $188,245,322 Randy Johnson Montreal Expos Seattle Mariners Houston Astros Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees San Francisco Giants SP 1988 -- 2009 $175,550,019 Torii Hunter Minnesota Twins Los Angeles Angels Detroit Tigers CF 1997 -- 2015 $171,055,000 Mariano Rivera New York Yankees RP 1995 -- 2013 $169,441,825 Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves 3B 1993 -- 2012 $168,552,133 Gary Sheffield Milwaukee Brewers San Diego Padres Florida Marlins Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves New York Yankees Detroit Tigers New York Mets RF 1988 -- 2009 $168,008,550 Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners New York Yankees Miami Marlins RF 2001 -- $166,331,483 Todd Helton Colorado Rockies 1B 1998 -- 2013 $161,490,000 Johan Santana Minnesota Twins New York Mets SP 2000 -- 2012 $155,997,269 Greg Maddux Chicago Cubs Atlanta Braves Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres SP 1986 -- 2008 $153,845,000 Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners Cincinnati Reds Chicago White Sox CF 1988 -- 2010 $151,703,682 Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox Toronto Blue Jays New York Yankees Houston Astros SP 1984 -- 2007 $150,601,000 Roy Halladay Toronto Blue Jays Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998 -- 2013 $148,991,666 CC Sabathia Cleveland Indians Milwaukee Brewers New York Yankees SP 2001 -- $146,357,142 Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays Florida Marlins New York Mets 1B 1993 -- 2009 $146,299,000 Pedro Martínez Los Angeles Dodgers Montreal Expos Boston Red Sox New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992 -- 2009 $146,259,585 Salary Progression ( edit ) Nolan Ryan ( pictured ) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979 . Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year . This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts / contract extensions . Average annual salary Date signed Name Team Position Contract duration ( Years ) Ref ( s ) $ 1,170,000 November 19 , 1979 Nolan Ryan Houston Astros SP $ 2,500,000 December 15 , 1980 Dave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 $ 2,600,000 September 4 , 1985 Eddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 5 $ 2,633,333 February 16 , 1989 Orel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP $ 2,970,000 November 17 , 1989 Bret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP $ 3,000,000 November 22 , 1989 Kirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF $ 3,200,000 December 1 , 1989 Mark Langston California Angels SP 5 $ 3,250,000 December 11 , 1989 Mark Davis Kansas City Royals SP $ 3,500,000 January 17 , 1990 Dave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP $ 3,750,000 January 22 , 1990 Will Clark San Francisco Giants 1B $ 3,860,000 April 9 , 1990 Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 5 $ 4,700,000 June 28 , 1990 Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF / DH 5 $ 5,380,000 February 2 , 1991 Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP $ 5,800,000 December 2 , 1991 Bobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B / RF 5 $ 7,100,000 March 2 , 1992 Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B $ 7,290,000 December 6 , 1992 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 6 $ 8,500,000 January 31 , 1996 Ken Griffey , Jr . Seattle Mariners CF $ 11,000,000 November 19 , 1996 Albert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 5 $ 11,450,000 March 20 , 1997 Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF $ 11,500,000 August 10 , 1997 Greg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 5 $ 12,500,000 December 10 , 1997 Pedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 6 $ 13,000,000 October 26 , 1998 Mike Piazza New York Mets 7 $ 13,333,333 November 25 , 1998 Mo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 6 $ 15,000,000 December 12 , 1998 Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 7 $ 15,450,000 August 11 , 2000 Roger Clemens New York Yankees SP $ 17,000,000 October 20 , 2000 Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B $ 25,200,000 December 10 , 2000 Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 $ 27,500,000 December 13 , 2007 Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Business and economics portal Highest - paid NBA players by season List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest - paid American television stars List of highest - paid film actors List of salaries Footnotes ( edit ) `` Earnings '' as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income . All values are listed in nominal dollars . `` Average annual value '' is calculated as the total value of a contract ( less bonuses ) divided by the number of years . A $20 million / 2 - year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million , even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other . This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens ' 2006 and 2007 contracts . All values are listed in nominal dollars . Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10 - year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ( $2.5 million per year ) . However , Yankees owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10 - year contract was renegotiated a few months later . The final precise value is unclear , although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ( $2 -- 2.5 million a year ) . Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically - sized $7.9 million , 3 - year contract two months after Hershiser . Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million , 4 - year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28 , 1989 , 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million , 3 - year contract . Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003 . Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002 , with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option . However , Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option . As a result , he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ( $15.45 million annually ) . However , the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually , three - year deal . He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new , one - year contract in which they bought out the previous option . References ( edit ) Bibliography `` USA Today Salaries Database -- Top 25 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . `` Highest Career and Single - Season Salaries '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners announce five - year labor deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Fehr does not foresee a salary cap '' . MLB.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Wilborn ( 2009 ) . Babe Ruth : A twentieth - century life . New York : Viking . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06305 - 5 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Wayne ( 2006 ) . Babe Ruth : A biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33596 - 6 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` $252,000,000 : A-Rod , Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Selig gives blessing to mega-merger '' . ESPN.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's average salary eclipses $3 M for first time '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Belth , Alex ( December 2 , 2005 ) . `` From Catfish to A-Rod : Landmark moments from baseball 's free - agent era '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 14 , 2000 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Salaries by team '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Parity ? Yankees , Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Edginess Over the Yankees ' Payroll '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Kershaw '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Greinke '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` David Price '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Heyward '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Lester '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Jeter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Beltran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manny Ramirez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barry Bonds Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torii Hunter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mariano Rivera Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Sheffield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Helton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Santana Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Griffey , Jr . Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Halladay Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CC Sabathia Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlos Delgado Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pedro Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 11 , 2000 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 -- via CNNSI.com . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dave Winfield Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 16 , 1980 ) . `` Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million ; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 6 , 1985 ) . `` Eddie Murray 's new contract surpasses all others '' . Anchorage Daily News . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orel Hershiser Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 17 , 1989 ) . `` Another record for Hershiser : $7.9 million Dodger contract '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saberhagen highest paid in baseball '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . November 18 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 23 , 1989 ) . `` Puckett hits the Jackpot : First $3 million man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Langston Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chass , Murray ( December 2 , 1989 ) . `` Angels and Langston agree on $16 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Davis Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( December 12 , 1989 ) . `` Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Stewart agrees to contract '' . Harlan Daily Enterprise . Associated Press . January 18 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Clark package zooms to $15 million '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 23 , 1990 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Mattingly Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 11 , 1990 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; Mattingly : Yankees ' last tradition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Canseco Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Koppett , Leonard ( June 28 , 1990 ) . `` Canseco gets his pitch : $23.5 million from A 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 9 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 3 , 1991 ) . `` Baseball ; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( March 3 , 1992 ) . `` Sandberg becomes highest - paid player , for now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 6 , 1992 ) . `` Baseball ; Giants make investment : $43 million in Bonds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( February 1 , 1996 ) . `` Baseball ; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Belle Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Claire ( November 20 , 1996 ) . `` Belle signs the richest deal : 5 years , $55 million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Extension gives Bonds top salary '' . The New York Times . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jerry ( August 11 , 1997 ) . `` Maddux 's deal heads salary list '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( December 11 , 1997 ) . `` Baseball ; Martinez 's $75 million for 6 years raises bar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Piazza Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( October 25 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball ; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball 's richest player ; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Vaughn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( November 27 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : On baseball ; Boston , with Vaughn gone , now ca n't win for signing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Brown Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Diamos , Jason ( December 13 , 1998 ) . `` Baseball : Brown becomes the richest in baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( August 12 , 2000 ) . `` Clemens ' New Deal is most unusual '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 21 , 2000 ) . `` Plus : Baseball ; Delgado becomes top - paid player '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket relaunch : Clemens rejoins Astros '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month '' . ESPN.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` If inclined , Yankees would need Rocket 's OK on trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durso , Joseph ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres '' . The New York Times . February 3 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Richman , Milton ( February 15 , 1981 ) . `` Today 's Sport Parade '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Viola gets big pact , loss '' . Spokane Chronicle . Associated Press . April 20 , 1989 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rickey Henderson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying it forward : The Mets ' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemens staying put in pinstripes : Yankees ' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300 '' . Edmonton Journal . December 31 , 2002 . Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_Major_League_Baseball_players&oldid=853837674 '' Categories : Baseball labor relations Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 07 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the lowest paid major league baseball player	[]	[]
-5180256144783128412	List of people hanged, drawn and quartered	List of people hanged , drawn and quartered - wikipedia List of people hanged , drawn and quartered The execution of Hugh Despenser the Younger , as pictured in the Froissart of Louis of Gruuthuse To be hanged , drawn and quartered was a penalty in England and the United Kingdom for several crimes , but mainly for high treason . This method was abolished in England in 1870 . Date executed Name Notes 1305 - 08 - 23 William Wallace Treason in the Wars of Scottish Independence 1323 Andrew Harclay , 1st Earl of Carlisle Treason in the Wars of Scottish Independence 1326 - 11 - 24 Hugh Despenser the Younger For sodomy . Contemporary accounts differ on whether he died from the full sentence of being hanged , drawn , and quartered . 1381 - 07 - 04 Thomas Baker ( Peasants ' Revolt leader ) Aftermath of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt . 1381 - 07 - 15 John Ball Aftermath of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt . 1381 - 1382 John Buk Aftermath of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt 1381 - 1382 Richard de Leycester Aftermath of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt 1382 - 05 - 6 John Wrawe Aftermath of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt 1388 Thomas Usk Accused of misleading King Richard 1401 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd Fychan Allowed Owain Glyndŵr to escape capture , and therefore disembowelled and dismembered . 1404 John Cerle Killed the Duke of Glovernia and therefore Johannes Cerle tractus , suspensus , et vivus depositus , et tandem ductus Londoniae tractus ibidem et suspensus demum decollatus est atque in quartas divisus . 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger Sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered for Wyatt 's rebellion , but the sentence was commuted to beheading . 1554 - 05 William Thomas ( scholar ) Accused of planning to murder Mary I of England 1577 Cuthbert Mayne One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales executed under anti-Catholic laws 1577 Edmund Campion One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales executed under anti-Catholic laws 1581 - 12 - 01 Alexander Briant Catholic priest , one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1586 - 09 - 20 Anthony Babington Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 - 09 - 20 John Ballard ( Jesuit ) Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 - 09 - 20 Chidiock Tichborne Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 - 09 - 20 Henry Donn Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 - 09 - 20 Robert Barnewell Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 - 09 - 20 John Savage Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot 1586 Edward Havington Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Public outcry at the horror of the drawing and quartering of Sept. 20th 1586 caused Elizabeth to order the second group to hang until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 Charles Tilney Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 Edward Jones Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 John Charnock Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 John Travers Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 Jerome Bellamy Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1586 Robert_Gage_ ( MP ) Executed as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until `` quite dead '' before disembowelling and quartering . 1594 - 07 - 24 John Boste Catholic priest , one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales . 1606 - 01 - 30 Everard Digby For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 30 Robert Wintour For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 30 John Grant For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 30 Thomas Bates For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 31 Thomas Wintour For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 31 Ambrose Rookwood For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 31 Robert Keyes For involvement in Gunpowder Plot 1606 - 01 - 31 Guy Fawkes For involvement in Gunpowder Plot , but he managed to cheat the executioner by jumping from the scaffold while his head was in the noose , breaking his neck . His lifeless body was nevertheless drawn and quartered , and his body parts distributed to `` the four corners of the kingdom '' . 1628 - 08 - 28 Edmund_Arrowsmith Catholic priest , one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1641 - 09 - 10 Ambrose Barlow Catholic priest , one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1643 - 05 - 30 George Bouchier For his activities in the English Civil War 1643 - 05 - 30 Robert Yeamans For his activities in the English Civil War 1653 Felim O'Neill of Kinard Executed for his part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 1654 - 06 - 28 John Southworth Cromwell ordered that surgeons sew the corpse back together so that it could be sent to Douai College for burial . 1658 - 07 - 07 Edward Ashton ( colonel ) For the plot against the Lord Protector set on foot by agents of Charles II in 1658 , and for complicity in which Sir Henry Slingsby and John Hewet were executed . 1663 Thomas Oates Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Samuel Ellis Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Nettleton , sr . Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Nettleton , jr . Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Robert Scott Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 William Tolson Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Forster Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Robert Olroyd Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Asquith Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Peregrine Corney Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Snowden Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Smith Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 William Ash Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 John Errington Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Robert Atkins Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 William Colton Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 George Denham Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Henry Watson Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Richard Wilson Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Ralph Rymer Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1663 Charles Carre Executed for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot 1685 over 200 Charged with treason following the Monmouth Rebellion , their remains were parboiled , tarred , and displayed on poles , trees and lampposts ; only when James conducted a progress through the area were they removed and buried . 1788 - 02 - 16 Robert Keon hanged , drawn , and quartered for murder in a private quarrel 1803 - 09 - 20 Robert Emmet convicted of high treason in the Irish Rebellion of 1803 . He was hanged and then beheaded once dead . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Henry Thomas Riley , Thomae Walsingham , Quondam Monachi S. Albani , Historia Anglicana . London : Longman , Green , Longman , Roberts , and Green , 1863 , Vol 1 . p. 169 ( 1 ) `` Deinde tractus , suspensus , et in quartas divisus est ; et partes quatuor principalibus civitatibus Angliae sunt transmissae ; caput ejus super pontem Londoniarum fixum est , versus partes respiciens Scoticanas . '' Jump up ^ Aslet , Clive . `` Fobbing '' in Villages of Britain : The Five Hundred Villages That Made the Countryside . Bloomsbury , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randal Bingley , Fobbing , Life and Landscape ( Pheon Heritage in association with Thurrock Council Museum , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Prescott , Andrew ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Ball , John ( d . 1381 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 1214 , retrieved 22 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Powell , Edgar ( 1896 ) . The Rising of 1381 in East Anglia . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1404665 . p. 48 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Powell , Edgar ( 1896 ) . The Rising of 1381 in East Anglia . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1404665 . p. 48 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Powell , Edgar ( 1896 ) . The Rising of 1381 in East Anglia . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 1404665 . p. 25 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Waldron , Ronald ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Usk , Thomas ( c. 1354 -- 1388 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 28030 , retrieved 22 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Steffan , Rhobert ap ( 2006 ) , Llywelyn Ap Gruffydd Fychan , bbc.co.uk , retrieved 22 August 2010 Jump up ^ Haydon , Frank Scott , 1822 - 1887 . Eulogium ( historiarum Sive Temporis ) . London : Longman , Brown , Green , Longmans , and Roberts , 1863 . Vol 3 p. 402 . ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Hamilton , Dakota L. ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Thomas , William ( d . 1554 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 27242 , retrieved 20 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Trudgian , Raymond Francis ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Mayne , Cuthbert ( St Cuthbert Mayne ) ( bap. 1544 , d . 1577 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 18440 , retrieved 19 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Graves , Michael A.R. ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Campion , Edmund ( St Edmund Campion ) ( 1540 -- 1581 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 4539 , retrieved 19 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Trudgian , Raymond Francis ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Mayne , Cuthbert ( St Cuthbert Mayne ) ( bap. 1544 , d . 1577 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 18440 , retrieved 19 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Graves , Michael A.R. ( 2008 ) ( 2004 ) , `` Campion , Edmund ( St Edmund Campion ) ( 1540 -- 1581 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 4539 , retrieved 19 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Richard . Edmund Campion : A Biography . New ed. , ed. , J. Hodges , 1896 . p. 457 . url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b55231?urlappend=%3Bseq=471 Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Holinshed 1808 , pp. 915 -- 916 : John Ballard a preest , and first persuader of Babington to these odious treasons , was laid aloue vpon an hurdell , and six others two and two in like sort , all drawne from Tower hill through the citie of London , untu a field at the vpper end of Holborne , hard by the high waie side to saint Giles in the field , where was erected a scaffold for their execution , and a paire of gallows of extraordinarie hight ... and although the thousands were thought ( and indeed so seemed ) to be numberlesse : yet somewhat to note the huge multitude , there were by computation able men enow to giue battell to a strong enimie ... On the first daie the traitors were placed vpon the scaffold , that the one might behold the reward of his fellowes treason . Ballard the preest , who was the first brocher of this treason , was the first that was hanged , who being cut downe ( according to judgement ) was dismembred , his bellie ript up , his bowels and traitorous heart taken out and throwne into the fire , his head also ( seuered from his shoulders ) was set on a short stake vpon the top of the gallows , and the trunke of his bodie quartered and imbrued in his owne bloud , wherewith the executioners hands were bathed , and some of the standers by ( but to their great loathing , as not able for their liues to auoid it , such was the throng ) beesprinkled . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Francis Edwards , S.J. , Plots and plotters in the reign of Elizabeth I. ( Dublin : Four Courts , 2002 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ `` The Pursuit of John Boste '' , Catholic Records Society , 1908 Jump up ^ Duffy , Patrick . `` The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales '' , Catholic Ireland Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 283 Jump up ^ Allen 1973 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Thompson 2008 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Guy Fawkes , York Museums Trust , retrieved 16 May 2010 Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Jump up ^ `` The Lancaster priest executed for his zeal '' , Catholic Herald , 26 August 2010 Jump up ^ Camm , Bede ( 1907 ) . `` Ven . Edward Ambrose Barlow '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 2 . New York : Robert Appleton . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blessed Ambrose Barlow , O.S.B. '' St Ambrose Barlow Website . Archived from the original on 4 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , PJ . `` Sir Thomas Tyldesley 1612 -- 1651 '' . Tyldesley Family History . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cooper , Thompson ( 1886 ) . `` Bouchier , George '' . In Stephen , Leslie . Dictionary of National Biography. 6 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 4 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Pollard , Albert Frederick ( 1900 ) . `` Yeamans , Robert '' . In Lee , Sidney . Dictionary of National Biography. 63 . London : Smith , Elder & Co. p. 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro99.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/SirFelimONeill.php Jump up ^ Morrill , John ( 2004 ) , `` Southworth , John ( St John Southworth ) ( 1592 -- 1654 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , hosted at oxforddnb.com , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 67460 , retrieved 19 August 2010 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Stephen , Leslie , ed. ( 1885 ) . `` Ashton , Edward '' . Dictionary of National Biography. 2 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Jump up ^ Drake , Francis . Eboracum : Or , the History and Antiquities of the City of York , from Its Origin to This Time . Together with an Account of the Ainsty , or County of the Same , and a Description and History of the Cathedral Church , from Its First Foundation to the Present Year . Illustrated with Seventeen Copper - Plates. in Two Volumes . Printed for T. Wilson and R. Spence , High - Ousegate , 1788 , vol 1 . p. 60 . ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Hopper , Andrew ( June 2002 ) , `` The Farnley Wood Plot and the Memory of the Civil Wars in Yorkshire '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , hosted at jstor.org , 45 ( 2 ) : 281 , 296 -- 297 , doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x02002406 , JSTOR 3133646 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ Zook 1999 , p. 141 Jump up ^ James Kelly `` ' That Damn 'd Thing Called Honour ' '' Cork University Press 1995 pp194 - 196 Jump up ^ Brooke - Tyrrell , Alma ( 1983 ) . `` Focus on Thomas Street '' . Dublin Historical Record . 36 ( 3 ) : 107 -- 117 . JSTOR 30100607 . Jump up ^ Dawson , T. ( 1971 ) . `` Between the Steps '' . Dublin Historical Record . 24 ( 3 ) : 65 -- 75 . JSTOR 30103977 . Jump up ^ Cobbett , William ; Jardine , David ( 1820 ) . `` Cobbett 's complete collection of state trials and proceedings for high treason : And other crimes and misdemeanor from the earliest period to the present time ... From the ninth year of the reign of King Henry , the Second , A.D. 1163 , to ... \ George IV , A.D. 1820 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Irish Historical Mysteries : The Grave of Robert Emmet '' . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Bibliography Feilden , Henry St. Clair ( 2009 ) ( 1910 ) , A Short Constitutional History of England , Read Books , ISBN 1 - 4446 - 9107 - 4 Fraser , Antonia ( 2005 ) ( 1996 ) , The Gunpowder Plot , London : Phoenix , ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1401 - 3 Haynes , Alan ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) , The Gunpowder Plot : Faith in Rebellion , Sparkford , England : Hayes and Sutton , ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4215 - 0 Holinshed , Raphael ( 1808 ) , Chronicles of England , Scotland and Ireland , 4 , London : Johnson Jesse , John Heneage ( 1847 ) , Literary and historical memorials of London , 2 , Bentley Northcote Parkinson , C. ( 1976 ) , Gunpowder Treason and Plot , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77224 - 4 Oman , Charles William Chadwick ( 1906 ) , The Great Revolt of 1381 , Oxford : Clarendon Press Wormald , Patrick ( 2001 ) ( 1999 ) , The Making of English Law : King Alfred to the Twelfth Century , Legislation and Its Limits , Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell , ISBN 0 - 631 - 22740 - 7 Zook , Melinda S. ( 1999 ) , Radical whigs and conspiratorial politics in late Stuart England , Penn State Press , ISBN 0 - 271 - 01856 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_hanged,_drawn_and_quartered&oldid=852008205 '' Categories : Execution methods Torture English criminal law Medieval English law Lists of executed people People executed by the United Kingdom by hanging People executed by the United Kingdom by hanging , drawing and quartering Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles incorporating DNB text with Wikisource reference Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 00 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the last person to be hanged drawn and quartered	[ "\n\n\nDate executed\nName\nNotes\n\n\n1305-08-23\nWilliam Wallace\nTreason in the Wars of Scottish Independence\n\n\n1323\nAndrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle\nTreason in the Wars of Scottish Independence[1]\n\n\n1326-11-24\nHugh Despenser the Younger\nFor sodomy. Contemporary accounts differ on whether he died from the full sentence of being hanged, drawn, and quartered.\n\n\n1381-07-04\nThomas Baker (Peasants' Revolt leader)\nAftermath of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt.[2][3]\n\n\n1381-07-15\nJohn Ball\nAftermath of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt.[4]\n\n\n1381-1382\nJohn Buk\nAftermath of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt [5]\n\n\n1381-1382\nRichard de Leycester\nAftermath of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt [6]\n\n\n1382-05-6\nJohn Wrawe\nAftermath of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt [7]\n\n\n1388\nThomas Usk\nAccused of misleading King Richard [8]\n\n\n1401\nLlywelyn ap Gruffydd Fychan\nAllowed Owain Glyndŵr to escape capture, and therefore disembowelled and dismembered.[9]\n\n\n1404\nJohn Cerle\nKilled the Duke of Glovernia and therefore Johannes Cerle tractus, suspensus, et vivus depositus, et tandem ductus Londoniae tractus ibidem et suspensus demum decollatus est atque in quartas divisus.[10]\n\n\n1554\nThomas Wyatt the younger\nSentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered for Wyatt's rebellion, but the sentence was commuted to beheading.[11]\n\n\n1554-05\nWilliam Thomas (scholar)\nAccused of planning to murder Mary I of England\n\n\n1577\nCuthbert Mayne\nOne of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales executed under anti-Catholic laws [12][13]\n\n\n1577\nEdmund Campion\nOne of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales executed under anti-Catholic laws [14][15]\n\n\n1581-12-01\nAlexander Briant\nCatholic priest, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales[16]\n\n\n1586-09-20\nAnthony Babington\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot[17]\n\n\n1586-09-20\nJohn Ballard (Jesuit)\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot[18]\n\n\n1586-09-20\nChidiock Tichborne\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot\n\n\n1586-09-20\nHenry Donn\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot\n\n\n1586-09-20\nRobert Barnewell\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot\n\n\n1586-09-20\nJohn Savage\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot\n\n\n1586\nEdward Havington\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Public outcry at the horror of the drawing and quartering of Sept. 20th 1586 caused Elizabeth to order the second group to hang until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[19]\n\n\n1586\nCharles Tilney\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[20]\n\n\n1586\nEdward Jones\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[21]\n\n\n1586\nJohn Charnock\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[22]\n\n\n1586\nJohn Travers\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[23]\n\n\n1586\nJerome Bellamy\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[24]\n\n\n1586\nRobert_Gage_(MP)\nExecuted as one of many involved in the Babington plot Hung until \"quite dead\" before disembowelling and quartering.[25]\n\n\n1594-07-24\nJohn Boste\nCatholic priest, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales[26].[27]\n\n\n1606-01-30\nEverard Digby\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-30\nRobert Wintour\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-30\nJohn Grant\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-30\nThomas Bates\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-31\nThomas Wintour\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-31\nAmbrose Rookwood\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-31\nRobert Keyes\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot\n\n\n1606-01-31\nGuy Fawkes\nFor involvement in Gunpowder Plot, but he managed to cheat the executioner by jumping from the scaffold while his head was in the noose, breaking his neck.[28][29] His lifeless body was nevertheless drawn and quartered,[30][31] and his body parts distributed to \"the four corners of the kingdom\".[32]\n\n\n1628-08-28\nEdmund_Arrowsmith\nCatholic priest, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales[33][34]\n\n\n1641-09-10\nAmbrose Barlow\nCatholic priest, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales[35][36] [37]\n\n\n1643-05-30\nGeorge Bouchier\nFor his activities in the English Civil War [38]\n\n\n1643-05-30\nRobert Yeamans\nFor his activities in the English Civil War [39]\n\n\n1653\nFelim O'Neill of Kinard\nExecuted for his part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 [40][41]\n\n\n1654-06-28\nJohn Southworth\nCromwell ordered that surgeons sew the corpse back together so that it could be sent to Douai College for burial.[42]\n\n\n1658-07-07\nEdward Ashton (colonel)\nFor the plot against the Lord Protector set on foot by agents of Charles II in 1658, and for complicity in which Sir Henry Slingsby and John Hewet were executed. [43]\n\n\n1663\nThomas Oates\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot[44][45]\n\n\n1663\nSamuel Ellis\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Nettleton, sr.\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Nettleton, jr.\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nRobert Scott\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nWilliam Tolson\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Forster\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nRobert Olroyd\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Asquith\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nPeregrine Corney\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Snowden\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Smith\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nWilliam Ash\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nJohn Errington\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nRobert Atkins\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nWilliam Colton\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nGeorge Denham\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nHenry Watson\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nRichard Wilson\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nRalph Rymer\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1663\nCharles Carre\nExecuted for participating in the Farnley Wood Plot\n\n\n1685\nover 200\nCharged with treason following the Monmouth Rebellion, their remains were parboiled, tarred, and displayed on poles, trees and lampposts; only when James conducted a progress through the area were they removed and buried.[46]\n\n\n1788-02-16\nRobert Keon\nhanged, drawn, and quartered for murder in a private quarrel [47]\n\n\n1803-09-20\nRobert Emmet\nconvicted of high treason in the Irish Rebellion of 1803.[48][49][50] He was hanged and then beheaded once dead.[51]\n" ]	[ "Robert Keon" ]
-5411394510015849303	Denver Broncos	Denver Broncos - wikipedia Denver Broncos Jump to : navigation , search Denver Broncos Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen trust Chairman Joe Ellis CEO Joe Ellis President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Head coach Vance Joseph Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 -- present defense ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- present secondary ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) , Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2001 -- present ) The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust . The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since 2001 , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only six losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos have the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe , and the most recently elected member , Terrell Davis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2. 3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Uniforms in the Super Bowl 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.4 Ring of Fame 7.5 Super Bowl MVPs 7.6 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the Denver Broncos . Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . 1970 -- 1982 In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 -- 10 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 -- 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 -- 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . 2016 -- present : defensive era Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler ( who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns ) to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . Championships Super Bowls Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries Divisional See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders . Kansas City Chiefs Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 59 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 62 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 -- 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs . Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 -- 89 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times , more than any other NFL team , with the Broncos owning a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers . Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 -- 69 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 -- 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys . The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 -- 15 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms 1960 -- 1996 Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 -- 96 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added . From 1969 -- 1971 , and again from 1978 -- 79 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange . When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 -- 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 -- 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 -- 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result . When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 -- 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 -- 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 . The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . Uniforms in the Super Bowl Super Bowl Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field Sports Authority Field at Mile High , when it was known as INVESCO Field at Mile High For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 -- 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics Season - by - season records Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note Current roster Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Paxton Lynch 17 Brock Osweiler 13 Trevor Siemian Running backs 22 C.J. Anderson 23 Devontae Booker 28 Jamaal Charles 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 16 Bennie Fowler 14 Cody Latimer 84 Isaiah McKenzie 10 Emmanuel Sanders 15 Hunter Sharp 87 Jordan Taylor 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 83 A.J. Derby 85 Virgil Green 82 Jeff Heuerman Offensive linemen 73 Allen Barbre G 72 Garett Bolles T 76 Max Garcia G 65 Ronald Leary G 60 Connor McGovern C 61 Matt Paradis C 71 Donald Stephenson T 75 Menelik Watson T 68 Elijah Wilkinson T Defensive linemen 99 Adam Gotsis DE 96 Shelby Harris DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 94 Domata Peko NT 95 Derek Wolfe DE Linebackers 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB 51 Todd Davis ILB 91 Kasim Edebali OLB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 57 DeMarcus Walker OLB Defensive backs 20 Jamal Carter SS 37 Lorenzo Doss CB 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 34 Will Parks FS 29 Bradley Roby CB 31 Justin Simmons SS 26 Darian Stewart FS 21 Aqib Talib CB Special teams 9 Riley Dixon P 42 Casey Kreiter LS 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists 80 Jake Butt TE ( NF - Inj . ) 93 Jared Crick DE ( IR ) 11 Carlos Henderson WR ( IR ) 6 Chad Kelly QB ( NF - Inj . ) 52 Corey Nelson ILB ( IR ) 56 Shane Ray OLB ( IR ) 77 Billy Turner G ( IR ) 97 Billy Winn DE ( IR ) Practice squad 19 River Cracraft WR ( Injured ) 64 Gabe Ikard C 98 Tyrique Jarrett NT 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 81 Tim Patrick WR 90 Kyle Peko NT 38 Marcus Rios CB 45 Kevin Snyder LB 35 Dymonte Thomas S 86 Austin Traylor TE 30 Jonathan Williams RB Rookies in italics Roster updated October 26 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 52 Active , 8 Inactive , 11 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K , RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff Head coaches Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- The Pat Bowlen Trust President / Chairman / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J. Durso Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Eric Studesville Assistant to Head Coach -- Phil Rauscher Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike McCoy Quarterbacks -- Bill Musgrave Wide Receivers -- Tyke Tolbert Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line -- Jeff Davidson Assistant Offensive Line -- Chris Strausser Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Outside Linebackers -- Fred Pagac Secondary -- Marcus Robertson Assistant Secondary -- Johnnie Lynn Defensive Assistant -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brock Olivo Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Luke Richesson Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Eubanks Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city some eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Colorado Baseball MLB Colorado Rockies PCL Colorado Springs Sky Sox PioL Grand Junction Rockies Pecos Trinidad Triggers Basketball NBA Denver Nuggets ABA Colorado Kings Football NFL Denver Broncos WFA Mile High Blaze Rocky Mountain Thunderkatz IWFL Colorado Freeze Ice hockey NHL Colorado Avalanche ECHL Colorado Eagles WSHL Colorado Jr . Eagles Superior RoughRiders Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Raptors Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks PDL Real Colorado Foxes College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures , Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Sports Authority Field at Mile High Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Broncos&oldid=807393335 '' Categories : Denver Broncos American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Denver Companies based in Arapahoe County , Colorado Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the dallas cowboys played the denver broncos	[]	[]
22239020710945433	Nullification Crisis	Nullification crisis - wikipedia Nullification crisis Jump to : navigation , search Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832 - 33 , during the presidency of Andrew Jackson , which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government . It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state . The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s , and South Carolina was particularly affected . Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European production competition . The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 ( known to its detractors as the `` Tariff of Abominations '' ) was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams . The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England . By 1828 , South Carolina state politics increasingly organized around the tariff issue . Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced . When the Jackson administration failed to take any actions to address their concerns , the most radical faction in the state began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina . In Washington , an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun , a native South Carolinian and the most effective proponent of the constitutional theory of state nullification . On July 14 , 1832 , before Calhoun had resigned the Vice Presidency in order to run for the Senate where he could more effectively defend nullification , Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 . This compromise tariff received the support of most northerners and half of the southerners in Congress . The reductions were too little for South Carolina , and on November 24 , 1832 , a state convention adopted the Ordinance of Nullification , which declared that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . Military preparations to resist anticipated federal enforcement were initiated by the state . On March 1 , 1833 , Congress passed both the Force Bill -- authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina -- and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , which was satisfactory to South Carolina . The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 15 , 1833 , but three days later nullified the Force Bill as a symbolic gesture to maintain its principles . The crisis was over , and both sides could find reasons to claim victory . The tariff rates were reduced and stayed low to the satisfaction of the South , but the states ' rights doctrine of nullification remained controversial . By the 1850s the issues of the expansion of slavery into the western territories and the threat of the Slave Power became the central issues in the nation . Since the Nullification Crisis , the doctrine of states ' rights has been asserted again by opponents of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , proponents of California 's Specific Contract Act of 1863 ( which nullified the Legal Tender Act of 1862 ) , opponents of Federal acts prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana in the first decade of the 21st century , and opponents of implementation of laws and regulations pertaining to firearms from the late 1900s up to 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background ( 1787 -- 1816 ) 2 Tariffs ( 1816 -- 1828 ) 3 South Carolina Background ( 1819 -- 1828 ) 4 Route to nullification in South Carolina ( 1828 -- 1832 ) 5 Washington , D.C. ( 1828 -- 1832 ) 6 Negotiation and Confrontation ( 1833 ) 7 Aftermath 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( 1787 -- 1816 ) ( edit ) The historian Richard E. Ellis wrote : `` By creating a national government with the authority to act directly upon individuals , by denying to the state many of the prerogatives that they formerly had , and by leaving open to the central government the possibility of claiming for itself many powers not explicitly assigned to it , the Constitution and Bill of Rights as finally ratified substantially increased the strength of the central government at the expense of the states . '' The extent of this change and the problem of the actual distribution of powers between state and the federal governments would be a matter of political and ideological discussion up to the Civil War and beyond . In the early 1790s the debate centered on Alexander Hamilton 's nationalistic financial program versus Jefferson 's democratic and agrarian program , a conflict that led to the formation of two opposing national political parties . Later in the decade the Alien and Sedition Acts led to the states ' rights position being articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions . The Kentucky Resolutions , written by Thomas Jefferson , contained the following , which has often been cited as a justification for both nullification and secession : `` ... that in cases of an abuse of the delegated powers , the members of the general government , being chosen by the people , a change by the people would be the constitutional remedy ; but , where powers are assumed which have not been delegated , a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy : that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits : that without this right , they would be under the dominion , absolute and unlimited , of whosoever might exercise this right of judgment for them : that nevertheless , this commonwealth , from motives of regard and respect for its co-States , has wished to communicate with them on the subject : that with them alone it is proper to communicate , they alone being parties to the compact , and solely authorized to judge in the last resort of the powers exercised under it ... . '' The Virginia Resolutions , written by James Madison , hold a similar argument : `` The resolutions , having taken this view of the Federal compact , proceed to infer that , in cases of a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise of other powers , not granted by the said compact , the States , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound to interpose to arrest the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights , and liberties appertaining to them ... The Constitution of the United States was formed by the sanction of the States , given by each in its sovereign capacity . It adds to the stability and dignity , as well as to the authority of the Constitution , that it rests on this solid foundation . The States , then , being parties to the constitutional compact , and in their sovereign capacity , it follows of necessity that there can be no tribunal above their authority to decide , in the last resort , whether the compact made by them be violated ; and , consequently , as parties to it , they must themselves decide , in the last resort , such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition . '' Historians differ over the extent to which either resolution advocated the doctrine of nullification . Historian Lance Banning wrote , `` The legislators of Kentucky ( or more likely , John Breckinridge , the Kentucky legislator who sponsored the resolution ) deleted Jefferson 's suggestion that the rightful remedy for federal usurpations was a `` nullification '' of such acts by each state acting on its own to prevent their operation within its respective borders . Rather than suggesting individual , although concerted , measures of this sort , Kentucky was content to ask its sisters to unite in declarations that the acts were `` void and of no force '' , and in `` requesting their appeal '' at the succeeding session of the Congress . '' The key sentence , and the word `` nullification '' was used in supplementary Resolutions passed by Kentucky in 1799 . Madison 's judgment is clearer . He was chairman of a committee of the Virginia Legislature which issued a book - length Report on the Resolutions of 1798 , published in 1800 after they had been decried by several states . This asserted that the state did not claim legal force . `` The declarations in such cases are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied by other effect than what they may produce upon opinion , by exciting reflection . The opinions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . '' If the states collectively agreed in their declarations , there were several methods by which it might prevail , from persuading Congress to repeal the unconstitutional law , to calling a constitutional convention , as two - thirds of the states may . When , at the time of the Nullification Crisis , he was presented with the Kentucky resolutions of 1799 , he argued that the resolutions themselves were not Jefferson 's words , and that Jefferson meant this not as a constitutional but as a revolutionary right . Madison biographer Ralph Ketcham wrote : `` Though Madison agreed entirely with the specific condemnation of the Alien and Sedition Acts , with the concept of the limited delegated power of the general government , and even with the proposition that laws contrary to the Constitution were illegal , he drew back from the declaration that each state legislature had the power to act within its borders against the authority of the general government to oppose laws the legislature deemed unconstitutional . '' '' Historian Sean Wilentz explains the widespread opposition to these resolutions : `` Several states followed Maryland 's House of Delegates in rejecting the idea that any state could , by legislative action , even claim that a federal law was unconstitutional , and suggested that any effort to do so was treasonous . A few northern states , including Massachusetts , denied the powers claimed by Kentucky and Virginia and insisted that the Sedition law was perfectly constitutional ... Ten state legislatures with heavy Federalist majorities from around the country censured Kentucky and Virginia for usurping powers that supposedly belonged to the federal judiciary . Northern Republicans supported the resolutions ' objections to the alien and sedition acts , but opposed the idea of state review of federal laws . Southern Republicans outside Virginia and Kentucky were eloquently silent about the matter , and no southern legislature heeded the call to battle . '' Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale , 1800 The election of 1800 was a turning point in national politics as the Federalists were replaced by the Democratic - Republican Party led by Jefferson . But , the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 `` did little to advance the cause of states ' rights and much to weaken it . '' Over Jefferson 's opposition , the power of the federal judiciary , led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall , increased . Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his use of a national embargo designed to prevent involvement in a European war . Madison in 1809 used national troops to enforce a Supreme Court decision in Pennsylvania , appointed an `` extreme nationalist '' in Joseph Story to the Supreme Court , signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States , and called for a constitutional amendment to promote internal improvements . Opposition to the War of 1812 was centered in New England . Delegates to a convention in Hartford , Connecticut met in December 1814 to consider a New England response to Madison 's war policy . The debate allowed many radicals to argue the cause of states ' rights and state sovereignty . In the end , moderate voices dominated and the final product was not secession or nullification , but a series of proposed constitutional amendments . Identifying the South 's domination of the government as the cause of much of their problems , the proposed amendments included `` the repeal of the three - fifths clause , a requirement that two - thirds of both houses of Congress agree before any new state could be admitted to the Union , limits on the length of embargoes , and the outlawing of the election of a president from the same state to successive terms , clearly aimed at the Virginians . '' The war was over before the proposals were submitted to President Madison . James Madison After the conclusion of the War of 1812 Sean Wilentz notes : `` Madison 's speech ( his 1815 annual message to Congress ) affirmed that the war had reinforced the evolution of mainstream Republicanism , moving it further away from its original and localist assumptions . The war 's immense strain on the treasury led to new calls from nationalist Republicans for a national bank . The difficulties in moving and supplying troops exposed the wretchedness of the country 's transportation links , and the need for extensive new roads and canals . A boom in American manufacturing during the prolonged cessation of trade with Britain created an entirely new class of enterprisers , most of them tied politically to the Republicans , who might not survive without tariff protection . More broadly , the war reinforced feelings of national identity and connection . '' This spirit of nationalism was linked to the tremendous growth and economic prosperity of this post war era . However in 1819 the nation suffered its first financial panic and the 1820s turned out to be a decade of political turmoil that again led to fierce debates over competing views of the exact nature of American federalism . The `` extreme democratic and agrarian rhetoric '' that had been so effective in 1798 led to renewed attacks on the `` numerous market - oriented enterprises , particularly banks , corporations , creditors , and absentee landholders '' . Tariffs ( 1816 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) The Tariff of 1816 had some protective features , and it received support throughout the nation , including that of John C. Calhoun and fellow South Carolinian William Lowndes . The first explicitly protective tariff linked to a specific program of internal improvements was the Tariff of 1824 . Sponsored by Henry Clay , this tariff provided a general level of protection at 35 % ad valorem ( compared to 25 % with the 1816 act ) and hiked duties on iron , woolens , cotton , hemp , and wool and cotton bagging . The bill barely passed the federal House of Representatives by a vote of 107 to 102 . The Middle states and Northwest supported the bill , the South and Southwest opposed it , and New England split its vote with a majority opposing it . In the Senate the bill , with the support of Tennessee Senator Andrew Jackson , passed by four votes , and President James Monroe , the Virginia heir to the Jefferson - Madison control of the White House , signed the bill on March 25 , 1824 . Daniel Webster of Massachusetts led the New England opposition to this tariff . Protest against the prospect and the constitutionality of higher tariffs began in 1826 and 1827 with William Branch Giles , who had the Virginia legislature pass resolutions denying the power of Congress to pass protective tariffs , citing the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and James Madison 's 1800 defense of them . Madison denied both the appeal to nullification and the unconstitutionality ; he had always held that the power to regulate commerce included protection . Jefferson had , at the end of his life , written against protective tariffs . Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Tariff of 1828 was largely the work of Martin Van Buren ( although Silas Wright Jr. of New York prepared the main provisions ) and was partly a political ploy to elect Andrew Jackson president . Van Buren calculated that the South would vote for Jackson regardless of the issues so he ignored their interests in drafting the bill . New England , he thought , was just as likely to support the incumbent John Quincy Adams , so the bill levied heavy taxes on raw materials consumed by New England such as hemp , flax , molasses , iron and sail duck . With an additional tariff on iron to satisfy Pennsylvania interests , Van Buren expected the tariff to help deliver Pennsylvania , New York , Missouri , Ohio , and Kentucky to Jackson . Over opposition from the South and some from New England , the tariff was passed with the full support of many Jackson supporters in Congress and signed by President Adams in early 1828 . As expected , Jackson and his running mate John Calhoun carried the entire South with overwhelming numbers in all the states but Louisiana where Adams drew 47 % of the vote in a losing effort . However many Southerners became dissatisfied as Jackson , in his first two annual messages to Congress , failed to launch a strong attack on the tariff . Historian William J. Cooper Jr. writes : `` The most doctrinaire ideologues of the Old Republican group ( supporters of the Jefferson and Madison position in the late 1790s ) first found Jackson wanting . These purists identified the tariff of 1828 , the hated Tariff of Abominations , as the most heinous manifestation of the nationalist policy they abhorred . That protective tariff violated their constitutional theory , for , as they interpreted the document , it gave no permission for a protective tariff . Moreover , they saw protection as benefiting the North and hurting the South . '' South Carolina background ( 1819 -- 1828 ) ( edit ) John C. Calhoun South Carolina had been adversely affected by the national economic decline of the 1820s . During this decade , the population decreased by 56,000 whites and 30,000 slaves , out of a total free and slave population of 580,000 . The whites left for better places ; they took slaves with them or sold them to traders moving slaves to the Deep South for sale . Historian Richard E. Ellis describes the situation : `` Throughout the colonial and early national periods , South Carolina had sustained substantial economic growth and prosperity . This had created an extremely wealthy and extravagant low country aristocracy whose fortunes were based first on the cultivation of rice and indigo , and then on cotton . Then the state was devastated by the Panic of 1819 . The depression that followed was more severe than in almost any other state of the Union . Moreover , competition from the newer cotton producing areas along the Gulf Coast , blessed with fertile lands that produced a higher crop - yield per acre , made recovery painfully slow . To make matters worse , in large areas of South Carolina slaves vastly outnumbered whites , and there existed both considerable fear of slave rebellion and a growing sensitivity to even the smallest criticism of `` the peculiar institution . '' '' George McDuffie State leaders , led by states ' rights advocates like William Smith and Thomas Cooper , blamed most of the state 's economic problems on the Tariff of 1816 and national internal improvement projects . Soil erosion and competition from the New Southwest were also very significant reasons for the state 's declining fortunes . George McDuffie was a particularly effective speaker for the anti-tariff forces , and he popularized the Forty Bale theory . McDuffie argued that the 40 % tariff on cotton finished goods meant that `` the manufacturer actually invades your barns , and plunders you of 40 out of every 100 bales that you produce . '' Mathematically incorrect , this argument still struck a nerve with his constituency . Nationalists such as Calhoun were forced by the increasing power of such leaders to retreat from their previous positions and adopt , in the words of Ellis , `` an even more extreme version of the states ' rights doctrine '' in order to maintain political significance within South Carolina . Thomas Bee 's House , Charleston , ca . 1730 . The Nullification Movement that split the Nation started here in 1832 . John C. Calhoun , S.C. Governor Robert Hayne , General James Hamilton and other leaders drafted the Nullification Papers in the 2nd floor drawing room South Carolina 's first effort at nullification occurred in 1822 . Its planters believed that free black sailors had assisted Denmark Vesey in his planned slave rebellion . South Carolina passed a Negro Seamen Act , which required that all black foreign seamen be imprisoned while their ships were docked in Charleston . The UK strongly objected , especially as it was recruiting more Africans as sailors . What was worse , if the captains did not pay the fees to cover the cost of jailing , South Carolina would sell the sailors into slavery . Other southern states also passed laws against free black sailors . Supreme Court Justice William Johnson , in his capacity as a circuit judge , declared the South Carolina law as unconstitutional since it violated the United States ' treaties with the UK . The South Carolina Senate announced that the judge 's ruling was invalid and that the Act would be enforced . The federal government did not attempt to carry out Johnson 's decision . Route to nullification in South Carolina ( 1828 -- 1832 ) ( edit ) Joel Roberts Poinsett , South Carolina Unionist leader Historian Avery Craven argues that , for the most part , the debate from 1828 - 1832 was a local South Carolina affair . The state 's leaders were not united and the sides were roughly equal . The western part of the state and a faction in Charleston , led by Joel Poinsett , would remain loyal to the Union . Only in small part was the conflict between `` a National North against a States ' - right South '' . After the final vote on the Tariff of 1828 , the South Carolina congressional delegation held two caucuses , the second at the home of Senator Robert Y . Hayne . They were rebuffed in their efforts to coordinate a united Southern response and focused on how their state representatives would react . While many agreed with George McDuffie that tariff policy could lead to secession at some future date , they all agreed that as much as possible , the issue should be kept out of the upcoming presidential election . Calhoun , while not at this meeting , served as a moderating influence . He felt that the first step in reducing the tariff was to defeat Adams and his supporters in the upcoming election . William C. Preston , on behalf of the South Carolina legislature , asked Calhoun to prepare a report on the tariff situation . Calhoun readily accepted this challenge and in a few weeks time had a 35,000 - word draft of what would become his `` Exposition and Protest '' . Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' was completed late in 1828 . He argued that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture . He thought that the tariff power could only be used to generate revenue , not to provide protection from foreign competition for American industries . He believed that the people of a state or several states , acting in a democratically elected convention , had the retained power to veto any act of the federal government which violated the Constitution . This veto , the core of the doctrine of nullification , was explained by Calhoun in the Exposition : `` If it be conceded , as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions , that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments , and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former , it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers , and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction . The right of judging , in such cases , is an essential attribute of sovereignty , of which the States can not be divested without losing their sovereignty itself , and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition . In fact , to divide power , and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each , is , in reality , not to divide it at all ; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government ( it matters not by what department to be exercised ) , is to convert it , in fact , into a great consolidated government , with unlimited powers , and to divest the States , in reality , of all their rights , It is impossible to understand the force of terms , and to deny so plain a conclusion . '' The report also detailed the specific southern grievances over the tariff that led to the current dissatisfaction . Fearful that `` hotheads '' such as McDuffie might force the legislature into taking some drastic action against the federal government , historian John Niven describes Calhoun 's political purpose in the document : `` All through that hot and humid summer , emotions among the vociferous planter population had been worked up to a near - frenzy of excitement . The whole tenor of the argument built up in the `` Exposition '' was aimed to present the case in a cool , considered manner that would dampen any drastic moves yet would set in motion the machinery for repeal of the tariff act . It would also warn other sections of the Union against any future legislation that an increasingly self - conscious South might consider punitive , especially on the subject of slavery . '' The report was submitted to the state legislature which had 5,000 copies printed and distributed . Calhoun , who still had designs on succeeding Jackson as president , was not identified as the author but word on this soon leaked out . The legislature took no action on the report at that time . In the summer of 1828 Robert Barnwell Rhett , soon to be considered the most radical of the South Carolinians , entered the fray over the tariff . As a state representative , Rhett called for the governor to convene a special session of the legislature . An outstanding orator , Rhett appealed to his constituents to resist the majority in Congress . Rhett addressed the danger of doing nothing : `` But if you are doubtful of yourselves -- if you are not prepared to follow up your principles wherever they may lead , to their very last consequence -- if you love life better than honor , -- prefer ease to perilous liberty and glory ; awake not ! Stir not ! -- Impotent resistance will add vengeance to your ruin . Live in smiling peace with your insatiable Oppressors , and die with the noble consolation that your submissive patience will survive triumphant your beggary and despair . '' Rhett 's rhetoric about revolution and war was too radical in the summer of 1828 but , with the election of Jackson assured , James Hamilton Jr. on October 28 in the Colleton County Courthouse in Walterborough `` launched the formal nullification campaign . '' Renouncing his former nationalism , Hamilton warned the people that , `` Your task - master must soon become a tyrant , from the very abuses and corruption of the system , without the bowels of compassion , or a jot of human sympathy . '' He called for implementation of Mr. Jefferson 's `` rightful remedy '' of nullification . Hamilton sent a copy of the speech directly to President - elect Jackson . But , despite a statewide campaign by Hamilton and McDuffie , a proposal to call a nullification convention in 1829 was defeated by the South Carolina legislature meeting at the end of 1828 . State leaders such as Calhoun , Hayne , Smith , and William Drayton were all able to remain publicly non-committal or opposed to nullification for the next couple of years . The division in the state between radicals and conservatives continued throughout 1829 and 1830 . After the failure of a state project to arrange financing of a railroad within the state to promote internal trade , the state petitioned Congress to invest $250,000 in the company trying to build the railroad . After Congress tabled the measure , the debate in South Carolina resumed between those who wanted state investment and those who wanted to work to get Congress ' support . The debate demonstrated that a significant minority of the state did have an interest in Clay 's American System . The effect of the Webster -- Hayne debate was to energize the radicals , and some moderates started to move in their direction . The state election campaign of 1830 focused on the tariff issue and the need for a state convention . On the defensive , radicals underplayed the intent of the convention as pro-nullification . When voters were presented with races where an unpledged convention was the issue , the radicals generally won . When conservatives effectively characterized the race as being about nullification , the radicals lost . The October election was narrowly carried by the radicals , although the blurring of the issues left them without any specific mandate . In South Carolina , the governor was selected by the legislature , which selected James Hamilton , the leader of the radical movement , as governor and fellow radical Henry L. Pinckney as speaker of the South Carolina House . For the open Senate seat , the legislature chose the more radical Stephen Miller over William Smith . With radicals in leading positions , in 1831 , they began to capture momentum . State politics became sharply divided along Nullifier and Unionist lines . Still , the margin in the legislature fell short of the two - thirds majority needed for a convention . Many of the radicals felt that convincing Calhoun of the futility of his plans for the presidency would lead him into their ranks . Calhoun meanwhile had concluded that Martin Van Buren was clearly establishing himself as Jackson 's heir apparent . At Hamilton 's prompting , George McDuffie made a three - hour speech in Charleston demanding nullification of the tariff at any cost . In the state , the success of McDuffie 's speech seemed to open up the possibilities of both military confrontation with the federal government and civil war within the state . With silence no longer an acceptable alternative , Calhoun looked for the opportunity to take control of the anti-tariff faction in the state ; by June he was preparing what would be known as his Fort Hill Address . Published on July 26 , 1831 , the address repeated and expanded the positions Calhoun had made in the `` Exposition '' . While the logic of much of the speech was consistent with the states ' rights position of most Jacksonians , and even Daniel Webster remarked that it `` was the ablest and most plausible , and therefore the most dangerous vindication of that particular form of Revolution '' , the speech still placed Calhoun clearly in the nullifier camp . Within South Carolina , his gestures at moderation in the speech were drowned out as planters received word of the Nat Turner insurrection in Virginia . Calhoun was not alone in finding a connection between the abolition movement and the sectional aspects of the tariff issue . It confirmed for Calhoun what he had written in a September 11 , 1830 letter : I consider the tariff act as the occasion , rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things . The truth can no longer be disguised , that the peculiar domestick ( sic ) institution of the Southern States and the consequent direction which that and her soil have given to her industry , has placed them in regard to taxation and appropriations in opposite relation to the majority of the Union , against the danger of which , if there be no protective power in the reserved rights of the states they must in the end be forced to rebel , or , submit to have their paramount interests sacrificed , their domestic institutions subordinated by Colonization and other schemes , and themselves and children reduced to wretchedness . From this point , the nullifiers accelerated their organization and rhetoric . In July 1831 the States Rights and Free Trade Association was formed in Charleston and expanded throughout the state . Unlike state political organizations in the past , which were led by the South Carolina planter aristocracy , this group appealed to all segments of the population , including non-slaveholder farmers , small slaveholders , and the Charleston non-agricultural class . Governor Hamilton was instrumental in seeing that the association , which was both a political and a social organization , expanded throughout the state . In the winter of 1831 and spring of 1832 , the governor held conventions and rallies throughout the state to mobilize the nullification movement . The conservatives were unable to match the radicals in either organization or leadership . The state elections of 1832 were `` charged with tension and bespattered with violence , '' and `` polite debates often degenerated into frontier brawls . '' Unlike the previous year 's election , the choice was clear between nullifiers and unionists . The nullifiers won and on October 20 , 1832 , Governor Hamilton called the legislature into a special session to consider a convention . The legislative vote was 96 - 25 in the House and 31 - 13 in the Senate In November 1832 the Nullification Convention met . The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1 , 1833 . They said that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state 's secession . Robert Hayne , who followed Hamilton as governor in 1833 , established a 2,000 - man group of mounted minutemen and 25,000 infantry who would march to Charleston in the event of a military conflict . These troops were to be armed with $100,000 in arms purchased in the North . The enabling legislation passed by the legislature was carefully constructed to avoid clashes if at all possible and to create an aura of legality in the process . To avoid conflicts with Unionists , it allowed importers to pay the tariff if they so desired . Other merchants could pay the tariff by obtaining a paper tariff bond from the customs officer . They would then refuse to pay the bond when due , and if the customs official seized the goods , the merchant would file for a writ of replevin to recover the goods in state court . Customs officials who refused to return the goods ( by placing them under the protection of federal troops ) would be civilly liable for twice the value of the goods . To insure that state officials and judges supported the law , a `` test oath '' would be required for all new state officials , binding them to support the ordinance of nullification . Governor Hayne in his inaugural address announced South Carolina 's position : `` If the sacred soil of Carolina should be polluted by the footsteps of an invader , or be stained with the blood of her citizens , shed in defense , I trust in Almighty God that no son of hers ... who has been nourished at her bosom ... will be found raising a parricidal arm against our common mother . And even should she stand ALONE in this great struggle for constitutional liberty ... that there will not be found , in the wider limits of the state , one recreant son who will not fly to the rescue , and be ready to lay down his life in her defense . '' Washington , D.C. ( 1828 -- 1832 ) ( edit ) Official White House portrait of Andrew Jackson When President Jackson took office in March 1829 he was well aware of the turmoil created by the `` Tariff of Abominations '' . While he may have abandoned some of his earlier beliefs that had allowed him to vote for the Tariff of 1824 , he still felt protectionism was justified for products essential to military preparedness and did not believe that the current tariff should be reduced until the national debt was fully paid off . He addressed the issue in his inaugural address and his first three messages to Congress , but offered no specific relief . In December 1831 , with the proponents of nullification in South Carolina gaining momentum , Jackson was recommending `` the exercise of that spirit of concession and conciliation which has distinguished the friends of our Union in all great emergencies . '' However on the constitutional issue of nullification , despite his strong beliefs in states ' rights , Jackson did not waver . Calhoun 's `` Exposition and Protest '' did start a national debate over the doctrine of nullification . The leading proponents of the nationalistic view included Daniel Webster , Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , Judge William Alexander Duer , John Quincy Adams , Nathaniel Chipman , and Nathan Dane . These people rejected the compact theory advanced by Calhoun , claiming that the Constitution was the product of the people , not the states . According to the nationalist position , the Supreme Court had the final say on the constitutionality of legislation , the national union was perpetual and had supreme authority over individual states . The nullifiers , on the other hand , asserted that the central government was not to be the ultimate arbiter of its own power , and that the states , as the contracting entities , could judge for themselves what was or was not constitutional . While Calhoun 's `` Exposition '' claimed that nullification was based on the reasoning behind the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , an aging James Madison in an August 28 , 1830 letter to Edward Everett , intended for publication , disagreed . Madison wrote , denying that any individual state could alter the compact : `` Can more be necessary to demonstrate the inadmissibility of such a doctrine than that it puts it in the power of the smallest fraction over 1 / 4 of the U.S. -- that is , of 7 States out of 24 -- to give the law and even the Constn. to 17 States , each of the 17 having as parties to the Constn . an equal right with each of the 7 to expound it & to insist on the exposition . That the 7 might , in particular instances be right and the 17 wrong , is more than possible . But to establish a positive & permanent rule giving such a power to such a minority over such a majority , would overturn the first principle of free Govt. and in practice necessarily overturn the Govt . itself . '' Webster Replying to Hayne by George P.A. Healy Part of the South 's strategy to force repeal of the tariff was to arrange an alliance with the West . Under the plan , the South would support the West 's demand for free lands in the public domain if the West would support repeal of the tariff . With this purpose Robert Hayne took the floor on the Senate in early 1830 , thus beginning `` the most celebrated debate , in the Senate 's history . '' Daniel Webster 's response shifted the debate , subsequently styled the Webster - Hayne debates , from the specific issue of western lands to a general debate on the very nature of the United States . Webster 's position differed from Madison 's : Webster asserted that the people of the United States acted as one aggregate body , Madison held that the people of the several states had acted collectively . John Rowan spoke against Webster on that issue , and Madison wrote , congratulating Webster , but explaining his own position . The debate presented the fullest articulation of the differences over nullification , and 40,000 copies of Webster 's response , which concluded with `` liberty and Union , now and forever , one and inseparable '' , were distributed nationwide . Many people expected the states ' rights Jackson to side with Hayne . However once the debate shifted to secession and nullification , Jackson sided with Webster . On April 13 , 1830 at the traditional Democratic Party celebration honoring Thomas Jefferson 's birthday , Jackson chose to make his position clear . In a battle of toasts , Hayne proposed , `` The Union of the States , and the Sovereignty of the States . '' Jackson 's response , when his turn came , was , `` Our Federal Union : It must be preserved . '' To those attending , the effect was dramatic . Calhoun would respond with his own toast , in a play on Webster 's closing remarks in the earlier debate , `` The Union . Next to our liberty , the most dear . '' Finally Martin Van Buren would offer , `` Mutual forbearance and reciprocal concession . Through their agency the Union was established . The patriotic spirit from which they emanated will forever sustain it . '' Van Buren wrote in his autobiography of Jackson 's toast , `` The veil was rent -- the incantations of the night were exposed to the light of day . '' Senator Thomas Hart Benton , in his memoirs , stated that the toast `` electrified the country . '' Jackson would have the final words a few days later when a visitor from South Carolina asked if Jackson had any message he wanted relayed to his friends back in the state . Jackson 's reply was : `` Yes I have ; please give my compliments to my friends in your State and say to them , that if a single drop of blood shall be shed there in opposition to the laws of the United States , I will hang the first man I can lay my hand on engaged in such treasonable conduct , upon the first tree I can reach . '' Other issues than the tariff were still being decided . In May 1830 Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill an important internal improvements program ( especially to Kentucky and Henry Clay ) , and then followed this with additional vetoes of other such projects shortly before Congress adjourned at the end of May . Clay would use these vetoes to launch his presidential campaign . In 1831 the re-chartering of the Bank of the United States , with Clay and Jackson on opposite sides , reopened a long simmering problem . This issue was featured at the December 1831 National Republican convention in Baltimore which nominated Henry Clay for president , and the proposal to re-charter was formally introduced into Congress on January 6 , 1832 . The Calhoun - Jackson split entered the center stage when Calhoun , as vice-president presiding over the Senate , cast the tie - breaking vote to deny Martin Van Buren the post of minister to England . Van Buren was subsequently selected as Jackson 's running mate at the 1832 Democratic National Convention held in May . Portrait of Henry Clay In February 1832 Henry Clay , back in the Senate after a two decades absence , made a three - day - long speech calling for a new tariff schedule and an expansion of his American System . In an effort to reach out to John Calhoun and other southerners , Clay 's proposal provided for a ten million dollar revenue reduction based on the amount of budget surplus he anticipated for the coming year . Significant protection was still part of the plan as the reduction primarily came on those imports not in competition with domestic producers . Jackson proposed an alternative that reduced overall tariffs to 28 % . John Quincy Adams , now in the House of Representatives , used his Committee of Manufacturers to produce a compromise bill that , in its final form , reduced revenues by five million dollars , lowered duties on non-competitive products , and retained high tariffs on woolens , iron , and cotton products . In the course of the political maneuvering , George McDuffie 's Ways and Means Committee , the normal originator of such bills , prepared a bill with drastic reduction across the board . McDuffie 's bill went nowhere . Jackson signed the Tariff of 1832 on July 14 , 1832 , a few days after he vetoed the Bank of the United States re-charter bill . Congress adjourned after it failed to override Jackson 's veto . With Congress in adjournment , Jackson anxiously watched events in South Carolina . The nullifiers found no significant compromise in the Tariff of 1832 and acted accordingly ( see the above section ) . Jackson heard rumors of efforts to subvert members of the army and navy in Charleston and he ordered the secretaries of the army and navy to begin rotating troops and officers based on their loyalty . He ordered General Winfield Scott to prepare for military operations and ordered a naval squadron in Norfolk to prepare to go to Charleston . Jackson kept lines of communication open with unionists like Joel Poinsett , William Drayton , and James L. Petigru and sent George Breathitt , brother of the Kentucky governor , to independently obtain political and military intelligence . After their defeat at the polls in October , Petigru advised Jackson that he should `` Be prepared to hear very shortly of a State Convention and an act of Nullification . '' On October 19 , 1832 Jackson wrote to his Secretary of War : `` The attempt will be made to surprise the Forts and garrisons by the militia , and must be guarded against with vestal vigilance and any attempt by force repelled with prompt and exemplary punishment . '' By mid-November Jackson 's reelection was assured . On December 3 , 1832 Jackson sent his fourth annual message to Congress . The message `` was stridently states ' rights and agrarian in its tone and thrust '' and he disavowed protection as anything other than a temporary expedient . His intent regarding nullification , as communicated to Van Buren , was `` to pass it barely in review , as a mere buble ( sic ) , view the existing laws as competent to check and put it down . '' He hoped to create a `` moral force '' that would transcend political parties and sections . The paragraph in the message that addressed nullification was : `` It is my painful duty to state that in one quarter of the United States opposition to the revenue laws has arisen to a height which threatens to thwart their execution , if not to endanger the integrity of the Union . What ever obstructions may be thrown in the way of the judicial authorities of the General Government , it is hoped they will be able peaceably to overcome them by the prudence of their own officers and the patriotism of the people . But should this reasonable reliance on the moderation and good sense of all portions of our fellow citizens be disappointed , it is believed that the laws themselves are fully adequate to the suppression of such attempts as may be immediately made . Should the exigency arise rendering the execution of the existing laws impracticable from any cause what ever , prompt notice of it will be given to Congress , with a suggestion of such views and measures as may be deemed necessary to meet it . '' On December 10 Jackson issued the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , in which he characterized the positions of the nullifiers as `` impractical absurdity '' and `` a metaphysical subtlety , in pursuit of an impractical theory . '' He provided this concise statement of his belief : `` I consider , then , the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed . '' The language used by Jackson , combined with the reports coming out of South Carolina , raised the spectre of military confrontation for many on both sides of the issue . A group of Democrats , led by Van Buren and Thomas Hart Benton among others , saw the only solution to the crisis in a substantial reduction of the tariff . Negotiation and confrontation ( 1833 ) ( edit ) In apparent contradiction of his previous claim that the tariff could be enforced with existing laws , on January 16 Jackson sent his Force Bill Message to Congress . Custom houses in Beaufort and Georgetown would be closed and replaced by ships located at each port . In Charleston the custom house would be moved to either Castle Pinckney or Fort Moultrie in Charleston harbor . Direct payment rather than bonds would be required , and federal jails would be established for violators that the state refused to arrest and all cases arising under the state 's nullification act could be removed to the United States Circuit Court . In the most controversial part , the militia acts of 1795 and 1807 would be revised to permit the enforcement of the custom laws by both the militia and the regular United States military . Attempts were made in South Carolina to shift the debate away from nullification by focusing instead on the proposed enforcement . The Force bill went to the Senate Judiciary Committee chaired by Pennsylvania protectionist William Wilkins and supported by members Daniel Webster and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey ; it gave Jackson everything he asked . On January 28 the Senate defeated a motion by a vote of 30 to 15 to postpone debate on the bill . All but two of the votes to delay were from the lower South and only three from this section voted against the motion . This did not signal any increased support for nullification but did signify doubts about enforcement . In order to draw more votes , proposals were made to limit the duration of the coercive powers and restrict the use of force to suppressing , rather than preventing , civil disorder . In the House the Judiciary Committee , in a 4 - 3 vote , rejected Jackson 's request to use force . By the time Calhoun made a major speech on February 15 strongly opposing it , the Force Bill was temporarily stalled . On the tariff issue , the drafting of a compromise tariff was assigned in December to the House Ways and Means Committee , now headed by Gulian C. Verplanck . Debate on the committee 's product on the House floor began in January 1833 . The Verplanck tariff proposed reductions back to the 1816 levels over the course of the next two years while maintaining the basic principle of protectionism . The anti-Jackson protectionists saw this as an economic disaster that did not allow the Tariff of 1832 to even be tested and `` an undignified truckling to the menaces and blustering of South Carolina . '' Northern Democrats did not oppose it in principle but still demanded protection for the varying interests of their own constituents . Those sympathetic to the nullifiers wanted a specific abandonment of the principle of protectionism and were willing to offer a longer transition period as a bargaining point . It was clear that the Verplanck tariff was not going to be implemented . In South Carolina , efforts were being made to avoid an unnecessary confrontation . Governor Hayne ordered the 25,000 troops he had created to train at home rather than gathering in Charleston . At a mass meeting in Charleston on January 21 , it was decided to postpone the February 1 deadline for implementing nullification while Congress worked on a compromise tariff . At the same time a commissioner from Virginia , Benjamin Watkins Leigh , arrived in Charleston bearing resolutions that criticized both Jackson and the nullifiers and offering his state as a mediator . Henry Clay had not taken his defeat in the presidential election well and was unsure on what position he could take in the tariff negotiations . His long term concern was that Jackson eventually was determined to kill protectionism along with the American Plan . In February , after consulting with manufacturers and sugar interests in Louisiana who favored protection for the sugar industry , Clay started to work on a specific compromise plan . As a starting point , he accepted the nullifiers ' offer of a transition period but extended it from seven and a half years to nine years with a final target of a 20 % ad valorem rate . After first securing the support of his protectionist base , Clay , through an intermediary , broached the subject with Calhoun . Calhoun was receptive and after a private meeting with Clay at Clay 's boardinghouse , negotiations preceded . Clay introduced the negotiated tariff bill on February 12 , and it was immediately referred to a select committee consisting of Clay as chairman , Felix Grundy of Tennessee , George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania , William Cabell Rives of Virginia , Webster , John M. Clayton of Delaware , and Calhoun . On February 21 the committee reported a bill to the floor of the Senate which was largely the original bill proposed by Clay . The Tariff of 1832 would continue except that reduction of all rates above 20 % would be reduced by one tenth every two years with the final reductions back to 20 % coming in 1842 . Protectionism as a principle was not abandoned and provisions were made for raising the tariff if national interests demanded it . Although not specifically linked by any negotiated agreement , it became clear that the Force Bill and Compromise Tariff of 1833 were inexorably linked . In his February 25 speech ending the debate on the tariff , Clay captured the spirit of the voices for compromise by condemning Jackson 's Proclamation to South Carolina as inflammatory , admitting the same problem with the Force Bill but indicating its necessity , and praising the Compromise Tariff as the final measure to restore balance , promote the rule of law , and avoid the `` sacked cities , '' `` desolated fields , '' and `` smoking ruins '' that he said would be the product of the failure to reach a final accord . The House passed the Compromise Tariff by 119 - 85 and the Force Bill by 149 - 48 . In the Senate the tariff passed 29 - 16 and the Force bill by 32 - 1 with many opponents of it walking out rather than voting for it . Calhoun rushed to Charleston with the news of the final compromises . The Nullification Convention met again on March 11 . It repealed the November Nullification Ordinance and also , `` in a purely symbolic gesture '' , nullified the Force Bill . While the nullifiers claimed victory on the tariff issue , even though they had made concessions , the verdict was very different on nullification . The majority had , in the end , ruled and this boded ill for the South and their minorities hold on slavery . Rhett summed this up at the convention on March 13 . Warning that , `` A people , owning slaves , are mad , or worse than mad , who do not hold their destinies in their own hands , '' he continued : `` Every stride of this Government , over your rights , brings it nearer and nearer to your peculiar policy . ... The whole world are in arms against your institutions ... Let Gentlemen not be deceived . It is not the Tariff -- not Internal Improvement -- nor yet the Force bill , which constitutes the great evil against which we are contending. ... These are but the forms in which the despotic nature of the government is evinced -- but it is the despotism which constitutes the evil : and until this Government is made a limited Government ... there is no liberty -- no security for the South . '' Aftermath ( edit ) People reflected on the meaning of the nullification crisis and its outcome for the country . On May 1 , 1833 Jackson wrote , `` the tariff was only a pretext , and disunion and southern confederacy the real object . The next pretext will be the negro , or slavery question . '' The final resolution of the crisis and Jackson 's leadership had appeal throughout the North and South . Robert Remini , the historian and Jackson biographer , described the opposition that nullification drew from traditionally states ' rights Southern states : The Alabama legislature , for example , pronounced the doctrine `` unsound in theory and dangerous in practice . '' Georgia said it was `` mischievous , '' `` rash and revolutionary . '' Mississippi lawmakers chided the South Carolinians for acting with `` reckless precipitancy . '' Forrest McDonald , describing the split over nullification among proponents of states rights , wrote , `` The doctrine of states ' rights , as embraced by most Americans , was not concerned exclusively , or even primarily with state resistance to federal authority . '' But , by the end of the nullification crisis , many southerners started to question whether the Jacksonian Democrats still represented Southern interests . The historian William J. Cooper notes that , `` Numerous southerners had begun to perceive it ( the Jacksonian Democratic Party ) as a spear aimed at the South rather than a shield defending the South . '' In the political vacuum created by this alienation , the southern wing of the Whig Party was formed . The party was a coalition of interests united by the common thread of opposition to Andrew Jackson and , more specifically , his `` definition of federal and executive power . '' The party included former National Republicans with an `` urban , commercial , and nationalist outlook '' as well as former nullifiers . Emphasizing that `` they were more southern than the Democrats , '' the party grew within the South by going `` after the abolition issue with unabashed vigor and glee . '' With both parties arguing who could best defend southern institutions , the nuances of the differences between free soil and abolitionism , which became an issue in the late 1840s with the Mexican War and territorial expansion , never became part of the political dialogue . This failure increased the volatility of the slavery issues . Richard Ellis argues that the end of the crisis signified the beginning of a new era . Within the states ' rights movement , the traditional desire for simply `` a weak , inactive , and frugal government '' was challenged . Ellis states that `` in the years leading up to the Civil War the nullifiers and their pro-slavery allies used the doctrine of states ' rights and state sovereignty in such a way as to try to expand the powers of the federal government so that it could more effectively protect the peculiar institution . '' By the 1850s , states ' rights had become a call for state equality under the Constitution . Madison reacted to this incipient tendency by writing two paragraphs of `` Advice to My Country , '' found among his papers . It said that the Union `` should be cherished and perpetuated . Let the open enemy to it be regarded as a Pandora with her box opened ; and the disguised one , as the Serpent creeping with his deadly wiles into paradise . '' Richard Rush published this `` Advice '' in 1850 , by which time Southern spirit was so high that it was denounced as a forgery . The first test for the South over the slavery issue began during the final congressional session of 1835 . In what became known as the Gag Rule Debates , abolitionists flooded the Congress with anti-slavery petitions to end slavery and the slave trade in Washington , D.C. The debate was reopened each session as Southerners , led by South Carolinians Henry Pinckney and John Hammond , prevented the petitions from even being officially received by Congress . Led by John Quincy Adams , the slavery debate remained on the national stage until late 1844 when Congress lifted all restrictions on processing the petitions . Describing the legacy of the crisis , Sean Wilentz writes : `` The battle between Jacksonian democratic nationalists , northern and southern , and nullifier sectionalists would resound through the politics of slavery and antislavery for decades to come . Jackson 's victory , ironically , would help accelerate the emergence of southern pro-slavery as a coherent and articulate political force , which would help solidify northern antislavery opinion , inside as well as outside Jackson 's party . Those developments would accelerate the emergence of two fundamentally incompatible democracies , one in the slave South , the other in the free North . '' For South Carolina , the legacy of the crisis involved both the divisions within the state during the crisis and the apparent isolation of the state as the crisis was resolved . By 1860 , when South Carolina became the first state to secede , the state was more internally united than any other southern state . Historian Charles Edward Cauthen writes : `` Probably to a greater extent than in any other Southern state South Carolina had been prepared by her leaders over a period of thirty years for the issues of 1860 . Indoctrination in the principles of state sovereignty , education in the necessity of maintaining Southern institutions , warnings of the dangers of control of the federal government by a section hostile to its interests -- in a word , the education of the masses in the principles and necessity of secession under certain circumstances -- had been carried on with a skill and success hardly inferior to the masterly propaganda of the abolitionists themselves . It was this education , this propaganda , by South Carolina leaders which made secession the almost spontaneous movement that it was . '' See also ( edit ) Origins of the American Civil War American System ( economic plan ) American School ( economics ) Alexander Hamilton Friedrich List References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg. 255 . Craven pg. 60 . Ellis pg. 7 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 , pp. 136 - 137 . Niven , pp. 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 143 . Jump up ^ Craven , pg. 65 . Niven , pp. 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 143 . Jump up ^ Niven p. 192 . Calhoun replaced Robert Y . Hayne as senator so that Hayne could follow James Hamilton as governor . Niven writes , `` There is no doubt that these moves were part of a well - thought - out plan whereby Hayne would restrain the hotheads in the state legislature and Calhoun would defend his brainchild , nullification , in Washington against administration stalwarts and the likes of Daniel Webster , the new apostle of northern nationalism . '' Jump up ^ Howe p. 410 . In the Senate only Virginia and South Carolina voted against the 1832 tariff . Howe writes , `` Most southerners saw the measure as a significant amelioration of their grievance and were now content to back Jackson for reelection rather than pursue the more drastic remedy such as the one South Carolina was touting . '' Jump up ^ , Freehling , Prelude to Civil War pp. 1 - 3 . Freehling writes , `` In Charleston Governor Robert Y . Hayne ... tried to form an army which could hope to challenge the forces of ' Old Hickory . ' Hayne recruited a brigade of mounted minutemen , 2,000 strong , which could swoop down on Charleston the moment fighting broke out , and a volunteer army of 25,000 men which could march on foot to save the beleaguered city . In the North Governor Hayne 's agents bought over $100,000 worth of arms ; in Charleston Hamilton readied his volunteers for an assault on the federal forts . '' ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , pg. 388 . Jump up ^ Woods , pg. 78 . Jump up ^ Tuttle , California Digest 26 , pg. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Linn sheriff says he wo n't enforce federal gun orders '' . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 4 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg . vii . McDonald wrote , `` Of all the problems that beset the United States during the century from the Declaration of Independence to the end of Reconstruction , the most pervasive concerned disagreements about the nature of the Union and the line to be drawn between the authority of the general government and that of the several states . At times the issue bubbled silently and unseen between the surface of public consciousness ; at times it exploded : now and again the balance between general and local authority seemed to be settled in one direction or another , only to be upset anew and to move back toward the opposite position , but the contention never went away . '' Jump up ^ Ellis pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ For full text of the resolutions , see Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 . Jump up ^ James Madison , Virginia Resolutions of 1798 Jump up ^ Banning pg. 388 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 297 , 629 . Jump up ^ Brant , pp. 298 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 629 . Jump up ^ Ketcham pg. 396 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pg. 80 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 5 . Madison called for the constitutional amendment because he believed much of the American System was unconstitutional . Historian Richard Buel Jr. notes that in preparing for the worst from the Hartford Convention , the Madison administration made preparation to intervene militarily in case of New England secession . Troops from the Canada -- US border were moved near Albany so that they could move into either Massachusetts or Connecticut if necessary . New England troops were also returned to their recruitment areas in order to serve as a focus for loyalists . Buel , pp. 220 - 221 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pp. 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Wilentz pg. 166 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pg. 181 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 6 . Wilentz , pg. 182 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 92 - 93 . Jump up ^ Wilentz pg. 243 . Economic historian Frank Taussig notes `` The act of 1816 , which is generally said to mark the beginning of a distinctly protective policy in this country , belongs rather to the earlier series of acts , beginning with that of 1789 , than to the group of acts of 1824 , 1828 , and 1832 . Its highest permanent rate of duty was twenty per cent. , an increase over the previous rates which is chiefly accounted for by the heavy interest charge on the debt incurred during the war . But after the crash of 1819 , a movement in favor of protection set in , which was backed by a strong popular feeling such as had been absent in the earlier years . '' The Tariff History of the United States ( Part I ) Teaching American History Jump up ^ Remini , Henry Clay , pg. 232 . Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg. 257 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pg. 95 . Jump up ^ Brant , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v2 , pp. 136 - 137 . McDonald presents a slightly different rationale . He stated that the bill would `` adversely affect New England woolen manufacturers , ship builders , and shipowners '' and Van Buren calculated that New England and the South would unite to defeat the bill , allowing Jacksonians to have it both ways -- in the North they could claim they tried but failed to pass a needed tariff and in the South they could claim that they had thwarted an effort to increase import duties . McDonald , pp. 94 - 95 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Freehling , The Road to Disunion , pg. 255 . Historian Avery Craven wrote , `` Historians have generally ignored the fact that the South Carolina statesmen , in the so - called Nullification controversy , were struggling against a practical situation . They have conjured up a great struggle between nationalism and States '' rights and described these men as theorists reveling in constitutional refinements for the mere sake of logic . Yet here was a clear case of commercial and agricultural depression . Craven , pg. 60 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 7 . Freehling notes that divisions over nullification in the state generally corresponded to the extent that the section suffered economically . The exception was the `` Low country rice and luxury cotton planters '' who supported nullification despite their ability to survive the economic depression . This section had the highest percentage of slave population . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 25 . Jump up ^ Cauthen pg. 1 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 7 . Freehling , Road to Disunion , pg. 256 . Jump up ^ Gerald Horne , Negro Comrades of the Crown : African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation , New York University ( NYU ) Press , 2012 , pp. 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Freehling , Road to Disunion , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Craven , pg. 65 . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 135 - 137 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 143 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Exposition and Protest Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 158 - 162 . Jump up ^ Niven , pg. 161 . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 163 - 164 . Jump up ^ Walther , pg. 123 . Craven , pp. 63 - 64 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 149 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 152 - 155 , 173 - 175 . A two - thirds vote of each house of the legislature was required to convene a state convention . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 177 - 186 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 205 - 213 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 213 - 218 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 189 - 192 . Niven , pp. 174 - 181 . Calhoun wrote of McDuffie 's speech , `` I think it every way imprudent and have so written Hamilton ... I see clearly it brings matters to a crisis , and that I must meet it promptly and manfully . '' Freehling in his works frequently refers to the radicals as `` Calhounites '' even before 1831 . This is because the radicals , rallying around Calhoun 's `` Exposition , '' were linked ideologically , if not yet practically , with Calhoun . Jump up ^ Niven , pp. 181 - 184 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 193 . Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 257 . Jump up ^ Freehling , pp. 224 - 239 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 252 - 260 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 97 - 98 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 3 , pg. 14 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 9 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 9 . Jump up ^ Brant , pg. 627 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 10 . Ellis wrote , `` But the nullifiers ' attempt to legitimize their controversial doctrine by claiming it was a logical extension of the principles embodied in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions upset him . In a private letter he deliberately wrote for publication , Madison denied many of the assertions of the nullifiers and lashed out in particular at South Carolina 's claim that if a state nullified an act of the federal government it could only be overruled by an amendment to the Constitution . '' Full text of the letter is available at http://www.constitution.org/jm/18300828_everett.htm . Jump up ^ Brant , pp. 626 - 7 . Webster never asserted the consolidating position again . Jump up ^ McDonald , pp. 105 - 106 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 233 - 235 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson ' , ' v. 2 , pp. 233 - 237 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 255 - 256 . Peterson , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 343 - 348 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 pp. 347 - 355 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 pp. 358 - 373 . Peterson , pp. 203 - 212 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 2 , pp. 382 - 389 . Jump up ^ Ellis pg. 82 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v. 3 pp. 9 - 11 . Full text of his message available at http://www.thisnation.com/library/sotu/1832aj.html Jump up ^ Ellis pg 83 - 84 . Full document available at : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ellis , po. 93 - 95 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 160 - 165 . Peterson , pp. 222 - 224 . Peterson differs with Ellis in arguing that passage of the Force Bill `` was never in doubt . '' Jump up ^ Ellis , pp. 99 - 100 . Peterson , pg. 217 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , pp. 384 - 385 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 217 - 226 . Jump up ^ Peterson , pp. 226 - 228 . Jump up ^ Peterson pp. 229 - 232 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 295 - 297 . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pg. 297 . Willentz pg. 388 . Jump up ^ Jon Meacham ( 2009 ) , American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House , New York : Random House , p. 247 ; Correspondence of Andrew Jackson , Vol . V , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , v3 . pg. 42 . Jump up ^ McDonald , pg. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , pp. 53 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Ellis , pg. 198 . Jump up ^ Brant p. 646 ; Rush produced a copy in Mrs. Madison 's hand ; the original also survives . The contemporary letter to Edward Coles ( Brant , p. 639 ) makes plain that the enemy in question is the nullifier . Jump up ^ Freehling , Prelude to Civil War , pp. 346 - 356 . McDonald ( pp. 121 -- 122 ) saw states ' rights in the period from 1833 -- 1847 as almost totally successful in creating a `` virtually nonfunctional '' federal government . This did not insure political harmony , as `` the national political arena became the center of heated controversy concerning the newly raised issue of slavery , a controversy that reached the flash point during the debates about the annexation of the Republic of Texas . '' Jump up ^ Cauthen , pg. 32 . Brant , Irving : The Fourth President : A Life of James Madison Bobbs Merrill , 1970 . Buel , Richard Jr . America on the Brink : How the Political Struggle Over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6238 - 3 Cauthen , Charles Edward . South Carolina Goes to War ( 1950 ) ISBN 1 - 57003 - 560 - 1 Cooper , William J. Jr . The South and the Politics of Slavery 1828 - 1856 ( 1978 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0385 - 3 Craven , Avery . The Coming of the Civil War ( 1942 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 11894 - 0 Ellis , Richard E. The Union at Risk : Jacksonian Democracy , States ' Rights , and the Nullification Crisis ( 1987 ) Freehling , William W . The Road to Disunion : Secessionists at Bay , 1776 - 1854 ( 1991 ) , Vol. 1 Freehling , William W. Prelude to Civil War : The Nullification Crisis in South Carolina 1816 - 1836 ( 1965 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 507681 - 8 Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 McDonald , Forrest . States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio 1776 - 1876 ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1040 - 5 Niven , John . John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union ( 1988 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1451 - 0 Peterson , Merrill D . The Great Triumvirate : Webster , Clay , and Calhoun ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 503877 - 0 Remini , Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1822 - 1832 , v2 ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 014844 - 6 Remini , Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy , 1833 - 1845 , v3 ( 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 015279 - 6 Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 31088 - 4 Tuttle , Charles A. ( Court Reporter ) California Digest : A Digest of the Reports of the Supreme Court of California , Volume 26 ( 1906 ) Walther , Eric C. The Fire - Eaters ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1731 - 5 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 Woods , Thomas E. Jr . Nullification ( 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 149 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Barnwell , John ( 1982 ) . Love of Order : South Carolina 's First Secession Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1498 - 9 . Capers , Gerald M. ( 1960 ) . John C. Calhoun , Opportunist : A Reappraisal . Gainesville : University of Florida Press . Coit , Margaret L. ( 1950 ) . John C. Calhoun : American Portrait . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co . Houston , David Franklin ( 1896 ) . A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina . Longmans , Green , and Co . Latner , Richard B. ( 1977 ) . `` The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion '' . Journal of Southern History . 43 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 38 . JSTOR 2207553 . McCurry , Stephanie ( 1995 ) . Masters of Small Worlds : Yeoman Households , Gender Relations and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507236 - 7 . Pease , Jane H. ; Pease , William H. ( 1981 ) . `` The Economics and Politics of Charleston 's Nullification Crisis '' . Journal of Southern History . 47 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 362 . JSTOR 2207798 . Ratcliffe , Donald ( 2000 ) . `` The Nullification Crisis , Southern Discontents , and the American Political Process '' . American Nineteenth Century History . 1 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1080 / 14664650008567014 . Wiltse , Charles ( 1949 ) . John C. Calhoun , Nullifier , 1829 -- 1839 . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill . External links ( edit ) South Carolina Exposition and Protest , by Calhoun , 1828 . The Fort Hill Address : On the Relations of the States and the Federal Government , by Calhoun , July 1831 . South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification , November 24 , 1832 . President Jackson 's Proclamation to South Carolina , December 10 , 1832 . An Exposition of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 , by Abel P. Upshur , defending nullification and South Carolina . A Review of the Proclamation of President Jackson , by Littleton Waller Tazewell . Primary Documents in American History : Nullification Proclamation ( Library of Congress ) President Jackson 's Message to the Senate and House Regarding South Carolina 's Nullification Ordinance , January 16 , 1833 Nullification Revisited : An article examining the constitutionality of nullification ( from a favorable aspect , and with regard to both recent and historical events ) . Early Threat of Secession : Missouri Compromise of 1820 and Nullification Crisis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nullification_Crisis&oldid=841795763 '' Categories : 1832 in South Carolina 1833 in South Carolina Nullification Crisis Constitutional crises History of South Carolina Political history of the United States Politics of South Carolina Presidency of Andrew Jackson Separatism in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Polski Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bleeding kansas resulted from the incorrect assumptions of which piece of legislation	[]	[]
1335438810600927871	Bill of rights	Bill of rights - wikipedia Bill of rights Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the concept . For the English law , see Bill of Rights 1689 . For the United States constitutional amendments , see United States Bill of Rights . `` Charter of rights '' redirects here . For the Canadian constitutional charter , see Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights . Draft of the United States Bill of Rights , also from 1789 A bill of rights , sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights , is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country . The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens . The term `` bill of rights '' originates from England , where it refers to the Bill of Rights 1689 enacted by Parliament following the Glorious Revolution , asserting the supremacy of Parliament over the monarch , and listing a number of fundamental rights and liberties . Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched . An entrenched bill of rights can not be modified or repealed by a country 's legislature through normal procedure , instead requiring a supermajority or referendum ; often it is part of a country 's constitution and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments . A not entrenched bill of rights is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will . In practice , not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of bills of rights 1.1 General 1.2 Specifically targeted documents 2 Exceptions in Western democracies 3 See also 4 References List of bills of rights ( edit ) The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of the Parliament of England asserting certain rights General ( edit ) Magna Carta ( 1215 ; England ) rights for barons Great Charter of Ireland ( 1216 ; Ireland ) rights for barons Golden Bull of 1222 ( 1222 ; Hungary ) rights for nobles Statute of Kalisz ( 1264 ; Kingdom of Poland ) Jewish residents ' rights Charter of Kortenberg ( 1312 ; Belgium ) rights for all citizens `` rich and poor '' Dušan 's Code ( 1349 ; Serbia ) Twelve Articles ( 1525 ; Germany ) Pacta conventa ( 1573 ; Poland ) Henrician Articles ( 1573 ; Poland ) Petition of Right ( 1628 ; England ) Bill of Rights 1689 ( England ) and Claim of Right Act 1689 ( Scotland ) This applied to all British Colonies of the time , and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931 Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution ( July 1776 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ; France ) Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution ( completed in 1789 , ratified in 1791 ) Declaration of the Rights of the People ( 1811 ; Venezuela ) Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut ( 1818 ) Constitution of Greece ( 1822 ; Epidaurus ) Hatt - ı Hümayun ( 1856 ; Ottoman Empire ) Article I of the Constitution of Texas ( 1875 ) Basic rights and liberties in Finland ( 1919 ) Articles 13 - 28 of the Constitution of Italy ( 1947 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( 1948 , United Nations ) Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People 's Republic of China ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1950 ) Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens ( 1950 ) Implied Bill of Rights ( a theory in Canadian constitutional law ) Canadian Bill of Rights ( 1960 ) International Bill of Human Rights ( 1976 ) Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( 1982 ) Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines ( 1987 ) Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil ( 1988 ) New Zealand Bill of Rights Act ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic ( 1991 ) Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance ( 1991 ) Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa ( entitled `` Bill of Rights '' ) ( 1996 ) Human Rights Act 1998 ( United Kingdom ) Human Rights Act 2004 ( Australian Capital Territory ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2005 ) Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities ( 2006 ; Australian state of Victoria ) Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe ( 2013 ) Specifically targeted documents ( edit ) Consumer Bill of Rights Homeless Bill of Rights Taxpayer Bill of Rights Academic Bill of Rights , Veterans ' Bill of Rights G.I. Bill of Rights , better known as the G.I. Bill Homosexual Bill of Rights , drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations Library Bill of Rights , published by the American Library Association Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21 Gamer 's Bill of Rights , for video gamers Creator 's Bill of Rights , comic writers and artists Donor 's Bill of Rights , for philanthropic donors Law Enforcement Officers ' Bill of Rights California Voter Bill of Rights , adaptation of the Voting Rights Act Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act Credit Cardholders ' Bill of Rights , contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009 Passengers ' Bill of Rights Clone Bill of Rights , promoted by Randy Wicker 's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning Exceptions in western democracies ( edit ) Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens , although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia 's states . In 1973 , Federal Attorney - General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament , although it was never passed . In 1984 , Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights , but it was never introduced into parliament , and in 1985 , Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights , which was passed by the House of Representatives , but failed to pass the Senate . Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians ( populist politics ) to unelected ( constitutional ) judges and bureaucrats . Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act . However , the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system , seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights , unless legislation expressly intends to interfere . See also ( edit ) Proposed British Bill of Rights Inalienable rights International human rights instruments Natural rights Rule of law Second Bill of Rights References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania - 1776 '' . Duquesne University . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Deb ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` Does Australia need a bill of rights ? '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Howard opposes Bill of Rights '' . PerthNow . The Sunday Times . 2009 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Howard , John ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . `` 2009 Menzies Lecture by John Howard ( full text ) '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 2004 ( ACT ) AustLII Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2008 ( Vic ) AustLII Jump up ^ Potter v Minahan ( 1908 ) HCA 63 AustLII Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bills of rights . Law portal Politics portal Liberalism portal Human rights portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_rights&oldid=815801560 '' Categories : Constitutional law Rights National human rights instruments Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Kurdî မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Shqip Српски / srpski Tagalog ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the bill of rights in germany	[ "Twelve Articles (1525; Germany)" ]	[ "Twelve Articles" ]
-3836511087333616483	Father's Day (United States)	Father 's Day ( United States ) - wikipedia Father 's Day ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the holiday in the United States of America . For Father 's Day as observed throughout the world , see Father 's Day . Father 's Day A man feeds his daughter on Father 's Day Observed by United States Type Commercial Significance Honors fathers and fatherhood Date Third Sunday in June 2016 date June 19 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 2017 date June 18 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 2018 date June 17 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 2019 date June 16 ( 2019 - 06 - 16 ) Frequency annual Related to Mother 's Day Father 's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood , paternal bonds , and the influence of fathers in society . The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah , West Virginia in 1907 . It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane , Washington in 1909 . It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Spelling 3 Dates 4 References 4.1 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) Father 's Day was inaugurated in the United States in the early 20th century to complement Mother 's Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting . Father 's Day was founded in Spokane , Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd , who was born in Arkansas . Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19 , 1910 . Her father , the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart , was a single parent who raised his six children there . After hearing a sermon about Jarvis ' Mother 's Day at Central Methodist Episcopal Church in 1909 , she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them . Although she initially suggested June 5 , her father 's birthday , the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons , and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June . It did not have much success initially . In the 1920s , Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying in the Art Institute of Chicago , and it faded into relative obscurity , even in Spokane . In the 1930s Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again , raising awareness at a national level . She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday , for example the manufacturers of ties , tobacco pipes , and any traditional present to fathers . Since 1938 she had the help of the Father 's Day Council , founded by the New York Associated Men 's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the commercial promotion . Americans resisted the holiday during a few decades , perceiving it as just an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother 's Day , and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes . But the trade groups did not give up : they kept promoting it and even incorporated the jokes into their adverts , and they eventually succeeded . By the mid-1980s the Father 's Council wrote that `` ( ... ) ( Father 's Day ) has become a Second Christmas for all the men 's gift - oriented industries . '' A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913 . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father 's Day celebration and wanted to make it official , but Congress resisted , fearing that it would become commercialized . US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed by the nation , but stopped short of issuing a national proclamation . Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress . In 1957 , Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers , thus `` ( singling ) out just one of our two parents '' . In 1966 , President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers , designating the third Sunday in June as Father 's Day . Six years later , the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972 . In addition to Father 's Day , International Men 's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 for men and boys who are not fathers . A `` Father 's Day '' service was held on July 5 , 1908 , in Fairmont , West Virginia , in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South , now known as Central United Methodist Church . Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father when , on December 1907 , the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men , 250 of them fathers , leaving around a thousand fatherless children . Clayton suggested her pastor Robert Thomas Webb to honor all those fathers . Clayton chose the Sunday nearest to the birthday of her father , Methodist minister Fletcher Golden . Clayton 's event did not have repercussions outside of Fairmont for several reasons , among them : the city was overwhelmed by other events , the celebration was never promoted outside of the town itself and no proclamation was made in the City Council . Also two events overshadowed this event : the celebration of Independence Day July 4 , 1908 , with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event , which took over the headlines in the following days , and the death of a 16 - year - old girl on July 4 . The local church and Council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event , and it was not celebrated again for many years . The original sermon was not reproduced in press and it was lost . Finally , Clayton was a quiet person , who never promoted the event or even talked to other persons about it . Clayton also may have been inspired by Anna Jarvis ' crusade to establish Mother 's Day ; two months prior , Jarvis had held a celebration for her dead mother in Grafton , West Virginia , a town about 15 miles ( 24 km ) away from Fairmont . In 1911 , Jane Addams proposed a citywide Father 's Day in Chicago , but she was turned down . In 1912 , there was a Father 's Day celebration in Vancouver , Washington , suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvingtom Methodist Church . They believed mistakenly that they had been the first to celebrate such a day . They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian . Harry C. Meek , member of Lions Clubs International , claimed that he had first the idea for Father 's Day in 1915 . Meek claimed that the third Sunday of June was chosen because it was his birthday ( it would have been more natural to choose his father 's birthday ) . The Lions Club has named him `` Originator of Father 's Day '' . Meek made many efforts to promote Father 's Day and make it an official holiday . The U.S. Open golf tournament is scheduled to finish on Father 's Day , as was the 2016 NBA Finals . The FireKeepers Casino 400 NASCAR auto race at Michigan International Speedway is sometimes held on Father 's Day . On June 16 , 2017 , Donald Trump proclaimed Father 's Day . Spelling ( edit ) In the United States , Dodd used the `` Fathers ' Day '' spelling on her original petition for the holiday , but the spelling `` Father 's Day '' was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday , and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress . Dates ( edit ) Year Father 's Day 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 June 19 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 June 18 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 June 16 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 June 15 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 June 21 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 June 20 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 June 18 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 June 17 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 June 16 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 June 15 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 June 20 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 June 19 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 June 18 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 June 17 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 June 15 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 June 21 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 June 20 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 June 19 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 June 17 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 June 16 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 June 15 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 June 21 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 June 19 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 June 18 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 June 17 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 June 16 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 June 21 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 June 20 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day '' . Timeanddate.com . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day '' . USA.gov . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 - 276 ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , 1997 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day ( United States ) '' . University of Kansas Medical Center . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Butler , Joey ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Father 's Day has Methodist ties '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . In 1909 in Spokane , Wash. , Sonora Smart Dodd listened to a Mother 's Day sermon at Central Methodist Episcopal Church . Dodd 's own mother had died 11 years earlier , and her father had raised their six children alone . Dodd felt moved to honor her father , and fathers everywhere , with a special day as well . She proposed her idea to local religious leaders , and gained wide acceptance . June 19 , 1910 , was designated as the first Father 's Day , and sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city . ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Larossa , 1997 . pp. 172 - 173 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 278 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 279 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 , 283 -- 284 , 286 , 288 , 290 , 292 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 275,288 - 290 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 280 -- 283 ; Larossa , 1997 . p. 174 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 283 -- 290 Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 286 ^ Jump up to : `` Father to have his day '' . The New York Times . October 3 , 1913 . ( ... ) a bill providing that `` The first Sunday in June in each and every year hereafter be designated as Father 's Day ( ... ) '' ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 . pp. 186 - 187 ^ Jump up to : `` Father 's Day -- The un-Spokane history of Father 's Day '' , Daily American , June 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Father Finally Granted A Day '' , Nashua Telegraph , part of The Telegraph , June 18 , 1977 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Vicki ( June 15 , 2003 ) . `` The first Father 's Day '' . The Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Kelly ( June 21 , 1987 ) . `` First Father 's Day service in 1908 '' . Dominion Post . Morgantown , West Virginia . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Reverend D.D. Meighen ( June 5 , 1908 ) . `` The First Father 's Day Service occurred in Fairmont , West Virginia , on July 5 , 1908 , at Williams Memorial Methodist Espiscopal Church '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` President Donald J. Trump Proclaims June 18 , 2017 , as Father 's Day '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H. RES. 1274 . Commending Sonora Smart Dodd for her contribution in recognizing the importance of Father 's Day and recognizing the important role fathers play in our families . '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . June 12 , 2008 . Sources ( edit ) Myers , Robert J. ( 1972 ) . Hallmark Cards , Inc. , ed . Celebrations : The Complete Book of American Holidays ( 1st ed . ) . New York City : Doubleday & Company . pp. 184 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0385076777 . Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1995 ) . Consumer Rites : The Buying & Selling of American Holidays . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691029801 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0226469041 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 170 -- 192 . ISBN 978 - 0226469041 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father 's Day . Father 's Day at DMOZ President 's Father 's Day Proclamation , from George W. Bush ( hide ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father%27s_Day_(United_States)&oldid=797468840 '' Categories : June observances Public holidays in the United States Sunday observances Moveable holidays Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Use mdy dates from June 2017 Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 07 : 07 . About Wikipedia	when was father's day started in the us	[ "Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907.[1] It was first proposed by Sonora Dodd of Spokane, Washington in 1909.[2] It is currently celebrated in the United States annually on the third Sunday in June.[3]" ]	[ "The tradition was said to be started from a memorial service held for a large group of men who died in a mining accident in Monongah, West Virginia in 1907." ]
6751836670966043759	List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters	List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters - wikipedia List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Several of Beauty and the Beast 's main characters . From left to right : Lumière , Cogsworth , Chip , Mrs. Potts and Babette . Belle and the Beast are seen in the background . This article lists information of fictional characters from Disney 's Beauty and the Beast franchise , covering the 1991 animated film , its direct to video followup , a short story collection , the stage musical adaptation , and the 2017 live - action and computer animation remake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduced in Beauty and the Beast 1.1 Belle 1.2 Beast 1.3 Gaston 1.4 Maurice 1.5 Lumière 1.6 Cogsworth 1.7 Mrs. Potts 1.8 Chip Potts 1.9 Featherduster 1.10 Sultan 1.11 The Wardrobe 1.12 Le Fou 1.13 Monsieur D'Arque 1.14 The Triplets 1.15 The Baker 1.16 The Bookseller 1.17 The Enchantress 1.18 Phillipe 1.19 Chef Bouche 1.20 Coat Rack 1.21 Palanquin 2 Introduced in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas 2.1 Forte 2.2 Fife 2.3 Angelique 3 Introduced in Belle 's Magical World 3.1 Webster 3.1. 1 Crane 3.1. 2 LePlume 3.2 Chandeleria 3.3 Witherspoon 4 Introduced in the live - action film 4.1 Maestro Cadenza 4.2 Jean Potts 4.3 Clothilde 4.4 Monsieur Toilette 5 Cast 6 References 7 External links Introduced in Beauty and the Beast Belle Main article : Belle ( Disney ) Beast Main article : Beast ( Disney ) Gaston Main article : Gaston ( Disney ) Maurice Maurice First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Eric Keenleyside ( Once Upon a Time ) Kevin Kline ( live - action film ) Voiced by Rex Everhart Maurice is the village inventor and Belle 's father . However , most of the villagers think he is insane for crafting devices believed ridiculous and impossible to construct in reality . During the beginning of the movie , he is working on a machine that automatically chops up firewood . Once it is successfully working , he leaves for the County Fair to display his invention . However , he is unable to make it to the fair due to getting lost in the woods . After going down a path that results in the loss of his horse and cart , and being attacked and nearly killed by a pack of rabid wolves , he winds up at the gate of a dark castle . When he enters the castle to stay for the night , he ends up being locked up by the Beast , the castle 's master . Belle learns of what happened and goes to the castle , attempting to release her father . She then tries to convince the Beast to release him from the castle . She succeeds in convincing the Beast to release him , under the condition that she is to take her father 's place , to Maurice 's protests . Maurice is forcibly taken back to the village . Upon returning to the village , Maurice tries to seek the villagers ' help in trying to rescue Belle , but they do n't believe him , and they consequently throw him out of the tavern . Determined to not give up on Belle , he decides to return to the castle alone . However , it does n't take long before he succumbs to an unknown illness due to the cold weather . Luckily , Belle discovers that her father is in trouble via the Beast 's Magic Mirror and is released by the Beast so she can save him . Shortly after arriving back home , Le Fou has alarmed the villagers of their return . Shortly thereafter , Monsieur D'Arque , the keeper of the Maison de Lunes Insane Asylum , and the other villagers come to take Maurice to the insane asylum in an intricate plan to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston . Belle reveals that Maurice 's rants are true and that the Beast does exist . Both she and Maurice are locked up by Gaston in the cellar , to stop them from interfering with Gaston 's goal to kill the Beast . Chip has managed to stow away in Belle 's satchel and uses the automated firewood cutter to destroy the door to the cellar . Maurice and Belle leave for the castle to stop Gaston from killing the Beast . He is last seen in the ballroom standing by Mrs. Potts as he happily watches Belle and the Beast ( who is now transformed back into a handsome prince ) dance while he laughs at Chip 's question to his mother whether he still has to ' stay in the cupboard ' . In the 2017 live - action remake , Maurice is played by Kevin Kline . He remains as an inventor , but makes music boxes to help Belle see the world from the comfort of home in the village of Villeneuve . He fled Paris and settled in the provinces with Belle when she was still a baby to protect the both of them from a plague that took the life of Belle 's mother and Maurice 's wife . True to the original story , Maurice is imprisoned by the Beast for taking a rose from his garden instead of being caught trespassing in the castle . Maurice returns to Villeneuve to find help , but only Gaston and LeFou are willing to do so . However , Gaston only wanted to help in order to get Maurice 's blessing for his marriage to Belle . Knowing that Belle has no interest in marrying Gaston , Maurice refuses her hand , prompting Gaston to leave him to die at the hands of the wolves . The Enchantress , disguised as a villager named Agathe , rescues him and takes him back to Villeneuve . Upon his return , Maurice attempts to have Gaston arrested for attempted murder , but Gaston in turn declares him insane and has him committed to an insane asylum . Belle arrives back in time to vindicate Maurice , but both are locked in the asylum wagon while the whole village goes to kill the Beast . After Maurice and Belle make amends regarding Belle now understanding why Maurice was so overly protective of her , thanks to the Beast , Maurice uses his inventor skills to pick the lock on the wagon , allowing Belle to take Phillipe back to the Beast 's castle while Maurice remains behind with the dumbfounded Monsieur D'Arque . At the end of the movie , Maurice is seen painting the ballroom dance as everyone celebrates . He only makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas as one of the people listening to the story Mrs. Potts is telling , and makes his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts χ . Lumiere Lumière First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Henri Lubatti ( Once Upon a Time ) Ewan McGregor ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jerry Orbach ( films , House of Mouse ) Jeff Bennett ( Kingdom Hearts II , theme parks ) Ewan McGregor ( live - action film ) Masashi Ebara ( Japanese ) Lumière is the Beast 's kindhearted but rebellious maître d ' , Cogsworth 's counterpart and rival . Because of the curse placed by the Enchantress , he was transformed into a candelabra . He allows Maurice to come into the castle to stay . Later , he and Cogsworth lure Belle to Maurice in hopes that she will break the spell . He suggests that Beast try and move her to a better room . Lumière tries to help Beast become more civil for Belle , and sometimes rebels against the Beast if it suits the other characters ' needs ( like allowing Belle to have dinner despite Beast 's refusal to let them feed her ) . Later , after the Beast rescues Belle from more wolves , and Belle nurses the beast back to health , earning his affections in the process , Lumière , aware of what would impress such a voracious reader , astutely suggests that the Beast give Belle the castle 's immense library as a gift , which has the desired effect . He also tries to help the Beast learn how to do the waltz . He is initially upset that Belle leaves the castle , but he remains optimistic at the same time , since he 's still convinced that she 'll break the spell . When he discovers that the castle is going to be invaded by Gaston 's lynch mob , he plans the battle . He then decides to set up a trap where all of the furniture is in the foyer , and he gives the signal to attack . While he is unable to stop Gaston from deserting the battle to kill the Beast , Lumière saves Fifi the Featherduster from being plucked apart by a villager and is earlier himself saved from Le Fou by Cogsworth . He , Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston , but arrive after the battle 's end , when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston , who fell to his death from the West Wing . The spell breaks , however , reviving the Beast and returning Lumière and the others to their original forms . In the end , he gets into an argument with Cogsworth about who told who about Belle breaking the spell ( it was Lumière ) . In The Enchanted Christmas , he tries to help bring Christmas back into the castle ( even if it means disobeying his Master to do so ) . Also , he and Cogsworth help get a Christmas tree with Belle upon Forte 's suggestion ( unaware of Forte 's plan ) . When Forte decides to try to destroy the castle , he and Cogsworth try to save the rose . He later appears in Kingdom Hearts II and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days as a supporting character in the Beast 's Castle world . In 358 / 2 Days , he and Cogsworth serve as the castle 's patrol guards , forcing Roxas , Xion and Xaldin to evade their sight during missions in that world , and in Kingdom Hearts II , he is locked in the dungeon by the Beast along with the other servants in an attempt to protect him by the Beast 's rage , fueled by Xaldin , but he is freed by Sora , whom he helps by opening a secret passage out of the undercroft . He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin . Lumière is played by Scottish actor , Ewan McGregor in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . This depiction of Lumiere has him as a charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a human - shaped candelabra with a bronze human - like face , arms tipped with candles and legs to walk with as well . Despite the differences , Lumiere 's design as a candelabra with three branches still remains only by shape shifting and can be self litten . He is lover of Plumette who has been transformed into a feather duster . Cogsworth Cogsworth First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Ian McKellen ( live - action film ) Voiced by David Ogden Stiers ( film ) Ian McKellen ( live - action film ) Kazuo Kumakura ( Japanese ) Cogsworth is the Beast 's tightly wound and extremely loyal Majordomo , and Lumière 's counterpart and rival . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a pendulum clock . He initially tries to stop the others from allowing Maurice to stay at the castle ( as he knows the Beast would not approve ) , but ultimately gives in . When the Beast arrives , he tries to explain what happened , but the Beast is too angry to hear what happened . He tries to get Belle to come to dinner , but she refuses . When he reports to the Beast her refusal , he tries desperately to calm him down , as well as keep him calm when trying to get her to join him for dinner . He follows the Beast 's orders to deny her dinner , but he eventually relents , telling them to at least keep the noise down . He is eventually swept up in the boisterous `` Be Our Guest '' number . Later he learns that the Beast let Belle go , much to his dismay . He then tells everyone the bad news , and seems resigned to his fate ( as the rose is nearing the last petal ) . When the residents of the castle learn of the upcoming invasion , he tries to come up with a plan to stop the villagers , but the others leave him before he can finish . He later participates in the battle and saves Lumiere from Le Fou by sliding down the banister and prodding Le Fou 's rear end with a pair of scissors . He , Lumiere and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston , but arrive after the battle 's end , when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston , who fell from the West Wing . The spell breaks , however , reviving the Beast and returning Cogsworth and the others to their original forms . In the end , he gets into an argument with Lumiere about who told who about Belle breaking the spell ( it was Lumiere ) . In The Enchanted Christmas , he is initially opposed to the idea of Christmas ( mainly due to his master 's opposition ) , but eventually decides that Christmas in the castle would n't be such a bad idea . He and Lumière try to help Belle find a Christmas tree under Forte 's guidance , unaware of Avenant 's plan . Later , when Avenant tries to destroy the castle , he attempts to save the rose . He later appears in Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts II in his homeworld , Beast 's Castle . In theformer , he serves as a patrol guard in the castle , and in the latter , he aids Sora in the brief fight against the Beast , under Xaldin 's influence . He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin . Cogsworth is played by Sir Ian McKellen in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . This version has a wife named Clothilde . In the ending , he is reunited with Clothilde after he transforms back into a human , much to his dismay . It is revealed that this version 's first name is Henry . The 2017 live - action version of Cogsworth is older than the 1991 animated version . Mrs. Potts Mrs. Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Emma Thompson ( live - action film ) Voiced by Angela Lansbury ( first and second films ) Anne Rogers ( Belle 's Magical World ) Emma Thompson ( live - action film ) Mrs. Potts is the castle 's head of the kitchen , and has a loving , motherly feel . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , she is transformed into a teapot . In her first appearance , she helps Maurice get comfortable . She helps comfort Belle when she is made to stay at the castle in exchange for her father 's freedom . Mrs. Potts also tries to help the Beast try to become more civil to Belle , although the efforts fall apart when Belle refuses to come to dinner . Later , Mrs. Potts entertains Belle when she 's having dinner . When the Beast is wounded , she tries to tend to his wounds with Belle . After learning that there are invaders coming to the castle , she tries to get the Beast to do something , but he declines , still depressed about Belle leaving . She later participates in the battle of the castle by having the rest of the dishes pour hot liquid on the villagers . In The Enchanted Christmas , she serves as the narrator of the tale . She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld , Beast 's Castle . She aids Sora , Lumiere and Cogsworth in opening the secret passage out of the dungeons by extinguishing the darkness surrounding the lanterns with the help of Sora 's Keyblade . Angela Lansbury , who had been known for playing many `` despicable '' characters throughout her Broadway career , noted that in the aftermath of her film role as Mrs Potts , children no longer hid behind their parents in fear when around her , and instead treated her like a heroine . Mrs. Potts is portrayed by Emma Thompson in the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast . During the final battle , she recognizes the potter Mr. Potts among the villagers storming the castle and is reunited with him after she transforms back into a human . It is then revealed that her first name is Beatrice . Chip Potts Chip Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Nathan Mack ( live - action film ) Voiced by Bradley Pierce ( first film ) Haley Joel Osment ( second film ) Gregory Grudt ( Belle 's Magical World ) Tress MacNeille ( 4 episodes of House of Mouse ) Nikita Hopkins ( 1 episode of House of Mouse ) Nathan Mack ( live - action film ) Chip is the son of Mrs. Potts . As a result of the Enchantress ' spell , he is transformed into a teacup , with a small crack on the rim . He befriends Belle and looks up to her . He gets admonished by his mother when he does a bubble trick to Belle and when he giggles at how the Beast handles a spoon . Also , he stows away when she has to leave the castle to save her father Maurice , and wants to find out why she left . He later frees Belle and Maurice , who are trapped in the cellar by Gaston , by commandeering Maurice 's invention , an automatic firewood chopper , to break open the cellar door but destroying the invention in the process . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas , he is seen trying to open presents for Christmas . Also when Adam gives him a present , he 's excited about it being a storybook . He helps Belle make a storybook to make the Beast feel better . Also , in the flashback depicting the Enchantress placing the spell on the castle ten years earlier , he is present as a child , implying that the spell stopped him and the other servants from aging during the ten - year period . He cameos in Kingdom Hearts II . In the live - action version of Beauty and the Beast , Chip is portrayed by Nathan Mack . He is transformed into a teacup with a matching saucer , often using the saucer to move around quickly ( reminiscent of the droid BB - 8 from Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . When the Enchantress 's curse on the kingdom is not broken in time , Chip and all the other castle servants lose their last vestiges of humanity and become completely inanimate . Before Chip drops to the ground lifeless ( his saucer already shattering upon impact ) , his teacup form is saved at the last instant by an ailing Chapeau who is transformed into a lifeless coat rack . Shortly afterwards , the spell on the kingdom is broken and Chip along with the other servants are restored to their human forms . He and his mother are reunited with Mr. Potts . Featherduster List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Gugu Mbatha - Raw ( live - action film ) Voiced by Kimmy Robertson ( films , House of Mouse ) Gugu Mbatha - Raw ( live - action film ) Aliases Babette Fifi Plumette The Featherduster is a maid of the castle , who is also Lumière 's girlfriend . She is transformed into a feather duster as a cause of the Enchantress ' spell . She appears in Beauty and the Beast and Belle 's Magical World . She also makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . There have been some changes to her name throughout the different shows produced ; in the musical , she is called Babette ; and in Belle 's Magical World , she is called Fifi . In the 2017 live - action film , she is portrayed by Gugu Mbatha - Raw and is called Plumette and was transformed into a swan - shaped feather duster . In the Belle 's Magical World segment , `` Fifi 's Folly '' , Fifi misunderstands Belle as Lumière 's new girlfriend when Belle helps him rehearse for his 5th Anniversary date with Fifi . However , in the end of the segment , Lumiere tells her he loves her after a series of events and they get back together again . The Featherduster is voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the Beauty and the Beast and Belle 's Magical World , but no actress is credited for her single line in The Enchanted Christmas . She also appeared in Disney 's House of Mouse and Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse , again voiced by Robertson but this time was called Babette . Sultan Sultan First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Gizmo ( live - action film ) Voiced by Frank Welker ( animated films ) Sultan is the castle dog who was turned into a footstool when the Enchantress enacted her curse . When Maurice first appeared at the castle , he is among those who meet him and tries to get Maurice to pet him . Then Sultan gets in front of Maurice so that he can put his feet up . During Belle 's stay at the castle , Sultan plays in the snow and even gets hugged by Belle . At the time when Gaston leads the villagers into laying siege to the Beast 's castle , Sultan takes part in the fight . When he is chased into the kitchen and cornered by LeFou and those with him , Chef Bouche and the knives help scare them off . After Belle broke the Enchantress ' spell , Sultan was among those who were restored to normal . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas , Sultan is among those present when they hear Mrs. Potts ' story about last Christmas . In the live - action film , Sultan is renamed Frou - Frou and portrayed by Gizmo . He is apparently the Yorkshire Terrier of Madame Garderobe and Maestro Cadenza . The Wardrobe Wardrobe First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jo Anne Worley Audra McDonald ( live - action film ) Aliases Amoire Grande Bouche Garderobe Title Madame The Wardrobe is a former opera singer , turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Her role was later expanded upon and ultimately taken over by Mrs. Potts . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' in the stage adaptation of the film . Her stage name supposedly means `` Mistress of the Big Mouth '' in a semi-literal English translation . The Marvel Comics serial for the movie , taking place during the movie , referred to her status as an opera singer that performed even to the king . She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld , Beast 's Castle . In the game , she blocks Sora 's way to the undercroft to free the servants from the dungeon , forcing Sora to push her out of the way while she is sleeping . As in the film , she is Belle 's closest confidante in the castle after Lumiere . In the 2017 live - action remake , the Wardrobe is portrayed by Audra McDonald and is known as Madame de Garderobe , wife of court composer , Maestro Cadenza , and also a well - respected opera singer . The Enchantress ' curse separated her from her husband , and as the rose withered , she was prone to dozing off more often as she became more inanimate . After the Enchantress lifts the curse and restores everyone to human form , Garderobe is reunited with her husband and sings at the celebratory ball at the end of the film . Le Fou Le Fou First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Josh Gad ( live - action film ) Voiced by Jesse Corti Le Fou ( French for `` The Madman '' , and also a phonetic pun on `` The Fool '' ) is a local villager who is Gaston 's bumbling - but - loyal sidekick ( and punching bag ) ; he is often mistreated by Gaston , but he does n't seem to mind . He seems unsure about Gaston marrying Belle ( thinking that she and her father , Maurice , are `` crazy '' ) , but helps him anyway . During the attempted wedding , he acts as a conductor to signal the playing of a fast tempo version on `` Here Comes the Bride '' . Later , when Gaston comes up with a plan to arrange for Maurice to be sent to the insane asylum to force Belle to marry him , they head to Belle 's house , but both she and Maurice are gone . Gaston decides to have Le Fou stay near the house and let him know when they return , much to Le Fou 's chagrin . After a while , when Belle brings Maurice home , Le Fou alerts Gaston so he can put his plan into action . After learning that the Beast exists , he accompanies Gaston and the rest of the lynch mob to the castle to kill the Beast singing `` The Mob Song '' with everybody . He picks up Lumière upon entering the castle , and Lumiere 's signal begins the battle . During the battle , Le Fou attempts to kill Lumiere by waving a torch perilously close to Lumiere 's head , but Cogsworth saves him by jabbing scissors hard in Le Fou 's rear end . He is last seen escaping with the rest of the villagers . It is left unknown if he knew Gaston died against the Beast , though it 's possible that Gaston 's absence from then on gave him that message . In the beginning of The Enchanted Christmas , despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party , Le Fou is not present . In the movie , Le Fou was voiced by Venezuelan voice actor Jesse Corti , who also voiced Le Fou in the Spanish - language dub of the film , making Le Fou one of the few characters to share the same voice actor in two different dubs of the movie . In the 2017 live - action adaptation , Le Fou is portrayed by Josh Gad . In the version with Gad , the character is gay , becoming the first homosexual in a Disney film . In one deleted scene , Le Fou helped Gaston to break up the headmaster leading the villagers into destroying Belle 's laundry invention by shooting the gun in the air twice with the second time having a cow accidentally killed . Unlike in the original 1991 animated film during the fight at the Beast 's castle , he saves Mrs. Potts when she falls from the chandelier and switches sides to helping the Beast 's servants after Gaston abandons him while he takes a beating from the servants . One deleted scene had him given a bad encounter with Monsieur Toilette which causes him to run out of the room he was in . In another deleted scene following the spell being broken , Le Fou runs into Monsieur Toilette 's true form which identified from the bathroom smell . At the end of this version , he briefly dances with the ( presumably gay ) Stanley , who was also a friend and minion of Gaston 's . In the 2017 version , Le Fou is thus a rounder character , with complex motivations . Monsieur D'Arque Monsieur D'Arque First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Adrian Schiller ( live - action film ) Voiced by Tony Jay Monsieur D'Arque is the owner of the local madhouse or Asylum for Loons . Gaston bribes him to take part in a scheme to blackmail Belle into marrying him in which D'Arque will threaten to have Belle 's rather eccentric father Maurice sent to the madhouse . After Belle returns from the Beast 's castle , Monsieur D'Arque appears to collect Maurice as Gaston Le Fou , and most of the villagers are present . He is only seen in these two scenes , and his fate after the Beast 's existence is revealed is left ambiguous . He also appears in the 2017 version . He only appears after Gaston demands that Maurice be put into the asylum and also tries to lock up both Maurice and Belle on Gaston 's orders while being told to make sure they do n't get out . Monsieur D'Arque is dumbfounded when he discovers that the two had managed to escape . As Belle rides off , Maurice asks Monsieur D'Arque if he has children . The Triplets Claudette , Laurette , and Paulette First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Sophie Reid ( Eliana ) Rafaëlle Cohen ( Elise ) Carla Nella ( Eloïse ) Voiced by Kath Soucie ( Paulette ( 1991 film ) ; all characters ( subsequent appearances ) ) Mary Kay Bergman ( Claudette and Laurette ( 1991 film ) ) The Triplets , also known as the `` Bimbettes '' , are a trio of beautiful blonde women who fawn over Gaston . The real names of the girls are Claudette , who wears a red dress , Laurette , who wears yellow dress , and Paulette , who wears a green dress . They think Belle is crazy when they see her refusing Gaston 's advances . They are also upset when Gaston decides to marry Belle , as they are seen crying when he is announcing that he will propose to Belle . They are later seen comforting and fawning over Gaston in the bar . They are not part of the mob who tries to kill the Beast . The end of the Gaston song implies that they acted as waitresses in the tavern due to Paulette being seen with a silver platter . In the beginning of `` The Enchanted Christmas , '' despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party , the Triplets are n't present . The triplets also appear in the Marvel Comics serial for Beauty and the Beast , which was set during Belle 's stay at the castle . They are generally within the B - stories , where they try to sabotage Gaston 's plans to marry Belle , with varying success . In the Musical , their roles are the same , although they are given more dialogue and their role is expanded slightly . They have made regular appearances on `` Disney 's House of Mouse . '' They are now all voiced by Kath Soucie ( who had originally just voiced Paulette ) , due to Mary Kay Bergman 's suicide by the time the show was made . They also appear in the 2017 live - action remake . Although their overall roles were the same , they are in fact among the mob late in the film unlike in the 1991 original . In addition , the triplets were given a significantly different appearance , where they wore similarly - colored pink dresses , and possessed heavy makeup , a beauty spot , and brunette hair , as well as explicitly disliking Belle ( Bill Condon and Rafaëlle Cohen both indicated the triplets ' dislike of Belle dealt with their own mom neglecting them and doting on the latter ) . They are also depicted as being more haughty and vain . Their occupations also changed , acting as seamstresses in the remake . The three of them are among the villagers that accompany Gaston to the Beast 's castle to kill the Beast where they end up fighting the servants . One deleted scene had the Triplets chasing Frou - Frou into the kitchen where Cuisiner throws food on them . It is left unknown if they knew Gaston died against the Beast , though it 's possible that Gaston 's absence from then on gave them that message . Lastly , they were also given significantly different names by their actresses , being Elise ( portrayed by Rafaëlle Cohen ) , Eliana ( portrayed by Sophie Reid ) , and Eloïse ( portrayed by Carla Nella ) , though the names have not currently been officiated . The Baker The Baker First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Dale Branston Voiced by Alec Murphy The Baker is the head of a bakery in the village that Belle lived in . He says good morning to Belle and asks where Belle is off to . When Belle states that she is on her way to the bookstore to return a book about a beanstalk and an ogre , the Baker quotes `` That 's nice '' and shouts into the bakery for Marie to hurry up with the baguettes . The Baker later provides the birthday cake for Gaston 's wedding proposal for Belle which does n't go well . After Belle returned from the Beast 's castle , the Baker is among the villagers gathered by Gaston at the time when Gaston as Monsieur D'Arque comes to collect Maurice . After Belle uses the Beast 's mirror to show that the Beast exists , the Baker is among the villagers that accompany Gaston and Le Fou to the Beast 's Castle to kill the Beast only for the villagers to be fended off by the transformed servants . In the live - action film , Belle is seen during the first song buying one of the Baker 's foods and his discussion to Belle was transferred to Jean Potts . The Baker was seen when the Headmaster had roused the villagers into destroying Belle 's laundry invention after the Headmaster caught Belle teaching a girl how to read . Like the animated film , the Baker is among the villagers that accompany Gaston and Le Fou to the Beast 's castle to kill the Beast only for the villagers to be fended off by the transformed servants . The Bookseller The Bookseller First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Ray Fearon ( live - action film ) Voiced by Alvin Epstein The Bookseller is the owner of a small bookstore / library in the village that Belle lived in . He is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle . When Belle visits his place of work , the Bookseller states that he has n't received any new books yet . He does allow Belle to keep the book that she has borrowed twice . In the live - action film , the Bookseller is replaced with Père Robert who is Villeneuve 's local chaplain . He encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . He later helps Belle pick up some laundry when the cruel headmaster had some villagers throw them on the street after he discovered her trying to teach a young girl how to read . When Gaston has Monsieur D'Arque take Maurice to the Asylum after being accused for leaving him for dead , Père Robert insists that Maurice is n't insane and suggests that he be brought to a hospital . As Gaston leads the villagers to the Beast 's castle with an intention to kill the Beast , Père Robert watched in horror as villagers furiously marched toward their destination while he defiantly remains behind and shuns himself from participating . After the spell that was cast by the Enchantress was broken , Père Robert was among those seen attending the ball . The Enchantress The Enchantress First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Hattie Morahan ( live - action film ) Voiced by Kath Soucie ( second film ) The Enchantress is an off - screen , minor character , but she is responsible for the events in the story , as revealed in the prologue that it is she who curses Prince Adam as the Beast . She pays a visit to the castle one cold winter night and poses as an ugly , old peddler woman , offering a single rose for shelter . After being turned away by the prince twice , she reveals her true self ( young and beautiful , yet cruel and hypocritical ) and punishes him by transforming him into the Beast , his servants into objects , and his castle into a horrific version of itself laden with ugly gargoyles and grotesque statues . The Enchantress left the Beast with only two items , a magic mirror as the only window to the outside world , and the rose she had tried to give him . It turns out the rose is enchanted , working as an hourglass : it will bloom until his 21st birthday , when its petals will begin to fall . When the last petal falls , the prince will remain a Beast forever . The spell can only be broken if he can learn to love and receives love in return . Her spell is broken at the last second by Belle 's confession of love for the Beast . In The Enchanted Christmas , it is revealed that the Enchantress ' visit that resulted in the curse occurred on Christmas Day , which resulted in Adam 's dislike for the holiday . The Enchantress is voiced by Kath Soucie in the flashback scene of the film . In the live - action version , the Enchantress is played by Hattie Morahan , who also serves as the narrator of the prologue . She came to a debutante ball disguised as a beggar woman ( portrayed by Rita Davies ) and offered a rose as payment for shelter from the storm . The Prince turned her away twice , prompting her to reveal her true self . She not only transformed the prince , his servants , and the castle , but erased the villagers ' memory of the prince . Years later , she reappeared disguised as a hermit named Agathe . A deleted scene during the `` Belle '' song had Belle giving bread and jam to Agathe . She later tended to Maurice when Gaston left him for dead for the latter 's refusal to hand Belle in marriage . Later , she came to the Beast 's chamber while the Beast lay near death and overheard Belle profess her love for him despite it already being too late , as the last petal on the rose had fallen . She turned the rose into enchanted dust which revived the Beast and transformed both him and his servants into humans once again . Phillipe Phillipe First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Rusty ( live - action film ) Voiced by Hal Smith ( original film ) Frank Welker ( sequel ) Phillipe is a Belgian horse owned by Belle and Maurice . He is frightened of wolves and he emits a loud toot noise . Chef Bouche Chef Bouche First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Clive Rowe ( live - action film ) Voiced by Brian Cummings ( first film ) Jim Cummings ( third film ) Clive Rowe ( live - action film ) Chef Bouche is the Beast 's head chef who was transformed into a stove . He was disappointed that Beast cancelled dinner and he felt he had to throw away what he had made until Belle finally informed him , Lumière , Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts that she was hungry . When the villagers attacked the castle , he and the knives ended up scaring away the villagers that chased Sultan into the kitchen . In the `` Belle 's Magical World '' segment `` Mrs. Potts ' Party , '' Chef Bouche is instructed by Belle to bake a cake for Mrs. Potts . Even though he ran into difficulty , Chef Bouche succeeded in making the cake as he and the kitchen staff help Belle present it to Mrs. Potts . In the live - action film , Chef Bouche was renamed Cuisiner . In addition to being changed into a stove , he also consists of various pots , pans , and other kitchen utensils as facial features and body parts . Cuisiner is shown preparing a dinner for Belle on Lumiere 's orders without the Beast finding out . A deleted scene has Cuisiner taking part in the battle against the villagers where he throws molasses and feathers all over the Triplets that chased Frou Frou into the kitchen . In the same deleted scene where Le Fou had finished talking with Monsieur Toilette , Cuisiner is shown hugging a villager that he knows as Monsieur Toilette passes them . When the villager reacts to the hotness as a side effect of Cuisiner having been a stove , Cuisiner apologizes to the villager . The villager gives him a forgiveness gesture . Coat Rack Coat Rack First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Portrayed by Thomas Padden ( live - action film ) The Coat Rack is an unnamed servant of the Beast who was turned into a coat rack that sports a green hat . He was first seen amongst the castle 's inhabitants welcoming Maurice and giving him a blanket to help him warm up . The Coat Rack was seen helping Beast get ready for his dance with Belle . When Gaston leads the villagers into raiding the castle , the Coat Rack is among the servants seen fighting the villagers where he boxes with one of the villagers . In the live - action film , the Coat Rack has a larger role and is named Chapeau . He served as the Prince 's aide ( the junior novelization listed him as a valet ) who was turned into a coat rack . When Maurice first enters the castle , he hands his coat on him . After Belle was frightened out of the West Wing by Beast , Chapeau tries to prevent Belle from leaving the castle . Chappeau later takes part in the fight against the villagers where he punches Le Fou . As the last petal falls , Chapeau catches Chip before being rendered inanimate like everyone else . After the spell is broken , Chapeau is restored to normal as he pulls his foot away from Frou - Frou who was urinating on it . Palanquin Palanquin First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Palanquin is an unidentified servant transformed into a palanquin that resides at the Beast 's castle . His name came from the comics . After Belle agreed to take Maurice 's place , Beast had Maurice loaded into Palanquin telling Maurice that Belle is no longer her concern . Beat then order Palanquin to drop Maurice back at the village . Palanquin did tha after ripping it 's bindings off . In The New Adventures of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast comics , Mrs. Potts and Sultan enlist Palanquin to help rescue Beast and Chip when they fell off the castle into the ravine . Introduced in Beauty and the Beast : the Enchanted Christmas Forte Forte First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Tim Curry Forte is the composer of the castle and serves as the main antagonist of The Enchanted Christmas . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a pipe organ . Unlike the other cursed denizens , he enjoys the new form that he has for its power , as he feels that he 's more useful to the Beast in this form than as his human form . As such , he intends to sabotage the Beast and Belle 's relationship to ensure that the spell is never broken . He also uses Fife the Piccolo to carry out his plan , promising him his own musical solo when he succeeds ( though he never actually intends to give the solo to him ) . He tries to lure Belle away from the castle to get a Christmas tree in an area beyond a frozen lake . While she 's away , Forte tells the Beast that Belle has abandoned him , thus fueling more anger into the Beast . He then proceeds to tell the Beast to destroy the Enchanted Rose , but the Beast ultimately decides not to when a rose petal lands on the storybook from Belle , thus allowing the Beast to regain his senses . Enraged at this failure , and refusing to `` fade away '' , he decides to destroy the entire castle with his music , as the Beast and Belle ca n't fall in love if they are both dead . He ultimately meets his end when the Beast rips out his keyboard and wrecks it , causing Forte to try to kill the Beast by lunging at him . He ends up being dislodged from the wall causing Forte to crash to the ground . NOTE : When The Enchanted Christmas was originally conceived as a direct sequel to the first film , the character of Forte was written as Avenant , Gaston 's vengeful younger brother who would also be determined to ruin Belle and Adam 's lives before meeting his own end . Though plans for the sequel were scrapped , many of Avenant 's characteristics were integrated into Forte . Fife Fife First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Paul Reubens Fife is a resident of the castle . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , he is transformed into a piccolo . He is tricked by Forte into trying to sabotage the relationship under the promise of his own solo . Fife lures Belle into Forte 's room for him to tell Belle where a suitable Christmas tree is located . However , shortly after she leaves , Forte tells Fife to follow her to the tree ( presumably so he can cause the ice to break with his sound ) . Fife later regrets this action and decides to help Belle and Beast mend their relationship . Forte decides to destroy the castle and Fife tries to stop him . Forte reveals that he never intended to give him a musical solo ( via expelling blank note sheets ) . No longer loyal to Forte , Fife tells the Beast that Forte 's power comes from the keyboard and Beast uses this knowledge to depower him . In the ending of the movie ( taking place in the present ) , Fife seems to have taken over Forte 's job as the composer of the castle . Angelique Angelique First appearance Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Voiced by Bernadette Peters Angelica is the castle decorator . When the Enchantress curses the Beast , she transforms into a Christmas angel ornament . She initially opposes the idea of Christmas , but then reconsiders after Belle tells her the joys of Christmas . She later comforts Belle in the dungeon . Introduced in Belle 's Magical World Webster Webster First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Jim Cummings Webster is the castle 's scribe who was transformed into a dictionary by the Enchantress ' spell . While he means well , he has a rather long tongue , often speaking out of the right moment . This leads to the other servants , particularly Lumiere and Cogsworth , to dislike him greatly . During the first segment of Belle 's Magical World , he infuriates the Beast by giving unwanted synonyms to Belle 's insults during a row leading the Beast to strike him . Wracked with guilt after Belle and the Beast stop speaking to each other , he forges a letter of apology from Belle with his two best friends Crane and LePlume . He is exiled from the castle when the Beast finds out , but amends are made after Belle brings him back . Crane Crane First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Jeff Bennett Crane is a set of paper sheets that is one of Webster 's friends . LePlume LePlume First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by Rob Paulsen LePlume is a quill that is one of Webster 's friends . Chandeleria Chandeleria First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by April Winchell Chandeleria is a chandelier that resides in the Beast 's castle . Witherspoon Witherspoon First appearance Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Voiced by none Witherspoon , interestingly , is the only one of Beast 's servants who is not a household object . In contrast , he is an intelligent pigeon in charge of delivering the Beast 's messages to the village for placing orders or anything similar . While it is possible that he was already a pigeon before the Enchantress placed the spell on the castle , his previously being a human servant may be the only possible explanation of his capability of understanding English with no apparent problem . Introduced in the live - action film Maestro Cadenza Maestro Cadenza First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Stanley Tucci ( live - action film ) Voiced by Stanley Tucci Exclusive to the 2017 live - action film , Maestro Cadenza is the husband to the opera singer Madame de Garderobe and is the castle 's court composer . At the time of his servitude to the Prince , Cadenza was suffering from dental problems . Cadenza is turned into a harpsichord by the Enchantress ' spell on the castle , while his wife is turned into a wardrobe . As a result , when he tries to play , he makes the occasional sour note due to the cavities in his teeth , but struggles through the pain in hopes of returning to his human form and reuniting with his wife . When the villagers raid the castle , Cadenza takes part in the fight where he bodyslams LeFou and fires his remaining keys as a form of hailing bullets at the villagers but not long before Lumière scares the villagers off by lighting one of the gunpowder puddles on the castle floor causing it to spark and forcing the villagers to retreat in humiliation . When the spell is broken , Cadenza is finally reunited with Garderobe and gets his lost teeth replaced . He performs his music at the ball at the end of the movie . Jean Potts Jean Potts First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Gerard Horan Jean Potts is an absent - minded potter who resides in the village of Villeneuve and is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle . He is depicted as the husband of Mrs. Potts where he lost the memory of it when the Enchantress ' spell is cast . Jean is first seen greeting Belle and comments the book she described as boring . Jean Potts is later seen in the tavern where Le Fou is trying to cheer up Gaston and when Maurice later came in accusing Gaston of leaving him for dead . Jean is among the villagers who assist Gaston in the attack on the Beast 's castle . During the fight between the servants and the villagers , Mrs. Potts recognized her husband . When the spell is broken , Jean is reunited with his family and later dances with his wife at the ball . Clothilde Clothilde First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Haydn Gwynne Clothilde is a villager and fishmonger who is the wife of Cogsworth . When the Enchantress casts her spell , she loses the memory of her husband . During the opening song , Clothilde was shown selling some fish while trying to buy some eggs . Clothilde is among the villagers that assist the Headmaster into destroying her laundry machine and throwing Belle 's laundry on the street after the Headmaster caught Belle trying to teach a young girl how to read . She is among the villagers that join Gaston in the attack on Beast 's castle . When the spell is broken , Clothilde is happily reunited with her husband even though Cogsworth is originally quite horrified when Clothilde recognizes him . The two of them are later seen dancing at the ball . Monsieur Toilette Monsieur Toilette First appearance Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Portrayed by Stephen Merchant Monsieur Toilette is a servant of the Beast who was turned into a toilet . His scene was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . In the first deleted scene , Le Fou tries to take refuge in a room during the villagers ' fight with the servants only to have a frightful encounter with Monsieur Toilette . In another deleted scene after the spell is broken , Le Fou encounters Monsieur Toilette in his human form who he identifies from the bathroom smell and was shown in a traumatized / relieved stated . When Le Fou asks him what he is going to do now , Monsieur Toilette states that he 's going to go brush his teeth . He walks away pleased that he is human again as he passes by Cuisiner and a villager . Cast Character Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) House of Mouse ( 2001 - 2002 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Belle Paige O'Hara Jodi Benson Emma Watson Beast / Prince Robby Benson Dan Stevens Gaston Richard White Richard White Luke Evans Lumière Jerry Orbach Maurice LaMarche Jerry Orbach Ewan McGregor Cogsworth David Ogden Stiers Ian McKellen Mrs. Potts Angela Lansbury Anne Rogers Silent role Emma Thompson Chip Bradley Pierce Haley Joel Osment Gregory Grudt Silent Role Tress MacNeille Nathan Mack Maurice Rex Everhart Silent Role Corey Burton Kevin Kline Le Fou Jesse Corti Cameo Josh Gad Wardrobe Jo Anne Worley Jo Anne Worley Silent Role Audra McDonald Featherduster Kimmy Robertson Cameo Kimmy Robertson Silent Role Kimmy Robertson Gugu Mbatha - Raw Enchantress Silent role Kath Soucie Hattie Morahan Monsieur D'Arque Tony Jay Adrian Schiller Maestro Tim Curry Stanley Tucci Chef Brian Cummings Jim Cummings Clive Rowe Bookseller Alvin Epstein Ray Fearon Fife Paul Reubens Angelique Bernadette Peters Webster Jim Cummings Le Plume Rob Paulsen Crane Jeff Bennett Chandeleria April Winchell Bimbettes Mary Kay Bergman Kath Soucie Kath Soucie Sophie Reid Rafaëlle Cohen Carla Nella Jean Potts Gerard Horan Clothilde Haydn Gwynne Coat Rack Silent role Thomas Padden Phillipe Hal Smith Frank Welker Rusty Footstool Frank Welker Frank Welker Gizmo References This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Alex Rogers ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth the Clock in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Time . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Lansbury On Playing Mrs. Potts In BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . YouTube . 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2003 ) . Makin ' Toons : Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies . New York : Allworth Press . pp. 105 -- 104 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 269 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast : Disney 's First Gay Character Is Here '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ External links ( hide ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney%27s_Beauty_and_the_Beast_characters&oldid=808125382 '' Categories : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles needing cleanup from July 2009 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2009 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the clock from beauty and the beast called	[ "Cogsworth is the Beast's tightly wound and extremely loyal Majordomo, and Lumière's counterpart and rival. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, he is transformed into a pendulum clock. He initially tries to stop the others from allowing Maurice to stay at the castle (as he knows the Beast would not approve), but ultimately gives in. When the Beast arrives, he tries to explain what happened, but the Beast is too angry to hear what happened. He tries to get Belle to come to dinner, but she refuses. When he reports to the Beast her refusal, he tries desperately to calm him down, as well as keep him calm when trying to get her to join him for dinner. He follows the Beast's orders to deny her dinner, but he eventually relents, telling them to at least keep the noise down. He is eventually swept up in the boisterous \"Be Our Guest\" number. Later he learns that the Beast let Belle go, much to his dismay. He then tells everyone the bad news, and seems resigned to his fate (as the rose is nearing the last petal). When the residents of the castle learn of the upcoming invasion, he tries to come up with a plan to stop the villagers, but the others leave him before he can finish. He later participates in the battle and saves Lumiere from Le Fou by sliding down the banister and prodding Le Fou's rear end with a pair of scissors. He, Lumiere and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston, but arrive after the battle's end, when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston, who fell from the West Wing. The spell breaks, however, reviving the Beast and returning Cogsworth and the others to their original forms. In the end, he gets into an argument with Lumiere about who told who about Belle breaking the spell (it was Lumiere)." ]	[ "Cogsworth" ]
-1513175251642719637	Gini coefficient	Gini coefficient - wikipedia Gini coefficient Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Gini impurity . In economics , the Gini coefficient ( sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index ) ( / dʒ ini / jee - nee ) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation 's residents , and is the most commonly used measure of inequality . It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variability and Mutability ( Italian : Variabilità e mutabilità ) . The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution ( for example , levels of income ) . A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality , where all values are the same ( for example , where everyone has the same income ) . A Gini coefficient of 1 ( or 100 % ) expresses maximal inequality among values ( e.g. , for a large number of people , where only one person has all the income or consumption , and all others have none , the Gini coefficient will be very nearly one ) . However , a value greater than one may occur if some persons represent negative contribution to the total ( for example , having negative income or wealth ) . For larger groups , values close to or above 1 are very unlikely in practice . Given the normalization of both the cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the Gini coefficient , the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution , but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population . The exception to this is in the redistribution of wealth resulting in a minimum income for all people . When the population is sorted , if their income distribution were to approximate a well - known function , then some representative values could be calculated . The Gini coefficient was proposed by Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth . For OECD countries , in the late 20th century , considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments , the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 and 0.49 , with Slovenia being the lowest and Chile the highest . African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008 -- 2009 , with South Africa the world 's highest , variously estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7 , although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account , and drops again to 0.47 after taxation . The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources . There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient . The same value may result from many different distribution curves . The demographic structure should be taken into account . Countries with an aging population , or with a baby boom , experience an increasing pre-tax Gini coefficient even if real income distribution for working adults remains constant . Scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Calculation 2.1 Example : two levels of income 2.2 Alternate expressions 2.3 Discrete probability distribution 2.4 Continuous probability distribution 2.5 Other approaches 3 Generalized inequality indices 4 Gini coefficients of income distributions 4.1 Regional income Gini indices 4.2 World income Gini index since 1800s 5 Gini coefficients of social development 5.1 Gini coefficient of education 5.2 Gini coefficient of opportunity 5.3 Gini coefficients and income mobility 6 Features of Gini coefficient 7 Countries by Gini Index 8 Limitations of Gini coefficient 9 Alternatives to Gini coefficient 10 Relation to other statistical measures 11 Other uses 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Definition ( edit ) Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The graph shows that the Gini coefficient is equal to the area marked A divided by the sum of the areas marked A and B , that is , Gini = A / ( A + B) . It is also equal to 2A and to 1 − 2B due to the fact that A + B = 0.5 ( since the axes scale from 0 to 1 ) . The Gini coefficient is usually defined mathematically based on the Lorenz curve , which plots the proportion of the total income of the population ( y axis ) that is cumulatively earned by the bottom x % of the population ( see diagram ) . The line at 45 degrees thus represents perfect equality of incomes . The Gini coefficient can then be thought of as the ratio of the area that lies between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve ( marked A in the diagram ) over the total area under the line of equality ( marked A and B in the diagram ) ; i.e. , G = A / ( A + B) . It is also equal to 2A and to 1 − 2B due to the fact that A + B = 0.5 ( since the axes scale from 0 to 1 ) . If all people have non-negative income ( or wealth , as the case may be ) , the Gini coefficient can theoretically range from 0 ( complete equality ) to 1 ( complete inequality ) ; it is sometimes expressed as a percentage ranging between 0 and 100 . In practice , both extreme values are not quite reached . If negative values are possible ( such as the negative wealth of people with debts ) , then the Gini coefficient could theoretically be more than 1 . Normally the mean ( or total ) is assumed positive , which rules out a Gini coefficient less than zero . An alternative approach is to define the Gini coefficient as half of the relative mean absolute difference , which is mathematically equivalent to the Lorenz curve definition . The mean absolute difference is the average absolute difference of all pairs of items of the population , and the relative mean absolute difference is the mean absolute difference divided by the average , to normalize for scale . if x is the wealth or income of person i , and there are n persons , then the Gini coefficient G is given by : G = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n x i − x j 2 ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n x j = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n x i − x j 2 n ∑ i = 1 n x i ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( \ displaystyle ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left x_ ( i ) - x_ ( j ) \ right ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( 2 \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n ) x_ ( j ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ displaystyle ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left x_ ( i ) - x_ ( j ) \ right ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( 2n \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) x_ ( i ) ) ) ) ) When the income ( or wealth ) distribution is given as a continuous probability distribution function p ( x ) , where p ( x ) dx is the fraction of the population with income x to x + dx , then the Gini coefficient is again half of the relative mean absolute difference : G = 1 2 μ ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∫ − ∞ ∞ p ( x ) p ( y ) x − y d x d y ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ mu ) ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) p ( x ) p ( y ) \ , x-y \ , dx \ , dy ) where μ is the mean of the distribution μ = ∫ − ∞ ∞ x p ( x ) d x ( \ displaystyle \ mu = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) x \ , p ( x ) \ , dx ) and the lower limits of integration may be replaced by zero when all incomes are positive . Calculation ( edit ) Example : two levels of income ( edit ) Richest u % of population ( red ) equally share f % of all income or wealth , others ( green ) equally share remainder : G = f − u . A smooth distribution ( blue ) with same u and f always has G > f − u . The most equal society will be one in which every person receives the same income ( G = 0 ) ; the most unequal society will be one in which a single person receives 100 % of the total income and the remaining N − 1 people receive none ( G = 1 − 1 / N ) . While the income distribution of any particular country need not follow simple functions , these functions give a qualitative understanding of the income distribution in a nation given the Gini coefficient . The effects of minimum income policy due to redistribution can be seen in the linear relationships . An informative simplified case just distinguishes two levels of income , low and high . If the high income group is u % of the population and earns a fraction f % of all income , then the Gini coefficient is f − u . An actual more graded distribution with these same values u and f will always have a higher Gini coefficient than f − u . The proverbial case where the richest 20 % have 80 % of all income ( see Pareto principle ) would lead to an income Gini coefficient of at least 60 % . An often cited case that 1 % of all the world 's population owns 50 % of all wealth , means a wealth Gini coefficient of at least 49 % . Alternate expressions ( edit ) In some cases , this equation can be applied to calculate the Gini coefficient without direct reference to the Lorenz curve . For example , ( taking y to mean the income or wealth of a person or household ) : For a population uniform on the values y , i = 1 to n , indexed in non-decreasing order ( y ≤ y ) : G = 1 n ( n + 1 − 2 ( ∑ i = 1 n ( n + 1 − i ) y i ∑ i = 1 n y i ) ) ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ left ( n + 1 - 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; ( n + 1 - i ) y_ ( i ) ) ( \ sum \ limits _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) y_ ( i ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) This may be simplified to : G = 2 Σ i = 1 n i y i n Σ i = 1 n y i − n + 1 n ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( 2 \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; iy_ ( i ) ) ( n \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) y_ ( i ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( n + 1 ) ( n ) ) ) This formula actually applies to any real population , since each person can be assigned his or her own y . Since the Gini coefficient is half the relative mean absolute difference , it can also be calculated using formulas for the relative mean absolute difference . For a random sample S consisting of values y , i = 1 to n , that are indexed in non-decreasing order ( y ≤ y ) , the statistic : G ( S ) = 1 n − 1 ( n + 1 − 2 ( Σ i = 1 n ( n + 1 − i ) y i Σ i = 1 n y i ) ) ( \ displaystyle G ( S ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n - 1 ) ) \ left ( n + 1 - 2 \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; ( n + 1 - i ) y_ ( i ) ) ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) y_ ( i ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) is a consistent estimator of the population Gini coefficient , but is not , in general , unbiased . Like G , G ( S ) has a simpler form : G ( S ) = 1 − 2 n − 1 ( n − Σ i = 1 n i y i Σ i = 1 n y i ) ( \ displaystyle G ( S ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( n - 1 ) ) \ left ( n - ( \ frac ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; iy_ ( i ) ) ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) y_ ( i ) ) ) \ right ) ) . There does not exist a sample statistic that is in general an unbiased estimator of the population Gini coefficient , like the relative mean absolute difference . Discrete probability distribution ( edit ) For a discrete probability distribution with probability mass function f ( y ) , i = 1 to n , where f ( y ) is the fraction of the population with income or wealth y > 0 , the Gini coefficient is : G = 1 2 μ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n f ( y i ) f ( y j ) y i − y j ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ mu ) ) \ sum \ limits _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum \ limits _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ , f ( y_ ( i ) ) f ( y_ ( j ) ) y_ ( i ) - y_ ( j ) ) where μ = ∑ i = 1 n y i f ( y i ) ( \ displaystyle \ mu = \ sum \ limits _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) y_ ( i ) f ( y_ ( i ) ) ) If the points with nonzero probabilities are indexed in increasing order ( y < y ) then : G = 1 − Σ i = 1 n f ( y i ) ( S i − 1 + S i ) S n ( \ displaystyle G = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; f ( y_ ( i ) ) ( S_ ( i - 1 ) + S_ ( i ) ) ) ( S_ ( n ) ) ) ) where S i = Σ j = 1 i f ( y j ) y j ( \ displaystyle S_ ( i ) = \ Sigma _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( i ) \ ; f ( y_ ( j ) ) \ , y_ ( j ) \ , ) and S 0 = 0 ( \ displaystyle S_ ( 0 ) = 0 \ , ) . These formulae are also applicable in the limit as n → ∞ ( \ displaystyle n \ rightarrow \ infty ) . Continuous probability distribution ( edit ) When the population is large , the income distribution may be represented by a continuous probability density function f ( x ) where f ( x ) dx is the fraction of the population with wealth or income in the interval dx about x . If F ( x ) is the cumulative distribution function for f ( x ) , then the Lorenz curve L ( F ) may then be represented as a function parametric in L ( x ) and F ( x ) and the value of B can be found by integration : B = ∫ 0 1 L ( F ) d F . ( \ displaystyle B = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) L ( F ) dF . ) The Gini coefficient can also be calculated directly from the cumulative distribution function of the distribution F ( y ) . Defining μ as the mean of the distribution , and specifying that F ( y ) is zero for all negative values , the Gini coefficient is given by : G = 1 − 1 μ ∫ 0 ∞ ( 1 − F ( y ) ) 2 d y = 1 μ ∫ 0 ∞ F ( y ) ( 1 − F ( y ) ) d y ( \ displaystyle G = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ mu ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( 1 - F ( y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) dy = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ mu ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) F ( y ) ( 1 - F ( y ) ) dy ) The latter result comes from integration by parts . ( Note that this formula can be applied when there are negative values if the integration is taken from minus infinity to plus infinity . ) The Gini coefficient may be expressed in terms of the quantile function Q ( F ) ( inverse of the cumulative distribution function : Q ( F ( x ) ) = x ) G = 1 2 μ ∫ 0 1 ∫ 0 1 Q ( F 1 ) − Q ( F 2 ) d F 1 d F 2 . ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ mu ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) Q ( F_ ( 1 ) ) - Q ( F_ ( 2 ) ) \ , dF_ ( 1 ) \ , dF_ ( 2 ) . ) For some functional forms , the Gini index can be calculated explicitly . For example , if y follows a lognormal distribution with the standard deviation of logs equal to σ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ) , then G = erf ⁡ ( σ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle G = \ operatorname ( erf ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) where erf ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( erf ) ) is the error function ( since G = 2 φ ( σ 2 ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle G = 2 \ phi \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sigma ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) - 1 ) , where φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) is the cumulative standard normal distribution ) . In the table below , some examples are shown . The Dirac delta distribution represents the case where everyone has the same wealth ( or income ) ; it implies that there are no variations at all between incomes . Income Distribution function PDF ( x ) Gini Coefficient Dirac delta function δ ( x − x 0 ) , x 0 > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ delta ( x-x_ ( 0 ) ) , \ , x_ ( 0 ) > 0 ) 0 Uniform distribution ( 1 b − a a ≤ x ≤ b 0 o t h e r w i s e ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( b-a ) ) &a \ leq x \ leq b \ \ 0& \ mathrm ( otherwise ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) b − a 3 ( b + a ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( b-a ) ( 3 ( b + a ) ) ) ) Exponential distribution λ e − x λ , x > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lambda e ^ ( - x \ lambda ) , \ , \ , x > 0 ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle 1 / 2 ) Log - normal distribution 1 σ 2 π e − ( ln ( x ) − μ ) 2 σ 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) ) e ^ ( \ frac ( - ( \ ln \ , ( x ) - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) erf ( σ / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ textrm ( erf ) ) ( \ sigma / 2 ) ) Pareto distribution ( α k α x α + 1 x ≥ k 0 x < k ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( \ alpha k ^ ( \ alpha ) ) ( x ^ ( \ alpha + 1 ) ) ) &x \ geq k \ \ 0&x < k \ end ( cases ) ) ) ( 1 0 < α < 1 1 2 α − 1 α ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) 1&0 < \ alpha < 1 \ \ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ alpha - 1 ) ) & \ alpha \ geq 1 \ end ( cases ) ) ) Chi - squared distribution 2 − k / 2 e − x / 2 x k / 2 − 1 Γ ( k / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ^ ( - k / 2 ) e ^ ( - x / 2 ) x ^ ( k / 2 - 1 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( k / 2 ) ) ) ) 2 Γ ( 1 + k 2 ) k Γ ( k / 2 ) π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 \ , \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + k ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( k \ , \ Gamma ( k / 2 ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ) ) Gamma distribution e − x / θ x k − 1 θ − k Γ ( k ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( e ^ ( - x / \ theta ) x ^ ( k - 1 ) \ theta ^ ( - k ) ) ( \ Gamma ( k ) ) ) ) Γ ( 2 k + 1 2 ) k Γ ( k ) π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2k + 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( k \ , \ Gamma ( k ) ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ) ) Weibull distribution k λ ( x λ ) k − 1 e − ( x / λ ) k ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( k ) ( \ lambda ) ) \ , \ left ( ( \ frac ( x ) ( \ lambda ) ) \ right ) ^ ( k - 1 ) e ^ ( - ( x / \ lambda ) ^ ( k ) ) ) 1 − 2 − 1 / k ( \ displaystyle 1 - 2 ^ ( - 1 / k ) ) Beta distribution x α − 1 ( 1 − x ) β − 1 B ( α , β ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x ^ ( \ alpha - 1 ) ( 1 - x ) ^ ( \ beta - 1 ) ) ( B ( \ alpha , \ beta ) ) ) ) ( 2 α ) B ( α + β , α + β ) B ( α , α ) B ( β , β ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ alpha ) ) \ right ) ( \ frac ( B ( \ alpha + \ beta , \ alpha + \ beta ) ) ( B ( \ alpha , \ alpha ) B ( \ beta , \ beta ) ) ) ) Other approaches ( edit ) Sometimes the entire Lorenz curve is not known , and only values at certain intervals are given . In that case , the Gini coefficient can be approximated by using various techniques for interpolating the missing values of the Lorenz curve . If ( X , Y ) are the known points on the Lorenz curve , with the X indexed in increasing order ( X < X ) , so that : X is the cumulated proportion of the population variable , for k = 0 , ... , n , with X = 0 , X = 1 . Y is the cumulated proportion of the income variable , for k = 0 , ... , n , with Y = 0 , Y = 1 . Y should be indexed in non-decreasing order ( Y > Y ) If the Lorenz curve is approximated on each interval as a line between consecutive points , then the area B can be approximated with trapezoids and : G 1 = 1 − ∑ k = 1 n ( X k − X k − 1 ) ( Y k + Y k − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle G_ ( 1 ) = 1 - \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( X_ ( k ) - X_ ( k - 1 ) ) ( Y_ ( k ) + Y_ ( k - 1 ) ) ) is the resulting approximation for G. More accurate results can be obtained using other methods to approximate the area B , such as approximating the Lorenz curve with a quadratic function across pairs of intervals , or building an appropriately smooth approximation to the underlying distribution function that matches the known data . If the population mean and boundary values for each interval are also known , these can also often be used to improve the accuracy of the approximation . The Gini coefficient calculated from a sample is a statistic and its standard error , or confidence intervals for the population Gini coefficient , should be reported . These can be calculated using bootstrap techniques but those proposed have been mathematically complicated and computationally onerous even in an era of fast computers . Ogwang ( 2000 ) made the process more efficient by setting up a `` trick regression model '' in which respective income variables in the sample are ranked with the lowest income being allocated rank 1 . The model then expresses the rank ( dependent variable ) as the sum of a constant A and a normal error term whose variance is inversely proportional to y ; k = A + N ( 0 , s 2 / y k ) ( \ displaystyle k = A+ \ N ( 0 , s ^ ( 2 ) / y_ ( k ) ) ) Ogwang showed that G can be expressed as a function of the weighted least squares estimate of the constant A and that this can be used to speed up the calculation of the jackknife estimate for the standard error . Giles ( 2004 ) argued that the standard error of the estimate of A can be used to derive that of the estimate of G directly without using a jackknife at all . This method only requires the use of ordinary least squares regression after ordering the sample data . The results compare favorably with the estimates from the jackknife with agreement improving with increasing sample size . However it has since been argued that this is dependent on the model 's assumptions about the error distributions ( Ogwang 2004 ) and the independence of error terms ( Reza & Gastwirth 2006 ) and that these assumptions are often not valid for real data sets . It may therefore be better to stick with jackknife methods such as those proposed by Yitzhaki ( 1991 ) and Karagiannis and Kovacevic ( 2000 ) . The debate continues . Guillermina Jasso and Angus Deaton independently proposed the following formula for the Gini coefficient : G = N + 1 N − 1 − 2 N ( N − 1 ) μ ( Σ i = 1 n P i X i ) ( \ displaystyle G = ( \ frac ( N + 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( N ( N - 1 ) \ mu ) ) ( \ Sigma _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ ; P_ ( i ) X_ ( i ) ) ) where μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is mean income of the population , P is the income rank P of person i , with income X , such that the richest person receives a rank of 1 and the poorest a rank of N . This effectively gives higher weight to poorer people in the income distribution , which allows the Gini to meet the Transfer Principle . Note that the Jasso - Deaton formula rescales the coefficient so that its value is 1 if all the X i ( \ displaystyle X_ ( i ) ) are zero except one . Note however Allison 's reply on the need to divide by N2 instead . FAO explains another version of the formula . Generalized inequality indices ( edit ) See also : Generalized entropy index The Gini coefficient and other standard inequality indices reduce to a common form . Perfect equality -- the absence of inequality -- exists when and only when the inequality ratio , r j = x j / x _̄ ( \ displaystyle r_ ( j ) = x_ ( j ) / ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) , equals 1 for all j units in some population ( for example , there is perfect income equality when everyone 's income x j ( \ displaystyle x_ ( j ) ) equals the mean income x _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( x ) ) ) , so that r j = 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( j ) = 1 ) for everyone ) . Measures of inequality , then , are measures of the average deviations of the r j = 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( j ) = 1 ) from 1 ; the greater the average deviation , the greater the inequality . Based on these observations the inequality indices have this common form : Inequality = Σ j p j f ( r j ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Inequality ) ) = \ Sigma _ ( j ) \ , p_ ( j ) \ , f ( r_ ( j ) ) \ , , ) where p weights the units by their population share , and f ( r ) is a function of the deviation of each unit 's r from 1 , the point of equality . The insight of this generalised inequality index is that inequality indices differ because they employ different functions of the distance of the inequality ratios ( the r ) from 1 . Gini coefficients of income distributions ( edit ) See also : List of countries by income equality Gini coefficients of income are calculated on market income as well as disposable income basis . The Gini coefficient on market income -- sometimes referred to as a pre-tax Gini coefficient -- is calculated on income before taxes and transfers , and it measures inequality in income without considering the effect of taxes and social spending already in place in a country . The Gini coefficient on disposable income -- sometimes referred to as after - tax Gini coefficient -- is calculated on income after taxes and transfers , and it measures inequality in income after considering the effect of taxes and social spending already in place in a country . The difference in Gini indices between OECD countries , on after - taxes and transfers basis , is significantly narrower . For OECD countries , over 2008 -- 2009 period , Gini coefficient on pre-taxes and transfers basis for total population ranged between 0.34 and 0.53 , with South Korea the lowest and Italy the highest . Gini coefficient on after - taxes and transfers basis for total population ranged between 0.25 and 0.48 , with Denmark the lowest and Mexico the highest . For United States , the country with the largest population in OECD countries , the pre-tax Gini index was 0.49 , and after - tax Gini index was 0.38 , in 2008 -- 2009 . The OECD averages for total population in OECD countries was 0.46 for pre-tax income Gini index and 0.31 for after - tax income Gini Index . Taxes and social spending that were in place in 2008 -- 2009 period in OECD countries significantly lowered effective income inequality , and in general , `` European countries -- especially Nordic and Continental welfare states -- achieve lower levels of income inequality than other countries . '' Using the Gini can help quantify differences in welfare and compensation policies and philosophies . However it should be borne in mind that the Gini coefficient can be misleading when used to make political comparisons between large and small countries or those with different immigration policies ( see limitations of Gini coefficient section ) . The Gini coefficient for the entire world has been estimated by various parties to be between 0.61 and 0.68 . The graph shows the values expressed as a percentage in their historical development for a number of countries . Regional income Gini indices ( edit ) According to UNICEF , Latin America and the Caribbean region had the highest net income Gini index in the world at 48.3 , on unweighted average basis in 2008 . The remaining regional averages were : sub-Saharan Africa ( 44.2 ) , Asia ( 40.4 ) , Middle East and North Africa ( 39.2 ) , Eastern Europe and Central Asia ( 35.4 ) , and High - income Countries ( 30.9 ) . Using the same method , the United States is claimed to have a Gini index of 36 , while South Africa had the highest income Gini index score of 67.8 . World income Gini index since 1800s ( edit ) Growth spells last longer in more equal countries . A 10 percentile increase in equality ( represented by a change in the Gini index value from 40 to 37 ) increases the expected length of a growth spell by 50 percent . Percentage changes in GDP growth spell length are shown as each factor moves from 50th to 60th percentile and all other factors are held constant . Income distribution is measured by the Gini coefficient . The table below presents the estimated world income Gini coefficients over the last 200 years , as calculated by Milanovic . Taking income distribution of all human beings , the worldwide income inequality has been constantly increasing since the early 19th century . There was a steady increase in the global income inequality Gini score from 1820 to 2002 , with a significant increase between 1980 and 2002 . This trend appears to have peaked and begun a reversal with rapid economic growth in emerging economies , particularly in the large populations of BRIC countries . Income Gini coefficient World , 1820 -- 2005 Year World Gini coefficients 1820 0.43 1850 0.53 1870 0.56 1913 0.61 1929 0.62 1950 0.64 1960 0.64 1980 0.66 2002 0.71 2005 0.68 More detailed data from similar sources plots a continuous decline since 1988 . This is attributed to globalization increasing incomes for billions of poor people , mostly in India and China . Developing countries like Brazil have also improved basic services like health care , education , and sanitation ; others like Chile and Mexico have enacted more progressive tax policies . Year World Gini coefficient . 80 . 76 1998 . 74 2003 . 72 2008 . 70 2013 . 65 Gini coefficients of social Development ( edit ) Gini coefficient is widely used in fields as diverse as sociology , economics , health science , ecology , engineering and agriculture . For example , in social sciences and economics , in addition to income Gini coefficients , scholars have published education Gini coefficients and opportunity Gini coefficients . Gini coefficient of education ( edit ) Education Gini index estimates the inequality in education for a given population . It is used to discern trends in social development through educational attainment over time . From a study of 85 countries by three Economists of World Bank Vinod Thomas , Yan Wang , Xibo Fan , estimate Mali had the highest education Gini index of 0.92 in 1990 ( implying very high inequality in education attainment across the population ) , while the United States had the lowest education inequality Gini index of 0.14 . Between 1960 and 1990 , South Korea , China and India had the fastest drop in education inequality Gini Index . They also claim education Gini index for the United States slightly increased over the 1980 -- 1990 period . Gini coefficient of opportunity ( edit ) Similar in concept to income Gini coefficient , opportunity Gini coefficient measures inequality of opportunity . The concept builds on Amartya Sen 's suggestion that inequality coefficients of social development should be premised on the process of enlarging people 's choices and enhancing their capabilities , rather than on the process of reducing income inequality . Kovacevic in a review of opportunity Gini coefficient explains that the coefficient estimates how well a society enables its citizens to achieve success in life where the success is based on a person 's choices , efforts and talents , not his background defined by a set of predetermined circumstances at birth , such as , gender , race , place of birth , parent 's income and circumstances beyond the control of that individual . In 2003 , Roemer reported Italy and Spain exhibited the largest opportunity inequality Gini index amongst advanced economies . Gini coefficients and income mobility ( edit ) In 1978 , Anthony Shorrocks introduced a measure based on income Gini coefficients to estimate income mobility . This measure , generalized by Maasoumi and Zandvakili , is now generally referred to as Shorrocks index , sometimes as Shorrocks mobility index or Shorrocks rigidity index . It attempts to estimate whether the income inequality Gini coefficient is permanent or temporary , and to what extent a country or region enables economic mobility to its people so that they can move from one ( e.g. bottom 20 % ) income quantile to another ( e.g. middle 20 % ) over time . In other words , Shorrocks index compares inequality of short - term earnings such as annual income of households , to inequality of long - term earnings such as 5 - year or 10 - year total income for same households . Shorrocks index is calculated in number of different ways , a common approach being from the ratio of income Gini coefficients between short - term and long - term for the same region or country . A 2010 study using social security income data for the United States since 1937 and Gini - based Shorrocks indices concludes that income mobility in the United States has had a complicated history , primarily due to mass influx of women into the American labor force after World War II . Income inequality and income mobility trendsc have been different for men and women workers between 1937 and the 2000s . When men and women are considered together , the Gini coefficient - based Shorrocks index trends imply long - term income inequality has been substantially reduced among all workers , in recent decades for the United States . Other scholars , using just 1990s data or other short periods have come to different conclusions . For example , Sastre and Ayala , conclude from their study of income Gini coefficient data between 1993 and 1998 for six developed economies , that France had the least income mobility , Italy the highest , and the United States and Germany intermediate levels of income mobility over those 5 years . Features of Gini coefficient ( edit ) The Gini coefficient has features that make it useful as a measure of dispersion in a population , and inequalities in particular . It is a ratio analysis method making it easier to interpret . It also avoids references to a statistical average or position unrepresentative of most of the population , such as per capita income or gross domestic product . For a given time interval , Gini coefficient can therefore be used to compare diverse countries and different regions or groups within a country ; for example states , counties , urban versus rural areas , gender and ethnic groups . Gini coefficients can be used to compare income distribution over time , thus it is possible to see if inequality is increasing or decreasing independent of absolute incomes . Other useful features of the Gini coefficient include : Anonymity : it does not matter who the high and low earners are . Scale independence : the Gini coefficient does not consider the size of the economy , the way it is measured , or whether it is a rich or poor country on average . Population independence : it does not matter how large the population of the country is . Transfer principle : if income ( less than the difference ) , is transferred from a rich person to a poor person the resulting distribution is more equal . Countries by Gini index ( edit ) Countries ' income inequality according to their most recent reported Gini index values ( often 10 + years old ) as of 2014 : red = high , green = low inequality Main article : List of countries by income equality A Gini index value above 50 is considered high ; countries including Brazil , Colombia , South Africa , Botswana , and Honduras can be found in this category . A Gini index value of 30 or above is considered medium ; countries including Vietnam , Mexico , Poland , The United States , Argentina , Russia and Uruguay can be found in this category . A Gini index value lower than 30 is considered low ; countries including Austria , Germany , Denmark , Slovenia , Sweden and Ukraine can be found in this category . Limitations of Gini coefficient ( edit ) The Gini coefficient is a relative measure . Its proper use and interpretation is controversial . It is possible for the Gini coefficient of a developing country to rise ( due to increasing inequality of income ) while the number of people in absolute poverty decreases . This is because the Gini coefficient measures relative , not absolute , wealth . Changing income inequality , measured by Gini coefficients , can be due to structural changes in a society such as growing population ( baby booms , aging populations , increased divorce rates , extended family households splitting into nuclear families , emigration , immigration ) and income mobility . Gini coefficients are simple , and this simplicity can lead to oversights and can confuse the comparison of different populations ; for example , while both Bangladesh ( per capita income of $1,693 ) and the Netherlands ( per capita income of $42,183 ) had an income Gini coefficient of 0.31 in 2010 , the quality of life , economic opportunity and absolute income in these countries are very different , i.e. countries may have identical Gini coefficients , but differ greatly in wealth . Basic necessities may be available to all in a developed economy , while in an undeveloped economy with the same Gini coefficient , basic necessities may be unavailable to most or unequally available , due to lower absolute wealth . Table A. Different income distributions with the same Gini Index Household Group Country A Annual Income ( $ ) Country B Annual Income ( $ ) 20,000 9,000 30,000 40,000 40,000 48,000 50,000 48,000 5 60,000 55,000 Total Income $200,000 $200,000 Country 's Gini 0.2 0.2 Different income distributions with the same Gini coefficient Even when the total income of a population is the same , in certain situations two countries with different income distributions can have the same Gini index ( e.g. cases when income Lorenz Curves cross ) . Table A illustrates one such situation . Both countries have a Gini coefficient of 0.2 , but the average income distributions for household groups are different . As another example , in a population where the lowest 50 % of individuals have no income and the other 50 % have equal income , the Gini coefficient is 0.5 ; whereas for another population where the lowest 75 % of people have 25 % of income and the top 25 % have 75 % of the income , the Gini index is also 0.5 . Economies with similar incomes and Gini coefficients can have very different income distributions . Bellù and Liberati claim that to rank income inequality between two different populations based on their Gini indices is sometimes not possible , or misleading . Extreme wealth inequality , yet low income Gini coefficient A Gini index does not contain information about absolute national or personal incomes . Populations can have very low income Gini indices , yet simultaneously very high wealth Gini index . By measuring inequality in income , the Gini ignores the differential efficiency of use of household income . By ignoring wealth ( except as it contributes to income ) the Gini can create the appearance of inequality when the people compared are at different stages in their life . Wealthy countries such as Sweden can show a low Gini coefficient for disposable income of 0.31 thereby appearing equal , yet have very high Gini coefficient for wealth of 0.79 to 0.86 thereby suggesting an extremely unequal wealth distribution in its society . These factors are not assessed in income - based Gini . Table B. Same income distributions but different Gini Index Household number Country A Annual Income ( $ ) Household combined number Country A combined Annual Income ( $ ) 20,000 1 & 2 50,000 30,000 40,000 3 & 4 90,000 50,000 5 60,000 5 & 6 130,000 6 70,000 7 80,000 7 & 8 170,000 8 90,000 9 120,000 9 & 10 270,000 10 150,000 Total Income $710,000 $710,000 Country 's Gini 0.303 0.293 Small sample bias -- sparsely populated regions more likely to have low Gini coefficient Gini index has a downward - bias for small populations . Counties or states or countries with small populations and less diverse economies will tend to report small Gini coefficients . For economically diverse large population groups , a much higher coefficient is expected than for each of its regions . Taking world economy as one , and income distribution for all human beings , for example , different scholars estimate global Gini index to range between 0.61 and 0.68 . As with other inequality coefficients , the Gini coefficient is influenced by the granularity of the measurements . For example , five 20 % quantiles ( low granularity ) will usually yield a lower Gini coefficient than twenty 5 % quantiles ( high granularity ) for the same distribution . Philippe Monfort has shown that using inconsistent or unspecified granularity limits the usefulness of Gini coefficient measurements . The Gini coefficient measure gives different results when applied to individuals instead of households , for the same economy and same income distributions . If household data is used , the measured value of income Gini depends on how the household is defined . When different populations are not measured with consistent definitions , comparison is not meaningful . Deininger and Squire ( 1996 ) show that income Gini coefficient based on individual income , rather than household income , are different . For example , for the United States , they find that the individual income - based Gini index was 0.35 , while for France it was 0.43 . According to their individual focused method , in the 108 countries they studied , South Africa had the world 's highest Gini coefficient at 0.62 , Malaysia had Asia 's highest Gini coefficient at 0.5 , Brazil the highest at 0.57 in Latin America and Caribbean region , and Turkey the highest at 0.5 in OECD countries . Table C. Household money income distributions and Gini Index , USA Income bracket ( in 2010 adjusted dollars ) % of Population 1979 % of Population Under $15,000 14.6 % 13.7 % $15,000 -- $24,999 11.9 % 12.0 % $25,000 -- $34,999 12.1 % 10.9 % $35,000 -- $49,999 15.4 % 13.9 % $50,000 -- $74,999 22.1 % 17.7 % $75,000 -- $99,999 12.4 % 11.4 % $100,000 -- $149,999 8.3 % 12.1 % $150,000 -- $199,999 2.0 % 4.5 % $200,000 and over 1.2 % 3.9 % Total Households 80,776,000 118,682,000 United States ' Gini on pre-tax basis 0.404 0.469 Gini coefficient is unable to discern the effects of structural changes in populations Expanding on the importance of life - span measures , the Gini coefficient as a point - estimate of equality at a certain time , ignores life - span changes in income . Typically , increases in the proportion of young or old members of a society will drive apparent changes in equality , simply because people generally have lower incomes and wealth when they are young than when they are old . Because of this , factors such as age distribution within a population and mobility within income classes can create the appearance of inequality when none exist taking into account demographic effects . Thus a given economy may have a higher Gini coefficient at any one point in time compared to another , while the Gini coefficient calculated over individuals ' lifetime income is actually lower than the apparently more equal ( at a given point in time ) economy 's . Essentially , what matters is not just inequality in any particular year , but the composition of the distribution over time . Kwok claims income Gini coefficient for Hong Kong has been high ( 0.434 in 2010 ) , in part because of structural changes in its population . Over recent decades , Hong Kong has witnessed increasing numbers of small households , elderly households and elderly living alone . The combined income is now split into more households . Many old people are living separately from their children in Hong Kong . These social changes have caused substantial changes in household income distribution . Income Gini coefficient , claims Kwok , does not discern these structural changes in its society . Household money income distribution for the United States , summarized in Table C of this section , confirms that this issue is not limited to just Hong Kong . According to the US Census Bureau , between 1979 and 2010 , the population of United States experienced structural changes in overall households , the income for all income brackets increased in inflation - adjusted terms , household income distributions shifted into higher income brackets over time , while the income Gini coefficient increased . Another limitation of Gini coefficient is that it is not a proper measure of egalitarianism , as it is only measures income dispersion . For example , if two equally egalitarian countries pursue different immigration policies , the country accepting a higher proportion of low - income or impoverished migrants will report a higher Gini coefficient and therefore may appear to exhibit more income inequality . Inability to value benefits and income from informal economy affects Gini coefficient accuracy Some countries distribute benefits that are difficult to value . Countries that provide subsidized housing , medical care , education or other such services are difficult to value objectively , as it depends on quality and extent of the benefit . In absence of free markets , valuing these income transfers as household income is subjective . The theoretical model of Gini coefficient is limited to accepting correct or incorrect subjective assumptions . In subsistence - driven and informal economies , people may have significant income in other forms than money , for example through subsistence farming or bartering . These income tend to accrue to the segment of population that is below - poverty line or very poor , in emerging and transitional economy countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa , Latin America , Asia and Eastern Europe . Informal economy accounts for over half of global employment and as much as 90 per cent of employment in some of the poorer sub-Saharan countries with high official Gini inequality coefficients . Schneider et al. , in their 2010 study of 162 countries , report about 31.2 % , or about $20 trillion , of world 's GDP is informal . In developing countries , the informal economy predominates for all income brackets except for the richer , urban upper income bracket populations . Even in developed economies , between 8 % ( United States ) to 27 % ( Italy ) of each nation 's GDP is informal , and resulting informal income predominates as a livelihood activity for those in the lowest income brackets . The value and distribution of the incomes from informal or underground economy is difficult to quantify , making true income Gini coefficients estimates difficult . Different assumptions and quantifications of these incomes will yield different Gini coefficients . Gini has some mathematical limitations as well . It is not additive and different sets of people can not be averaged to obtain the Gini coefficient of all the people in the sets . Alternatives to Gini coefficient ( edit ) Given the limitations of Gini coefficient , other statistical methods are used in combination or as an alternative measure of population dispersity . For example , entropy measures are frequently used ( e.g. the Theil Index , the Atkinson index and the generalized entropy index ) . These measures attempt to compare the distribution of resources by intelligent agents in the market with a maximum entropy random distribution , which would occur if these agents acted like non-intelligent particles in a closed system following the laws of statistical physics . Relation to other statistical measures ( edit ) The Gini coefficient is closely related to the AUC ( Area Under receiver operating characteristic Curve ) measure of performance . The relation follows the formula A U C = ( G + 1 ) / 2 ( \ displaystyle AUC = ( G + 1 ) / 2 ) . Gini coefficient is also closely related to Mann -- Whitney U . The Gini index is also related to Pietra index -- both of which are a measure of statistical heterogeneity and are derived from Lorenz curve and the diagonal line . In certain fields such as ecology , inverse Simpson 's index 1 / λ ( \ displaystyle 1 / \ lambda ) is used to quantify diversity , and this should not be confused with the Simpson index λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) . These indicators are related to Gini . The inverse Simpson index increases with diversity , unlike Simpson index and Gini coefficient which decrease with diversity . The Simpson index is in the range ( 0 , 1 ) , where 0 means maximum and 1 means minimum diversity ( or heterogeneity ) . Since diversity indices typically increase with increasing heterogeneity , Simpson index is often transformed into inverse Simpson , or using the complement 1 − λ ( \ displaystyle 1 - \ lambda ) , known as Gini - Simpson Index . Other uses ( edit ) Although the Gini coefficient is most popular in economics , it can in theory be applied in any field of science that studies a distribution . For example , in ecology the Gini coefficient has been used as a measure of biodiversity , where the cumulative proportion of species is plotted against cumulative proportion of individuals . In health , it has been used as a measure of the inequality of health related quality of life in a population . In education , it has been used as a measure of the inequality of universities . In chemistry it has been used to express the selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors against a panel of kinases . In engineering , it has been used to evaluate the fairness achieved by Internet routers in scheduling packet transmissions from different flows of traffic . The Gini coefficient is sometimes used for the measurement of the discriminatory power of rating systems in credit risk management . A 2005 study accessed US census data to measure home computer ownership , and used the Gini coefficient to measure inequalities amongst whites and African Americans . Results indicated that although decreasing overall , home computer ownership inequality is substantially smaller among white households . A 2016 peer - reviewed study titled Employing the Gini coefficient to measure participation inequality in treatment - focused Digital Health Social Networks illustrated that the Gini coefficient was helpful and accurate in measuring shifts in inequality , however as a standalone metric it failed to incorporate overall network size . The discriminatory power refers to a credit risk model 's ability to differentiate between defaulting and non-defaulting clients . The formula G 1 ( \ displaystyle G_ ( 1 ) ) , in calculation section above , may be used for the final model and also at individual model factor level , to quantify the discriminatory power of individual factors . It is related to accuracy ratio in population assessment models . See also ( edit ) Diversity index Economic inequality Great Gatsby curve Human Poverty Index Income inequality metrics Kuznets curve Pareto distribution Hoover index ( a.k.a. Robin Hood index ) ROC analysis Social welfare provision Suits index Utopia Welfare economics List of countries by distribution of wealth List of countries by income equality List of U.S. states by income equality Herfindahl index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gini ( 1912 ) . Jump up ^ Gini , C. ( 1909 ) . `` Concentration and dependency ratios '' ( in Italian ) . English translation in Rivista di Politica Economica , 87 ( 1997 ) , 769 -- 789 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Survey ( CPS ) -- Definitions and Explanations '' . US Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Note : Gini coefficient becomes 1 , only in a large population where one person has all the income . In the special case of just two people , where one has no income and the other has all the income , the Gini coefficient is 0.5 . For 5 people set , where 4 have no income and the fifth has all the income , the Gini coefficient is 0.8 . See : FAO , United Nations -- Inequality Analysis , The Gini Index Module ( PDF format ) , fao.org . Jump up ^ Gini , C. ( 1936 ) . `` On the Measure of Concentration with Special Reference to Income and Statistics '' , Colorado College Publication , General Series No. 208 , 73 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` Income distribution -- Inequality : Income distribution -- Inequality -- Country tables '' . OECD. 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Snapshot , Q4 2013 '' ( PDF ) . KPMG. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Coefficient '' . United Nations Development Program . 2012 . Jump up ^ Schüssler , Mike ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` The Gini is still in the bottle '' . Money Web . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hillebrand , Evan ( June 2009 ) . `` Poverty , Growth , and Inequality over the Next 50 Years '' ( PDF ) . FAO , United Nations -- Economic and Social Development Department . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Wealth of Nations : Pathways to Human Development , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Program . 2011 . pp. 72 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 28445 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yitzhaki , Shlomo ( 1998 ) . `` More than a Dozen Alternative Ways of Spelling Gini '' ( PDF ) . Economic Inequality. 8 : 13 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Sung , Myung Jae ( August 2010 ) . `` Population Aging , Mobility of Quarterly Incomes , and Annual Income Inequality : Theoretical Discussion and Empirical Findings '' . ^ Jump up to : Blomquist , N. ( 1981 ) . `` A comparison of distributions of annual and lifetime income : Sweden around 1970 '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 27 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 264 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1981. tb00227. x . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya ( 1977 ) , On Economic Inequality ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` Half of world 's wealth now in hands of 1 % of population '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Gini Coefficient '' . Wolfram Mathworld . Jump up ^ Crow , E.L. , & Shimizu , K. ( Eds . ) . ( 1988 ) . Lognormal distributions : Theory and applications ( Vol. 88 ) . New York : M. Dekker , page 11 . Jump up ^ Giles ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Jasso , Guillermina ( 1979 ) . `` On Gini 's Mean Difference and Gini 's Index of Concentration '' . American Sociological Review . 44 ( 5 ) : 867 -- 870 . doi : 10.2307 / 2094535 . JSTOR 2094535 . Jump up ^ Deaton ( 1997 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Allison , Paul D. ( 1979 ) . `` Reply to Jasso '' . American Sociological Review . 44 ( 5 ) : 870 -- 872 . doi : 10.2307 / 2094536 . JSTOR 2094536 . ^ Jump up to : Bellù , Lorenzo Giovanni ; Liberati , Paolo ( 2006 ) . `` Inequality Analysis -- The Gini Index '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organization , United Nations . Jump up ^ Firebaugh , Glenn ( 1999 ) . `` Empirics of World Income Inequality '' . American Journal of Sociology. 104 ( 6 ) : 1597 -- 1630 . doi : 10.1086 / 210218 ... See also -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . `` Inequality : What it is and how it is measured '' . The New Geography of Global Income Inequality . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01067 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kakwani , N.C. ( April 1977 ) . `` Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis '' . Econometrica. 45 ( 3 ) : 719 -- 728 . doi : 10.2307 / 1911684 . JSTOR 1911684 . ^ Jump up to : Chu , Ke - young ; Davoodi , Hamid ; Gupta , Sanjeev ( March 2000 ) . `` Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Monitoring quality of life in Europe -- Gini index '' . Eurofound. 26 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Wang , Chen ; Caminada , Koen ; Goudswaard , Kees ( 2012 ) . `` The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes : A decomposition across countries '' . International Social Security Review . 65 ( 3 ) : 27 -- 48 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 246X. 2012.01435. x . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Bob ( April 2007 ) . `` Postscript to the article ' World inequality and globalization ' ( Oxford Review of Economic Policy , Spring 2004 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz , Isabel ; Cummins , Matthew ( April 2011 ) . `` Global Inequality : Beyond the Bottom Billion '' ( PDF ) . UNICEF . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Berg , Andrew G. ; Ostry , Jonathan D. ( 2011 ) . `` Equality and Efficiency '' . Finance and Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Milanovic , Branko ( 2009 ) . `` Global Inequality and the Global Inequality Extraction Ratio '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Jump up ^ Milanovic , Branko ( September 2011 ) . `` More or Less '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . 48 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Berry , Albert ; Serieux , John ( September 2006 ) . `` Riding the Elephants : The Evolution of World Economic Growth and Income Distribution at the End of the Twentieth Century ( 1980 -- 2000 ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations ( DESA Working Paper No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ `` What The Stat About The 8 Richest Men Does n't Tell Us About Inequality '' . Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Poverty and Prosperity 2016 / Taking on Inequality '' ( PDF ) ... Figure O. 10 Global Inequality , 1988 -- 2013 Jump up ^ Sadras , V.O. ; Bongiovanni , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to assess yield inequality within paddocks '' . Field Crops Research . 90 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 303 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fcr. 2004.04. 003 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Vinod ; Wang , Yan ; Fan , Xibo ( January 2001 ) . `` Measuring education inequality : Gini coefficients of education '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . doi : 10.1596 / 1813 - 9450 - 2525 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roemer , John E. ( September 2006 ) . Economic development as opportunity equalization ( Report ) . Yale University . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.403. 4725 . SSRN 931479 . Jump up ^ John Weymark ( 2003 ) . `` Generalized Gini Indices of Equality of Opportunity '' . Journal of Economic Inequality. 1 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 24 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023923807503 . Jump up ^ Milorad Kovacevic ( November 2010 ) . `` Measurement of Inequality in Human Development -- A Review '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Program . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Anthony B. ( 1999 ) . `` The contributions of Amartya Sen to Welfare Economics '' ( PDF ) . The Scandinavian Journal of Economics . 101 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 190 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9442.00151 . JSTOR 3440691 . Jump up ^ Roemer ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` To what extent do fiscal regimes equalize opportunities for income acquisition among citizens ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Public Economics . 87 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 539 -- 565 . doi : 10.1016 / S0047 - 2727 ( 01 ) 00145 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shorrocks , Anthony ( December 1978 ) . `` Income inequality and income mobility '' . Journal of Economic Theory . Elsevier . 19 ( 2 ) : 376 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0531 ( 78 ) 90101 - 1 . Jump up ^ Maasoumi , Esfandiar ; Zandvakili , Sourushe ( 1986 ) . `` A class of generalized measures of mobility with applications '' . Economics Letters. 22 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 102 . doi : 10.1016 / 0165 - 1765 ( 86 ) 90150 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kopczuk , Wojciech ; Saez , Emmanuel ; Song , Jae ( 2010 ) . `` Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States : Evidence from Social Security Data Since 1937 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 125 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 128 . doi : 10.1162 / qjec. 2010.125. 1.91 . JSTOR 40506278 . Jump up ^ Chen , Wen - Hao ( March 2009 ) . `` Cross-national Differences in Income Mobility : Evidence from Canada , the United States , Great Britain and Germany '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 55 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 100 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.2008. 00307. x . Jump up ^ Sastre , Mercedes ; Ayala , Luis ( 2002 ) . `` Europe vs. The United States : Is There a Trade - Off Between Mobility and Inequality ? '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Social and Economic Research , University of Essex . Jump up ^ Litchfield , Julie A. ( March 1999 ) . `` Inequality : Methods and Tools '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . Jump up ^ Ray , Debraj ( 1998 ) . Development Economics . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01706 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Distribution of family income -- Gini index '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Thomas ( Spring 2010 ) . `` U.S. Income Inequality : It 's Not So Bad '' ( PDF ) . Inside the Vault . U.S. Federal Reserve , St Louis . 14 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Mellor , John W. ( 2 June 1989 ) . `` Dramatic Poverty Reduction in the Third World : Prospects and Needed Action '' ( PDF ) . International Food Policy Research Institute : 18 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : KWOK Kwok Chuen ( 2010 ) . `` Income Distribution of Hong Kong and the Gini Coefficient '' ( PDF ) . The Government of Hong Kong , China . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Wealth of Nations : Pathways to Human Development ( 2010 Human Development Report -- see Stat Tables ) '' . United Nations Development Program . 2011 . pp. 152 -- 156 . Jump up ^ De Maio , Fernando G. ( 2007 ) . `` Income inequality measures '' . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health . 61 ( 10 ) : 849 -- 852 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2006.052969 . PMC 2652960 . PMID 17873219 . Jump up ^ Domeij , David ; Flodén , Martin ( 2010 ) . `` Inequality Trends in Sweden 1978 -- 2004 '' . Review of Economic Dynamics . 13 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 208 . doi : 10.1016 / j. red. 2009.10. 005 . Jump up ^ Domeij , David ; Klein , Paul ( January 2000 ) . `` Accounting for Swedish wealth inequality '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Deltas , George ( February 2003 ) . `` The Small - Sample Bias of the Gini Coefficient : Results and Implications for Empirical Research '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 1 ) : 226 -- 234 . doi : 10.1162 / rest. 2003.85. 1.226 . JSTOR 3211637 . Jump up ^ Monfort , Philippe ( 2008 ) . `` Convergence of EU regions : Measures and evolution '' ( PDF ) . European Union -- Europa . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Deininger , Klaus ; Squire , Lyn ( 1996 ) . `` A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality '' ( PDF ) . World Bank Economic Review . 10 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 591 . doi : 10.1093 / wber / 10.3. 565 . ^ Jump up to : `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2010 ( see Table A-2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Census Bureau , Dept of Commerce , United States . September 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Budget Office : Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 . October 2011 . see pp. i -- x , with definitions on ii -- iii Jump up ^ Schneider , Friedrich ; Buehn , Andreas ; Montenegro , Claudio E. ( 2010 ) . `` New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World '' . International Economic Journal . 24 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 461 . doi : 10.1080 / 10168737.2010. 525974 . Jump up ^ The Informal Economy ( PDF ) . International Institute for Environment and Development , United Kingdom . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84369 - 822 - 7 . Jump up ^ Feldstein , Martin ( August 1998 ) . `` Is income inequality really the problem ? ( Overview ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Federal Reserve . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ; Weerapana , Akila ( 2009 ) . Principles of Microeconomics : Global Financial Crisis Edition . pp. 416 -- 418 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 7821 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rosser , J. Barkley Jr. ; Rosser , Marina V. ; Ahmed , Ehsan ( March 2000 ) . `` Income Inequality and the Informal Economy in Transition Economies '' . Journal of Comparative Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 156 -- 171 . doi : 10.1006 / jcec. 2000.1645 . Jump up ^ Krstić , Gorana ; Sanfey , Peter ( February 2010 ) . `` Earnings inequality and the informal economy : evidence from Serbia '' ( PDF ) . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . Jump up ^ Schneider , Friedrich ( December 2004 ) . The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World : First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003 ( Report ) . hdl : 10419 / 20729 . SSRN 636661 . Jump up ^ Hand , David J. ; Till , Robert J. ( 2001 ) . `` A Simple Generalisation of the Area Under the ROC Curve for Multiple Class Classification Problems '' . Machine Learning . 45 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 186 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1010920819831 . Jump up ^ Eliazar , Iddo I. ; Sokolov , Igor M. ( 2010 ) . `` Measuring statistical heterogeneity : The Pietra index '' . Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 389 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 125 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physa. 2009.08. 006 . Jump up ^ Lee , Wen - Chung ( 1999 ) . `` Probabilistic Analysis of Global Performances of Diagnostic Tests : Interpreting the Lorenz Curve - Based Summary Measures '' ( PDF ) . Statistics in Medicine . 18 ( 4 ) : 455 -- 471 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0258 ( 19990228 ) 18 : 4 < 455 : : AID - SIM44 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10070686 . Jump up ^ Peet , Robert K. ( 1974 ) . `` The Measurement of Species Diversity '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 : 285 -- 307 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 05.110174. 001441 . JSTOR 2096890 . Jump up ^ Wittebolle , Lieven ; Marzorati , Massimo ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress '' . Nature . 458 ( 7238 ) : 623 -- 626 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07840 . PMID 19270679 . Jump up ^ Asada , Yukiko ( 2005 ) . `` Assessment of the health of Americans : the average health - related quality of life and its inequality across individuals and groups '' . Population Health Metrics. 3 : 7 . doi : 10.1186 / 1478 - 7954 - 3 - 7 . PMC 1192818 . PMID 16014174 . Jump up ^ Halffman , Willem ; Leydesdorff , Loet ( 2010 ) . `` Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing ? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities '' . Minerva. 48 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s11024 - 010 - 9141 - 3 . PMC 2850525 . PMID 20401157 . Jump up ^ Graczyk , Piotr ( 2007 ) . `` Gini Coefficient : A New Way To Express Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors against a Family of Kinases '' . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 50 ( 23 ) : 5773 -- 5779 . doi : 10.1021 / jm070562u . PMID 17948979 . Jump up ^ Shi , Hongyuan ; Sethu , Harish ( 2003 ) . `` Greedy Fair Queueing : A Goal - Oriented Strategy for Fair Real - Time Packet Scheduling '' . Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Real - Time Systems Symposium . IEEE Computer Society . pp. 345 -- 356 . ISBN 0 - 7695 - 2044 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christodoulakis , George A. ; Satchell , Stephen , eds . ( November 2007 ) . The Analytics of Risk Model Validation ( Quantitative Finance ) . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8158 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chakraborty , J ; Bosman , MM . `` Measuring the digital divide in the United States : race , income , and personal computer ownership '' . Prof Geogr. 57 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 410 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0033 - 0124.2005 . Jump up ^ van Mierlo , T ; Hyatt , D ; Ching , A ( 2016 ) . `` Employing the Gini coefficient to measure participation inequality in treatment - focused Digital Health Social Networks '' . Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma. 5 ( 32 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s13721 - 016 - 0140 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Amiel , Y. ; Cowell , F.A. ( 1999 ) . Thinking about Inequality . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46696 - 2 . Anand , Sudhir ( 1983 ) . Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520153 - 1 . Brown , Malcolm ( 1994 ) . `` Using Gini - Style Indices to Evaluate the Spatial Patterns of Health Practitioners : Theoretical Considerations and an Application Based on Alberta Data '' . Social Science & Medicine . 38 ( 9 ) : 1243 -- 1256 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 9536 ( 94 ) 90189 - 9 . PMID 8016689 . Chakravarty , S.R. ( 1990 ) . Ethical Social Index Numbers . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 52274 - 3 . Deaton , Angus ( 1997 ) . Analysis of Household Surveys . Baltimore MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 585 - 23787 - 5 . Dixon , Philip M. ; Weiner , Jacob ; Mitchell - Olds , Thomas ; Woodley , Robert ( 1987 ) . `` Bootstrapping the Gini coefficient of inequality '' . Ecology . Ecological Society of America . 68 ( 5 ) : 1548 -- 1551 . doi : 10.2307 / 1939238 . JSTOR 1939238 . Dorfman , Robert ( 1979 ) . `` A Formula for the Gini Coefficient '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . The MIT Press . 61 ( 1 ) : 146 -- 149 . doi : 10.2307 / 1924845 . JSTOR 1924845 . Firebaugh , Glenn ( 2003 ) . The New Geography of Global Income Inequality . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01067 - 1 . Gastwirth , Joseph L. ( 1972 ) . `` The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . The MIT Press . 54 ( 3 ) : 306 -- 316 . doi : 10.2307 / 1937992 . JSTOR 1937992 . Giles , David ( 2004 ) . `` Calculating a Standard Error for the Gini Coefficient : Some Further Results '' ( PDF ) . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics . 66 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 433 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0084.2004. 00086. x . Gini , Corrado ( 1912 ) . Variabilità e mutabilità . Reprinted in Pizetti , E. ; Salvemini , T. , eds. ( 1955 ) . Memorie di metodologica statistica . Rome : Libreria Eredi Virgilio Veschi . Gini , Corrado ( 1921 ) . `` Measurement of Inequality of Incomes '' . The Economic Journal . Blackwell Publishing . 31 ( 121 ) : 124 -- 126 . doi : 10.2307 / 2223319 . JSTOR 2223319 . Giorgi , Giovanni Maria ( 1990 ) . `` Bibliographic portrait of the Gini concentration ratio '' ( PDF ) . Metron. 48 : 183 -- 231 . Karagiannis , E. ; Kovacevic , M. ( 2000 ) . `` A Method to Calculate the Jackknife Variance Estimator for the Gini Coefficient '' . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics . 62 : 119 -- 122 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0084.00163 . Mills , Jeffrey A. ; Zandvakili , Sourushe ( 1997 ) . `` Statistical Inference via Bootstrapping for Measures of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Econometrics. 12 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 150 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1255 ( 199703 ) 12 : 2 < 133 : : AID - JAE433 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - H. JSTOR 2284908 . Modarres , Reza ; Gastwirth , Joseph L. ( 2006 ) . `` A Cautionary Note on Estimating the Standard Error of the Gini Index of Inequality '' . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics . 68 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 390 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0084.2006. 00167. x . Morgan , James ( 1962 ) . `` The Anatomy of Income Distribution '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . The MIT Press . 44 ( 3 ) : 270 -- 283 . doi : 10.2307 / 1926398 . JSTOR 1926398 . Ogwang , Tomson ( 2000 ) . `` A Convenient Method of Computing the Gini Index and its Standard Error '' . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics . 62 : 123 -- 129 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 0084.00164 . Ogwang , Tomson ( 2004 ) . `` Calculating a Standard Error for the Gini Coefficient : Some Further Results : Reply '' . Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics . 66 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 437 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0084.2004. 00087. x . Xu , Kuan ( January 2004 ) . `` How Has the Literature on Gini 's Index Evolved in the Past 80 Years ? '' ( PDF ) . Department of Economics , Dalhousie University . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . The Chinese version of this paper appears in Xu , Kuan ( 2003 ) . `` How Has the Literature on Gini 's Index Evolved in the Past 80 Years ? '' . China Economic Quarterly . 2 : 757 -- 778 . Yitzhaki , Shlomo ( 1991 ) . `` Calculating Jackknife Variance Estimators for Parameters of the Gini Method '' . Journal of Business and Economic Statistics . American Statistical Association . 9 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 239 . doi : 10.2307 / 1391792 . JSTOR 1391792 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gini coefficient . Deutsche Bundesbank : Do banks diversify loan portfolios ? , 2005 ( on using e.g. the Gini coefficient for risk evaluation of loan portfolios ) Forbes Article , In praise of inequality Measuring Software Project Risk With The Gini Coefficient , an application of the Gini coefficient to software The World Bank : Measuring Inequality Travis Hale , University of Texas Inequality Project : The Theoretical Basics of Popular Inequality Measures , online computation of examples : 1A , 1B Article from The Guardian analysing inequality in the UK 1974 -- 2006 World Income Inequality Database Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries U.S. Income Distribution : Just How Unequal ? Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Deprivation and poverty indicators Social Topics : Social exclusion Social vulnerability Relative deprivation Disadvantaged Fushūgaku Hikikomori Social determinants of health in poverty Measures : Social Progress Index Psychological Topics : psychological poverty Poverty and mental health Social and psychological value of money Economic Topics : Energy poverty Money - rich , time - poor Poverty threshold Secondary poverty Asset poverty Housing stress Income deficit Survival sex Debt bondage Measures : Below Poverty Line ( India ) Homeless Vulnerability Index Misery index ( economics ) Gini coefficient Genuine progress indicator ( GPI ) Legatum Prosperity Index Poverty gap index Physical Topics : Poverty and Violence Disability and poverty Food insecurity Measures : India State Hunger Index Global Hunger Index Disability - adjusted life year ( DALYs ) Global Peace Index ( GPI ) Complex measures Human Poverty Index ( HPI ) Human Development Index ( HDI ) Multidimensional Poverty Index ( MPI ) Physical Quality of Life Index ( PQLI ) Laeken indicators ( EU ) Scottish index of multiple deprivation Townsend deprivation index Living Planet Index ( LPI ) Progress out of Poverty Index Gender Topics : Feminization of poverty Measures : Gender - related Development Index ( GDI ) Gender Parity Index Other Theories of poverty Well - being Welfare Wellness Quality of Life Self - perceived quality - of - life scale Subjective well - being ( SWB ) Suboptimal health Stress Rural access issues Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Post-materialism Pen 's parade Diseases of poverty Diseases of poverty AIDS Malaria Tuberculosis Measles Pneumonia Diarrheal diseases Neglected diseases Cholera Chagas disease African sleeping sickness Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis River blindness Leishmaniasis Trachoma Miscellaneous Malnutrition Priority review voucher Indices of Deprivation National ( general deprivation ) Carstairs index Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 ( IMD2000 ) Indices of deprivation 2004 ( ID2004 ) Indices of deprivation 2007 ( ID2007 ) Indices of deprivation 2010 ( ID2010 ) National ( subject specific deprivation ) Underprivileged area score Department of Environment Index Environment portal Category Commons Organizations NDL : 01126754 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gini_coefficient&oldid=814481182 '' Categories : Demographic economics Income inequality metrics Welfare economics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 02 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does it mean if the gini coefficient for any given society is rising over time	[]	[]
-826715423229315838	Young India	Young India - Wikipedia Young India Young India Young India was a weekshed - a weekly paper or journal - in English published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1919 to 1931 . Gandhi wrote various quotations in this journal that inspired many . He used Young India to spread his unique ideology and thoughts regarding the use of nonviolence in organising movements and to urge readers to consider , organise , and plan for India 's eventual independence from Britain . In 1933 Gandhiji started publishing a weekly newspaper , Harijan , in English . Harijan - which means `` People of God '' , and was also Gandhi 's term for the untouchable caste - lasted until 1948 . During this time Gandhi also published Harijan Bandu in Gujarati , and Harijan Sevak in Hindi . All three papers focused on India 's and the world 's social and economic problems . The journal was reprinted in USA by the India Home Rule League of America . See also ( edit ) Indian Opinion , newspaper established by Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi Heritage Portal , portal to preserve , and protect the works of Mahatma Gandhi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of Mass Media '' ( PDF ) . University of Calicut . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ V.N. Narayanan , `` Mahatma Gandhi - Peerless Communicator '' ( on Gandhi as a journalist ) . External links ( edit ) Issues of Young India in the South Asian American Digital Archive ( SAADA ) . http://www.youngindia24.com Young India , Journal collection Wikisource has original text related to this article : Young India Wikimedia Commons has media related to Young India . Mahatma Gandhi Life events and movements Indian Ambulance Corps Bardoli Satyagraha Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Indian independence movement Non-cooperation Movement Chauri Chaura incident Purna Swaraj flag Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vaikom Satyagraha Aundh Experiment Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Second Round Table Conference Padayatra Poona Pact Natal Indian Congress Quit India speech Gujarat Vidyapith University Harijan Sevak Sangh Ashrams ( Kochrab Tolstoy Farm Sabarmati Sevagram ) List of fasts Assassination Philosophy Gandhism Economics trusteeship Education Sarvodaya Satyagraha Swadeshi Swaraj Gandhi cap Publications Harijan Hind Swaraj ( Indian Home Rule ) Indian Opinion The Story of My Experiments with Truth Young India Seven Social Sins ( Gandhi Heritage Portal ) Influences A Letter to a Hindu Ahimsa nonviolence Bhagavad Gita Henry David Thoreau Civil Disobedience ( essay ) Civil disobedience Fasting Harishchandra Hinduism Khadi John Ruskin Parsee Rustomjee Leo Tolstoy The Kingdom of God Is Within You The Masque of Anarchy Muhammad Narmad Pacifism Sermon on the Mount Shravan Shrimad Rajchandra Henry Stephens Salt Tirukkuṛaḷ Unto This Last Gandhi 's translation `` Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram '' `` Ekla Chalo Re '' `` Hari Tuma Haro '' `` Vaishnava Jana To '' Vegetarianism Associates Swami Anand C.F. Andrews Jamnalal Bajaj Shankarlal Banker Sarla Behn Vinoba Bhave Brij Krishna Chandiwala Sudhakar Chaturvedi Jugatram Dave Mahadev Desai Dada Dharmadhikari Kanu Gandhi Shiv Prasad Gupta Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri J.C. Kumarappa Hermann Kallenbach Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya Kripalani Mirabehn Mohanlal Pandya Vallabhbhai Patel Narhari Parikh Mithuben Petit Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Bibi Amtus Salam Sonja Schlesin Anugrah Narayan Sinha Shri Krishna Singh Rettamalai Srinivasan V.A. Sundaram Abbas Tyabji Ravishankar Vyas Legacy Artistic depictions Gandhigiri Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith Indian currency Family Karamchand Gandhi ( father ) Kasturba ( wife ) Harilal ( son ) Manilal ( son ) Ramdas ( son ) Devdas ( son ) Maganlal ( cousin ) Samaldas ( nephew ) Arun ( grandson ) Ela ( granddaughter ) Rajmohan ( grandson ) Gopalkrishna ( grandson ) Ramchandra ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandson ) Kanu ( grandnephew ) Tushar ( great - grandson ) Leela ( great - granddaughter ) Influenced James Bevel Steve Biko 14th Dalai Lama Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Morarji Desai Eknath Easwaran Maria Lacerda de Moura James Lawson Martin Luther King Jr . Nelson Mandela Brajkishore Prasad Rajendra Prasad Ramjee Singh Aung San Suu Kyi Lanza del Vasto Abhay Bang Sane Guruji Memorials Statues Houston Johannesburg London ( Parliament Square ) New York Patna Pietermaritzburg Washington Observances Gandhi Jayanti International Day of Non-Violence Martyrs ' Day Season for Nonviolence Other Aga Khan Palace Gandhi Bhawan Gandhi Mandapam Gandhi Market Bookstores Gandhi Promenade Gandhi Smriti Gandhi Memorial Gandhi Memorial Museum , Madurai Kaba Gandhi No Delo Kirti Mandir Mahatma Gandhi College Mohandas Gandhi High School National Gandhi Museum Raj Ghat Sabarmati Ashram Satyagraha House Gandhi Teerth Roads named after Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre , Matale This political magazine or journal - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_India&oldid=856809358 '' Categories : Defunct magazines of India Defunct political magazines English - language magazines in India Indian political magazines Indian weekly magazines Literature of Indian independence movement Magazines established in 1919 Magazines disestablished in 1931 Mahatma Gandhi Political magazine stubs Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg فارسی हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who wrote the magazine young india in 1931	[ "Young India was a weekshed - a weekly paper or journal - in English published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi from 1919 to 1931.[1] Gandhi wrote various quotations in this journal that inspired many. He used Young India to spread his unique ideology and thoughts regarding the use of nonviolence in organising movements and to urge readers to consider, organise, and plan for India's eventual independence from Britain.\n" ]	[ "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" ]
-1537829430451805150	Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Portal Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new mamma mia 2 come out	[ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week of its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats.[5] The film has been a box office success, grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the performances and musical numbers.[6][7]\n" ]	[ "July 20, 2018" ]
5966771703234495748	The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past	The Legend of Zelda : a Link to the Past - Wikipedia The Legend of Zelda : a Link to the Past Jump to : navigation , search The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past North American box art Developer ( s ) Nintendo EAD Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Takashi Tezuka Producer ( s ) Shigeru Miyamoto Artist ( s ) Masanao Arimoto Tsuyoshi Watanabe Writer ( s ) Kensuke Tanabe Yoshiaki Koizumi Composer ( s ) Koji Kondo Series The Legend of Zelda Platform ( s ) Super NES Game Boy Advance Release November 21 , 1991 ( show ) Super NES JP : November 21 , 1991 NA : April 13 , 1992 EU : September 24 , 1992 Game Boy Advance NA : December 2 , 2002 JP : March 14 , 2003 PAL : March 28 , 2003 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past is an action - adventure video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game console . It is the third installment in The Legend of Zelda series and was released in 1991 in Japan and 1992 in North America and Europe . The plot of A Link to the Past focuses on Link as he travels on a journey to save Hyrule , defeat Ganon and rescue maidens related to the Sages . A Link to the Past uses a 3 / 4 top - down perspective similar to that of the original The Legend of Zelda , dropping the side scrolling elements of Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past introduced elements to the series that are still commonplace today , such as the concept of an alternate or parallel world , the Master Sword and other new weapons and items . Critics and players alike have commented on the similarities between A Link to the Past and the Nintendo 64 sequel Ocarina of Time , with some even referring to the latter as a `` spiritual remake '' of A Link to the Past . Released to critical and commercial success , A Link to the Past was a landmark title for Nintendo and is widely considered today to be one of the greatest video games of all time . Over four million units of the game have been sold worldwide . A Link to the Past was ported to the Game Boy Advance with slight changes ( see The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past and Four Swords ) , and is available for the Wii , Wii U , and New Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console . Nintendo re-released A Link to the Past in the United States in September 2017 as part of the company 's Super NES Classic Edition . A successor to the game , titled The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds , was released for the Nintendo 3DS in November 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Characters 2.2 Story 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Legacy 4.1 Chris Houlihan Room 4.2 Comics 4.3 Related games 4.3. 1 Inishie no Sekiban 4.3. 2 A Link to the Past and Four Swords 4.3. 3 A Link Between Worlds 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) An area in the Light World ( top ) , and the same found in the Dark World ( bottom ) Instead of continuing to use the side - scrolling perspective introduced to the series by Zelda II : The Adventure of Link , A Link to the Past reverts to an overhead perspective similar to that of the original . While A Link to the Past still uses mechanics and concepts from the original game , it also introduces new elements and innovations . For instance , arrows are now separate items , as bombs are in the original , instead of using a Rupee to fire an arrow . A Link to the Past also takes concepts from The Adventure of Link , such as the magic meter , which is used by items such as the Lamp . Control of Link is more flexible than in previous games , as he can walk diagonally and can run with the aid of the Pegasus Boots ( Pegasus Shoes in the GBA version ) . Link 's sword attack was improved to swing sideways instead of merely stabbing forward ; this gives his sword a broader range and makes combat easier . Link swings his sword as the default attack in future Zelda games , although stabbing is also possible in the later 3D incarnations . Recurring items and techniques were introduced for the first time in A Link to the Past , such as the Hookshot , the Master Sword , the Spin Attack technique , and the Pegasus Boots . Heart Containers that increase the player 's maximum health ( hit points ) in the earlier two games are present , but many are split into `` Pieces of Heart '' , four of which make up one Heart Container . Most of them are well hidden , adding replay value to the game . All dungeons are multi-level , requiring Link to walk between floors and sometimes fall through holes to land on lower levels . A Link to the Past is the first appearance of what would subsequently become a major Zelda trademark : the existence of two parallel worlds between which the player travels . The first , called the Light World , is the ordinary Hyrule where Link grew up with his uncle . The second is what was once the Sacred Realm , but became the Dark World when Ganon acquired the Triforce . The Dark World is a corrupted version of Hyrule ; the water is a dark , unpleasant blue - green color , the grass is dead , skulls replace rocks and pots , and trees have faces . People change forms in the Dark World based on their nature ; without an item to prevent it ( in this case , the Moon Pearl ) , Link turns into a pink rabbit . Each location in the Light World corresponds to a similar location in the Dark World , usually with a similar physical structure but an opposite nature ( e.g. a desert in the Light World corresponds to a swamp in the Dark World , a peaceful village in the Light World corresponds to a dilapidated town of thieves in the Dark World ) . Link can travel from the Dark World to the Light World at almost any outside location by using the Magic Mirror , and can travel back to the Dark World again from the same location using a temporary portal left behind on the map at the point where he reappears in the Light World . Otherwise , Link must use hidden warp locations throughout the Light World to travel from the Light World to the Dark World . Travel between worlds allows for puzzles in A Link to the Past that exploit structural differences between the Light and Dark Worlds , as Link may travel to otherwise inaccessible areas in one world by warping from parallel but accessible locations in the other world . Plot ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) Players assume the role of hero Link , a young boy living with his uncle south of Hyrule Castle . Princess Zelda , a descendant of the seven sages , is held captive in the castle dungeon by Agahnim , a treacherous wizard who has set forth a chain of events to unleash Ganon . Sahasrahla , a descendant of those who forged the Master Sword , mentors Link on his quest . Series antagonist Ganon remains sealed in the Dark World . It is revealed late in the game that Agahnim is an avatar of Ganon , used by the King of Evil to infiltrate the Light World . Story ( edit ) A Link to the Past is a prequel to the original The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II : The Adventure of Link . At the beginning of the game , a young boy named Link is awakened by a telepathic message from Princess Zelda , who says that she is locked in the dungeon of nearby Hyrule Castle . As the message closes , Link finds his uncle ready for battle , telling Link to remain in bed . After his uncle leaves , however , Link ignores his uncle 's command and follows him to the dungeons under Hyrule Castle . When he arrives , he finds his uncle mortally wounded . Link 's uncle tells him to rescue Princess Zelda from her prison , giving him his sword and shield and soon passes away . Link navigates the castle and rescues Zelda from her cell , and the two escape into a secret passage through the sewers that leads to a sanctuary . Link is told by the priest in the sanctuary that Agahnim , a wizard who has usurped the throne , is planning to break a seal made hundreds of years ago by the Seven Sages . The seal was placed to imprison a dark wizard named Ganon in the Dark World , a near - mirror of Hyrule which was once known as the Sacred Realm before Ganon invaded it , obtained the legendary Triforce held there , and used its power to turn the realm into a land of darkness . Agahnim intends to break the seal by sending the descendants of the Seven Sages who made the seal into the Dark World . The only thing that can defeat Agahnim is the Master Sword , a sword that can only be wielded by the chosen hero and forged to combat evil . To prove that he is worthy to wield it , Link needs three magic pendants , hidden in dungeons guarded by mythical defenders . On his way to retrieve the first , he meets an elder , Sahasrahla , who becomes Link 's mentor , offering hints and advice at key stages of the journey . After retrieving the pendants , Link takes them to the resting place of the Master Sword . As Link draws the sword from its pedestal , Zelda telepathically calls him to the Sanctuary , informing him that soldiers of Hyrule Castle have arrived . Link arrives at the Sanctuary moments after the soldiers have vacated , where he learns from the dying Sanctuary keeper that Zelda has been taken to Hyrule Castle . Link goes to rescue her but arrives too late ; Agahnim sends Zelda to the Dark World . Link then faces Agahnim in battle and defeats him , but Agahnim 's last act is to send Link to the Dark World as well . To save Hyrule , Link is required to rescue the seven descendants of the Seven Sages from dungeons scattered across the Dark World . Once the seven maidens are freed , they use their power to break the barrier around Ganon 's Tower , where Link faces Agahnim , who creates two ghostly specters each as powerful as he is . After Link defeats Agahnim for a second time , Ganon rises up from Agahnim 's body , turns into a bat , and flies away . Link chases him , finally confronting him inside the Pyramid of Power at the center of the Dark World . After a battle resulting in Ganon 's demise , Link touches the Triforce and restores both the Dark World and Hyrule to their state before Ganon intervened . Development ( edit ) In 1988 , development of a new NES Zelda began , but one year later , the project was brought to Nintendo 's next console ; the Super Famicom in Japan , the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in other regions . Due to the success of previous titles in the series , Nintendo was able to invest a large budget and ample development time and resources into the game 's production . At the time , most SNES game cartridges had 4 Mbit ( 512 KB ) of storage space . This game broke the trend by using 8 Mbit ( 1 MB ) , allowing the Nintendo development team to create a remarkably expansive world for Link to inhabit . Like Super Mario World , this game used a simple graphic compression method on the SNES by limiting the color depth of many tiles to eight colors instead of the SNES 's native 16 - color tiles . The tiles were decompressed at runtime by adding a leading bit to each pixel 's color index . Storage space was also saved by eliminating duplication : The Light World and the Dark World are almost identical in layout ( though using differing texture tiles ) , and the Dark World exists in the game 's ROM only as an `` overlay '' of the Light World . The script of the game was written by series newcomer Kensuke Tanabe , while Yoshiaki Koizumi was responsible for the background story explained in the instruction manual . The English language localization included changes to the original Japanese game . The most common change was the removal of religious references to conform with Nintendo of America 's content guidelines . The most obvious change was made to the subtitle of the game , which was renamed from Kamigami no Triforce ( lit . `` The Triforce of the Gods '' ) to A Link to the Past . The `` Sanctuary '' in which Zelda hides during the first act is quite obviously modeled on the Christian chapel , with rows of pews , stained glass windows , a raised chancel and altar , but it contains no overt religious symbols , and the dialogue of characters within it was simplified to remove any religious implication . The font used to represent an unreadable language , Hylian , originally had designs of a vulture and an ankh . These designs were based on Egyptian hieroglyphs which carry religious meanings , and they were altered in the English version . The localization also changed plot details included in the instruction manual . The priest Agahnim became a wizard , and his background , which originally implied that he was sent by the gods , was altered to remove any celestial origin . Music ( edit ) The Legend of Zelda : Sound & Drama Soundtrack album by Koji Kondo Released June 22 , 1994 Genre Video game soundtrack Length 98 : 00 Label Sony Records The score to A Link to the Past was composed , arranged , and produced by Koji Kondo . The overworld theme of The Legend of Zelda ( `` Hyrule Overture '' ) returns in A Link to the Past , redone in S - SMP style . The theme is also featured in `` Light World Overworld '' and in `` End Credits '' . A Link to the Past helped to establish the musical core of the Zelda series . While the first game originated the `` Hyrule Overture '' , many recurring motifs of the Zelda scores come from A Link to the Past , including `` Zelda 's Lullaby '' ( Princess Zelda 's Theme ) , `` Ganondorf 's Theme '' , `` Hyrule Castle '' ( Royal Family Theme ) , `` Kakariko Village '' and `` Select Screen / Fairy Cave '' . These themes have been used in subsequent The Legend of Zelda games . A soundtrack to Kamigami no Triforce , entitled The Legend of Zelda : Sound and Drama , was released by Sony Records in Japan on June 22 , 1994 . The first disc is 44 minutes long and features rearranged versions of a selection of the game 's themes , along with a bonus drama track . The second disc features 54 minutes of the original arrangements for the game and those of the original NES game , The Legend of Zelda . Legacy ( edit ) Chris Houlihan room ( edit ) Nintendo Power held a contest which selected a winner at random to appear in an upcoming Nintendo game . At the time , it was not revealed which game it would be . A certain single room in A Link to the Past contained 45 Blue Rupees and a note bearing a greeting from Chris Houlihan , the winner of the contest . The room has been found through five different methods , and was intended as a crash prevention measure ; the game would send players to this room if it could n't determine where Link was going when he goes to another area . The message reads : `` My name is Chris Houlihan . This is my top secret room . Keep it between us , okay ? '' There was not wide awareness of the room until more than a decade after the release of A Link to the Past after the increased popularity of the Internet and Super NES emulators . The Game Boy Advance re-release of A Link to the Past titled The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past & Four Swords removed the ability to access the room , though it could still be found in the game 's code . The Virtual Console re-releases on the Wii and Wii U of A Link to the Past however allowed players to access the room . GamesRadar included it in its lists of the greatest video game Easter eggs and the nine `` video game secrets that were almost never found . '' GamesRadar 's Jason Fanelli called it `` one of the Zelda franchise 's biggest mysteries . '' GamesRadar 's Justin Towell included it in his list of the top seven secret rooms in video games at number two . He felt that the contest prize was exciting , and called it `` one of the coolest and most exclusive secrets in the Zelda universe . '' 1UP.com featured it in its list of `` 25 things you did n't know about The Legend of Zelda . '' Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Good Game , The Escapist , IGN , GameSpy , G4TV , PALGN , and Nintendo Life referenced it in articles which discuss video game Easter eggs and secrets . Comics ( edit ) See also : The Legend of Zelda ( manga ) A comic book adaptation of A Link to the Past illustrated by Shotaro Ishinomori was published in Nintendo Power that was serialized for 12 issues from January to December 1992 . The comic was then re-released as a trade paperback in 1993 . The comic is a loose adaptation of the original game 's story , featuring several plot changes and new characters . Two other manga were released in Japan : a manga by Ataru Cagiva from 1995 to 1996 that was serialized in Enix Corporation 's Monthly GFantasy and later collected into three volumes and a one - volume manga by the duo Akira Himekawa released in 2005 corresponding with the release of Game Boy Advance version . Both follow the game 's plot more closely , and the latter introduced a new character called `` Ghanti '' , a thief with a single devil 's horn and a star under her eye . Related games ( edit ) A French version of this game was released in Canada , making it the only French - only release in North America for the SNES . This version had the same case as the English release in North America , but the whole game was translated in French . On December 2 , 2006 in Japan and January 22 , 2007 in America , the game was added to the Wii Shop Channel 's Virtual Console . Players can download the game for 800 Wii Points , or US $8 . The English version is nearly identical to the English SNES version , with none of the GBA additions or changes . The next Zelda title , Link 's Awakening was released in 1993 for the Nintendo Game Boy . It retained many of A Link to the Past 's gameplay mechanics , including the top - down perspective , as well as an overworld which resembled that of A Link to the Past . After traveling to train abroad , Link is shipwrecked and awakens on an island called Koholint . Beginning on March 2 , 1997 a simple unaltered re-release of the original Japanese version of A Link to the Past was broadcast via Satellaview . The game would be rebroadcast more often than any other Zelda title on the Satellaview , and was the only Zelda title broadcast by St. GIGA after ties with Nintendo were broken in April 1999 . Unlike the two other Satellaview Zelda titles , Kamigami no Triforce lacked SoundLink support . In 2011 Shigeru Miyamoto expressed desire to have A Link to the Past remade for the Nintendo 3DS , stating how attractive the two layers would look . In April 2013 , Nintendo announced in its Nintendo Direct presentation that a new game based on the same world as A Link to the Past is currently in development for Nintendo 3DS , featuring new 3D visuals . Apart from official sequels and re-releases made or licensed by Nintendo , A Link to the Past has proven to be very popular within the game - modding community , inspiring the development of numerous fangames , such as the unofficial 2007 sequel The Legend of Zelda : Parallel Worlds . Inishie no Sekiban ( edit ) Main article : BS Zelda no Densetsu : Inishie no Sekiban In 1997 , a follow - up entitled BS Zelda no Densetsu : Inishie no Sekiban ( lit . `` BS The Legend of Zelda : Ancient Stone Tablets '' or `` Stone Tablets of Antiquity '' ) was released in Japan . Designed exclusively for the Super Famicom 's Satellaview peripheral , the game would make notable use of a voice broadcast system called SoundLink to provide voice - acting for several of the characters from A Link to the Past . The game takes place six years after the events in A Link to the Past and it is set in Hyrule 's Light World . The game notably lacks a Link character , and instead the player character is known as the Hero of Light . The available player - characters are actually the male and female BS - X avatars that also featured in BS Zelda no Densetsu . The game was divided into four weekly episodes . These episodes were played live , and a voice - acted soundtrack simultaneously ran on the satellite network , sometimes containing suggestions , clues , and plot development for the game currently being broadcast . Each week , the player could only access certain portions of the overworld . Areas shrouded in clouds were unreachable . Two dungeons were accessible per week , however the episode ended only when time expired and not when the player had completed all the objectives for that week . The game could only be played during the set hours because the SoundLink content was central to gameplay ( and not stored on the base unit or flash - RAM cartridge in any way ) , and the timer was based on a real - time clock set by the satellite itself . A Link to the Past and Four Swords ( edit ) Main article : The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past and Four Swords The game was re-released for the Game Boy Advance in 2002 in North America and 2003 in other territories as part of The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past and Four Swords , a collaborative development effort between Nintendo and Capcom . The port of A Link to the Past contains minor changes from the original , including the addition of vocal grunts and other sound effects taken from Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask . Four Swords is a multi-player adventure that interacts with the single - player adventure . Accomplishments can be transferred between the two ; for example , if the player learns a new sword technique , it is made available in both modes . By completing Four Swords , a new dungeon called the Palace of the Four Sword is unlocked in A Link to the Past . Dungeons are randomly generated and are affected by the number of players . If only two players are active , the game ensures that all puzzles generated do not require a third or fourth player to solve . The plot of Four Swords revolves around the wind mage Vaati who escapes from the Four Sword he is sealed in and captures Princess Zelda to marry her . Link uses the Four Sword to create three copies of himself and rescues Zelda , trapping Vaati in the sword once again . At the time of its release , the story of Four Swords was considered the oldest tale in the series ' timeline . A Link between Worlds ( edit ) Main article : The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds On November 22 , 2013 , Nintendo released The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds , which takes place in the same world , but features a new storyline , new puzzles and original dungeons . Height and depth play a large role in the game by taking advantage of the 3DS ' 3D feature , while maintaining the traditional top - down perspective . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 92.87 % ( SNES ) 91.74 % ( GBA ) Metacritic 95 ( GBA ) Review scores Publication Score AllGame ( SNES ) ( GBA ) EGM 8.75 / 10 ( SNES ) Famitsu 39 / 40 ( SNES ) GamePro 5 / 5 ( SNES ) 5 / 5 ( GBA ) GameSpot 9.2 / 10 ( GBA ) IGN 9.7 / 10 ( GBA ) Nintendo Power 4.675 / 5 ( SNES ) 4.9 / 5 ( GBA ) A Link to the Past is one of the best - selling SNES games , with 4.61 million units sold worldwide , and has had an exceptionally long stay on Nintendo Power 's top games list ( ranking number 2 in Nintendo Power 's last issue in December 2012 ) : when the SNES list was finally retired , A Link to the Past had more than five consecutive years in the number one spot . It was re-released as a Player 's Choice title in North America , indicating that it has sold a minimum of one million copies there . In the United States , A Link to the Past 's Game Boy Advance version alone sold 1.4 million copies and earned $41 million by August 2006 . During the period between January 2000 and August 2006 , it was the 8th highest - selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country . A Link to the Past was critically acclaimed upon release for its graphics and gameplay , and has since been recognized by critics as one of the greatest video games of all time . In 2005 , IGN editors placed it 11th in its `` Top 100 Games '' , while readers voted it to 5th place . The following year Entertainment Weekly chose it as the best game of all - time . Members of GameFAQs ranked it the 4th best , and readers of Japanese magazine Famitsu ranked it 31st in a 2006 poll . It also placed 3rd in Electronic Gaming Monthly 's list , 23rd in Game Informer 's , and 3rd in a best 200 Nintendo games list by Nintendo Power . In July 2007 , readers of the magazine Edge voted it sixth in a poll of the 100 best games of all time . ScrewAttack placed it 2nd on their list of top 20 Super Nintendo games . GamesRadar named A Link to the Past the 3rd best Super NES game of all time , losing only to Chrono Trigger ( 2nd ) and Super Metroid ( 1st ) . It was awarded Best Sequel of 1992 by Electronic Gaming Monthly . The game placed eighth ( the second - highest Zelda game on the list ) in Official Nintendo Magazine 's `` 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time '' list . In 2009 , Game Informer put A Link to the Past 12th on their list of `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' , saying that it `` remains a blast today '' . This is 11 places ahead of the rank it had back in 2001 . The game was reviewed in 1993 in Dragon No. 198 by Sandy Petersen in the `` Eye of the Monitor '' column . Petersen gave the game 5 out of 5 stars . A Link to the Past & Four Swords for the Game Boy Advance received positive reviews and sold over 1.81 million units . IGN praised it for being a faithful conversion of the original , but noted that the audio did not sound as crisp on the Game Boy Advance , and found the frequent sound effects tiresome . The game holds the top spot of Metacritic 's all - time high scores for Game Boy Advance games with a score of 95 . In 2007 , IGN named A Link to the Past & Four Swords the third best Game Boy Advance game of all time . GamePro 's Star Dingo called it a `` masterpiece , '' as well as an `` important part of the Grand Renaissance of the Second Dimension . '' He also praised the overworld for its secrets and `` quirky random characters , '' adding that playing it required patience and exploring . Star Dingo praised the port of A Link to the Past 's ability to retain its visuals . He specifically praises its `` clean sprites , '' calling its overworld a `` colorful , happy place , '' sarcastically calling it kiddy . He also questioned how the series ' cartoon style was abnormal for the series . Star Dingo called the sound effects `` indelible , '' though he noted that they were `` a little dated . '' UGO Networks compared Four Swords to The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons , calling it `` similarly gimmicky '' . They commented that the best Four Swords brought was its sequel , The Legend of Zelda : The Minish Cap . CNET praised both the original A Link to the Past release as well as the Four Swords multiplayer mode , calling the former a `` great handheld port of one of the greatest games ever released for Nintendo 's 16 - bit system '' , while describing the latter as `` an exciting , replayable multiplayer experience '' . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ `` Nintendo published Super Famicom listing '' . Nintendo . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super NES Classic Edition '' . Nintendo of America , Inc . September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past sequel coming to Nintendo 3DS this holiday '' . Polygon . Vox Media Inc . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` The New 3DS Zelda Is Called A Link Between Worlds '' . Kotaku . Kotaku . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nintendo ( April 13 , 1992 ) . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past . SNES . Nintendo . ^ Jump up to : Nintendo ( December 2 , 2002 ) . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past & Four Swords . Game Boy Advance . Nintendo . ^ Jump up to : Arakawa , M. ( 1992 ) . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Nintendo Player 's Strategy Guide . Nintendo . ASIN B000AMPXNM . ^ Jump up to : Stratton , Bryan ( December 10 , 2002 ) . The Legend of Zelda -- A Link to the Past . Prima Games . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 4118 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Link To Link 's Past : The History Of Zelda '' . Game Informer . November 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Sahasrahla '' at the official `` Great Hyrule Encyclopedia '' . Zelda Universe . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Triforce -- Back Cover '' ( in Japanese ) . Nintendo ( via MobyGames ) . November 21 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . 今度の舞台はリンクが活躍した頃よりも遥か昔、ハイラルが、まだ一つの王国であった時代 . / . This time , the stage is set a long time before Link 's exploits , an era when Hyrule was still one kingdom . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past -- Back Cover '' . Nintendo of America , Inc. ( via MobyGames ) . April 13 , 1992 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . The predecessors of Link and Zelda face monsters on the march when a menacing magician takes over the kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Interview '' . Dengeki Nintendo 64 . MediaWorks , Inc . January 1999 . Shigeru Miyamoto : ( 時オカ → 神トラ ) それから初代ときてリンクの冒険という順番になる . / Ocarina of Time , A Link to the Past , then comes the original one and The Adventure of Link in turn . ^ Jump up to : Nintendo , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past instruction manual . Nintendo . Jump up ^ Schneider , Peer ( April 21 , 2006 ) . `` Retrospective : The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . IGN . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Legend of Zelda -- A link to the Past '' . Ludogo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gouskos , Carrie ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Games of All - Time : The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shigeru Miyamoto Interview '' . Super PLAY ( in Swedish ) . Medströms Dataförlag AB ( 4 / 03 ) . March 2003 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2004 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` Interview : Super Mario Galaxy Director On Sneaking Stories Past Miyamoto '' . Wired : GameLife . Condé Nast Digital . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Yoshiaki Koizumi : My first assignment was to do the art and layout and eventually the writing for the manual for The Legend of Zelda : A Link To The Past . What was funny was that at the time , it did n't seem like they 'd really figured out what most of the game elements meant . So it was up to me to come up with story and things while I was working on the manual . So , for example , the design of the goddesses as well as the star sign associated with them . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . IGN . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jared ( February 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess '' . N - Philes . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Sound and Drama reviews '' . SoundtrackCentral.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Full Song List with Secret Songs '' . Smashbros . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ernie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Houlihan Room : The Legend of Zelda 's Best Easter Egg '' . Tedium . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taljonick , Ryan ; Gilbert , Henry ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` The 100 best Easter Eggs of all time '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Winterhalter , Ryan ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` 25 Things You Did n't Know About The Legend of Zelda '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Chris ( April 8 , 2007 ) . `` PALGN 's Easter Egg Hunt '' . PALGN . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Towell , Justin ( June 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Top 7 ... secret rooms in video games '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fanelli , Jason ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 9 video game secrets that were almost never found '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Eggs '' . American Broadcasting Company . April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Main , Brendan ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Minus Touch '' . The Escapist . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Thomas ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` Feature : The Nintendo Easter Egg Hunt '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gaming 's Top 10 Easter Eggs '' . IGN. April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoovler , Evan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` 10 Ridiculous Old - School Video Game Rumors ( That Were Actually True ) '' . GameSpy . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Insane Video Game Secrets And Easter Eggs '' . G4TV. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comics '' . Ganon 's Tower . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda manga '' . McLoz . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` A link to the past : kamigami no triforce manga '' ( in French ) . The Hyrule Bookshop . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( December 31 , 1993 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening . Game Boy . Nintendo . Jump up ^ Kameb . スーパーファミコンアワー番組表 . The Satellaview History Museum . February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nathan Brown ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Miyamoto : `` We 'll Focus More On Gaming '' `` . Edge Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Ashcraft . `` The Next 3DS Zelda Is Set In The World Of Link To The Past '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ `` A New SNES Zelda '' . UGO . January 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luke , Plunkett ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` LttP Remade As Zelda : Parallel Worlds '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hacking is Cool : Shame They Do n't Teach It at School . Retro Gamer . Issue 35 . Pg 99 . March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrospective : BS Zelda '' . IGN . June 8 , 2006 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ BS The Legend of Zelda : The Ancient Stone Panel IGN . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( March 30 , 1997 ) . BS Zelda no Densetsu : Inishie no Sekiban ( in Japanese ) . Satellaview . St. GIGA . Narrator : 6 年前、勇者リンクが魔王ガノンを倒してから、このハイラルの地には平穏な日々が流れていた. / 6 years ago , the Hero Link threw down the King of Evil , Ganon . Since then , the land of Hyrule has basked in a time of peace . Jump up ^ Nintendo ( March 30 , 1997 ) . BS Zelda no Densetsu : Inishie no Sekiban ( in Japanese ) . Satellaview . St. GIGA . Zelda : あなたは光の勇者だって / You are the Hero of Light Jump up ^ Nintendo ; Capcom Co. , Ltd . ( December 2 , 2002 ) . The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past & Four Swords . Nintendo of America , Inc . Scene : startup screen . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Craig ( December 3 , 2002 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . IGN . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past guide '' . IGN . p. 21 . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Cheats For Game Boy Advance '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( December 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past GBA review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billy Berghammer ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` A Legend Of Zelda : The Eiji Aonuma Interview '' . Game Informer Online . Game Informer Magazine . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Patrick . `` Nintendo announces The Legend of Zelda : A Link To The Past 2 '' . Canada.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reges , Julia . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past -- Review '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marriott , Scott Alan . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past -- Review '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Steve ; Semrad , Ed ; Alessi , Martin ; Sushi X ( March 1992 ) . `` Review Crew : Zelda III '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Ziff Davis Media ( 32 ) : 22 . Jump up ^ スーパーファミコン SUPER FAMICOM - ゼルダの伝説 - 神々のトライフォース - . Weekly Famicom Tsushin . No. 225 . Pg. 90 . April 9 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` ProReviews : The Legends of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . GamePro . IDG Communications ( 37 ) . August 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Dingo , Star . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Review from '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ George Sinfield & Rob Noel ( March 1992 ) . `` Now Playing : The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past '' . Nintendo Power . Nintendo of America ( 34 ) : 105 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legend Of Zelda : A Link to the Past , The '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tenchi ( March 28 , 2004 ) . `` Zelda sales charts and sequel announced '' . OptiGamer . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past -- Cover Art '' . MobyGames . January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keiser , Joe ( August 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Century 's Top 50 Handheld Games '' . Next Generation . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past VC Review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 100 Games : 11 -- 20 '' . IGN . Retrieved November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Reader 's Picks Top 10 games : 1 -- 10 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 greatest video games '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2005 : 10 - Year Anniversary Contest -- The 10 Best Games Ever '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Japan Votes on All - Time Top 100 '' . Next Generation . Retrieved March 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Gaming Monthly 's 100 Best Games of All - Time '' . gamers.com . January 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Games of All - Time '' . Game Informer. 100 : 34 . August 2001 . Jump up ^ `` NP Top 200 '' . Nintendo Power . 200 : 58 -- 66 . February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda game named ' greatest ever ' '' . BBC . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ScrewAttack Top 20 SNES Games ( 10 -- 1 ) '' . ScrewAttack 's Top 10 . ScrewAttack. April 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Best Super Nintendo games of all time '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Buyer 's Guide '' . 1993 . Jump up ^ East , Tom . `` 100 Best Nintendo Games -- Part Six '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future plc . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Game Informer staff ( December 2009 ) . `` The Top 200 Games of All Time '' . Game Informer ( 200 ) : 44 -- 79 . ISSN 1067 - 6392 . OCLC 27315596 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Game Informer 's Top 100 Games Of All Time ( Circa Issue 100 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Sandy ( October 1993 ) . `` Eye of the Monitor '' . Dragon ( 198 ) : 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` Top 25 Game Boy Advance Games of All Time '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : Four Swords , Minish Cap , Four Swords Adventures '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ mgalster -- September 17 , 2005 ( September 17 , 2005 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past ( Game Boy Advance ) -- Game Boy Advance Games -- CNET Archive '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Notes Jump up ^ Known in Japan as The Legend of Zelda : Triforce of the Gods ( ゼルダの伝説神々のトライフォース , Zeruda no Densetsu : Kamigami no Toraifōsu ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past Official website ( hide ) The Legend of Zelda series Main series Console games The Legend of Zelda The Adventure of Link A Link to the Past Ocarina of Time Majora 's Mask The Wind Waker HD Four Swords Adventures Twilight Princess HD Skyward Sword Breath of the Wild Handheld games Link 's Awakening Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages A Link to the Past and Four Swords The Minish Cap Phantom Hourglass Spirit Tracks Ocarina of Time 3D A Link Between Worlds Majora 's Mask 3D Tri Force Heroes Spin - offs LCD games CD - i games Faces of Evil and Wand of Gamelon Zelda 's Adventure Satellaview games Freshly - Picked Tingle 's Rosy Rupeeland Link 's Crossbow Training Irozuki Tincle no Koi no Balloon Trip Hyrule Warriors Universe Characters Link Princess Zelda Ganon Navi Epona Tingle Midna Recurring enemies Triforce I am Error It 's dangerous to go alone ! Media Cartoon Comics Gamebooks Hyrule Historia Symphony of the Goddesses People Eiji Aonuma Hidemaro Fujibayashi Yoshiaki Koizumi Koji Kondo Yōichi Kotabe Toru Minegishi Shigeru Miyamoto Tadashi Sugiyama Kensuke Tanabe Takashi Tezuka Companies Nintendo Animation Magic Capcom DIC Entertainment Flagship Grezzo Tantalus Media Team Ninja Vanpool Book Portal GND : 4322639 - 5 The Legend of Zelda portal Nintendo portal Video games portal 1990s portal Japan portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Zelda:_A_Link_to_the_Past&oldid=802985232 '' Categories : 1991 video games Flagship games Game Boy Advance games New Nintendo 3DS games Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games Nintendo Research & Development 2 games The Legend of Zelda video games Satellaview games Single - player video games Super Nintendo Entertainment System games Open world video games Top - down video games Video games composed by Koji Kondo Video games featuring parallel universes Video games produced by Shigeru Miyamoto Virtual Console games Virtual Console games for Wii U Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Use mdy dates from March 2015 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the legend of zelda a link to the pas	[]	[]
1227604197481972629	List of Indian commissions	List of indian commissions - wikipedia List of indian commissions Jump to : navigation , search Commissions are constituted by the Government of India either on an ad hoc or permanent basis , to guide , advise or provide solutions to various issues coming under the concerned ministry . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of commissions 1.1 Permanent commissions 1.2 Ad hoc commissions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List of commissions ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Permanent commissions ( edit ) No . Commission Formed Objectives Ministry Website Atomic Energy Commission of India 1 March 1958 Replaces the ' Indian Atomic Energy Commission ' created on 3rd August , 1948 under the late Department of Scientific Research , July 1948 Plan and implement various measures on sound technical and economic principles and free from all non-essential restrictions or needlessly elastic rules in the field of atomic energy Department of Atomic Energy aec.gov.in Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices 8 January 1965 Stabilize agricultural prices Meaningful real income levels to farmers Essential agricultural commodities at reasonable prices Ministry of Agriculture ( India ) cacp.dacner.nic.in National Commission for Backward Classes 14 August 1993 Consider inclusions in and exclusions from the lists of castes notified as backward for the purpose of job reservations Advice to the Central Government on such matters Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment ncdc.nic.in National Commission on Cattle 2002 Suggest ways of improving the condition of cattle Ministry of Agriculture ( India ) dahd.nic.in 5 Competition Commission of India 14 October 2003 Enforce The Competition Act , 2002 throughout India Prevent activities that have an adverse effect on competition in India . cci.gov.in 6 National Statistical Commission 1 June 2005 Reduce the problems faced by statistical agencies in the country in relation to collection of data . Special emphasis on ensuring collection of unbiased data so as to restore public trust in the figures released by the Government . Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation mospi.nic.in 7 Telecom Commission responsible for policy formulation , licensing , wireless spectrum management , administrative monitoring of PSUs , research and development and standardization / validation of equipment etc . Ministry of Communications and Information Technology dot.gov.in 8 Election Commission 25 January 1950 Constitutional Autonomous Body conducts the elections to the offices of the President and Vice-President of India , parliament , State Legislative assemblies and legislative councils eci.nic.in 9 Chief Labour Commissioner 1945 Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes through conciliation / mediation . Enforcement of Labour Laws and Rules made there under in Central Sphere . Quasi-Judicial functions . Verification of Trade Union membership etc . clc.gov.in 10 Planning Commission 1950 Formulates India 's Five - Year Plans , among other functions planningcommission.nic.in / planningcommission.org 11 Law Commission 1955 Reforming the Law For Maximising Justice in Society and Promoting Good Governance under the Rule of Law Ministry of Law & Justice lawcommissionofindia.nic.in 12 Finance Commission 22 November 1951 * Adjudicates on the sharing of resources between center and states fincomindia.nic.in 13 National Human Rights Commission of India 12 October 1993 Autonomous statutory body nhrc.nic.in 14 University Grants Commission 28 December 1953 Coordination , determination and maintenance of standards of university education . It provides recognition to universities in India , and disburses funds to such recognized universities and college . Ministry of Human Resource Development ugc.ac.in 15 Vigilance Commission ( CVC ) February 1964 To address governmental corruption cvc.nic.in 16 Knowledge Commission 13 June 2005 knowledgecommission.gov.in 17 National Commission for Women * protecting and promoting the interests of women in India ncw.nic.in 18 Scheduled Tribes Commission 19 February 2004 * protection , welfare and development & advancement of the Scheduled Tribes ncst.nic.in 19 Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Ministry of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises nceuis.nic.in 20 Census Commission 1872 Ministry of Home Affairs 21 Central Forestry Commission 1965 22 Central Water Commission 1945 Ministry of Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation ( 6 ) 23 Electronics Commission 1971 24 Commission for Additional Sources of Energy 21 March 1981 25 Rashtriya Barh Ayog ( National Flood Commission ) 1976 Ministry of Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation 26 Indo - Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission 1972 27 Khadi and Village Industries Commission 1957 Ministry of Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises ( 7 ) 28 Space Commission 1962 ( 8 ) 29 Staff Selection Commission 1 July 1976 Department of Personnel and Training ( 9 ) 30 National judicial appointments commission Transferring of judges to higher judiciary Ad hoc commissions ( edit ) No . Commission Year Objectives States Reorganisation Commission 1955 Recommend the reorganization of state boundaries Kothari Commission 1964 To formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education at all levels To advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India Kapur Commission 1966 To inquiry into the conspiracy that led to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Khosla Commission 1970 Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945 5 Mandal Commission 1980 Identified over 450 backward classes comprising 52 % of the country 's population Recommended 27 % of the seats in academic institutions and jobs in Govt . organisations for these classes . 6 Sarkaria Commission To examine the balance of power between centre and state and suggest reforms Gave appropriate recommendations on appointment of Governor . 7 Mukherjee Commission 1999 Investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose in 1945 8 Nanavati Commission 2000 Investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots 9 Narendran Commission 2000 Study and report the representation of Backward Classes in the State public services . 10 National Commission to review the working of the Constitution February 2000 Suggested changes in the electoral laws , setting up a national judicial commission for appointing judges and election of the Prime Minister by Lok Sabha . 11 Nanavati - Shah commission 2002 To probe the Godhra train burning incident and the post-Godhra carnage , 2002 12 Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities See also ( edit ) List of committees of the Indian government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The resolution passed by Department of Atomic Energy , Government of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ National Commissions under Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Jump up ^ `` Functions of DoT '' . Department of Telecommunications , Ministry of Communication , Government of India . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ( India ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( India ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) External links ( edit ) `` Commissions / Committees '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . ( hide ) Indian commissions Permanent Agricultural Costs and Prices Agriculture Atomic Energy Backward Classes Cattle Competition Consumer Disputes Redressal Cooperation with UNESCO Delimitation Denotified , Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes Election Electricity Regulation Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector Farmers Finance Forward Markets Human Resources for Health Human Rights Investment Knowledge Labour Law Minorities Minority Educational Institutions Pay Planning Protection of Child Rights Public Service Railway Safety Safai Karamcharis Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Statistics University Grants Women Vigilance Ad hoc Administrative Reforms Gadgil Kalelkar Kapur Khosla Laththa Commission Liberhan Mandal Mukherjee Nanavati Narendran Ranganath Misra ( Minorities ) Sarkaria Shah States Reorganisation Category List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_commissions&oldid=841255116 '' Categories : Indian commissions and inquiries India politics - related lists Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 19 : 54 . About Wikipedia	contemporary period recommendation of various commission in india	[]	[]
-4949803294915709451	Timeline of World War I	Timeline of World War I - wikipedia Timeline of World War I Jump to : navigation , search Theaters Western Eastern Italian Caucasian Middle Eastern Balkan African Naval Air Politics Asian and Pacific Gallipoli Contents ( hide ) 1 1914 2 1915 3 1916 4 1917 5 1918 6 1919 7 1920 8 Post-1920 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 1914 ( edit ) Dates Events June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Details July 5 Austria - Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism . Germany gives assurances of support . July 23 Beginning of the `` Black Week '' . Austria - Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia . The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna . Details July 28 Austria - Hungary declares war on Serbia . Russia mobilizes . Details The Netherlands declare neutrality . July 29 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Czar Nicholas II of Russia communicate via telegram . July 30 Germany sends Russia an ultimatum . August 1 Germany declares war on Russia . And mobilizes . France mobilizes . Italy declares its neutrality . Denmark , Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality . Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty . Details August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg . Details Skirmish at Joncherey , first military action on the Western Front . August 2 -- 26 Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy `` the iron gate to Paris '' near the Luxembourg border , opening France to mass German invasion . August 3 Germany declares war on France . Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border . Switzerland declares its neutrality . August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army . Details Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality , guaranteed by the Treaty of London , The German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a scrap of paper . The United Kingdom declares war on Germany . Details The United States declares neutrality . August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 First offensive action by Allied troops -- German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France . Details Spain declares `` the strictest neutrality . '' Details August 7 -- September 13 Battle of the Frontiers . The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France 's Fifth Army . August 7 -- 10 Battle of Mulhouse , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 8 Montenegro declares war on Germany . August 9 The Togoland Campaign begins . August 11 France declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 12 The United Kingdom declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Halen , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 14 -- 25 Battle of Lorraine , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 16 -- 20 The Serbs defeat the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . Details August 17 The Russian army enters East Prussia . Battle of Stallupönen . Details August 20 The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia , the Battle of Gumbinnen . The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan . Details The Germans occupy Brussels . Battle of Morhange , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . Battle of Sarrebourg , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv . Details August 23 -- 25 Battle of Kraśnik , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . The Austro - Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army . Details August 24 Action of Elouges . Battle of the Mortagne , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 24 -- September 7 The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress . Details August 24 -- September 28 The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne . August 25 Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Tepe : The Kamerun Campaign begins . August 26 British and French forces conquer Togoland , a German protectorate in West Africa . Details Battle of Le Grand Fayt . August 26 -- 27 Battle of Le Cateau . Allied retreat . Details August 26 -- 30 Battle of Gnila Lipa , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . August 26 -- September 2 Battle of Komarow , part of the Battle of Lemberg . Details August 26 - February 18 , 1916 Siege of Mora . August 27 Battle of Étreux . Details August 27 -- November 7 Battle of Tsingtao : British and Japanese forces capture the German - controlled port of Tsingtao in China . Details August 28 The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details Austria - Hungary declares war on Belgium . August 29 -- 30 Battle of Saint Quentin , also known as Battle of Guise . Orderly Allied retreat . Details August 29 - 31 First Battle of Garua . August 30 New Zealand occupies German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) . Details September 1 Action at Nery Details Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd , removing German words `` Burg '' and `` Sankt '' . September 2 -- 11 Austro - Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . Details September 4 -- 13 Battle of Grand Couronne , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . September 5 -- 12 First Battle of the Marne . The German advance on Paris is halted , marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan . Details Battle of the Ourcq , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of the Two Morins . September 6 Battle of Nsanakong . September 6 -- 12 Battle of the Marshes of Saint - Gond , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Vitry , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . Battle of Revigny , a phase of the First Battle of the Marne . September 6 -- October 4 Battle of Drina . September 7 Fanning Raid . September 7 -- 14 First Battle of the Masurian Lakes : The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties . Details September 9 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany 's war aims . Details September 11 Battle of Bita Paka . September 13 Troops from South Africa begin invading German South - West Africa . Details September 14 - 17 Siege of Toma . Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year . September 13 -- 28 The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw . The Race to the Sea begins . Details September 14 Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff . Details September 15 Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa . Details September 19 -- October 11 Battle of Flirey September 20 Battle of Zanzibar , German naval victory . September 22 Bombardment of Papeete German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras Details September 22 -- 26 First Battle of Picardy . September 24 The Siege of Przemyśl begins Details September 25 Battle of Sandfontein . September 25 -- 29 First Battle of Albert Details September 28 -- October 10 The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp , Belgium . Details September 29 - 30 Japan occupies the Marshall Islands . September 29 -- October 31 Battle of the Vistula River , also known as Battle of Warsaw . Details October -- July 11 , 1915 Battle of Rufiji Delta , German cruiser Königsberg destroyed . October 1 -- 4 First Battle of Arras . Details October 9 -- November 1 Central powers control Belgrade . Details October 10 -- November 2 Battle of La Bassee . October 12 -- November 2 First Battle of Messines . Details October 13 -- November 2 Battle of Armentieres . October 16 -- 31 Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium . Details October 19 -- November 22 The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea . The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk . Details October 19 - July 7 , 1915 Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola - Namibia border , without declaration of war . Details October 28 Battle of Penang . October 29 The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast Details November 1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Coronel . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock . Details November 2 The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany . Details Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . November 2 -- 16 Bergmann Offensive , first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War . November 3 Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Kilimanjaro . November 3 -- 5 Von Lettow - Vorbeck 's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga , German East Africa . Details November 5 France and the United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire . November 6 Fao Landing , British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao . November 9 Battle of Cocos , northeast Indian Ocean . The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden . Details November 11 Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies . Details November 11 -- 21 Battle of Basra . Details November 11 -- December 6 Battle of Łódź ( also known as Silesian Offensive ) . Details November 13 Battle of El Herri : Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes . November 16 -- December 15 Battle of Kolubara , Austro - Hungarians leave Serbia . November 19 Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia . December 1 -- 13 Battle of Limanowa . December 3 -- 9 Battle of Qurna . December 8 Battle of the Falklands . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy . Details December 10 Hill 60 captured by the Germans . Details December 14 Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus , but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish . Details December 16 The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool , England . Details December 18 -- 22 Battle of Givenchy . December 17 -- January 13 , 1915 First Battle of Artois . December 20 Fighting begins at Perthes . December 20 -- 17 March 1915 First Battle of Champagne . Details December 22 Fighting begins at Noyon . Details December 22 -- January 2 , 1915 The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish , Caucasia . Details December 24 -- 25 In some sectors of the Western Front , an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces . Details December 25 -- January 18 , 1915 Battle of Ardahan . 1915 ( edit ) Dates Events January 2 The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins . It will continue until April 12 . January 4 - 11 Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise . Details January 8 Japan attempts to impose its Twenty - One Demands on neutral China . January 18 -- 19 Battle of Jassin . January 19 First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain . Details January 19 -- December 22 Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf , series of battles fought to control the peak . January 24 Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte . Details January 24 -- 26 Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland . January 28 -- February 3 The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal . Details January 30 The Russians take Tabriz . Details January 31 Battle of Bolimov . First German use of chemical weapons . Details February 4 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels . Details Jan Kemp surrenders . End of the Maritz Rebellion . Battle of Kakamas : German invasion of South Africa repelled . February 7 -- 22 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The Russian X Army is defeated . Details February 19 British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles . The Gallipoli Campaign begins . Details March 5 Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople . March 7 Ottomans retreat to Qotur , pushed by a Russian counteroffensive . Details March 10 -- March 13 Battle of Neuve Chapelle . After an initial success , a British offensive is halted . Details March 14 Battle of Más a Tierra . The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile . March 22 The Siege of Przemyśl ends . The Russians capture the fortress . Details April 5 -- May 5 First Battle of Woevre . April 12 -- 14 Battle of Shaiba . April 15 Battle of Dilman April 19 -- May 17 The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van . Details April 22 -- May 25 The Second Battle of Ypres , which ends in a stalemate . Germany first uses the poison gas . Details April 22 -- 23 Battle of Gravenstafel , First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 24 Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara , first act of the Armenian Genocide . April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details Battle of Trekkopjes . April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details April 29 Battle of Gurin . May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik . May 3 Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove . Details Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 6 -- 8 Second Battle of Krithia . The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again . Details May 7 The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat . Details May 8 -- 13 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge , Part of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 9 -- June 18 Second Battle of Artois . May 9 Battle of Aubers Ridge , a phase of the Second Battle of Artois . May 10 Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław . Lviv is again in Austrian hands . May 11 Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead . Details May 12 Windhoek , capital of German South - West Africa , is occupied by South African troops . Details May 15 -- 25 Battle of Festubert . May 16 -- June 23 Battle of Konary . May 23 Italy declares war on Austria - Hungary . Details May 24 -- 25 Battle of Bellewaarde , final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 31 - June 10 Second Battle of Garua . June -- September The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia . June 3 San Marino declares war on Austria - Hungary . June 4 Third Battle of Krithia . Yet another Allied failure . Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details June 29 Battle of Ngaundere July 1 First aerial victory by a synchronized gun - armed fighter aircraft Details Battle of Otavi . July 9 The German forces in South - West Africa surrender . Details July 10 -- 26 Battle of Manzikert . July 18 -- August 3 Second Battle of the Isonzo . Details July 25 Italians capture Cappuccio Wood . Details First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot Details July 27 - 31 Battle of Kara Killisse . August 5 The Germans occupy Warsaw . Details August 6 -- 10 Battle of Lone Pine , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 13 Battle of Krithia Vineyard , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 15 Allies land at Suvla Bay , a phase of the August Offensive . Details . August 6 -- 21 Battle of Sari Bair , part of the August Offensive . Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula . Details August 7 Battle of the Nek , a phase of the August Offensive . August 7 -- 19 Battle of Chunuk Bair , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 Scimitar Hill , a phase of the August Offensive . Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire . August 21 -- 29 Battle of Hill 60 , part of the August Offensive . Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius . The Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive ends . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Loos , a major British offensive , fails . Details September 25 -- October 15 Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt , a phase of the Battle of Loos . September 25 -- November 6 Second Battle of Champagne . September 28 Battle of Es Sinn . October 7 -- December 4 Serbia is invaded by Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria . Details October 12 Edith Cavell executed . October 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia Details October 14 -- November 9 Morava Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 14 -- November 15 Ovche Pole Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 15 The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria . Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria . October 16 France declares war on Bulgaria . October 17 -- November 21 Battle of Krivolak , first of the Salonika Front . October 18 -- November 4 Third Battle of the Isonzo Details October 19 Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria . October 27 Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia ; he is replaced by Billy Hughes . October 29 René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Aristide Briand . November 4 - 6 Battle of Banjo . November 10 Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city . Details November 10 -- December 2 Fourth Battle of the Isonzo November 10 -- December 4 Kosovo Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Serbians pushed into Albania . Details November 14 - 30 Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran . Details November 17 Armed by Ottomans and Germans , the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west . Details November 22 -- 25 Battle of Ctesiphon , in present - day Iraq . Details November 27 The Serbian army collapses . It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies . Details December -- July , 1916 Battle of Lake Tanganyika . December 6 -- 12 Battle of Kosturino December 7 The First Siege of Kut , Mesopotamia , by the Ottomans begins . Details December 15 Russians occupy Hamadan . Details December 19 Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force . Details December 23 Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni . 1916 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 -- 17 Austro - Hungarian offensive against Montenegro , which capitulates . Details January 6 -- 7 Battle of Mojkovac January 6 -- 8 Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 9 The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory . Details January 10 -- February 16 Battle of Erzurum . January 11 Corfu occupied by the Allies . Details January 13 Battle of Wadi , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . Details January 21 Battle of Hanna , a phase of the First Siege of Kut . January 24 Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details January 27 Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916 . Details February 5 -- April 15 Trebizond Campaign . February 12 Battle of Salaita Hill . February 21 The Battle of Verdun begins . February 26 Battle of Agagia : Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British . February 28 German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) surrenders . Details March 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details March 1 -- 15 Fifth Battle of the Isonzo . March 2 -- August 4 Battle of Bitlis . March 8 Battle of Dujaila : a British attempt to relieve Kut failed . Details March 9 Germany declares war on Portugal . Portugal officially enters the war . Details March 11 -- 12 Battle of Latema Nek . March 14 The Manifesto of the Sixteen , declaring Kropotkinist - anarchist support of the Allied war effort , is published . Details March 15 Austria - Hungary declares war on Portugal . March 16 - November 6 British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo - Egyptian Sudan . Details March 18 Battle of Kahe . March 18 -- April Lake Naroch Offensive . April 24 -- 29 Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom . Details April 24 -- 30 The Kienthal Conference , the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Kienthal , Switzerland . Details April 27 -- 29 Gas attacks at Hulluch . April 29 The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans , first siege of Kut ends . Details May 7 -- 10 Battle of Kondoa Irangi . May 10 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details May 15 -- June 10 Austro - Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino . Details May 16 Signing of the Sykes - Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East . Details May 18 Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia , but it is too late . Details May 31 -- June 1 Battle of Jutland between Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details June 2 -- 14 Battle of Mont Sorrel . June 3 Russians fail to encyrcle Ottoman forces in Persia . Details June 4 The Brusilov Offensive begins . June 5 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins . Details The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands ; Lord Kitchener dies . Details June 10 Italy : Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister . Details The Siege of Medina begins . June 10 -- July 4 Battle of Mecca , Arabs capture the city . Details June 12 Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central - northern Persia . June 30 Battle of the Boar 's Head , diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day . July Battle of Taif . Details July 1 The Battle of the Somme begins . Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 17 British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge . Details July 4 -- 6 Battle of Kostiuchnowka . July 7 -- 11 British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 8 -- 14 British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 14 -- 17 Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 14 -- September 15 Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 19 -- 20 Battle of Fromelles ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . July 23 -- August 7 Battle of Pozières ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 24 -- August 8 Battle of Kowel . July 30 German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies , causing the Black Tom explosion . August 3 -- 5 Battle of Romani . Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails . Details August 6 -- 17 Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . The Italians capture Gorizia ( August 9 ) . Details August 6 Battle of Doberdo , part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo . August 9 -- 18 First battle of Doiran . Details August 10 Ottomans take Hamadan . Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff . Details August 30 The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania . September 1 Bulgaria declares war on Romania . September 2 -- 6 Battle of Turtucaia , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 3 -- 6 Battle of Guillemont ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 5 -- 7 Battle of Dobrich , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 6 The Central Powers create a unified command . September 7 -- 11 Battle of Kisaki . September 8 - 19 Battle of Tabora . September 9 Battle of Ginchy ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 9 - 11 Battle of Dutumi . September 12 -- December 11 Monastir Offensive , set up of the Salonika Front . September 12 -- 14 Battle of Malka Nidzhe , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 12 -- 30 Battle of Kaymakchalan , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 14 -- 17 Seventh Battle of the Isonzo September 15 -- 22 Battle of Flers - Courcelette ; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history . Details September 17 -- 19 First Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 20 The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) . October 9 -- 12 Eighth Battle of the Isonzo . October 14 - January 6 , 1917 Battle of Kibata . October 19 -- 25 Second Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October 24 The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun . Details November 1 -- 4 Ninth Battle of the Isonzo . November 11 Battle of Matamondo . November 13 -- 18 Battle of the Ancre ( closing phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details November 18 The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo - French advantage . Details November 21 HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine Details Francis Joseph I , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , dies and is succeeded by Charles I . Details November 25 David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet . Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea . Details November 25 -- December 3 Battle of Bucharest , a phase of the conquest of Romania . November 28 Prunaru Charge , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest , Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines . December 1 Battle of the Arges , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest . December 1 -- January 18 , 1917 Allies capture Yanbu . Details December 5 -- 7 United Kingdom : Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George . Details December 6 The Germans occupy Bucharest . The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi . Details December 13 Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details December 17 Kaocen Revolt : The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez . December 18 Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides . December 23 Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula . Details December 23 -- 29 Christmas Battles . December 27 Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones . Details December 30 Grigori Rasputin , Russia 's éminence grise , is assassinated . Details 1917 ( edit ) Dates Events January 3 -- 4 Battle of Behobeho . January 9 Battle of Rafa . The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai . Details January 11 -- March 13 British raid the Ancre . Details January 16 The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico , instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States . Details February 1 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare . Details February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans . February 23 Second Battle of Kut . The British recapture the city . Details February 23 -- April 5 The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line . Details March 1 Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro - Hungarian Chief of Staff . Details March 3 The French relieve Agadez . March 8 -- 11 The British capture Baghdad . Details March 8 The celebrations of the International Women 's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution . March 12 Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd 's Znamenskaya Square the day before . Numerous attacks against prisons , courts , police stations and Okhrana offices . Provisional Committee of the Duma formed . Petrograd Soviet formed . March 13 Battle of Nambanje . March 13 -- April 23 Samarrah Offensive , British capture much of Mesopotamia . March 14 China severs relations with Germany . March 15 Nicholas II abdicates . A provisional government is formed . March 16 Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis . March 17 Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot . March 26 First Battle of Gaza . The British attempt to capture the city fails . Details April -- October Stalemate in Southern Palestine . April 2 -- 3 Australians attack Noreuil . Details . April 6 The United States declares war on Germany . Details April 7 Cuba declares war on Germany . Panama declares war on Germany . Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam , the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific . April 9 -- May 17 Second Battle of Arras . The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough . Details April 9 -- 12 The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 9 -- 14 First Battle of the Scarpe , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 10 -- 11 First Battle of Bullecourt , part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 11 Brazil severs relations with Germany . April 13 Bolivia severs relations with Germany . April 15 Battle of Lagnicourt , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 16 -- May 9 The Second Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Nivelle Offensive ) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle . Details April 17 -- 20 Battle of the Hills ( also known as Third battle of Champagne ) , a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne . April 19 Second Battle of Gaza . The Ottoman lines resist a British attack . Details April 22 -- May 8 Second Battle of Doiran . Details April 23 The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States . April 23 -- 24 Second Battle of Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 28 -- 29 Battle of Arleux , part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details April 29 -- May 20 Series of mutinies in the French army . Details May 3 -- 4 Third battle of the Scarpe , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov 's note affirming Russia 's commitment to the Entente war effort . Details May 3 -- 17 Second Battle of Bullecourt , part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras . Details May 5 Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party . Details May 5 -- 15 Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front . May 5 -- 9 Second Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive . Details May 12 -- June 6 Tenth Battle of the Isonzo . Details May 15 Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details May 23 Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst . Salonika Trial ends : Dragutin Dimitrijevic , chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination , is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges , as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria - Hungary . June -- October Operation Hush , Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium . June 7 -- 14 Second Battle of Messines , the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge . Details June 10 -- 29 Battle of Mount Ortigara . Details June 12 Constantine I of Greece abdicates . June 13 First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G. IV . June 25 First American troops land in France . Details June 27 Batterie Pommern aka . ' Lange Max ' , world 's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk ( ± 50 km ) . June 30 Greece declares war on the Central powers . Details July 1 -- 2 Battle of Zborov , a phase of the Kerensky Offensive . Details July 1 -- 12 Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China , allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente . Details July 1 -- 19 The Kerensky Offensive fails . It is the last Russian initiative in the war . Details July 6 Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba . Details July 11 The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front , complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language Details July 16 - 17 Petrograd July Days . July 20 Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Details July 21 Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister - President of the Russian Provisional Government . July 22 Siam declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . July 22 -- August 1 Battle of Mărăști July 29 Battle of Kiawe Bridge . July 31 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) begins . Details July 31 -- August 2 Battle of Pilckem Ridge ( Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . August 2 The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia . August 2 -- 10 Battle of Rumbo . August 4 Liberia declares war on Germany . August 6 -- 20 Battle of Mărăşeşti . Details August 8 -- 20 Second Battle of Oituz . August 14 China declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . August 15 -- 25 Battle of Hill 70 ( Continuation of British operations near Lens ) . August 16 -- 18 Second Battle of Langemarck ( Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Details August 17 China terminates the German and Austro - Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them . August 18 -- 28 Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo . Details August 20 -- 26 Second Offensive Battle of Verdun . September -- October Operation Albion . German capture of Oesel , Dago and Moon Islands . September 1 -- 3 Battle of Jugla . September 5 The SMS Seeadler 's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece , allowing their escape . They rename it Fortuna . September 5 -- 12 The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Stockholm . Details September 8 - 12 Russia : General Kornilov 's coup attempt fails . Details September 12 Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé . September 14 Russia declared a republic . September 20 -- 26 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 21 Costa Rica severs relations with Germany . September 26 -- 27 Battle of Polygon Wood ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 28 -- 29 Battle of Ramadi , Mesopotamia . Details October 4 Battle of Broodseinde ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 5 The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans . October 6 Peru severs relations with Germany . October 7 Uruguay severs relations with Germany . October 9 Battle of Poelcappelle ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 Mata Hari executed . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River . Details October 26 -- November 10 Second Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 27 Brazil declares war on Germany . October 27 Battle of Buqqar Ridge . October 30 Italy : Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister . Details October 31 -- November 7 Third Battle of Gaza . The British break through the Ottoman lines . Details October 31 Battle of Beersheba ( opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza ) . Details November 1 -- 6 Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe . November 2 Balfour Declaration : the British government supports plans for a Jewish `` national home '' in Palestine . Details November 5 The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles . November 7 October Revolution : Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace . Charge at Sheria . November 8 Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander - in - Chief of the Italian Army . Details Charge at Huj . November 9 -- December 28 First Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river . Details November 10 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) ends . Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) . Details November 18 -- 24 Battle of Nebi Samwil , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . November 20 -- December 3 First Battle of Cambrai . A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate . Details November 25 Battle of Ngomano , the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies . December 1 Battle of El Burj , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . December 6 Halifax Explosion : An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont - Blanc , laden with high explosives for the Western Front , leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond , Nova Scotia . It is the largest man - made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons . December 7 The United States declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 8 Ecuador severs relations with Germany . December 10 Panama declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 15 Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers , to take effect on December 17 . December 16 Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee . December 17 Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party . Details December 20 -- 21 Battle of Jaffa , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . Details 1918 ( edit ) Dates Events January 8 Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points . Details February to September Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley . Details February 9 The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People 's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest - Litovsk . Details February 15 -- 16 Battle of Rarancza . February 18 -- March 3 Operation Faustschlag , last offensive on Eastern Front . February 19 British begin their assault on Jericho . Details February 21 The British capture Jericho . Details Germans capture Minsk . Details February 24 Germans capture Zhytomyr . Details February 25 German troops capture Estonia . Details February 28 Germans capture Pskov and Narva . Details March 2 Germans capture Kiev . Details March 3 At Brest - Litovsk , Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany . Details March 4 First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu : Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston , Fort Riley , Kansas . March 7 German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet . Details March 8 -- 12 Battle of Tell ' Asur . March 8 -- 13 Battle of Bakhmach . March 11 Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley ; first known case outside in Queens , New York . March 21 -- April 5 First phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Michael ( also known as Second Battle of the Somme ) . The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory . Details March 21 -- 23 The Battle of St. Quentin , first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive . Details March 21 -- April 2 First Transjordan attack on Amman . March 23 -- August 7 Artillery bombardment of Paris . Details March 24 -- 25 First Battle of Bapaume , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 25 First Battle of Noyon , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 26 French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces . Details March 26 -- 27 Battle of Rosieres , a phase of Operation Michael . Details Action of Khan Baghdadi . March 25 Penza Agreement : The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks . March 27 -- 31 First Battle of Amman , a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack . March 28 Third Battle of Arras ( also known as First Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 30 -- April 5 First Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Michael . April 1 Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service . April 4 -- 5 Battle of the Avre , final phase of Operation Michael . April 7 -- 29 Second phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Georgette ( also known as Battle of the Lys ) . The results are disappointing for the Germans . Details April 7 -- 9 Battle of Estaires , first phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 10 -- 11 Third Battle of Messines , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 12 -- 13 Battle of Hazebrouck , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 13 -- 15 Battle of Bailleul , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 14 Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria - Hungary 's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair . April 17 -- 19 First Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 18 Battle of Bethune , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 21 The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux - sur - Somme . April 23 Guatemala declares war on Germany . April 24 -- 27 Second Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Georgette . April 25 -- 26 Second Battle of Kemmelberg , a phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 28 Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison , from tuberculosis . April 29 Battle of Scherpenberg , final phase of Operation Georgette . Details April 30 -- May 4 Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt . May 7 Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers . It will never be ratified . Details May 8 Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria - Hungary . May 10 -- 11 Battle of Kaniow . May 14 Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east . Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion , but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans - Siberian Railway . Details May 21 Ottomans invade Armenia . Details May 21 -- 29 Battle of Sardarabad , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . Battle of Abaran , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 23 Costa Rica declares war on Germany . May 24 -- 28 Battle of Karakilisa , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 27 -- June 6 Third Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Operation Blücher - Yorck , third phase of the Spring Offensive ) . After initial gains , the German advance is halted . Details May 28 Battle of Cantigny . May 29 -- 31 Battle of Skra - di - Legen June 1 -- 26 Battle of Belleau Wood , part of the German Spring Offensive . June 8 Action of Arsuf . Ottomans re-enter Tabriz . Details June 8 The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara . Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front . Details June 8 -- October Germany interferes in the Caucasus . Details June 9 -- 12 Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Gneisenau ( also known as Battle of Matz ) . Despite substantial territorial gains , the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals Details June 13 Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk . June 13 -- 23 Second Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarian offensive is repelled . Details June 15 - 31 Ottomans occupy Dilman , Khoy and Urmia . Details . June 30 Battle of Moreuil Wood . July 4 Battle of Hamel . July 12 Haiti declares war on Germany . July 14 Battle of Abu Tellul . July 15 -- August 6 Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front , which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French . Details July 15 -- 17 Champagne - Marne Offensive ( consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I . Details July 17 Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks , out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops . Details July 18 Battle of Chateau - Thierry , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 18 -- 22 Battle of Soissons , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 19 Battle of Tardenois , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Honduras declares war on Germany . August Spanish Flu virus mutates : Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest , Freetown and Boston . August 5 The Czechoslovak People 's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve . Details August 8 -- November 11 Hundred Days Offensive , last offensive on Western Front . August 8 -- 12 Battle of Amiens , first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 9 -- 12 Battle of Montdidier . August 13 -- September 3 Battle of San Matteo . August 17 -- 29 Second Battle of Noyon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of the Somme ( also known as Third battle of the Somme ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details August 21 -- 22 Third Battle of Albert , opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details August 21 -- September 3 Second Battle of Bapaume , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . August 26 -- September 3 Fourth Battle of Arras ( also known as Second Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme Details August 26 -- 30 Fourth Battle of the Scarpe ( also known as Battle of the Scarpe ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras . Details August 26 -- September 14 Battle of Baku , last Turkish offensive of the war . August 30 - 31 Battle of Lioma . August 31 -- September 3 Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin , a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . September 1 -- 2 Battle of Peronne , a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint - Quentin . Details September 2 -- 3 Battle of Drocourt - Queant Line , final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme . Details September 8 - 23 Ufa Conference : Formation of the Provisional All - Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion . September 10 Battle of Savy - Dallon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 Battle of Havrincourt , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 12 -- 19 Battle of Saint - Mihiel , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 14 Battle of Vauxaillon , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details September 14 -- 29 Vardar Offensive , final offensive on the Balkan Front . September 15 The Allies ( French and Serbs ) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje , a phase of the Vardar Offensive . Details September 18 Battle of Epehy , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 18 -- 19 Third Battle of Doiran , a phase of the Vardar Offensive , The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance . Details September 18 -- October 17 Battle of the Hindenburg Line , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . The Allies break through the German lines . Details September 19 -- 25 Battle of Megiddo . The British conquer Palestine . Details Battle of Nablus , a phase of the Battle of Meggido . Details Third Transjordan attack , a phase of the Battle of Nablus . Battle of Sharon , a phase of the Battle of Megiddo . September 22 The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 19 Battle of Tulkarm , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Battle of Arara , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 19 -- 20 Battle of Tabsor , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 20 Capture of Jenin , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon . Details September 20 -- 21 Battle of Nazareth , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . September 23 Battle of Haifa , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Details September 25 Battle of Samakh , a phase of the Battle of Sharon . Second Battle of Amman , a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack . September 26 -- November 11 Meuse - Argonne Offensive , the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I . Details September 26 -- October 1 The British enter Damascus . Details September 26 Battle of Somme - Py ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Irbid , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 26 -- 27 British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus . Details September 27 Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . September 27 -- October 1 Battle of the Canal du Nord , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 28 -- October 2 Fifth Battle of Ypres ( also known as Advance on Flanders ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . September 29 -- October 10 Battle of St. Quentin Canal , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . September 30 Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies . Battle of Saint - Thierry ( Initial phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details Charge at Kaukab , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . Charge at Kiswe , a phase of the Capture of Damascus . October 3 Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne . October 3 -- 27 Pursuit to Haritan . Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge . October 8 -- 10 Second Battle of Cambrai ( also known as Battle of Cambrai ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line . Details October 14 -- 17 Battle of Montfaucon ( intermediate phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details October 14 -- 19 Battle of Courtrai , closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive . Details October 15 Battle of Mont - D'Origny , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 17 -- 26 Battle of the Selle , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . October 20 Germany suspends submarine warfare . Details Battle of Lys and Escaut ( Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut ) , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Battle of Serre , a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details October 23 -- 30 Battle of Sharqat . October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Vittorio Veneto . The Austro - Hungarian army is routed . The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest . Details October 24 -- 28 Second Battle of Monte Grappa , beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto . October 25 Battle of Aleppo . Details October 29 Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg 's deputy . Details Germany 's Hochseeflotte mutinies . Details State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs proclaimed . Details October 30 The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros . Details November First Spanish Flu cases in Spain , where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship . November 1 Battle of Chesne ( Closing phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details November 1 -- 2 Battle of Valenciennes , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details November 3 Austria - Hungary signs the armistice with Italy , effective November 4 . November 4 Battle of the Sambre , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Second Battle of Guise , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details Battle of Thierache , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details November 6 -- 11 Advance to the Meuse . November 9 Germany : Kaiser William II abdicates ; republic proclaimed . Details November 10 Austria - Hungary : Kaiser Charles I abdicates . Details Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers . November 11 At 6 am , Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne . End of fighting at 11 a.m. . Poland proclaimed . November 12 Austria proclaimed a republic . November 14 Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic . Details German U-boats interned . 3 days after the armistice , fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow - Vorbeck agrees a cease - fire on hearing of Germany 's surrender . Details November 18 Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All - Russian Government in a coup . November 21 Germany 's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom . Details November 22 The Germans evacuate Luxembourg . November 25 11 days after agreeing a cease - fire , General von Lettow - Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present - day Zambia . Details November 27 The Germans evacuate Belgium . December 1 Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes proclaimed . Details 1919 ( edit ) Dates Events January 5 Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea . January 10 Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina . Details January 18 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany : the Peace Conference opens in Paris . Details January 25 Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted . Details January 27 The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans - Siberian Railway . June 21 German High Seas Fleet ( 53 ships ) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths , the last casualties of the war . Details June 28 Treaty of Versailles signed . Details July 8 Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details July 21 The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details November 10 -- 11 A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10 . The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11 . This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day . Details November 14 The Bolsheviks take Omsk . Kolchak 's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans - Siberian . 1920 ( edit ) Dates Events January 4 A coup in Irkutsk deposes Kolchak . Details January 10 First meeting of the League of Nations held in London . Official end of World War I . Details Free City of Danzig established . Details January 20 Irkutsk surrenders to the Bolsheviks . January 21 The Paris Peace Conference ends . Details February 7 Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion . The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak in return for free passage to Vladivostok . Kolchak and his Prime Minister , Viktor Pepelyayev are executed . February 10 A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark . Details April 19 -- 26 Conference of Sanremo , Italy , about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East . Details June 4 Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary . Details August 10 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire . The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement , which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate . Details September 8 Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro . Details November 1 League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva , Switzerland . Details November 12 Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia . Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established . Details November 15 The League of Nations holds its first general assembly . Details Post-1920 ( edit ) Dates Events 1921 October 13 Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey . Details 1922 February 6 Washington Naval Treaty , limiting naval tonnage , signed by France , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States . Details April 10 -- May 19 Genoa Conference . Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War . Details April 16 Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations . Details September 11 Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan , Armenia . Details 1923 June 16 The Russian Civil War ends . July 24 Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey , successor State to the Ottoman Empire . It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres . Details 1924 January 27 Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia . Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia . Details Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albertini 1953 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lowe 1994 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Kriegserklärung ( Declaration of War ) , Wiener Zeitung ( Vienna Newspaper ) , July 28 , 1914 , Extraausgabe ( Special Edition ) , Amtlicher Teil ( Official Section ) , 19 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Evans 2004 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia exchange telegrams - Jul 29 , 1914 - HISTORY.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Events on August 1 '' . OnThisDay.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Telegramm des Reichskanzlers an den Kaiserlichen Botschafter in Petersburg von 1 . August 12 : 52 p.m. Dringend ( Telegram from the Imperial Chancellor to the Imperial Ambassador in Petersburg , August 1 , 12 : 52 p.m. Urgent ) , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Das Deutsche Weissbuch , über den Ausbruch des Deutsch - Russisch - Französischen Krieges , Nach dem dem Reichstag Vorgelegten Material ( The German White Book , on the Outbreak of the German - Russian - French War , According to the Documents Provided to the Reichstag ) ( Neumünster / Leipzig : Nordische Velagsanstalt , R. Hieronymus , 1914 ) , 46 , Anlage ( Annex ) 26 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Denmark International Encyclopedia of the First World War ( WW1 ) '' . encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914 , Yale University Jump up ^ the occupation of Luxembourg Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Der Reichskanzler an den Botschafter in Paris ( The Imperial Chancellor to the Ambassador in Paris ) , August 3 , 1914 , in Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , Die Deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch ( German Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the War ) , Band ( vol . ) III , Vom Bekanntwerden der Russischen Allgemeinen Mobilmachung bis Zur Kriegserklärung an Frankreich ( From the Publication of the Russian Mobilization to the Declaration of War Against France ) , ( Charlottenburg : Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte , 1919 ) , 185 , No. 734 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Keegan 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Note remise par M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Ministre des Affaires étrangères , à M. de Below Saleske , Ministre d'Allemagne , Bruxelles , le 3 août 1914 ( 7 heures du matin ) ( Note Given by M. ( Julien ) Davignon , Minister of Foreign Affairs , to M. de Below Saleske , Minister of Germany , Brussels , August 3 , 1914 , 7 in the morning ) , in Documents Diplomatiques 1914 : La Guerre Européenne ( Paris : Ministère des Affaires Étrangères , 1914 ) , 202 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` August 1914 : the outbreak of war '' . Switzerland and the First World War . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Belgium '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror Headlines : The Declaration of War , Published 4 August 1914 '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historians attempt to find WWI 's first shot deep in Australian waters '' . ABC . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Neiberg 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : `` First World War.com - Feature Articles - Who Declared War and When '' . www.firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Halpern 1995 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/primera-guerra-mundial/vivencias/neutralidad-espana.html Jump up ^ https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/35/22/10pereira.pdf Jump up ^ `` Montenegro Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of War Against Austria - Hungary , Aug. 12 , 1914 The war against Austria - Hungary was declared on August 12 , 1914 , and the Declaration was published in the London Gazette on the following day . Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Farwell 1989 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ `` Austria - Hungary Declares War on Belgium '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Петроград -- Энциклопедия `` Вокруг света '' `` . www.vokrugsveta.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Creveld 1977 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 943 . Jump up ^ `` Rusya Fransa ve İngiltere devletleriyle hal - i harb ilanı hakkında irade - i seniyye ( Imperial Decree Concerning the Declaration of a State of War with the States of Russia , France , and the United Kingdom ) , Nov. 11 , 1914 ( 29 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) , Takvim - i Vekayi , Nov. 12 , 1914 ( 30 Teşrin - i Evvel 1330 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1052 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` The Battle of Bolimov , 1915 '' . Firstworldwar.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 564 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy Declares War on Germany '' . World History Project . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 652 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker 2005 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1139 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1061 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1431 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1092 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1252 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 854 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 855 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1286 Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/china-declares-war-on-germany Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1283 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gottschall 2003 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Boemeke 1998 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2005 , p. 674 . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Albertini , Luigi ( 1953 ) . Origins of the War of 1914 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . OCLC 168712 . Boemeke , Manfred Franz ( 1998 ) . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 years . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62132 - 1 . Creveld , Martin van ( 1977 ) . Supplying War : Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29793 - 1 . Evans , David ( 2004 ) . The First World War . Teach yourself . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 88489 - 4 . OCLC 224332259 . Farwell , Byron ( 1989 ) . The Great War in Africa , 1914 -- 1918 . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30564 - 7 . Gottschall , Terrell D. ( 2003 ) . By order of the Kaiser : Otto von Diederichs and the rise of the Imperial German Navy , 1865 -- 1902 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 309 - 5 . Halpern , Paul G. ( 1995 ) . A Naval History of World War I. Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 498 - 4 . Keegan , John ( 1998 ) . The First World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 9780091801786 . Lowe , John ( 1994 ) . The Great Powers , Imperialism , and the German Problem , 1865 -- 1925 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 10444 - 0 . Neiberg , Michael S ( 2005 ) . Fighting the Great War : A Global History . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01696 - 3 . OCLC 56592292 . Odgers , George ( 1994 ) . 100 Years of Australians at War . Lansdowne . ISBN 1 - 86302 - 669 - X . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 5 . OCLC 52541937 . Tucker , Spencer ( 2005 ) . World War I : encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Pope ; Elizabeth - Anne Wheal ( 1995 ) . `` Select Chronology '' . Dictionary of the First World War . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85052 - 979 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` WWI Timeline '' . The Great War . USA : Public Broadcasting System . `` WWI Timeline '' . USA : National World War I Museum . `` World War One Timeline '' . UK : BBC . `` New Zealand and the First World War ( timeline ) '' . New Zealand Government . `` Timeline : Australia in the First World War , 1914 - 1918 '' . Australian War Memorial . `` World War I : Declarations of War from around the Globe '' . Law Library of Congress . World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal War Peace ( list ) Conflicts ( list ) Ideas of War ( lists ) Civil Wars ( list ) Attacks ( list ) Terrorism ( list ) Massacres ( list ) Warfare ( list ) Battles ( list ) Wars ( list ) Ongoing armed conflicts ( list ) Maps of the world showing all ongoing armed conflicts World War I portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_World_War_I&oldid=824551378 '' Categories : Timelines of military conflicts World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 01 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did russia leave the first world war	[]	[]
528699967035424922	Shelob	Shelob - wikipedia Shelob Jump to : navigation , search For the song Shelob 's Lair , see Music of The Lord of the Rings film series . Shelob Tolkien 's legendarium character Race Spider Book ( s ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) Shelob is a fictional giant spider from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium . She appears at the end of the fourth book , second volume ( The Two Towers ) , of The Lord of the Rings . Her lair lies in Cirith Ungol ( `` the pass of the spider '' ) leading into Mordor . Gollum deliberately leads Frodo Baggins there in hopes of recovering the One Ring when Shelob attacks Frodo . The plan is foiled when Samwise Gamgee greatly injures Shelob with Frodo 's Elvish dagger , Sting , and the Phial of Galadriel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 2 Name 3 Adaptations 4 See also 5 References Literature ( edit ) Shelob was an `` evil thing in spider - form ... ( the ) last child of Ungoliant to trouble the unhappy world '' , living high in the Ephel Dúath mountains on the borders of Mordor . There are numerous references to her predating the events of The Lord of the Rings by many ages . Although she resided in Mordor and was unrepentantly evil , she was independent of Sauron and his influence . This creature makes her first appearance in the chapter `` The Stairs of Cirith Ungol '' , though she is formally introduced in the next chapter `` Shelob 's Lair '' where the author says `` But still she was there , who was there before Sauron , and before the first stone of Barad - dûr ; and she served none but herself , drinking the blood of Elves and Men , bloated and grown fat with endless brooding on her feasts , weaving webs of shadow ; for all living things were her food , and her vomit darkness '' . Her descendants include the Giant Spiders defeated by Bilbo Baggins in The Hobbit . Shelob 's lair was Torech Ungol , below Cirith Ungol ( `` Pass of the Spider '' ) , along the path that Sam Gamgee and Frodo Baggins took into Mordor , where Shelob had encountered Gollum during his previous trip to Mordor , and he apparently worshipped her . The Orcs of the Tower of Cirith Ungol called her `` Shelob the Great '' and `` Her Ladyship '' , and referred to Gollum as `` Her Sneak '' . Sauron himself was aware of her existence , but left her alone , as a useful guard on the pass , and occasionally fed prisoners to her . In the story , Gollum led the Hobbits into her lair to himself recover the One Ring after she consumed them . She cornered them ; but Frodo used the Phial of Galadriel 's light to drive her off , and used Sting to cut the webs blocking the tunnel . Gollum waylaid the pair and tried to strangle Sam , while Shelob paralysed Frodo ; whereafter Sam fought off Gollum and then wielded Sting against Shelob . Seeking to crush Sam , she instead impaled herself upon Sting ; and was nearly blinded by the Phial of Galadriel ; whereupon she fled . Thinking Frodo dead , Sam took the Ring from his friend and left his body behind , but discovered by listening to a pair of Orcs that Frodo was alive but senseless , under a minor influence of venom . Name ( edit ) As Tolkien admitted in a letter to his son , Shelob `` is of course only ' she + lob ' , '' - lob being an archaic English word for spider , influenced by Old English loppe or `` spider '' . The word is not related to `` cob '' nor `` cobweb '' . Old English attercoppe ( meaning `` spider '' ) is derived from atter meaning `` poison '' and coppe meaning `` head '' ; Tolkien used `` attercop '' as well as `` cob '' and `` lob '' in The Hobbit , where Bilbo Baggins sings songs taunting the giant spiders in Mirkwood : `` Attercop , Attercop , Old Tomnoddy '' and `` Lazy Lob and Crazy Cob '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Shelob fights Sam Gamgee in Peter Jackson 's film adaptation of The Return of the King . In the 1981 BBC Radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings , Shelob is portrayed by BBC Radiophonic Workshop member Jenny Lee via a series of treated vocal effects . As part of the technical crew Lee had contributed sound effects elsewhere in the series , but received an acting credit for her work on Shelob . In Peter Jackson 's film trilogy , Shelob 's appearance is delayed until the middle of the third movie , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , wherein Shelob has a retractable venomous wasp - like stinger between the spinnerets , which she uses to paralyze Frodo . She also appears to have a gaping mouth , equipped with four chelicerae and two fangs . Of her eyes , only four are visible . In a DVD commentary , Jackson says Shelob 's appearance is mostly based on the New Zealand tunnel - web spider . In the video game The Return of the King , based on the film , Shelob is one of the bosses and her defeat is required to beat the level `` Shelob 's Lair '' . In The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II , Shelob is a hireable hero - unit of the Goblin faction . In the video game Lego The Lord of the Rings , she is the enemy of the level The Secret Stairs , briefly , as Frodo and Gollum run away from her . She then appears at the start of the next level , Cirith Ungol , wherein the player ( s ) can use the characters of Samwise Gamgee or the Orc , Shagrat . Shelob is a major character in the video game Middle - earth : Shadow of War , where she serves as both the narrator and an ally to player character Talion . In the game , Shelob uses her Maian shape - shifting ability to assume the form of an attractive human woman . Following criticism of this decision , creative director Michael de Plater explained his interpretation that Gollum and Shelob were `` the unsung heroes of The Lord of the Rings '' , with Shelob sensing Frodo 's weakness and making a pact with Gollum to hasten him to Mount Doom and the confrontation that destroys the ring . De Plater envisioned Shelob as a dark counterpart to Galadriel , noting how both manipulate lesser beings , but that Shelob is more honest . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Lord of the Rings Middle - earth peoples References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Two Towers , book 4 , chapter 9 : `` Shelob 's Lair . '' Jump up ^ Thomson , George H. ( 1967 ) . `` '' The Lord of the Rings `` : The Novel as Traditional Romance '' . Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature . Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature , Vol. 8 , No. 1 . 8 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 59 . JSTOR 1207129 . doi : 10.2307 / 1207129 . Jump up ^ Chiodini , Johnny ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Why Shelob is a woman in Shadow of War '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring film soundtrack game The Two Towers film soundtrack game The Return of the King film soundtrack game Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson trilogy The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II Kingdom O ' Magic The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelob&oldid=804109299 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings characters Fictional spiders Fictional demons and devils Middle - earth animals Fictional characters introduced in 1954 Literary villains Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name of spider from lord of the rings	[ "Shelob is a fictional giant spider from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. She appears at the end of the fourth book, second volume (The Two Towers), of The Lord of the Rings. Her lair lies in Cirith Ungol (\"the pass of the spider\") leading into Mordor. Gollum deliberately leads Frodo Baggins there in hopes of recovering the One Ring when Shelob attacks Frodo. The plan is foiled when Samwise Gamgee greatly injures Shelob with Frodo's Elvish dagger, Sting, and the Phial of Galadriel." ]	[ "Shelob" ]
144971632517438855	Annabeth Gish	Annabeth Gish - wikipedia Annabeth Gish Jump to : navigation , search Annabeth Gish Anne Elizabeth Gish ( 1971 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Albuquerque , New Mexico , United States Alma mater Duke University Occupation Actress Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Wade Allen ( m . 2003 ) Children Annabeth Gish ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She has played roles in films Shag , Hiding Out , Mystic Pizza , SLC Punk ! , The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy . On television , she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files , Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing , Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood , Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy . In 2016 , she reprised her role as Monica Reyes in the tenth season of The X-Files , and then again in the eleventh season starting in January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Humanitarian efforts 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Gish was born Anne Elizabeth Gish in Albuquerque , New Mexico , the daughter of Judy and Robert Gish . When she was two , her family moved to Cedar Falls , Iowa , where she grew up with her brother Tim and her sister Robin . Her father was an English professor at the University of Northern Iowa ; her mother was an elementary school teacher . Gish went to Northern University High School in Cedar Falls , Iowa , where she graduated in 1989 . She attended Duke University , where she was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and focused her energies on the Drama program , Film Studies and Women 's Studies . She received a B.A. in English in July 1993 . Career ( edit ) Gish 's first starring role was in the 1986 teen film Desert Bloom . In 1987 , she starred in the film Hiding Out with Jon Cryer . She played `` Kat '' , the sister of Julia Roberts ' character , in 1988 's Mystic Pizza . In 1989 , Gish got her first major TV film role in When He 's Not a Stranger as rape victim Lyn McKenna . Gish portrayed Anne Hampton , the doomed second wife of Rhett Butler , in 1994 in the TV mini series Scarlett . Gish also had a major part in the 1989 comedy Shag starring Bridget Fonda , Phoebe Cates , Page Hannah , Jeff Yagher and Scott Coffey . The film 's title refers to 1960s Carolina shag dancing and beach life in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . In 1994 's Wyatt Earp , starring Kevin Costner , she played Urilla Sutherland , Wyatt 's childhood sweetheart and eventual wife . The next year , she appeared in Oliver Stone 's Nixon as Julie Nixon . In 1996 , Gish played the girlfriend Tracey in Beautiful Girls . In 1997 , Gish received her first starring role in a movie , portraying Susan Sparks opposite Shaquille O'Neal in the movie adaptation of DC Comics superhero Steel . In 1997 , she starred in the TV movie True Women as Euphemia Ashby alongside Dana Delany and Angelina Jolie . In 1998 , Gish starred in SLC Punk ! as a head shop owner named Trish . In 2001 , Gish joined the cast of The X-Files as Special Agent Monica Reyes after series star David Duchovny announced his intention to leave the show . During the eighth and ninth seasons , Gish and fellow newcomer Robert Patrick became the show 's principal characters and it was presumed that the two could carry on the show even after Gillian Anderson left . While it is generally agreed their performances were good , ratings continued to drop with the departure of Duchovny and his dynamic partnership with Gillian Anderson ; the ninth season of The X-Files became the show 's last until 2016 . In 2003 , Gish guest - starred on The West Wing playing Elizabeth Bartlet Westin , eldest daughter of President Josiah Bartlet ( Martin Sheen ) . She appeared several times over the following seasons . In 2006 , Gish played the role of Julia in the independent movie The Celestine Prophecy and costarred in Candles on Bay Street alongside Eion Bailey and Alicia Silverstone . Also in 2006 , Gish began a major role in the Showtime drama Brotherhood as Eileen Caffee . She appeared in 29 of the 33 episodes in the series 's three - season run . Gish played Jo Noonan in the A&E TV miniseries Stephen King 's Bag of Bones in 2011 . Also in 2011 , she played the role of Anne Sullivan , a mysterious therapist in Pretty Little Liars . In 2012 , Gish made a guest appearance in 12th season of the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . In 2012 , Gish co-starred on the ABC drama pilot Americana as the mother of Ashley Greene 's character . However , the pilot was not picked up . From 2013 to 2014 , Gish was part of the main cast in the FX series The Bridge , in which she played Charlotte Millwright , a widow who discovers that her recently deceased husband had secrets on both sides of the US - Mexican border . In 2014 , she had a guest - starring role on Sons of Anarchy as Lt. Althea Jarry of the San Joaquin County Sheriff 's Department . In summer 2015 , it was announced Gish would return as Monica Reyes in the upcoming The X Files revival . She appeared in episode 6 of season 10 . She will also reprise her role as Agent Reyes for the 11th season of the show for the 2017 - 2018 TV season . She co-starred with Kate Bosworth , Thomas Jane and Dash Mihok in the 2016 thriller film Before I Wake . Humanitarian efforts ( edit ) Gish is a supporter of CARE International and , more recently , of Students Rebuild and One Million Bones . On behalf of these organizations , she filmed a short public service announcement video in April 2012 . She is on the board of non-profit organization The Unusual Suspects Theatre Company . Personal life ( edit ) Gish is not , as has been sometimes reported , related to the early silent film actress sisters Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish . When Gish first became interested in acting , she wrote a letter to Lillian Gish , who replied by encouraging Annabeth to stay away from the business . Lillian wrote , `` There 's too much talent and not enough work in the movies ! '' Gish started dating The X-Files stunt man Wade Allen in December 2001 . They married in October 2003 . The couple 's first son , Cash Alexander Allen , was born January 12 , 2007 . The couple 's second son , Enzo Edward Allen , was born October 25 , 2008 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Hero in the Family Jessie 1986 Desert Bloom Rose Chismore Hiding Out Ryan Campbell Mystic Pizza Kat Arujo Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama 1989 Shag Caroline `` Pudge '' Carmichael 1989 When He 's Not a Stranger Lyn McKenna Television film Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Coupe de Ville Tammy 1991 The Last to Go Lydia Television film Lady Against the Odds Sylvia Raffray Television film Silent Cries Hazel Hampton 1994 Wyatt Earp Urilla Sutherland 1995 The Last Supper Paulie 1995 Nixon Julie Nixon Eisenhower Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Beautiful Girls Tracy Stover Do n't Look Back Michelle Television film What Love Sees Jean Treadway Holly Television film 1997 True Women Euphemia Ashby Television film 1997 Mayday -- Flug in den Tod Maria Philips 1997 Steel Susan Sparks 1998 SLC Punk ! Trish 1998 To Live Again Karen Holmes Television film 1999 Double Jeopardy Angie Green / Angie Ryder 1999 God 's New Plan Claire Hutton Television film 1999 Different Hope Goodell 1999 Sealed with a Kiss Robbie 1999 No Higher Love Claire Hutton / Young 2001 The Way She Moves Amie Television film 2001 Pursuit of Happiness Marissa Slamdunk Film Festival for Best Actress 2001 Morning Lily 2001 Race to Space Dr. Donni McGuinness 2002 Buying the Cow Nicole 2002 A Death in the Family Mary Follet Television film Knots Greta Siegel Life on Liberty Street Denise Di Fiori Television film 2005 Detective Cynthia Ernst Television film 2006 Gillery 's Little Secret Gillery Short film 2006 The Celestine Prophecy Julia 2006 Mojave Phone Booth Beth 2006 Desperation Mary Jackson 2006 Candles on Bay Street Lydia Television film 2008 Of Murder and Memory Sally Linden Television film 2009 An American Girl Chrissa Stands Strong Meg Maxwell At Risk Det . Delma Sykes Television film The Letter Beth Short film 2011 The Chaperone Lynne 2011 Commerce Beth Short film 2011 Texas Killing Fields Gwen Heigh 2011 Home Run Showdown Michelle 2012 A Mother 's Nightmare Maddie Television film 2016 Before I Wake Natalie 2016 Grass Stains Mrs. Turner 2016 Term Life Lucy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Scarlett Anne Hampton 4 episodes 1995 Courthouse Lenore Laderman 11 episodes Chicago Hope Amy Peletier Episode : `` Three Men and a Lady '' 2001 -- 2002 , 2016 -- present The X-Files Monica Reyes 25 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television CSI : Miami Wendy Decker Episode : `` Not Landing '' 2003 -- 06 The West Wing Elizabeth Bartlet Westin 6 episodes 2008 The Cleaner Barbara Hoffler Episode : `` Meet the Joneses '' 2006 -- 08 Brotherhood Eileen Caffee 29 episodes Criminal Minds Rebecca Hodges Episode : `` Parasite '' FlashForward Lita 3 episodes 2011 Lie to Me Ilene Episode : `` Saved '' 2011 Against the Wall Chief Julie Carmen Episode : `` A Good Cop '' 2011 Bag of Bones Jo Noonan 2 episodes 2011 -- 12 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Laura Gabriel 3 episodes 2012 Americana Rachel Clarke Unsold TV pilot 2012 Once Upon a Time Anita Episode : `` Child of the Moon '' 2011 -- 15 Pretty Little Liars Dr. Anne Sullivan 9 episodes 2013 -- 14 The Bridge Charlotte Millwright 18 episodes 2013 Parks and Recreation Stephanie Wyatt Episode : `` Partridge '' 2014 Parenthood Ms. York Episode : `` The Pontiac '' 2014 Betrayal Violet Episode : `` ... The Karsten Way '' 2014 Sons of Anarchy Sheriff Althea Jarry 10 episodes 2016 Scandal Lillian Forrester 3 episodes 2016 Rizzoli & Isles Alice Sands 3 episodes 2016 Flaked Alicia Wiener Episode : `` 7th '' 2016 -- 17 Halt and Catch Fire Diane Gould 17 episodes 2017 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Carolyn Rivers Episode : `` Contrapasso '' 2018 The Haunting of Hill House Mrs. Dudley Upcoming series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caron , Nathalie . `` The X-Files adds 2 female directors , Annabeth Gish to return for Season 11 '' . ^ Jump up to : Yahoo . `` Annabeth Gish - Biography '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annabeth Gish joins ' Pretty Little Liars ' '' April 8 , 2011 , Digital Spy Jump up ^ `` CASTING : Annabeth Gish Guest Stars '' Archived October 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . October 18 , 2011 , CSI blog Jump up ^ Nellie andreeva ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Cougar Town 's Dan Byrd Gets Lead In CBS Comedy Pilot , Two ABC Dramas Add Casts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Demian Bichir , Annabeth Gish , Ted Levine Join FX Drama Pilot ' The Bridge ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) , My Struggle II , David Duchovny , Gillian Anderson , Mitch Pileggi , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Annabeth Gish Returns To `` The X-Files '' As Agent Reyes ! `` . bloody-disgusting.com . Jump up ^ `` Dozens of ' Before I Wake ' Images Flutter In ! - Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Jump up ^ Students Rebuild . `` Annabeth Gish makes a bone '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Unusual Suspects Theatre Company to Honor MY CRAZY EX-GIRLFIEND's Rachel Bloom & Former Executive Director '' . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , `` Annabeth Gish plays it smart with ' Mystic ' role '' , Roger Ebert.com , October 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Annabeth Gish Dec 10 , 2016 at 1 : 25am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Annabeth Gish Oct 11 , 2013 at 4 : 18pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ People , `` Annabeth Gish and Husband Have a Son '' , People , January 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ People , `` Brotherhood star Annabeth Gish Has a Boy '' , People , October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Annabeth Gish on IMDb VIAF : 12515634 LCCN : no95015350 ISNI : 0000 0001 1946 6941 GND : 140792090 BNF : cb141817581 ( data ) NKC : xx0172851 BNE : XX1341534 SNAC : w6tg5p3m Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annabeth_Gish&oldid=826041383 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Albuquerque , New Mexico Actresses from Iowa Actresses from New Mexico American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Duke University alumni Lillian Gish People from Cedar Falls , Iowa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the female sheriff in sons of anarchy	[ "Annabeth Gish (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She has played roles in films Shag, Hiding Out, Mystic Pizza, SLC Punk!, The Last Supper and Double Jeopardy. On television, she played Special Agent Monica Reyes on The X-Files, Elizabeth Bartlet Westin on The West Wing, Eileen Caffee on Brotherhood, Charlotte Millwright on The Bridge and Sheriff Althea Jarry on the final season of Sons of Anarchy." ]	[ "Annabeth Gish" ]
7883416437650121705	Financial position of the United States	Financial position of the United States - Wikipedia Financial position of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution Net worth of the United States by sector as a fraction of GDP 1960 - 2008 Assets of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 - 2008 Liabilities of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 - 2009 Federal Deficits as a percent of GDP The financial position of the United States includes assets of at least $269.6 trillion ( 1576 % of GDP ) and debts of $145.8 trillion ( 852 % of GDP ) to produce a net worth of at least $123.8 trillion ( 723 % of GDP ) as of Q1 2014 . The U.S. increased the ratio of public and private debt from 152 % GDP in 1980 to peak at 296 % GDP in 2008 , before falling to 279 % GDP by Q2 2011 . The 2009 - 2011 decline was due to foreclosures and increased rates of household saving . There were significant declines in debt to GDP in each sector except the government , which ran large deficits to offset deleveraging or debt reduction in other sectors . As of 2009 , there was $50.7 trillion of debt owed by US households , businesses , and governments , representing more than 3.5 times the annual gross domestic product of the United States . As of the first quarter of 2010 , domestic financial assets totaled $131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities $106 trillion . Tangible assets in 2008 ( such as real estate and equipment ) for selected sectors totaled an additional $56.3 trillion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Net worth ( or equity ) 2 Estimated financial position , Q1 2014 3 Gross domestic assets , and related gain ( or loss ) , at end of 2011 4 Gross domestic income for 2010 5 Gross domestic expense for 2010 6 Debt 6.1 Financial sector 6.2 Households and non-profits 6.3 Nonfinancial business 6.4 State and local governments 6.5 Federal government 6.5. 1 Negative real interest rates 7 Derivatives 8 Foreign debt , assets , and liabilities 9 Sectoral financial balances 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links 13 References Net worth ( or equity ) ( edit ) Net worth is the sum of assets ( both financial and tangible ) minus liabilities for a given sector . Net worth is a valuable measure of creditworthiness and financial health since the calculation includes both financial obligations and the capacity to service those obligations . The net worth of the United States and its economic sectors has remained relatively consistent over time . The total net worth of the United States remained between 4.5 and 6 times GDP from 1960 until the 2000s , when it rose as high as 6.64 times GDP in 2006 , principally due to an increase in the net worth of US households in the midst of the United States housing bubble . The net worth of the United States sharply declined to 5.2 times GDP by the end of 2008 due to declines in the values of US corporate equities and real estate in the wake of the subprime mortgage crisis and the global financial crisis . Between 2008 and 2009 , the net worth of US households had recovered from a low of 3.55 times GDP to 3.75 times GDP , while nonfinancial business fell from 1.37 times GDP to 1.22 times GDP . The net worth of American households and non-profits constitutes three - quarters of total United States net worth -- in 2008 , 355 % of GDP . Since 1960 , US households have consistently held this position , followed by nonfinancial business ( 137 % of GDP in 2008 ) and state and local governments ( 50 % of GDP in 2008 ) . The financial sector has hovered around zero net worth since 1960 , reflecting its leverage , while the federal government has fluctuated from a net worth of - 7 % of GDP in 1946 , a high of 6 % of GDP in 1974 , to - 32 % of GDP in 2008 . Estimated financial position , Q1 2014 ( edit ) Billions US $ Sector : Nonfinancial assets : Financial assets : Debts : Net worth : Household & Nonprofit : 28,329.6 67,219 13,784.8 81,763.8 Nonfinancial Corporate Business : 18,511.7 16,427.9 15,902.2 19,094.4 Nonfinancial Noncorporate Business : 10,974.6 2,909.4 5,100.7 8,849.7 Financial Business : 1,734.1 82,057.2 77,594.8 6196.5 State & Local Governments : 9,716.3 2,909.4 5,100.7 7525 Federal Government : 3,190.1 1,727 16,415.3 - 11,498.2 Foreign : Not available 22,970.8 11,045.1 11,925.7 Total : 72,456.4 197,226.3 145,882.7 123,800 All figures from Q1 2014 except nonfinancial assets for financial and public sectors , which are from 2013 Some figures are missing land and nonproduced nonfinancial assets . Gross domestic assets , and related gain ( or loss ) , at end of 2011 ( edit ) Asset ( or Capital ) Accounts ( renamed for clarity ) per Federal Reserve Bank ( $ trillions ) Current Assets : Currency ( 10 % ) , Securities ( 80 % ) , & Receivables ( 10 % ) At Market Fixed Assets : Structures , Hardware , & Software At Market Debt Capital At Market Equity Capital At Market Total Assets ( or Capital ) At Market Percent of Assets Percent Gain ( or Loss ) in Assets Households ( & Non-Profits ) 50.23 23.39 13.48 60.04 73.52 33.82 % Corporate ( Big ) Businesses 15.07 14.97 13.74 16.31 30.04 13.82 % Other ( Small ) Businesses 3.47 9.52 5.56 7.43 13.00 5.98 % Financial Businesses 65.97 1.67 62.34 5.30 67.64 31.1 % Foreign Investors 18.25 11.04 7.21 18.25 8.39 % Private Account Totals 152.99 49.45 106.16 96.28 202.44 93.12 % State & Local Government 2.52 8.90 3.72 7.71 11.42 5.25 % Federal Government 1.35 2.18 12.26 - 8.73 3.53 1.62 % Public Account Totals 3.87 11.08 15.98 - 1.02 14.95 6.68 % Gross Account Totals 156.86 60.53 122.14 95.26 217.14 100 % Less : 2010 Total Assets - 212.20 2011 Total Asset Gain 5.20 2.45 % Less : 2011 Inflation - 3.20 % 2011 Real Asset Loss - 0.75 % SOURCE : Federal Reserve Bank Z - 1 Flow of Funds Statement , End of 2011 Accounts Gross domestic income for 2010 ( edit ) Income Accounts ( renamed & reclassified for clarity ) per Bureau of Economic Analysis ( $ trillions ) Gross Domestic Income Components Gross Domestic Income Percentage Private Employee Wages 6.31 43.43 % Private Gross Profits 5.23 36.01 % Gross Private Income ( or Value Added ) 11.54 79.44 % Public Employee Wages 1.67 11.50 % Public Gross Profits 1.32 9.05 % Gross Public Income ( or Taxes Added ) 2.99 20.56 % Gross Domestic Income ( or GDI ) 14.53 100 % SOURCE : U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , 2010 Accounts Gross domestic expense for 2010 ( edit ) Expense Accounts ( renamed for clarity ) per Bureau of Economic Analysis ( $ trillions ) Gross Domestic Expense Components Gross Domestic Expense Percentage Consumer Service Purchases 6.85 47.25 % Consumer Product Purchases 2.29 15.76 % Consumer Durable Investments 1.08 7.44 % Individual Domestic Expense 10.22 70.46 % Business Hardware Investments 1.02 7.04 % Business Structure Investments 0.38 2.60 % Residential Structure Investments 0.34 2.35 % Business Domestic Expense 1.74 11.98 % Federal Defense Purchases / Investments 0.82 5.64 % Other Federal Purchases / Investments 0.41 2.80 % State / Local Purchases / Investments 1.83 12.65 % Government Domestic Expense 3.06 21.09 % Imported Product Purchases - 1.95 - 13.43 % Imported Service Purchases - 0.41 - 2.82 % Exported Product Purchases 1.28 8.82 % Exported Service Purchases 0.57 3.90 % Net Trade Loss ( or Deficit ) - 0.51 - 3.53 % Gross Domestic Expense ( or GDP ) 14.50 99.81 % Statistical Discrepancy ( Income > Expense ) 0.03 0.19 % Equals : Gross Domestic Income ( above ) 14.53 100.00 % SOURCE : U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , 2010 Accounts Debt ( edit ) Components of total US debt as a fraction of GDP 1945 - 2009 US interest payments on debt by sector as a fraction of GDP 1960 - 2008 Credit market debt by sector and asset class ( 2010 Q1 ) owed by the United States in billions USD Bonds Loans Mortgages Other Total % GDP Financial sector 5612.9 807.7 167.4 8375.3 14963.3 104.9 % Households and non-profits 266.1 335.1 10480.1 2421.8 13503.1 94.7 % Nonfinancial business 4446.6 2835.7 3552.6 74.6 10909.6 76.5 % State and local 2369.8 13.7 2383.5 16.7 % Federal 8283.2 8283.2 58.1 % Total 20976.6 3992.2 14200.1 10871.7 50042.7 351.0 % GSE issues and GSE / Agency - backed mortgage pool securities ( together $7751.8 billion ) plus commercial paper ( $623.5 billion ) Consumer credit Commercial paper The Federal Reserve issues routine reports on the flows and levels of debt in the United States . As of the first quarter of 2010 , the Federal Reserve estimated that total public and private debt owed by American households , businesses , and government totaled $50 trillion , or roughly $175,000 per American and 3.5 times GDP . Interest payments on debt by US households , businesses , governments , and nonprofits totaled $3.29 trillion in 2008 . The financial sector paid an additional $178.6 billion in interest on deposits . In 1946 , the total US debt - to - GDP ratio was 150 % , with two - thirds of that held by the federal government . Since 1946 , the federal government 's debt - to - GDP ratio has since fallen by nearly half , to 54.8 % of GDP in 2009 . The debt - to - GDP ratio of the financial sector , by contrast , has increased from 1.35 % in 1946 to 109.5 % of GDP in 2009 . The ratio for households has risen nearly as much , from 15.84 % of GDP to 95.4 % of GDP . In April 2011 , International Monetary Fund said that , `` The US lacks a `` credibility strategy '' to stabilise its mounting public debt , posing a small but significant risk of a new global economic crisis . Financial sector ( edit ) In 1946 , the US financial sector owed $3 billion of debt , or 1.35 % of GDP . By 2009 this had increased to $15.6 trillion , or 109.5 % of GDP . Most debt owed by the US financial sector is in the form of federal government sponsored enterprise ( GSE ) issues and agency - backed securities . This refers to securities guaranteed and mediated by federal agencies and GSEs such as Ginnie Mae , Fannie Mae , and Freddie Mac , among others . This group also includes the mortgage pools that are used as collateral in collateralized mortgage obligations . The proportion of financial sector debt owed in the form of GSE and federally related mortgage pools has remained relatively constant -- $863 million or 47 % of total financial sector debt in 1946 was in such instruments ; this has increased to 57 % of financial sector debt in 2009 , although this now represents over $8 trillion . Bonds represent the next largest part of financial sector debt . In 1946 , bonds represented 6 % of financial sector debt , but by 1953 this proportion had risen to 24 % . This remained relatively constant until the late 1970s ; bonds fell to 14 % of financial sector debt in 1981 . This coincided with Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker 's strategy of combating stagflation by raising the federal funds rate ; as a result the prime rate peaked at 21.5 % , making financing through credit markets prohibitively expensive . Bonds recovered in the 1980s , representing approximately 25 % of financial sector debt throughout the 1990s ; however , between 2000 and 2009 , bonds issued by the financial sector had increased to 37 % of financial sector debt , or $5.8 trillion . Bonds and GSE / federal agency - backed issues represent all but 12 % of financial sector debt in 2009 . Households and non-profits ( edit ) In 1946 , US households and non-profits owed $35 billion of debt or 15.8 % of GDP . By 2009 this figure had risen to $13.6 trillion or 95.4 % of GDP . Home mortgage debt in 1946 represented 66.5 % of household debt ; consumer credit represented another 24 % . By 2009 , home mortgage debt had risen to 76 % of household debt and consumer credit had fallen to 18.22 % . According to the McKinsey Global Institute , the 2008 financial crisis was caused by `` unsustainable levels of household debt . '' The ratio of debt to household income rose by about one - third from 2000 to 2007 . The US currently has the twelfth highest debt to GDP ratio among advanced economies . Nonfinancial business ( edit ) In 1946 , US nonfinancial businesses owed $63.9 billion of debt or 28.8 % of GDP . By 2009 this figure had risen to $10.9 trillion or 76.4 % of GDP . State and local governments ( edit ) Public debt percent of GDP In 1946 , US state and local governments owed $12.7 billion of debt or 5.71 % of GDP . By 2009 this figure had risen to $2.4 trillion or 16.5 % of GDP . State and local governments have significant financial assets , totaling $2.7 trillion in 2009 . In 2009 , these included $1.3 trillion in credit market debt ( that is , debt owed by other sectors to state and local governments ) . These figures do not include state and local retirement funds . State and local retirement funds held $2.7 trillion in assets at the end of 2009 . Federal government ( edit ) Main article : United States public debt In 1946 , the federal government owed $251 billion of debt or 102.7 % of GDP . By 2009 this figure had risen to $7.8 trillion , but the federal government 's debt - to - GDP ratio had fallen to 54.75 % . The federal government held $1.4 trillion in assets at the end of 2009 . This is more than double the assets held by the federal government in 2007 ( $686 billion ) , mainly due to the acquisition of corporate equities , credit market debt , and cash . The federal government held $223 billion in corporate equity at the beginning of 2009 ; this had fallen to $67.4 billion at the end of that year . These figures do not include federal government retirement funds . Federal government retirement funds held $1.3 trillion in assets at the end of 2009 . These figures also do not include debt that the federal government owes to federal funds and agencies such as the Social Security Trust Fund . It also does not include `` unfunded liabilities '' to entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare either as debt or accounting liabilities . Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Lawrence Summers , Matthew Yglesias and other economists state that at such low rates , government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money , and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low . In January , 2012 , the U.S. Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association unanimously recommended that government debt be allowed to auction even lower , at negative absolute interest rates . Derivatives ( edit ) Derivative contracts outstanding ( 2010 Q1 ) in billions USD Value % GDP Notional value 216,452 1,482 % Market value Receivable Payable Interest rate 3,147 21.5 % - 3,052 - 20.9 % Foreign exchange 347 2.4 % - 345 - 2.4 % Equity 77 0.5 % - 78 - 0.5 % Commodity 41 0.3 % - 40 - 0.3 % Credit 390 2.7 % - 370 - 2.5 % Total market value 4,002 27.4 % - 3,886 - 26.6 % Credit exposure 359 2.5 % Figures of total debt typically do not include other financial obligations such as derivatives . Partly this is due to the complexities of quantifying derivatives -- the United States Comptroller of the Currency reports derivative contracts in terms of notional value , net current credit exposure , and fair value , among others . The number commonly used by the media is notional value , which is a base value used to determine the size of the cash flows exchanged in the contract . Fair value ( or market value ) is the value of the contract either on the open market or as it is appraised by accountants . Fair value can be positive or negative depending on the side of the contract the party is on . Credit exposure is defined as the net loss which holders of derivatives would suffer if their counterparties in those derivatives contracts defaulted . The notional value of derivative contracts held by US financial institutions is $216.5 trillion , or more than 15 times US GDP . The fair value of US - held derivatives contracts in the first quarter of 2010 was $4,002 billion ( 28.1 % of GDP ) for positions with positive values ( known as `` derivatives receivables '' ) , and $3,886 for positions with negative values ( 27.3 % of GDP ) . Interest rate derivatives form by far the largest part of US derivative contracts by all measures , accounting for $3,147 billion or 79 % of derivatives receivables . The measure preferred by the Office of the Comptroller is net current credit exposure ( NCCE ) , which measures the risk to banks and the financial system in derivatives contracts . The net current credit exposure ( NCCE ) of American financial institutions to derivatives in the first quarter of 2010 to $359 billion or 2.5 % of GDP , down from $800 billion at the end of 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis , when it stood at 5.5 % of GDP . The difference between the market value of US derivatives and the credit exposure to the financial system is due to netting -- financial institutions tend to have many positions with their counterparties that have positive and negative values , resulting in a much smaller exposure than the sum of the market values of their derivative positions . Netting reduces the credit exposure of the US financial system to derivatives by more than 90 % , as compared to 50.6 % at the beginning of 1998 . Derivatives contracts are overwhelmingly held by large financial institutions . The five largest US banks hold 97 % of derivatives by notional value ; the top 25 hold nearly 100 % . Banks currently hold collateral against their derivative exposures amounting to 67 % of their net current credit exposure . Foreign debt , assets , and liabilities ( edit ) Foreign - owned US assets and US - owned foreign assets ( 2010 Q1 ) in billions USD Foreign - owned US assets US - owned foreign assets Debt 7933.9 2084.2 Equity 2774.4 4157.3 FDI 2030.9 3990.2 Other 2086.1 1283.7 Total 15625.3 11515.4 Includes corporate equity plus mutual fund shares Foreign holdings of US assets are concentrated in debt . Americans own more foreign equity and foreign direct investment than foreigners own in the United States , but foreigners hold nearly four times as much US debt as Americans hold in foreign debt . 15.2 % of all US debt is owed to foreigners . Of the $7.9 trillion Americans owe to foreigners , $3.9 trillion is owed by the federal government . 48 % of US treasury securities are held by foreigners . Foreigners hold $1.28 trillion in agency - and government sponsored enterprise - backed securities , and another $2.33 trillion in US corporate bonds . Foreigners hold 24 % of domestic corporate debt and 17 % of domestic corporate equity . Sectoral financial balances ( edit ) Main article : Sectoral financial balances Sectoral financial balances in U.S. economy 1990 - 2012 . By definition , the three balances must net to zero . Since 2009 , the U.S. capital surplus and private sector surplus have driven a government budget deficit . Economist Martin Wolf explained in July 2012 that government fiscal balance is one of three major financial sectoral balances in the U.S. economy , the others being the foreign financial sector and the private financial sector . The sum of the surpluses or deficits across these three sectors must be zero by definition . In the U.S. , a foreign financial surplus ( or capital surplus ) exists because capital is imported ( net ) to fund the trade deficit . Further , there is a private sector financial surplus due to household savings exceeding business investment . By definition , there must therefore exist a government budget deficit so all three net to zero . The government sector includes federal , state and local . For example , the government budget deficit in 2011 was approximately 10 % GDP ( 8.6 % GDP of which was federal ) , offsetting a capital surplus of 4 % GDP and a private sector surplus of 6 % GDP . Wolf argued that the sudden shift in the private sector from deficit to surplus forced the government balance into deficit , writing : `` The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 per cent of gross domestic product between the third quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2009 , which was when the financial deficit of US government ( federal and state ) reached its peak ... No fiscal policy changes explain the collapse into massive fiscal deficit between 2007 and 2009 , because there was none of any importance . The collapse is explained by the massive shift of the private sector from financial deficit into surplus or , in other words , from boom to bust . '' Economist Paul Krugman also explained in December 2011 the causes of the sizable shift from private deficit to surplus : `` This huge move into surplus reflects the end of the housing bubble , a sharp rise in household saving , and a slump in business investment due to lack of customers . '' See also ( edit ) Economy of the United States -- discusses U.S. national debt and economic context FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) History of the U.S. public debt -- a table containing historical debt data National debt by U.S. presidential terms Proposed bailout of U.S. financial system ( 2008 ) United States federal budget -- analysis of federal budget spending and long - term risks Starve the beast ( policy ) General : Balance of payments Government budget deficit Public debt -- a general discussion of the topic International : Global debt List of countries by current account balance List of public debt -- list of the public debt for many nations , as a percentage of the GDP . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See section Estimated financial position , Q1 2014 for calculations . GDP in Q1 2014 was $17.1 trillion . Jump up ^ Domestic financial assets and liabilities are calculated as total assets and liabilities ( table L. 5 ) minus foreign assets and liabilities ( table L. 107 ) Jump up ^ This figure does not include the tangible assets of farm business . External links ( edit ) United States U.S. Congressional Budget Office Office of Management and Budget Death and Taxes : 2009 A graphical representation of the 2009 United States federal discretionary budget , including the public debt . United States -- Deficit versus Savings rate from 1981 Historical graphical representation of the 12 month rolling Fiscal deficit versus the Savings rate of the United States . ( since 1981 ) Derivatives , the great unknown with respect to its impact on the total US cumulative debt 190K Derivative burden per US person US Cumulative Debt per person mentioned in a video on YouTube Video stating IMF , OECD & World Bank do n't track Cumulative Debt per Person on YouTube German Households Owe More Than Greece 's Do , a non-US case of the Cumulate Debt Per Person reference frame . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Z. 1 Financial Accounts of the United States - Flow of Funds , Balance Sheets , and Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts - First Quarter 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Roxburgh , Charles ; Lund , Susan ; Daruvala , Toos ; Manyika , James ; Dobbs , Richard ; Forn , Ramon ; Croxson , Karen ( January 2012 ) . `` Debt and De-leveraging : Uneven Progress on the Path to Growth '' . McKinsey Global Institute . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve , Components of US debt , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . L. 5 , L. 125 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Tangible ( non-financial ) assets of the United States , retrieved 3 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve , Net worth of the United States , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . B. 100 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ USLegal , Net Worth Law & Legal Definition , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Z. 1 Financial Accounts of the United States - Flow of Funds , Balance Sheets , and Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts - Historical Annual Tables 2005 - 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( 2012 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' . Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` GDP - by - industry accounts , components of value added by industry , 2010 '' . Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Table 1.1. 5 . Gross Domestic Product , 2010 '' . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' ( PDF ) . p . L. 1 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Commerce ( August 20 , 2009 ) , Interest Paid and Received by Sector and Legal Form of Organization , retrieved 27 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` US lacks credibility on debt , says IMF '' . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve , Components of financial sector debt by instrument , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . L. 124 , L. 125 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ MSNBC , Inflation : Who wins , who loses and how to cope , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Components of US household and non-profit debt , retrieved 3 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Richard ; Lund , Susan ; Woetzel , Jonathan ; Mutafchieva , Mina ( February 2015 ) . `` Debt and ( not much ) deleveraging '' . McKinsey Global Institute . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . L. 105 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . L. 119 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve , Flow of Funds report ( PDF ) , p . L. 120 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury , The National Debt , archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 , retrieved 3 July 2010 Jump up ^ Saint Louis Federal Reserve ( 2012 ) `` 5 - Year Treasury Inflation - Indexed Security , Constant Maturity '' FRED Economic Data chart from government debt auctions ( the x-axis at y = 0 represents the inflation rate over the life of the security ) ^ Jump up to : Carmen M. Reinhart and M. Belen Sbrancia ( March 2011 ) `` The Liquidation of Government Debt '' National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 16893 Jump up ^ David Wessel ( August 8 , 2012 ) `` When Interest Rates Turn Upside Down '' Wall Street Journal ( full text Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Lawrence Summers ( June 3 , 2012 ) `` Breaking the negative feedback loop '' Reuters Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( May 30 , 2012 ) `` Why Are We Collecting Taxes ? '' Slate Jump up ^ William H. Gross ( May 2 , 2011 ) `` The Caine Mutiny ( Part 2 ) '' PIMCO Investment Outlook Jump up ^ U.S. Treasury ( January 31 , 2012 ) `` Minutes of the Meeting of the Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association '' ^ Jump up to : Comptroller of the Currency , United States Treasury ( June 25 , 2010 ) , OCC Reports Strong First Quarter Trading Revenues and Declining Derivatives Credit Exposures ( PDF ) , p. 1 , retrieved 28 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Comptroller of the Currency , United States Treasury ( June 25 , 2010 ) , OCC Reports Strong First Quarter Trading Revenues and Declining Derivatives Credit Exposures ( PDF ) , p. 4 , retrieved 28 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Comptroller of the Currency , United States Treasury ( June 25 , 2010 ) , OCC Reports Strong First Quarter Trading Revenues and Declining Derivatives Credit Exposures ( PDF ) , p. 3 , retrieved 28 June 2010 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ( March -- April 2003 ) , Debunking Derivatives Delirium , retrieved 28 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Comptroller of the Currency , United States Treasury ( June 25 , 2010 ) , OCC Reports Strong First Quarter Trading Revenues and Declining Derivatives Credit Exposures ( PDF ) , p . Graph 5B , retrieved 28 June 2010 Jump up ^ Comptroller of the Currency , United States Treasury ( June 25 , 2010 ) , OCC Reports Strong First Quarter Trading Revenues and Declining Derivatives Credit Exposures ( PDF ) , p. 7 , retrieved 28 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' ( PDF ) . p . L. 107 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' ( PDF ) . p . L. 209 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' ( PDF ) . p . L. 212 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Flow of Funds report '' ( PDF ) . p . L. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Times - Martin Wolf - The Balance Sheet Recession in the U.S. - July 2012 Jump up ^ NYT - Paul Krugman - The Problem - December 2011 Public policy of the United States Agricultural Arctic Climate change ( G.W. Bush ) Domestic ( Reagan , G.W. Bush ) Drug Economic ( G.W. Bush , Obama ) Energy ( Obama ) Environmental Fiscal Foreign ( History , Criticism , Reagan , Clinton , G.W. Bush , Obama , Trump ) Gun control ( Clinton ) Low - level radioactive waste Monetary Native American ( Nixon , Obama ) Nuclear energy Science Social ( Obama ) Space ( G.W. Bush , Obama ) Stem cell Telecommunications Trade Visa United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_position_of_the_United_States&oldid=829643029 '' Categories : Fiscal policy United States federal budgets Economy of the United States Government finances in the United States Debt Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the net worth of united states	[ "The financial position of the United States includes assets of at least $269.6 trillion (1576% of GDP) and debts of $145.8 trillion (852% of GDP) to produce a net worth of at least $123.8 trillion (723% of GDP)[a] as of Q1 2014." ]	[ "$123.8 trillion" ]
1966956802503140474	List of Unreal Engine games	List of Unreal Engine Games - wikipedia List of Unreal Engine Games Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of notable games using a version of the Unreal Engine . The main article on the Unreal Engine gives further details on the engine itself and its versions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unreal Engine 1 2 Unreal Engine 2 3 Unreal Engine 3 4 Unreal Engine 4 4.1 Films 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Unreal Engine 1 ( edit ) Year Title Genre Platform Developer Publisher 2001 Adventure Pinball : Forgotten Island 3D Pinball Microsoft Windows Digital Extremes Electronic Arts 2001 Clive Barker 's Undying Survival horror Microsoft Windows , OS X Dreamworks Interactive Electronic Arts 2000 Deus Ex Action role - playing , First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Mac OS Ion Storm Eidos Interactive 2003 Disney 's Brother Bear Action - adventure Microsoft Windows KnowWonder NA : Disney Interactive EU : Ubisoft 1999 Dr. Brain : Action Reaction Educational Microsoft Windows Knowledge Adventure Knowledge Adventure 2011 Duke Nukem Forever First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 3D Realms Triptych Games Gearbox Software Piranha Games ( multiplayer and console ports ) Aspyr Media , 2K Games 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X KnowWonder Electronic Arts 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X KnowWonder Electronic Arts 2002 Mobile Forces First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Rage Software Majesco 1999 Nerf Arena Blast First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Visionary Media , Inc . Hasbro Interactive 2000 Rune Third - person shooter , Hack and slash Microsoft Windows , Mac OS , Linux Human Head Studios Gathering of Developers 2001 Rune : Viking Warlord Third - person shooter , Hack and slash PlayStation 2 Human Head Studios Gathering of Developers 2000 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine : The Fallen Third - person shooter , Adventure Microsoft Windows , Mac OS The Collective Simon & Schuster 1998 Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Mac OS MicroProse MicroProse 2002 Tactical Ops : Assault on Terror First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Kamehan Studios Atari 1999 The Wheel of Time First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Legend Entertainment GT Interactive 1998 Unreal First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Mac OS Epic Mega Games GT Interactive 1999 Unreal Tournament First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Mac OS , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 2 , Dreamcast Epic Games GT Interactive Cancelled X-COM : Alliance Tactical shooter Microsoft Windows MicroProse 2001 X-COM : Enforcer Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows MicroProse Infogrames Unreal Engine 2 ( edit ) Year Title Genre Platform Developer Publisher 2005 Advent Rising Third person action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox GlyphX Games Majesco Alien Swarm Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Black Cat Games 2002 America 's Army Tactical First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X U.S. Army Freeware 2005 America 's Army : Rise of a Soldier First Person Shooter Xbox Secret Level Ubisoft 2007 BioShock First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 2K Boston / 2K Australia 2K Games BioShock 2 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 2K Marin 2K Games 2005 Brothers In Arms : Earned in Blood First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 Gearbox Software Ubisoft 2005 Brothers In Arms : Road to Hill 30 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 Gearbox Software Ubisoft 2006 Brothers In Arms : D - Day First Person Shooter PlayStation Portable Gearbox Software Ubisoft 2008 Brothers In Arms : Double Time First Person Shooter Wii , OS X Gearbox Software Ubisoft Dead Man 's Hand First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Human Head Studios Atari 2003 Deus Ex : Invisible War Action role - playing game Microsoft Windows , Xbox Ion Storm Inc . Eidos Interactive 2003 Devastation First person shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux Digitalo Studios Groove Games 2013 EOS Online MMORPG Microsoft Windows Nvius Nvius 2006 Exteel Online First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows NCsoft NCsoft Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Action - adventure Microsoft Windows KnowWonder Electronic Arts 2012 I Am Alive Third Person Shooter Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Microsoft Windows Ubisoft Shanghai Ubisoft 2009 Killing Floor First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X Tripwire Interactive Valve Software 2005 Land of the Dead : Road to Fiddler 's Green First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Brainbox Games Groove Games Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events 3D Platformer Microsoft Windows KnowWonder Activision 2002 Lineage II MMORPG Microsoft Windows NCsoft NCsoft 2003 Magic : The Gathering - Battlegrounds Fighting Microsoft Windows , Xbox Secret Level Atari Magna Carta : Crimson Stigmata Role Playing Game PlayStation 2 Softmax Sony Computer Entertainment Men of Valor : Vietnam First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox 2015 , Inc . Vivendi Universal Games 2006 Open Season Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 , Gamecube , Wii , PlayStation Portable Ubisoft Montreal ( PC and Consoles ) , Ubisoft Quebec ( PSP ) Ubisoft 2005 Pariah First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Digital Extremes Groove Games 2003 Postal 2 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Running With Scissors , Inc . Running With Scissors , Inc . 2007 Priston Tale 2 MMORPG Microsoft Windows YD Online YD Online 2006 Ragnarok Online 2 : The Gate of the World MMORPG Microsoft Windows Gravity Gravity 2006 Red Orchestra : Ostfront 41 - 45 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Tripwire Interactive Valve Software 2006 Red Steel First Person Shooter Wii Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Shrek 2 Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X KnowWonder Activision Shadow Ops : Red Mercury First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Zombie Studios Atari Shark Tale Action - adventure Microsoft Windows KnowWonder Activision 2005 Star Wars : Republic Commando First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox LucasArts LucasArts 2007 Surf 's Up Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Gamecube , Wii Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2005 SWAT 4 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Irrational Games Vivendi Universal Games 2008 The Chronicles of Spellborn MMORPG Microsoft Windows Spellborn International Acclaim Entertainment Thief : Deadly Shadows Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox Ion Storm Eidos Interactive Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon 2 First Person Shooter PlayStation 2 , Gamecube Ubisoft Shanghai / Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft 2006 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter First Person Shooter Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 Ubisoft Shanghai / Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft 2003 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six 3 : Raven Shield First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2006 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas First Person Shooter PlayStation Portable Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft 2002 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Gamecube , OS X Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2013 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U Ubisoft Toronto Ubisoft 2005 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Chaos Theory Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Gamecube , Xbox 360 Ubisoft Montreal - Singleplayer & Co-op mode Ubisoft Annency - Versus mode Ubisoft Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , OS X Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2006 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Gamecube , Wii Ubisoft Montreal - Offline mode for Xbox , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , and Wii versions Ubisoft Shanghai - Offline mode for Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and PC versions Ubisoft Annency - Online mode for PC , Xbox , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 2 , and PlayStation 3 version online excluded that GC and Wii versions Ubisoft 2006 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Essentials Stealth PlayStation Portable Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Pandora Tomorrow Stealth Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Gamecube Ubisoft Shanghai - Singleplayer mode Ubisoft Annency - Multiplayer mode Ubisoft Tribes : Vengeance First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Irrational Games VU Games 2003 Unreal II : The Awakening First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Legend Entertainment Atari 2002 Unreal Championship First Person Shooter Xbox Digital Extremes Atari 2005 Unreal Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict First Person Shooter / Third Person Shooter Xbox Epic Games Midway Games 2002 Unreal Tournament 2003 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X Digital Extremes Atari Unreal Tournament 2004 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X Epic Games and Digital Extremes Atari 2007 Vanguard : Saga of Heroes MMORPG Microsoft Windows Sigil Games Online Sony Online Entertainment 2006 Warpath First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Digital Extremes Groove Games 2006 World War II Combat : Road to Berlin First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Direct Action Games Groove Games 2006 World War II Combat : Iwo Jima First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox Direct Action Games Groove Games 2003 XIII First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox , PlayStation 2 , Gamecube , OS X Ubisoft Paris Ubisoft Unreal Engine 3 ( edit ) Year Title Genre Platform Developer Publisher 2014 Abyss Odyssey Platformer Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 ACE Team Atlus 2009 Adam 's Venture Adventure Microsoft Windows Vertigo Digital Entertainment Iceberg Interactive 2011 Afterfall : InSanity Survival horror , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Intoxicate Studios CD Projekt 2017 A Hat in Time Adventure , Platforming Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Gears for Breakfast 2009 Alien Breed Evolution Isometric Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Team 17 Team 17 Alien Breed 2 : Assault Isometric Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Team 17 Team 17 Alien Breed 3 : Descent Isometric Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Team 17 Team 17 2013 Aliens : Colonial Marines First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Gearbox Software Sega 2011 Alice : Madness Returns Psychological horror , Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Spicy Horse Electronic Arts 2013 Alien Rage First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 CI Games CI Games 2009 Alliance of Valiant Arms First - person Shooter Microsoft Windows Red Duck Neowiz Games , NHN Corporation , Tencent Holdings Alpha Protocol Action role - playing , Stealth Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Obsidian Entertainment Sega 2011 All Zombies Must Die ! Isometric Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Doublesix Square Enix 2009 America 's Army 3.0 Microsoft Windows US Army US Army 2013 America 's Army ( v4. 0 ) : Proving Ground Microsoft Windows US Army US Army 2008 American McGee 's Grimm Action - adventure Microsoft Windows Spicy Horse Turner Broadcasting System Angels Fall First : Planetstorm First - person shooter OS X , Microsoft Windows treeform treeform 2013 Antichamber Adventure , Puzzle Linux , Microsoft Windows , OS X Alexander Bruce Alexander Bruce APB : All Points Bulletin MMOTPS Microsoft Windows Realtime Worlds ( 2010 ) Reloaded Productions ( 2011 ) Electronic Arts ( 2010 ) K2 Network ( 2011 ) 2012 ARC Squadron Space flight simulator iOS , Android Psyonix Psyonix 2008 Army of Two Third - person shooter PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 EA Montreal Electronic Arts Army of Two : The 40th Day Third - person shooter PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 EA Montreal Electronic Arts 2015 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Action - adventure , stealth , Platform Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation Vita Climax Studios , Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2012 Asura 's Wrath Action , beat ' em up PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 CyberConnect2 Capcom 2009 Batman : Arkham Asylum Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , OS X Rocksteady Studios Eidos Interactive , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2011 Batman : Arkham City Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U , OS X Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2011 Batman : Arkham City Lockdown Action - adventure Android , iOS NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2013 Batman : Arkham Origins Action - adventure Android , iOS NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2015 Batman : Arkham Knight Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2016 Battleborn Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Gearbox Software 2K Games 2013 Betrayer First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Blackpowder Games Steam 2013 BioShock Infinite First - person shooter OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Irrational Games 2K Games 2007 Black College Football : BCFX : The Xperience Sports video game Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Nerjyzed Entertainment Aspyr Media 2012 Black Knight Sword Action - adventure PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Digital Reality , Grasshopper Manufacture Reverb Communications Blacklight : Tango Down First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Zombie Studios Ignition Entertainment 2012 Blacklight : Retribution First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Zombie Studios Perfect World Entertainment 2007 BlackSite : Area 51 First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Midway Austin Midway Games 2011 Blackwater First - person shooter Xbox 360 Zombie Studios 505 Games 2012 Blade & Soul MMORPG Microsoft Windows NC Soft NC Soft TBA Bless Online MMORPG Microsoft Windows Neowiz Games Neowiz Games 2012 Bloodforge Action Xbox 360 Climax Studios Microsoft Studios 2009 Borderlands First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Gearbox Software 2K Games 2012 Borderlands 2 First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation Vita Gearbox Software 2K Games 2014 Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel First - person shooter Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 2K Australia , Gearbox Software 2K Games 2015 Borderlands : The Handsome Collection First - person shooter PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Gearbox Software , Armature Studio , Iron Galaxy Studios , 2K Australia , 2K Games 2K Games 2013 Brothers : A Tale of Two Sons Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Starbreeze Studios 505 Games 2008 Brothers in Arms : Hell 's Highway First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Gearbox Software Ubisoft 2011 Bulletstorm First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 People Can Fly Electronic Arts , Epic Games 2012 Butterfly Sword Online MMORPG Microsoft Windows 9you 9you 2009 CellFactor : Psychokinetic Wars First - person Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Timeline Interactive Ubisoft 2011 Chicken Coup Casual Android , iOS Trendy Entertainment Trendy Entertainment 2012 Chivalry : Medieval Warfare Hack and slash Microsoft Windows Torn Banner Studios Torn Banner Studios 2012 Choplifter HD Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 InXile Entertainment InXile Entertainment TBA Combat Arms : Line of Sight Online First - person shooter Microsoft Windows NEXON NEXON 2013 Contrast First Person Combat Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Compulsion Games Compulsion Games 2009 Crimecraft Persistent Third - person shooter , MMO Microsoft Windows Vogster Entertainment THQ 2013 Crimson Dragon Rail shooter Xbox One Grounding , Inc . Land Ho ! Co. Ltd . Microsoft Studios 2014 D4 : Dark Dreams Do n't Die Kinect Xbox One Access Games Microsoft Studios 2009 Damnation Third - person Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Blue Omega Entertainment , Point of View Codemasters Dark Void Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Airtight Games Capcom 2013 Day One : Garry 's Incident Survival Microsoft Windows Wild Games Studio Wild Games Studio 2011 DC Universe Online MMORPG Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 Sony Online Austin Sony Online Entertainment 2013 Deadfall Adventures First Person Shooter Linux , Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 The Farm 51 Nordic Games GmbH 2012 Deadlight Survival Horror Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Tequila Works Microsoft Studios 2013 Deadpool Third person action game Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 High Moon Studios Activision 2012 Demons Score Rail Shooter , Music Game Android , iOS iNiS Square Enix 2008 Destroy All Humans ! Path of the Furon Third - person shooter PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Sandblast Games THQ 2015 Devil 's Third Third - person shooter , Hack and slash Wii U Valhalla Game Studios Nintendo 2012 Diabolical Pitch Action , Sports Xbox 360 Grasshopper Manufacture Microsoft Studios 2012 Dishonored first - person stealth Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks 2013 DmC : Devil May Cry Hack and slash , Beat ' em up Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Ninja Theory Capcom 2015 The Deadly Tower of Monsters Top - down Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 ACE Team Atlus 2012 Doctor Who : The Eternity Clock Adventure , Puzzle Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita Supermassive Games BBC Worldwide Digital Entertainment 2011 Dungeons & Dragons : Daggerdale Action role - playing game PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Microsoft Windows Bedlam Games Atari 2011 Dungeon Defenders Strategy Tower Defense / Action RPG Android , iOS , Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 Trendy Entertainment Trendy Entertainment 2013 DUST 514 First - person shooter PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita CCP CCP Games TBA Dirty Bomb Online First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Splash Damage WarChest 2013 Drakengard 3 Action RPG PlayStation 3 Access Games Square Enix TBA Earth No More First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Radar Group 3D Realms 2014 El Chavo Kart Racing PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Effecto Studios / Slang Televisa Home Entertainment / Slang Enslaved : Odyssey to the West Action - adventure , platform Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Ninja Theory Namco Bandai Games 2014 Fable Anniversary Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios 2012 Fable : The Journey Xbox 360 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios 2009 Fairytale Fights Hack - and - slash , Action - adventure PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Playlogic Game Factory Playlogic Entertainment 2007 Fatal Inertia Racing PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Koei Koei 2013 Flashback Platform Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Vector Cell Ubisoft 2012 Forge MMO Action Microsoft Windows Dark Vale Games Dark Vale Games 2008 Frontlines : Fuel of War First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Kaos Studios THQ 2007 Fury MMORPG Microsoft Windows Auran Gamecock Media Group 2012 Game of Thrones Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Cyanide Atlus 2012 Game Party Champions Party Game Wii U Phosphor Games Warner Bros Games 2006 Gears of War Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Epic Games Microsoft Game Studios 2008 Gears of War 2 Third - person shooter Xbox 360 Epic Games Microsoft Game Studios 2011 Gears of War 3 Third - person shooter Xbox 360 Epic Games Microsoft Game Studios 2013 Gears of War : Judgment Third - person shooter Xbox 360 People Can Fly , Epic Games Microsoft Studios 2017 Get Even First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One The Farm 51 Nordic Games GmbH 2016 Gigantic MOBA Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Motiga Bandai Namco Entertainment , From Software Global Agenda Massively multiplayer online Third - person shooter Action role - playing Microsoft Windows Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios 2011 Glorious Mission First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Giant Interactive Group Giant Interactive Group 2014 Goat Simulator Simulation Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows Coffee Stain Studios Steam 2014 Guilty Gear Xrd - SIGN - Fighting Game Arcade , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 Arc System Works Sega 2015 Guilty Gear Xrd - REVELATOR - Fighting Game Arcade , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 Arc System Works Sega 2013 Gunner Z First Person Shooter iOS BitMonster BitMonster 2012 Gyrozetter Arcade Arcade Rocket Studio Square Enix 2008 Hail to the Chimp Party PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Wideload Games Gamecock Media Group 2012 Hawken First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Adhesive Games Meteor Entertainment 2011 Homefront First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Kaos Studios , Digital Extremes ( PC ) THQ 2012 Horn Mobile Action RPG Android , iOS Phosphor Games Phosphor Games 2007 Hour of Victory First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 N - Fusion Interactive Midway Games 2011 Hunted : The Demon 's Forge Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 InXile Entertainment Bethesda Softworks 2011 In Time - The Game iOS Robomodo Fox Mobile Entertainment Infinity Blade action iOS Chair Entertainment Epic Games 2011 Infinity Blade FX action Arcade Chair Entertainment Epic Games , Adrenaline Amusements 2011 Infinity Blade 2 action iOS Chair Entertainment Epic Games 2013 Infinity Blade 3 Action iOS Chair Entertainment Epic Games 2013 Injustice : Gods Among Us Fighting game Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Xbox 360 NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2017 Injustice 2 Fighting game PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Microsoft Windows NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2015 In Verbis Virtus action - adventure , RPG Microsoft Windows Indomitus Games Meridian4 2013 Jacob Jones and the Bigfoot Mystery Puzzle , Adventure Android , iOS , PS Vita , Microsoft Windows Lucid Games SCEA 2012 Karateka Beat ' em up iOS , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , Xbox 360 Liquid Entertainment D3 Publisher 2013 Killer is Dead Action PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Grasshopper Manufacture Kadokawa Games 2016 Killing Floor 2 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Tripwire Interactive Tripwire Interactive Kinect Adventures Adventure / Sports game Xbox 360 Good Science Studio Microsoft Game Studios 2015 King 's Quest Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One The Odd Gentlemen Sierra Entertainment 2011 Kinect Fun Labs Kinect Xbox 360 Good Science Studio Microsoft Game Studios 2008 Legendary Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Spark Unlimited Gamecock Media Group 2009 Leisure Suit Larry : Box Office Bust Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Team 17 Codemasters 2015 Life is Strange Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , iOS Dontnod Entertainment Square Enix 2012 Lollipop Chainsaw Action PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Grasshopper Manufacture Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment TBA Lost Ark MMORPG Microsoft Windows Smilegate Smilegate 2007 Lost Odyssey Xbox 360 Mistwalker , feelplus Microsoft Game Studios 2013 Lost Planet 3 Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Spark Unlimited Capcom Lucha Libre AAA : Heroes del Ring Sports Professional wrestling Fighting Action PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Slang / Sabarasa Konami / Slang 2013 Marvel Heroes MMO / ARPG OS X , Microsoft Windows Gazillion Entertainment Secret Identity Studios 2007 Mass Effect Action role - playing , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 BioWare Microsoft Game Studios ( Xbox 360 ) , Electronic Arts ( PC , PS3 ) Mass Effect 2 Action role - playing , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 BioWare Electronic Arts 2012 Mass Effect 3 Action role - playing , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U BioWare Electronic Arts 2009 MagnaCarta II Xbox 360 Softmax Banpresto 2013 Magrunner : Dark Pulse First - person Action / Puzzle Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Frogwares Focus Home Interactive 2013 Maze Mirage First Person Puzzle iOS Kryptoplex Games Kryptoplex Games Medal of Honor ( single - player ) First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 EA Los Angeles , Danger Close Games Electronic Arts 2007 Medal of Honor : Airborne First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 2013 Mercenary Ops Third - person shooter iOS Yingpei Games ( formerly Epic Games China ) 2016 Mighty No. 9 Action platforming Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Comcept , Inti Creates 2015 Might & Magic Heroes VII Turn - based strategy Microsoft Windows Black Hole Entertainment , Limbic Entertainment Ubisoft 2008 Mirror 's Edge Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 2014 Murdered : Soul Suspect Action - adventure game Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 Airtight Games Square Enix Monday Night Combat Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Uber Entertainment Microsoft Game Studios ( Xbox 360 ) , Uber Entertainment ( PC ) 2007 Monster Madness : Battle for Suburbia Shoot ' em up Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Artificial Studios SouthPeak Games 2008 Monster Madness : Grave Danger Shoot ' em up PlayStation 3 Psyonix SouthPeak Games Moonbase Alpha Training Simulation Microsoft Windows NASA NASA , Steam 2011 Mortal Kombat Fighting game Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2008 Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Fighting game PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Midway Games Midway Games 2015 Mortal Kombat X Fighting game Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2011 Mortal Kombat Arcade Kollection HD 2D Fighter Microsoft Windows NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Mortal Online MMORPG Microsoft Windows Star Vault TBA MU 2 MMORPG Microsoft Windows Webzen Webzen 2014 Naissancee Adventure , Puzzle Microsoft Windows Limasse Five Limasse Five 2014 Nosgoth Action Microsoft Windows Psyonix Square Enix 2013 Outlast Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Playstation 4 Red Barrels Studio Red Barrels Studio 2017 Outlast 2 Survival horror Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Red Barrels Red Barrels 2013 Papo & Yo Adventure Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Minority Minority 2012 Painkiller : Hell & Damnation First - person shooter Linux , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 The Farm 51 Nordic Games GmbH 2014 Phantom Army First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Zombie Studios SmileGate 2009 Planet 51 : The Game Open World , Adventure PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Pyro Studios Sega 2012 Primal Carnage First Person Shooter , Action Microsoft Windows Lukewarm Media Reverb Publishing TBA Project Dragon Mobile MMORPG Android , iOS WeMade Entertainment WeMade Entertainment TBA Project Legion CCP CCP 2012 Quantum Conundrum Puzzle - platformer Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Airtight Games Square Enix 2012 Q.U.B.E. 3D First - person Puzzle Microsoft Windows , OS X Toxic Games Steam 2012 Ravaged First - person shooter Microsoft Windows 2 Dawn Games 2 Dawn games 2011 Red Orchestra 2 : Heroes of Stalingrad First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Tripwire Interactive Tripwire Interactive / 1C Company 2013 Remember Me Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Dontnod Entertainment Capcom 2013 Rekoil First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Plastic Piranha Plastic Piranha TBA Renegade X FPS Microsoft Windows Totem Arts Totem Arts 2014 Revolution 60 Interactive Drama Action - Adventure iOS , OS X , Microsoft Windows Giant Spacekat Giant Spacekat 2013 Ride to Hell : Retribution Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Eutechnyx Deep Silver 2013 Rising Storm First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Tripwire Interactive Tripwire Interactive 2017 Rising Storm 2 : Vietnam First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Tripwire Interactive Tripwire Interactive 2008 Rise of the Argonauts Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Liquid Entertainment Codemasters 2013 Rise of the Triad First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Interceptor Entertainment Apogee Software TBA Relics of Gods MMORPG Android , iOS Kingsoft SHX Kingsoft SHX Rush'n Attack : Ex-Patriot Platformer , sidescroller , stealth , action PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Vatra Games Konami 2008 Robert Ludlum 's The Bourne Conspiracy PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 High Moon Studios Vivendi Universal Games 2006 RoboBlitz Third - person Puzzle / Action Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Naked Sky Entertainment Naked Sky Entertainment 2015 Rocket League Sports Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Psyonix Psyonix 2011 Rock of Ages Tower Defense Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 ACE Team Atlus 2011 Sanctum First - person shooter / Tower defense OS X , Microsoft Windows Coffee Stain Studios 2013 Sanctum 2 First - person shooter / Tower defense Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Coffee Stain Studios D3 Publisher / Reverb Publishing 2009 Saw : The Video game Survival horror Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Zombie Studios Konami Saw II : Flesh & Blood Survival horror PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Zombie Studios Konami 2013 Scourge : Outbreak Third - person Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Tragnarion Studios Bit Box S.L. 2009 Section 8 First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Timegate Studios SouthPeak Games 2011 Section 8 : Prejudice First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Timegate Studios Timegate Studios 2009 Shadow Complex Platform - adventure Xbox 360 Chair Entertainment Microsoft Game Studios 2011 Shadows of the Damned PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Grasshopper Manufacture Electronic Arts 2014 Sherlock Holmes : Crimes & Punishments Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 Frogwares Focus Home Interactive 2012 Silent Hill : Downpour PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Vatra Games Konami Singularity First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Raven Software Activision 2012 Sorcery Action - Adventure PlayStation 3 The Workshop SCE Santa Monica Studio Sony Computer Entertainment 2012 Spec Ops : The Line Third - person tactical shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Yager Development 2K Games 2012 SMITE Multiplayer online battle arena Microsoft Windows Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios Stargate : Resistance Third Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment FireSky 2007 Stranglehold Third - person shooter , Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Midway Chicago , Tiger Hill Entertainment Midway Games 2014 Styx : Master of Shadows Action , RPG Microsoft Windows Cyanide Studios 2012 Super Monday Night Combat Third - person shooter , Multiplayer online battle arena Microsoft Windows Uber Entertainment Uber Entertainment 2008 Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket - Powered Battle - Cars Sports games PlayStation 3 Psyonix Psyonix 2013 Takedown : Red Sabre First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows Serellan LLC 505 Games 2015 The Age of Heroes MMORPG Microsoft Windows USERJOY USERJOY The Ball First - person Action puzzle Microsoft Windows Teotl Studios Tripwire Interactive 2015 The Battle of Sol Action , Simulation Microsoft Windows Bit Planet Games , LLC Bit Planet Games , LLC 2011 The Black Eyed Peas Experience Music , Rhythm Xbox 360 iNiS Ubisoft 2013 The Bureau : XCOM Declassified Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 2K Marin 2K Games 2011 The Exiled Realm of Arborea MMORPG Microsoft Windows Bluehole Studio NHN Corporation , En Masse Entertainment , Frogster Interactive 2008 The Last Remnant Adventure , Role playing Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 Square Enix Square Enix 2009 The Punisher : No Mercy First - person shooter PlayStation 3 Zen Studios Sony Computer Entertainment 2014 The Vanishing of Ethan Carter Adventure , Puzzle Microsoft Windows The Astronauts The Astronauts 2014 Thief Stealth game , First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Eidos Montreal Square Enix 2012 Thor : God of Thunder Action PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Liquid Entertainment Sega 2012 THRED Casual iOS BitMonster BitMonster 2013 TMNT : Out of the Shadows Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Red Fly Studio Activision 2008 TNA iMPACT ! PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Midway Studios - Los Angeles Midway Games 2008 Tom Clancy 's EndWar Real - time strategy Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Ubisoft Shanghai Ubisoft 2006 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2008 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 First Person Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 2012 Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater HD Sports Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Robomodo Activision 2015 Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 Sports PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Robomodo , Disruptive Games Activision 2008 Too Human Action role - playing Xbox 360 Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios 2013 Tower of Guns Action Linux , Microsoft Windows , OS X Joe Mirabello Steam 2015 Toxikk First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Reakktor Studios Reakktor Studios 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Third - person shooter PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 High Moon Studios Activision 2012 Transformers : Fall of Cybertron Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 High Moon Studios Activision Transformers : War for Cybertron Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 High Moon Studios Activision 2014 Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Wii U Edge of Reality Activision 2012 Tribes : Ascend First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Hi - Rez Studios Hi - Rez Studios Tron : Evolution Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Propaganda Games Disney 2008 Turning Point : Fall of Liberty First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Spark Unlimited Codemasters 2008 Turok First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Propaganda Games Touchstone Pictures 2007 Undertow Shooter game Xbox 360 Chair Entertainment Chair Entertainment 2012 Unmechanical Puzzle video game iOS , Microsoft Windows Teotl Studios Talawa Games 2007 Unreal Tournament 3 First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Epic Games Midway Games 2013 Viscera Cleanup Detail Microsoft Windows RuneStorm Steam 2012 Warp Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Trapdoor EA Partners 2007 Warmonger : Operation Downtown Destruction First - person Shooter Microsoft Windows NetDevil NetDevil 2009 Wheelman Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Midway Studios -- Newcastle , Tigon Studios Midway Games 2012 Wild Blood Action - Adventure Android , iOS Gameloft Gameloft 2015 Woolfe : The Red Hood Diaries Sidescroller , Platformer Adventure , Puzzler Stealth , Hack ' n Slash Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One GRIN Gamestudio GRIN Gamestudio 2012 World of Mercenary Free 2 Play Online First person shooter Microsoft Windows City Interactive Steam 2012 Wreckateer Xbox 360 Iron Galaxy Studios Microsoft Studios 2015 WWE Immortals Professional wrestling Fighting Android , iOS NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2011 X-Men : Destiny Third - person shooter PlayStation 3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Silicon Knights Activision 2009 X-Men Origins : Wolverine Hack and slash , Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Raven Software Activision 2012 XCOM : Enemy Unknown Turn - based tactics , Tactical role - playing , Strategy Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , SteamOS , Xbox 360 Firaxis Games 2K Games 2013 XCOM : Enemy Within Turn - based tactics , Tactical role - playing , Strategy Linux , OS X , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , SteamOS , Xbox 360 Firaxis Games 2K Games 2016 XCOM 2 Turn - based tactics , Tactical role - playing , Strategy Microsoft Windows , Linux , OS X Firaxis Games 2K Games 2014 Yaiba : Ninja Gaiden Z Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Spark Unlimited , Team Ninja Comcept Tecmo Koei 2013 Zeno Clash II Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 ACE Team Atlus 2009 50 Cent : Blood on the Sand Third Person Shooter PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Swordfish Studios THQ Unreal Engine 4 ( edit ) Year Title Genre Platform Developer Publisher TBA Abatron First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X W3 Studios TBA Absention Survival horror Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift Dream Wave Games 2016 Abzû Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Giant Squid 505 Games TBA Acacia : Time Trails Platformer Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift , HTC Vive 2018 Ace Combat 7 : Skies Unknown Combat flight simulator Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Bandai Namco Studios Bandai Namco Entertainment TBA Ad Infinitum Survival horror Microsoft Windows 2016 Adrift First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Three One Zero 505 Games TBA Age of Blood Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , OS X Galaxy Interactive 2015 AIPD Shoot ' em up Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Blazing Badger TBA A.L.I.C.E. Adventure Samsung Gear VR TBA Allison Road Survival horror Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift Lilith Ltd . 2015 Alone in the Dark : Illumination Survival horror Microsoft Windows Pure FPS Atari 2017 Aquanox Deep Descent Shooter Microsoft Windows Digital Arrow , Nordic Games 2016 Ark : Survival Evolved Open world Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Studio Wildcard Studio Wildcard TBA Ashen TBA Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Aurora44 2015 Astray Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , Oculus Rift Aegon Games 2016 Astroneer Adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox One System Era 2018 A Way Out Action - Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Hazelight Studios Electronic Arts 2017 Bacon Man Platform Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Skymap Games 2015 Barrage RTS , FPS Microsoft Windows Tectonic Studios TBA Bathroom Simulator Simulation Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Elias Games TBA Battlefleet Gothic : Armada Real - time strategy Microsoft Windows Tindalos Interactive Focus Home Interactive 2015 Beyond Flesh and Blood Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Pixelbomb Games 2018 Biomutant Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Experiment 101 THQ Nordic TBA BIOS First - person shooter Microsoft Windows PIXYUL TBA Blade & Soul MMORPG Android , iOS NC Interactive NCSOFT TBA Blade & Soul Revolution MMORPG Android , iOS Netmarble Neo Netmarble Games 2018 Bloodstained : Ritual of the Night Metroidvania Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo Switch , Xbox One Inti Creates Deep Silver 2015 Caffeine Horror Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Incandescent Imaging Incandescent Imaging 2015 CarQuiz Mathematical iOS Media4 Smile More Studios 2016 City of Titans MMORPG Microsoft Windows , OS X Missing Worlds Media 2017 Conan Exiles Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Funcom Funcom TBA Consortium : The Tower Prophecy RPG Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Interdimensional Games TBA Courage Puzzle Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift 2018 Crackdown 3 Action - adventure , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Reagent Games , Cloudgine , Sumo Digital Microsoft Studios 2017 Crash Force Action , third - person shooter , RPG , Racing Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Ascanio Entertainment 2015 Crime Watch RPG Oculus Rift Adam Nydahl , Alexander Mejia 2017 Cyberdimension Neptunia : 4 Goddesses Online RPG Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Idea Factory 2018 Darksiders III Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Gunfire Games THQ Nordic 2014 Daylight Survival horror Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Zombie Studios Atlus 2018 Days Gone Third - person shooter PlayStation 4 SIE Bend Studio Sony Interactive Entertainment 2016 Dead by Daylight Action Microsoft Windows Behaviour Interactive Starbreeze Studios TBA Dead Island 2 First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Sumo Digital Deep Silver TBA Dead Static Drive Horror 2015 Deathwatch : Tyranid Invasion Turn - based strategy iOS Rodeo Games 2016 Descent : Underground MOBA Microsoft Windows Descendent Studios TBA Die Young Open world Microsoft Windows Indiegala TBA Dispatcher Survival horror Microsoft Windows Civil Savages 2016 Downward Open world Microsoft Windows Caracal Games 2015 Dovetail Games Fishing Simulation HTC Vive Dovetail Games Dovetail Games 2018 Dragon Ball FighterZ Fighting Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Arc System Works Bandai Namco Entertainment 2017 Dragon Quest XI RPG PlayStation 4 , Nintendo Switch Square Enix , Orca Inc . Square Enix 2015 Dreadnought Aerial combat Microsoft Windows Yager Development Grey Box TBA Earthlight First - person exploration Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift Opaque Multimedia 2015 Eden Star Survival Microsoft Windows Flix Interactive Flix Interactive TBA Epsilon Tactical shooter Microsoft Windows Serellan 2015 Ether One Redux Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 White Paper Games 2017 Everspace Shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Xbox One Rockfish 2016 Eve : Valkyrie Shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 CCP CCP 2014 Eye Guy Action , Strategy Microsoft Windows , OS X , iOS , Android Dream Bot Studios Cancelled Fable Legends Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios TBA Fated Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Frima Studios TBA Final Fantasy VII Remake RPG PlayStation 4 Square Enix Square Enix 2018 Fortnite Survival horror Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Epic Games Epic Games 2015 Fractured Space MOBA Microsoft Windows Edge Case Games 2017 Friday the 13th : The Game Survival horror Microsoft Windows , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 Illfonic Gun Media TBA Galaxy Heist Combat flight simulator Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift Space Bear 2016 Gears of War 4 Third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Xbox One The Coalition Microsoft Studios TBA Godling Adventure Project Morpheus Sólfar Studios 2018 Gravel Racing Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Milestone S.r.l. Square Enix TBA Grip Racing TBA TBA TBA Ground Branch Tactical shooter Microsoft Windows Blackfoot Studios Blackfoot Studios 2015 Gunjack Combat flight simulator Samsung Gear VR CCP Games 2017 Hakoniwa Company Works Tactical role - playing game PlayStation 4 Nippon Ichi Software Nippon Ichi Software 2015 Hatashiai Fighting Microsoft Windows 2016 Hardware : Rivals Vehicular combat PlayStation 4 SCE Connected Content Group Sony Computer Entertainment 2015 Hatred Shooter Microsoft Windows Destructive Creations 2014 Haunted House : Cryptic Graves Adventure , horror Microsoft Windows Dreampainters Software Atari 2016 Heavy Gear Assault Action Microsoft Windows , Linux MekTek Studios Stompy Bot Productions 2017 Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice Hack and slash Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Ninja Theory Ninja Theory 2016 Heroes of Incredible Tales MMORPG Android , iOS Barunson E&A Nexon 2015 Heroes Reborn : Enigma Puzzle TBA TBA TBA 2015 Heroes Reborn : Gemini Action - adventure Microsoft Windows TBA TBA 2015 H - Hour : World 's Elite Tactical shooter Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 SOF Studios SOF Studios 2015 I Hate My Job Arcade iOS , Android Devious Gamers Devious Gamers LLC 2017 Injustice 2 Fighting game iOS , Android NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 2018 Insurgency : Sandstorm FPS Microsoft Windows New World Interactive TBA Into the Stars Simulation Microsoft Windows , OS X Fugitive Games 2015 Iron Fish Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux 2015 KartKraft Racing Microsoft Windows Black Delta 2015 Kholat Adventure , Survival horror Microsoft Windows , OS X IMGN.PRO 2017 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Action role - playing PlayStation 4 Square Enix Square Enix 2018 Kingdom Hearts III Action , RPG PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Square Enix Square Enix TBA Land of Britain MMORPG Microsoft Windows Potato Killer 2017 LawBreakers FPS Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Boss Key Productions Nexon 2015 Let It Die Action , Hack and slash PlayStation 4 Grasshopper Manufacture Kadokawa Games 2015 Loading Human Adventure Microsoft Windows , OS X Untold Games Untold Games 2017 Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite Fighting Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Capcom Capcom 2015 Maze TBA Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift , Project Morpheus , HTC Vive TBA Mega Blast Platformer iOS Get Set Games 2014 MIND : Path to Thalamus Puzzle Microsoft Windows 2016 Moto Racer 4 Racing Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Artefacts Studio TBA Nelo Action Microsoft Windows Magic & Mirrors TBA Nuren : The New Renaissance Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux CSP Industries 2015 Obduction Adventure , Puzzle Microsoft Windows , OS X Cyan , Inc . Cyan , Inc . TBA Outreach Adventure Microsoft Windows Pixel Spill TBA Pangea MMOFPS Microsoft Windows 2016 Paragon MOBA Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Epic Games Epic Games 2016 Perception Adventure Microsoft Windows The Deep End Games TBA Planet Alpha 31 Platformer Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux 2017 PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds MMO Microsoft Windows . Xbox One Bluehole Bluehole 2015 Pneuma : Breath of Life First - person puzzle Microsoft Windows , Xbox One , Oculus Rift Deco Digital 2016 Police 10 - 13 Simulation Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Wingman Games 2015 Pool Nation FX Sports simulation Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Cherry Pop Games 2016 Postal : Redux Isometric third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Running With Scissors TBA Primal Carnage : Genesis Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Lukewarm Media 2016 Prodigy Tactical role - playing Microsoft Windows Hanakai Studio TBA Project Awakened Action Microsoft Windows Phosphor Games TBA Project Fantasiam TBA TBA Cancelled Project HON MMORPG NCSOFT NCSOFT 2018 Project Octopath Traveler RPG Nintendo Switch Square Enix , Acquire Square Enix 2016 Project : Session Sports TBA Crea - ture Studios Cancelled Project Stealth Stealth Microsoft Windows TBA TBA TBA Project TL MMORPG Microsoft Windows , Android , iOS Team TL NCSOFT 2018 Psychonauts 2 Platformer Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Double Fine Productions 2017 Reaching For Petals Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Blue Entropy Studios TBA Real Boxing 2 Fighting game Android Vivid Games 2015 Red Goddess 3D platformer , sidescroller Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Wii U Yanim Studio TBA Renoir Platformer Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Soulbound Games TBA Republic Sniper iOS MartianCraft 2015 Resident Evil 2 : Reborn Survival horror Microsoft Windows InvaderGames 2016 Retro Invasion Shooter Microsoft Windows THREAKS 2017 Rime Adventure , platformer Microsoft Windows , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Tequila Works Grey Box , Six Foot 2015 Rising Thunder Fighting Microsoft Windows Radiant Entertainment Radiant Entertainment 2017 Robo Recall Virtual reality first - person shooter Oculus Rift , Microsoft Windows Epic Games Epic Games 2017 Ruiner Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Reikon Games Devolver Digital Cancelled Scalebound Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , Xbox One PlatinumGames Microsoft Studios 2018 Scorn Adventure TBA Ebb Studios 2018 Sea of Thieves Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Rare Microsoft Studios TBA Sega World Drivers Championship 2018 Racing Arcade Sega Sega TBA Seven : The Days Long Gone RPG Microsoft Windows Fool 's Theory , IMGN.PRO 2016 Shadow of the Beast Platformer PlayStation 4 Heavy Spectrum Entertainment Labs Sony Interactive Entertainment 2016 Shape of the World Simulation Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Hollow Tree Games 2018 Shenmue III RPG Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 YS Net Shibuya Productions TBA Shin Megami Tensei V RPG Nintendo Switch Atlus Atlus 2017 Snake Pass Platform , puzzle Microsoft Windows , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Sumo Digital 2016 Song of Horror Survival horror Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Protocol Games 2018 Soulcalibur VI Fighting game Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Project Soul Bandai Namco Entertainment 2015 Source Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Fenix Fire 2016 Space Dust Racers Racing Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Space Dust Studios 2015 Space Hulk : Deathwing First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Streum on studio Focus Home Interactive 2016 Squad First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Offworld Industries Offworld Industries TBA Starfall Tactics Real - time strategy Microsoft Windows Snowforged Entertainment TBA Star Force Microsoft Windows TBA Storm United First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , Linux PixelBeam 2016 Street Fighter V Fighting Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 Capcom Capcom 2015 Strike Vector EX First - person aerial - combat Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One RageQuit Corporation TBA 2017 Styx : Shards of Darkness Action Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Cyanide 2015 Submerged Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Uppercut Games 2018 System Shock Action role - playing Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Night Dive Studios 2015 Tekken 7 Fighting game , Arcade Arcade , Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Namco Entertainment TBA The Artful Escape Adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Beethoven & Dinosaur TBA The Assembly Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Oculus Rift , Project Morpheus , HTC Vive nDreams TBA The Bard 's Tale IV RPG Microsoft Windows inXile Entertainment TBA The Dead Linger First - person shooter Microsoft Windows Sandswept Studios Sandswept Studios 2016 The Flame in the Flood Roguelike Microsoft Windows , OS X , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One The Molasses Flood 2015 The Hum : Abductions Survival horror Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 4 , Oculus Rift Thotwise Games TBA The Lost Pisces Action - adventure Microsoft Windows , Xbox One Sirenum LLC 2015 The Park Survival horror Microsoft Windows Funcom Funcom 2016 The Solus Project Survival Microsoft Windows Teotl Studios TBA The Soul Keeper Action role - playing Microsoft Windows HELM Systems 2015 The Vanishing of Ethan Carter Redux Adventure Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 The Astronauts The Astronauts TBA Time Machine VR Adventure Microsoft Windows Minority Media Inc . Minority Media Inc . 2018 Titanic : Honor and Glory Adventure Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift Four Funnels Entertainment 2016 Tower Unite MMOSG Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux PixelTail Games 2018 Travis Strikes Again : No More Heroes Action - adventure , hack and slash Nintendo Switch Grasshopper Manufacture Marvelous TBA Unbox Racing , Puzzle Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Prospect Games Prospect Games TBA Unreal Tournament First - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Epic Games Epic Games 2015 Valhalla Hills Strategy Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Funatics Daedalic Entertainment 2018 Vampyr RPG Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Dontnod Entertainment Focus Home Interactive 2017 Visage Survival horror Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One SadSquare Studio 2015 Wake Up Call Stealth Microsoft Windows , OS X Dark Synergy Studios Dark Synergy Studios 2016 Warhammer 40,000 : Eternal Crusade Massively multiplayer online , third - person shooter Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux Behaviour Interactive Behaviour Digital 2017 Water Planet Adventure game , music video Microsoft Windows , HTC Vive , Oculus Rift Open Source Virtual Reality The Revera Corporation The Revera Corporation 2018 We Happy Few Survival Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Compulsion Games Gearbox Publishing 2016 Without Memory Third - person interactive thriller PlayStation 4 Dinosaurum Games Dinosaurum Games TBA World War Toons TBA Microsoft Windows Reload Studios TBA Xing : The Land Beyond Adventure , Puzzle Microsoft Windows , Oculus Rift White Lotus Interactive White Lotus Interactive 2018 Yoshi Platformer Nintendo Switch Good - Feel 2015 404Sight Platformer Microsoft Windows Retro Yeti Games Films ( edit ) Year Title Developer 2015 Henry Oculus Story Studio 2015 Lost Oculus Story Studio 2015 Miss Daisy TBA Outlaws Nagapi Productions 2017 The Human Race Epic Games , The Mill , Chevrolet TBA The Rose And I Penrose Studios See also ( edit ) Category : Unreal Engine games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Games that changed dramatically after their E3 demo '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , I.G.N. ( 12 October 2000 ) . `` Star Trek Deep Space Nine : The Fallen '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GameLedge '' Features `` . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EOS ( KR ) Released 2 Trailers for Upcoming Open Beta '' . 2P.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GameSpot review of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pariah - Games - Review - www.pcauthority.com.au '' . 23 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pariah ( PC ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Orchestra : Ostfront 41 - 45 review '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Gamepyre - Gamepyre '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Republic Commando ( PC ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine Jump up ^ World War II Combat : Iwo Jima Jump up ^ `` Batman : Arkham Knight is n't coming to Xbox 360 or PS3 , Rocksteady confirms - VideoGamer.com '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bless -- New breathtaking screenshots released for Unreal Engine 3 epic - MMO Culture - Bonding online gaming cultures '' . www.mmoculture.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Butterfly Sword Online Unveiled Key Systems for the First Time - MMORPG News - MMOsite.com '' . news.mmosite.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://epicgames.com/news/first-udk-game-chicken-coup-delivers-unreal-engine-graphics-to-casual-ios-g Jump up ^ `` Nexon Announced Combat Arms : Line of Sight , New Online Shooter for EU Players '' . 2P.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vogster Entertainment '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Inertia '' . www.gamecity.ne.jp . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallegos , Anthony ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Dark Vale Games Announced Forge '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Discover , Name . `` UnleashTheFury.com is available '' . Name Discover . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 404 Not Found '' . 11 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Check out the debut trailer for BitMonster 's Unreal Engine 3 - powered shooter Gunner Z '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gyrozetter Game Uses Unreal 3 Engine , Has Overseas Plans '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Brandon Sheffield , . `` Wideload 's Seropian Talks XBLA , Outsourcing , UE3 '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Time Game Brings Unreal Engine 3 Action To iOS '' . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ADRENALINE AMUSEMENTS : : aagames.com : : Manufacturing a New Breed of Arcade Video Game Products '' . www.adrenalineamusements.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mysterious New MMO Lost Ark KR Developed by Smile Gate Came to Light - MMO Game News - MMOsite.com '' . news.mmosite.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( 13 May 2005 ) . `` Pre-E3 2005 : Mistwalker Unveils Lost Odyssey '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Andrew ( 21 August 2006 ) . `` EA signs Unreal Engine 3 for next - gen games '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Antichamber - inspired Maze Mirage is a first - person puzzle game that will mess with your sense of perception '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Medal of Honor : Airborne First Look '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New FPS shooter `` Mercenary Ops '' built with Unreal 3 Engine `` . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Video Games , Wikis , Cheats , Walkthroughs , Reviews , News & Videos - IGN '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Army is Zombie Studios ' new free - to - play shooter '' . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 위메이드 권 원석 팀장 이 전하는 ' 프로젝트 드래곤'팀 의 생생한 ' 멘탈 붕괴 ' 스토리 ! - 인벤 커뮤니케이션즈 '' . 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EVE maker CCP bringing MMO shooter `` Project Legion '' to PC market `` . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://games.sina.com.cn/m/n/2014-08-15/1751807362.shtml Jump up ^ `` -- -- -- - RoboBlitz -- -- -- - '' . www.roboblitz.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Woo Presents Stranglehold ( Xbox 360 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unreal 3 Action MMO The Age of Heroes Debuts '' . 2P.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Sol now supports Steam Workshop , studio releases `` sam ... - GameWatcher '' . www.gamewatcher.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozio , Kristofer . `` Coca - Cola Intros Thred iOS App to Benefit The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria - MobilityDigest '' . mobilitydigest.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World of Mercenaries : New Unreal Engine 3 FPS '' . 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder - Fattah , Kimo ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` Absention -- Say Hello To A VR Ready Survival Horror Game Powered By Unreal Engine 4 '' . WCCF Tech . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Feltham , Jamie ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Acacia : Time Trails Launches on Greenlight With Rift , Vive Support '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Adam ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` This ' Ad Infinitum ' Trailer is a Thing of Nightmares '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ PCGamesN ( March 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : bringing combo combat to the PC in Age of Blood '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ PCGamesN ( March 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : meet AIPD - a Geometry Wars genremate with 100,000 possible modes '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Aleksander ; Szaflik , Błażej ; Koszuta , Karolina ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Epic and wonderful interactive journey to abandoned planets in the galaxys far far away '' . VRJam . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Feltham , Jamie ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` Underwater Shooter Aquanox Deep Descent on Kickstarter , VR Support Possible '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ 80.lv ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Ashen : Making A Low Fantasy Game In UE4 '' . 80.lv . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : how two brothers built a convincing Amnesia - alike in Astray '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ GamesPress ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Bacon Man comes out of the frying pan and onto Xbox One '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chris ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Barrage shares months of process working with Unreal Engine 4 '' . SlashGear . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Solon , Olivia ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Disgusting Bathroom Simulator game lets you play with virtual poo '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Pixelbomb Games Confirms Beyond Flesh and Blood Details '' . Pure Xbox . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Vikki ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` New Studio PYXYUL Releases Racing First - Person Shooter BIOS '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ cinderboy ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Blade & Soul Revolution -- Netmarble announces mobile MMORPG based on popular IP '' . MMO Culture . MMO Culture . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Scott ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Smile More Studios - Our First Game - Our First Show '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lefebvre , Eliot ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` City of Titans to make use of Unreal 4 '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sykes , Tom ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Consortium : The Tower Prophecy trailer makes impressive landing '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ James , Paul ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` ' Courage ' is a Beautiful , Co-op VR Game Made in 12 Weeks by Students '' . Road to VR . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Neokleous , George ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` Hovercraft shooter Crash Force arrives in Early Access '' . Polygon . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Feltham , Jamie ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` VR Jam Finalists Spotlight : Crime Watch Allows Players to Speak in VR '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Azario ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Cyberdimension Neptunia : 4 Goddesses Online Producer and Illustrator Provide Development Details and More During Anime Expo 2017 '' . DualShockers . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Erik ( 7 March 2015 ) . `` Epic Games issues first round of Unreal Dev Grants '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Intent Media . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` Unreal Engine 4 - Powered Warhammer 40K Deathwatch : Tyranid Invasion Lands On Mobile This Summer '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Indiegala at Gamescom presents : Die Young '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` RPG - horror Dispatcher now on Early Access Steam '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Calandra , Nick ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Downward Is A New Unreal Engine 4 Powered Open World First Person Parkour Game Coming To PC In 2016 '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sykes , Tom ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` Train Simulator devs tackling fishing next with Dovetail Games Fishing '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Joab ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` Opaque Multimedia announces Earthlight '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ mikesuszek . `` Sandbox survival game Eden Star powered by Unreal Engine 4 '' . Engadget . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Niche Gamer Staff ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Epsilon E3 2015 Interview -- Assembling a Rewarding , Engaging , Tactical Shooter '' . Niche Gamer . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Papadopoulos , John ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Everspace -- Space Shooter Powered By Unreal Engine 4 & PhysX -- Gets Pre-Alpha Gameplay Trailer '' . The Dark Side Of Gaming . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Younger , Paul ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Everspace Gets a Release Date and Final Early Access Update Released '' . PCInvasion . Jump up ^ Skupeika , Markus ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` From Never Coding Before or Doing Game Art to Making A Full Game Using Unreal Engine 4 '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Kevin ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` Frima Studios on Developing for VR '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Fractured Space launches on Steam Early Access '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network Ltd . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Kevin ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Galaxy Heist Kickstarter Launching Next Month '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Become a tiny god in VR with Godling , a beautiful Project Morpheus game '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Phil . `` Heading offroad with Milestone 's Gravel '' . Red Bull . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Keith ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Project Grip , a spiritual successor to Rollcage is in the works '' . The Outer Heaven . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Lachlan ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` All New Details On ' Ground Branch ' , The Upcoming Unreal Engine 4 Tactical FPS / Exclusive Interview '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` EVE Online Dev Making New Space Shooter for Gear VR '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Hatashiai Hopes To Replicate Realistic Japanese Sword Fighting In A Videogame '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Heavy Gear Assault turns mech pilots into e-sports stars ( preview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Unreal Engine 4 Full 3D Action Mobile MMORPG Project HIT Announced '' . 2P.com . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Releases ( 8 July 2015 ) . `` Imperative Entertainment Announces HEROES REBORN : Gemini and HEROES REBORN : Enigma '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matthew ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` I Hate My Job : Interview w / Game Director , Devious Gamers CEO '' . VG Tribune . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : Insurgency : Sandstorm wants to be the indie film of military shooters '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Space survival sim Into the Stars launches on Kickstarter '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` '' Psychological Deep Sea Thriller '' PC Game Iron Fish Announced . Check out the first trailer and some screenshots for Iron Fish `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` After almost 12 months of radio silence , Black Delta to announce KartKraft , an Unreal Engine 4 powered PC kart racing title at Gamescom 2015 '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ JoelW ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Land of Britain Announced to Use Unreal Engine 4 '' . 2P . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Chapple , Craig ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` Loading Human dev switches from Unity to Unreal Engine 4 '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : braving the musical maze of Synthesis Universe '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ North , Dale ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Epic Games hands out another $18 K Unreal Dev Grant -- total is almost $500 K so far '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Eva , Kevin ( 6 Jun 2015 ) . `` MIND : Path to Thalamus To Get UE4 Makeover , Moves Closer To Oculus Support '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannley , Steve ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Kinetic Test Footage Released for Unreal Engine 4 Third - Person Twin - Stick Shooter ' Nelo ' '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbons , Alex ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Nuren : The New Renaissance Wins Funding From Epic Games '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Calandra , Nick ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` Outreach - New Unreal Engine 4 First Person Narrative Adventure Game Taking Place In Space '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : Pangaea New World is a post-apocalyptic MMOFPS about loneliness '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Chapple , Craig ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Ex-BioShock and Dead Space devs form The Deep End '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Batchelor , James ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Three more Unreal Dev Grants issued '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Walden , Chris ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Deco Digital : Releasing a game in Unreal Engine 4 via ID@Xbox '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Police 10 - 13 Set to Bust Perps on Xbox One '' . Pure Xbox . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Pool Nation FX Xbox One release date . It 's out on April Pools Day '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network Ltd . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Unreal Engine 4 superhero game Project Awakened takes to Kickstarter '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network Ltd . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Calandra , Nick ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Check Out This New Unreal Engine 4 Work In Progress , Project Fantasiam '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NCsoft using Epic 's Unreal Engine 4 for two new MMOs '' . Engadget . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Murkin , Zak ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` New Skating Game ' Project : Session ' Teased '' . Gamer Headlines . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gamasutra ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Unreal Engine 4 - powered adventure Reaching For Petals to hit Steam on September 4th '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Priestman , Chris ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Real Boxing 2 announced for iOS and Android with a smack around the chops '' . Pocket Gamer . Steel Media . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Summa , Robert ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Red Goddess is a beauty '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` The Kickstarter for story - driven puzzle - platformer Renoir has launched '' . VG247 . Videogaming 247 Ltd . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ LaMarche , Jeff ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` An Unreal Decision '' . MartianCraft . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Matt ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Fans remake Resident Evil 2 in Unreal Engine 4 '' . Wired Magazine . Condé Nast . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( August 2015 ) . `` Beatbuddy Developer Announces Their Next Game Retro Invasion '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kayser , Daniel . `` Unmasking the Motives and Mayhem in RUINER '' . Unreal Engine . Epic Games . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Umut , Uyurkulak ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Scorn gets a video showcasing its horrors and looks for support on Kickstarter '' . GameNews+ . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Sega 's just announced a new arcade racing game , and it looks amazing '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Shape of the World has the prettiest purple trees '' . Destructoid . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Stenbuck , Kite . `` Game Info Shin Megami Tensei V Officially Announced for Nintendo Switch '' . RPGSite . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossco , Respawn ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` MLG Indies : A Song of Horror by Protocol Games -- Interview & Details '' . My Games Lounge . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun . `` SoulCalibur VI will release for PC in 2018 '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Games Press ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Fenix Fire Partners with Epic Games to License Unreal Engine 4 for Source '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Nathan ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Space Dust Studios : We Choose Unreal simply Because It 's The Best Choice For Our Project '' . 80 Level . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` What A New X-Wing , Tie Fighter Could Look Like '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Epic Games ( 29 May 2015 ) . `` Unreal Diaries : The future is Unreal '' . Develop . Intent Media . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strike Vector EX To Blaze Onto PS4 , Xbox One '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc. 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Orman , Ed ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Serene exploration adventure Submerged announced for PS4 '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` The Assembly aims for all the virtual reality headsets '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network Ltd . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Kevin ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` The Hum : Abductions Confirmed For PC & PlayStation 4 '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Billcliffe , James ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` The Lost Pisces -- New UE4 Adventure Promising An Emotional Experience That Sticks With You Long After Completion '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Billclife , James ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` Meet the Developer Behind Open - World Episodic RPG The Soulkeeper , HELMS Systems '' . OnlySP . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Kevin ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Devs Discuss Unreal Engine 4 for VR '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Michael ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` GM Tower Successor , Tower Unite , on Kickstarter '' . Gamer Headlines . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : play as a self - delivering parcel in Unbox '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` Valhalla Hills : Daedalic and Funatics Team Up for Viking - themed Strategy Game '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Wake Up Call : stealthy Unreal Engine 4 FPS could come to other formats after PC launch '' . VG247 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water Planet Offers Surreal Atmospheric Audio / Visual Adventure '' . One Angry Gamer. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` PS4 - Exclusive Without Memory Revealed , Runs on Unreal Engine 4 . Russian studio Dinosaurum Games working on `` third - person interactive thriller , '' scheduled to launch in 2016 `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rudderham , Tom ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` World War Toons announced as a cartoon multiplayer FPS '' . The Rift Arcade . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ PCGamesN ( February 2015 ) . `` Making it in Unreal : visiting the afterlife with the Oculus Rift and Xing : The Land Beyond '' . PCGamesN . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Fudge , James ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Epic awards Unreal Dev Grants to three developers - including one making a game about net neutrality '' . Game Politics . Entertainment Consumers Association . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Suciu , Peter ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Oculus VR 's Story Studio to Create Cinematic Virtual Reality Experiences '' . Tech News World . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Christophe , David , Samuel , Alexandre , Patrick , & Jocelyn ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` Making of Miss Daisy '' . Unreal Engine . Epic Games . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Batchelor , James ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Latest Unreal Dev Grants fund VR game and sci - fi film '' . Develop . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Epic Games , Chevrolet , and The Mill blend augmented reality and film '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Feltham , Jamie ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Penrose Launches Preview Of The Rose And I VR Film On Gear VR '' . VRFocus . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Unreal Engine website Epic Games website Unreal series Main series Unreal II : The Awakening Unreal Tournament Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Tournament 2004 Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Unreal Championship Championship Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict People Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Cliff Bleszinski Steve Polge Sascha Dikiciyan Lani Minella Alexander Brandon Michiel van den Bos Kevin Riepl Andrew Sega Dan Gardopée Sjoerd De Jong Skaven Bob Bates Companies Epic Games Digital Extremes Legend Entertainment Psyonix Streamline Studios Related Unreal Engine Make Something Unreal Epic Games Games Jazz Jackrabbit series Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal series Unreal Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Gears of War series Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War : Judgment Infinity Blade series Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Other games ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Super ZZT Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon Fortnite Subsidiaries Current Chair Entertainment Former Safari Software Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly People Current Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel ZZT - oop Related List of Unreal Engine games Make Something Unreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Unreal_Engine_games&oldid=819294354 '' Categories : Video game lists by game engine Unreal Engine games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本語 Polski Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 15 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of games that use unreal engine 4	[]	[]
5024098390303176934	ICC Cricket Code of Conduct	ICC cricket Code of Conduct - wikipedia ICC cricket Code of Conduct Jump to : navigation , search The ICC Cricket Code of Conduct is a regulation regarding the conduct of professional players in the sport of cricket . Traditionally , cricket requires `` gentlemanly '' conduct from all players . The Code of Conduct is written and enforced by the International Cricket Council . Under the ICC regulations , players may be fined a percentage of the salary , banned for number of matches , or even banned for a number of years or life . The ICC appoints a match referee for each Test match , One Day International and Twenty20 ; the Referee has the power to set penalties for most offences , the exceptions being the more serious ones . The following are the general categories of serious offences , carrying the highest penalties : Gambling on matches ( betting ) . Failing to perform in a match in return for a benefit , such as money or goods ( match fixing ) . Inducing a player to perform one of the above two actions . Failure to report certain incidents relating to match - fixing or gambling . Other related offences . Other offences are categorized as Level 1 , Level 2 , Level 3 , or Level 4 as follows : Level 1 ( edit ) Breach of the Logo Policy ( except for a commercial logo or player 's bat logo ) . Abuse of equipment clothing , or any part of the ground . Showing dissent at an umpire 's decision by word or by action . Using language or a gesture that is obscene , offensive or insulting . Excessive appealing . Aggressive pointing towards the pavilion by a member of the fielding side upon the dismissal of a batsman . Level 2 ( edit ) Repeat of any Level 1 Offence within 12 months . Showing serious dissent at an umpire 's decision by word or action . Breach of the Logo Policy relating to a commercial logo or a player 's cricket bat logo . Public criticism of a match related incident or match official . Inappropriate and deliberate physical contact between players during play . Aggressively charging towards an umpire while appealing . Deliberate distraction or obstruction on the field . Throwing the cricket ball at a player , umpire or official in a dangerous manner . Using language or a gesture that is obscene , offensive or of a seriously insulting nature to another player , umpire , referee , team official or spectator . Changing the condition of the ball in breach of Law 42.3 . Any attempt to manipulate a match in regard to the result ( In a negative way ) , net run rate , bonus points or otherwise . ( Example : Intentionally losing so that a team will face a weaker opponent in the Finals . ) Level 3 ( edit ) Repeat of any Level 2 Offence within 12 months . Intimidation of an umpire or referee . Threat of assault on a player , team official , or spectator . Using language or gestures that offends race , religion , colour , descent or national or ethnic origin . Level 4 ( edit ) Repeat for any Level 3 Offence within 12 months . Threat of assault on an umpire or referee . Physical assault of another player , umpire , referee , official or spectator . Any act of violence during play . Using language or gestures that seriously offends race , religion , colour , descent or national or ethnic origin . Penalties ( edit ) The penalties available for each offence are based on the level . The penalties are as follows : Level 1 : Fine of 0 % to 50 % of match fee . Level 2 : Fine of 50 % to 100 % of match fee and / or ban for 1 Test or 2 ODIs . Level 3 : Ban for 2 to 4 Tests or 4 to 8 ODIs . Level 4 : Ban for 5 Tests to life or 20 ODIs to life . Fines in Level 3 and 4 Offences are determined by the ICC without regard to match fee . Offences relating to gambling or match - fixing carry penalties of bans from 12 months to life , and unlimited fines . If an offence occurred in a Test match , then the ban for a number of Tests applies ; if an offence occurred in an ODI , then the ban for a number of ODIs applies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Code of Conduct for Players and Player Support Personnel '' ( PDF ) . ICC. 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 27 December 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Cricket_Code_of_Conduct&oldid=701483164 '' Categories : Cricket laws and regulations International Cricket Council Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 January 2016 , at 21 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first english test cricketer to be fined for misconduct during a test match	[]	[]
-680190340402081747	Trinity River (Texas)	Trinity River ( Texas ) - wikipedia Trinity River ( Texas ) Jump to : navigation , search Trinity River Trinity River , Dallas , Texas ( postcard , c. 1901 -- 1907 ) Country United States Physical characteristics Main source North Texas , near the Red River River mouth Trinity Bay , at Chambers County , Texas 0 ft ( 0 m ) Length 710 miles ( 1,140 km ) Discharge Average rate : 6,368 cu ft / s ( 180.3 m / s ) Basin features Basin size 15,589 sq mi ( 40,380 km ) The Trinity River as viewed from Reunion Tower in Dallas in August 2015 The Trinity River is a 710 - mile - long ( 1,140 km ) river in Texas , and is the longest river with a watershed entirely within the U.S. state of Texas . It rises in extreme northern Texas , a few miles south of the Red River . The headwaters are separated by the high bluffs on the southern side of the Red River . Robert Cavelier de La Salle , in 1687 , called the stream the `` River of Canoes '' . The name `` Trinity '' came three years later in 1690 from Alonso de León , who called the stream the `` La Santísima Trinidad '' ( `` the Most Holy Trinity '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Tributaries 2 Public works projects 3 Floods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Course ( edit ) The Trinity River has four branches : the West Fork , the Clear Fork , the Elm Fork , and the East Fork . The West Fork Trinity River has its headwaters in Archer County . From there it flows southeast , through the man - made reservoirs Lake Bridgeport and Eagle Mountain Lake then flowing eastward through Lake Worth and then the city of Fort Worth . The Clear Fork Trinity River begins north of Weatherford , Texas and flows southeastward through Lake Weatherford and Benbrook Lake reservoirs , and then northeastward , where it joins the West Fork near downtown Fort Worth and continues as the West Fork . The Elm Fork Trinity River flows south from near Gainesville through Ray Roberts Lake and east of the city of Denton eventually through Lewisville Lake . The West Fork and the Elm Fork merge as they enter the city of Dallas and form the Trinity River . The East Fork Trinity River ( on old maps the Bois d'Arc River ) begins near McKinney , Texas and flows through Lavon Lake then Lake Ray Hubbard before joining the Trinity River just southeast of Dallas . The Trinity then flows southeast from Dallas across a fertile floodplain and the pine forests of eastern Texas , many of which were settled during the period of the Republic of Texas . The Trinity crosses Texas State Highway 31 in Henderson County , near where the first county seat , Buffalo , was established . Roughly 65 miles ( 105 km ) north of the mouth , an earthen dam was built in 1968 to form Lake Livingston . It flows onward to the south , into Trinity Bay , an arm of Galveston Bay that is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico . Its river mouth is near the town of Anahuac , southeast of Houston . Tributaries ( edit ) Clear Fork of the Trinity River East Fork of the Trinity River ( Bois d'Arc River ) Elm Fork of the Trinity River West Fork of the Trinity River Bachman Branch Cedar Creek Mountain Creek Fossil Creek ( Texas ) Johnson Creek Red Oak Creek Richland Creek White Rock Creek Rowlett Creek Big Creek Fourmile Creek Five Mile Creek Ten Mile Creek Public works projects ( edit ) The Trinity River north of downtown Fort Worth Plans from the 1890s for a shipping channel along the length of the Trinity River were scrapped because it would have required extensive dredging to make the river navigable , although several overpasses were built with very high clearances in anticipation of the shipping channel . Locks were actually built 13 miles downstream of Dallas in the early 1900s . Original federal plans called for building 36 locks and dams from Trinity Bay near Houston to Dallas . The first built was Lock and Dam No. 1 in the city of Dallas at McCommas Bluff . Lock construction came to a standstill in the wake of World War I , however . Only Lock and Dam Nos. 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 20 and 25 were built . There are currently no plans for addressing these old locks located in various spots along the Trinity River . However , the Corps is working nearby on the Dallas Floodway Extension Project . The DFE Project is under construction and is helping to fulfill their mission , as directed by Congress in cooperation with the city of Dallas . It is helping to lower flood risk , and provide ecosystem restoration and recreation to the citizens of Dallas . The Trinity River Corridor Project is intended to transform the Trinity River flood zone in downtown Dallas into the nation 's largest urban park , featuring three signature bridges designed by acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava . A similar project is planned by the Tarrant Regional Water District , City of Fort Worth , Tarrant County , Streams & Valleys Inc. , and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop an area north of `` downtown '' as `` uptown '' along the Trinity River . This plan promotes a large mixed - use development adjacent to the central city area of Fort Worth , with a goal to prevent urban sprawl by promoting the growth of a healthy , vibrant urban core . The Trinity River Vision lays the groundwork to enable Fort Worth 's central business district to double in size over the next forty years . Floods ( edit ) Major flooding occurred on the Trinity River in the years 1844 , 1866 , 1871 , and 1890 , but a major event in the spring of 1908 set in motion the harnessing of the river . On 26 May 1908 , the Trinity River reached a depth of 52.6 feet ( 16.03 m ) and a width of 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) . Five people died , 4,000 were left homeless , and property damage was estimated at $ 2.5 million . Now the wreckage of a shed or outhouse would move by , followed by a drowned swine or other livestock . The construction forces of the Texas & Pacific worked feverishly to safeguard the long trestle carrying their tracks across the stream . Suddenly , this whole structure turned on its side down - stream , broke loose from the rest of the track at one end and swung out into the middle of the current and began breaking up , first into large sections and then into smaller pieces , rushing madly along to some uncertain destination . ( Approximately half a dozen of the workmen fell into the torrent at this point ; exaggerated reports of their drowning swept the city . ) -- C.L. Moss Dallas was without power for three days , all telephone and telegraph service was down , and rail service was canceled . The only way to reach Oak Cliff was by boat . West Dallas was hit harder than any other part of the city -- the Dallas Times Herald said `` indescribable suffering '' plagued the area . Much to the horror of residents , thousands of livestock drowned in the flood and some became lodged in the tops of trees . The stench of their decay hung over the city as the water subsided . The Trinity River flooding on 8 July 1908 . After the disastrous flood , the city 's citizenry wanted to find a way to control the unpredictable Trinity River and to build a bridge linking Oak Cliff and Dallas . The immediate reaction was clamor to build an indestructible , all - weather crossing over the Trinity . This had already been tried following the 1890 flood ; the result was the `` Long Wooden Bridge '' that connected Jefferson Boulevard in Oak Cliff and Cadiz in Dallas , but the resulting unstable bridge was easily washed away by the 1908 flood . George B. Dealey , publisher of the Dallas Morning News , proposed a 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 km ) concrete bridge based on the design of a bridge crossing the Missouri River in Kansas City . Ultimately , a US $ 650,000 ( US $16.5 million in today 's terms ) bond election was approved and in 1912 , the Oak Cliff Viaduct ( now the Houston Street Viaduct ) was opened with festivities that drew 58,000 spectators . At that time , the bridge was the longest concrete structure in the world . The Trinity River in Dallas flooded up to the levees in June 2015 . Seen from the Commerce Street bridge . Minor flooding of the Trinity River occurs frequently , such as , for instance , in the spring of 2015 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trinity River . Texas portal Trinity River Authority Trinity River Vision Project List of the ten longest Texas rivers List of Texas rivers List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Atakapa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USGS discharge data for Riverside , accessed 2011 - 06 - 19 Jump up ^ Handbook of Texas Online , s.v. `` Trinity River '' Jump up ^ `` Upper West Fork Trinity Watershed '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lower West Fork Trinity Watershed '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elm Fork Trinity Watershed '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` East Fork Trinity Watershed '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denton Watershed '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : West Fork Trinity River Jump up ^ Barton , Julia . `` How Landlocked Dallas Once Tried to Become a Port City '' . Slate ( magazine ) . The Slate Group . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.swf.usace.army.mil/Missions/WaterSustainment/DallasFloodwayExtension.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.982702368424101.1073741974.188083711219308&type=1 ^ Jump up to : Payne , Darwin ( 1982 ) . `` Chapter V : A New Century , A New Dallas '' . Dallas , an illustrated history . Woodland Hills , California : Windsor Publications . pp. 119 -- 155 . ISBN 0 - 89781 - 034 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dallas Historical Society - Dallas History . Retrieved 20 April 2006 . Jump up ^ http://cityhallblog.dallasnews.com/2015/05/trinity-river-near-downtown-dallas-already-at-major-flood-stage-forecast-to-crest-at-43-feet.html/ External links ( edit ) Trinity River Corridor Project ( City of Dallas ) Trinity River Vision ( City of Fort Worth ) Plans for a shipping channel along the length of the Trinity River Trinity River from the Handbook of Texas Online Trinity River Authority from the Handbook of Texas Online Trinity River Navigation Projects from the Handbook of Texas Online Historic photos of Corps of Engineers lock and dam projects throughout Texas in 1910 - 20s from the Portal to Texas History Map of the planned Dallas park system . U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Trinity River Galveston Bay Foundation ( The Trinity River provides half the freshwater inflows into Galveston Bay , one of the most important and productive estuaries in the United States Coordinates : 29 ° 44 ′ 35 '' N 94 ° 42 ′ 12 '' W / 29.74306 ° N 94.70333 ° W / 29.74306 ; - 94.70333 ( hide ) State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_River_(Texas)&oldid=839341390 '' Categories : Trinity River ( Texas ) Rivers of Texas Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico Galveston Bay Area Geography of Houston Rivers of Dallas Bodies of water of Chambers County , Texas Bodies of water of Archer County , Texas Bodies of water of Wise County , Texas Bodies of water of Jack County , Texas Bodies of water of Tarrant County , Texas Rivers of Dallas County , Texas Bodies of water of Madison County , Texas Bodies of water of Trinity County , Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many miles is it from waco texas to dallas texas	[]	[]
-7296011143181119624	Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh	Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh - Wikipedia Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh is a trade union for textile mills in Mumbai , India . Organized labour portal This article about an Indian political party is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to an Indian trade union is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashtriya_Mill_Mazdoor_Sangh&oldid=751651003 '' Categories : Trade unions in Maharashtra Textile industry in Maharashtra Textile and clothing trade unions Indian political party stubs Indian trade union stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2016 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who established rashtriy mill majdoor sangh in mumbai	[]	[]
-3418729191972334266	Central Bank of Nigeria	Central Bank of Nigeria - wikipedia Central Bank of Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Central Bank of Nigeria Headquarters Abuja , FCT , Nigeria Established 1958 Governor Godwin Emefiele Central bank of Nigeria Currency Nigerian naira NGN 566 ( ISO 4217 ) Website www.cbn.gov.ng CBN headquarters Central Bank of Nigeria The Central Bank of Nigeria ( CBN ) is the Central bank and apex monetary authority of Nigeria established by the CBN Act of 1958 and commenced operations on July 1 , 1959 . The major regulatory objectives of the bank as stated in the CBN Act are to : maintain the external reserves of the country , promote monetary stability and a sound financial environment , and to act as a banker of last resort and financial adviser to the federal government . The central bank 's role as lender of last resort and adviser to the federal government has sometimes pushed it into murky regulatory waters . After the end of imperial rule the desire of the government to become pro-active in the development of the economy became visible especially after the end of the Nigerian civil war , the bank followed the government 's desire and took a determined effort to supplement any short falls in credit allocations to the real sector . The bank soon became involved in lending directly to consumers , contravening its original intention to work through commercial banks in activities involving consumer lending . However , the policy was an offspring of the indigenisation policy at the time . Nevertheless , the government through the central bank has been actively involved in building the nation 's money and equity centers , forming securities regulatory board and introducing treasury instruments into the capital market . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the CBN 1.1 Authorizing legislation 1.2 Policy implementation and criticism 1.3 Governors 2 Under Charles Chukwuma Soludo 3 Today 4 Advance Fees Fraud ( 419 ) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History of the CBN ( edit ) Authorizing legislation ( edit ) In 1948 , an inquiry under the leadership of G.D Paton was established by the colonial administration to investigate banking practices in Nigeria . Prior to the inquiry , the banking industry was largely uncontrolled . The G.D Paton report , an offshoot of the inquiry became the cornerstone of the first banking legislation in the country : the banking ordinance of 1952 . The ordinance was designed to prevent non viable banks from mushrooming , and to ensure orderly commercial banking . The banking ordinance triggered a rapid growth in the industry , with growth also came disappointment . By 1958 , a few number of banks had failed . To curtail further failures and to prepare for indigenous control , in 1958 , a bill for the establishment of Central Bank of Nigeria was presented to the House of Representatives of Nigeria . The Act was fully implemented on July 1 , 1959 , when the Central Bank of Nigeria came into full operation . In April 1960 , the Bank issued its first treasury bills . In May 1961 the Bank launched the Lagos Bankers Clearing House , which provided licensed banks a framework in which to exchange and clear checks rapidly . By July 1 , 1961 the Bank had completed issuing all denominations of new Nigerian notes and coins and redeemed all of the West African Currency Board 's previous money . Policy implementation and criticism ( edit ) The CBN 's early functions were mainly to act as the government 's agency for the control and supervision of the banking sector , to monitor the balance of payments according to the demands of the federal government and to tailor monetary policy along the demands of the federal budget . The central bank 's initial lack of financial competence over the finance ministry led to deferment of major economic decisions to the finance ministry . A key instrument of the bank was to initiate credit limit legislation for bank lending . The initiative was geared to make credit available to neglected national areas such as agriculture and manufacturing . By the end of 1979 , most of the banks did not adhere to their credit limits and favored a loose interpretation of CBN 's guidelines . The central bank did not effectively curtail the prevalence of short term loan maturities . Most loans given out by commercial banks were usually set within a year . The major policy to balance this distortion in the credit market was to create a new Bank of Commerce and industry , a universal bank . However , the new bank did not fulfill its mission . Another policy of the bank in concert with the intentions of the government was direct involvement in the affairs of the three major expatriate commercial banks in order to forestall any bias against indigenous borrowers and consumers . By 1976 , the federal government had acquired 40 % of equity in the three largest commercial banks . The bank 's slow reaction to curtail inflation by financing huge deficits of the federal government has been one of the sore points in the history of the central bank . Coupled with its failure to control the burgeoning trade arrears in 1983 , the country was left with huge trade debts totaling $6 billion . Governors ( edit ) Governors of the Central Bank since independence : Governor Previous position Term start Term end Roy Pentelow Fenton 24 July 1958 24 July 1963 Aliyu Mai - Bornu Deputy Governor , CBN 25 July 1963 22 June 1967 Clement Nyong Isong Advisor International Monetary Fund 15 August 1967 22 September 1975 Adamu Ciroma 24 September 1975 28 June 1977 Ola Vincent Deputy Governor , CBN 28 June 1977 28 June 1982 Abdulkadir Ahmed Deputy Governor , CBN 28 June 1982 30 September 1993 Paul Agbai Ogwuma CEO , Union Bank of Nigeria 1 October 1993 29 May 1999 Joseph Oladele Sanusi CEO First Bank of Nigeria 29 May 1999 29 May 2004 Charles Chukwuma Soludo Chief Executive , National Planning Commission 29 May 2004 29 May 2009 Sanusi Lamido Aminu Sanusi CEO , First Bank of Nigeria 3 June 2009 20 February 2014 Sarah Alade Deputy Governor , Central Bank of Nigeria 20 February 2014 3 June 2014 Godwin Emefiele Chief Executive Officer , Zenith Bank 3 June 2014 to date Under charles chukwuma soludo ( edit ) The central bank was instrumental in the growth and financial credibility of Nigerian commercial banks by making sure that all the financial banks operating in the country had a capital base ( required reserves ) . This helped to make sure that bank customers just did not bear losses alone , in the event of bank failures . However , this policy led to the failure of some Nigerian commercial banks ; some banks could not meet up with the new capital base requirements , which was 25,000,000,000.00 Naira at the time . Those banks that could not meet the new capital base requirements had to fold up , while some that could not come up with the money on their own , had to merge with other banks in order to raise the money . This policy helped solidify the commercial banks of Nigeria , and made it impossible for individuals or organizations without financial stability to operate a bank in the country . Today Nigeria has one of the most advanced financial sectors in Africa , with most of its commercial banks having branches in other countries . The Central Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion . It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico . The CBN has ensured all Banks in Nigeria to have a uniform year end . The various commercial bank includes Access Bank Plc , Citibank Nigeria Plc , Diamond Bank Plc , First Bank of Nigeria Plc , Guaranty Trust Bank Plc , Zenith Bank plc , Wema Bank , StanbicIbtc Bank , Fidelity Bank , United Bank for Africa etc . Today ( edit ) Mr. Godwin Emefiele , the former Zenith Bank Plc Chief Executive assumed the mantle as the 11th CBN chief as well as its 10th indigenous governor . Emefiele , who replaced Mallam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi , whose tenure elapsed on June 1 brings to the job over 20 years of banking experience . He has held several strategic positions in his 18 years in the banking industry . Before becoming the Managing Director of Zenith Bank Plc , he had worked in corporate banking , treasury and financial controls . Before that , he was a lecturer in Finance and Insurance at the University of Port Harcourt , as well as his alma mater , University of Nigeria , Nsukka , where he obtained both BSc and MBA degrees in Finance . He is also an alumnus of Executive Education at Stanford University , Harvard University and Wharton Graduate Schools of Business . Emefiele in his maiden press briefing two days after his resumption of office gave a presentation titled `` ENTRENCHING MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND ENGENDERING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA '' . He acknowledged the excellent work that the Bank had done to achieve financial system stability , low inflation , exchange rate stability , an efficient payment system , and a consistent monetary policy in the last couple of years . He maintained that the vision of the Central Bank of Nigeria is to create a people - centered Central Bank by `` delivering price and financial system stability and promoting sustainable economic development '' . Advance fees fraud ( 419 ) ( edit ) See also : Advance - fee scam The name of the Central Bank of Nigeria has been used in a series of so - called ' Nigerian 419 Scams ' . The fraudster sends an e-mail that appears to come from a Central Bank employee to millions of people saying the Bank has found an excess of money , or a debt owing to , a person or persons who have since died , and they wish to export it . The victim submits his own bank account so that the money may be placed therein , however this information is only used to add credibility to the scam , in order to lure the victim in further . Bank details and other personal information is used to create fake certificate or document that are allegedly from the Bank . Contrary to popular belief , the victim 's bank account can not be emptied in this fashion . And , if money was taken from an account , it could be reimbursed as it can be traced Instead , the fraudster will ask the victim to send money via wire transfer services such as Western Union or MoneyGram . A wire transfer sent abroad is untraceable and not reversible . The bank is in no way associated with such scams . See also ( edit ) Central banks and currencies of Africa Nigerian naira Payment system Real - time gross settlement Bank Verification Number Treasury single account Cashless Policy ( Nigeria ) Banking in Nigeria Zero COT Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : History of CBN , retrieved 8 September 2006 from http://www.cenbank.org/AboutCBN Jump up ^ Nigeria Year Book 1962 . Daily Times of Nigeria. 1962 . p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Past And Present Governors '' . Central Bank of Nigeria . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26270561 Jump up ^ Inclusion , Alliance for Financial . `` Maya Declaration Urges Financial Inclusion for World 's Unbanked Populations '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sanusi 's CBN in Emefiele clothing '' . Punch Newspapers Nigeria . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` My agenda as Nigeria 's Central Bank Governor , By Godwin Emefiele '' . Premium Times Nigeria . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . References ( edit ) E.O. Oloyede , The Bank Customer and Banking Law in Nigeria , Journal of African Law , Vol. 19 , No. 1 / 2 , Spring , 1975 G.O. Nwankwo , Bank Lending in a Developing Economy : The Nigerian Experience , Journal of African Law , Vol. 19 , Spring , 1975 `` Foreign reserves down , bank lending up as economy falters '' , Financial Times , November 29 , 1982 Ugo A. Okoroafor `` Currency Restructuring in the CBN '' , cenbank.org , September 20 , 2012 External links ( edit ) Official site : Central Bank of Nigeria Governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria Roy Pentelow Fenton Aliyu Mai - Bornu Clement Nyong Isong Adamu Ciroma Ola Vincent Abdulkadir Ahmed Paul Agbai Ogwuma Joseph Oladele Sanusi Charles Chukwuma Soludo Sanusi Lamido Sanusi Sarah Alade ( acting from February - June 2014 ) Godwin Emefiele Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. Golf Club Pedam Dam The World Trade Centre Schools University of Abuja Nigerian Turkish Nile University Baze University The African University of Science and Technology Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Central banks Global Bank for International Settlements Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Financial Stability Board Policies Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4 Implementation Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market operation Sovereign wealth fund Bretton Woods system International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Lists List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and currencies of Asia - Pacific Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Europe Central banks and currencies of Central America and South America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Bank_of_Nigeria&oldid=820861827 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Central Bank of Nigeria Companies of Nigeria Central banks Economy of Nigeria Government agencies established in 1958 1958 establishments in Nigeria Banks established in 1958 Banks of Nigeria Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 01 : 29 . About Wikipedia	who is the manager of central bank of nigeria	[ "\n\nGovernor\nPrevious position\nTerm start\nTerm end\n\n\nRoy Pentelow Fenton\n\n24 July 1958\n24 July 1963\n\n\nAliyu Mai-Bornu\nDeputy Governor, CBN\n25 July 1963\n22 June 1967\n\n\nClement Nyong Isong\nAdvisor International Monetary Fund\n15 August 1967\n22 September 1975\n\n\nAdamu Ciroma\n\n24 September 1975\n28 June 1977\n\n\nOla Vincent\nDeputy Governor, CBN\n28 June 1977\n28 June 1982\n\n\nAbdulkadir Ahmed\nDeputy Governor, CBN\n28 June 1982\n30 September 1993\n\n\nPaul Agbai Ogwuma\nCEO, Union Bank of Nigeria\n1 October 1993\n29 May 1999\n\n\nJoseph Oladele Sanusi\nCEO First Bank of Nigeria\n29 May 1999\n29 May 2004\n\n\nCharles Chukwuma Soludo\nChief Executive, National Planning Commission\n29 May 2004\n29 May 2009\n\n\nSanusi Lamido Aminu Sanusi\nCEO, First Bank of Nigeria\n3 June 2009\n20 February 2014[4]\n\n\nSarah Alade\nDeputy Governor, Central Bank of Nigeria\n20 February 2014\n3 June 2014\n\n\nGodwin Emefiele\nChief Executive Officer, Zenith Bank\n3 June 2014\nto date[4]\n\n" ]	[ "Godwin Emefiele" ]
-730524846015250565	Mind Your Own Business (song)	Mind Your Own Business ( song ) - Wikipedia Mind Your Own Business ( song ) `` Mind Your Own Business '' Single by Hank Williams B - side `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' Released July 1949 Recorded March 1 , 1949 Studio Castle Studio , Nashville Genre Country , blues , rock and roll Length 2 : 47 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Hank Williams Producer ( s ) Fred Rose Hank Williams singles chronology `` Wedding Bells '' ( 1949 ) `` Mind Your Own Business '' ( 1949 ) `` You 're Gonna Change ( Or I 'm Gonna Leave ) '' ( 1949 ) `` Wedding Bells '' ( 1949 ) `` Mind Your Own Business '' ( 1949 ) `` You 're Gonna Change ( Or I 'm Gonna Leave ) '' ( 1949 ) `` Mind Your Own Business '' is a 1949 song written and originally performed by Hank Williams . Contents 1 Background 2 Content 3 Cover versions 4 References Background ( edit ) `` Mind Your Own Business '' was recorded on March 2 , 1949 , at Castle Studio in Nashville . During the same session , Williams also recorded `` You 're Gonna Change ( Or I 'm Gonna Leave ) '' , `` My Son Calls Another Man Daddy '' , and `` Honky Tonk Blues '' . He is backed by Dale Potter ( fiddle ) , Don Davis ( steel guitar ) , Zeke Turner ( lead guitar ) , Clyde Baum ( mandolin ) , Jack Shook ( rhythm guitar ) , and probably Ernie Newton ( bass ) . Content ( edit ) In the song , the narrator admonishes a local busybody for snooping and gossiping . While the delivery is light and breezy , the song 's lyrics were likely inspired by the singer 's own tempestuous relationship with wife Audrey Williams and the buzz it created . The opening lines seem to reference this : `` If the wife and I are fussin ' , brother that 's our right / ' Cause me and that sweet woman 's got a licence to fight ... '' His delivery is measured , laconic , and dry . The day before , Hank had cut several duets with his wife Audrey , who by all accounts had limited singing talent . Introducing it in October 1949 , he told his radio audience that it was a `` little prophecy in song '' , and indeed it would prove to be . The song is similar in tone and structure to Williams ' first Billboard hit `` Move It on Over '' , with the singer couching his moral indignation in humor , allowing the subject matter to resonate with the public . `` Mind Your Own Business '' went to # 6 on the C&W Best Seller list where it stayed for two weeks . Cover versions ( edit ) In 1964 , Jimmy Dean hit the country charts with his version of the song . His version spent six weeks on the charts and peaked at # 35 . Ernest Tubb included it on his 1968 LP Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams . In 1971 , Steve Goodman recorded it on his debut album . In 1975 , Henry McCullough recorded the song , and used it as the title track of his solo album on Dark Horse Records . Moe Bandy recorded it for his 1975 LP Here I Am Drunk Again . Charley Pride recorded it for his 1980 album There 's a Little Bit of Hank in Me . Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1983 tribute Sings the Songs of Hank Williams . In late 1986 , Hank Williams , Jr. recorded the song along with Reba McEntire , Tom Petty , Reverend Ike , and Willie Nelson . This version was the most successful , going to # 1 on the country chart for two weeks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Escott , Colin & 2004 332 . ^ Jump up to : Escott , Colin & 2004 106 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 -- 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 387 . Hank Williams Discography Songs Albums Hank Williams Sings Hank Williams on Stage Three Hanks : Men with Broken Hearts The Complete Hank Williams Memorial Album 40 Greatest Hits Songs `` Move It On Over '' `` Honky Tonkin ' '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Lovesick Blues '' `` Mind Your Own Business '' `` Lost Highway '' `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` Long Gone Lonesome Blues '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' `` Honky Tonk Blues '' `` Half as Much '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` You Win Again '' `` I 'll Never Get Out of This World Alive '' `` Kaw - Liga '' `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` The Blues Come Around '' `` Six More Miles ( To the Graveyard ) '' `` I 'm Satisfied with You '' `` The Pale Horse and His Rider '' Family Hank Williams Jr . Jett Williams Hank Williams III Holly Williams Related articles Death of Hank Williams List of tributes to Hank Williams Drifting Cowboys Sterling Records MGM Records Grand Ole Opry The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams The Garden Spot Programs , 1950 Rufus Payne Jimmy Dean Studio albums Everybody 's Favourite ( 1967 ) Country Boy and Country Girl ( 1970 ) Songs `` My Heart Is an Open Book '' `` Big Bad John '' `` PT - 109 '' `` Mind Your Own Business '' `` The First Thing Ev'ry Morning ( And the Last Thing Ev'ry Night ) '' `` A Thing Called Love '' `` I.O.U. '' Television The Jimmy Dean Show Business ventures Jimmy Dean sausage Related Discography Hank Williams Jr . Studio albums Your Cheatin ' Heart Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr . Sing Great Country Favorites Ballads of the Hills and Plains Blues My Name A Time to Sing Songs My Father Left Me Luke the Drifter Jr . Vol. 2 Live at Cobo Hall After You , Pride 's Not Hard to Swallow Hank Williams Jr. and Friends Family Tradition Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound Habits Old and New Rowdy The Pressure Is On High Notes Strong Stuff Man of Steel Major Moves Five - O Montana Cafe Hank Live Born to Boogie Wild Streak Lone Wolf Pure Hank Maverick Out of Left Field Hog Wild A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam Three Hanks : Men with Broken Hearts Stormy The Almeria Club Recordings I 'm One of You 127 Rose Avenue It 's About Time Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Fourteen Greatest Hits Hank Williams Jr. 's Greatest Hits Hank Williams Jr. 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 America ( The Way I See It ) The Best of Hank Williams Jr . Volume One : Roots and Branches Tribute to My Father 20 Hits Special Collection , Vol. 1 Early Years , Vol. 1 Early Years , Vol. 2 The Bocephus Box That 's How They Do It in Dixie : The Essential Collection Notable singles `` Long Gone Lonesome Blues '' `` Nobody 's Child '' `` All for the Love of Sunshine '' `` So Sad ( To Watch Good Love Go Bad ) '' ( with Lois Johnson ) `` Eleven Roses '' `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` I Fought the Law '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Family Tradition '' `` Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound '' `` Women I 've Never Had '' `` Kaw - Liga '' `` Old Habits '' `` Texas Women '' `` Dixie on My Mind '' `` All My Rowdy Friends ( Have Settled Down ) '' `` A Country Boy Can Survive '' `` Honky Tonkin ' '' `` The American Dream '' `` Gonna Go Huntin ' Tonight '' `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' ( with Ernest Tubb and Waylon Jennings ) `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Man of Steel '' `` Attitude Adjustment '' `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' `` Major Moves '' `` I 'm for Love '' `` This Ai n't Dallas '' `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' `` Country State of Mind '' `` Mind Your Own Business '' ( with Reba McEntire , Tom Petty , Reverend Ike and Willie Nelson ) `` Born to Boogie '' `` Heaven Ca n't Be Found '' `` Young Country '' `` If the South Woulda Won '' `` Early in the Morning and Late at Night '' `` There 's a Tear in My Beer '' ( with Hank Williams Sr . ) `` Finders Are Keepers '' `` Ai n't Nobody 's Business '' `` Good Friends , Good Whiskey , Good Lovin ' '' `` I Mean I Love You '' `` If It Will , It Will '' `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Are You Ready for the Country ? '' ( with Eric Church ) Guest singles `` The Conversation '' ( with Waylon Jennings ) `` Bartender Song ( Sittin ' at a Bar ) '' ( with Rehab ) Family Hank Williams Audrey Williams Jett Williams Hank Williams III Holly Williams Related articles Discography Living Proof : The Hank Williams Jr . Story This 1940s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1980s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_Your_Own_Business_(song)&oldid=854866354 '' Categories : 1949 singles 1964 singles 1986 singles Songs written by Hank Williams Hank Williams songs Jimmy Dean songs Moe Bandy songs Charley Pride songs Hank Williams Jr. songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Warner Bros. Records singles Curb Records singles 1949 songs Song recordings produced by Fred Rose ( songwriter ) 1940s country song stubs 1980s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 09 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song mind your own business	[ "\"Mind Your Own Business\" is a 1949 song written and originally performed by Hank Williams.\n" ]	[ "Hank Williams" ]
5046952342185109585	Red blood cell	Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells -- also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate ( shrunken and spiky ) by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The last two shapes are due to water being transported into , and out of , the cells , by osmosis . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % of all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore , the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices Serum ( blood ) References Jump up ^ Vinay Kumar ; Abul K. Abbas ; Nelson Fausto ; Richard N. Mitchell ( 2007 ) . Robbins Basic Pathology ( 8th ed . ) . Saunders . Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens ^ Jump up to : Pierigè F , Serafini S , Rossi L , Magnani M ( January 2008 ) . `` Cell - based drug delivery '' . Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews . 60 ( 2 ) : 286 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. addr. 2007.08. 029 . PMID 17997501 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gulliver , G. ( 1875 ) . `` On the size and shape of red corpuscles of the blood of vertebrates , with drawings of them to a uniform scale , and extended and revised tables of measurements '' . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1875 : 474 -- 495 . Jump up ^ Ruud JT ( May 1954 ) . `` Vertebrates without erythrocytes and blood pigment '' . Nature . 173 ( 4410 ) : 848 -- 50 . Bibcode : 1954Natur. 173 ... 848R . doi : 10.1038 / 173848a0 . PMID 13165664 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Sean ( 2006 ) . The Making of the Fittest . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06163 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anthis , Nick ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Why Are Veins Blue ? '' . Scienceblogs . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Gregory K. ; Sheafor , Brandon A. ( 1999 ) . `` Red Blood Cells : Centerpiece in the Evolution of the Vertebrate Circulatory System '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 39 ( 2 ) : 189 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 39.2. 189 . Jump up ^ Uzoigwe C ( 2006 ) . `` The human erythrocyte has developed the biconcave disc shape to optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels '' . Medical Hypotheses. 67 ( 5 ) : 1159 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2004.11. 047 . PMID 16797867 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Bitesize - GCSE Biology - Blood - Revision 2 '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gregory TR ( 2001 ) . `` The bigger the C - value , the larger the cell : genome size and red blood cell size in vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules & Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 43 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . Jump up ^ Goodman SR , Kurdia A , Ammann L , Kakhniashvili D , Daescu O ( December 2007 ) . `` The human red blood cell proteome and interactome '' . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 232 ( 11 ) : 1391 -- 408 . doi : 10.3181 / 0706 - MR - 156 . PMID 18040063 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Louise Turgeon ( 2004 ) . Clinical Hematology : Theory and Procedures . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 100 . ISBN 9780781750073 . Jump up ^ McLaren CE , Brittenham GM , Hasselblad V ( April 1987 ) . `` Statistical and graphical evaluation of erythrocyte volume distributions '' . Am. J. Physiol. 252 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : H857 -- 66 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpheart. 1987.252. 4. H857 . PMID 3565597 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bianconi , Eva ; Piovesan , Allison ; Facchin , Federica ; Beraudi , Alina ; Casadei , Raffaella ; Frabetti , Flavia ; Vitale , Lorenza ; Pelleri , Maria Chiara ; Tassani , Simone ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) . `` An estimation of the number of cells in the human body '' . Annals of Human Biology . 40 ( 6 ) : 463 -- 471 . doi : 10.3109 / 03014460.2013. 807878 . ISSN 0301 - 4460 . PMID 23829164 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Robert S. ; Ault , Kenneth A. ; Rinder , Henry M. ( 2005 ) . Hematology in Clinical Practice : A Guide to Diagnosis and Management ( 4 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Iron Metabolism , University of Virginia Pathology . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Transport and Cellular Uptake by Kenneth R. Bridges , Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders . Accessed 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , W.D. ( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 10 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Mohandas N , Gallagher PG ( November 2008 ) . `` Red cell membrane : past , present , and future '' . Blood . 112 ( 10 ) : 3939 -- 48 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 07 - 161166 . PMC 2582001 . PMID 18988878 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodi PM , Trucco VM , Gennaro AM ( June 2008 ) . `` Factors determining detergent resistance of erythrocyte membranes '' . Biophysical Chemistry . 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 14 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpc. 2008.02. 015 . PMID 18394774 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hempelmann E , Götze O ( 1984 ) . `` Characterization of membrane proteins by polychromatic silver staining '' . Hoppe - Seyler 's Z Physiol Chem. 365 : 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Iolascon A , Perrotta S , Stewart GW ( March 2003 ) . `` Red blood cell membrane defects '' . Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 7 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 56 . PMID 14692233 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Denomme GA ( July 2004 ) . `` The structure and function of the molecules that carry human red blood cell and platelet antigens '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 18 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tmrv. 2004.03. 006 . PMID 15248170 . Jump up ^ Tokumasu F , Ostera GR , Amaratunga C , Fairhurst RM ( 2012 ) Modifications in erythrocyte membrane zeta potential by Plasmodium falciparum infection . Exp Parasitol Jump up ^ Wan J , Ristenpart WD , Stone HA ( October 2008 ) . `` Dynamics of shear - induced ATP release from red blood cells '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 43 ) : 16432 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10516432W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0805779105 . PMC 2575437 . PMID 18922780 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Diesen DL , Hess DT , Stamler JS ( August 2008 ) . `` Hypoxic vasodilation by red blood cells : evidence for an s - nitrosothiol - based signal '' . Circulation Research . 103 ( 5 ) : 545 -- 53 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 108.176867 . PMC 2763414 . PMID 18658051 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kleinbongard P , Schutz R , Rassaf T , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase '' . Blood . 107 ( 7 ) : 2943 -- 51 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2005 - 10 - 3992 . PMID 16368881 . Jump up ^ Ulker P , Sati L , Celik - Ozenci C , Meiselman HJ , Baskurt OK ( 2009 ) . `` Mechanical stimulation of nitric oxide synthesizing mechanisms in erythrocytes '' . Biorheology. 46 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 32 . doi : 10.3233 / BIR - 2009 - 0532 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 19458415 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Benavides , Gloria A ; Victor M Darley - Usmar ; Mills , R.W. ; Patel , H.D. ; Isbell , T.S. ; Patel , R.P. ; Darley - Usmar , V.M. ; Doeller , J.E. ; Kraus , D.W. ( 2007 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 46 ) : 17977 -- 17982 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10417977B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705710104 . PMC 2084282 . PMID 17951430 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kesava , Shobana ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen ; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jiang N , Tan NS , Ho B , Ding JL ( October 2007 ) . `` Respiratory protein - generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy '' . Nature Immunology. 8 ( 10 ) : 1114 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1501 . PMID 17721536 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jr , Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko , Lubert Stryer ; with Gregory J. Gatto , ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 455 , 609 . ISBN 9781429229364 . Jump up ^ Tilton , WM ; Seaman , C ; Carriero , D ; Piomelli , S ( August 1991 ) . `` Regulation of glycolysis in the erythrocyte : role of the lactate / pyruvate and NAD / NADH ratios '' . The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine . 118 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 52 . PMID 1856577 . Jump up ^ Kabanova S , Kleinbongard P , Volkmer J , Andrée B , Kelm M , Jax TW ( 2009 ) . `` Gene expression analysis of human red blood cells '' . International Journal of Medical Sciences . 6 ( 4 ) : 156 -- 9 . doi : 10.7150 / ijms. 6.156 . PMC 2677714 . PMID 19421340 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zimmer , Carl ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Scientists Explore Ways to Lure Viruses to Their Death '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Erik D. Heegaard & Kevin E. Brown ( July 2002 ) . `` Human parvovirus B19 '' . Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 ( 3 ) : 485 -- 505 . doi : 10.1128 / CMR. 15.3. 485 - 505.2002 . PMC 118081 . PMID 12097253 . Jump up ^ Harrison , K.L. ( 1979 ) . `` Fetal Erythrocyte Lifespan '' . Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health . 15 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1979. tb01197. x . Jump up ^ Higgins , John ( 2014 ) . `` Red Blood Cell Population Dynamics '' . Clinics in laboratory medicine . 35 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cll. 2014.10. 002 . PMC 4717490 . PMID 25676371 . Jump up ^ Lang F , Lang E , Föller M ( 2012 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis '' . Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy. 39 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 314 . doi : 10.1159 / 000342534 . PMC 3678267 . PMID 23801921 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Föller M , Huber SM , Lang F ( October 2008 ) . `` Erythrocyte programmed cell death '' . IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( PDF ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history hide Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes hide Main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=846188077 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does red blood cell formation occur in adults	[ "In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin, with a plasma membrane as the sack. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults.[3] The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages. Each circulation takes about 60 seconds (one minute).[4] Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells.[5][6] Nearly half of the blood's volume (40% to 45%) is red blood cells." ]	[ "bone marrow" ]
7430959133297391237	Finn Hudson	Finn Hudson - wikipedia Finn Hudson This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 08 : 39 , 27 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 08 : 39 , 27 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Finn Hudson Glee character Monteith performing as Finn during the Glee Live ! In Concert ! tour in Manchester , June 2011 First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Sweet Dreams '' ( physically ) `` 2009 '' ( archive footage ) Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Portrayed by Cory Monteith Information Occupation Mechanic student Glee Club Director Family Christopher Hudson ( father , deceased ) Carole Hudson ( mother ) Burt Hummel ( stepfather ) Kurt Hummel ( stepbrother ) Significant other ( s ) Rachel Berry ( ex-fiancée ) Quinn Fabray Santana Lopez Status Deceased Finn Hudson is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy - drama series Glee . The character was portrayed by Cory Monteith and first appeared on television when Glee initially premiered its pilot episode on Fox on May 19 , 2009 . Finn was developed by Glee creators Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk , and Ian Brennan . Glee follows the trials of the New Directions glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in the town of Lima , Ohio . Finn is initially the quarterback of his high school football team . A popular jock at the top of the school 's social hierarchy , when he finds himself forced to join the school 's glee club , he discovers that he loves it , although he risks alienation from his friends by remaining a member . His storylines see him struggle with his decision to stay in the club , which is at the bottom of the social ladder , while he maintains his popular reputation and the respect of the other jocks . The character has dealt with his attraction to both head cheerleader Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) and glee club star singer Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , the series ' female lead . Following Monteith 's death on July 13 , 2013 , it was announced that Finn 's own death would occur in the third episode of the fifth season , titled `` The Quarterback '' . Monteith felt that Finn has had to grow up a lot during his time on the show . The actor said , `` Finn started off as the stereotypical dumb jock but as the show has gone on , Finn 's not dumb anymore , really , he 's just a little naïve . '' Early reviews of Finn from television critics were mixed ; Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club said that he and Michele were `` both agreeable and a little desperate for an outlet '' in the pilot episode . Commenting on the fifth episode of the first season , Eric Goldman of IGN wrote , `` We got to see a bit of a darker side to Finn ( ... ) it 's good to see this , because up until now , Finn 's been a bit too straight - laced to totally invest in . '' In the second season 's eighth episode , `` Furt '' , Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack said , `` It 's been a while since we 've gotten some Finn focus , and I think I just missed Cory Monteith . But I also forgot what a good , natural actor he can be . '' Monteith as Finn won the 2011 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Actor Comedy , and was nominated in the same category in 2010 . Although he was not a singer before being cast as Finn , Monteith sang lead or joint lead on a large number of songs on the show , most of which have charted in the US and abroad . `` Jessie 's Girl '' , which Finn performed as a solo , was certified gold in Australia , one of only three singles to do so from the show 's releases in that country ; he was joint lead on `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' in the pilot episode , the show 's first single sung by the glee club , which was certified gold and platinum in Australia and the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting and creation 1.2 Characterization 2 Storylines 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 3 Musical performances 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Corey Monteith at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards in 2010 Finn Hudson is portrayed by Cory Monteith . He has also been portrayed as a child by Jerry Phillips in `` Pilot '' and as a preschooler by Jake Vaughn in the episode `` The Substitute '' . When Glee was being cast , Monteith 's Vancouver agent , Elena Kirschner , submitted a video of him drumming with some pencils and Tupperware containers . Series creator ( Ryan Murphy ) took notice of the video , but pointed out that he had to be singing , as auditioning actors for Glee with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act . Monteith submitted a second , musical tape , in which he sang `` a cheesy , ' 80s music - video - style version '' of REO Speedwagon 's `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles ; his vocal skills were considered weak , but he later performed very well with one of Glee 's casting directors , who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn 's , his `` naive , but not stupid sweetness '' . Monteith said of his casting process , `` I was like a lot of kids , looking for something to be interested in . Something to be passionate about . All you need is permission . Not only for Glee , but for anything in life . '' In December 2010 , Murphy announced that some members of the cast of Glee would be replaced after the end of the third season in spring 2012 , to coincide with their graduation . Murphy said : `` Every year we 're going to populate a new group . There 's nothing more depressing than a high schooler with a bald spot . '' He added , `` I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers ' lives . '' Although Murphy said in July 2011 that Monteith would be one of the actors leaving at the end of the third season , Falchuk later stated that while Monteith , along with Lea Michele and Chris Colfer , will graduate at the end of the third season , `` because they 're graduating does n't mean they 're leaving the show . '' Falchuk insisted that `` it was never our plan or our intention to let them go ... . They are not done with the show after this season . '' Characterization ( edit ) Finn originated as a character who `` walks a fine line between following his dreams and balancing what other people expect of him . '' Monteith 's former acting coach said : `` You 've got to be incredibly smart to understand how dim Finn can be '' , though Monteith appreciated the fact that Finn is more than `` just a dumb jock '' . He has admitted that he is sometimes frustrated by Finn 's `` convenient dumb - guy writing '' , and commented , `` I think every actor wants to be stretched . But it 's also important to realize that whatever we 're doing works . I realize that this happens to an actor about once every ten lifetimes . To be on a show that 's this good , it 's rarified air . '' Finn has matured during his run on the series -- in January 2011 , Monteith noted that he had `` grown up a little bit '' and become `` a little wiser '' . He later expanded , `` Finn 's not dumb anymore , really , he 's just naive . The opposite of me . I love Finn 's optimism . He 's very idealistic ; he wants a good girl to love him , and he chases after what he wants in life -- that I can relate to . '' The actor hopes that in time his character will be able to grow and mature more . He said in an interview with MTV , `` I think the harder it is for him , the better , you know ? I think Finn has a lot of growing up to do and I think that Finn has a lot of struggle left for him . I think dealing with a lot of his dad stuff , the passing of his father and dealing with the unrequited love all of a sudden from Rachel , I think the more trouble he goes through , the more interesting it is for me as an actor . '' Over the course of his run on the series , Finn 's primary relationship has been with the glee club 's main singer , Rachel . In a meeting with the press at PaleyFest2011 , which occurred when the characters were in the middle of a months - long breakup , Monteith commented : `` That 's a very important central relationship to the show . I think it 's important , and I think they 're endgame , but I ca n't be sure of when . I try not to get too attached to the pairing , so I can focus on storyline that does come my way . '' Falchuk said of the Finn -- Rachel relationship ahead of the third season , `` We 're not interested in breaking them up this year but at the same time the challenge is they are graduating , they are different kinds of people and where does that take you ? '' During the PaleyFest2011 Glee cast interview , Monteith said , `` There are a lot of people who really , really want Finn and Rachel to be together . But at the same time , I think that it 's really interesting when they 're clearly in love with each other but they 're apart . I think it makes for good television . '' He added , `` I think there 's a different dynamic to Finn with Quinn and with Rachel , and single . '' Storylines ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Finn 's storylines have mainly revolved around that of glee club co-captain Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele , pictured ) . Finn is introduced as quarterback of the William McKinley High School football team . He is blackmailed into joining the school glee club , New Directions , by its faculty director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) . Despite being ostracized by the other football players , including his best friend Puck ( Mark Salling ) , Finn comes to enjoy being in the club . This worries his girlfriend , head cheerleader Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) , so she joins New Directions to keep an eye on him , afraid that lead singer Rachel Berry 's ( Lea Michele ) interest in Finn may be reciprocated . Quinn discovers that she is pregnant , as she had cheated on Finn with Puck , but tells Finn that the baby is his , though they never actually had intercourse . She subsequently moves in with Finn and his mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) after her parents find out about her pregnancy and evict her . When Rachel figures out that Puck is the father and informs Finn , he attacks Puck , breaks up with Quinn , and quits the glee club in a fury ; but after cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) sabotages the glee club 's first show choir competition , he is able to set aside his anger and return to lead the club to victory . He and Rachel briefly date , but he ends the relationship to concentrate on his own well - being . By the time Finn realizes that he truly does want to be with Rachel , he is chagrined to discover that she has started dating Jesse St. James ( Jonathan Groff ) , the lead singer of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline . Cheerleader Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) offers to take Finn 's virginity to improve her social status and his , and he accepts , but afterward he regrets having done so and claims to Rachel that he did not go through with it ; she , in turn , falsely claims to have had sex with Jesse . By the time the club reach the next stage of show choir competitions , Jesse has betrayed Rachel and broken up with her . As Finn and Rachel are about to go onstage , Finn tells her that he loves her ; although they lose the competition , they become a couple and continue dating well into the next school year . Glee club member Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , who is gay , has a longstanding crush on Finn , and sets up his father Burt ( Mike O'Malley ) with Finn 's mother Carole in the hopes of spending more time with him . Finn initially opposes the relationship , worried that his mother will forget about his late father , but relents when Burt tells Finn that he loves Carole , though Kurt is dismayed by the deepening rapport between Finn and Burt . Finn and his mother eventually move in with the Hummels , but when Finn , uncomfortable about rooming with Kurt who he knows has a crush on him but will not admit it , uses a homophobic slur against Kurt during an argument , Burt throws him out . Finn is ashamed , and makes amends by standing up for Kurt when he is victimized by bullies . The following fall , the bullying against Kurt has intensified , but Finn refuses to stand up for him this time , concerned that it may jeopardize his position as quarterback . When their parents marry , Finn uses his best man speech as an opportunity to apologize to Kurt , which begins a brotherly bond between the two . In the spring , the two of them team up to arrange the funeral of Sue Sylvester 's sister , Jean ( Robin Trocki ) , when Sue is too upset to do so , after which Sue ends her long - running campaign to destroy the glee club . Season 2 ( edit ) At the beginning of the second season , Finn runs afoul of the new football coach , Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) , who briefly kicks him off the team , but he is eventually reinstated , and soon becomes quarterback again . Rachel learns the truth about Finn sleeping with Santana . Hurt , she makes out with Puck to get even with Finn ; this betrayal causes Finn to break up with her . The football team clinches a spot in the championship game , but animosity is running high between glee and non-glee members and harming the team 's performance . In `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' , Coach Beiste and Will Schuester force the entire football team to join the glee club for a week to settle their differences and dispel their prejudices . After a promising start , the non-glee members quit the club and are kicked off the team ; at the same time , Sue arranges to have the cheerleading Regionals rescheduled to conflict with the football championship to sabotage both Beiste and Will , whose glee club now has to do the halftime show . With the football team down to half strength and the glee club without its cheerleader members , football players Finn and Puck settle their differences ; Puck convinces the non-glee football players to perform in the halftime show , which will also get them back on the team , while Finn convinces Quinn , Santana , and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) to quit the Cheerios and perform in the halftime show instead . The show is a great success , and the football team wins the championship game . Emboldened by leading the team to the championship , Finn sets his eyes on a new prize : Quinn , who is in a serious relationship with football player and glee club member Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) . After setting up a kissing booth ostensibly to raise money for the glee club , Finn succeeds in kissing Quinn , and they make an assignation . Although Quinn ultimately decides to stay with Sam , he finds out about her cheating on him with Finn , and breaks up with her . Finn and Quinn reunite , campaign together for prom king and queen and go to junior prom together , but Finn is kicked out for fighting with a newly returned Jesse over Rachel , and prom king and queen are won by other students . Finn ultimately breaks up with Quinn again because he realizes how deep his feelings are for Rachel . At Nationals , as the New Directions are about to go on stage , Finn begs Rachel to come back to him , but though she professes her love , she refuses , still torn between her lifelong dream of Broadway stardom and her love for him . At the end of their duet -- `` Pretending '' , written by Finn -- the audience responds with awkward silence as Rachel and Finn actually kiss ; the club consequently fails to place at Nationals . Back in Ohio , Rachel tells Finn she is moving to New York for college and will not be coming back ; he reminds her that they have a whole year until graduation and they kiss , renewing their relationship . Season 3 ( edit ) As the new school year begins , Finn , a senior , has trouble figuring out what he wants to do with his life after graduation . In the fifth episode , `` The First Time '' , Finn is not recruited to play football in college , as he had hoped . He and Rachel decide to have sex together for the first time . In the episode `` Mash Off '' , Santana , who has joined the rival Troubletones , is relentlessly bullying Finn . After a fake apology pushes him to the edge , Finn tells her to just `` come out of the closet '' and accuses her of being a coward for tearing other people down only because she ca n't admit to everyone that she 's in love with Brittany . They are overheard by a girl whose uncle is running against Sue in a congressional campaign , and he uses Santana 's lesbianism -- because she 's Sue 's cheerleading co-captain -- against Sue in a campaign commercial , effectively `` outing '' her . Santana , devastated by this , slaps Finn , but he later claims it was a `` stage slap '' to prevent her from being suspended . In the episode `` Yes / No '' , Finn asks Rachel to marry him . In the episode `` On My Way '' , the wedding is set for after the Regionals competition , which New Directions wins , but it is canceled after Quinn is badly injured in a car crash on her way to the ceremony . They change the wedding date to after graduation , but after Finn fails to get into his New York acting school while she has been accepted by hers and she decides to wait a year , he instead sends her off to New York without him , and tells her that he has enlisted in the army and is `` setting her free '' . Season 4 ( edit ) Finn has not been in touch with Rachel or Kurt all summer and into the fall -- the two friends are now rooming together in Brooklyn while Rachel is attending NYADA -- but he reappears unexpectedly at the end of the third episode . He has been given an early discharge from the army after injuring himself . He finds out she kissed Brody ( Dean Geyer ) , a NYADA junior , and feels that he does n't belong in her world in New York , so he returns to Lima without telling her . She then breaks up with him . In Lima , Finn is working at Burt 's tire shop again , and Artie enlists his help to co-direct the school musical , Grease , which had been Finn 's suggestion . When Rachel comes to see the musical in the `` Glease '' episode , their reunion does not go well , and they agree to refrain from contact when Rachel visits Lima in the future . Will takes a leave of absence from McKinley to be a member of a blue - ribbon panel in Washington , DC , so starting in `` Dynamic Duets '' , Finn becomes the interim director of New Directions . While he has a rocky start in the position , they come to accept him as their leader . At Sectionals , the glee club loses to the Warblers after Marley ( Melissa Benoist ) passes out on stage , interrupting the performance . Afterward , Finn does what he can to keep the club together and finally succeeds despite Sue 's opposition -- she has deprived New Directions of rehearsal space at school . The Warblers are disqualified , and New Directions is again eligible to compete in Regionals ; the choir room is returned to them . Finn enlists Emma , who is deep in wedding preparations in advance of Will 's return , to help him judge a glee club competition for which member is the best diva . When he finds her panicking over the reception arrangements , he kisses her . In `` I Do '' , when Emma flees the church the day of the wedding , Finn blames himself , but Rachel sets him straight , and he and Rachel sleep with each other post-reception . In `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' , Finn teams up with Artie to help find Emma for Will ; he later confesses to Will that he kissed Emma , and Will is unable to forgive him . Since working with Will is untenable , Finn leaves New Directions though he enjoyed directing them ; Marley tells him he 's a good teacher , and he should get a teaching degree . He goes to college , where he shares a dorm room with Puck -- who is n't actually attending the school . Will later asks Finn to return to co-lead New Directions , and he agrees . Meanwhile , Santana has discovered that Brody , who is now living with Rachel , is a gigolo , and tells Finn , who flies to New York and warns Brody away , ultimately beating him up and saying , `` Stay away from my future wife . '' When Rachel finds out and breaks up with Brody , she admits that the relationship never would have worked because she was using it to try to get over her heartache about Finn . Rachel later thanks him for his intervention in `` Sweet Dreams '' when she calls him to get advice for choosing an audition song for the upcoming Broadway revival of Funny Girl . Season 5 ( edit ) `` The Quarterback '' , the third episode of the fifth season , opens three weeks after Finn 's funeral . No cause of death is given . Kurt , in a voiceover , explains that it is not the circumstances of Finn 's death that matters , but how he lived his life . Season 6 ( edit ) In the flash back episode `` 2009 '' , the original Glee club members have second thoughts about Finn being the leader of the new club . After talking about how different Finn is from the other school jocks , they decide to let him stay in the club . The scene moves to the New Directions , with Finn , singing Do n't Stop Believing from the `` Pilot '' episode . In `` A Wedding '' , Burt and Carole tell the reunited Kurt and Blaine that Finn taught them to live the most out of every day . In the series finale `` Dreams Come True '' , U.S. Vice President Sue Sylvester rededicates the McKinley High auditorium to be named in honor of Finn . Musical performances ( edit ) As Finn is the most frequent male lead in New Directions numbers , Monteith features in a great many musical performances which have been released as singles available for digital download and are also featured in the show 's soundtrack albums . He frequently shares vocal leads with the main female singer , Rachel , as in the pilot episode 's closing song , Journey 's `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' , the single of which has sold over a million copies and been certified platinum in the US and Australia . Like Finn , Monteith was a novice singer when the show started . In an interview with GQ 's Alex Pappademus , he noted that , early on , `` you could hear the Auto - Tune . '' He was not called on to sing much on the first few episodes , as he rapped in `` Push It '' for `` Showmance '' , had a short solo phrase in the song `` I Wanna Sex You Up '' in `` Acafellas '' , and was not featured as a vocal lead in `` Preggers '' . Over the next three episodes , he shares the lead on four group numbers . Three are with Rachel : Queen 's `` Somebody to Love '' , `` No Air '' and `` Keep Holding On '' . The fourth is a boys - only mash - up of Bon Jovi 's `` It 's My Life '' with Usher 's `` Confessions Part II '' , where Finn sings lead on the `` It 's My Life '' sections and Artie on the rest . Excluding a scene from the pilot of him singing a portion of `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' in the shower , Finn 's first solo songs are not until the show 's tenth episode , `` Ballad '' . Finn sings `` I 'll Stand By You '' to the unborn child he thinks is his , and later sings `` ( You 're ) Having My Baby '' to Quinn , the mother of the child , in front of her parents , who respond with her mother being forced to watch as her father evicts her from the family home . He has two solo numbers later in the season : `` Hello , I Love You '' by The Doors , characterized by Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle as `` one of Finn 's best vocal performances to date '' , and `` Jessie 's Girl '' by Rick Springfield ; the latter song charted in the top ten in Australia , Canada and Ireland , and was certified gold in Australia , one of only three singles from Glee to have received gold certification in that country . Finn sings lead more frequently in the second half of the first season , as he is featured in over a dozen songs , including several with Rachel . However , in Glee 's second season , he sings lead in fewer songs than in the first , though he again sings a significant proportion with Rachel , including the duets `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' , `` With You I 'm Born Again '' , `` Last Christmas '' , and the one ostensibly written by Finn at the end of the season , `` Pretending '' . His first solo performance of the second season , in the episode `` Grilled Cheesus '' , is R.E.M. 's `` Losing My Religion '' . Monteith said he and series music producer Adam Anders `` had a bit of a different idea '' about how the song should be performed . While Anders `` always brings the songs in very positive , very upbeat '' , he felt the song `` was expressing a betrayal '' , and with Finn feeling both betrayal and anger , Monteith wanted his performance to reflect that . Anthony Benigno of the Daily News commented positively on the arrangement of Monteith 's song , and graded the performance an `` A '' , but Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone was critical of the arrangement , and said Monteith 's performance was `` more awkward than inspired . '' Finn 's other solo is `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' in the episode `` Born This Way '' . In the episode `` Furt '' , when Finn 's mother marries Kurt 's father and the glee club provides music for the wedding , two of the songs are by Bruno Mars : `` Marry You '' , which is sung by the entire club as a big processional production number , and `` Just the Way You Are '' , which is sung by Finn to Kurt at the reception . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal characterized the `` two Bruno Mars songs '' as `` brilliant in execution and touching in sentiment '' , and Futterman agreed : `` the Bruno Mars songs gave the show two of its best performances this season '' . While Benigno and Stack also praised `` Just the Way You Are '' , and both gave the song an `` A '' , Jen Harper of BuddyTV thought Monteith 's vocals as Finn `` are n't the strongest '' and AOL TV 's Jean Bentley also wished Finn had not been the soloist . In `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' , Finn led his football teammates , some of whom were performing with the glee club under duress , in The Zombies ' `` She 's Not There '' . VanDerWerff called it `` one of the better numbers of the season '' , and Futterman felt that Monteith 's vocals were a `` perfect fit '' for the song . Finn 's sole duet with Quinn , Fleetwood Mac 's `` I Do n't Want to Know '' from the episode `` Rumours '' , was given an `` A − '' by Entertainment Weekly 's Sandra Gonzalez , and Futterman said it was `` better than Quinn and Sam 's ' Lucky ' '' , which she had called `` charming '' when it was performed in `` Duets '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The character of Finn has gotten mixed to positive reviews from television critics . VanDerWerff praised the `` terrific '' cast in the pilot episode , and wrote that Monteith and Michele `` are both agreeable and a little desperate for an outlet as the show choir 's central two singers '' . The Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan opined that `` Cory Monteith gives quarterback Finn Hudson a jock - ish authority mixed with an appealingly square naivete . '' Korbi Ghosh of Zap2it enjoyed Finn 's `` sweet nature '' and observed , `` it 's clear that at Finn 's core , he 's a good person . '' Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times noted a contradiction in his characterization in the episode `` Preggers '' -- she questioned whether the intelligence he demonstrated in striving for a football scholarship was incongruent in a character who believed he had impregnated Quinn by sharing a hot tub with her . Goldman welcomed the emergence of Finn 's `` darker side '' as he manipulated Rachel in `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' , as `` up until now , Finn 's been a bit too straight - laced to totally invest in '' . Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times added , `` Did anyone not want to kill Finn for coming on to Rachel to get her to come back to the club ? ( Yes , the logic was there . He wants to win a scholarship so he can provide for the baby he thinks is his . But a girl 's heart is a fragile thing , and like Rachel tells him , he could have just tried being honest . ) '' In his review of `` Ballad '' , Goldman commented : `` Finn singing ' I 'll Stand By You ' to the unborn baby he thinks is his was very sweet '' . He found the scene that followed Finn 's revelation of Quinn 's pregnancy to her parents the grimmest on Glee to that point . The intense sequence featuring Finn , Kurt and Burt in `` Theatricality '' garnered praise for Monteith from James Poniewozik of Time , who wrote : `` One thing I love about his performance , here and throughout Glee , is that he plays Finn as a kid , which of course he still is . He 's basically a good kid , but as his ' faggy ' outburst shows , he 's flawed and often overwhelmed . And while he has little to do during Burt 's lecture but react , his reactions are great : he 's scared and defensive , but shows Finn 's guilt at the same time . '' When Finn 's mother marries Kurt 's father in the second season 's eighth episode , `` Furt '' , Stack was pleased to see Finn being featured : `` It 's been a while since we 've gotten some Finn focus , and I think I just missed Cory Monteith . But I also forgot what a good , natural actor he can be . '' While giving `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' episode a `` C '' grade , VanDerWerff wrote as an aside , `` Let 's pause for a moment to give Cory Monteith some praise , though , since he was asked to do a lot of difficult things in this episode , in regards to selling the idea of Finn as a leader , bringing disparate groups together , and he mostly managed that task , much better than he has in past episodes . '' While reviewing `` Funeral '' , the season 's penultimate episode , Gonzalez said , `` I was glad that the writers chose ( ... ) Finn and Kurt to be the ones to connect with Sue because I think they 're two of the most genuine characters on the show . ( ... ) I think they pulled it off well . '' In his review of `` Funeral '' , VanDerVerff noted that Finn was not the best vocalist among the male students : `` the show hits on something very odd in its DNA : Finn continues to be the male lead of the group because he 's the male lead of the show , less because he 's the best singer New Directions has . ( ... ) But because he 's trying to get better , that 's OK '' . At the conclusion of the second season , Poniewozik wrote that he had not found the relationship between Finn and Rachel `` the most compelling story '' of the season , and as such `` did n't enjoy ' New York ' as much as ( he ) might have '' , and VanDerWerff commented that their storyline had `` ceased being too interesting long ago . '' However , the former conceded `` I may not be that invested in Finn / Rachel , but the startling moment where the audience disappeared in the middle of their kiss made me feel like I was '' , and the latter opined that their kiss resonated , despite being unoriginal and `` too neat way of suggesting that Rachel ca n't have both Finn and her Broadway dreams '' . Accolades ( edit ) Monteith won the 2011 Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV : Actor Comedy category for his portrayal of Finn , and was a member of the Glee cast ensemble given the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series award at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . He received several other nominations for the role , including Teen Choice Awards in 2009 for Choice TV : Breakout Star Male and in 2010 for Choice TV : Comedy Actor , and the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards ensemble nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moorhouse , Drussila ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Says Goodbye to Finn without Revealing How He Died '' . Today . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Glee - Dux : Oh , the Rocky Horror ! Find Out What Went Down and What 's Coming Up '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gatehouse , Johnathon ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` In conversation with Glee 's Cory Monteith '' . Maclean 's . Kenneth Whyte . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` Video : ' Glee ' team rewrites the school musical '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Helen ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Lea Michele and Glee Cast to be replaced in 2012 ? '' . Entertainment Wise.com . Giant Digital . Archived from the original on 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Exclusive : Lea Michele , Chris Colfer , Cory Monteith Not Returning for Season 4 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Boss : Chris Colfer , Cory Monteith and Lea Michele Are Staying , But Sam Wo n't Be Back '' . TV Line . Mail.com Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Meet The Cast of ' Glee , ' I Did ! '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vestal , Shannon ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cory Monteith Talks Funny or Die , Being a Goofball , and `` Amazing '' Gwyneth `` . BuzzSugar.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malcom , Shawna ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Cory Monteith : ' I Do n't Want My Dating Life to Be Tabloid Fodder ' '' . Parade . Advance Publications . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cory Monteith Wants To See Finn Grow More On ' Glee ' '' . MTV . Viacom . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` GLEE 's Cory Monteith Talks Finn - Rachel , Prom and More '' . Give Me My Remote.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Bosses on Fan Backlash , Wemma and Finchel : `` What More Do You Want ? ! '' `` . E !. NBC Universal . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : Cory Monteith Talks About Finn and Rachel 's Future '' . Hulu . Fox Broadcasting Company . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( director , writer ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( director , writer ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Showmance '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Preggers '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 4 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Sectionals '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Hell - O '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 14 . Fox . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( director , writer ) ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Power of Madonna '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 15 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Journey to Regionals '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Audition '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 1 . Fox . Jump up ^ Paris Barclay ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Home '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 16 . Fox . Jump up ^ Ryan Murphy ( director , writer ) ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Theatricality '' . Glee . Season 1 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Carol Banker ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Furt '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 8 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Funeral '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ Paris Barclay ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Special Education '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director ) , Ian Brennan ( writer ) ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ Brad Falchuk ( director , writer ) ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York '' . Glee . Season 2 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Bradley Buecker ( director ) , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( writer ) ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` The First Time '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 5 . Fox . Jump up ^ Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Michael Hitchcock ( writer ) ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Mash Off '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 6 . Fox . Jump up ^ Eric Stoltz ( director ) , Brad Falchuk ( writer ) ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yes / No '' . Glee . Season 3 . Episode 10 . Fox . Jump up ^ Alfonso Gomez - Rejon ( director ) , Ryan Murphy ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Break Up '' . Glee . Season 4 . Episode 4 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2010 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pappademus , Alex ( November 2010 ) . `` Glee Gone Wild '' . GQ . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music - episode 1 '' . E4 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music - Ballad '' . E4 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hankinson , Bobby ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Glee : Carol Burnett makes for a magical wedding '' . Houston Chronicle . Jack Sweeney . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music - Laryngitis '' . E4 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast - Jessie 's Girl ( song ) '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of May 29 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Glee Cast ( song ) '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' duets : Yay for more ' Chorus Line ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Episode 25 , ' Duets ' '' . MTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berk , Brett ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` The Gay Guide to Glee : Season 2 Episode 10 , `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ping Exclusive : `` Pretending '' first listen `` . GleeTheMusic.com . Columbia Records . May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Cory Monteith talks ' Losing My Religion ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' episode 25 recap : ' Papa Can You Hear Me ? ' ' Grilled Cheesus ' needs to keep the faith to itself '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Playback : A Touching Take on Faith '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Listen to ' Glee ' Cover Gaga in ' Born This Way , ' Chris Colfer Sells Pilot to Disney Channel '' . TV Squad . Weblogs , Inc . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flandez , Raymund ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 2 , Episode 8 : `` Furt '' with Carol Burnett `` . Speakeasy . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Playback : Kurt Makes Changes , and Bruno Mars Soundtracks a Wedding in ' Furt ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : ' Furt ' introduces Kurt and Finn bromance as Carol Burnett stars as Sue 's mom '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Going to the Chapel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harper , Jen ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Two Weddings , a Bully Throwdown and Carol Burnett '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Super Bowl Episode Aims for a ' Zombie Double Rainbow ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Fondue for Two , Rumors for All '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rumour Has It : ' Glee ' Takes on Fleetwood Mac '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Playback : Duets Dazzle '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Pilot '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee ' gets golden time slot but needs some fine - tuning '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Korbi ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' high and low notes : Cory Monteith 's Finn '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malcom , Shawna ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Kurt and the football team give ' Single Ladies ' new life '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddie Hartenstein . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee : `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee ' : The top 5 reasons to rewatch ' The Rhodes Not Taken ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddie Hartenstein . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee : `` Ballad '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Watch : Going Gaga '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : What We 'll See Will Defy Explanation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Funeral '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Watch : If You Can Make It Here ... '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` New York '' . The A.V. Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 7 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2011 Winners Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards scorecard '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2009 nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 Nominations '' . Celebglitz . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . SAG.org . Screen Actors Guild . December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Finn Hudson at Fox.com Finn Hudson on IMDb ( hide ) Glee Awards and nominations Merchandise Episodes Season : 1 2 3 4 5 6 Characters Artie Abrams Blaine Anderson Coach Beiste Rachel Berry Mike Chang Tina Cohen - Chang Shelby Corcoran Dani Sam Evans Quinn Fabray Rory Flanagan Elliott Gilbert Holly Holliday Finn Hudson Burt Hummel Kurt Hummel Mercedes Jones Dave Karofsky Santana Lopez Ryder Lynn Brittany Pierce Emma Pillsbury Noah Puckerman Terri Schuester Will Schuester Sue Sylvester Kitty Wilde Lauren Zizes Songs Season : 1 2 3 4 5 6 Related `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Do n't Stop Believing ( TV series ) `` Elementary School Musical '' ( The Simpsons ) Glee Live ! In Concert ! The Glee Project Glee : The 3D Concert Movie `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta ? '' ( The Cleveland Show ) `` Regional Holiday Music '' ( Community ) `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' This Ai n't Glee XXX `` Viewing Party '' ( The Office ) Glee albums discography Glee songs discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finn_Hudson&oldid=797477630 '' Categories : Glee ( TV series ) characters Fictional basketball players Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional players of American football Fictional rock musicians Fictional singers Fictional mechanics Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 08 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was cory monteith last episode in glee	[ "\n\nFinn Hudson\n\n\nGlee character\n\n\n\nMonteith performing as Finn during the Glee Live! In Concert! tour in Manchester, June 2011\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Pilot\"\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"Sweet Dreams\" (physically)\n\"2009\"(archive footage)\n\n\nCreated by\nRyan Murphy\nBrad Falchuk\nIan Brennan\n\n\nPortrayed by\nCory Monteith\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nMechanic\nstudent\nGlee Club Director\n\n\nFamily\nChristopher Hudson (father, deceased)\nCarole Hudson (mother)\nBurt Hummel (stepfather)\nKurt Hummel (stepbrother)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nRachel Berry (ex-fiancée)\nQuinn Fabray\nSantana Lopez\n\n\nStatus\nDeceased[1]\n\n" ]	[ "2009" ]
8428052663035695986	Super Bowl XLIV	Super Bowl XLIV - wikipedia Super Bowl XLIV Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XLIV New Orleans Saints ( NFC ) Indianapolis Colts ( AFC ) 31 17 Total NO 0 6 10 15 31 IND 10 0 7 0 17 Date February 7 , 2010 Stadium Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida MVP Drew Brees , Quarterback Favorite Colts by 5 Referee Scott Green Attendance 74,059 Future Hall of Famers Saints : None Colts : Bill Polian ( general manager ) Ceremonies National anthem Carrie Underwood American Sign Language ( ASL ) translation by Kinesha Battles Coin toss Emmitt Smith , representing the 2010 Pro Football Hall of Fame class Halftime show The Who TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots Nielsen ratings 45.0 ( national ) 56.3 ( New Orleans ) 54.2 ( Indianapolis ) US viewership : 106.5 million est . avg. , 153.4 million est . total Market share 68 ( national ) 82 ( New Orleans ) 80 ( Indianapolis ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.5 -- $2.8 million ← XLIII Super Bowl XLV → Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2009 season . The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31 -- 17 , earning their first Super Bowl win . The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium ( formerly Joe Robbie Stadium ) in Miami Gardens , Florida , for the fifth time ( and in South Florida for the tenth time ) , on February 7 , 2010 , the latest calendar date for a Super Bowl yet . This was the Saints ' first Super Bowl appearance and the fourth for the Colts franchise , their second appearance in four seasons . The Saints entered the game with a 13 -- 3 record for the 2009 regular season , compared to the Colts ' 14 -- 2 record . In the playoff games , both teams placed first in their respective conferences , marking the first time since Super Bowl XXVIII ( 16 years previously ) that both number - one seeds have reached the Super Bowl . The Colts entered the Super Bowl off victories over the Baltimore Ravens and New York Jets , while the Saints advanced after defeating the previous year 's runners up the Arizona Cardinals and then overcoming the Minnesota Vikings in the Conference Championship . It was also the first time both teams started with a thirteen - game winning streak . Down 10 -- 6 at halftime of Super Bowl XLIV , in what many consider the turning point of the game , New Orleans recovered a surprise onside kick on the second half kickoff , then took their first lead of the game on Pierre Thomas 's 16 - yard touchdown reception . The Colts responded with Joseph Addai 's 4 - yard touchdown run to regain the lead at 17 -- 13 . The Saints then scored 18 unanswered points , including Tracy Porter 's 74 - yard interception return for a touchdown , to clinch the victory . New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees , who completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns , was named the Super Bowl MVP . His 32 completions tied a Super Bowl record set by Tom Brady in Super Bowl XXXVIII . The live broadcast of the game on CBS was watched by an average U.S. audience of 106.5 million viewers , making it then the most - watched Super Bowl . The National Anthem was sung by Carrie Underwood , and the halftime show featured the British rock band The Who . Super Bowl XLIV was the last Bowl to have a uniquely designed logo as its predecessors had : starting with Super Bowl XLV , the logo was permanently settled to bear the Vince Lombardi Trophy superimposed on a model of the stadium hosting the game and Roman numerals denoting the edition of the game . ( The Roman numerals were removed and replaced with Arabic numerals for just Super Bowl 50 . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host selection process 1.2 Pro Bowl changes 1.3 Teams 1.3. 1 New Orleans Saints 1.3. 2 Indianapolis Colts 1.4 Playoffs 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 Commercials 2.1. 2.1 Notable returnees and absences 2.1. 2.2 What aired 2.1. 2.3 Controversies 2.1. 3 International telecasts 2.2 Radio 3 Entertainment and other ceremonies 3.1 Pregame 3.2 Halftime 3.3 Merchandising 4 Game summary 4.1 First quarter 4.2 Second quarter 4.3 Third quarter 4.4 Fourth quarter 4.5 Box score 4.6 Statistical overview 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 5.3 Super Bowl records 6 Starting lineups 7 Aftermath 8 Officials 9 Game time and weather conditions 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Host selection process ( edit ) The then - named Sun Life Stadium , the venue of Super Bowl XLIV The league initially voted on March 23 , 2005 , that New York City host the game , contingent on the completion of the proposed West Side Stadium being built for the New York Jets by 2008 . After New York state government officials declined to approve $400 million for the stadium , the NFL decided to reopen the bidding for the game 's site . The league reconsidered the other , unsuccessful candidates for Super Bowl XLIII : Atlanta , Houston , and Miami . On October 6 , 2006 , the league selected Miami as the host city , with the formerly - named - Joe Robbie Stadium as the venue . This was the tenth time the Super Bowl has been held in the Miami Metro area at the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins : the formerly - named - Joe Robbie Stadium had hosted four previous Super Bowls ( XXIII , XXIX , XXXIII , and XLI ) and five were played in the Dolphins ' now demolished former home , the Miami Orange Bowl ( II , III , V , X , XIII ) . The Colts franchise was playing its fourth Super Bowl , all of which were played in Miami ( two at the Orange Bowl and two at then - named Sun Life Stadium ) . They are the only franchise to play all of its Super Bowls in the same city and the second to play two or more Super Bowls in two different stadiums ( joining the Broncos who played two at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego and two at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans ) . With Tampa as the host of Super Bowl XLIII , Super Bowl XLIV also marked the third time that consecutive Super Bowls have been played in the same state . Super Bowls II and III were both played at the Orange Bowl . Super Bowls XXI and XXII were both played in California : XXI at Pasadena 's Rose Bowl Stadium and XXII at San Diego 's Jack Murphy Stadium . Miami became the first city to host two Super Bowls designated as a National Special Security Event ( NSSE ) . In the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVI has been designated as an NSSE . Super Bowl XLI was Miami 's first Super Bowl designated as an NSSE . Pro Bowl changes ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Pro Bowl The 2010 Pro Bowl was played on January 31 , during the off - week between the conference championships and the Super Bowl , breaking with the precedent of scheduling the game for the Sunday after the Super Bowl . The game also changed venues from Aloha Stadium in Honolulu , Hawaii , where it had been held since 1979 , to Sun Life Stadium in Miami ( the same city and stadium hosting the Super Bowl itself ) . Fourteen players from the Super Bowl participants , seven from each team , had been selected but were unable to participate due to the change . The new schedule took advantage of the bye week given to the conference champions to rest and prepare for the Super Bowl . The Pro Bowl returned to Honolulu the following season and remained there until 2015 , when it was played in Glendale , AZ , a week before Super Bowl XLIX , also in Glendale . The game returned it to Honolulu in 2016 , and beginning in 2017 is played in Orlando permanently . The move also meant that the Pro Bowl , which was won by the AFC by a score of 41 -- 34 , would avoid competing against the 2010 NBA All - Star Game , the second full day of competition in the 2010 Winter Olympics , and the 52nd running of the Daytona 500 , as would have been the case had the game been played on February 14 per its traditional post-Super Bowl scheduling . Teams ( edit ) New Orleans Saints ( edit ) Main article : 2009 New Orleans Saints season The New Orleans Saints finished the season with an NFC best 13 -- 3 record and went on to advance to the first Super Bowl in their 43 years as an NFL team . After joining the NFL in 1967 , it took them 21 years to record their first winning season and another 13 years after that to win their first playoff game . Five years later , the New Orleans area suffered another setback when the Louisiana Superdome was devastated with the rest of the city by Hurricane Katrina , forcing them to play all of their home games in 2005 elsewhere as they finished with a 3 -- 13 record ( see Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints ) . But in the offseason , the team 's fortunes began to turn . First , they signed free agent quarterback Drew Brees , who would go on to throw for more passing yards than any other quarterback over the next four seasons . They also drafted multi-talented Heisman Trophy winning ( since vacated ) running back Reggie Bush , receiver Marques Colston , and guard Jahri Evans , three players who would become major contributors on the Saints ' offense . The following season , New Orleans improved to 10 -- 6 and advanced to the NFC title game for the first time , which they lost to the Chicago Bears . Although they failed to make the playoffs over the next two seasons , they continued to sign new talent , and by 2009 they were ready to make another run at the Super Bowl . The Saints ' offense led the NFL in scoring , averaging just under 32 points per game . Brees finished the season as the NFL 's top rated quarterback ( 109.6 ) , completing an NFL - record 70.6 % of his passes for 4,338 yards and 34 touchdowns , with just 11 interceptions . His top target was Colston , who caught 70 passes for 1,074 yards and 9 touchdowns , but he had plenty of other weapons , such as receivers Devery Henderson ( 51 receptions ) and Robert Meachem ( 45 ) , along with tight ends Jeremy Shockey ( 48 ) and Dave Thomas ( 35 ) . With fullback Heath Evans out of action due to injury for most of the season , Dave Thomas often lined up as a fullback , with tackle Zach Strief serving as an extra blocker on short yardage plays . The ground attack was led by running backs Pierre Thomas and Mike Bell . Thomas rushed for 793 yards and caught 39 passes for 302 , while Bell added 654 yards on the ground . Bush was also a major contributor , rushing for 390 yards ( with a 5.6 yards per carry average ) , catching 47 passes for 335 yards , and adding another 130 yards returning punts . New Orleans also had a strong offensive line with three Pro Bowl selections : guard Jahri Evans , center Jonathan Goodwin , and tackle Jon Stinchcomb . Defensive lineman Will Smith led the team in sacks with 13 . Another big weapon on defense was linebacker Jonathan Vilma , who led the team with 87 tackles and intercepted three passes . The Saints ' secondary was led by 12 - year veteran safety Darren Sharper , who recorded 9 interceptions and set an NFL record by returning them for 376 yards and three touchdowns . Cornerback Tracy Porter was also effective , recording 49 tackles and 4 picks with one touchdown . The Saints started out the season strong , winning their first 13 games . But then they became the first 13 -- 0 team ever to lose their last three games of the year . After losing their 14th game to the Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 17 , they suffered a narrow loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 20 -- 17 in overtime ) after Garrett Hartley missed a potential game - winning field goal . With the team 's playoff seed clinched , head coach Sean Payton chose to rest Brees and other starters in the final game of the season , resulting in a 23 -- 10 loss to the Carolina Panthers . The string of defeats cast a cloud over the team 's postseason chances . Still , they clinched the # 1 NFC playoff seed and scored 76 points in their two playoff wins en route to their first ever Super Bowl . Indianapolis Colts ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Indianapolis Colts season Indianapolis had the NFL - best 14 -- 2 record , winning seven games by less than a touchdown , on their way to earning their second Super Bowl appearance in the last four years . Once again , the Colts boasted a powerful offense led by 10 - time Pro Bowl quarterback Peyton Manning , who threw for over 4,500 yards and 33 touchdowns during the season , with only 16 interceptions , earning him a 99.9 passer rating and a league record fourth National Football League Most Valuable Player Award . Under the protection of Pro Bowl center Jeff Saturday and the rest of the line , Manning had been sacked just 13 times during the regular season , the fewest in the NFL . His top targets were veteran receiver Reggie Wayne and tight end Dallas Clark , who both recorded 100 receptions and 10 touchdowns . Wayne led the team with 1,260 yards , while Clark was second with 1,106 . Manning also had other reliable targets , such as recently drafted receivers Austin Collie ( 60 receptions for 676 yards and 7 touchdowns ) and Pierre Garçon ( 47 receptions for 765 yards and 4 touchdowns ) . Running back Joseph Addai led the Colts ' ground game with 821 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns , while also catching 51 passes for another 336 yards and 3 scores . Indianapolis ' defensive line was led by Pro Bowl defensive ends Robert Mathis and Dwight Freeney . Freeney led the team with 13.5 sacks , while Mathis added 9.5 sacks and forced 5 fumbles . Behind them , the Colts had a solid corps of linebackers featuring Clint Session and Gary Brackett , who each recorded 80 tackles . Pro Bowl safety Antoine Bethea led the secondary with 70 tackles and four interceptions . Under their new coach Jim Caldwell , the Colts started off the season with 14 consecutive wins before suffering their first loss to the New York Jets , 29 -- 15 , a game in which Caldwell made the controversial decision to rest his starters after the team took a slim lead rather than keep them in to play for a chance at a 16 -- 0 season . Indianapolis finished the season at 14 -- 2 following a loss to the Buffalo Bills , in which they rested their starters and went on to advance to the Super Bowl , making them perfect in all their games in which their starters played all four quarters . Caldwell led the Colts to the Super Bowl the season after Tony Dungy retired , just like in Tampa Bay when Jon Gruden led the Bucs to Super Bowl XXXVII after Dungy was fired . Senior offensive line coach Howard Mudd retired following the game . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2009 -- 10 NFL playoffs New Orleans started off their playoff run with a dominating 45 -- 14 win over the defending NFC champion Arizona Cardinals . Arizona was coming off a 51 -- 45 overtime win over the Green Bay Packers in which they racked up 531 yards against a defense ranked second in the league in total yards allowed . However , although Arizona scored on their first play of the game , New Orleans dominated the Cardinals with 35 points in the first half . First , Lynell Hamilton scored on a 1 - yard run . Then , Sharper recovered a fumble from Arizona , setting up Brees ' touchdown pass to Shockey . Following a punt , Bush scored on a franchise playoff record 46 - yard run . In the second quarter , Brees added two more touchdown passes , one to Henderson on a flea flicker and the other to Colston that was set up by a Will Smith interception , giving them a 35 -- 14 first half lead before adding 10 more points in the second half on a Hartley field goal and Bush 's 83 - yard punt return . Bush racked up 217 all - purpose yards , while Brees threw for 247 yards and three touchdowns . Their opponent in the NFC Championship Game was the Minnesota Vikings , led by 11 - time Pro Bowl quarterback Brett Favre , who had thrown four touchdown passes in their divisional round win over the Dallas Cowboys . Even though the Saints ' offense could only muster 257 total yards , their defense made up for it by forcing five turnovers . Additionally , the Saints outgained the Vikings in punt and kickoff return yards 166 to 50 . The key play of the game occurred late in the fourth quarter with the score tied 28 -- 28 and the Vikings driving for a potential game - winning field goal . With less than a minute left , they reached the Saints 33 - yard line . But after two runs for no gain and a penalty that pushed them back to the 38 , Porter picked off a pass from Favre to send the game into overtime . After New Orleans won the coin toss , Pierre Thomas 's 40 - yard kickoff return set up a 10 - play , 39 - yard drive that ended with a game winning 40 - yard field goal by Hartley , sending the Saints to their first ever Super Bowl . Indianapolis ' first opponent was the Baltimore Ravens , a 9 -- 7 squad that had advanced to the divisional round by defeating the New England Patriots 33 -- 14 , forcing four turnovers from their All - Pro quarterback Tom Brady . Against the Colts , however , all they could manage was a field goal on their opening drive . Indianapolis built up a 17 -- 3 first half lead with a Matt Stover field goal and Manning 's touchdown passes to Wayne and Collie . In the second half , the Colts survived two interceptions from Baltimore safety Ed Reed on one drive , one of which Reed fumbled , and the other which was called back by a penalty . Stover , who spent 18 years with the Modell franchise , finished the drive with his second field goal to make final score 20 -- 3 , as their defense put the game away by forcing two consecutive turnovers . Their next opponent was in the AFC Championship Game against the New York Jets , who had made the playoffs in part due to Caldwell 's decision to bench his starters in their Week 16 meeting . This time , the Colts would have to mount a comeback , as New York built up a 17 -- 6 first half lead . Yet Indianapolis would step up to the challenge , scoring 24 unanswered points . First , Manning completed three passes to Collie for 80 yards , the last one a 16 - yard touchdown completion to cut the score to 17 -- 13 at the end of the half . Manning added two more touchdown passes in the second half , one to Garçon and one to Clark , and Stover added a 21 - yard field goal to close out the scoring . Manning finished the game with 377 passing yards and three touchdowns , while Garçon and Collie had over 100 receiving yards each . This is the first Super Bowl matchup in which both teams had a first - round bye since Super Bowl XXXIX . All four of the Super Bowls in - between had one team that played all three rounds ( two of which were wild - card teams ) , with three of those teams ( including the Colts in Super Bowl XLI ) winning it all . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The game was televised live in the United States on CBS , capping the network 's 50th season of NFL coverage ( 1956 -- 93 ; 1998 -- present ) . This was the 17th Super Bowl telecast for CBS , the largest total among the `` big four '' US television networks . CBS had also broadcast the previous Super Bowl held in South Florida ( XLI ) . Play - by - play announcer Jim Nantz and color commentator Phil Simms were in the broadcast booth , with Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots serving as sideline reporters . The game was preceded by The Super Bowl Today , a four - hour pregame show hosted by James Brown and featuring analysts Dan Marino , Boomer Esiason , Shannon Sharpe and Bill Cowher along with several other commentators , which started at 2pm EST . A kickoff show for the game aired from 6pm EST to 6 : 28pm EST . With an average U.S. audience of 106.5 million viewers , this was the third most - watched Super Bowl , trailing only the 111 million viewers for Super Bowl XLV the following year and 111.3 million viewers for Super Bowl XLVI . At the time , it was the most - watched program of any kind in American television history , beating the 27 - year - long record previously held by the final episode of M * A * S * H , `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' , which coincidentally , also aired on CBS , and was watched by 105.97 million viewers . An estimated 153.4 million total viewers watched all or part of the game . The game drew a national Nielsen rating of 45.0 with a 68 share , the highest for a Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXX in 1996 ( 46.0 / 68 ) . The telecast drew a 56.3 rating in New Orleans and a 54.2 rating in Indianapolis , first and fourth respectively among local markets . Commercials ( edit ) Notable returnees and absences ( edit ) Perennial Super Bowl advertisers Anheuser -- Busch InBev and CareerBuilder stated their commitment to advertise in Super Bowl XLIV , showing eight and two different spots during the game , respectively . A 30 - second spot cost US $ 2.8 million with several advertisers getting discounts , down from the previous year 's $3 million . All advertising slots were sold out on February 1 , 2010 , six days before the game . Pepsi - Cola had previously stated their commitment to advertise , but then said they would not be buying any commercial time , marking the first time in 23 years that Pepsi did not run an ad during the Super Bowl itself . FedEx also stated that they would not buy ad time . Both Pepsi and FedEx are official NFL sponsors . Coca - Cola and Dr Pepper Snapple Group capitalized on Pepsi 's absence by buying ads in the game ; Dr Pepper 's ad featured KISS performing `` Calling Dr. Love '' , while one of Coca - Cola 's three ads featured Montgomery Burns ( of FOX 's The Simpsons ) losing everything he owns . Also for the second straight year , one of the Big Three American automobile makers -- General Motors -- did not have a commercial in the game . Ford had one commercial for the Ford Edge featuring Mike Rowe . Chrysler 's Dodge brand did advertise this year for its Dodge Charger , narrated by Michael C. Hall . What aired ( edit ) Frito - Lay 's Doritos brand , in turn owned by PepsiCo , had four consumer - created advertisements scheduled . The first three ads -- running in the first quarter -- featured a sly dog using an anti-bark collar to his advantage to steal a man 's Doritos , a fast - handed boy defending his Doritos and his mother from a potential suitor , and a man faking his death for free Doritos . The fourth ad , featuring an angry gym rat who was overprotective for his Doritos being stolen , aired in the fourth quarter . Had three of the ads topped the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter rankings , the commercial 's creators would have won a total of US $5 million ( $1 million for first , $600,000 for second and $400,000 for third , plus a $1 million bonus for each of the three finalists ) . The previous year , Joe and David Herbert 's `` Free Doritos '' ad topped the survey and won $1 million . The United States Census Bureau spent $2.5 million on a 30 - second spot , directed by noted independent filmmaker Christopher Guest , for the 2010 United States Census , which urged Americans to answer its questionnaires that will be sent out in the next few weeks . McDonald 's aired a commercial , updating a famous ad from the early 1990s , in which NBA superstars LeBron James and Dwight Howard ( replacing Michael Jordan and Larry Bird ) play an otherworldly game of H-O-R-S-E , with a McDonald 's lunch going to the winner -- however , they soon look over and see that Bird has helped himself to it . Mars Chocolate returned three years after its controversial Snickers ad that was protested by gay groups with two men kissing one another that was pulled one day following the game ( see Super Bowl XLI : Commercials ) . The commercial -- winner of the annual Ad Meter survey -- featured veteran actors Betty White and Abe Vigoda playing full - contact backyard football . The rest of the Top Five : 2 . The aforementioned Doritos 's amateur ad featuring a dog strapped to an anti-bark collar getting revenge on a teasing man . 3 . A Bud Light ad with a house completely made of beer cans of the sponsor 's product . 4 . A Budweiser ad featuring the relationship between a Clydesdale and a Longhorn steer . 5 . Coca - Cola 's man walking through an African savanna in the middle of the night . The YouTube Top Five of their `` 2010 Ad Blitz '' were : Another Doritos ad that showed a kid slapping his mom 's suitor . E-Trade 's baby with his girlfriend . The Doritos dog collar ad . The Snickers Betty White / Abe Vigoda ad . The Doritos commercial with the gym rat . ADBOWL results reflected the following ranking : Snickers : You 're Not You -- Betty White & Abe Vigoda Doritos : House Rules Volkswagen : `` Punch Dub '' Game Google : Parisian Love Doritos : Underdog Internet domain registrar GoDaddy , which created a racy ad the year after the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy , bought two ads in the Super Bowl for the sixth consecutive year . Advertising Age reported that Paramount Pictures bought a Super Bowl spot for the upcoming films Iron Man 2 and The Last Airbender . A trailer for the HBO miniseries The Pacific was also aired . Other advertisers for 2010 included Homeaway Inc. , paying tribute to National Lampoon 's Vacation with their stars Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo , and Diamond Foods , who returned to promote both its Emerald Nuts brand and Pop Secret popcorn , which they bought from General Mills two years before . Boost Mobile aired a special ad , celebrating the 25th Anniversary of The Super Bowl Shuffle , featuring many of the 1985 Chicago Bears to advertise their US $50 per month service . Also , in a CBS - produced promo for the Late Show with David Letterman , the eponymous host and his longtime talk show rival , Jay Leno , appeared together with Oprah Winfrey . Controversies ( edit ) Three advertisers in particular raised eyebrows with their choice to advertise during the Super Bowl . One new advertiser , Focus on the Family , aired a commercial featuring 2007 Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow and his mother that elicited criticism from some women 's groups who demanded CBS cancel the ad because they claimed it would be divisive , under the impression that it would mention Tebow 's mother was advised , for health issues , to abort her son Tim , but she chose to give birth to him . In the first quarter , CBS aired the advertisement , which had not been pre-released to the public . Per a statement released earlier , the ad did not mention the topic of abortion explicitly . One proposed sponsor , ManCrunch , a gay dating site that bills itself as a place `` where many many many men come out to play '' , had expressed interest in purchasing a 30 - second advertisement . The ManCrunch advertisement would have depicted a male Green Bay Packers fan and a male Minnesota Vikings fan reaching into the same bowl of potato chips at the same time and , after a brief pause , begin to passionately kiss . ManCrunch 's ad , which has since been released to the public , was initially put on a waiting list before the network outright rejected it due to it violating CBS 's broadcast standards . ManCrunch immediately accused CBS of discrimination . Some observers suspect that their advertisement was an attempt at ambush marketing and free publicity . Another ad that was rejected by CBS for failure to meet standards was for the texting service kgb , which focuses on two men with CGI - enhanced images bent over with their heads in their posteriors , while an actor , Sean Gunn , portraying an agent stated that `` They had their head up their ( backsides ) '' . kgb instead aired an ad with two people who had to find the Japanese word for `` I surrender '' before being run over by a sumo wrestler . Another ad for Bud Light which was rejected showed workers stripping down for a charity clothes drive in exchange for free beer . All of the rejected ads were shown on YouTube . Among other rejected or modified ads were one for Electronic Arts ' Dante 's Inferno , which had to be edited for content ( the closing phrase , originally intended to read `` go to Hell '' , was replaced with `` Hell awaits '' ) , and GoDaddy 's originally planned advertisement . Career Builder 's ad , showing people dressed too casually for `` Casual Friday '' and a Dockers ad to promote a free pair of their pants with men in shirts but sans trousers aired back - to - back early in the second quarter . An E * TRADE advertisement , continuing their theme of talking babies on a Web cam , featured a boyfriend - stealing , `` milkaholic '' baby girl named `` Lindsay . '' Actress Lindsay Lohan , who has a history of alcoholism and was noted for having tried in the early 2000s ( decade ) to date popular young men who were already dating other women , attempted to sue E * TRADE over the advertisement , seeking US $100,000,000 in damages , under the impression that the advertisement defamed her via subliminal messaging and violated her personality rights . E * TRADE denied the allegations and stated the name `` Lindsay '' came from a member of the accounting staff . Lohan and E * TRADE settled the lawsuit in September 2010 ; the terms were confidential . International telecasts ( edit ) Viewers worldwide were able to watch on the following channels : North America : Canada : CTV ( English ) and RDS ( French ) ( subject to simsub due to CRTC mandates all cable / satellite providers to replace the American feed . ) Mexico : Televisa , TV Azteca ( broadcasting in HD ) . Belize : Tropical Vision Limited , Great Belize Television . Costa Rica : ESPN , Fox Sports Latin America . Guatemala : ESPN , Fox Sports Latin America . Panama : ESPN , Fox Sports Latin America . Oceania Australia : Fox Sports 3 , ESPN , Channel Ten and One HD New Zealand : Sky Sport 2 and ESPN Europe : Austria : Puls 4 started at 23 : 30 ( CET ) Belgium : Prime Sport Denmark : TV3+ / TV3+ HD starting at 22 : 00 ( CET ) Europe : ESPN America . Finland : Nelonen Sport Pro and on Viasat Sport / Viasat Sport HD started at 00 : 00 ( CET ) France : W9 Germany : ARD Das Erste started at 23 : 35 ( CET ) Greece : Nova Sports started 01 : 30 ( EET ) Hungary : Sport 1 Ireland and United Kingdom : BBC One and on Sky Sports 1 and HD 1 at 10 : 55pm and 11pm ( GMT ) Italy : Rai Sport Più started at 22 : 00 ( CET ) , Rai Due started at 00 : 15 ( CET ) , broadcast also in HD in selected areas . Norway : NRK1 started at 23 : 15 ( CET ) and on Viasat Sport / Viasat Sport HD Poland : Polsat Sport / Polsat Sport HD started at 00 : 00 ( CET ) Portugal : SportTV 2 and on SportTV HD started at 23 : 00 ( WET ) Romania : Sport 1 started 01 : 00 ( EET ) Russia : NTV Plus Slovenia : Šport TV 1 Spain : Canal+ Sweden : TV6 No longer available on TV6 . Super Bowl is broadcast on TV10 and on Viasat Sport / Viasat Sport HD started at 00 : 00 ( CET ) . Turkey : Turkey ′ ′ ′ : Fox Sports ( Turkey ) Spormax HD started 01.00 ( EET ) South America : Argentina : ESPN Brazil : ESPN and Esporte Interativo Chile and Peru : ESPN , Fox Sports Latin America Paraguay : ESPN Uruguay : ESPN Asia : China : CCTV - 5 , G - Sports , Guangdong Sports , Sina TV Hong Kong : ATV Japan : NHK , NTV Radio ( edit ) On radio , Westwood One had the national English - language broadcast rights to the game in the United States and Canada . Marv Albert ( play - by - play ) and Boomer Esiason ( color commentator ) called the game for the network ; it was the last broadcast Albert would do for Westwood One , due to his desire to focus on his basketball coverage duties . The teams ' flagship stations also carried the game with their respective local announcers : WLHK - FM and WFNI - AM in Indianapolis ( with Bob Lamey and Will Wolford announcing ) and WWL - FM / AM in New Orleans ( with Jim Henderson and Hokie Gajan announcing ) . The Saints ' radio broadcast on WWL - AM was available throughout much of the United States , since WWL is a Class A clear channel station . Univision Radio aired a Spanish - language feed for Hispanophone American listeners ( with Clemson Smith - Muñiz and David Crommett announcing ) . Sirius XM Satellite Radio carried 14 game feeds in ten languages to Sirius subscribers , as well as to XM subscribers with the `` Best of Sirius '' package . In addition to the four US feeds mentioned above , Sirius carried the following international feeds : United Kingdom : BBC Radio 5 Live ( English ; Arlo White announcing ) Spain : Canal+ Spain ( Spanish ) Russia : NTV Plus ( Russian ) France : W9 ( French ) Japan : NHK ( Japanese ) Germany : ARD ( German ) Italy : RAI ( Italian ) Hungary : Sport1 ( Hungarian ) Netherlands : Prime Sport ( Dutch ) Denmark : Viasat ( Danish ) FieldPass , the subscription Internet radio service provided by the league at NFL.com , also carried most of these feeds . Due to contractual restrictions , only Sirius XM and FieldPass were permitted to carry the local team broadcasts along with WLHK , WFNI and WWL , with the teams ' other network radio affiliates instead airing the Westwood One feed . Entertainment and other ceremonies ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) Aircraft of the 125th Fighter Wing perform a flyover during the singing of the National Anthem . Barenaked Ladies played the Super Bowl Saturday Night event with O.A.R. and Robert Randolph and the Family Band . Chris Daughtry , Steve Winwood and Queen Latifah performed during the Super Bowl pre-game tailgate party , which started at 2 p.m. Carrie Underwood sang the National Anthem and Queen Latifah sang `` America the Beautiful . '' Underwood 's selection marks the third straight year that an alumnus of American Idol has been chosen to perform `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , joining Jordin Sparks at Super Bowl XLII and Jennifer Hudson a year later . Translation of both songs into American Sign Language was provided by Kinesha Battles , a student at the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind . To commemorate the 15th anniversary of the San Francisco 49ers ' fifth Super Bowl victory , which took place at this stadium , Jerry Rice , who had also been MVP of Super Bowl XXIII , another Super Bowl played at this stadium , joined the coin toss ceremonies . Rice had just been named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2010 . The rest of the class -- Rickey Jackson , Dick LeBeau , Floyd Little , Russ Grimm , John Randle , and Emmitt Smith -- were named the day before . The Saints won the coin toss , marking the 13th straight Super Bowl the NFC won the toss ( the Cardinals won the toss in Super Bowl XLIII but elected to defer to the second half , giving the Steelers the ball to open the game ) . Halftime ( edit ) The Who performing during the halftime show The Who performed at the Super Bowl XLIV halftime show . The band played a medley of their hits , consisting of `` Pinball Wizard '' , `` Baba O'Riley '' , `` Who Are You '' , `` See Me , Feel Me '' , and `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' . For the first time since the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show , there was no crowd of fans surrounding the halftime stage . This performance was also released as downloadable content for the Rock Band series , named `` The Who Super Bowl S - mashup '' . Merchandising ( edit ) Retailers had ordered much more New Orleans Saints merchandise prior to the game than they had ordered Colts merchandise . The NFL estimated that US $100 million worth of Super Bowl merchandise would be sold . Game summary ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Super Bowl XLIV : Saints defeat Colts , 31 -- 17 First quarter ( edit ) The Saints won the coin toss and chose to receive , but their first possession resulted in a punt after going three - and - out . The Colts offense took the field for the first time , with the ball spotted at their own 27 - yard line . The Colts put together a drive that went 53 yards and resulted in a 38 - yard field goal by kicker Matt Stover . At 42 years old , Stover became the oldest person in NFL history to play in a Super Bowl . Following the game 's first score , Courtney Roby returned the ensuing kickoff to the New Orleans 26 - yard line . Approaching the 25 - yard line , Roby swooped into a dive and appeared to fumble the ball , but he was ruled down by contact . This time , the Saints managed to get a first down with a 16 - yard completion from Drew Brees to Reggie Bush , but they were eventually forced to punt again . Punter Thomas Morstead pinned the Colts back at their own 4 - yard line with a 46 - yard kick . Indianapolis responded with a 96 - yard scoring drive , tying the record for the longest drive in Super Bowl history . Joseph Addai rushed three times for 53 yards on the drive , while Manning completed three passes for 35 yards , the last one a 19 - yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Pierre Garçon , increasing the Colts lead to 10 -- 0 . Second quarter ( edit ) The Saints ' next drive carried over from the previous quarter . Brees completed three passes for 36 yards as the Saints advanced to the Colts ' 22 - yard line . But on third down , Brees was sacked for a 7 - yard loss by Dwight Freeney , forcing New Orleans to settle for a 46 - yard field goal from Garrett Hartley . After scoring points on their first 2 drives , the Colts looked to add more , but Garcon dropped a pass on 3rd down . The Colts were forced to punt and the Saints took over driving down into Colt territory . They drove down the field to a 1st - and - goal at the Colts ' 3 - yard line . A false start penalty set them back to the 8 , and after getting a yard away from the end zone , they attempted 3rd and 4th down runs . They failed to convert both times . The Colts ran three straight running plays in an effort to wind down the clock and go to halftime with a seven - point lead , but the Saints kept the Colts from getting another first down . Following Bush 's 4 - yard punt return to the New Orleans 48 , with only one timeout left to use in the half , the Saints got back into field goal territory , and Hartley hit a 44 - yard field goal as time expired , with the Colts still leading 10 -- 6 . This was the first 10 -- 6 halftime score in Super Bowl history . Third quarter ( edit ) The Colts were set to receive the ball to start the second half , but were caught by surprise when the Saints executed an onside kick . This was the first onside kick attempted before the fourth quarter in Super Bowl history , a play the Saints referred to as `` Ambush . '' Thomas Morstead kicked the ball to his left , and after traveling almost 15 yards , the ball bounced off the facemask of the Colts ' Hank Baskett , who failed to make a clean recovery . Several players dove for the loose ball , creating a pile that took over a minute for the officiating crew to separate . When the dust finally cleared , linebacker Jonathan Casillas of New Orleans was officially credited with the recovery on the 42 - yard line , but Casillas and other Saints players insisted that it was actually safety Chris Reis who came up with the football . The Saints ' offense took over and stormed down the field on an effective 58 - yard drive in which they never faced a third down . Brees completed five consecutive passes for 58 yards on the drive and capped it off with a ' check - down ' pass on the right side to Pierre Thomas , who took it 16 yards to the end zone behind blocks from Jonathan Goodwin , Jahri Evans , Devery Henderson , Kyle Eckel , Carl Nicks , and Jeremy Shockey , to give the Saints their first lead of the game at 13 -- 10 . Manning and the Colts answered with their own touchdown drive , moving the ball 76 yards in ten plays . Clark caught 3 passes for 45 yards , while Joseph Addai finished the drive off with a 4 - yard touchdown run to put the Colts back on top 17 -- 13 with 6 : 05 remaining in the quarter . For just the second time in Super Bowl history both teams scored touchdowns on their initial possessions of the second half ; the only other time occurred in Super Bowl XIV . Hartley would bring the Saints to within one point of tying the game at 17 -- 16 , with his third field goal , launched from 47 yards away . In doing so he became the first kicker in Super Bowl history to score three field goals of 40 or more yards in one game . This was the first one - point lead after the third quarter in Super Bowl history and second closest game after three quarters , behind Super Bowl XXXIX which was tied between the New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Indianapolis responded with a drive to the New Orleans 33 - yard line , only to have Stover miss a 51 - yard field goal attempt , giving the ball back to the Saints with good field position on their 41 - yard line . After that , Brees led the Saints on another touchdown drive featuring seven different players getting the ball . Bush started off the drive with a 12 - yard run , and then Devery Henderson caught a pass on the Colts ' 36 - yard line . Following an 8 - yard catch and run by Bush , Brees completed passes to Colston , Robert Meachem and tight end David Thomas , moving the ball to the 5 - yard line . After a 3 - yard run by Pierre Thomas , Brees threw a 2 - yard touchdown pass to tight end Jeremy Shockey . Rather than settle for a six - point lead , and risk a potential Colts game - winning touchdown , the Saints chanced a two - point conversion . Lance Moore received a pass and attempted to stretch the ball out over the goal line as he fell to the ground and rolled over on his head . The ball was kicked away from his hands by defender Jacob Lacey , and the play was ruled an incomplete pass , prompting a coach 's challenge from Sean Payton . After the review , the ruling on the field was overturned when it was determined that Moore maintained possession of the ball long enough and the ball had crossed the plane of the goal line for a successful conversion , giving the Saints a 24 -- 17 advantage . On the ensuing drive , Manning led the Colts into Saints territory ; however , Tracy Porter intercepted a pass by Manning at the Saints 26 for the first takeaway of the game and returned it 74 yards for a touchdown ; following the successful extra point , the Saints lead grew to 31 -- 17 with 3 : 12 remaining . Porter 's interception return for a touchdown improved teams to 10 -- 0 in Super Bowls when returning an interception for a touchdown , although that record is now 12 - 1 following Super Bowl LI . Now down by two possessions , the Colts needed a touchdown on their next drive to stay alive , though they still had all three of their timeouts to use . They were able to drive to the New Orleans 3 - yard line . When an offensive pass interference penalty on 1st and goal pushed them back 10 yards , the Colts got those 10 yards back on the next play . However , the next three plays saw a tipped pass that went off the goal post and incomplete , a loss of two yards on a rushing play , and a pass that went through the hands of wide receiver Reggie Wayne and incomplete , effectively sealing the win for the Saints . Brees knelt the ball with 0 : 44 left on the clock , ending Super Bowl XLIV and winning the Saints ' first league championship in franchise history . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XLIV : New Orleans Saints 31 , Indianapolis Colts 17 Total Saints ( NFC ) 0 6 10 15 31 Colts ( AFC ) 10 0 7 0 17 at Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : February 7 , 2010 Game time : 6 : 32 p.m. EST Game weather : 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 74,059 Referee : Scott Green TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Phil Simms , Steve Tasker , Solomon Wilcots Recap ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NO IND 7 : 29 11 53 5 : 53 IND 38 - yard field goal by Matt Stover 0 0 : 36 11 96 4 : 36 IND Pierre Garçon 19 - yard touchdown reception from Peyton Manning , Matt Stover kick good 0 10 9 : 34 11 60 6 : 02 NO 46 - yard field goal by Garrett Hartley 10 0 : 00 5 26 0 : 35 NO 44 - yard field goal by Garrett Hartley 6 10 11 : 41 6 58 3 : 19 NO Pierre Thomas 16 - yard touchdown reception from Drew Brees , Garrett Hartley kick good 13 10 6 : 15 10 76 5 : 26 IND Joseph Addai 4 - yard touchdown run , Matt Stover kick good 13 17 2 : 01 8 37 4 : 14 NO 47 - yard field goal by Garrett Hartley 16 17 5 : 42 9 59 4 : 57 NO Jeremy Shockey 2 - yard touchdown reception from Drew Brees , 2 - point pass good ( Lance Moore from Drew Brees ) 24 17 3 : 12 -- -- -- NO Interception returned 74 yards for touchdown by Tracy Porter , Garrett Hartley kick good 31 17 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 31 17 Statistical overview ( edit ) Drew Brees was named Super Bowl MVP for tying a Super Bowl record by completing 32 of 39 passes , with 288 passing yards and two touchdowns . After the game , Brees said , `` Four years ago , who ever thought this would be happening when 85 percent of the city was under water ? Most people left not knowing if New Orleans would ever come back , or if the organization would ever come back . We just all looked at one another and said , ' We are going to rebuild together . We are going to lean on each other . ' This is the culmination in all that belief . '' Final Statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XLIV , Super Bowl XLIV Play Finder NO , Super Bowl XLIV Play Finder Ind , Hoffco Super Bowl XLIV Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) New Orleans Saints Indianapolis Colts First downs 20 23 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 16 16 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 3 / 9 6 / 13 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 1 1 / 2 Net yards rushing 51 99 Rushing attempts 18 19 Yards per rush 2.8 5.2 Passing -- Completions - attempts 32 / 39 31 / 45 Times sacked - total yards 1 -- 7 0 -- 0 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 281 333 Total net yards 332 432 Punt returns - total yards 1 -- 4 1 -- 0 Kickoff returns - total yards 4 -- 102 5 -- 111 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 74 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 2 -- 44.0 2 -- 45.0 Fumbles - lost 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Penalties - yards 3 -- 19 5 -- 45 Time of possession 30 : 11 29 : 49 Turnovers 0 Records set Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 30 completions ) 82.1 Drew Brees , Saints Most completions , game , both teams 63 Saints ( 32 ) Colts ( 31 ) Highest completion percentage , both teams 75 % Saints ( 82.1 % ) , Colts ( 68.9 % ) Most field goals , 40 - or - more yards , game Garrett Hartley , Saints Oldest player 42 Matt Stover , Colts Records tied Largest deficit overcome , winning team 10 points Saints Most completions , game 32 Drew Brees , Saints Most two - point conversions , game Lance Moore , Saints Most yards , touchdown drive 96 yards Colts Most first downs passing , both teams 32 Colts ( 16 ) , Saints ( 16 ) Fewest rushing attempts , game , both teams 37 Colts ( 19 ) , Saints ( 18 ) Most completions , game , team 32 Saints Fewest times sacked , game , team 0 Colts Fewest times sacked , game , both teams Colts ( 0 ) , Saints ( 1 ) Fewest fumbles , game , both teams 0 Colts vs. Saints Fewest turnovers , game , team 0 Saints Individual statistics ( edit ) Saints Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Drew Brees 32 / 39 288 0 114.5 Saints Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Pierre Thomas 9 30 0 7 3.33 Reggie Bush 5 25 0 12 5.00 Mike Bell 0 2.00 Drew Brees -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 1.00 Devery Henderson -- 7 0 -- 7 -- 7.00 Saints Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Marques Colston 7 83 0 27 9 Devery Henderson 7 63 0 19 7 Pierre Thomas 6 55 16 7 Reggie Bush 38 0 16 5 Jeremy Shockey 13 7 Lance Moore 21 0 21 Robert Meachem 6 0 6 David Thomas 9 0 9 Saints Defense Tak / Ast / Tot Int FF Sacks Jonathan Vilma 7 / 0 / 7 0 0 0.0 Roman Harper 6 / 1 / 7 0 0 0.0 Scott Shanle 5 / 1 / 6 0 0 0.0 Malcolm Jenkins 4 / 0 / 4 0 0 0.0 Tracy Porter 4 / 0 / 4 0 0.0 Sedrick Ellis 3 / 0 / 3 0 0 0.0 Scott Fujita 3 / 1 / 4 0 0 0.0 Jabari Greer 3 / 1 / 4 0 0 0.0 Randall Gay 2 / 0 / 2 0 0 0.0 Anthony Hargrove 2 / 1 / 3 0 0 0.0 Bobby McCray 2 / 0 / 2 0 0 0.0 Darren Sharper 2 / 1 / 1 0 0 0.0 Jeff Charleston 1 / 0 / 1 0 0 0.0 Will Smith 1 / 0 / 1 0 0 0.0 Colts Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Peyton Manning 31 / 45 333 88.5 Colts Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Joseph Addai 13 77 26 5.92 Donald Brown 18 0 5 4.50 Mike Hart 0 2.00 Colts Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Dallas Clark 7 86 0 27 9 Joseph Addai 7 58 0 17 7 Austin Collie 6 66 0 40 9 Pierre Garçon 5 66 19 7 Reggie Wayne 5 46 0 14 11 Donald Brown 11 0 11 Colts Defense Tak / Ast / Tot Int FF Sacks Gary Brackett 12 / 1 / 13 0 0 0.0 Jacob Lacey 6 / 0 / 6 0 0 0.0 Melvin Bullitt 5 / 0 / 5 0 0 0.0 Kelvin Hayden 5 / 1 / 6 0 0 0.0 Antoine Bethea 4 / 0 / 4 0 0 0.0 Tim Jennings 3 / 0 / 3 0 0 0.0 Clint Session 3 / 2 / 5 0 0 0.0 Eric Foster 2 / 0 / 2 0 0 0.0 Raheem Brock 1 / 0 / 1 0 0 0.0 Dwight Freeney 1 / 0 / 1 0 0 1.0 Antonio Johnson 1 / 1 / 2 0 0 0.0 Daniel Muir 1 / 0 / 1 0 0 0.0 Jerraud Powers 1 / 1 / 2 0 0 0.0 Keyunta Dawson 0 / 1 / 1 0 0 0.0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Tackles Forced fumbles Super Bowl Records ( edit ) New Orleans recorded the first successful onside kick attempt in a Super Bowl outside of the fourth quarter . Indianapolis ' place kicker Matt Stover became the oldest player to participate , as well as to score , in a Super Bowl at 42 years and 11 days of age . New Orleans ' place kicker Garrett Hartley became the first kicker in Super Bowl history to kick three field goals of 40 or more yards . New Orleans ' victory marked the sixth straight win by the team wearing its white jersey . New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees had the second highest completion percentage in Super Bowl history ( Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI has the highest . ) Brees also tied the mark for most completions in a Super Bowl , with 32 . Drew Brees then broke the record when he made a 33rd pass completion in the game on a two - point conversion pass to Lance Moore in the 4th quarter . This was the first Super Bowl played in the formerly - named - Joe Robbie Stadium not to have a kickoff returned for a touchdown ; because the Colts did not have a return TD , they also became the 1st team ever to lose a Super Bowl at this venue without achieving that . New Orleans became the third team to win the Super Bowl after trailing at halftime AND failing to score a first - half touchdown . The New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII and the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII are the only other two teams to do so . The Saints ' 25 points in the second half is the fourth highest total in Super Bowl history . The New York Giants scored 30 in Super Bowl XXI while 28 was scored by both the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIV and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII . The Saints also became the seventh team to win a Super Bowl after trailing to start the fourth quarter . The others to do so were : the Giants in Super Bowl XLII , the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIII , the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVII , the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowls X and XIV and the Colts in Super Bowl V . Brees and Peyton Manning combined for a Super Bowl record 75 % completion rate ( 63 of 84 ) . They also accounted for the most combined pass completions in a Super Bowl , with 63 . The Colts became just the sixth team to score 10 or more points in the first quarter and lose the game , joining the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI , Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XIX , the Denver Broncos in both Super Bowls XXI and XXII , and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI Having been down 10 points in the first quarter , the Saints tied a record for the biggest comeback win in Super Bowl history , set in Super Bowl XXII when the Washington Redskins faced a 10 - point first quarter deficit of their own . The New England Patriots tied this record in Super Bowl XLIX and broke it in Super Bowl LI when they overcame a 25 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Falcons in overtime . The Saints are the 9th team to win the Super Bowl on their first attempt . The others are the Green Bay Packers of Super Bowl I , the New York Jets of Super Bowl III , the Pittsburgh Steelers of Super Bowl IX , the San Francisco 49ers of Super Bowl XVI , the Chicago Bears of Super Bowl XX , the New York Giants of Super Bowl XXI , the Baltimore Ravens of Super Bowl XXXV , and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of Super Bowl XXXVII . Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : NFL.com Super Bowl XLIV Gamebook New Orleans Position Position Indianapolis Offense Marques Colston WR Reggie Wayne Jermon Bushrod LT Charlie Johnson Carl Nicks LG Ryan Lilja Jonathan Goodwin Jeff Saturday Jahri Evans RG Kyle DeVan Jon Stinchcomb RT Ryan Diem Jeremy Shockey TE Dallas Clark Devery Henderson WR Pierre Garçon Drew Brees ‡ QB Peyton Manning ‡ Pierre Thomas RB Joseph Addai Reggie Bush RB FB Gijon Robinson Defense Bobby McCray LE Robert Mathis Sedrick Ellis DT LDT Daniel Muir Will Smith RE RDT Antonio Johnson Marvin Mitchell ILB RE Dwight Freeney Scott Fujita LOLB Philip Wheeler Jonathan Vilma ILB Gary Brackett Scott Shanle ROLB Clint Session Jabari Greer LCB Kelvin Hayden Tracy Porter RCB Jacob Lacey Roman Harper SS Melvin Bullitt Darren Sharper FS Antoine Bethea Aftermath ( edit ) Slate writer Justin Peters viewed every Super Bowl over a two - month period before Super Bowl 50 . About Super Bowl XLIV , which he ranked the fifth best , he had this to say : `` ... coming as it did five years after New Orleans was flooded in Hurricane Katrina , the Saints ' victory actually mattered . '' The Saints finished the next season with an 11 -- 5 record , but failed to defend their league title after they were eliminated by the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card playoff round . Super Bowl XLIV later became the subject of the wider New Orleans Saints bounty scandal , also known as `` Bountygate '' , in which the NFL alleged in 2012 that several Saints defenders operated a slush fund that was in operation from the 2009 season and Super Bowl XLIV , through 2011 . This alleged slush fund paid out bonuses , or `` bounties '' , for in - game performance in violation of NFL rules , including deliberately injuring or knocking opposing players out of games . The league responded with some of the most severe sanctions in the league 's 92 - year history , and among the most severe punishments for an on - field incident in North American professional sports history . In 2012 , New Orleans failed to make the playoffs for the first time since their Super Bowl win , with the sanctions for Bountygate cited as one of the primary causes . The Saints rebounded in 2013 , but were eliminated in the Divisional playoff round by the eventual Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seahawks , and have returned to the playoffs in 2018 by defeating Carolina Panthers in the Wildcard Round , but lost to Minnesota Vikings in the Divisional Rounds . Thus , New Orleans have not advanced to the Conference Championship Game since Super Bowl XLIV . Officials ( edit ) Referee -- Scott Green ( # 19 ) Umpire -- Undrey Wash ( # 96 ) Head Linesman -- John McGrath ( # 5 ) Line Judge -- Jeff Seeman ( # 45 ) Field Judge -- Rob Vernatchi ( # 75 ) Side Judge -- Greg Meyer ( # 78 ) Back Judge -- Greg Steed ( # 12 ) Alternate Referee -- Gene Steratore Alternate Umpire -- Ruben Fowler Alternate Flank -- Jim Mello Alternate Deep -- Jeff Lamberth Alternate Back Judge -- Kirk Dornan Game time and weather conditions ( edit ) American football portal Kickoff was at 6 : 32 p.m. EST ( 23 : 32 UTC ) . Weather at kickoff was 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , clear . Game length was 3 hrs. 14 min . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brees selected as Super Bowl MVP '' . National Football League . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Underwood , Latifah sing at Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports Coverage of Super Bowl XLIV Is Most - Watched Program In Television History '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XLIV most watched Super Bowl of all time / Nielsen Blogs Jump up ^ Fredrix , Emily ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Super Bowl Commercial Prices Fall For Second Time EVER '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Champs ? The Saints , Dat 's Who '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` N.F.L. Owners Vote to Give the Jets a Super Bowl '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL owners work on testy NFLPA contract extension '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Indianapolis Colts Statistics & Players - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Matt Detrich / Indianapolis Star via AP . `` Title game a ' cool ' finale for Colts assistant Howard Mudd : Super Bowl Insider '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports ' `` Super Bowl Today '' features set for Super Bowl XLIV - CBSSports.com `` . Jump up ^ Deans , James ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Super Bowl ends MASH finale 's 27 - year reign as most - watched US TV show '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's Super Sunday = Super Week '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Game On ! CBS Sells Out Last Super Bowl Ads , AP via Comcast.net , February 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Pepsi pulls out of Super Bowl advertising , ending 23 - year run '' . ESPN . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Doritos Ad Contest Raises The Stakes '' . USAtoday.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayers to Fork Out $2.5 Million for Single Census Ad During Super Bowl '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Aaron Smith , CNNMoney.com staff writer ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Census Bureau counts on Super Bowl ad CNN.com , 26 January 2010 '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Bruce ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Snickers Will Try , Try Again With a Super Bowl Ad '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` GoDaddy Goes Back to the Super Bowl -- Media Decoder Blog -- NYTimes.com '' . Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's Buying What in the Super Bowl 2010 '' . Advertising Age . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Griswolds in Hotel Hell Vacation Video ; Use HomeAway Rentals Instead of Hotels '' . Homeaway.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Foods Will Advertise Pop Secret Brand During Super Bowl '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boost Mobile Shuffle '' . Boostmobile.com . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Focus on the Family to Air ' Celebrate Family , Celebrate Life ' Super Bowl Ad with Tim Tebow '' . Superbowl-ads.com . January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CBS Urged to Scrap Super Bowl Ad With Tebow , Mom , Associated Press comcast.net , January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ Focus on the Family buys pre-game ad time for Super Bowl USAtoday.com , February 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ CBS Rejects Gay Themed Super Bowl Ad Archived March 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tracy Phillips , Fancast.com , January 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ CBS Rejects Another Super Bowl AD , Ann Murray - Lavar , Fancast.com , February 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ Stephan , Doug ( February 1 , 2010 ) CBS Rejects Another Ad Doug Stephan 's Good Day Retrieved February 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Crowley , Kieran ( March 9 , 2010 ) . Lindsay Lohan wants , 0M over E-Trade ad . New York Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lohan satisfied after settling NYC E-Trade lawsuit '' . Jump up ^ ( MARV ALBERT STEPS ASIDE AS PLAY - BY - PLAY VOICE OF MONDAY NIGHT FOOTBALL ON WESTWOOD ONE ) . Westwood One press release ( June 4 , 2010 ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV on Sirius '' . Sirius.com . Jump up ^ `` FSDB student to sign at Super Bowl '' . February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Who 's Townshend Reveals the Story Behind Big Super Bowl Set '' . Rolling Stone . February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Noam Cohen ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Super Bowl Merchandise and the Bets Behind It '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Saints ' successful onside kick to open 2nd half reverses game 's momentum '' . Jump up ^ `` Aggressive ' ambush ' boosts Saints to title '' . Jump up ^ `` Who Dat , indeed : Two nobodies play vital roles in Saints ' Super win '' . CNN . February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manning throws away bid for one final comeback '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saints win 1st NFL title by beating Colts 31 -- 17 Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ `` Records set in Super Bowl XLIV '' . The Times - Picayune . February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Every Super Bowl , Ranked '' . Slate . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Vilma banned one year '' . ESPN . 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` STLtoday.com -- Sports -- Stats , Inc '' . Stltoday.stats.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XLIV . Super Bowl XLIV : NFL Full Game on YouTube NFL. com 's official Super Bowl website Host committee website Super Bowl XLIV on IMDb Super Bowl XLIV at ESPN `` New Orleans Saints video : Super Bowl highlights from NFL Films '' . The Times - Picayune . February 24 , 2010 . Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV champions 3 John Carney 5 Garrett Hartley 6 Thomas Morstead 9 Drew Brees ( MVP ) 10 Chase Daniel 11 Mark Brunell 12 Marques Colston 13 Rod Harper 14 D'Juan Woods 15 Courtney Roby 16 Lance Moore 17 Robert Meachem 19 Devery Henderson 20 Randall Gay 21 Mike Bell 22 Tracy Porter 23 Pierre Thomas 24 Leigh Torrence 25 Reggie Bush 26 Deuce McAllister 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Usama Young 29 Glenn Sharpe 30 Lynell Hamilton 31 Pierson Prioleau 32 Jabari Greer 35 Reggie Jones 36 Kyle Eckel 37 Chip Vaughn 38 Greg Fassitt 39 Chris Reis 41 Roman Harper 42 Darren Sharper 44 Heath Evans 46 Marcus Mailei 50 Marvin Mitchell 51 Jonathan Vilma 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Mark Simoneau 54 Troy Evans 55 Scott Fujita 56 Jo - Lonn Dunbar 57 Jason Kyle 58 Scott Shanle 59 Anthony Waters 60 Nick Leckey 63 Marlon Favorite 64 Zach Strief 66 Earl Heyman 67 Jamar Nesbit 69 Anthony Hargrove 70 Jammal Brown 71 Kendrick Clancy 72 Tim Duckworth 73 Jahri Evans 74 Jermon Bushrod 75 Na'Shan Goddard 76 Jonathan Goodwin 77 Carl Nicks 78 Jon Stinchcomb 79 Jermey Parnell 80 Darnell Dinkins 82 Tyler Lorenzen 83 Billy Miller 84 Tory Humphrey 85 David Thomas 87 Adrian Arrington 88 Jeremy Shockey 89 Dan Campbell 90 DeMario Pressley 91 Will Smith 92 Remi Ayodele 93 Bobby McCray 94 Charles Grant 95 Rodney Leisle 96 Paul Spicer 97 Jeff Charleston 98 Sedrick Ellis 99 Stanley Arnoux Head coach : Sean Payton Coaches : Dennis Allen Adam Bailey Charles Byrd Pete Carmichael , Jr . Mike Cerrullo Dan Dalrymple Bret Ingalls Bill Johnson Curtis Johnson Travis Jones Aaron Kromer Joe Lombardi Terry Malone Mike Mallory Terry McMahon Tony Oden Greg McMahon Carter Sheridan Joe Vitt Blake Williams Gregg Williams Adam Zimmer New Orleans Saints Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Headquartered in Metairie , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Seasons History ( playoff history ) Players Coaches Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tulane Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Temporary home venues due to Hurricane Katrina : Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Culture Gumbo Sir Saint Who Dat ? Tom Benson Effect of Hurricane Katrina Buddy D `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lore Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal Dome Patrol Ricky Williams trade River City Relay Bountygate Minneapolis Miracle Wild card berths ( 5 ) 1990 1992 2013 Division championships ( 6 ) 1991 2000 2006 2009 2011 2017 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2009 League championships ( 1 ) 2009 ( XLIV ) Ring of Honor Andersen Manning Jackson Roaf Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 52 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Indianapolis Colts Founded in 1953 Played in Baltimore ( 1953 -- 83 ) Based and headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana Franchise History in Baltimore relocation to Indianapolis in Indianapolis Players Quarterbacks Coaches Seasons Draft First - round draft picks Ring of Honor Stadiums Memorial Stadium RCA Dome Lucas Oil Stadium Culture Carroll Rosenbloom Robert Irsay Jim Irsay 12th Man AAFC Colts Baltimore Colts Marching Band The Band That Would n't Die Blue Cheerleaders Lore The Greatest Game Ever Played Ghost to the Post 1995 AFC Championship Game Deflategate Rivalries New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 16 ) 1968 1970 1976 1977 1999 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2013 2014 Conference championships ( 7 ) 1958 1959 1964 1968 1970 2006 2009 League championships ( 4 ) 1958 1959 1970 ( V ) 2006 ( XLI ) does not include 1968 NFL championship Retired numbers 18 19 22 24 70 77 82 89 Media Broadcasters WFNI - AM Bob Lamey Jim Sorgi Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 66 ) 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold 2009 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2009 NFL Draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XLIV National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on CBS Related programs Inside the NFL The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Non-NFL programs CBS Arena Football CBS SEC ( commentators ) Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations KDKA - TV WBZ - TV WCBS - TV WFOR - TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators Commentator pairings NFL Today personalities Pro Bowl Postseason AFC Championship Game NFC Championship Game Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series Lore AFL -- NFL merger `` Bottlegate '' `` Bounty Bowl series '' `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' `` Miracle in Motown '' `` Porkchop Bowl '' 16 - 0 `` The Snow Bowl '' Tom Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal `` The Wrong Way Run '' 0 - 16 Postseason lore `` The Block '' `` The Catch '' `` The Fog Bowl '' `` The Hail Mary '' `` The Instant Replay Game '' `` The Ice Bowl '' `` Mile High Miracle '' `` Nipplegate '' `` The Tuck Rule Game '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music `` Confidence '' `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' `` Crazy on You '' `` Horizontal Hold '' `` Moviendo Caderas '' `` In My City '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Posthumus Zone '' `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 -- present ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LVI ( 2021 ) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XLIV&oldid=840845998 '' Categories : Super Bowl 2009 National Football League season 2010 in American football 2010 in American television 2010 in sports in Florida American football in Florida Indianapolis Colts postseason New Orleans Saints postseason Sports competitions in Florida February 2010 sports events February 2010 events in the United States Miami Gardens , Florida 2010s in Miami Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 15 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the saints beat in the super bowl	[ "Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida, for the fifth time (and in South Florida for the tenth time), on February 7, 2010, the latest calendar date for a Super Bowl yet." ]	[ "Indianapolis Colts" ]
8325466604367144439	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time england made the final of the world cup	[ "England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n" ]	[ "1966" ]
6759147759105126628	Drive (The Cars song)	Drive ( the Cars song ) - wikipedia Drive ( the Cars song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Drive '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by The Cars from the album Heartbeat City B - side `` Stranger Eyes '' Released July 23 , 1984 ( 1984 - 07 - 23 ) Format 7 - inch single 12 - inch vinyl mini CD Recorded Genre New wave soft rock synthpop Length 3 : 54 Label Elektra 69706 Songwriter ( s ) Ric Ocasek Producer ( s ) Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange The Cars The Cars singles chronology `` Magic '' ( 1984 ) `` Drive '' ( 1984 ) `` Hello Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Magic '' ( 1984 ) `` Drive '' ( 1984 ) `` Hello Again '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Drive '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Drive '' is a 1984 song by The Cars , the third single from the band 's Heartbeat City album released in March 1984 and their biggest international hit . Written by Ric Ocasek , the track was sung by bassist Benjamin Orr and produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange with the band . Upon its release , `` Drive '' became The Cars ' highest charting single in the United States , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart ; on the Adult Contemporary chart , the song went to No. 1 . It reached No. 5 ( No. 4 on re-entry in 1985 ) in the United Kingdom , No. 4 in West Germany , No. 6 in Canada and No. 3 ( No. 5 on re-entry in 1985 ) in Ireland . The song is associated with the July 1985 Live Aid event , where it was performed by Benjamin Orr during the Philadelphia event ; previously , the song was used as the background music to a montage of clips depicting the contemporaneous Ethiopian famine during the London event , which was introduced by English musician David Bowie . Following the concert it was re-released in the UK and peaked at No. 4 in August 1985 . Proceeds from the sales of the re-released song raised nearly £ 160,000 for the Band Aid Trust : Ocasek presented the charity 's trustee Midge Ure with a cheque for the amount while he was in London in November 1986 promoting his solo album This Side of Paradise . In a retrospective review of the single , AllMusic journalist Donald A. Guarisco praised the song for being `` a gorgeous ballad that matches heartfelt songwriting to an alluring electronic soundscape . The music reflects the lyrical tone with a lovely melody that rises and falls in a soothing yet sad fashion . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 In popular culture 6 Cover versions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by actor Timothy Hutton and features model and actress Paulina Porizkova , who would later become Ric Ocasek 's wife . The video alternates between shots of Orr sitting in a disused nightclub , facing mannequins posed at the bar as customers and bartender , and scenes that depict the breakdown of a relationship between the characters played by Ocasek and Porizkova . Ultimately left alone , the woman cries and laughs hysterically for a time before visiting the nightclub . She looks sadly in through a dirty window at the stage , where tuxedo - clad mannequins of the band members are posed with their instruments as if playing a show , and turns to walk away as the video ends . Hutton later recalled that his directing the video came about because he was living next to Elliot Roberts , the manager of The Cars . They were listening to tracks from the then - unreleased album Heartbeat City and Hutton told Roberts he was particularly impressed by the track `` Drive . '' At that time , everybody was making videos . It was the height of MTV , and when you made a record , you were also thinking about the video . I talked to Elliott about how much I liked that song `` Drive , '' and I started describing all the different ways I thought they could go with it , as far as the video . And he said , `` You know , everything you 're saying sounds really interesting . Do you mind if ... Would you be up for me passing that concept along to Ric Ocasek ? '' I said , `` Sure ! '' So he got back to me the next day and said , `` Ric and I think you should direct the video . We love your idea , your take on it . '' So that 's how that happened . And about a month later , I was in New York at the Astoria Studios over two days , filming the video . Hutton and Ric Ocasek became friends which led to the latter being cast in Made in Heaven . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Drive '' `` Stranger Eyes '' 12 '' single `` Drive '' `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' `` Stranger Eyes '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 85 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Canada ( Billboard Canada ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 41 U.S. Cash Box 29 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone In popular culture ( edit ) The song was used in a 1984 episode of the American soap opera Santa Barbara and 2013 American TV series The Carrie Diaries . The song was used in the 2007 film Transformers , playing on the radio in Sam Witwicky 's car , Bumblebee . It was also used in the series Everybody Hates Chris , in the episode `` Everybody Hates the Car `` . Singer Aimee Mann performed a cover of the song on the February 7 , 2018 episode ( entitled `` House by the Lake '' ) of The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story . Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered in 1984 by British entertainer Des O'Connor on his album Des O'Connor Now . Australian band The Paradise Motel released a cover as a single in 1999 . This was used in the 2001 Noah Taylor film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand . New Zealand band Strawpeople covered the song in 2000 , featuring the vocals of Bic Runga . The song peaked at number 7 on the New Zealand charts . In 2001 , the German rock band Scorpions covered the song on their live unplugged album Acoustica . A cover by Ziggy Marley of Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers was featured in the 2004 film 50 First Dates . In 2005 , American band Deftones recorded an exclusive cover of the song for iTunes , which was feature in the trailer for The Stepfather In 2010 , Australian actor / singer Jason Donovan recorded a cover version of `` Drive '' for his covers album Soundtrack of the 80s . The album went Top 20 in the UK in October 2010 . The song was covered by US hard rock band Sixx : A.M. on their 2014 album Modern Vintage . My Morning Jacket covered the song live in January 2015 . Britta Phillips covered the song on her album of covers Luck or Magic . Kirk Johnston recorded a licensed remake of `` Drive '' produced by Mark Younger - Smith ( Billy Idol , Charmed Life ) released as a single in 2015 . The song was also featured on the `` Full Circle '' deluxe album in 2016 . The song is available for download on iTunes , AmazonMusic and streaming on Spotify . Barrett Baber covered the song for his 2016 album , A Room Full of Fighters . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Drive by The Cars Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . May 12 , 1984 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ric Ocasek Rocks CBGB Music News '' . Rolling Stone . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY 13 1985 : Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geldolf Live Aid '' . Mojo4music.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NME . London , England : IPC Media : 4 . November 15 , 1986 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Drive - The Cars Listen , Appearances , Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video Classics : `` Drive '' -- The Cars `` . CBS . February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Timothy Hutton , from Ordinary People and Taps to a Cars video '' By Will Harris Random Roles - AV Club Mar 10 , 2015 accessed 13 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cars , The - Drive ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cars , The - Drive ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Cars -- Drive '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 41 , No. 5 '' . RPM . October 6 , 1984 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Cars Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 1984 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Cars '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Cars -- Drive '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Cars -- Drive '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Cars Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending October 6 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1984 / Top 100 Songs of 1984 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Cars -- Drive '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Drive in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna . `` American Crime Story : The Truth Behind That Surprising Musical Cameo '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ `` ' He Died with a Felafel in His Hand ( Music From The Feature Film ) ' '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kritik von Martin Mengele . `` Drive von Scorpions -- laut.de -- Song '' . Laut.de . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Various - 50 First Dates - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Donovan 's Drive cover of The Cars 's Drive '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Jason Donovan reveals how becoming a dad helped him kick cocaine habit '' . Daily Record . Glasgow , Scotland : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Jeff ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sixx : A.M. Reveal Their Cover of The Cars ' Classic ' Drive ' '' . Loudwire Network . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/my-morning-jacket/2015/hard-rock-hotel-riviera-maya-mexico-3cacd07.html Jump up ^ Roberts , Christopher ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Watch : Britta Phillips ( of Luna and Dean & Britta ) - `` Drive '' Video ( The Cars Cover ) Luck or Magic Due Out April 29 via Double Feature Records `` . Under the Radar . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Cars Ric Ocasek Elliot Easton Greg Hawkes David Robinson Benjamin Orr Studio albums The Cars Candy - O Panorama Shake It Up Heartbeat City Door to Door Move Like This Compilations Greatest Hits Just What I Needed : The Cars Anthology Shake It Up & Other Hits Complete Greatest Hits The Essentials Classic Tracks The Elektra Years 1978 -- 1987 Moving In Stereo : The Best of the Cars Singles `` Just What I Needed '' `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' `` Good Times Roll '' `` Let 's Go '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Double Life '' `` Touch and Go '' `` Do n't Tell Me No '' `` Gimme Some Slack '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Since You 're Gone '' `` Victim of Love '' `` Think It Over '' ( UK only ) `` You Might Think '' `` Magic '' `` Drive '' `` Hello Again '' `` Why Ca n't I Have You '' `` Heartbeat City '' ( UK only ) `` Tonight She Comes '' `` I 'm Not the One '' `` You Are the Girl '' `` Strap Me In '' `` Coming Up You '' `` Sad Song '' Other songs `` I 'm in Touch with Your World '' `` Do n't Cha Stop '' `` You 're All I 've Got Tonight '' `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Moving in Stereo '' `` All Mixed Up '' `` Candy - O '' `` Night Spots '' `` Dangerous Type '' `` Panorama '' `` Cruiser '' `` Blue Tip '' Concert tours North American Tour Spring 2011 Related articles Discography Substitution Mass Confusion : A Tribute to The Cars The New Cars Todd Rundgren Kasim Sulton Atom Ellis Prairie Prince It 's Alive ! Utopia Bic Runga Bic Runga discography New Zealand Music Awards Studio albums Drive ( 1997 ) Beautiful Collision ( 2002 ) Birds ( 2005 ) Belle ( 2011 ) Close Your Eyes ( 2016 ) Live albums Together in Concert : Live ( 2000 ) Live in Concert with the Christchurch Symphony ( 2003 ) Compilation albums Try to Remember Everything ( 2008 ) Anthology ( 2012 ) Extended plays Drive ( 1995 ) Singles `` Bursting Through '' `` Sway '' `` Suddenly Strange '' `` Roll into One '' `` Hey '' `` Good Morning Baby '' `` Sorry '' `` Drive '' `` Get Some Sleep '' `` Something Good '' `` Listening for the Weather '' `` Winning Arrow '' `` That 's Alright '' `` Say After Me '' `` Hello Hello '' `` Close Your Eyes '' Related articles Sony Music New Zealand New Zealand Music Awards APRA Silver Scroll ( 1996 ) APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time ( 2001 ) New Zealand Order of Merit ( 2006 ) New Zealand Music Hall of Fame ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_(The_Cars_song)&oldid=828283539 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles 1985 singles 1980s ballads The Cars songs Bic Runga songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs about automobiles RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Ric Ocasek Elektra Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 17 : 23 . About Wikipedia	what movie has the song drive by the cars	[ "The song was used in the 2007 film Transformers, playing on the radio in Sam Witwicky's car, Bumblebee." ]	[ "Transformers" ]
7611397004320075787	Burn Notice (season 4)	Burn Notice ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Burn Notice ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Burn Notice ( season 4 ) DVD cover art Country of origin United States No. of episodes 18 Release Original network USA Network Original release June 3 -- December 16 , 2010 Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Burn Notice episodes The fourth season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 3 , 2010 on the cable television channel USA Network . Coby Bell joined the main cast as Jesse Porter , a counter-intelligence agent Michael unwittingly burns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 References Season overview ( edit ) As the fourth season opens , Michael sits alone in a well furnished room , where he meets his new handler , Vaughn ( Robert Wisdom ) . Vaughn attempts to lure Michael into the organization by attempting to befriend him , and tells Michael the organization is now on the hunt for a terrorist mastermind . Michael agrees to work with Vaughn on the condition Vaughn does not interfere or question his methods . Vaughn agrees , but as they begin their search , Michael is duped into burning another domestic spy , a counter-intelligence agent named Jesse Porter ( Coby Bell ) . Jesse , unaware of who burned him , seeks out Michael for assistance . Michael brings Jesse into his team in an effort to restore Jesse to his previous position , but soon learns Jesse plans to kill whoever burned him . The trail of the terrorist mastermind leads back to Simon ( Garret Dillahunt ) , who informs Michael that a powerful international telecommunications businessman , John Barrett ( Robert Patrick ) , has what Michael needs to dismantle the organization . Simon gives Michael a tape proving Vaughn helped burn him , and a Bible that can be used to decode an as yet unknown document . Using the Bible as bait , Michael lures Barrett to Miami to discuss what it decodes . At the same time Barrett arrives in Miami , Jesse learns it was Michael who burned him . Michael goes ahead with the meeting , unsure of Jesse 's willingness to come to his aid . In the mid-season finale , Barrett reveals that the Bible decodes a Non-official cover ( NOC ) list naming the members of the organization . Vaughn , however , spoils Michael 's plan by showing up with guns blazing at the meeting . Thanks to some timely but painful assistance from Jesse ( shooting Michael through the shoulder to free him from a chokehold ) , Michael and Barrett flee the scene and crash , and Michael is seen bleeding out as someone wearing military boots takes the briefcase containing the Bible . Barrett is killed in the crash . As it turns out , Fiona and Sam had determined that the mystery man was one of Barrett 's men named Sweeney . Apparently , Sweeney had a hidden agenda and attempted to use an outside source to decode the bible . However , Jesse and Michael find Sweeney dead and Sweeney 's partner / killer on the run . The four track him through to the Dominican Republic and take back the list , which is stored on a thumb drive and already decoded by Sweeney 's partner . Afterward , they ponder the possibilities on how to properly flush out those whose names are in the bible . After much consideration , Michael decides to hand the list to Marv ( Richard Kind ) , Jesse 's old handler whom Jesse trusts fully . Despite much difficulty in convincing Marv , they finally meet to hand over the list , but the plan unravels when Michael 's old nemesis Tyler Brennen ( Jay Karnes ) hears of the transaction , and holds Marv 's wife hostage . The meet ends with Brennen in possession of the list and Marv dead . Threatening to send Vaughn the audio recordings of Michael 's conversations with Marv , Brennen blackmails Michael into identifying and killing people on the list , hiring Larry Sizemore ( Tim Matheson ) to assist and monitor Michael . Instead , after Michael learns the location of the list , Larry double - crosses and kills Brennen in hopes of retrieving the list himself . But Larry finds that Fiona , Sam and Jesse had already recovered it , and he is forced to wait for the police to arrest him after Sam trains a laser - sighted rifle at him . After Vaughn learns of Michael 's betrayal and possession of the list , he mobilizes a large force to kill Michael and retrieve it . He uses the organization 's `` bought off '' agents in government and law enforcement to deny Michael , Fiona and Jesse any help . While this is going on , Sam and Madeline contact a United States Congressman ( John Doman ) , whom they had met in a previous episode , for help . While he is initially skeptical , given their history , he is eventually convinced and sends a military team to save Michael and Fiona . The season ends with Michael being whisked away to Washington , D.C. to meet a man identified as Raines ( Dylan Baker ) , who tells him , `` Welcome back . '' Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jeffrey Donovan as Michael Westen Gabrielle Anwar as Fiona Glenanne Coby Bell as Jesse Porter Bruce Campbell as Sam Axe Sharon Gless as Madeline Westen Recurring ( edit ) Robert Wisdom as Vaughn Anderson Richard Kind as Marvin `` Marv '' Peterson Navi Rawat as Kendra Paul Tei as Barry Burkowski Marc Macaulay as Agent Harris Brandon Morris as Agent Lane Jay Karnes as Tyler Brennen John Doman as Bill Cowley Robert Patrick as John Barrett Danny Pino as Adam Scott Tommy Groth as Rudy Arturo Rossi as Sugar Garret Dillahunt as Simon Escher Callie Thorne as Natalie Rice Seth Peterson as Nate Westen Adam Clark as Tony Soto Tim Matheson as `` Dead '' Larry Sizemore Dylan Baker as Raines Main article : List of Burn Notice characters The main cast from the previous three seasons returned , with one addition . Jeffrey Donovan returned as Michael Westen , Gabrielle Anwar as Fiona Glenanne , Bruce Campbell as Sam Axe , and Sharon Gless as Madeline Westen . Coby Bell joined the cast as a counter-intelligence expert , Jesse Porter , whom Michael unwittingly burns . Like the first three seasons , the fourth included several recurring guests . Robert Wisdom made several appearances as Vaughn , Michael 's point of contact with Management . Garret Dillahunt returned as Simon Escher , the man who committed the crimes used to burn Michael . Navi Rawat portrayed Kendra , an assassin . Seth Peterson reprised his role as Michael 's brother , Nate , while Paul Tei returned as money - launderer Barry Burkowski . Arturo Fernandez returned for one episode as Sugar , Michael 's former neighbor and a drug dealer . Marc Macaulay and Brandon Morris returned for multiple appearances as Agents Harris and Lane . The character of John Barrett , played by Robert Patrick , was introduced as a part of the conspiracy behind Michael 's burn . Tim Matheson and Jay Karnes returned , in the same episode , as villains `` Dead '' Larry Sizemore and Tyler Brennen . Richard Kind guest starred in three episodes as Marv , Jesse 's old handler . John Doman appeared as Congressman Bill Cowley in two episodes . Other notable one - time guests included Adam Clark , Alan Dale , Benito Martinez , Burt Reynolds , Michael Rooker , Callie Thorne , and Frank Whaley . Dylan Baker can be seen in the last few moments of the final episode as Raines , the man who welcomes Michael back into the agency . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Burn Notice episodes In the following table , `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the day of original broadcast . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Friends and Enemies '' Tim Matheson Matt Nix June 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 03 ) BN401 6.62 Despite reservations about helping the people who burned him , Michael makes a deal with his new friend , Vaughn , to take down the war - mongers behind Simon 's release , as long as he can do it his way . After returning to his relieved family and friends , Michael finds Sam and Fi in dire need of his help to protect a lawyer from his client 's ex-boyfriend , who is a key member of a dangerous biker gang . Though slightly disappointed his team soldiered on without him , Michael steps in to give the gang 's hardened leader the impression that letting the lawyer live is in the organization 's best interests , even if the ex-boyfriend disagrees . In his first official mission for Vaughn , Michael follows a lead on a key member of the group that freed Simon , but he is displeased to find that in doing so he has burned a counter-intelligence agent named Jesse Porter . 46 `` Fast Friends '' Dennie Gordon Rashad Raisani June 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) BN402 5.67 As part of his investigation for Vaughn , and having determined not to see a fellow spy marginalized like he was , a conflicted Michael formally meets Jesse Porter , who , in his own attempt to find whoever burned him , has run into trouble with a Chinese drug dealer who believes Jesse stole money from him . With the dealer under government protection , and Jesse keen on being part of the action , the challenge for Michael and the team is to get the drug runners out of Jesse 's hair while keeping him alive , which eventually requires making the boss believe the theft was an inside job . Now that Jesse is part of the team , Michael is forced into high gear to balance his work for a pressing Vaughn with the reality that the person Jesse wants to kill is now right under his nose . 47 `` Made Man '' Jeffrey Donovan Alfredo Barrios , Jr . June 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 17 ) BN403 5.31 While helping Jesse continue tracking leads from his work at the intelligence office , Michael and the team discover that vicious mobsters , who have connections in New York , are using the local port for racketeering . When Michael 's cover is blown on the first pass at the local boss , Sam takes the lead increasing the pressure the man is already under and pushes him into doing something that will discredit him for good . Back on the investigation front , Michael and Jesse follow a lead on illegal arms shipments that points the team to the Bahamas while Maddie , in getting to know Jesse , figures out who burned him and confronts Michael about it , warning him that `` lies get out . '' 48 `` Breach of Faith '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Ben Watkins June 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) BN404 5.33 As a favor for helping out with the tip Fi and Jesse brought back from the Bahamas , Sam asks Michael to give him a hand with one of his military charities , which is in danger of being shut down after one of the owners lost all the organization 's money in a scam . The guy tries taking matters into his own hands but just makes things worse and creates a standoff with the police , so Michael and Sam make every effort to get the money back for the charity and ensure the scam artist is the only one who gets caught . When Michael and Jesse go to look for more clues from their dead gun runner , they come up empty until they find his dangerous neighbor , Kendra ( Navi Rawat trying to make off with a critical piece of evidence . 49 5 `` Neighborhood Watch '' Kevin Bray Michael Horowitz July 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) BN405 5.21 A friend of Maddie 's asks Michael to help her boyfriend , a determined charitable doctor who is being threatened by vicious drug dealers terrorizing his neighborhood . With Michael focused on getting hold of Kendra , the professional killer who almost escaped with their tape , so he can question her , the rest of the team climbs the ladder to the top of the drug - dealing operation , which is led by a psycho who is indebted to a Mexican cartel . To keep him from shutting down the clinic , Michael and the team decide to let the doctor stand up to his bully while they provide the backing to see it through . Meanwhile , Michael 's game of cat - and - mouse with Kendra moves to the next stage when he 's able to knock her out during their exchange and capture her for interrogation . 50 6 `` Entry Point '' Jeffrey Hunt Craig O'Neill July 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) BN406 5.65 Michael and Fi get a referral from a forger who recently did some work for an elusive international antiquities thief with a penchant for explosions and discover that the target is a valuable sword . They manage to convince the sword 's owner that the theft is an inside job , but it turns out the real culprit was the man 's own secretary . Simultaneously , Jesse interrogates the captured assassin , Kendra , to find out who hired her ; but she refuses to answer his questions , and offers instead to pay him to let her go . The team tries to trace the money to her employers and hits a dead end , so they make her believe she 's been betrayed . She then directs them to a safety deposit box in Miami . 51 7 `` Past & Future Tense '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Jason Tracey July 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 22 ) BN407 5.87 After a brief meeting with Jesse 's old boss Marv to see if he 'll help with their investigation , Michael spies a Russian wetworks team and follows them to an aging spy ( Guest Star : Burt Reynolds ) , who made a lot of enemies on both sides of the Cold War . To save his life , Michael has to help him outrun the Russians while also getting in touch with a high - ranking Congressman , intending to blackmail to protect the old man , only to have him call their bluff . With the Russians tracking them , it 's a simple task to set a trap for them and use their capture as leverage to force the congressman 's hand . Fi and Jesse , however , continue to press Marv , who finds the safety deposit box as well as evidence that would point Jesse to Michael 's role in losing his job ; even though Fi destroys it , she protests keeping the secret and accuses Michael of caring more about his mission than the people who always support him . 52 8 `` Where There 's Smoke '' Kevin Bray Lisa Joy July 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 29 ) BN408 5.38 Sam and Fi go undercover for a black tie party to protect a valuable new piece of technology only to discover that it 's the creator 's wife the criminals are after , and Fi is taken with her . Although Fi does what she can to get both of them out alive , she 's left to fend for herself when the other woman 's husband pays his part of the ransom , putting Michael and the guys into a race against a short clock to find his wife and save her . Then , after scouting the security at the bank with the safety deposit box , Michael and Jesse make a quick heist to empty its contents : a family Bible that functions as a cipher , made by Simon . 53 9 `` Center of the Storm '' Colin Bucksey Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis August 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 05 ) BN409 5.69 The FBI asks Michael to do them a favor by tracking down a key witness in a murder trial , a good guy who ran for his life and disappeared after the criminals he 's testifying against sent an assassin to kill him right before a hurricane . Thinking it will be the best way to find the guy , Michael goes looking for the assassin and gets dragged into working with him as a rival assassin , while he and the team get creative to pass updates to each other on locating the witness . Michael loses his cover when the real rival assassin shows up , so he appeals to his captor 's better nature to get everyone out alive . Also , with the Bible in hand , and trying to stay in control of the investigation , a miniature fight breaks out between Michael and Vaughn over whether he should let Michael meet with Simon , a fight he wins by using his FBI friends to force Vaughn 's hand . 54 10 `` Hard Time '' Dennie Gordon Alfredo Barrios , Jr . August 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 12 ) BN410 5.57 With freedom in sight , an imprisoned friend of Sam 's is on the hit list of a dangerous prison gang after turning down an illegal request from a high - ranking member , so Michael steps in to protect him behind bars . After fending off an initial attack , Michael calls on his team to orchestrate a breakout during an arranged prison riot then swaps the gang member for Sam 's friend at the last minute after he 's unable to make the escape , bringing more closure than expected . Meanwhile , after his first meeting with Simon leads him to a buried coffin with important evidence , Michael discovers Vaughn was key in having him burned . In a follow - up with Simon , he then agrees to help him bring down Vaughn and his organization by starting with a businessman named John Barrett , even though he tells Vaughn otherwise . 55 11 `` Blind Spot '' Michael Smith Michael Horowitz August 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 19 ) BN411 5.50 Fiona and Sam team up to go after a con man who uses his charm to target emotionally vulnerable women for their money . They try to wear him down enough that he will hand over his bank information so they can get the money back , but he and his associates are much more resilient than anticipated , so they bring in Michael to make it clear he has no choice except to hand over the money and run . Meanwhile , Michael and Jesse try to convince Barrett to come to Miami to make a deal for the Bible , and they 're successful ; however , with Maddie now on the list of people unhappy with Jesse 's situation , he finds proof that Michael burned him and makes it clear that some kind of judgment is coming . 56 12 `` Guilty as Charged '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Matt Nix August 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 26 ) BN412 6.29 With Jesse in the wind looking for him , Michael works with a big - shot criminal defense attorney to save his daughter after a murderer he 's representing threatens her life as a hedge against an upcoming verdict . An attempt at a stealth rescue is stopped by her kidnappers before it starts , so the team must instead create a situation that gives them enough time to secure her safe return while also not freeing a guilty man . As for Jesse , Michael tries to plead his case and persuade Jesse to back him up at the meeting he set up with Barrett , to no avail ; the meeting does n't go any better , as Vaughn shows up despite promising he 'd stay away . In the ensuing chaos , Barrett escapes with Michael , who was seriously injured by Jesse in an effort to protect him , but , despite a last - ditch move to get rid of Barrett , Michael ends up left for dead in the street after an unseen person takes off with both the Bible and the list it decodes . 57 13 `` Eyes Open '' Dennie Gordon Jason Tracey November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) BN413 4.32 Directly following the events of the previous episode , Michael wakes up in the hospital and sees that the lawyer he helped has now arranged a bombing in retaliation against the people who kidnapped his daughter . Defying doctors ' orders to rest , and determined not to see more innocent people hurt in a petty war , Michael finds the fanatical bomber and works an angle to stop him , only to have his insanity get in the way of resolution . To bring that about , and save countless lives , they use one of his bombs to locate him and get the addresses of the other bombs before the one he 's holding goes off . Meanwhile , with the heat on Barrett 's company , Vaughn departs Miami , leaving Michael and his team to go after the NOC list . With Jesse on board to help , despite great reservation , they follow the list as it changes hands and ends up with a cryptologist who knows how dangerous it is . 58 14 `` Hot Property '' Jonathan Frakes Rashad Raisani November 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) BN414 3.50 Fi and Jesse take the case of a man who claims his sister has been kidnapped by her abusive boyfriend , a corrupt Venezuelan diplomat , but they and Michael discover that he 's only being used by the thief who stole Barry 's ledger ( Episode 3.8 : `` Friends Like These '' ) as she attempts to avoid jail by retrieving a powerful chemical weapon she stole for Venezuelan rebels . Painted into a corner by the circumstances , they team up with her in a bid to flush the weapon out and get it back in a pre-dawn attack on the well - defended storage location . After the thief escapes yet again , with the weapon , Michael and the team manage to manufacture a fake that leads them to her own exchange , giving them the opportunity to get her out of the stealing game for good . Also , while working to rebuild trust , Michael and Jesse discover that the cryptologist is selling the list , so they contact a hesitant Marv and convince him to help them crash the auction . 59 15 `` Brotherly Love '' Terry Miller Ben Watkins December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) BN415 3.70 Having sent Sam and Jesse to the Dominican Republic for the list , Michael and Fi help his brother , anxiously expectant father Nate , and his friends , two brothers who run a garage that has lost a car filled with drugs belonging to a drug kingpin . Since the car was stolen by professionals , Michael brings back an old cover ( see : Episode 2.11 , `` Hot Spot '' ) to find the thief , but discovers that it was the kingpin 's right - hand man who arranged the whole deal and took the drugs . Nate and Fi find the car and steal it back to keep him from pinning everything on the brothers , then sneak it in to his own backyard to make sure he gets the blame . Down in the Caribbean , Sam and Jesse have been working out a plan to steal the list , which is moving around the clock , before the auction . Michael and Fi join them to ambush the runner , then they all return to Miami to decide who they will trust to bring everyone on the list to justice . 60 16 `` Dead or Alive '' Peter Markle Lisa Joy December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) BN416 4.34 A cop friend of Sam 's , who 's suspected of being dirty , has disappeared , so Michael and the team jump into action to find him , only to learn that his partner is the dirty one and had him killed to cover up his crimes . To clear a good man 's name , Michael and the team go to great lengths to make sure his partner is caught with stolen drugs , a tough task considering how self - protective he is . Meanwhile , Michael decides to give the list to Marv , who does n't quite trust him , in hopes that it will help him and Jesse get their old jobs back , as Fi and Maddie worry about Michael disappearing again . Things go wrong , though , at the hand - off , as Marv is killed after being forced to hand over the list to one of Michael 's biggest enemies : Tyler Brennen . 61 17 `` Out of the Fire '' Marc Roskin Craig O'Neill December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) BN417 4.77 Now that he has all the cards , Brennen gives Michael a choice : kill the people on the list with help and supervision from his psychotic former mentor Larry , or face Vaughn 's wrath after he receives a tape , whose delivery only Brennen can prevent , of Michael 's meeting about it with Marv . Though he feels a bit guilty lying about his friend 's death to the guy 's family and the authorities , a grieving Jesse joins the rest of the team as they help Michael get the list back and put an end to Brennen 's plan , only to have Larry take control by killing the first target and Brennen to get Michael all to himself . Michael 's team steals the vault with the list and set Larry up for the police so Michael can escape his grip , but Brennen 's death means the gang are staring down the barrel of an all - out war with Vaughn . 62 18 `` Last Stand '' Stephen Surjik Matt Nix December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) BN418 5.11 Fully on Vaughn 's bad side , Michael and the team aim to secure the NOC list from him so they can get it to someone in the government reliable enough to bring the organization down , and they settle on Congressman Cowley ( from 4.7 , `` Past and Future Tense '' ) . With Sam and Maddie working on the skeptical congressman , everyone else does their best to get the list to safety before they have to cut their plans short and outrun Vaughn 's men into an abandoned hotel where they 're quickly besieged . Vaughn plays every card he has to press Michael into giving him the list , from a wounded team member to even taking Maddie hostage after Sam encourages her to leave town , so Michael and Fi decide to make a last stand against Vaughn while Jesse takes the list . Just in time , Sam arrives with U.S. Army troops deployed by the congressman , ending the threat from Vaughn and his organization . As the wounded are tended to , Michael is ushered away for questioning by men in suits and ends up in D.C. , where a man he recognizes offers cryptic congratulations as they walk into a government building . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Scoop : ' Burn Notice ' recruits ' Game ' star Coby Bell Ausiello EW.com '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 2010 - 03 - 17 ) . `` ' Burn Notice ' exclusive : ' Supernatural ' baddie spies major arc Ausiello EW.com '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ MattNixTV . `` Matt Nix ( MattNixTV ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice & Royal Pains Premieres Top The Night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice & Royal Pains Down vs. Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice & Royal Pains Down Slightly ; Real Housewives , Bethanny & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Futurama Returns Strong ; Plus Burn Notice , Royal Pains , NBA Draft & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : USA 's Royal Pains & Burn Notice lead Thursday cable pack ; Bethenny lags Futurama '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice On Top , Futurama Up ; Bethenny Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice On Top , Futurama Slips ; Bethenny Stable '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jersey Shore on Top + Burn Notice , Futurama , Project Runway & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jersey Shore on Top + Project Runway , Futurama , Stan Lee 's Superhumans & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jersey Shore Sets New Highs ; Burn Notice & Royal Pains Down , But Mostly Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Project Runaway Up ; Futurama , Real Housewives of DC Fall + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jersey Shore , Burn Notice , Royal Pains Still On Top , Futurama Rises & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Burn Notice ' Premiere ; It 's Always Sunny , Real Housewives , Heat / Celtics , Ravens / Falcons & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Bears - Dolphins Wins Night ; ' Burn Notice ' Slips ; It 's Always Sunny , Real Housewives & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Heat / Cavaliers Tops Eagles / Texans ; Plus ' Burn Notice , ' ' Always Sunny , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Colts / Titans Tops ; ' Burn Notice ' Rebounds ; ' Real Housewives , ' ' Always Sunny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : 49ers / Chargers Tops ; ' Burn Notice ' Goes Out on High Note ; ' Real Housewives , ' ' Always Sunny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . ( hide ) Burn Notice Seasons `` Pilot '' Burn Notice : The Fall of Sam Axe 5 6 7 Characters Michael Westen Fiona Glenanne Sam Axe Madeline Westen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burn_Notice_(season_4)&oldid=792749132 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Íslenska Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episode does jesse come in on burn notice	[]	[]
-7826614367515635988	Saving Private Ryan (soundtrack)	Saving Private Ryan ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Saving Private Ryan ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Saving Private Ryan : Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Williams Released July 21 , 1998 Recorded Symphony Hall , Boston , Massachusetts Genre Soundtrack Length 64 : 13 Label DreamWorks Producer John Williams John Williams chronology Amistad ( 1997 ) Amistad 1997 Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Stepmom 1998 Saving Private Ryan : Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan , directed by Steven Spielberg . The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records . Recorded in Symphony Hall , Boston , Massachusetts , the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra , with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus . The soundtrack runs for almost an hour , while the film itself lasts over two hours . Throughout the compositions , brass , string , and horn instruments were used to evoke a variety of emotions and tones . The soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics , but was still nominated for several major awards , of which it won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . Soundtrack opener `` Hymn to the Fallen '' received some radio play , in particular on the United States holidays Veterans Day and Memorial Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Credits 5 Release history 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Steven Spielberg and John Williams had worked together on fifteen films before Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) . The score was recorded at Symphony Hall in Boston , Massachusetts with the assistance of the Boston Symphony Orchestra . After having recorded the re-edited version Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) and some Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) at Symphony Hall previously , this was the third time Spielberg and Williams worked on a soundtrack at this location . Spielberg chose Symphony Hall as the site for the recording because the hall gives `` rich , warm sound off the walls and ceiling '' and allows you to `` hear the air , '' which some soundstages do not allow you to do . Spielberg stated he chose to work with the Boston Symphony Orchestra because the film deals with a `` company of soldiers '' and the orchestra was an `` experienced company of musicians . '' Over the course of a three - day period in February 1998 , the score for the film was recorded at a rate of around $100,000 an hour . Spielberg and Williams both watched a rough cut of the film to determine what scenes would have music . The two decided to leave music out of the fighting sequences , in favor of playing it over long sequences of eight to nine minutes that lack action . The playing of music between fighting sequences gives a moment of reflection for what happened . Tom Hanks came to a portion of the recording session and read the Bixby letter -- which appears in the movie -- to the orchestra at the behest of Williams . This caused the musicians to shuffle their feet in appreciation . Williams chose to use different families and types of instruments to convey and evoke certain tones within the score . String instruments were chosen to provide a warm sound , brass instruments were utilized for `` solemn '' sections of the pieces , and horn instruments were used to give off a pensive tone . Military drums were used largely in the piece entitled `` Hymn to the Fallen . '' The Tanglewood Festival Chorus provided a vocal chorus for `` Hymn to the Fallen '' that served as a memory to those who have fallen in combat . `` Hymn to the Fallen '' and its reprise are the only two tracks that feature any sort of vocals and bookend the album . Spielberg chose to place `` Hymn to the Fallen '' on the closing credits because it will `` stand the test of time and honor forever the fallen of this war and possibly all wars '' and felt it showed Williams ' `` sensitivity and brilliance . '' The album was released on July 21 , 1998 . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic SoundtrackNet Author Emilio Audissino felt that the music offered no `` perspective '' like Williams ' scores normally do , but were instead rooted in emotion . Classic FM believed that despite the restrictions placed on Williams , he still managed to create a `` moving theme . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic agreed , stating Williams added `` sentiment wherever he could nonetheless . '' Hillel Italie of the Associated Press found the soundtrack to be `` bland '' and `` out of place . '' Richard Harrington of The Washington Post found the soundtrack created by Williams to be `` quietly heroic , full of survivalist determination and pragmatic melancholy . '' In regard to all of Williams ' soundtracks for Spielberg films , Harrington believed that this soundtrack was the most `` subtle . '' Calgary Herald writers felt Williams ' created a `` reflective score '' that `` is sensitive without sensationalizing the subject . '' The Sun 's Ian Black compared the music for Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) with that of Saving Private Ryan stating that it was `` nowhere close '' to the latter . Barbera Vancheri of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that `` John Williams ' symphonic score soars in the background like church music . '' Edmonton Journal writer Ted Shaw found the `` meditative quality '' of Williams ' score to be a surprise when compared to the intensity of the fighting sequences . He added that the music was an `` elevating '' component of the film . Thomas Doherty also noted that the music `` lacks the bombast of the incoming shells , '' stating that it was `` quietly martial '' with its use of trumpets and mild percussion . In addition to the film itself , the soundtrack received several nominations for various awards . The score won the Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . In addition , the score was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Dramatic Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music , but failed to win the awards . In 2003 , the Cleveland Institute of Music published a list of uplifting classical music pieces that featured `` Hymn to the Fallen '' and `` Omaha Beach . '' Within the United States , `` Hymn to the Fallen '' received minor radio airplay on Veterans Day and Memorial Day . Classic FM voted the soundtrack to its `` Movie Music Hall of Fame '' that consists of the top 100 movie soundtracks chosen by fan votes . The soundtrack placed sixteenth on the list , two places lower than the previous year . Portions of the score were used in the `` No Casino Gettysburg '' videos that were created in opposition of building a casino on the grounds of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania where the Battle of Gettysburg was fought . Track listing ( edit ) 5 : 56 No . Title Length 1 . `` Hymn to the Fallen '' 6 : 10 2 . `` Revisiting Normandy '' 4 : 06 3 . `` Omaha Beach '' 9 : 15 4 . `` Finding Private Ryan '' 4 : 37 5 . `` Approaching the Enemy '' 4 : 31 6 . `` Defense Preparations '' 5 : 54 7 . `` Wade 's Death '' 4 : 30 8 . `` High School Teacher '' 11 : 03 9 . `` The Last Battle '' 7 : 57 10 . `` Hymn to the Fallen ( Reprise ) '' 6 : 10 Total length : 64 : 13 Credits ( edit ) Orchestra , performer , and primary artist : Boston Symphony Orchestra Scoring consultant : Sandy De Crescent Photography : David James Music preparation : JoAnn Kane Trumpet : Tim Morrison Design : Terry Roberston Engineer : Shawn Murphy Horn : Richard `` Gus '' Sebring Choir / Chorus , performer , and primary artist : Tanglewood Festival Chorus Editing : Ken Wannberg Composer , conductor , primary artist , and producer : John Williams Source : Release history ( edit ) List of release dates , formats , label , editions and reference Date Format ( s ) Label ( s ) Ref ( s ) July 21 , 1998 CD DreamWorks Records 2014 Digital download Dreamworks SKG References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dan Goldwasser ( September 21 , 1998 ) . `` Saving Private Ryan Soundtrack ( 1998 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Autotelics , LLC . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Harrington ( September 6 , 1998 ) . `` Summertime , and the Movies Spawn CDs '' . The Washington Post . p . G04 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Greene ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` John Williams and Steven Spielberg : The Critics Speak , Not Always Kindly '' . Indiewire . SnagFilms , Inc . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Williams : Saving Private Ryan '' . Classic FM . Global Limited . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Audissino 2014 , p. 217 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Dyer ( February 24 , 1998 ) . `` Sound of Spielberg at Work Again , He and John Williams Exult in Their Admiring Duet of 25 Years '' . Boston Globe . Boston , Massachusetts . p . C1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Brian Hunt ( March 20 , 1999 ) . `` Movie Muzak : Can a Soundtrack Succeed as a Work of Art ? '' . National Post . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Saving Private Ryan - John Williams '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillel Italie ( July 23 , 1998 ) . `` Something missing in ' Saving Private Ryan ' '' . The Daily News . Associated Press . p. 2 - B. Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howard Cohen ; Dan Deluca ; Nick Cristiano ( August 13 , 1998 ) . `` CD Reviews '' . Calgary Herald . p . HL10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian Black ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` ' Flags of our Fathers ' falls short '' . The Sun . p. 10 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbara Vancheri ( August 4 , 1998 ) . `` Debate swirls over taking youths to ' Private ' Ryan '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . E-6 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ted Shaw ( August 8 , 1998 ) . `` Williams does Ryan soundtrack '' . Edmonton Journal . p . C4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thomas Doherty ( December 1998 ) . `` Saving Private Ryan '' . Cineaste . New York , NY . XXIV ( 1 ) : 68 -- 71 . ISSN 0009 - 7004 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shakespeare ' , ' Truman Show ' top Globe nominees '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . December 18 , 1998 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams '' . The GRAMMYs . The Recording Academy . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Private Ryan ( John Williams ) ( 1998 ) '' . Filmtracks . Filmtracks Publications . March 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uplifting music pieces make up listening guide '' . The Victoria Advocate . March 6 , 2002 . p. 6 - C. Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remember Them '' . The Chatfield News . November 8 , 2005 . p. 9 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime shows some smart films still get made '' . Lawrence Journal - World . May 29 , 1999 . p. 5D . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Davis ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' voted the nation 's favourite film score for sixth year in a row '' . Classic FM . Global Limited . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` 10 best film soundtracks of all - time according to Classic FM , including Lord of the Rings , Star Wars and Harry Potter '' . The Independent . Independent Digital News and Media Limited . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Farmer ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Films and video games storm classical music hall of fame '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Music Chart '' . Classic FM . Global Limited . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Private Ryan ( includes Hymn to the Fallen ) '' . Classic FM . Global Limited . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Casino Gettysburg Releases New Celebrity Interviews with Music from Saving Private Ryan '' . PR Newswire . Infotrac Newsstand . December 6 , 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Saving Private Ryan - John Williams '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saving Private Ryan ( Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by John Williams on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . United States : Apple Inc . ^ Jump up to : `` Saving Private Ryan - John Williams - Releases '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Audissino , Emilio ( 2014 ) . John Williams 's film music : Jaws , Star Wars , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the return of the classical Hollywood music style . Madison , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 29733 - 6 . ( hide ) John Williams Discography List of compositions Soundtracks Jaws ( 1975 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) JFK ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Patriot ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Compilations John Williams Greatest Hits 1969 -- 1999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saving_Private_Ryan_(soundtrack)&oldid=800082032 '' Categories : 1998 soundtracks DreamWorks Records soundtracks Film soundtracks John Williams soundtracks Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who composed the music for saving private ryan	[ "Saving Private Ryan: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 1998 film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg. The album was produced by composer John Williams and distributed by DreamWorks Records. Recorded in Symphony Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, the scores were performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra, with two of the ten compositions featuring vocals from the Tanglewood Festival Chorus. The soundtrack runs for almost an hour, while the film itself lasts over two hours." ]	[ "John Williams" ]
2160830507531350282	A Visit from St. Nicholas	A Visit from St. Nicholas - wikipedia A Visit from St. Nicholas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Night Before Christmas '' and `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Night Before Christmas ( disambiguation ) and ' Twas the Night Before Christmas ( disambiguation ) . ' Twas the night before Christmas , when all thro ' the house Not a creature was stirring , not even a mouse ; The stockings were hung by the chimney with care , In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there ; The children were nestled all snug in their beds , While visions of sugar plums danced in their heads And Mama in her ' kerchief , and I in my cap , Had just settled our brains for a long winter 's nap‍ -- ‌ When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter , I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter . Away to the window I flew like a flash , Tore open the shutters , and threw up the sash . The moon on the breast of the new fallen snow , Gave the luster of mid-day to objects below ; When , what to my wondering eyes should appear , But a miniature sleigh , and eight tiny reindeer , With a little old driver , so lively and quick , I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick . More rapid than eagles his coursers they came , And he whistled , and shouted , and call 'd them by name : `` Now ! Dasher , now ! Dancer , now ! Prancer and Vixen , `` On ! Comet , on ! Cupid , on ! Dunder and Blixem ; `` To the top of the porch ! To the top of the wall ! `` Now dash away ! Dash away ! Dash away all ! '' As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly , When they meet with an obstacle , mount to the sky ; So up to the house - top the coursers they flew , With the sleigh full of toys‍ -- ‌and St. Nicholas too : And then in a twinkling , I heard on the roof The prancing and pawing of each little hoof . As I drew in my head , and was turning around , Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound : He was dress 'd all in fur , from his head to his foot , And his clothes were all tarnish 'd with ashes and soot ; A bundle of toys was flung on his back , And he look 'd like a peddler just opening his pack : His eyes‍ -- ‌how they twinkled ! His dimples : how merry , His cheeks were like roses , his nose like a cherry ; His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow , And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow ; The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth , And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath . He had a broad face , and a little round belly That shook when he laugh 'd , like a bowl full of jelly : He was chubby and plump , a right jolly old elf , And I laugh 'd when I saw him in spite of myself ; A wink of his eye and a twist of his head Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread . He spoke not a word , but went straight to his work , And fill 'd all the stockings ; then turn 'd with a jerk , And laying his finger aside of his nose And giving a nod , up the chimney he rose . He sprung to his sleigh , to his team gave a whistle , And away they all flew , like the down of a thistle : But I heard him exclaim , ere he drove out of sight‍ -- ‌ Happy Christmas to all , and to all a good night . `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' , more commonly known as `` The Night Before Christmas '' and `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' from its first line , is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore , who claimed authorship in 1837 . Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston Jr ... The poem has been called `` arguably the best - known verses ever written by an American '' and is largely responsible for some of the conceptions of Santa Claus from the mid-nineteenth century to today . It has had a massive impact on the history of Christmas gift - giving . Before the poem gained wide popularity , American ideas had varied considerably about Saint Nicholas and other Christmastide visitors . `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' eventually was set to music and has been recorded by many artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Meter 3 Literary history 4 Original copies 5 Authorship controversy 5.1 Evidence in favor of Moore 5.2 Evidence in favor of Livingston 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On Christmas Eve night , while his wife and children sleep , a father awakens to noises outside his house . Looking out the window , he sees Santa Claus ( Saint Nicholas ) in an air - borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer . After landing his sleigh on the roof , the saint enters the house through the chimney , carrying a sack of toys with him . The father watches Santa filling the children 's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire , and laughs to himself . They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again . As he flies away , Santa wishes everyone a `` Happy Christmas to all , and to all a good night . '' Meter ( edit ) The poem 's meter is anapestic tetrameter ( four feet of unstressed - unstressed - stressed ) . The anapest is the same foot used to construct limericks , and the common metrical modifications that can be observed in the limerick form also can be observed in Moore 's poem . For example , while the first two lines each use full anapests , lines 3 and 4 each drop the first unstressed syllable . Likewise , lines 9 and 10 drop the first unstressed syllable ; they also add an extra unstressed syllable to the end . Literary history ( edit ) Clement Clarke Moore , the author of A Visit from St. Nicholas According to legend , `` A Visit '' was composed by Clement Clarke Moore on a snowy winter 's day during a shopping trip on a sleigh . His inspiration for the character of Saint Nicholas was a local Dutch handyman as well as the historical Saint Nicholas . Moore originated many of the features that are still associated with Santa Claus today while borrowing other aspects , such as the use of reindeer . The poem was first published anonymously in the Troy , New York Sentinel on 23 December 1823 , having been sent there by a friend of Moore , and was reprinted frequently thereafter with no name attached . It was first attributed in print to Moore in 1837 . Moore himself acknowledged authorship when he included it in his own book of poems in 1844 . By then , the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship . Moore had a reputation as an erudite professor and had not wished at first to be connected with the unscholarly verse . He included it in the anthology at the insistence of his children , for whom he had originally written the piece . Moore 's conception of Saint Nicholas was borrowed from his friend Washington Irving ( see below ) , but Moore portrayed his `` jolly old elf '' as arriving on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas Day . At the time that Moore wrote the poem , Christmas Day was overtaking New Year 's Day as the preferred genteel family holiday of the season , but some Protestants viewed Christmas as the result of `` Catholic ignorance and deception '' and still had reservations . By having Saint Nicholas arrive the night before , Moore `` deftly shifted the focus away from Christmas Day with its still - problematic religious associations . '' As a result , `` New Yorkers embraced Moore 's child - centered version of Christmas as if they had been doing it all their lives . '' In An American Anthology , 1787 -- 1900 , editor Edmund Clarence Stedman reprinted the Moore version of the poem , including the German spelling of `` Donder and Blitzen '' that he adopted , rather than the earlier Dutch version from 1823 `` Dunder and Blixem . '' Both phrases translate as `` Thunder and Lightning '' in English , though the German word for thunder is `` Donner '' and the words in modern Dutch would be `` Donder en Bliksem . '' Modern printings frequently incorporate alterations that reflect changing linguistic and cultural sensibilities . For example , breast in `` The moon on the breast of the new - fallen snow '' is frequently bowdlerized to crest ; the archaic ere in `` But I heard him exclaim ere he drove out of sight '' is frequently replaced with as . Note that this change implies that Santa Claus made his exclamation during the moment that he disappeared from view , while the exclamation came before his disappearance in the original . `` Happy Christmas to all , and to all a good - night '' is frequently rendered with the traditional English locution `` ' Merry Christmas ' '' and with `` goodnight '' as a single word . Original copies ( edit ) ' Twas the night before Christmas ( credit : New - York Historical Society ) Four hand - written copies of the poem are known to exist and three are in museums , including the New - York Historical Society library . The fourth copy , written out and signed by Clement Clarke Moore as a gift to a friend in 1860 , was sold by one private collector to another in December 2006 . It was purchased for $280,000 by an unnamed `` chief executive officer of a media company '' who resides in New York City , according to Dallas , Texas - based Heritage Auctions which brokered the private sale . Authorship controversy ( edit ) Moore 's connection with the poem has been questioned by Professor Donald Foster , who used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author . Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston Jr. , a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots , should be considered the chief candidate for authorship , a view long espoused by the Livingston family . Livingston was distantly related to Moore 's wife . Foster 's claim , however , has been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller , who once owned one of Moore 's original manuscripts of the poem . Kaller has offered a point - by - point rebuttal of both Foster 's linguistic analysis and external findings , buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell , author of Pen , Ink and Evidence . Evidence in favor of Moore ( edit ) Moore is credited by his friend Charles Fenno Hoffman as author in the 25 December 1837 Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier . Further , the Rev. David Butler , who allegedly showed the poem to Sentinel editor Orville L. Holley , was a relative of Moore 's . A letter to Moore from the publisher states , `` I understand from Mr. Holley that he received it from Mrs. Sackett , the wife of Mr. Daniel Sackett who was then a merchant in this city '' . Moore preferred to be known for his more scholarly works , but allowed the poem to be included in his anthology in 1844 at the request of his children . By that time , the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship . Livingston family lore gives credit to their forebear rather than Moore , but there is no proof that Livingston himself ever claimed authorship , nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston 's name attached to it , despite more than 40 years of searches . Evidence in favor of Livingston ( edit ) Advocates for Livingston 's authorship argue that Moore `` tried at first to disavow '' the poem . They also posit that Moore falsely claimed to have translated a book . Document dealer and historian Seth Kaller has challenged both claims . Kaller examined the book in question , A Complete Treatise on Merinos and Other Sheep , as well as many letters signed by Moore , and found that the `` signature '' was not penned by Moore , and thus provides no evidence that Moore made any plagiaristic claim . Kaller 's findings were confirmed by autograph expert James Lowe , by Dr. Joe Nickell , the author of Pen , Ink & Evidence , and by others . According to Kaller , Moore 's name was likely written on the book by a New - York Historical Society cataloger to indicate that it had been a gift from Moore to the Society . Some contend that Henry Livingston Jr. , not Moore , was the author of the poem Cover of a 1912 edition of the poem , illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith The Librarian of Congress , Dr. James Billington , reads The Night Before Christmas to the Little Scholars , December 2010 The following points have been advanced in order to credit the poem to Major Henry Livingston Jr. : Livingston also wrote poetry primarily using an anapaestic metrical scheme , and it is claimed that some of the phraseology of A Visit is consistent with other poems by Livingston , and that Livingston 's poetry is more optimistic than Moore 's poetry published in his own name . But Stephen Nissenbaum argues in his Battle for Christmas that the poem could have been a social satire of the Victorianization of Christmas . Furthermore , Kaller claims that Foster cherry - picked only the poems that fit his thesis and that many of Moore 's unpublished works have a tenor , phraseology , and meter similar to A Visit . Moore had even written a letter titled `` From Saint Nicholas '' that may have predated 1823 . Foster also contends that Moore hated tobacco and would , therefore , never have depicted Saint Nicholas with a pipe . However , Kaller notes , the source of evidence for Moore 's supposed disapproval of tobacco is The Wine Drinker , another poem by him . In actuality , that verse contradicts such a claim . Moore 's The Wine Drinker criticizes self - righteous , hypocritical advocates of temperance who secretly indulge in the substances which they publicly oppose , and supports the social use of tobacco in moderation ( as well as wine , and even opium , which was more acceptable in his day than it is now ) . Foster also asserts that Livingston 's mother was Dutch , which accounts for the references to the Dutch Sinteklaes tradition and the use of the Dutch names `` Dunder and Blixem '' . Against this claim , it is suggested by Kaller that Moore -- a friend of writer Washington Irving and member of the same literary society -- may have acquired some of his knowledge of New York Dutch traditions from Irving . Irving had written A History of New York in 1809 under the name of `` Dietrich Knickerbocker . '' It includes several references to legends of Saint Nicholas , including the following that bears a close relationship to the poem : And the sage Oloffe dreamed a dream , ‍ -- ‌and lo , the good St. Nicholas came riding over the tops of the trees , in that self - same wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children , and he descended hard by where the heroes of Communipaw had made their late repast . And he lit his pipe by the fire , and sat himself down and smoked ; and as he smoked , the smoke from his pipe ascended into the air and spread like a cloud overhead . And Oloffe bethought him , and he hastened and climbed up to the top of one of the tallest trees , and saw that the smoke spread over a great extent of country ; and as he considered it more attentively , he fancied that the great volume of smoke assumed a variety of marvelous forms , where in dim obscurity he saw shadowed out palaces and domes and lofty spires , all of which lasted but a moment , and then faded away , until the whole rolled off , and nothing but the green woods were left . And when St. Nicholas had smoked his pipe , he twisted it in his hatband , and laying his finger beside his nose , gave the astonished Van Kortlandt a very significant look ; then , mounting his wagon , he returned over the tree - tops and disappeared . -- Washington Irving , A History of New York MacDonald P. Jackson , Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Auckland , New Zealand and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand , has spent his entire academic career analyzing authorship attribution . He has written a book titled Who Wrote `` the Night Before Christmas '' ? : Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore Vs. Henry Livingston Question , published in 2016 , in which he evaluates the opposing arguments and , for the first time , uses the author - attribution techniques of modern computational stylistics to examine the long - standing controversy . Jackson employs a range of tests and introduces a new one , statistical analysis of phonemes ; he concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work . See also ( edit ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Old Santeclaus with Much Delight References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . New - York Historical Society . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike . Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 . pp. 462 - 463 ISBN 0 - 19 - 511634 - 8 Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph J. ( 2001 ) . Were They Wise Men Or Kings ? : The Book of Christmas Questions . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22312 - 5 . Jump up ^ Restad , Penne L. ( 1995 ) . Christmas in America . Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509300 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kaller , Seth . `` The Authorship of The Night Before Christmas '' . sethkaller.com . Jump up ^ Siefker , Phyllis ( 1997 ) . Santa Claus , . McFarland & Company . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0246 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' . New - York Historical Society . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Copy of Poem Sold ; ' Twas Worth $280 K '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . 19 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Mann , Ted . `` Ho , Ho , Hoax , '' Scarsdale Magazine , 30 November 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Major Henry Livingston Jr. ( 1748 -- 1828 ) Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas '' Archived 15 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , Representative Poetry Online Jump up ^ Lowe , James . `` A Christmas to Remember : A Visit from St. Nicholas . '' Autograph Collector . January 2000 . 26 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nickell , Joe . `` The Case of the Christmas Poem . '' Manuscripts , Fall 2002 , 54 ; 4 : 293 - 308 ; Nickell , Joe . `` The Case of the Christmas Poem : Part 2 . '' Manuscripts , Winter 2003 , 55 ; 1 : 5 - 15 . Jump up ^ Christoph , Peter . `` Clement Moore Revisited '' . Major Henry Livingston Jr. , the author of `` Night Before Christmas '' . Intermedia Enterprises . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 26 October 2000 ) . `` Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaller , Seth . `` The Moore Things Change ... , '' The New - York Journal of American History , Fall 2004 Jump up ^ Lowe , James . `` A Christmas to Remember : A Visit from St. Nicholas , '' Autograph Collector , January 2000 , pp. 26 - 29 Jump up ^ A history of New York : from the ... - Washington Irving - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , MacDonald P. ( 2016 ) . Who Wrote `` The Night Before Christmas '' ? : Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore vs. Henry Livingston Question . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1476664439 . Further reading Jackson , MacDonald P. ( 2016 ) . Who Wrote `` The Night Before Christmas '' ? : Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore vs. Henry Livingston Question . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1476664439 . Foster , Donald ( 2000 ) . Author Unknown : On the Trail of Anonymous . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6357 - 9 . Gardner , Martin ( 1991 ) . The Annotated Night Before Christmas : A Collection Of Sequels , Parodies , And Imitations Of Clement Moore 's Immortal Ballad About Santa Claus ; Edited , with an introduction and notes , by Martin Gardner . Summit Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70839 - 2 . Nissenbaum , Stephen ( 1997 ) . The Battle for Christmas : A Social and Cultural History of Christmas that Shows How It Was Transformed from an Unruly Carnival Season into the Quintessential American Family Holiday . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41223 - 9 . Niels Henry Sonne . `` The Night Before Christmas '' -- Who Wrote It ? S.l : s.n , 1972 . Reprinted from The Historical magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church , vol. 41 , no . 4 , pages 373 - 380 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Visit from St. Nicholas Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Visit from St. Nicholas . Free audiobook from LibriVox eText of a 1912 edition of the poem , illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith , at Project Gutenberg Free Audiobook from The Internet Archive ( Community Audio ) Twaz The Night Before Christmas - Celebrity Version as read by 23 UK - known media personalities A Visit from Saint Nicholas From the Collections at the Library of Congress Twas the Night Before Christmas ( Poem ) - Text Video by Check123 Christmas portal Literature portal Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Clement Clarke Moore 's `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( 1823 ) Alternate titles `` The Night Before Christmas '' `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' Film and television The Night Before Christmas ( 1905 ) The Spirit of Christmas ( 1953 ) Twas the Night Before Christmas ( 1974 ) Twas the Night Before Christmas ( 1977 ) Musical adaptations The Night Before Christmas ( 2006 ) Other Christmas Mountains Henry Livingston , Jr . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas&oldid=831513162 '' Categories : 1823 poems American poems Christmas poems Works originally published in American newspapers Works published anonymously Works of uncertain authorship Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Dansk فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Walon 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is telling the story in twas the night before christmas	[ "On Christmas Eve night, while his wife and children sleep, a father awakens to noises outside his house. Looking out the window, he sees Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) in an air-borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, the saint enters the house through the chimney, carrying a sack of toys with him. The father watches Santa filling the children's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, Santa wishes everyone a \"Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.\"" ]	[ "The father" ]
-4820524331868720762	Superheated steam	Superheated steam - wikipedia Superheated steam Jump to : navigation , search Superheated steam is a steam at a temperature higher than its vaporization ( boiling ) point at the absolute pressure where the temperature is measured . The steam can therefore cool ( lose internal energy ) by some amount , resulting in a lowering of its temperature without changing state ( i.e. , condensing ) from a gas , to a mixture of saturated vapor and liquid . If unsaturated steam ( a mixture which contain both water vapor and liquid water droplets ) is heated at constant pressure , its temperature will also remain constant as the vapor quality ( think dryness , or percent saturated vapor ) increases towards 100 % , and becomes dry ( i.e. , no saturated liquid ) saturated steam . Continued heat input will then `` super '' heat the dry saturated steam . This will occur if saturated steam contacts a surface with a higher temperature . Superheated steam and liquid water can not coexist under thermodynamic equilibrium , as any additional heat simply evaporates more water and the steam will become saturated steam . However this restriction may be violated temporarily in dynamic ( non-equilibrium ) situations . To produce superheated steam in a power plant or for processes ( such as drying paper ) the saturated steam drawn from a boiler is passed through a separate heating device ( a superheater ) which transfers additional heat to the steam by contact or by radiation . Superheated steam is not suitable for sterilization . This is because the superheated steam is dry . Dry steam must reach much higher temperatures and the materials exposed for a longer time period to have the same effectiveness ; or equal F0 kill value . Superheated steam is also not useful for heating . Saturated steam has a much higher wall heat transfer coefficient . Slightly superheated steam may be used for antimicrobial disinfection of biofilms on hard surfaces . Superheated steam 's greatest value lies in its tremendous internal energy that can be used for kinetic reaction through mechanical expansion against turbine blades and reciprocating pistons , that produces rotary motion of a shaft . The value of superheated steam in these applications is its ability to release tremendous quantities of internal energy yet remain above the condensation temperature of water vapor ; at the pressures at which reaction turbines and reciprocating piston engines operate . Of prime importance in these applications is the fact that water vapor containing entrained liquid droplets is generally incompressible at those pressures . If steam doing work in a reciprocating engine or turbine , cools to a temperature at which liquid droplets form ; the water droplets entrained in the fluid flow will strike the mechanical parts of engines or turbines , with enough force to bend , crack or fracture them . Superheating and pressure reduction through expansion ensures that the steam flow remains as a compressible gas throughout its passage through a turbine or an engine , preventing damage of the internal moving parts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Saturated steam 2 Uses 2.1 Steam engine 2.2 Processing 2.3 Pest control 3 See also 4 References Saturated steam ( edit ) Saturated steam is steam that is in equilibrium with heated water at the same pressure , i.e. , it has not been heated past the boiling point for that pressure . This is in contrast to superheated steam , in which the steam ( water vapor ) has been separated from the water and mist then additional heat has been added . If saturated steam is reduced in temperature ( whilst retaining its pressure ) it will condense to produce water droplets , even if it is still considerably above the boiling point of 100 ° C at standard pressure . These condensation droplets are a cause of damage to steam turbine blades , the reason why such turbines rely on a supply of dry , superheated steam . Dry steam is saturated steam that has been very slightly superheated . This is not sufficient to change its energy appreciably , but is a sufficient rise in temperature to avoid condensation problems , given the average loss in temperature across the steam supply circuit . Towards the end of the 19th century , when superheating was still a less - than - certain technology , such steam - drying gave the condensation - avoiding benefits of superheating without requiring the sophisticated boiler or lubrication techniques of full superheating . Saturated steam is advantageous in heat transfer due to the high latent heat of vaporization . It is a very efficient mode of heat transfer . In layman 's terms , saturated steam is at its dew point at the corresponding temperature and pressure . The typical latent heat of vaporization ( or condensation ) is 970 Btu / lb for saturated steam at atmospheric pressure . Uses ( edit ) Steam engine ( edit ) Main article : High - pressure steam locomotive Superheated steam was widely used in main line steam locomotives . Saturated steam has three main disadvantages in a steam engine : it contains small droplets of water which have to be periodically drained from the cylinders ; being precisely at the boiling point of water for the boiler pressure in use , it inevitably condenses to some extent in the steam pipes and cylinders outside the boiler , causing a disproportionate loss of steam volume as it does so ; and it places a heavy demand on the boiler . Superheating the steam dries it effectively , raises its temperature to a point where condensation is much less likely and increases its volume significantly . Added together , these factors increase the power and economy of the locomotive . The main disadvantages are the added complexity and cost of the superheater tubing and the adverse effect that the `` dry '' steam has on lubrication of moving components such as the steam valves . Shunting locomotives did not generally use superheating . The normal arrangement involved taking steam after the regulator valve and passing it through long superheater tubes inside specially large firetubes of the boiler . The superheater tubes had a reverse ( `` torpedo '' ) bend at the firebox end so that the steam had to pass the length of the boiler at least twice , picking up heat as it did so . Processing ( edit ) Other potential uses of superheated steam include : drying , cleaning , layering , reaction engineering , epoxy drying and film use where saturated to highly superheated steam is required at one atmospheric pressure or at high pressure . Ideal for steam drying , steam oxidation and chemical processing . Uses are in surface technologies , cleaning technologies , steam drying , catalysis , chemical reaction processing , surface drying technologies , curing technologies , energy systems and nanotechnologies . Superheated steam is not usually used in a heat exchanger due to low heat transfer co-efficient . In refining and hydrocarbon industries superheated steam is mainly used for stripping and cleaning purposes . Pest Control ( edit ) Superheated steam is used for soil steaming . Steam is induced into the soil which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate . Soil steaming is an effective alternative to chemicals in agriculture . See also ( edit ) Superheated water References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William D. Wise , `` Succeed at steam sterilization , `` Chemical processing '' 27 November 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Saturated steam vs superheated steam : Site for SCCS Group . Systhermique.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Song , L. ; Wu , J. ; Xi , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Biofilms on environmental surfaces : Evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system '' . American Journal of Infection Control . 40 ( 10 ) : 926 -- 930 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajic. 2011.11. 013 . PMID 22418602 . Jump up ^ Leyzerovich , A.S. , Wet - Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants , PennWell , USA , 2005 . Jump up ^ Roy , G.J. ( 1975 ) . Steam Turbines and Gearing . Kandy Marine Engineering Series . Stanford Maritime . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 540 - 07338 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hills , Richard L. ( 1989 ) . Power From Steam . Cambridge University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45834 - X . Jump up ^ `` Saturated Steam Calculator '' . Spirax Sarco . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Superheated Steam : International site for Spirax Sarco . Spiraxsarco.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheated_steam&oldid=840587000 '' Categories : Water Steam power Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2011 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Čeština Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский සිංහල Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 20 : 34 . About Wikipedia	what is the temperature of high pressure steam	[]	[]
-935296688533462652	Kevin Peter Hall	Kevin Peter Hall - wikipedia Kevin Peter Hall Jump to : navigation , search Kevin Peter Hall ( 1955 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1955 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. April 10 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 10 ) ( aged 35 ) Hollywood , California , U.S. Cause of death AIDS - related pneumonia Education Penn Hills High School Alma mater George Washington University Occupation Actor Years active 1978 -- 1991 Known for The Predator Height 7 ft 2 in ( 218 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Alaina Reed Hall ( m . 1988 -- 1991 ) Kevin Peter Hall ( May 9 , 1955 -- April 10 , 1991 ) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series , Harry and the Hendersons . He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 , along with the film Without Warning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life and death 4 Honors 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hall was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . His parents were of above - average stature ; his father , Charles Hall , was 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) and his mother , Sylvia Hall , was 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) . At 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) tall , he was the tallest of seven brothers , all over 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) . During his high school years at Penn Hills High School , he was a star basketball player . He subsequently attended George Washington University in Washington , DC , where he played for its basketball team and majored in Theatrical Arts . After graduation , Hall moved to Venezuela to play professional basketball . Career ( edit ) Due to Hall 's height , he was often cast in monster roles . He made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy . He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters . In 1985 , he co-starred in the short - lived series Misfits of Science . He guest - starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon , played by Richard Moll , who is 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) , and a fellow mental patient , played by James Cromwell , who is 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) . The next year , Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet , followed by the role of Harry in Harry and the Hendersons . In 1986 , Hall was cast as the main antagonist in Predator , starring Arnold Schwarzenegger . During its developmental stages , the Predator was going to be played by Jean - Claude Van Damme , who played the Predator for the first few scenes , but was not billed in the end credits . The producers decided to recast the role with Hall so that the Predator could more convincingly dominate the film 's human characters with its greater size . Hall would go on to reprise the role in the 1990 sequel . Following his role in Predator , Hall appeared in the feature film Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) and had a guest spot on Star Trek : The Next Generation ; Hall had been one of the actors considered for the role of Geordi La Forge on the latter , before the role went to LeVar Burton . From 1989 to 1990 , he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 227 . In 1990 , Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series Harry and the Hendersons , based on the 1987 film of the same name . He died during the series ' first season . Personal life and death ( edit ) Hall met actress Alaina Reed while taping a guest role on the television show 227 . The couple would marry both on the show and in real life . While working on the TV series Harry and the Hendersons , Hall announced that he had contracted HIV from a blood transfusion . He died from AIDS - related pneumonia on April 10 , 1991 , a month short of his 36th birthday . Honors ( edit ) Hall was posthumously inducted into the Penn Hills Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class on May 8 , 2009 . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Prophecy Mutant bear Uncredited 1980 Without Warning The Alien Credited as Kevin Hall 1982 One Dark Night Eddie 1982 Mazes and Monsters Gorvil Television Movie 1984 The Wild Life Bouncer Credited as Kevin Hall 1984 E / R Donald Haines Episode : `` Mr. Fix - It '' 1985 Night Court Wendell Martin Episode : `` Nuts About Harry '' 1985 The Dukes of Hazzard Floyd Malone Episode : `` Opening Night at the Boar 's Nest '' 1985 -- 1986 Misfits of Science Dr. Elvin `` El '' Lincoln 16 episodes 1986 Monster in the Closet Monster Harry and the Hendersons Harry Predator The Predator / Helicopter pilot Big Top Pee - wee Big John 1989 Rodney Dangerfield : Opening Night at Rodney 's Place Richard Small Television special 1989 Shannon 's Deal Harry Television movie 1989 Star Trek : The Next Generation Leyor Episode : `` The Price '' 1989 -- 1990 227 Warren Merriwether 11 episodes Predator 2 The Predator 1990 -- 1991 Harry and the Hendersons Harry 4 episodes 1991 Highway to Hell Charon ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ; Walker , John ( 2003 ) . Halliwell 's Who 's Who In the Movies ( 15th ed . ) . HarperCollins . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053423 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) . Fade To Black : A Book Of Movie Obituaries ( 3rd ed . ) . Omnibus Press . p. 436 . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 430 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` STAR TREK / Casting '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Kevin Peter Hall Dies In L.A. At Age 35 '' . Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . 80 ( 2 ) : 62 . 2009 - 04 - 29 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Snauffer , Douglas ; Thurm , Joel ( 2008 ) . The Show Must Go on : How the Deaths of Lead Actors Have Affected Television . McFarland . p. 201 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3295 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Peter Hall , Actor , 35 '' . The New York Times . 1991 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Hills Arts and Music Education '' . Phameonline.org. 2009 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Kevin Peter Hall on IMDb Kevin Peter Hall at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Kevin Peter Hall at Find a Grave VIAF : 86364756 LCCN : no2009058160 BNE : XX4615343 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Peter_Hall&oldid=831169715 '' Categories : 1955 births 1991 deaths 20th - century American male actors Male actors from Pittsburgh Basketball players from Pennsylvania American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela American male film actors AIDS - related deaths in California Deaths from pneumonia George Washington Colonials men 's basketball players Infectious disease deaths in California African - American male actors American male television actors Sportspeople from Pittsburgh George Washington University alumni Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the sasquatch in harry and the hendersons	[]	[]
4843532880309099029	Man on Fire (novel)	Man on Fire ( novel ) - wikipedia Man on Fire ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Man on Fire Cover of the first edition Author Philip Nicholson , writing as A.J. Quinnell Country United States Language English Series Creasy Genre Thriller Publisher William Morrow Publication date September 1980 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 284 pp ISBN 0 - 688 - 03743 - 7 OCLC 6305089 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 LC Class PS3567. U36 M3 Followed by The Perfect Kill Man on Fire is a 1980 thriller novel by the English novelist Philip Nicholson , writing as A.J. Quinnell . The plot features his popular character Creasy , an American - born former member of the French Foreign Legion , in his first appearance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Development 4 Sequels 5 Reception 6 Films 7 See also 8 References Plot ( edit ) In Italy , wealthy families often hire bodyguards to protect family members from the threat of kidnapping . When Rika Balletto urges her husband Ettore , a wealthy textiles producer living in Milan , to hire a bodyguard for their daughter Pinta , he is doubtful but agrees . After some searching , he finally settles for an American named Creasy . Creasy , once purposeful and lethal who served as a US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance officer , has become a burnt - out alcoholic . To keep him occupied , his companion Guido suggests that Creasy should get a job and offers to set him up as a bodyguard : thus he is hired by the Ballettos , where he meets his charge , Pinta . Creasy barely tolerates the precocious child and her pestering questions about him and his life . But slowly , she chips away at his seemingly impenetrable exterior , his defences drop , and he opens up to her . They become friends and he replaces her parents in their absences , giving her advice , guidance and help with her competition running : he is even spurred to give up his drinking and return to his former physical prowess . But Creasy 's life is shattered when Pinta is kidnapped by the Mafia , despite his efforts to protect her . Creasy is wounded during the kidnapping and as he lies in a hospital bed Guido keeps him informed of the goings on . Soon enough , Guido returns with the news that the exchange went bad and Pinta was found dead in a car , suffocated on her own vomit . She had also been raped by her captors . Out of hospital , Creasy returns to Guido 's pensione and outlines his plans for revenge against the men who took away the girl who convinced him it was all right to live again : anyone who was involved , or profited from it , all the way to the top of the Mafia . Told by Guido he can stay with in - laws on the island of Gozo in Malta , Creasy accepts the offer , to train for his new mission . While on Gozo , Creasy trains for several months , getting into shape and re-familiarizing himself with weaponry . But , to his surprise , he also discovers he has another reason to live after his suicidal mission against the Mafia : he finds himself accepted by and admiring the Gozitans , as well as falling in love with Nadia , the daughter of his host . Soon enough , he is fit and leaves for Marseille where he stocks up on supplies , weapons and ammunition : from there he travels back to Italy and then the war between Creasy and the Mafia begins . From low - level enforcers to the capos in Milan and Rome , as well as all the way to the head Don in Sicily , Creasy cuts through their organisation , killing anyone who had something even remotely to do with Pinta 's kidnapping . After Creasy reveals to Rika that Ettore allowed her to be kidnapped for the insurance money , Ettore commits suicide . Finally , after killing the Don , a severely wounded Creasy is taken to hospital , but pronounced dead : a funeral is held and Creasy is thought to be gone . But , unknown to all , Creasy was in fact alive and makes it back to Gozo where he is reunited with Nadia . Characters ( edit ) Creasy -- The protagonist of the novel . Creasy originated from the US state of Tennessee . He served in the French Foreign Legion before becoming Pinta 's bodyguard . A.J. Quinnell based Creasy on several people he knew from Africa and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s . He imagined that Creasy would look like Robert Mitchum . Ettore Balletto -- The husband of the Balletto family and the owner of Balletto Mills , one of Italy 's largest producers of knitted silk fabric . He arranged a kidnapping of Pinta to commit an insurance scam : he set up an insurance policy at Lloyd 's of London for two billion lire . After Creasy confronts him and exposes him to Rika , Ettore commits suicide in his eighth floor office . Rika Balletto -- The wife of the Balletto family . Pinta Balletto -- The child of the Balletto family . Guido Arrellio -- Creasy 's friend and the owner of the Pensione Splendide in Naples . Maria -- The cook at the Balletto house . Deluca ( Signora Deluca ) -- Pinta 's schoolteacher . Giorgio Rabbia -- One of Pinta 's kidnappers , he works as the driver in the kidnapping . Giacomo Sandri -- One of Pinta 's kidnappers : he is Fossella 's sister 's son . He shoots Creasy during the kidnapping . Cremasco and Dorigo -- Two of Pinta 's kidnappers . During the kidnapping , Creasy kills them before being wounded out of commission . Dino Fossella -- One of the two main Milan - based mafia bosses of Cantarella 's organisation who planned about Pinta 's kidnapping . Creasy kills him by placing a bomb in his rectum and detonating it . Abrata -- One of the two main Milan - based mafia bosses of Cantarella 's organization who planned about Pinta 's kidnapping . Joey Schembri -- The younger brother of Julia , Guido 's wife : Julia died in a drunk driving accident before the start of the story . Paul Schembri -- Julia , Nadia and Joey 's father who works as a farmer in Gozo . Laura Schembri -- Paul 's wife and the mother of Julia , Nadia and Joey . Nadia Schembri -- Julia 's sister , Nadia becomes Creasy 's girlfriend . Creasy impregnates Nadia and Creasy returns to live with Nadia in Gozo . Vico Mansutti -- The lawyer for the Balletto family , Vico serves as a go - between in Pinta 's kidnapping scheme , between Ettore and the mafia . Creasy wires a plastique to his car , so Vico dies when he starts his car . Gina Mansutti -- Vico 's wife . Mario Satta -- A member of the Carabinieri tracking Creasy 's movements . Massimo Bellu -- Satta 's assistant . Elio -- Elio is Guido 's younger brother . Felicia -- Elio 's wife . Pietro -- An ex-thief who works as an employee at Guido 's pensione . Cantarella -- The boss of the entire mafia organisation , who is based out of Palermo , Sicily . Floriano Conti -- A mafia boss in Rome and a member of Cantarella 's organisation . Creasy uses an anti-tank missile to kill Conti . `` Wally '' Wighman -- An Australian who Creasy meets in Rome . `` Paddy '' Collins -- An Australian who Creasy meets in Rome . Franco Masi -- An owner of a farmhouse next to Villa Colacci , Cantarella 's stronghold . Cantarella and the previous occupants served as Masi 's benefactor : after Cantarella ordered the destruction of Masi 's property , Masi gained a grudge against Cantarella . Cesare Gravelli -- One of Cantarella 's main advisors . Maurizio Dicandia -- One of Cantarella 's main advisors . Amelia Zanbon -- Sandri 's 15 - year - old companion . Development ( edit ) Two real - life incidents shaped A.J. Quinnell 's development of the book . In the first , after the eldest son of a rich Singaporean was kidnapped by Triads for ransom money , the man refused to pay the ransom , leading to the death of his son ; the refusal meant that the man 's other children would not become targets . The second was the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III , the son of Paul Getty , in Rome . On a previous occasion , Quinnell had helped save the life of an Italian man suffering a medical emergency on an airliner flight between Tokyo and Hong Kong . When he began doing research for the book , he contacted the man 's family . The family responded by introducing anti-mafia investigators , lawyers , and mafia members to Quinnell . The contacts eagerly helped Quinnell and asked to be named in the book . On the island of Gozo , Quinnell often frequented a Maltese bar called `` Gleneagles '' . Several patrons at the bar , many of whom had poor English comprehension , agreed to be characters in the book . Sequels ( edit ) Quinnell wrote four more novels featuring Creasy . The Perfect Kill ( 1992 ) The Blue Ring ( 1993 ) Black Horn ( 1994 ) Message From Hell ( 1996 ) Reception ( edit ) After the book 's publication in 1981 , Man on Fire became a best seller . By 2005 Man on Fire sold over eight million paperback copies and received many translations . Many of the book 's most devoted fans come from Japan . The Times of Malta obituary of A.J. Quinnell stated that the Japanese liked Creasy 's `` samurai - style dedication '' . Japanese people see Creasy as a `` ronin '' , a disgraced former samurai , who tries to atone for his deeds with charitable acts . Because of the Japanese popularity of the book , Malta received its first significant wave of Japanese tourism . As of 2005 , due to the popularity of Quinnell 's books , an early edition of Man on Fire had a price tag of £ 63 ( £ 86.33 when adjusted for inflation ) . Films ( edit ) There were two film adaptations made from this novel , one in 1987 and another more recently in 2004 . Both took liberties with the novel 's plot . In the 2004 film , John Creasy ( Denzel Washington ) is an alcoholic ex-United States Special Operations soldier travelling to Mexico to visit his friend Rayburn . He subsequently lands a job on the advice of Rayburn as a bodyguard for an affluent Mexican automaker named Samuel Ramos ( Marc Anthony ) guarding his Mexican - American daughter Lupita `` Pita '' Ramos ( Dakota Fanning ) . Just like the Creasy in the novel , he is cold and distant from Pita but quickly warms up to her . She is eventually kidnapped by Mexican policemen belonging to a criminal organisation called `` La Hermandad '' who are involved in much of the kidnapping conspiracy transpiring in Mexico . Believing Pita to be dead as the result of a botched ransom drop , Creasy exacts revenge on everyone involved with surgical precision . Eventually he discovers that Pita was in fact kept alive and agrees to exchange himself for her so she can be returned to her mother Lisa ( Radha Mitchell ) . Creasy goes through with the exchange , but is suffering from prior gunshot wounds and dies shortly after giving himself over to enemy hands , but not before ensuring Pita 's safe return to her mother . The 2004 film received a 2005 Bollywood remake , Ek Ajnabee . See also ( edit ) England portal Italy portal Malta portal Novels portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , Paul . Ed : Nancy Billias . `` Be not overcome by evil but overcome evil with good : The Theology of Evil in Man on Fire . '' Posted in Producing and Promoting Evil . Rodopi Publishers , 2010 . 220 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 2939 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2939 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social and Personal Obituaries '' . ( Archive ) Times of Malta . Thursday 14 July 2005 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinell , A.J. Man on Fire . 145 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Paul . Ed : Nancy Billias . `` Be not overcome by evil but overcome evil with good : The Theology of Evil in Man on Fire . '' Posted in Producing and Promoting Evil . Rodopi Publishers , 2010 . 221 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 2939 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2939 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vijayan , Vipin . `` Amitabh rocks in Ek Ajnabee '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . ( hide ) Man on Fire by A.J. Quinnell Film adaptations Man on Fire ( 1987 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Ek Ajnabee ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_on_Fire_(novel)&oldid=804310937 '' Categories : 1980 British novels British thriller novels Debut novels British novels adapted into films Novels set in Italy Novels set in Malta William Morrow and Company books Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 04 : 03 . About Wikipedia	man on fire is it based on a true story	[]	[]
2069517545846795613	Euclidean geometry	Euclidean geometry - wikipedia Euclidean geometry Jump to : navigation , search `` Plane geometry '' redirects here . For other uses , see Plane geometry ( disambiguation ) . Detail from Raphael 's The School of Athens featuring a Greek mathematician -- perhaps representing Euclid or Archimedes -- using a compass to draw a geometric construction . Geometry Projecting a sphere to a plane . Outline History Branches ( hide ) Euclidean Non-Euclidean Elliptic Spherical Hyperbolic Projective Affine Synthetic Analytic Algebraic Differential Riemannian Symplectic Discrete differential Finite Discrete Digital Computational Concepts Features ( show ) Dimension Compass - and - straightedge constructions Angle Curve Diagonal Orthogonal ( Perpendicular ) Parallel Vertex Congruence Similarity Symmetry Zero / One - dimensional ( show ) Point Line segment ray Length Two - dimensional ( show ) Plane Area Polygon Triangle Altitude Hypotenuse Pythagorean theorem Parallelogram Square Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Quadrilateral Trapezoid Kite Circle Diameter Circumference Area Three - dimensional ( show ) Volume Cube cuboid Cylinder Pyramid Sphere Four - / other - dimensional ( show ) Tesseract Hypersphere Geometers by name ( show ) Aida Aryabhata Ahmes Alhazen Apollonius Archimedes Atiyah Baudhayana Bolyai Brahmagupta Cartan Coxeter Descartes Euclid Euler Gauss Gromov Hilbert Jyeṣṭhadeva Kātyāyana Khayyám Klein Lobachevsky Manava Minkowski Minggatu Pascal Pythagoras Parameshvara Poincaré Riemann Sakabe Sijzi al - Tusi Veblen Virasena Yang Hui al - Yasamin Zhang List of geometers by period ( show ) BCE Ahmes Baudhayana Manava Pythagoras Euclid Archimedes Apollonius 1 -- 1400s Zhang Kātyāyana Aryabhata Brahmagupta Virasena Alhazen Sijzi Khayyám al - Yasamin al - Tusi Yang Hui Parameshvara 1400s -- 1700s Jyeṣṭhadeva Descartes Pascal Minggatu Euler Sakabe Aida 1700s -- 1900s Gauss Lobachevsky Bolyai Riemann Klein Poincaré Hilbert Minkowski Cartan Veblen Coxeter Present day Atiyah Gromov Geometry portal Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid , which he described in his textbook on geometry : the Elements . Euclid 's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms , and deducing many other propositions ( theorems ) from these . Although many of Euclid 's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians , Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system . The Elements begins with plane geometry , still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof . It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions . Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory , explained in geometrical language . For more than two thousand years , the adjective `` Euclidean '' was unnecessary because no other sort of geometry had been conceived . Euclid 's axioms seemed so intuitively obvious ( with the possible exception of the parallel postulate ) that any theorem proved from them was deemed true in an absolute , often metaphysical , sense . Today , however , many other self - consistent non-Euclidean geometries are known , the first ones having been discovered in the early 19th century . An implication of Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity is that physical space itself is not Euclidean , and Euclidean space is a good approximation for it only where the gravitational field is weak . Euclidean geometry is an example of synthetic geometry , in that it proceeds logically from axioms to propositions without the use of coordinates . This is in contrast to analytic geometry , which uses coordinates . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Elements 1.1 Axioms 1.2 Parallel postulate 2 Methods of proof 3 System of measurement and arithmetic 4 Notation and terminology 4.1 Naming of points and figures 4.2 Complementary and supplementary angles 4.3 Modern versions of Euclid 's notation 5 Some important or well known results 5.1 Pons Asinorum 5.2 Congruence of triangles 5.3 Triangle angle sum 5.4 Pythagorean theorem 5.5 Thales ' theorem 5.6 Scaling of area and volume 6 Applications 7 As a description of the structure of space 8 Later work 8.1 Archimedes and Apollonius 8.2 17th century : Descartes 8.3 18th century 8.4 19th century and non-Euclidean geometry 8.5 20th century and general relativity 9 Treatment of infinity 9.1 Infinite objects 9.2 Infinite processes 10 Logical basis 10.1 Classical logic 10.2 Modern standards of rigor 10.3 Axiomatic formulations 10.4 Constructive approaches and pedagogy 11 See also 11.1 Classical theorems 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links The Elements ( edit ) Main article : Euclid 's Elements The Elements is mainly a systematization of earlier knowledge of geometry . Its improvement over earlier treatments was rapidly recognized , with the result that there was little interest in preserving the earlier ones , and they are now nearly all lost . There are 13 books in the Elements : Books I -- IV and VI discuss plane geometry . Many results about plane figures are proved , for example `` In any triangle two angles taken together in any manner are less than two right angles . '' ( Book 1 proposition 17 ) and the Pythagorean theorem `` In right angled triangles the square on the side subtending the right angle is equal to the squares on the sides containing the right angle . '' ( Book I , proposition 47 ) Books V and VII -- X deal with number theory , with numbers treated geometrically via their representation as line segments with various lengths . Notions such as prime numbers and rational and irrational numbers are introduced . The infinitude of prime numbers is proved . Books XI -- XIII concern solid geometry . A typical result is the 1 : 3 ratio between the volume of a cone and a cylinder with the same height and base . Axioms ( edit ) The parallel postulate ( Postulate 5 ) : If two lines intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles , then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough . Euclidean geometry is an axiomatic system , in which all theorems ( `` true statements '' ) are derived from a small number of axioms . Near the beginning of the first book of the Elements , Euclid gives five postulates ( axioms ) for plane geometry , stated in terms of constructions ( as translated by Thomas Heath ) : `` Let the following be postulated '' : `` To draw a straight line from any point to any point . '' `` To produce ( extend ) a finite straight line continuously in a straight line . '' `` To describe a circle with any centre and distance ( radius ) . '' `` That all right angles are equal to one another . '' The parallel postulate : `` That , if a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles , the two straight lines , if produced indefinitely , meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles . '' Although Euclid 's statement of the postulates only explicitly asserts the existence of the constructions , they are also taken to be unique . The Elements also include the following five `` common notions '' : Things that are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another ( formally the Euclidean property of equality , but may be considered a consequence of the transitivity property of equality ) . If equals are added to equals , then the wholes are equal ( Addition property of equality ) . If equals are subtracted from equals , then the remainders are equal ( Subtraction property of equality ) . Things that coincide with one another are equal to one another ( Reflexive Property ) . The whole is greater than the part . Parallel postulate ( edit ) Main article : Parallel postulate To the ancients , the parallel postulate seemed less obvious than the others . They were concerned with creating a system that was absolutely rigorous and to them it seemed as if the parallel line postulate should have been able to be proven rather than simply accepted as a fact . It is now known that such a proof is impossible . Euclid himself seems to have considered it as being qualitatively different from the others , as evidenced by the organization of the Elements : the first 28 propositions he presents are those that can be proved without it . Many alternative axioms can be formulated that have the same logical consequences as the parallel postulate . For example , Playfair 's axiom states : In a plane , through a point not on a given straight line , at most one line can be drawn that never meets the given line . A proof from Euclid 's Elements that , given a line segment , an equilateral triangle exists that includes the segment as one of its sides . The proof is by construction : an equilateral triangle ΑΒΓ is made by drawing circles Δ and Ε centered on the points Α and Β , and taking one intersection of the circles as the third vertex of the triangle . Methods of proof ( edit ) Euclidean Geometry is constructive . Postulates 1 , 2 , 3 , and 5 assert the existence and uniqueness of certain geometric figures , and these assertions are of a constructive nature : that is , we are not only told that certain things exist , but are also given methods for creating them with no more than a compass and an unmarked straightedge . In this sense , Euclidean geometry is more concrete than many modern axiomatic systems such as set theory , which often assert the existence of objects without saying how to construct them , or even assert the existence of objects that can not be constructed within the theory . Strictly speaking , the lines on paper are models of the objects defined within the formal system , rather than instances of those objects . For example , a Euclidean straight line has no width , but any real drawn line will . Though nearly all modern mathematicians consider nonconstructive methods just as sound as constructive ones , Euclid 's constructive proofs often supplanted fallacious nonconstructive ones -- e.g. , some of the Pythagoreans ' proofs that involved irrational numbers , which usually required a statement such as `` Find the greatest common measure of ... '' Euclid often used proof by contradiction . Euclidean geometry also allows the method of superposition , in which a figure is transferred to another point in space . For example , proposition I. 4 , side - angle - side congruence of triangles , is proved by moving one of the two triangles so that one of its sides coincides with the other triangle 's equal side , and then proving that the other sides coincide as well . Some modern treatments add a sixth postulate , the rigidity of the triangle , which can be used as an alternative to superposition . System of measurement and arithmetic ( edit ) Euclidean geometry has two fundamental types of measurements : angle and distance . The angle scale is absolute , and Euclid uses the right angle as his basic unit , so that , e.g. , a 45 - degree angle would be referred to as half of a right angle . The distance scale is relative ; one arbitrarily picks a line segment with a certain nonzero length as the unit , and other distances are expressed in relation to it . Addition of distances is represented by a construction in which one line segment is copied onto the end of another line segment to extend its length , and similarly for subtraction . Measurements of area and volume are derived from distances . For example , a rectangle with a width of 3 and a length of 4 has an area that represents the product , 12 . Because this geometrical interpretation of multiplication was limited to three dimensions , there was no direct way of interpreting the product of four or more numbers , and Euclid avoided such products , although they are implied , e.g. , in the proof of book IX , proposition 20 . An example of congruence . The two figures on the left are congruent , while the third is similar to them . The last figure is neither . Congruences alter some properties , such as location and orientation , but leave others unchanged , like distance and angles . The latter sort of properties are called invariants and studying them is the essence of geometry . Euclid refers to a pair of lines , or a pair of planar or solid figures , as `` equal '' ( ἴσος ) if their lengths , areas , or volumes are equal , and similarly for angles . The stronger term `` congruent '' refers to the idea that an entire figure is the same size and shape as another figure . Alternatively , two figures are congruent if one can be moved on top of the other so that it matches up with it exactly . ( Flipping it over is allowed . ) Thus , for example , a 2x6 rectangle and a 3x4 rectangle are equal but not congruent , and the letter R is congruent to its mirror image . Figures that would be congruent except for their differing sizes are referred to as similar . Corresponding angles in a pair of similar shapes are congruent and corresponding sides are in proportion to each other . Notation and terminology ( edit ) Naming of points and figures ( edit ) Points are customarily named using capital letters of the alphabet . Other figures , such as lines , triangles , or circles , are named by listing a sufficient number of points to pick them out unambiguously from the relevant figure , e.g. , triangle ABC would typically be a triangle with vertices at points A , B , and C . Complementary and supplementary angles ( edit ) Angles whose sum is a right angle are called complementary . Complementary angles are formed when a ray shares the same vertex and is pointed in a direction that is in between the two original rays that form the right angle . The number of rays in between the two original rays is infinite . Angles whose sum is a straight angle are supplementary . Supplementary angles are formed when a ray shares the same vertex and is pointed in a direction that is in between the two original rays that form the straight angle ( 180 degree angle ) . The number of rays in between the two original rays is infinite . Modern versions of Euclid 's notation ( edit ) In modern terminology , angles would normally be measured in degrees or radians . Modern school textbooks often define separate figures called lines ( infinite ) , rays ( semi-infinite ) , and line segments ( of finite length ) . Euclid , rather than discussing a ray as an object that extends to infinity in one direction , would normally use locutions such as `` if the line is extended to a sufficient length , '' although he occasionally referred to `` infinite lines '' . A `` line '' in Euclid could be either straight or curved , and he used the more specific term `` straight line '' when necessary . Some important or well known results ( edit ) The Pons Asinorum or Bridge of Asses theorem states that in an isosceles triangle , α = β and γ = δ . The Triangle Angle Sum theorem states that the sum of the three angles of any triangle , in this case angles α , β , and γ , will always equal 180 degrees . The Pythagorean theorem states that the sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs ( a and b ) of a right triangle equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse ( c ) . Thales ' theorem states that if AC is a diameter , then the angle at B is a right angle . Pons Asinorum ( edit ) The Bridge of Asses ( Pons Asinorum ) states that in isosceles triangles the angles at the base equal one another , and , if the equal straight lines are produced further , then the angles under the base equal one another . Its name may be attributed to its frequent role as the first real test in the Elements of the intelligence of the reader and as a bridge to the harder propositions that followed . It might also be so named because of the geometrical figure 's resemblance to a steep bridge that only a sure - footed donkey could cross . Congruence of triangles ( edit ) Congruence of triangles is determined by specifying two sides and the angle between them ( SAS ) , two angles and the side between them ( ASA ) or two angles and a corresponding adjacent side ( AAS ) . Specifying two sides and an adjacent angle ( SSA ) , however , can yield two distinct possible triangles unless the angle specified is a right angle . Triangles are congruent if they have all three sides equal ( SSS ) , two sides and the angle between them equal ( SAS ) , or two angles and a side equal ( ASA ) ( Book I , propositions 4 , 8 , and 26 ) . Triangles with three equal angles ( AAA ) are similar , but not necessarily congruent . Also , triangles with two equal sides and an adjacent angle are not necessarily equal or congruent . Triangle angle sum ( edit ) The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to a straight angle ( 180 degrees ) . This causes an equilateral triangle to have three interior angles of 60 degrees . Also , it causes every triangle to have at least two acute angles and up to one obtuse or right angle . Pythagorean theorem ( edit ) The celebrated Pythagorean theorem ( book I , proposition 47 ) states that in any right triangle , the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse ( the side opposite the right angle ) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs ( the two sides that meet at a right angle ) . Thales ' theorem ( edit ) Thales ' theorem , named after Thales of Miletus states that if A , B , and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter of the circle , then the angle ABC is a right angle . Cantor supposed that Thales proved his theorem by means of Euclid Book I , Prop. 32 after the manner of Euclid Book III , Prop. 31 . Scaling of area and volume ( edit ) In modern terminology , the area of a plane figure is proportional to the square of any of its linear dimensions , A ∝ L 2 ( \ displaystyle A \ propto L ^ ( 2 ) ) , and the volume of a solid to the cube , V ∝ L 3 ( \ displaystyle V \ propto L ^ ( 3 ) ) . Euclid proved these results in various special cases such as the area of a circle and the volume of a parallelepipedal solid . Euclid determined some , but not all , of the relevant constants of proportionality . E.g. , it was his successor Archimedes who proved that a sphere has 2 / 3 the volume of the circumscribing cylinder . Applications ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2009 ) Because of Euclidean geometry 's fundamental status in mathematics , it is impractical to give more than a representative sampling of applications here . A surveyor uses a level Sphere packing applies to a stack of oranges . A parabolic mirror brings parallel rays of light to a focus . As suggested by the etymology of the word , one of the earliest reasons for interest in geometry was surveying , and certain practical results from Euclidean geometry , such as the right - angle property of the 3 - 4 - 5 triangle , were used long before they were proved formally . The fundamental types of measurements in Euclidean geometry are distances and angles , both of which can be measured directly by a surveyor . Historically , distances were often measured by chains , such as Gunter 's chain , and angles using graduated circles and , later , the theodolite . An application of Euclidean solid geometry is the determination of packing arrangements , such as the problem of finding the most efficient packing of spheres in n dimensions . This problem has applications in error detection and correction . Geometric optics uses Euclidean geometry to analyze the focusing of light by lenses and mirrors . Geometry is used in art and architecture . The water tower consists of a cone , a cylinder , and a hemisphere . Its volume can be calculated using solid geometry . Geometry can be used to design origami . Geometry is used extensively in architecture . Geometry can be used to design origami . Some classical construction problems of geometry are impossible using compass and straightedge , but can be solved using origami . Quite a lot of CAD ( computer - aided design ) and CAM ( computer - aided manufacturing ) is based on Euclidean geometry . Design geometry typically consists of shapes bounded by planes , cylinders , cones , tori , etc . CAD / CAM is essential in the design of almost everything , nowadays , including cars , airplanes , ships , and your iphone . A few decades ago , sophisticated draftsmen learned some fairly advanced Euclidean geometry , including things like Pascal 's theorem and Brianchon 's theorem . But now they do n't have to , because the geometric constructions are all done by CAD programs . As a description of the structure of space ( edit ) Euclid believed that his axioms were self - evident statements about physical reality . Euclid 's proofs depend upon assumptions perhaps not obvious in Euclid 's fundamental axioms , in particular that certain movements of figures do not change their geometrical properties such as the lengths of sides and interior angles , the so - called Euclidean motions , which include translations , reflections and rotations of figures . Taken as a physical description of space , postulate 2 ( extending a line ) asserts that space does not have holes or boundaries ( in other words , space is homogeneous and unbounded ) ; postulate 4 ( equality of right angles ) says that space is isotropic and figures may be moved to any location while maintaining congruence ; and postulate 5 ( the parallel postulate ) that space is flat ( has no intrinsic curvature ) . As discussed in more detail below , Einstein 's theory of relativity significantly modifies this view . The ambiguous character of the axioms as originally formulated by Euclid makes it possible for different commentators to disagree about some of their other implications for the structure of space , such as whether or not it is infinite ( see below ) and what its topology is . Modern , more rigorous reformulations of the system typically aim for a cleaner separation of these issues . Interpreting Euclid 's axioms in the spirit of this more modern approach , axioms 1 - 4 are consistent with either infinite or finite space ( as in elliptic geometry ) , and all five axioms are consistent with a variety of topologies ( e.g. , a plane , a cylinder , or a torus for two - dimensional Euclidean geometry ) . Later work ( edit ) Archimedes and apollonius ( edit ) A sphere has 2 / 3 the volume and surface area of its circumscribing cylinder . A sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request . Archimedes ( ca . 287 BCE -- ca . 212 BCE ) , a colorful figure about whom many historical anecdotes are recorded , is remembered along with Euclid as one of the greatest of ancient mathematicians . Although the foundations of his work were put in place by Euclid , his work , unlike Euclid 's , is believed to have been entirely original . He proved equations for the volumes and areas of various figures in two and three dimensions , and enunciated the Archimedean property of finite numbers . Apollonius of Perga ( ca . 262 BCE -- ca . 190 BCE ) is mainly known for his investigation of conic sections . René Descartes . Portrait after Frans Hals , 1648 . 17th century : Descartes ( edit ) René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) developed analytic geometry , an alternative method for formalizing geometry which focused on turning geometry into algebra . In this approach , a point on a plane is represented by its Cartesian ( x , y ) coordinates , a line is represented by its equation , and so on . In Euclid 's original approach , the Pythagorean theorem follows from Euclid 's axioms . In the Cartesian approach , the axioms are the axioms of algebra , and the equation expressing the Pythagorean theorem is then a definition of one of the terms in Euclid 's axioms , which are now considered theorems . The equation P Q = ( p x − q x ) 2 + ( p y − q y ) 2 ( \ displaystyle PQ = ( \ sqrt ( ( p_ ( x ) - q_ ( x ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( p_ ( y ) - q_ ( y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , ) defining the distance between two points P = ( p , p ) and Q = ( q , q ) is then known as the Euclidean metric , and other metrics define non-Euclidean geometries . In terms of analytic geometry , the restriction of classical geometry to compass and straightedge constructions means a restriction to first - and second - order equations , e.g. , y = 2x + 1 ( a line ) , or x + y = 7 ( a circle ) . Also in the 17th century , Girard Desargues , motivated by the theory of perspective , introduced the concept of idealized points , lines , and planes at infinity . The result can be considered as a type of generalized geometry , projective geometry , but it can also be used to produce proofs in ordinary Euclidean geometry in which the number of special cases is reduced . Squaring the circle : the areas of this square and this circle are equal . In 1882 , it was proven that this figure can not be constructed in a finite number of steps with an idealized compass and straightedge . 18th century ( edit ) Geometers of the 18th century struggled to define the boundaries of the Euclidean system . Many tried in vain to prove the fifth postulate from the first four . By 1763 , at least 28 different proofs had been published , but all were found incorrect . Leading up to this period , geometers also tried to determine what constructions could be accomplished in Euclidean geometry . For example , the problem of trisecting an angle with a compass and straightedge is one that naturally occurs within the theory , since the axioms refer to constructive operations that can be carried out with those tools . However , centuries of efforts failed to find a solution to this problem , until Pierre Wantzel published a proof in 1837 that such a construction was impossible . Other constructions that were proved impossible include doubling the cube and squaring the circle . In the case of doubling the cube , the impossibility of the construction originates from the fact that the compass and straightedge method involve equations whose order is an integral power of two , while doubling a cube requires the solution of a third - order equation . Euler discussed a generalization of Euclidean geometry called affine geometry , which retains the fifth postulate unmodified while weakening postulates three and four in a way that eliminates the notions of angle ( whence right triangles become meaningless ) and of equality of length of line segments in general ( whence circles become meaningless ) while retaining the notions of parallelism as an equivalence relation between lines , and equality of length of parallel line segments ( so line segments continue to have a midpoint ) . 19th century and non-Euclidean geometry ( edit ) In the early 19th century , Carnot and Möbius systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results . The century 's most significant development in geometry occurred when , around 1830 , János Bolyai and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published work on non-Euclidean geometry , in which the parallel postulate is not valid . Since non-Euclidean geometry is provably relatively consistent with Euclidean geometry , the parallel postulate can not be proved from the other postulates . In the 19th century , it was also realized that Euclid 's ten axioms and common notions do not suffice to prove all of the theorems stated in the Elements . For example , Euclid assumed implicitly that any line contains at least two points , but this assumption can not be proved from the other axioms , and therefore must be an axiom itself . The very first geometric proof in the Elements , shown in the figure above , is that any line segment is part of a triangle ; Euclid constructs this in the usual way , by drawing circles around both endpoints and taking their intersection as the third vertex . His axioms , however , do not guarantee that the circles actually intersect , because they do not assert the geometrical property of continuity , which in Cartesian terms is equivalent to the completeness property of the real numbers . Starting with Moritz Pasch in 1882 , many improved axiomatic systems for geometry have been proposed , the best known being those of Hilbert , George Birkhoff , and Tarski . 20th century and general relativity ( edit ) A disproof of Euclidean geometry as a description of physical space . In a 1919 test of the general theory of relativity , stars ( marked with short horizontal lines ) were photographed during a solar eclipse . The rays of starlight were bent by the Sun 's gravity on their way to the earth . This is interpreted as evidence in favor of Einstein 's prediction that gravity would cause deviations from Euclidean geometry . Einstein 's theory of general relativity shows that the true geometry of spacetime is not Euclidean geometry . For example , if a triangle is constructed out of three rays of light , then in general the interior angles do not add up to 180 degrees due to gravity . A relatively weak gravitational field , such as the Earth 's or the sun 's , is represented by a metric that is approximately , but not exactly , Euclidean . Until the 20th century , there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry , but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist . They were later verified by observations such as the slight bending of starlight by the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1919 , and such considerations are now an integral part of the software that runs the GPS system . It is possible to object to this interpretation of general relativity on the grounds that light rays might be improper physical models of Euclid 's lines , or that relativity could be rephrased so as to avoid the geometrical interpretations . However , one of the consequences of Einstein 's theory is that there is no possible physical test that can distinguish between a beam of light as a model of a geometrical line and any other physical model . Thus , the only logical possibilities are to accept non-Euclidean geometry as physically real , or to reject the entire notion of physical tests of the axioms of geometry , which can then be imagined as a formal system without any intrinsic real - world meaning . Treatment of infinity ( edit ) Infinite objects ( edit ) Euclid sometimes distinguished explicitly between `` finite lines '' ( e.g. , Postulate 2 ) and `` infinite lines '' ( book I , proposition 12 ) . However , he typically did not make such distinctions unless they were necessary . The postulates do not explicitly refer to infinite lines , although for example some commentators interpret postulate 3 , existence of a circle with any radius , as implying that space is infinite . The notion of infinitesimal quantities had previously been discussed extensively by the Eleatic School , but nobody had been able to put them on a firm logical basis , with paradoxes such as Zeno 's paradox occurring that had not been resolved to universal satisfaction . Euclid used the method of exhaustion rather than infinitesimals . Later ancient commentators , such as Proclus ( 410 -- 485 CE ) , treated many questions about infinity as issues demanding proof and , e.g. , Proclus claimed to prove the infinite divisibility of a line , based on a proof by contradiction in which he considered the cases of even and odd numbers of points constituting it . At the turn of the 20th century , Otto Stolz , Paul du Bois - Reymond , Giuseppe Veronese , and others produced controversial work on non-Archimedean models of Euclidean geometry , in which the distance between two points may be infinite or infinitesimal , in the Newton -- Leibniz sense . Fifty years later , Abraham Robinson provided a rigorous logical foundation for Veronese 's work . Infinite processes ( edit ) One reason that the ancients treated the parallel postulate as less certain than the others is that verifying it physically would require us to inspect two lines to check that they never intersected , even at some very distant point , and this inspection could potentially take an infinite amount of time . The modern formulation of proof by induction was not developed until the 17th century , but some later commentators consider it implicit in some of Euclid 's proofs , e.g. , the proof of the infinitude of primes . Supposed paradoxes involving infinite series , such as Zeno 's paradox , predated Euclid . Euclid avoided such discussions , giving , for example , the expression for the partial sums of the geometric series in IX. 35 without commenting on the possibility of letting the number of terms become infinite . Logical basis ( edit ) This article needs attention from an expert in mathematics . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Mathematics may be able to help recruit an expert . ( December 2010 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2010 ) See also : Hilbert 's axioms , Axiomatic system , and Real closed field Classical logic ( edit ) Euclid frequently used the method of proof by contradiction , and therefore the traditional presentation of Euclidean geometry assumes classical logic , in which every proposition is either true or false , i.e. , for any proposition P , the proposition `` P or not P '' is automatically true . Modern standards of rigor ( edit ) Placing Euclidean geometry on a solid axiomatic basis was a preoccupation of mathematicians for centuries . The role of primitive notions , or undefined concepts , was clearly put forward by Alessandro Padoa of the Peano delegation at the 1900 Paris conference : ... when we begin to formulate the theory , we can imagine that the undefined symbols are completely devoid of meaning and that the unproved propositions are simply conditions imposed upon the undefined symbols . Then , the system of ideas that we have initially chosen is simply one interpretation of the undefined symbols ; but ... this interpretation can be ignored by the reader , who is free to replace it in his mind by another interpretation ... that satisfies the conditions ... Logical questions thus become completely independent of empirical or psychological questions ... The system of undefined symbols can then be regarded as the abstraction obtained from the specialized theories that result when ... the system of undefined symbols is successively replaced by each of the interpretations ... -- Padoa , Essai d'une théorie algébrique des nombre entiers , avec une Introduction logique à une théorie déductive quelconque That is , mathematics is context - independent knowledge within a hierarchical framework . As said by Bertrand Russell : If our hypothesis is about anything , and not about some one or more particular things , then our deductions constitute mathematics . Thus , mathematics may be defined as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about , nor whether what we are saying is true . -- Bertrand Russell , Mathematics and the metaphysicians Such foundational approaches range between foundationalism and formalism . Axiomatic formulations ( edit ) Geometry is the science of correct reasoning on incorrect figures . -- George Polyá , How to Solve It , p. 208 Euclid 's axioms : In his dissertation to Trinity College , Cambridge , Bertrand Russell summarized the changing role of Euclid 's geometry in the minds of philosophers up to that time . It was a conflict between certain knowledge , independent of experiment , and empiricism , requiring experimental input . This issue became clear as it was discovered that the parallel postulate was not necessarily valid and its applicability was an empirical matter , deciding whether the applicable geometry was Euclidean or non-Euclidean . Hilbert 's axioms : Hilbert 's axioms had the goal of identifying a simple and complete set of independent axioms from which the most important geometric theorems could be deduced . The outstanding objectives were to make Euclidean geometry rigorous ( avoiding hidden assumptions ) and to make clear the ramifications of the parallel postulate . Birkhoff 's axioms : Birkhoff proposed four postulates for Euclidean geometry that can be confirmed experimentally with scale and protractor . This system relies heavily on the properties of the real numbers . The notions of angle and distance become primitive concepts . Tarski 's axioms : Alfred Tarski ( 1902 -- 1983 ) and his students defined elementary Euclidean geometry as the geometry that can be expressed in first - order logic and does not depend on set theory for its logical basis , in contrast to Hilbert 's axioms , which involve point sets . Tarski proved that his axiomatic formulation of elementary Euclidean geometry is consistent and complete in a certain sense : there is an algorithm that , for every proposition , can be shown either true or false . ( This does n't violate Gödel 's theorem , because Euclidean geometry can not describe a sufficient amount of arithmetic for the theorem to apply . ) This is equivalent to the decidability of real closed fields , of which elementary Euclidean geometry is a model . Constructive approaches and pedagogy ( edit ) The process of abstract axiomatization as exemplified by Hilbert 's axioms reduces geometry to theorem proving or predicate logic . In contrast , the Greeks used construction postulates , and emphasized problem solving . For the Greeks , constructions are more primitive than existence propositions , and can be used to prove existence propositions , but not vice versa . To describe problem solving adequately requires a richer system of logical concepts . The contrast in approach may be summarized : Axiomatic proof : Proofs are deductive derivations of propositions from primitive premises that are ' true ' in some sense . The aim is to justify the proposition . Analytic proof : Proofs are non-deductive derivations of hypotheses from problems . The aim is to find hypotheses capable of giving a solution to the problem . One can argue that Euclid 's axioms were arrived upon in this manner . In particular , it is thought that Euclid felt the parallel postulate was forced upon him , as indicated by his reluctance to make use of it , and his arrival upon it by the method of contradiction . Andrei Nicholaevich Kolmogorov proposed a problem solving basis for geometry . This work was a precursor of a modern formulation in terms of constructive type theory . This development has implications for pedagogy as well . If proof simply follows conviction of truth rather than contributing to its construction and is only experienced as a demonstration of something already known to be true , it is likely to remain meaningless and purposeless in the eyes of students . -- Celia Hoyles , The curricular shaping of students ' approach to proof See also ( edit ) Analytic geometry Birkhoff 's axioms Cartesian coordinate system Hilbert 's axioms Incidence geometry List of interactive geometry software Metric space Non-Euclidean geometry Ordered geometry Parallel postulate Type theory Classical theorems ( edit ) Angle bisector theorem Butterfly theorem Ceva 's theorem Heron 's formula Menelaus ' theorem Nine - point circle Pythagorean theorem Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eves , vol. 1. , p. 19 Jump up ^ Eves ( 1963 ) , vol. 1 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Eves , p. 19 Jump up ^ Misner , Thorne , and Wheeler ( 1973 ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ The assumptions of Euclid are discussed from a modern perspective in Harold E. Wolfe ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry . Mill Press . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 1852 - 1 . Jump up ^ tr . Heath , pp. 195 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Florence P. Lewis ( Jan 1920 ) , `` History of the Parallel Postulate '' , The American Mathematical Monthly , The American Mathematical Monthly , Vol. 27 , No. 1 , 27 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 , doi : 10.2307 / 2973238 , JSTOR 2973238 . Jump up ^ Ball , p. 56 Jump up ^ Within Euclid 's assumptions , it is quite easy to give a formula for area of triangles and squares . However , in a more general context like set theory , it is not as easy to prove that the area of a square is the sum of areas of its pieces , for example . See Lebesgue measure and Banach -- Tarski paradox . Jump up ^ Daniel Shanks ( 2002 ) . Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory . American Mathematical Society . Jump up ^ Coxeter , p. 5 Jump up ^ Euclid , book I , proposition 5 , tr . Heath , p. 251 Jump up ^ Ignoring the alleged difficulty of Book I , Proposition 5 , Sir Thomas L. Heath mentions another interpretation . This rests on the resemblance of the figure 's lower straight lines to a steeply inclined bridge that could be crossed by an ass but not by a horse : `` But there is another view ( as I have learnt lately ) which is more complimentary to the ass . It is that , the figure of the proposition being like that of a trestle bridge , with a ramp at each end which is more practicable the flatter the figure is drawn , the bridge is such that , while a horse could not surmount the ramp , an ass could ; in other words , the term is meant to refer to the sure - footedness of the ass rather than to any want of intelligence on his part . '' ( in `` Excursis II , '' volume 1 of Heath 's translation of The Thirteen Books of the Elements . ) Jump up ^ Euclid , book I , proposition 32 Jump up ^ Heath , p. 135 . Extract of page 135 Jump up ^ Heath , p. 318 Jump up ^ Euclid , book XII , proposition 2 Jump up ^ Euclid , book XI , proposition 33 Jump up ^ Ball , p. 66 Jump up ^ Ball , p. 5 Jump up ^ Eves , vol. 1 , p. 5 ; Mlodinow , p. 7 Jump up ^ Tom Hull . `` Origami and Geometric Constructions '' . Jump up ^ Richard J. Trudeau ( 2008 ) . `` Euclid 's axioms '' . The Non-Euclidean Revolution . Birkhäuser . pp. 39 ff . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 4782 - 1 . Jump up ^ See , for example : Luciano da Fontoura Costa ; Roberto Marcondes Cesar ( 2001 ) . Shape analysis and classification : theory and practice . CRC Press . p. 314 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3493 - 4 . and Helmut Pottmann ; Johannes Wallner ( 2010 ) . Computational Line Geometry . Springer . p. 60 . ISBN 3 - 642 - 04017 - 9 . The group of motions underlie the metric notions of geometry . See Felix Klein ( 2004 ) . Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint : Geometry ( Reprint of 1939 Macmillan Company ed . ) . Courier Dover . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43481 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roger Penrose ( 2007 ) . The Road to Reality : A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe . Vintage Books . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 77631 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Heath , p. 200 Jump up ^ e.g. , Tarski ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Eves , p. 27 Jump up ^ Ball , pp. 268ff Jump up ^ Eves ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1979 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Theorem 120 , Elements of Abstract Algebra , Allan Clark , Dover , ISBN 0 - 486 - 64725 - 0 Jump up ^ Eves ( 1963 ) , p. 64 Jump up ^ Ball , p. 485 Jump up ^ * Howard Eves , 1997 ( 1958 ) . Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics . Dover . Jump up ^ Birkhoff , G.D. , 1932 , `` A Set of Postulates for Plane Geometry ( Based on Scale and Protractors ) , '' Annals of Mathematics 33 . ^ Jump up to : Tarski ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Misner , Thorne , and Wheeler ( 1973 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Rizos , Chris . University of New South Wales . GPS Satellite Signals. 1999 . Jump up ^ Ball , p. 31 Jump up ^ Heath , p. 268 Jump up ^ Giuseppe Veronese , On Non-Archimedean Geometry , 1908 . English translation in Real Numbers , Generalizations of the Reals , and Theories of Continua , ed . Philip Ehrlich , Kluwer , 1994 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Abraham ( 1966 ) . Non-standard analysis . Jump up ^ For the assertion that this was the historical reason for the ancients considering the parallel postulate less obvious than the others , see Nagel and Newman 1958 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Cajori ( 1918 ) , p. 197 ^ Jump up to : A detailed discussion can be found in James T. Smith ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Foundations '' . Methods of geometry . Wiley . pp. 19 ff . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25183 - 6 . Jump up ^ Société française de philosophie ( 1900 ) . Revue de métaphysique et de morale , Volume 8 . Hachette . p. 592 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Mathematics and the metaphysicians '' . In James Roy Newman . The world of mathematics. 3 ( Reprint of Simon and Schuster 1956 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 1577 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Russell ( 1897 ) . `` Introduction '' . An essay on the foundations of geometry . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ George David Birkhoff ; Ralph Beatley ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The five fundamental principles '' . Basic Geometry ( 3rd ed . ) . AMS Bookstore . pp. 38 ff . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2101 - 6 . Jump up ^ James T. Smith . `` Chapter 3 : Elementary Euclidean Geometry '' . Cited work . pp. 84 ff . Jump up ^ Edwin E. Moise ( 1990 ) . Elementary geometry from an advanced standpoint ( 3rd ed . ) . Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 50867 - 2 . Jump up ^ John R. Silvester ( 2001 ) . `` § 1.4 Hilbert and Birkhoff '' . Geometry : ancient and modern . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850825 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alfred Tarski ( 2007 ) . `` What is elementary geometry '' . In Leon Henkin ; Patrick Suppes ; Alfred Tarski . Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics -- The Axiomatic Method with Special Reference to Geometry and Physics ( Proceedings of International Symposium at Berkeley 1957 -- 8 ; Reprint ed . ) . Brouwer Press . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 5355 - 6 . We regard as elementary that part of Euclidean geometry which can be formulated and established without the help of any set - theoretical devices Jump up ^ Keith Simmons ( 2009 ) . `` Tarski 's logic '' . In Dov M. Gabbay , John Woods . Logic from Russell to Church . Elsevier . p. 574 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51620 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Franzén , Torkel ( 2005 ) . Gödel 's Theorem : An Incomplete Guide to its Use and Abuse . AK Peters . ISBN 1 - 56881 - 238 - 8 . Pp. 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Petri Mäenpää ( 1999 ) . `` From backward reduction to configurational analysis '' . In Michael Otte ; Marco Panza . Analysis and synthesis in mathematics : history and philosophy . Springer . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4570 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carlo Cellucci ( 2008 ) . `` Why proof ? What is proof ? '' . In Rossella Lupacchini ; Giovanna Corsi . Deduction , Computation , Experiment : Exploring the Effectiveness of Proof . Springer . p. 1 . ISBN 88 - 470 - 0783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein ( 2003 ) . `` Euclid 's postulates '' . CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 942 . ISBN 1 - 58488 - 347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Deborah J. Bennett ( 2004 ) . Logic made easy : how to know when language deceives you . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05748 - 8 . Jump up ^ AN Kolmogorov ; AF Semenovich ; RS Cherkasov ( 1982 ) . Geometry : A textbook for grades 6 -- 8 of secondary school ( Geometriya . Uchebnoe posobie dlya 6 -- 8 klassov srednie shkoly ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Moscow : `` Prosveshchenie '' Publishers . pp. 372 -- 376 . A description of the approach , which was based upon geometric transformations , can be found in Teaching geometry in the USSR Chernysheva , Firsov , and Teljakovskii Jump up ^ Viktor Vasilʹevich Prasolov ; Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich Tikhomirov ( 2001 ) . Geometry . AMS Bookstore . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 8218 - 2038 - 9 . Jump up ^ Petri Mäenpää ( 1998 ) . `` Analytic program derivation in type theory '' . In Giovanni Sambin ; Jan M. Smith . Twenty - five years of constructive type theory : proceedings of a congress held in Venice , October 1995 . Oxford University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850127 - 7 . Jump up ^ Celia Hoyles ( Feb 1997 ) . `` The curricular shaping of students ' approach to proof '' . For the Learning of Mathematics . FLM Publishing Association . 17 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 16 . JSTOR 40248217 . References ( edit ) Ball , W.W. Rouse ( 1960 ) . A Short Account of the History of Mathematics ( 4th ed . ( Reprint . Original publication : London : Macmillan & Co. , 1908 ) ed . ) . New York : Dover Publications . pp. 50 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20630 - 0 . Coxeter , H.S.M. ( 1961 ) . Introduction to Geometry . New York : Wiley . Eves , Howard ( 1963 ) . A Survey of Geometry . Allyn and Bacon . Heath , Thomas L. ( 1956 ) . The Thirteen Books of Euclid 's Elements ( 2nd ed . ( Facsimile . Original publication : Cambridge University Press , 1925 ) ed . ) . New York : Dover Publications . In 3 vols. : vol. 1 ISBN 0 - 486 - 60088 - 2 , vol. 2 ISBN 0 - 486 - 60089 - 0 , vol. 3 ISBN 0 - 486 - 60090 - 4 . Heath 's authoritative translation of Euclid 's Elements , plus his extensive historical research and detailed commentary throughout the text . Misner , Thorne , and Wheeler ( 1973 ) . Gravitation . W.H. Freeman . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Mlodinow ( 2001 ) . Euclid 's Window . The Free Press . Nagel , E. ; Newman , J.R. ( 1958 ) . Gödel 's Proof . New York University Press . Alfred Tarski ( 1951 ) A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry . Univ. of California Press . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Euclidean geometry '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Plane trigonometry '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Kiran Kedlaya , Geometry Unbound ( a treatment using analytic geometry ; PDF format , GFDL licensed ) ( hide ) Major topics in Geometry Euclidean geometry Combinatorial Convex Discrete Plane geometry Solid geometry Non-Euclidean geometry Elliptic Hyperbolic Symplectic Spherical Affine Projective Riemannian Other Trigonometry Lie group Algebraic geometry Differential geometry Lists List of mathematical shapes List of geometry topics List of differential geometry topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euclidean_geometry&oldid=835703451 '' Categories : Euclidean geometry Elementary geometry Greek inventions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles to be expanded from March 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from December 2010 All articles needing expert attention Mathematics articles needing expert attention Articles to be expanded from June 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 08 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who worked out a system of plane geometry	[ "Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements. Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians,[1] Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system.[2] The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the Elements states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language.[3]" ]	[ "the Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid" ]
8502156113987101547	Laura Horton	Laura Horton - wikipedia Laura Horton Laura Horton Jaime Lyn Bauer as Laura Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Floy Dean ( 1966 ) Susan Flannery ( 1966 -- 75 ) Susan Oliver ( 1975 -- 76 ) Rosemary Forsyth ( 1976 -- 80 ) Jaime Lyn Bauer ( 1993 -- 2018 ) Duration 1966 -- 80 1993 -- 99 2003 2013 2016 2018 First appearance June 30 , 1966 Last appearance May 30 , 2018 Created by Peggy Phillips Introduced by Ted Corday ( 1966 ) Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1993 ) Classification Former ; guest Profile Other names Laura Spencer Monica ( at the Meadows ) Occupation Psychiatrist Residence Presumably Africa Susan Flannery as Laura Horton ( pictured with MacDonald Carey as Tom Horton ) show Family Family Horton Parents James Spencer Carrie Spencer Spouse Mickey Horton ( 1967 -- 74 ) Bill Horton ( 1975 -- 93 ) Children Mike Horton Jennifer Horton Grandchildren Jeremy Horton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Laura Horton is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , a long - running serial drama about working class life in the fictional , United States town of Salem . Created by writer Peggy Phillips , the role was originated by actress Floy Dean on June 30 , 1966 till October 21 , 1966 . Susan Flannery stepped into the role from November 22 , 1966 to May 27 , 1975 . Susan Oliver briefly stepped into the role from October 10 , 1975 , to June 9 , 1976 , followed by Rosemary Forsyth from August 24 , 1976 , to March 25 , 1980 . Jaime Lyn Bauer assumed the role on November 12 , 1993 , and remained until July 7 , 1999 . Laura briefly returned to Salem in 2003 for her daughter , Jennifer Horton 's , wedding to Jack Deveraux . Laura 's storylines focus on family troubles . She is a member of the series ' Horton family . Laura 's marriage to Mickey Horton was a big part of the characters ' history . She was also married to another Horton , Bill . Laura went through a period where she appeared to be going insane , but was being brainwashed by Vivian Alamain . Bauer 's last episode aired on July 7 , 1999 , but she returned on May 26 to 27 , 2003 , and again from June 15 to 28 , 2010 , and April 10 and 11 , 2013 . In March 2016 , it was revealed that Bauer would be returning to the show for at least three episodes airing in September . Bauer returned on September 2 . She also returned on May 30 2018 for one episode . Storylines ( edit ) Laura Spencer arrives in Salem as a young psychiatric intern at the Salem University Hospital . She immediately catches the eye of Bill Horton , and the two become engaged . Bill calls off the wedding when he learns he ca n't be a surgeon , due to tuberculosis in his hand . Laura briefly dates Marie Horton 's ex fiance , Tony Merrit , however nothing serious develops between the two . Laura is in love with both Bill and Tony . Tony , however , recovers his relationship with Marie and , to cope , Laura dives deep into her work . In the summer of 1967 , Laura is assigned to evaluate Susan Martin 's state of mind for the courts when Susan stands trial for killing her husband , David . In the process , Laura spends many hours with lawyer , Mickey Horton . They fall in love and marry in 1968 . Later that year , Laura is raped by her ex-lover , and Mickey 's brother , Bill Horton . The following day , Bill is unable to remember raping Laura . Soon after , Laura learns she is pregnant and , when her father in law , Tom Horton , discovers a paternity test , things become more complicated . Tom learns that Mickey is sterile and that the baby is Bill 's . Laura gives birth prematurely to a healthy baby boy named , Mike . In 1970 , Laura and Mickey 's marriage begins to fall apart and they separate for a time , but eventually work things out by the end of the year . However , by 1971 , Mickey and Laura again have troubles after his affair with Linda Patterson is made public . Laura and Mickey agree to remain married and try to make things work for Mike 's sake . In 1972 , Bill and Laura begin to fall in love when Laura learns the true reason Bill went to jail . Laura plans to divorce Mickey and marry Bill but , when the two were overheard talking by Mike , he assumes they were having an affair , running out into the street and being hit by a car . Mike survives , and Laura realizes she can not abandon her husband and child . In 1973 , Mickey suffers a heart attack after Mike lashes out at him for the pain he caused Laura by having an affair with his secretary . Mickey is rushed to surgery and survives the operation performed by Bill . Though he survives the operation , Mickey suffers a stroke which erases his memory . Mickey sneaks out of the hospital and leaves Salem . With Mickey out of the way , Laura is free to love Bill , however , her marriage to Mickey is still an obstacle for Mickey can not be declared legally dead for seven years . Fate intervenes and , when Mickey is discovered to be alive , he grants Laura a divorce so he can remain with Maggie Simmons . On December 4 , 1975 , Bill and Laura are married . Two months later , on February 6 , 1976 , Laura gives birth to their daughter , Jennifer Horton . However , Laura falls into a deep depression , but seems to overcome it with the help of Dr. Marlena Evans . Laura remains sick and begins to sink deeper and deeper into depression when she learns Bill had an affair with a co worker , Dr. Kate Winograd . Soon , Laura begins to hear voices and sees visions of her dead mother who had committed suicide . Eventually , Laura succumbs to the mental illness and tries to hang herself . Bill finds Laura in time , but she had already slipped out of reality . Laura is admitted to Lakewood Sanitarium where she spends the next 17 years of her life . In 1993 , Kate Roberts begins to pay Laura visits at Pine Haven Sanitarium , where Laura has been transferred . Laura is very aware of what is going on around her , but remains in an apparent catatonic state because the crooked sanitarium workers are keeping her drugged in order to milk the Horton family of money . When Vivian Alamain is sent to the same sanitarium Laura is in , Vivian takes an interest in her . Laura realizes that Vivian is her ticket out . Laura is released and slowly regains her life as she knew it . During the mid to late 1990 's Laura was mostly known for her close friendship with Marlena , and her dislike for Marlena 's rival Kristen Blake . During John and Kristen 's relationship , Laura tried several times to convince John and Marlena that they belonged together , despite the fact that John was in a relationship with Kristen . In late 1996 , Peter Blake is shot by Jack Deveraux , and Jack is then arrested for Peter 's murder . However , Laura discovers that Peter is alive after seeing him in town , and Laura is then kidnapped by Stefano DiMera . Stefano then performs laser surgery on Laura 's brain in order to erase her short - term memory . The surgery seems to have worked , however , Laura slowly begins to get her memories back and then convinces Marlena that Peter is in fact alive . Laura then , with the help of Marlena and Mike , begin to try and figure out where Peter is in order to exonerate Jack for Peter 's murder . After discovering that Peter is alive , Laura , Mike , and Marlena also discover that it was Stefano and Kristen who kept Peter 's whereabouts a secret . Then in 1997 , Marlena is kidnapped by Kristen and held captive in a `` secret room '' . Laura discovers this , after overhearing Kristen communicate with her via a two - way radio , and tries desperately to convince John , Abe , Mike , and Jennifer that Marlena is being held captive by Kristen in the DiMera mansion . After John , Mike , and Abe attempt numerous searches in and around the DiMera house , they are convinced that Laura 's schizophrenia is returning . Jennifer , along with her brother Mike , try to convince Laura to seek treatment , but Laura is adamant that there 's nothing wrong with her and that Kristen and Stefano are in fact keeping Marlena captive inside the DiMera mansion . Soon after , Kristen gets herself locked in the same `` secret room '' that Marlena 's in by Susan Banks , who had also discovered that Kristen had kidnapped Marlena . Susan , who now has seeming fallen madly in love with John as well , decides not to release Marlena from the secret room , but rather to keep her in there with Kristen . Susan then goes about pretending to be Kristen in order to marry John . On the day of John and Kristen 's wedding , Laura snaps and decides to confront and attack Kristen ( Not knowing that it is actually Susan ) . Whilst attacking `` Kristen '' , Susan 's false teeth falls out and lands in Vivian 's martini , the truth is revealed and everyone , including Laura , realize that it 's Susan pretending to be Kristen . Susan then tells John the truth about where Marlena and Kristen are , and John goes down to the cellar ( to the secret room ) and rescues both Marlena and Kristen . After being rescued , Kristen is adamant that the wedding should continue immediately , but is stopped by Marelna and Laura who expose all of Kristen lies in front of all of the wedding guests . In 1998 , Laura is accused of murdering Kristen . But it was later revealed that the body was actually Susan Banks ' sister Penelope Kent , and the killer was Susan 's husband Edmund Crumb . Laura was then exonerated for the murder , however , her friendship with Marlena is in trouble because Marlena did not believe that Laura was innocent . After some time , Laura and Marlena reconcile , and their friendship is restored . Laura returns in 2003 for the wedding of her daughter and again in June 2010 , along with her ex-husband , Bill Horton , after receiving news that Alice Horton was extremely ill . Along with many other family members , she was reunited with her daughter , Jennifer , and reminisced about the wonderful times they shared with Alice . Laura was not happy when she caught Bill talking to Kate at the Horton house , which showed she was still not over their past together . Bill reminded Laura that Alice did n't judge and would have welcomed Kate 's visit . Several days later , she received news from Maggie Horton that Alice died in her sleep . In April 2013 , Jennifer goes to visit Laura after having relationship problems in Salem . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corday , Ken ( June 2010 ) . `` Days of our Lives '' . The Days of our Lives : The True Story of One Family 's Dream and the Untold History of Days of our Lives . Sourcebooks . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 4222 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Floy Dean on '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` Days of our Lives '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Harper Paperbacks . pp. 87 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Flannery Biography '' . Tvguide.com. 1943 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Soap Opera History ( November 22 ) '' . We Love Soaps. 2012 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Susanoliver.info '' . Susanoliver.info . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jaime Lyn Bauer.com '' . Jaime Lyn Bauer.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` JAIME LYN BAUER BACK TO DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jaime Lyn Bauer Returning to Days of our Lives '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` DAYS 'S JAIME LYN BAUER RETURNS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SOAPnet.com - Celebrating 40 Years of DAYS '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days of our Lives - Bios - Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain '' . Nbc.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Laura at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Horton&oldid=851625897 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional psychiatrists Fictional characters introduced in 1966 Fictional characters with neurological or psychological disorders Fictional sexual assault victims Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is playing laura on days of our lives	[ "Laura Horton\nJaime Lyn Bauer as Laura HortonDays of Our Lives characterPortrayed by\n\nFloy Dean (1966)\nSusan Flannery (1966–75)\nSusan Oliver (1975–76)\nRosemary Forsyth (1976–80)\nJaime Lyn Bauer (1993–2018)\nDuration\n\n1966–80\n1993–99\n2003\n2010\n2013\n2016\n2018\nFirst appearance\nJune 30, 1966Last appearance\nMay 30, 2018Created by\nPeggy PhillipsIntroduced by\n\nTed Corday (1966)\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1993)\nClassification\nFormer; guestProfileOther names\nLaura SpencerMonica (at the Meadows)Occupation\nPsychiatristResidence\nPresumably Africa\nSusan Flannery as Laura Horton (pictured with MacDonald Carey as Tom Horton)\nshowFamilyFamily\nHortonParents\nJames SpencerCarrie SpencerSpouse\nMickey Horton (1967–74)Bill Horton (1975–93)Children\nMike HortonJennifer HortonGrandchildren\nJeremy Horton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux" ]	[ "Jaime Lyn Bauer" ]
-8129194228449750753	Rocky Mount High School	Rocky Mount High School - wikipedia Rocky Mount High School Rocky Mount High School Address 1400 Bethlehem Road Rocky Mount , North Carolina 27803 United States Coordinates 35 ° 56 ′ 31 '' N 77 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 35.9418213 ° N 77.8080346 ° W / 35.9418213 ; - 77.8080346 Coordinates : 35 ° 56 ′ 31 '' N 77 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 35.9418213 ° N 77.8080346 ° W / 35.9418213 ; - 77.8080346 Information Established 1953 ( S. Tillery Street ) 2012 ( Bethlehem Road ) School district Nash - Rocky Mount Public Schools CEEB code 343375 Principal Daniel Colvin Teaching staff 76.50 ( FTE ) Grades 9 -- 12 Enrollment 1,310 ( 2013 - 14 ) Student to teacher ratio 17.12 Color ( s ) Navy blue and gold Athletics conference Big East 3 - A Athletic Nickname Gryphons Website nrms.schoolwires.net/rmhs Rocky Mount High School is a public high school in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . Established in 1927 , the school is in Nash - Rocky Mount Public Schools . It is currently a member of the Big East 3 - A Athletic Conference . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Campus 4 Curriculum 5 Extracurricular activities 5.1 Athletics 6 Notable alumni 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Public education in Rocky Mount began in 1901 . High school programs were established in the following years , but did not have their own buildings until 1915 , when the high school department of the Rocky Mount Graded Schools for White Children took over Edgemont School on Cokey Road and it became Edgemont High School . In 1927 -- with the construction of Booker T. Washington High School for African - American students on Virginia Street and the new Rocky Mount High School for white students on Marigold Street -- both races had separate , self - contained high school campuses . The ( all - white ) Rocky Mount High School moved to a new campus on Tillery Street in 1953 and changed its name from Rocky Mount High to Rocky Mount Senior High . Voluntary integration began in the early 60s when the first African - American students chose to attend Rocky Mount Senior High School under the Freedom of Choice law . A small black student population was maintained at Rocky Mount Senior High until the two schools were merged in 1969 . The merger took place in enlarged facilities on the Rocky Mount Senior High campus . The old mascots , the Blackbirds and the Lions , were retired and the student body voted to adopt a new , combined mascot : the Gryphons ( Griffins ) -- mythological beasts that were part bird and part lion -- chosen from a list of student - submitted names . The former Lions ' school colors of royal blue and gold and the Blackbird 's former school colors of black and gold were also blended to form the new school 's colors of blue / black ( a dark navy ) and gold . In this manner the two schools further cemented their union into a single entity . The school officially returned to its older Rocky Mount High School name in 2004 . Demographics ( edit ) The demographic breakdown of the 1,310 students enrolled in 2013 - 14 was : Male - 48.1 % Female - 51.9 % Native American / Alaskan - 0.7 % Asian / Pacific islanders - 1.4 % Black - 71.8 % Hispanic - 4.0 % White - 17.3 % Multiracial - 4.8 % 67.7 % of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch . Campus ( edit ) In February 2010 , the Nash - Rocky Mount Board of Education and the Nash County Commissioners combined to fund the building of a new campus for Rocky Mount High School . The 240,000 square foot , $32 million facility has been completed on a near 61 - acre ( 250,000 m ) parcel on the north side of Bethlehem Road - between West Mount Drive and Old Mill Road . The school 's address is 1400 Bethlehem Road . The school officially moved to the new campus on July 10 , 2012 and it will open for students in August . For the first time ever , Rocky Mount High School will field all of its sports programs on - campus - including football , baseball , and track & field . The school was previously located at 308 S. Tillery Street and was opened in September 1953 . Set on just 24 acres ( 97,000 m ) of land , it was bordered by S. Tillery St. to the east , Hammond St. to the south and Nash St. to the north . Curriculum ( edit ) Rocky Mount High School offers the IB Diploma Programme which has been available to students since 1999 and also offers Advanced Placement courses . Rocky Mount High School integrated technology into its common core curriculum during the 2013 - 2014 academic school year after implementing the one - to - one initiative . Extracurricular activities ( edit ) Student groups and activities include American Field Service , art club , chess club , First Priority , French club , FBLA , international club , guitar club , key club , Model United Nations club , Quiz Bowl , science club , Students Against Destructive Decisions , student council association , and the Rocky Mount High School Band , a three - time Bands of America Grand National Champion . Athletics ( edit ) Rocky Mount High has had several successful athletic teams and has won 13 NCHSAA state championships - the last one in 2015 ( football ) . This is a list of those titles : 1962 4 - A Football . 1963 4 - A Boys Basketball , 1963 4 - A Baseball , 1963 4 - A Football , 1967 4 - A Baseball , 1973 4 - A Baseball , 1978 4 - A Boys Basketball , 1980 4 - A Baseball , 1982 4 - A Boys Basketball , 2008 3 - A Baseball , 2010 3 - A Boys Basketball , 2012 3 - A Boys Basketball , 2015 3 - A Football The football team played its games at the Rocky Mount Athletic Complex from 1988 until 2011 . Notable alumni ( edit ) Chuck Robbins , CEO of Cisco Systems Mike Easley , former North Carolina governor Phil Ford , UNC basketball All - America , former NBA player , N.C. Sports Hall of Famer Kaye Gibbons , award - winning novelist Buck Williams , Maryland basketball All - America , former NBA player , N.C. Sports Hall of Famer Jim Clack , NFL Football offensive lineman / won two Super Bowls with the Pittsburgh Steelers , N.C. Sports Hall of Famer Allan Gurganus , award - winning writer and artist , Guggenheim fellow Kay Kyser , big band leader and radio personality , 1930s and 40s Bill Murray ( William D. Murray ) , college football player , coach , AD ( Duke University ) ; College Football Hall of Fame Brian Goodwin , Washington Nationals outfielder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mount High School '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Rocky Mount High '' . ed.gov . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rmhs.nrms.org/our-school/school-history Jump up ^ Stephens , Spaine ( 2002 - 08 - 14 ) . `` School names get makeovers '' . Rocky Mount Telegram . Rocky Mount Senior High will change over to Rocky Mount High School after the graduation of the class of 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Mount High School '' . International Baccalaureate Organization . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bender , Jaime ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Easley celebrates Nash Central '' . Rocky Mount Telegram . Easley , a former Rocky Mount Senior High football player who grew up just outside the city ... Jump up ^ http://www.thebaseballcube.com/players/profile.asp?P=Brian-Goodwin-2 External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mount_High_School&oldid=837715326 '' Categories : Educational institutions established in 1953 Public high schools in North Carolina International Baccalaureate schools in North Carolina Schools in Nash County , North Carolina 1953 establishments in North Carolina Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 15 : 49 . About Wikipedia	booker t washington high school rocky mount nc	[]	[]
-983743752428827220	Freaky Friday (2003 film)	Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) - wikipedia Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For others , see Freaky Friday ( disambiguation ) . Freaky Friday Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Waters Produced by Andrew Gunn Screenplay by Heather Hach Leslie Dixon Based on Freaky Friday by Mary Rodgers Starring Jamie Lee Curtis Lindsay Lohan Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Oliver Wood Edited by Bruce Green Production company Walt Disney Pictures Gunn Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) ( Hollywood ) August 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $160.8 million Freaky Friday is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon , based on the novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers . It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan as a mother and daughter whose bodies are switched due to a mysterious and magical fortune cookie . The film was released in theaters on August 6 , 2003 , by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures . It received positive reviews from film critics and it earned over $160 million worldwide on a $20 million budget . It was Disney 's third film adaptation of the novel , after the 1976 film Freaky Friday starring Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster , and the 1995 television film Freaky Friday starring Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffmann . It was released on VHS and DVD on December 16 , 2003 by Walt Disney Home Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Soundtrack 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Anna Coleman is an average teenager with a stressful life due to her stodgy widowed mother , Tess , and annoying younger brother , Harry . The conflicts revolve around : Tess 's upcoming second marriage to Ryan , which Anna is not emotionally ready for due to her father 's death three years before ; Anna 's pop punk / pop rock band , Pink Slip , which Tess hates because according to Anna , she thinks that they are all noise ; Anna 's claims about her archrival , Stacey Hinkhouse , who does not stop tormenting her and has Tess convinced that she and Anna are still best friends like they used to be ; and her sadistic English teacher , Mr. Elton Bates , who gives her an `` F '' on everything she does no matter how hard she tries . Tess also disapproves of Anna 's crush , Jake , an older student . To make matters worse , Anna gets detention twice during the school day . One for backtalking to Mr. Bates in the hallway , and another for hitting Stacey in the head with a volleyball on purpose during physical education after Stacey did it multiple times to her on purpose and got away with it . The Colemans eat out at Pei - Pei 's Chinese restaurant , where Anna begs Tess to let her go on an important audition with her band . However , Tess refuses since the show is on the same Friday as the rehearsal dinner . They begin arguing again until Pei - Pei 's mother interrupts to give them fortune cookies , which contain a body switching spell , causing an earthquake only they felt . The next morning , they wake up in each other 's bodies , figuring that the fortune cookies are responsible for the switch , but can not go directly back to the restaurant as Anna has to go to school and Tess has to see her therapy patients , taking each other 's roles . At school , Tess finds that Anna is not only right about Stacey when she assaults her , but Mr. Bates also gives her an `` F '' on a pop quiz about Hamlet even though she answered everything right . She soon recognizes him as a former classmate who asked her out to the prom , but she turned him down , and he is now taking it out on Anna . She threatens to report him to the school board unless he stops abusing Anna . Before Anna goes to Tess 's office , she gives Tess 's body a makeover , much to her dismay . At Tess 's practice , Anna has some difficulty handling her patients apart from a mother who has concerns over her daughter . At lunchtime , they go back to the restaurant to confront Pei - Pei and her mother , but she explains that only showing selfless love to one another will break the spell . In the afternoon , Anna attends Harry 's parent - teacher conference , where she reads a composition about how much he actually admires her . She sees him in a different light , and vows to treat him nicer . Meanwhile , Tess attempts to make amends with Stacey , but she frames her for cheating . Jake helps her finish the test , which makes her realize that she has misjudged him . Unfortunately , he is no longer enamored with `` Anna '' after Tess sabotages Stacey 's test . Meanwhile , Ryan surprises Anna with an interview on a talk show to discuss Tess 's new psychology book . However , she turns the interview into a wild romp to cover the fact she has not read the book . Tess and Jake catch it on TV and while she is embarrassed , he is impressed . Later , Anna bumps into him at a coffee shop , and they bond over their favorite music . He begins to fall in love with `` Tess '' and attempts to pursue her , much to the real Tess ' horror . At the rehearsal dinner , Anna 's bandmates come to try to convince `` Anna '' to sneak off to the audition , but they are caught by security . Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving `` Anna '' permission to go . He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him , and he urges `` Tess '' to go support the band , finally winning her over . Since Tess can not play , Anna unplugs her guitar , and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so . Jake is in the audience , and he realizes that Anna is the one for him . Tess also realizes how fun music is , and promises to treat Anna 's band with more respect . Back at the rehearsal dinner , Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding , so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess 's body . Instead , she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess . This is the final act of selfless love needed to break the spell , and another earthquake has them switch back to their own selves . On the wedding day , Tess and Ryan marry , and she and Anna finally make up after such long conflict by saying `` I love you '' to each other . Also , Anna and Jake start dating with Tess 's approval . Anna 's band also plays at the reception . Pei - Pei 's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue , but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time by tackling them to the ground . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Lee Curtis as Dr. Tess Coleman Lindsay Lohan as Anna Coleman Chad Michael Murray as Jake Mark Harmon as Ryan , Tess 's Love interest Harold Gould as Grandpa Alan Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Elton Bates Christina Vidal as Maddie Ryan Malgarini as Harry Coleman Haley Hudson as Peg Rosalind Chao as Pei - Pei Lucille Soong as Pei - Pei 's mother Willie Garson as Evan Dina Waters as Dottie Robertson Julie Gonzalo as Stacey Hinkhouse Cayden Boyd as Harry 's friend Christopher Guest as Mr. Coleman Production ( edit ) The film 's producer Andrew Gunn said he initially hoped Jodie Foster ( who played Annabel in the original 1976 Freaky Friday film ) would be interested in playing the mother in the remake . She declined in order to spend more time with her family and because of concerns that the stunt casting would overshadow the film 's overall merit . Annette Bening was then cast in the role , but dropped out because of family obligations . Jamie Lee Curtis was given the role only four days before filming began . Lindsay Lohan 's character was originally written as a Goth , but she did not think anyone would relate to that , and decided to dress in a preppy style for her audition . The character ended up being rewritten . Marc McClure , who played Boris Harris , Annabel 's love interest in the original film , has a brief cameo as Boris the delivery man . Director Mark Waters also makes a cameo holding a baby at the wedding . In the end scene when Anna is dancing with Jake , there is a woman in the background dancing with an older gentleman , and she looks directly at the camera . That is Lindsay Lohan 's mother , Dina Lohan . Ryan Shuck coached Jamie Lee Curtis to play the guitar solo for the concert scene . Lohan trained for one year to learn to play the guitar before production . The snapshots in the opening credits are photos of Jamie Lee Curtis and her daughter , Annie Guest . Kelly Osbourne was originally set to play Maddie , but dropped out because she did not want to do a children 's movie . She was replaced by Christina Vidal . Principal photography began on October 5 , 2002 and Principal photography ended on December 18 , 2002 Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and VHS on December 16 , 2003 , by Walt Disney Home Video . It is now also available on Blu - Ray disc . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $22.2 million in 2,954 theaters , finishing second at the box office , behind S.W.A.T. ( $37.1 million ) . The film went on to gross $110.2 million in North America and $50.6 million in other territories for a total of $160.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Freaky Friday received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88 % , based on 149 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan charm in Mark Waters ' nicely pitched -- and Disney 's second -- remake of the 1976 hit . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 70 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Jamie Lee Curtis 's performance was singled out for praise by many critics . David Ansen of Newsweek noted that , `` the most startling metamorphosis is Curtis ' transformation from fading horror - flick queen to dazzling comedienne . She goes on a teenage tear -- tormenting Anna 's younger brother ( who wonders why Mom 's acting so weird ) , getting down and dirty on a TV talk show where Tess is supposed to discuss her book on aging -- with fiercely funny conviction . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum from Entertainment Weekly called her performance `` glorious , '' and A.O. Scott from The New York Times contended that she `` does some of her best work ever ( in Freaky Friday ) . '' Nick Davis described her as `` so frisky and pouty and incandescent in Freaky Friday , she made the whole movie feel like something special . '' Her performance was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Lohan 's performance was also praised . Roger Ebert wrote that she `` has that Jodie Foster sort of seriousness and intent focus beneath her teenage persona . '' The film earned her the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2004 MTV Movie Awards . Some critics , however , objected to the caricatured portrayal of Chinese people in the body switching scene , with Nick Schager of Slant Magazine calling it `` a strange bit of ' Oriental mysticism ' stereotyping that seems at odds with the film 's thematic focus on tolerance and understanding . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Freaky Friday ( soundtrack ) The orchestral score was written by Rolfe Kent and orchestrated by Tony Blondal . Awards and nominations ( edit ) List awards to film and actress / actors . Won 2004 -- MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Teen Choice Awards for Choice Breakout Movie Star -- Female to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film 2004 -- BMI Film Music Award to Rolfe Kent Nominated 2003 -- Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Actress to Jamie Lee Curtis 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Saturn Award for Best Writing to Heather Hach & Leslie Dixon 2004 -- Critics Choice Award for Best Family Film -- Live Action 2004 -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards for Best Live Action Family Film 2004 -- Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie -- Comedy 2004 -- Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress to Lindsay Lohan 2004 -- Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actor Age Ten or Younger to Ryan Malgarini References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kuklenski , Valerie ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Disney 's the King of Remakes '' . The Ledger . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( December 20 , 2003 ) . `` I 'm still here '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peretz , Evgenia ( Feb 2006 ) . `` Confessions of a Teenage Movie Queen '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast ( 546 ) : 120 . ISSN 0733 - 8899 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . As the script was written , the character was Goth , Lohan recalls : `` No one could relate to the character when she was really Goth . There was nothing there . '' She took it upon herself to change it -- before the audition . `` I dressed really preppy , '' she says . `` I wore a collared turquoise Abercrombie and Fitch shirt and khaki pants , swear to God , with a white headband . And my hair was really straight and pretty and red and blond . My agent calls and was like , ' What are you doing ? ! ' '' The studio ended up rewriting the character entirely . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYpwv-66pFg Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Kelly Osbourne Wo n't Get ' Freaky ' '' . Billboard . September 12 , 2002 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newsweek . `` MOM IS TEEN FOR A DAY '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( July 31 , 2003 ) . `` Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` Film Review ; Walking in Mom 's Shoes With Mom 's Feet , Too '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nick Davis . `` Best Actress , 2003 '' . Retrieved 2003 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 6 , 2003 ) . `` Freaky Friday '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick . ( 1 ) Slant Magazine ( Aug. 2 , 2003 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freaky Friday ( 2003 film ) Official website Freaky Friday on IMDb Freaky Friday at Rotten Tomatoes Freaky Friday at AllMovie Films directed by Mark Waters The House of Yes ( 1997 ) Head over Heels ( 2001 ) Warning : Parental Advisory ( 2002 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Mean Girls ( 2004 ) Just Like Heaven ( 2005 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) Mr. Popper 's Penguins ( 2011 ) Vampire Academy ( 2014 ) Bad Santa 2 ( 2016 ) Magic Camp ( TBA ) Mary Rodgers 's Freaky Friday Film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) Freaky Friday ( 1995 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Freaky Friday ( 2018 ) Other Song Soundtrack Musical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaky_Friday_(2003_film)&oldid=841640517 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s fantasy - comedy films 2000s teen comedy films American fantasy - comedy films American films American teen comedy films Disney film remakes Films about dysfunctional families Films about weddings Films based on American novels Films directed by Mark Waters Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Freaky Friday Teen fantasy films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 02 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what instrument does anna play in freaky friday	[ "At the rehearsal dinner, Anna's bandmates come to try to convince \"Anna\" to sneak off to the audition, but they are caught by security. Ryan surprises Tess and Anna by giving \"Anna\" permission to go. He explains that he just wants the kids to accept him, and he urges \"Tess\" to go support the band, finally winning her over. Since Tess cannot play, Anna unplugs her guitar, and plays while Tess mimes along and enjoys doing so. Jake is in the audience, and he realizes that Anna is the one for him. Tess also realizes how fun music is, and promises to treat Anna's band with more respect. Back at the rehearsal dinner, Tess tells Anna to ask Ryan to postpone the wedding, so that Anna will not have to go through marrying him in Tess's body. Instead, she proposes a toast where she finally accepts him because of how happy he makes Tess. This is the final act of selfless love needed to break the spell, and another earthquake has them switch back to their own selves. On the wedding day, Tess and Ryan marry, and she and Anna finally make up after such long conflict by saying \"I love you\" to each other. Also, Anna and Jake start dating with Tess's approval. Anna's band also plays at the reception. Pei-Pei's mother attempts to give Harry and Grandpa Alan the body switching fortune cookies when they argue, but her daughter confiscates them in the nick of time by tackling them to the ground." ]	[ "guitar" ]
-4523998031198286534	The Tell-Tale Heart	The Tell - Tale Heart - wikipedia The Tell - Tale Heart For other uses , see The Tell - Tale Heart ( disambiguation ) . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' The Pioneer , Vol . I , No . I , Drew and Scammell , Philadelphia , January , 1843 Author Edgar Allan Poe Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Horror , Gothic Literature Published in The Pioneer Publication type Periodical Publisher James Russell Lowell Media type Print ( periodical ) Publication date January 1843 `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe , first published in 1843 . It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity while simultaneously describing a murder he committed . The victim was an old man with a filmy `` vulture - eye '' , as the narrator calls it . The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder , and he hides the body by dismembering it , and hiding it under the floorboards . Ultimately , the narrator 's feelings of guilt , or a mental disturbance , result in him hearing a thumping sound , which he interprets as the dead man 's beating heart . The story was first published in James Russell Lowell 's The Pioneer in January 1843 . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe 's most famous short stories . It is unclear what relationship , if any , the old man and his murderer share . The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had , he says , never wronged him . He also denies that he killed for greed . The specific motivation for murder ( aside from the narrator 's dislike of the old man 's eye ) , the relationship between narrator and old man , and other details are left unclear . It has been speculated that the old man is a father figure , the narrator 's landlord , or that the narrator works for the old man as a servant , and that perhaps his `` vulture - eye '' represents some sort of veiled secret , or power . The ambiguity and lack of details about the two main characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Adaptations 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Illustration by Harry Clarke , 1919 `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is a first - person narrative of an unnamed narrator , who insists he is sane but is suffering from a disease ( nervousness ) which causes `` over-acuteness of the senses '' . Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story 's narrator , the narrator 's gender can not be known for certain . However , for ease of description , masculine pronouns are used in this article . The old man with whom he lives has a clouded , pale , blue `` vulture - like '' eye , which distresses the narrator so much that he plots to murder the old man , despite also insisting that he loves the old man . The narrator insists that his careful precision in committing the murder proves that he can not possibly be insane . For seven nights , the narrator opens the door of the old man 's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the `` evil eye '' . However , the old man 's vulture - eye is always closed , making it impossible to `` do the work '' . On the eighth night , the old man awakens after the narrator 's hand slips and makes a noise , interrupting the narrator 's nightly ritual . But the narrator does not draw back and , after some time , decides to open his lantern . A single thin ray of light shines out and lands precisely on the `` evil eye '' , revealing that it is wide open . Hearing the old man 's heart beating loudly and dangerously fast from terror , the narrator decides to strike , jumping out with a loud yell and smothering the old man with his own bed . The narrator then dismembers the body and conceals the pieces under the floorboards , and ensures the concealment of all signs of the crime . Even so , the old man 's scream during the night causes a neighbor to report to the police , who the narrator invites in to look around . He claims that the screams heard were his own in a nightmare and that the man is absent in the country . Confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder , the narrator brings chairs for them and they sit in the old man 's room , on the very spot where the body is concealed , and suspect nothing , as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner about him . The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in his ears . As the ringing grows louder , the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards . The sound increases steadily , though the officers seem to pay no attention to it . Terrified by the violent beating of the heart , and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat , but also of his guilt , the narrator breaks down and confesses , telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man 's body . Publication history ( edit ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' in The Pioneer : A Literary and Critical Magazine , page 29 `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of The Pioneer : A Literary and Critical Magazine , a short - lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the `` proprietors '' on the front cover . The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell . Poe was likely paid $10 for the story . Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` A Psalm of Life '' . The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23 , 1845 , edition of the Broadway Journal . This edition omitted Longfellow 's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was reprinted several additional times during Poe 's lifetime . Analysis ( edit ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' uses an unreliable narrator . The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man , as if the stealthy way in which he executed the crime were evidence of his sanity , reveals his monomania and paranoia . The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime . The narrator of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is generally assumed to be male . However , some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating ; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other . The story starts in medias res . The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way . It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden , a judge , a reporter , a doctor or ( anachronistically ) a psychiatrist . In any case , the narrator explains himself in great detail . What follows is a study of terror but , more specifically , the memory of terror , as the narrator is relating events from the past . The first word of the story , `` True ! '' , is an admission of his guilt , as well as an assurance of reliability . This introduction also serves to gain the reader 's attention . Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward , exemplifying Poe 's theories about the writing of short stories . The story is driven not by the narrator 's insistence upon his `` innocence '' , but by his insistence on his sanity . This , however , is self - destructive , because in attempting to prove his sanity he fully admits that he is guilty of murder . His denial of insanity is based on his systematic actions and his precision , as he provides a rational explanation for irrational behavior . This rationality , however , is undermined by his lack of motive ( `` Object there was none . Passion there was none . '' ) . Despite this , he says , the idea of murder `` haunted me day and night . '' The story 's final scene shows the result of the narrator 's feelings of guilt . Like many characters in Gothic fiction , he allows his nerves to dictate his nature . Despite his best efforts at defending himself , his `` over acuteness of the senses '' , which help him hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards , is evidence that he is truly mad . Poe 's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s . The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity . A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) and in `` The Colloquy of Monos and Una '' ( 1841 ) . It is unclear , however , if the narrator actually has very acute senses , or if he is merely imagining things . If his condition is believed to be true , what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man 's heart but deathwatch beetles . The narrator first admits to hearing beetles in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep . According to superstition , deathwatch beetles are a sign of impending death . One variety of deathwatch beetle raps its head against surfaces , presumably as part of a mating ritual , while others emit ticking sounds . Henry David Thoreau observed in an 1838 article that deathwatch beetles make sounds similar to a heartbeat . The beating could even be the sound of the narrator 's own heart . Alternatively , if the beating is really a product of the narrator 's imagination , it is that uncontrolled imagination that leads to his own destruction . It is also possible that the narrator has paranoid schizophrenia . Paranoid schizophrenics very often experience auditory hallucinations . These auditory hallucinations are more often voices but can also be sounds . The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous . Their names , occupations , and places of residence are not given , contrasting with the strict attention to detail in the plot . The narrator may be a servant of the old man 's or , as is more often assumed , his son . In that case , the `` vulture - eye '' of the old man as a father figure may symbolize parental surveillance , or the paternal principles of right and wrong . The murder of the eye , then , is a removal of conscience . The eye may also represent secrecy : only when the eye is found open on the final night , penetrating the veil of secrecy , is the murder carried out . Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe 's poem `` To Science '' , which depicts a struggle between imagination and science . In `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , the old man may thus represent the scientific and rational mind , while the narrator may stand for the imaginative . Adaptations ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The earliest acknowledged adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was in a 1928 silent film of that title directed by Leon Shamroy and starring Otto Matieson as `` The Insane '' , William Herford as `` The Old Man '' with Charles Darvas and Hans Fuerberg as `` Detectives '' . It was faithful to the original tale , unlike future television and film adaptations which often expanded the short story to full - length feature films . The earliest known `` talkie '' adaptation was a 1934 version filmed at the Blattner Studios , Elstree , by Clifton - Hurst Productions , directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Norman Dryden . This version was 55 minutes in length . A 1941 live - action adaptation starred Joseph Schildkraut and was the directorial debut of Jules Dassin . A 1953 animated short film produced by United Productions of America and narrated by James Mason is included among the list of films preserved in the United States National Film Registry . Also in 1953 , a `` Variation '' on `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' entitled `` Sleep No More '' , by Gaines and Feldstein , appeared . In 1956 , an adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was written by William Templeton for the NBC Matinee Theater and aired on the 6th November 1956 . A 1960 film adaptation , The Tell - Tale Heart , adds a love triangle to the story . A 1971 film adaptation directed by Steve Carver , and starring Sam Jaffe as the old man . The film Nightmares from the Mind of Poe ( 2006 ) adapts `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' along with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , `` The Premature Burial '' and `` The Raven '' . The Radio Tales series produced The Tell - Tale Heart for National Public Radio . The story was performed by Winifred Phillips along with music composed by her . CBS Radio Mystery Theater performed an adaptation of the story in 1975 ; the cast included Fred Gwynne . The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1 , 1980 . The 2009 thriller film Tell - Tale , produced by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott , credits Poe 's `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' as the basis for the story of a man being haunted by his donor 's memories , after a heart transplant . In the 1972 film An Evening with Edgar Allan Poe , four of Poe 's short stories are recited by Vincent Price in front of a live audience , including `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' . Steven Berkoff adapted the story in 1991 , and was broadcast on British television . This adaptation was originally presented on British TV as part of the acclaimed series `` Without Walls '' . This version was later broadcast in the United States on the cable channel BRAVO as part of the Texaco Performing Arts series . A musical adaptation performed by The Alan Parsons Project was released on their 1976 debut album Tales of Mystery and Imagination , and was later covered by Slough Feg for their 2010 album , The Animal Spirits . The Christian Thrash / Hybrid Metal band Tourniquet adapted the story into song for their 1997 release `` Crawl To China '' . A hidden bonus track on the album captures an adaptation of the conversation between the main character and the police officers without music . Drummer / primary songwriter Ted Kirkpatrick is a huge fan of Edgar Alan Poe and has also released an album of poems and songs featuring adaptations of his works . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is the opening track , and is read by Les Carlson ( vocalist for the Metal band Bloodgood ) . The SpongeBob SquarePants episode `` Squeaky Boots , '' first aired in 1999 , is loosely based on the story . A musical adaptation , entitled `` Dark Chilling Heartbeat '' , was performed by Deceased on their 2000 album Supernatural Addiction . A musical adaptation by the Insane Clown Posse was included on their album The Riddle Box , entitled `` Ol ' Evil Eye '' , which covers the story of a young man determined to kill `` old man Willie on the hilltop '' because of his grotesque left eye , and is interspersed with samples from an audio recording of a reading of the original short story . Poe 's Tell - Tale Heart : The Game , is a mobile game adaptation in which players enact the protagonist 's actions to recreate Poe 's story on Google Play and Apple iOS . V.H. Belvadi 's 2012 short film , Telltale , credits Poe 's `` The Tell - tale Heart '' as its inspiration and uses some dialog from the original work . A 2013 Spanish short film adaptation , Entrañas ( `` Entrails '' ) , was directed by Narciso Velver . Paul Simon , before his work in Simon & Garfunkel , wrote ( as Jerry Landis ) a song titled `` Tell Tale Heart '' . It is about a man whose heart 's `` beat - beat - beat '' reveals that he still pines for his former lover , although both of them are now in new relationships . An Australian ballet was based on the story , and was recorded for television in the early 1960s . The 2015 animated anthology Extraordinary Tales includes `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , narrated by Bela Lugosi . The 2015 Lifetime movie The Murder Pact , starring Alexa Vega , is based on Poe 's work and incorporates allusions to it , such as the `` vulture eye '' from `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' . Tom Smith wrote `` Telly Taley Heart '' , recounting the story to the tune of `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Sidney P. Poe 's Literary Battles : The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu . Southern Illinois University Press , 1969 . p. 151 Jump up ^ `` '' The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe '' ( index ) `` . eapoe.org . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. Gerald . Poe , Death , and the Life of Writing . Yale University Press , 1987 . p. 132 ; ISBN 0 - 300 - 03773 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Sova , Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . New York City : Checkmark Books , 2001 : 234 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X ^ Jump up to : Benfey , Christopher . `` Poe and the Unreadable : ' The Black Cat ' and ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' , in New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales , Kenneth Silverman , ed . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42243 - 7 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Cleman , John . `` Irresistible Impulses : Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense '' , in Bloom 's BioCritiques : Edgar Allan Poe , edited by Harold Bloom . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6173 - 6 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Arthur Hobson . Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5730 - 9 . p. 394 Jump up ^ Meyers , Jeffrey . Edgar Allan Poe : His Life and Legacy . Cooper Square Press , 1992 . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1038 - 7 Jump up ^ Quinn , Arthur Hobson . Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5730 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Robinson , E. Arthur . `` Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Poe 's Tales , edited by William L. Howarth . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall Inc. , 1971 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Benjamin Franklin . `` Poe and the Gothic Tradition '' , in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe , edited by Kevin J. Hayes . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79727 - 6 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Cleman , Bloom 's BioCritiques , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , John E. `` The Lesser Death - Watch and `` ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' Archived December 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , in The American Transcendental Quarterly . Second quarter , 1969 . Jump up ^ Robison , E. Arthur . `` Thoreau and the Deathwatch in Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' , in Poe Studies , vol. IV , no . 1 . June 1971 . pp. 14 - 16 Jump up ^ Eddings , Dennis W. `` Theme and Parody in ' The Raven ' '' , in Poe and His Times : The Artist and His Milieu , edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV . Baltimore : The Edgar Allan Poe Society , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 9616449 - 2 - 3 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ ZIMMERMAN , BRETT . `` ' Moral Insanity ' or Paranoid Schizophrenia : Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart . ' '' Mosaic : A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature , vol. 25 , no . 2 , 1992 , pp. 39 -- 48 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/24780617 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Daniel . Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2321 - 8 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ The Telltale Heart ( 1928 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` IMDb Title Search : The Tell - Tale Heart '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1934 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1941 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1953 / I ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Sleep No More '' , by Bill Gaines and Ed Feldstein , Shock SuspenStories , April 1953 . Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1960 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1971 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Tell - Tale ( 2009 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Kenny , Tom ; Bumpass , Rodger ; Fagerbakke , Bill ; Brown , Clancy ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) , Sandy 's Rocket / Squeaky Boots , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Poe 's Tell - Tale Heart : The Game - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Telltale ( 2012 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Entrañas ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Traciy Reyes . `` ' The Murder Pact ' : Lifetime Movie , Also Known As ' Tell - Tale Lies ' , Airs Tonight Featuring Music By Lindsey Stirling '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-21/udon-ent-to-release-street-fighter-novel-dragon-crown-manga/.104545 `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' , Anime News Network , July 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Tell - Tale Heart Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Tell - Tale Heart . `` The Poe Museum '' - Full text of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' - Full text of the first printing , from the Pioneer , 1843 Mid-Twentieth century radio adaptations of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' study guide and teaching guide - themes , analysis , quotes , teacher resources `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' animation - Award - winning 2010 animated movie , teacher resources , student games 20 LibriVox audiorecordings , read by various readers The Pioneer , January , 1843 , Boston edition . Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination Edgar Allan Poe 's `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) Adaptations The Avenging Conscience ( 1914 silent ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1934 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1941 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1953 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1960 ) Tell - Tale ( 2009 ) Tell ( 2012 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 2014 ) Related Manfish The Dark Eye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tell-Tale_Heart&oldid=850433586 '' Categories : 1843 short stories Horror short stories Fiction with unreliable narrators Short stories adapted into films Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 20 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the gender of the narrator in the tell tale heart	[]	[]
-5707766958664824680	Kalbelia	Kalbelia - wikipedia Kalbelia Jump to : navigation , search Kalbelia ( कालबेलिया ) Total population Unknown Regions with significant populations Rajasthan , India Languages Hindi , Marwari Alternative names include Sapera , Jogi Kalbelia or Kabeliya is one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan , performed by a tribe of the same name . They are famous for their dance which is an integral part of their culture . Both men and women in the tribe participate in this activity to celebrate joyful occasions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kalbelia tribe 2 Kalbeliya Dance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Kalbelia tribe ( edit ) A Rajasthani folk dance , Kalbelia The Kalbelias were known for their frequent movement from one place to another in ancient times . Their traditional occupation is catching snakes and trading snake venom . Hence , the dance movements and the costumes of their community bear a resemblance to that of the serpents . They are also known as Sapera , Jogira or Jogi . They trace their ancestry from Kanlipar , the 12th disciple of Guru Gorakhnath . The largest number of the population of Kalbelias is in Pali district , then Ajmer , Chittorgarh and Udaipur district . They live a nomadic life and belong to the scheduled tribes . Traditionally , Kalbelia men carried cobras in cane baskets from door to door in villages while their women sang and danced and begged for alms . They revere the cobra and advocate non-killing of the reptile . In the villages , if a snake inadvertently entered a home , then a Kalbelia would be summoned to catch the serpent and to take it away without killing it . Kalbelias have traditionally been a fringe group in society living in spaces outside the village where they reside in makeshift camps called deras . The Kalbelias move their deras from one place to another in a circuitous route repeated over time . Over the generations , the Kalbelias acquired a unique understanding of the local flora and fauna , and are aware of herbal remedies for various diseases which is an alternative source of income for them . Since the enactment of the Wildlife Act of 1972 , the Kalbelias have been pushed out of their traditional profession of snake handling . Today , performing arts are a major source of income for them and these have received widespread recognition within and outside India . However , performance opportunities are sporadic and since the whole community is not involved in it on a regular basis , many members of the community work in the fields , or graze cattle to sustain themselves . Kalbeliya dance ( edit ) The Kalbelia dance , performed to celebrate any joyful moment in the community , is an integral part of Kalbelia culture . Their dances and songs are a matter of pride and a marker of identity for the Kalbelias and they represent the creative adaptation of this community of snake charmers to changing socioeconomic conditions and their own role in rural Rajasthani society . The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and swirl , replicating the movements of a serpent . The upper body cloth is called Angrakhi and a piece of cloth worn on head known as Odhani similarly the lower body cloth is called Lengha . All these cloths are mixed in red and black hues and embroidered in such a way that when these dancers perform these clothes represent a combination of colours soothing to eyes as well as to the atmosphere . The male participants take care of the musical part of the dance . They use the different instruments such as the pungi , a woodwind instrument traditionally played to capture snakes , the dufli , been , the khanjari - a percussion instrument , morchang , khuralio and the dholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform . The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewelry and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver thread . As the performance progresses , the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so does the dance . Kalbelia songs are based on stories taken from folklore and mythology and special dances are performed during Holi . The Kalbelia have a reputation for composing lyrics spontaneously and improvising songs during performances . These songs and dances are part of an oral tradition that is handed down generations and for which there are neither texts nor training manuals . In 2010 , the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan were declared a part of its Intangible Heritage List by the UNESCO . See also ( edit ) Gulabo Sapera Ghoomar : Ghoomar is a traditional women 's folk dance of Rajasthan , India . Rajasthani people References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kalbelia Folk Dances of Rajasthan '' . Jump up ^ Kumar Suresh Singh ; B.K. Lavania ; D.K. Samanta ; S.K. Mandal ; N.N. Vyas ; Anthropological Survey of India . `` Suthar '' . People of India Vol . XXXVIII . Popular Prakashan . p. 1012 . Jump up ^ Miriam Robertson ( 1998 ) . Snake Charmers : The Jogi Nath Kalbelias of Rajastan . Illustrated Book Publishers . p. 323 . ISBN 81 - 85683 - 29 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00340 External links ( edit ) Jaisalmer Ayo : Gateway of the Gypsies About culture of Kalbelia by Suramnath Kalbelia Sapera Photo essay on the Kalbelias Kalbelia costume Kalbelia : Rajki - Puran Nath Sapera & Party `` Kalbelia '' , World Music Central Kalbelia : Cobra Gypsies - full documentary KALBELIA FOLK MUSIC AND DANCE FROM RAJASTHAN Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalbelia&oldid=819531172 '' Categories : Rajasthani culture Folk dances of Rajasthan Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Cultural heritage of India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी മലയാളം Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 21 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	kalbeliya dance is form which district of rajasthan	[ "The Kalbelias were known for their frequent movement from one place to another in ancient times. Their traditional occupation is catching snakes and trading snake venom. Hence, the dance movements and the costumes of their community bear a resemblance to that of the serpents. They are also known as Sapera, Jogira or Jogi. They trace their ancestry from Kanlipar, the 12th disciple of Guru Gorakhnath. The largest number of the population of Kalbelias is in Pali district, then Ajmer, Chittorgarh and Udaipur district. They live a nomadic life and belong to the scheduled tribes.[2][3]" ]	[ "Pali district, then Ajmer, Chittorgarh and Udaipur district" ]
4265020846443343572	Bagheera	Bagheera - wikipedia Bagheera For other uses , see Bagheera ( disambiguation ) . Bagheera The Jungle Book character Bagheera , as shown in Adventures of Mowgli First appearance `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' Last appearance `` The Spring Running '' Created by Rudyard Kipling Information Species Black panther ( melanistic Indian leopard ) Gender Male Relatives Two parents ( deceased ) Bagheera ( Hindi : बघीरा ; Urdu : بگھیرا ‎ Baghīrā / Bagīdah ) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli stories in the Jungle Book ( coll. 1894 ) and the Second Jungle Book ( coll. 1895 ) . He is a black panther ( melanistic Indian leopard ) who serves as friend , protector and mentor to the `` man - cub '' Mowgli . The word bagheera is Hindi / Urdu for black panther -- although the root word bagh means tiger . `` Everybody knew Bagheera , and nobody dared to cross his path ; for he was as cunning as Tabaqui , as bold as the wild buffalo , and as reckless as the wounded elephant . But he had a voice as soft as wild honey dripping from a tree , and a skin softer than dawn . '' -- Rudyard Kipling , The Jungle Book Contents 1 Character history 2 Media portrayals 2.1 Disney animated versions 2.2 1994 Disney live - action film 2.3 2016 Disney live - action film 2.3. 1 Reception 2.4 Other media 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Character history ( edit ) Born in captivity in the menagerie of the Raja of Udaipur , Rajasthan , India , Bagheera begins to plan for his freedom after his mother dies . Once he is mature and strong enough , he breaks the lock on his cage and escapes into the jungle , where his ferocity and cunning nature win him the respect of all its other inhabitants , including Shere Khan . Bagheera reveals all this to Mowgli later . None but Mowgli ever learn that Bagheera once wore a collar and chain , explaining the cat 's special insight concerning men . Bagheera 's brief description of his imprisonment and escape is this , `` I had never seen the jungle . They fed me behind bars from an iron pan till one night I felt that I was Bagheera - the Panther - and no man 's plaything , and I broke the silly lock with one blow of my paw and came away ; and because I had learned the ways of men , I became more terrible in the jungle than Shere Khan . '' Because he had learned the ways of men , he was also more loving to the abandoned human child who came to be under his care and protection . When Father Wolf and Mother Wolf of the Seeonee ( Seoni ) wolf pack adopt the human `` cub '' Mowgli and the pack demands that the new cub should be spoken for , Bagheera buys Mowgli 's life with a freshly killed bull and helps to raise him as one of the pack . Because his life has been bought by a bull , Mowgli is forbidden to eat cattle ( coincidentally , just as the Hindu villagers of the region are also forbidden ) . Bagheera will frequently remind Mowgli of this debt by swearing an oath referencing his own previous captivity . As Bagheera swears , `` By the broken lock that freed me , '' so Mowgli answers back `` By the bull that bought me . '' At one point , during one of Mowgli 's many lessons in the Laws of the Jungle under the tutelage of Baloo the Bear , Bagheera says `` I am more likely to give help than to ask it , '' as Mowgli learns the many sacred words needed to call on the assistance of all kinds of species of animals living in the jungle . Bagheera , having freed himself from the captivity of humans , is a proud animal aware of his own abilities and ferocity among the other animals of the jungle , though he acknowledges Mowgli 's growing power over each of them as the boy grows older . Bagheera shows Mowgli that none of the animals may stare into his eyes , even those who love him . Bagheera shares in many of Mowgli 's adventures as he grows , but eventually the time comes when the man - cub becomes a man and has to return to human society . Bagheera frees Mowgli of his debt to the wolf pack by killing another bull , and Mowgli returns to his adopted human mother Messua . Bagheera is one of Mowgli 's mentors and best friends . He , Baloo and Kaa sing for Mowgli `` The Outsong '' of the jungle . He also calls out to Mowgli in farewell , `` Remember , Bagheera loved thee ... Remember , Bagheera loved thee . '' Media portrayals ( edit ) In some film and television series adaptations of the Jungle Book Bagheera is an Indian leopard . In other appearances , he has a black pigmentation , which is why he is commonly referred to as a black panther . Disney animated versions ( edit ) In Disney 's 1967 animated adaptation , Bagheera the panther is , as in the book , male , and voiced by Sebastian Cabot . The panther is portrayed as an intelligent , mature , and logical character , quite similar to the Bagheera in the books . In the film , it is Bagheera and not the wolves who first finds Mowgli , a young village child . It is Bagheera who brings Mowgli to the care of the wolves and ensures that the baby survives . He is also the one who takes him back to the village , for his own safety , as he knew for years that Mowgli would eventually need to leave his adoptive animal family to return to his place in the human world . During the film , Bagheera often lectures Baloo , for he knows that as long as Shere Khan is in the jungle , the jungle is not safe for Mowgli despite all of Baloo 's attempts to protect him . Bagheera is also the narrator of the film 's story .  The 1967 cartoon film adaptation of `` The Jungle Books '' was Walt Disney 's final film , though he died before he could finish supervising the completed movie . According to a short documentary video about the making of the film , which is available on YouTube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhAZEDiKSsM&t=13s ) , Disney told the screenwriters and artists to forget what they had read in Kipling 's original stories -- the direction he wanted to take for his film was a different approach . Although the original concept art was described as `` dark , '' Walt Disney scrapped those images in favor of a whimsical , musical jungle scene . Bagheera 's past is one of the darker elements that Disney omitted in the movie . The violence of Kipling 's stories is also toned down . Bagheera , for instance , never physically confronts Shere Khan in the 1967 film even though Baloo defends Mowgli while the protective black panther shelters the boy . No scars are visible on the cartoon Disney drawings of Bagheera to hint at his captive past either . Bagheera is also one of the major characters left out of the TaleSpin series which used several Jungle Book characters . However , many of Shere Khan 's employees and military personnel are black panthers very similar in appearance to Bagheera . In the prequel cartoon series Jungle Cubs , Bagheera was voiced by Elizabeth Daily and Dee Bradley Baker , and was often made fun of by his friends , especially the bully Shere Khan . He is also called `` Baggy '' by Baloo . Like Shere Khan and Hathi , he too has an English accent in the 1967 film , but has an American accent in this series . In The Jungle Book 2 , he is voiced by Bob Joles and reappears as the mature Bagheera . He tries to reason with a depressed Baloo that Mowgli 's place is in the Man Village , and that the jungle is not safe for him because Shere Khan has returned to get revenge on Mowgli for humiliating him . Baloo is certain that with their help , Mowgli can handle the tiger a second time , and bypasses Bagheera . Frustrated , he calls upon Colonel Hathi and his troops to block Baloo 's path . When the villagers try to find Mowgli , he suspects that Baloo has brought him back . Bagheera confronts Baloo with the news and expresses his thoughts that maybe he has seen him . Baloo hides Mowgli from Bagheera and convinces Bagheera that he is not with him . Bagheera does not entirely believe this . He later joins Mowgli 's younger adoptive brother Ranjan and Baloo as they hurry to save Mowgli from Shere Khan . When they reach the temple built on a lava lake , Bagheera waits outside with Ranjan and warns Baloo to be careful before he goes inside to help Mowgli . After Shere Khan is trapped , Mowgli introduces Bagheera to Shanti , the girl who is Mowgli 's best friend at the village . Near the end of the film , Ranjan is shown playing with Bagheera 's tail . At first Bagheera is scared , but he later enjoys playing with him while Mowgli , Shanti , and Baloo sing the reprise of `` The Bare Necessities '' . 1994 Disney live - action film ( edit ) In the 1994 live - action film , ( portrayed by a black jaguar named Shadow ) Bagheera serves as a jungle animal friend to Mowgli and his pet wolf , Grey Brother . After Mowgli and Grey Brother are separated from civilization , Bagheera finds them the next day . Hearing Shere Khan 's roar from a distance , Bagheera signals with his tail to Mowgli to grab on to it so as to lead him out of harm 's way . It takes a while until Bagheera finally brings Mowgli and Grey Brother to a pack of Grey Indian wolves . Seeing as the child is young , friendly , helpless , harmless , and kind to a cub of their species , the wolves accept them as members of the pack , much to Bagheera 's delight . Years later , Bagheera is seen most of the time spending time relaxing on a tree and occasionally running with a fully - grown Mowgli , Grey Brother , and a new friend named Baloo , the bear , who was saved as a cub by Mowgli on the day Mowgli is accepted into the wolf pack . A few days later , after Mowgli has learned the ways of men and re-entered civilization thanks to Katherine `` Kitty '' Brydon and Dr. Julius Plumford , Bagheera is seen being introduced to Kitty by Mowgli along with all the rest of Mowgli 's jungle animal friends . Bagheera and the other animals watch as Kitty teaches Mowgli some dancing lessons , much to their amusement . In a later tussle against soldiers working for Captain Boone , Baloo is shot and left for dead . Bagheera is then seen running with Mowgli and the wolf pack to locate Dr. Julius Plumford to save Baloo 's life , only to find that the doctor has already left with Kitty and her father , Colonel Geoffrey Brydon , to bring Katherine to the ship to England . Mowgli goes out and follows them with the wolves , leaving Bagheera behind . After saving Dr. Plumford from death , Bagheera is seen charging along with the wolf pack against Indian bandits . After Mowgli is captured by evil British soldiers -- Boone , Lt. Wilkins , and Sergeant Harley -- and the remaining Indian bandits -- Buldeo and Tabaqui -- Bagheera is seen with the wolves keeping an eye on Mowgli , his friends , and enemies while staring at Boone and Wilkins mostly . When Wilkins asks himself why Bagheera is staring at them , Mowgli replies , `` Because to him , you are ' food ' . '' A reply is hinted afterwards when Bagheera sticks out his tongue to show his hunger for them . The next morning , Bagheera is seen biting through the ropes tying Mowgli to a tree , thus allowing him to escape , and then later on , to rescue the left - out injured Colonel Brydon from death . In the final scene , after Boone 's defeat , Bagheera is seen crossing a bridge with Kitty and a triumphant Mowgli while reuniting with the British Army sent out by Colonel Brydon , who was successfully cured from his injuries by Dr. Plumford ( who also manages to cure Baloo ) , to find them . 2016 Disney live - action film ( edit ) Ben Kingsley voices the CG character in the 2016 live - action film . In an interview with Ben Kingsley regarding his portrayal of Bagheera , Kingsley describes Bagheera as Mowgli 's adoptive parent , saying that his role in Mowgli 's life is `` to educate , to protect and to guide '' . Kingsley further describes Bagheera as being analogous to military in his personality , specifically a Colonel ; saying that `` he 's instantly recognizable by the way that he talks , how he acts , and what his ethical code is '' . In this film , Bagheera plays the role of Mowgli 's mentor and rescues him after Shere Khan kills the boy 's father . He is continually protecting Mowgli and teaches him to be a creature of the jungle and a member of the wolf pack led by Akela . When Shere Khan threatens Mowgli 's life , Bagheera agrees to guide him to the man - village where he can safely live with other humans . However , en route , Shere Khan ambushes them . Bagheera fights with Shere Khan and though he is beaten and mildly injured by the tiger , he gives Mowgli enough time to escape . They do not reunite again until much later , when Mowgli is helping Baloo gather honey ( in repayment for Baloo saving him from the python , Kaa ) and announces he wishes to stay with Baloo , much to Bagheera 's disappointment . Bagheera later speaks with Baloo and after explaining the boy 's predicament and tells Baloo to lie to Mowgli and tell him they were never friends so as to ensure he ends up living in the man - village . However , before this plan can be implemented , a group of monkeys led by the Gigantopithecus King Louie , abduct Mowgli to try to learn of the secret of fire . Working together , Bagheera and Baloo fight off the monkeys long enough for Mowgli to hide from King Louie , and the resulting chase causes in the ape king 's presumed demise . After word of the death of Akela by Shere Khan 's hand reaches Mowgli , the boy is furious with Bagheera and Baloo for keeping the news from him . He then runs away and steals a burning torch from the man - village ( accidentally starting a forest fire in the process ) , and returns to the jungle to avenge Akela . Bagheera helps Baloo and the wolf pack fight Shere Khan long enough to allow Mowgli to set a trap for the tiger , which allows Mowgli to lure him over a fiery pit into which he falls to his death . After , Bagheera is last seen sitting with Baloo and Mowgli , who has found his true home in the jungle . Reception ( edit ) While the Disney films and adaptations over the decades have strayed far from Kipling 's original characters , it is important to note that Bagheera 's character changes the least . As the review snippet below shows , the first Disney take on Kipling 's work bore little resemblance to the story at all . Names of characters remained the same , but the characteristics of those characters were generally taken over in a musical new twist . Bagheera , though his captivity is not mentioned and his ferocity is understated for the sake of small children watching , remains just as proud , refined , and protective of Mowgli as he appeared in the writing of Kipling . `` What do you think of Kipling ? I do n't know . I have never Kippled . -- Victorian joke Judging from The Jungle Book , the last film he personally supervised , Walt Disney never Kippled either . Hardly a line is left of the stories about Mowgli , the Indian `` man - cub '' who was raised by animals . Like Disney 's other adaptations of children 's classics , The Jungle Book is based on the Kipling original in the same way that a fox hunt is based on foxes . Nonetheless , the result is thoroughly delightful . '' The above review is from an April 15 , 2016 Time Magazine Review of The Jungle Book 1967 ( http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,841219,00.html ) . The portrayal of Bagheera as well as Ben Kingsley 's voice acting were praised in the 2016 film . Rotten Tomatoes top critic James Berardinelli stated : `` Ben Kingsley brings the appropriate level of gravitas to the strait - laced Bagheera '' . Todd VanDerWerff from Vox gave Bagheera the top spot on a ranking of all the talking animals from the film from best to worst stating : `` By the very nature of the story , Bagheera has to be sidelined for a time -- so that Mowgli is forced to confront the dangers of the jungle alone -- but this version of the tale really made me feel the cat 's absence . That 's a good sign '' `` - any iteration of The Jungle Book is only as good as its Bagheera . He 's the concerned parent , worried about what his child will find around the next corner , the big cat who knows he has to let go just a little but ca n't find it in himself to do so '' . Other media ( edit ) In the 1967 animated Soviet film , Adventures of Mowgli , Bagheera is portrayed as a female . This may be related to the fact that the Russian word for `` panther '' is a feminine noun , and a name ending with ' a ' is considered to be a female name in the Russian language ( a male panther would have been named Bagheer ) . In this version , she has three cubs , one black and two yellow with rosette patterns . Bagheera is portrayed as friendly , loyal , trustworthy , and protective , yet somewhat cunning and tricky . In the 1991 song `` Bagheera '' by Blues Traveler , Bagheera is depicted with blood - stained fur drinking at the bar , counseling a young man - cub about his choice to live as man or as a free creature . Mowgli remembers when he was in the midst of his decision to live with the world of Man or to return to the jungle and be free . The line says `` some say if you could have seen him then , you would have noticed a tear fall from his majestic eye . '' In the 1996 Hungarian play version , Bagheera is again a female panther . Her main role is bribing the wolf pack with a bull , so they accept Mowgli as Akela 's cub , teaching Mowgli with Baloo about the Rules of the Jungle , and advising him throughout the play . In the 1998 film The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story , Bagheera is portrayed as a female , voiced by Eartha Kitt . In the 2002 comic book series Fables , Bagheera appears as one of the characters living in exile on the Farm in upstate New York . He participates in the farm uprising and , along with the other `` Kipling '' fables , he assists Goldilocks in tracking down Reynard the Fox . Bagheera actually succeeds in tracking down Reynard , though the Fox manages to escape from him . It is implied that Bagheera 's primary motivation for capturing the Fox is to show up Shere Khan after Khan arrogantly rejects Bagheera 's offer of help . After the uprising is defeated , a remorseful Bagheera agrees to imprisonment rather than forced labor . However , as he reveals to Mowgli , he has the memory of urinating on the deceased Shere Khan 's grave to amuse himself . A 2007 Swedish play version of The Jungle Book spoofed the confusion of Bagheera 's sex in the media by portraying him as a transvestite . In the upcoming 2018 film , Christian Bale will voice Bagheera . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Bagheera kiplingi USS Bagheera ( SP - 963 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ben Kingsley to Voice Bagheera in Disney 's The Jungle Book '' . Deadline . June 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Annika Harris ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Lupita Nyong'o , Idris Elba & Others In ' The Jungle Book ' '' . UPTOWN Magazine . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` Jungle Book , The ( United States , 2016 ) '' . ReelViews . James Berardinelli . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE JUNGLE BOOK REVIEWS '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` The Jungle Book review : all of the talking animals , ranked '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bagheera at Wikimedia Commons Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2019 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Lockwood Kipling art Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagheera&oldid=855129459 '' Categories : The Jungle Book characters Fictional panthers Fictional leopards Fictional characters introduced in 1894 Characters in British novels of the 19th century Fictional adoptees Fictional orphans Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 04 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a shiny black cat and a friend of mowgli	[]	[]
-1018440957611169477	The Other Boleyn Girl	The Other Boleyn Girl - wikipedia The Other Boleyn Girl Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2001 novel . For the film adaptations , see The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2003 film ) and The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 film ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Other Boleyn Girl Author Philippa Gregory Country United Kingdom Language English Series Tudor Series Genre Novel Publisher Scribner Publication date Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 664 ISBN 0 - 7394 - 2711 - 3 ( hardcover edition ) Preceded by The Constant Princess Followed by The Boleyn Inheritance The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2001 ) is a historical novel written by British author Philippa Gregory , loosely based on the life of 16th - century aristocrat Mary Boleyn ( the sister of Anne Boleyn ) of whom little is known . Inspired by Mary 's life story , Gregory depicts the annulment of one of the most significant royal marriages in English history ( that of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon ) and conveys the urgency of the need for a male heir to the throne . Much of the history is highly distorted in her account . Reviews were mixed ; some say the book was a brilliantly claustrophobic look at palace life in Tudor England , while others are troubled by the lack of historical accuracy . It has enjoyed phenomenal success and popularity since its publication . The novel was followed by a sequel called The Queen 's Fool , set during the reign of Henry 's daughter , Queen Mary . The Queen 's Fool was followed by The Virgin 's Lover , set during the early days of Queen Elizabeth I 's reign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Historical accuracy 4 Adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) During the 16th century , two sisters who hail from a wealthy family join the court of King Henry VIII . Soon rivalry , scandal , and hunger for power result in one 's downfall . Characters ( edit ) Mary Boleyn / Carey / Stafford : The main character of the story , told from her point of view . Mary is portrayed as an innocent , sexually naïve , young girl who , forced by her family , engages in an affair with Henry VIII under the influence of her sister Anne and her brother George . The novel begins when Mary is fourteen , and ends just days after Anne 's execution . Anne Boleyn : Anne is Mary 's elder , more ambitious , sister ( although research suggests that she was the younger of the two girls ) . Anne makes her first appearance at the beginning of the story when she is fifteen . At first , she is instructed to guide Mary in seducing Henry , but later steals Henry 's affections when she aims to overthrow Catherine as queen . Anne is portrayed as coldhearted and selfish , but will occasionally show affection to Mary and her family . George Boleyn : George is the eldest Boleyn child , and eventually Viscount Rochford . He is shown as caring and supportive to Mary , particularly when she is forced to stop her affair with Stafford . It is implied that he is sexually attracted to Anne , and is conducting an affair with Francis Weston . At the end of the book , George is executed , along with the others accused of committing adultery with Anne . Henry VIII : King of England , Henry first beds Mary , but is diverted by Anne , who refuses him sexual favours , unless he makes her Queen . Though well - meaning , Henry is shown to be easily persuaded by Anne , and quick - tempered . William Carey : Mary 's first husband , he dies half - way through the story from an outbreak of the sweating sickness . William Stafford : Mary 's second husband who pursues Mary , and on the voyage to France , the two begin an affair . Later in the novel they are married in secret , and have one daughter together , Anne ( named in honour of the Queen ) . William genuinely loved Mary , and her two elder children , and was willing to help her retrieve her son Henry from Anne 's wardship . At the end of the novel , she and William leave for the country with the three children . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Mary Boleyn was the sister of the more famous Anne Boleyn . As such , she is usually mentioned in the numerous biographies that have been written about Anne , but never in any substantial detail . Mary , unlike Anne , has been claimed to be the mistress of two kings -- Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England . She was born sometime between 1499 and 1508 . A popular but unverifiable legend suggests that Mary was considered the prettier of the two sisters while Anne was witty , intelligent and charismatic . Mary was married twice , first to William Carey , and second to William Stafford . She died in her early forties in 1543 . Areas of disputed historical accuracy include the following : Birth order and early lives of the siblings . Many histories , including Eric Ives 's biography of Anne Boleyn , present evidence that Mary was the elder sister , and the eldest of the Boleyn children , whereas The Other Boleyn Girl presents Mary as the youngest of her siblings . George is portrayed as being born in 1503 , Anne in 1507 , and Mary in 1508 . However , most historians agree Mary was born around 1500 , Anne about 1501 and George about 1507 , so that Anne was the younger of the two sisters . Mary 's grandson knew she was the eldest , according to the claim he made to his great - grandfather 's titles , which he based on Mary having been the eldest , and which was certainly believed by his cousin , Elizabeth I , who offered him the titles in 1596 . Sexuality of George Boleyn . The book depicts George Boleyn as being homosexual , in love with Francis Weston , but sexually attracted to his sister Anne and willing to commit incest with her . American academic Retha Warnicke postulated George Boleyn and his associates might have been homosexual , but no contemporary evidence supports the theory . However , George Cavendish in `` Metrical Visions '' wrote that he was a notorious seducer of women . Also , no contemporary records mention Anne Boleyn giving birth to a deformed foetus , which Gregory depicts and the characters interpret as possible evidence of incest . Paternity of Mary Boleyn 's children . It has long been rumoured that Henry VIII fathered one or both of Mary Boleyn 's children , originating from a report made in 1531 by an anti-Boleyn prior and Catherine of Aragon adherent , who had never seen the boy . There is some debate , with Sally Varloe , G.W. Bernard ( author of The King 's Reformation ) , and Joanna Denny ( author of Anne Boleyn : a new life of England 's tragic Queen and Katherine Howard : a Tudor conspiracy ) arguing that he may have been Henry Tudor 's son . Some writers , such as Alison Weir , consider it unlikely that Henry Carey ( Mary 's son ) was fathered by the King . Role of Thomas and Elizabeth Boleyn . The Other Boleyn Girl depicts Mary 's parents as devoid of affection for their daughters , and eager to use both as sexual pawns for political gain . Sources such as Anne Boleyn by Marie - Louise Bruce ( 1972 ) suggest that Mary 's parents did not encourage her sexual escapades and were horrified when she was sent home from France in disgrace . Anne Boleyn 's wardship of Henry Carey . Anne Boleyn took on Mary 's son as her ward after his father 's death during an outbreak of sweating sickness and supplied him with an education at a respectable Cistercian monastery . This was a common practice in the Tudor nobility and one very similar to the situation faced by dozens of young aristocratic children , including Anne and Mary 's cousin , Katherine Howard , who was raised by her grandmother when her father was penniless . Anne 's actions are usually seen as kind by contemporaries and historians , but the novel presents it differently : Anne `` steals '' Mary 's son the year after Henry VIII has made it clear that he intends to marry her , to make herself more politically attractive to the king . It is shown both as a cruel act and as an adoption in the modern sense , in which the child 's caretakers are considered his legal and social parents . Actually , Anne secured Mary a highly respectable pension of £ 100 a year . Sexual experience of Mary Boleyn . Mary is depicted in The Other Boleyn Girl as a sexually inexperienced young girl when she begins her affair with the king . In fact , however , she acquired a reputation for promiscuity at the court of Francis I of France , who stated that he had known her `` per una grandissima ribalda , infame sopra tutti ( a great slut , infamous above all ) . '' Although Francis called her `` the English mare , '' and estimated how often he had ridden her , Mary was never one of his favoured maitresse en titre . Due to her sexual laxness , she appears to have been recalled from the French court in 1519 , shaming the Boleyn family . Genealogist Anthony Hoskins contradicts Mary Boleyn 's reputation for having been sexually active at an early age ; denies that Mary was extensively educated at the French court like her sister ; and declares that `` It is now established that it was Anne Boleyn , and not her sister Mary , who lived at the Flemish and French courts as a child , '' as if this fact had not been known for centuries . Hoskins further speculates that the French king 's comments on Mary 's reputation were not based on her early behaviour , claiming that he possibly had met her in 1520 at the Field of Cloth of Gold . In fact , both Mary and Anne spent time at the French court . Motivations and characterisation of Anne Boleyn . The Guardian described Anne as having been presented as `` a scheming trollop , '' and expressed incredulity at such a characterisation . In The Other Boleyn Girl , Anne Boleyn is presented as cold , vindictive , ruthlessly ambitious , vain , and given to physical violence ; this is not supported by contemporary accounts . She was certainly complex : highly intelligent , fluently bilingual , politically astute , artistically gifted , loyal to her family , generous to friends , and known for her charm and elegance , notwithstanding arrogance and a notorious temper when stressed . During her time abroad , she was reported to have been sweet and kind . Feminist scholars objected to Gregory 's characterisation and praise Anne Boleyn as a feminist icon . Incest between Anne and George Boleyn . Historically , Anne Boleyn was charged by Henry 's appointed officials of committing incest with her brother . The novel heavily implies but does not state that Anne , convinced that Henry VIII could not give her a healthy son , resorts to incest with her brother . Both the 2003 BBC production of The Other Boleyn Girl and the 2008 film with Natalie Portman depict the two attempting but not committing incest . None of the sources Gregory listed in her bibliography questions Anne Boleyn 's innocence . Gregory used two biographies of Anne , one by the American historian Retha Warnicke and another source by Marie - Louise Bruce ( 1972 ) . Both these writers insisted that Anne was innocent , as did books by David Loades , Alison Weir , and Lacey Baldwin Smith that Gregory had used when researching the story . Gregory did not use Eric Ives 's 1986 scholarly biography on Anne Boleyn , The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn : the Most Happy , in which Ives expounds the possible political motives for Anne Boleyn 's fall . Ives describes Anne as an active and effective politician , and explains Anne 's fall and execution as the result of minister Thomas Cromwell 's determination to avoid a similar fate to that of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey . There is no evidence supporting Gregory 's assertion that Anne had three miscarriages . Gregory ignores the argument , as stated in Eric Ives 's biography of Anne Boleyn , that part of the reason Anne was executed was because of her political and religious leanings , which her brother shared and supported . Role of the Salic Law , Male Inheritance and Catherine 's Claim that Mary Will Inherit . Catherine of Aragon is depicted saying her daughter Mary would inherit the throne and that the Pope would support this . Under the Salic law , which the Catholic Church supported , a female could not inherit . While Catherine 's mother , Isabella I of Castile , had inherited the throne of Spain together with Ferdinand , no female afterward did inherit the throne of Spain successfully , in part because of their becoming the Catholic Monarchs . Adaptations ( edit ) A 90 - minute television drama based on the novel was broadcast by the BBC in 2003 . It had a relatively low production budget of £ 750,000 and was filmed using modern camera techniques , with much of the script improvised . Jodhi May played Anne Boleyn , Natascha McElhone played Mary , Steven Mackintosh played George , Jared Harris played Henry VIII , and Philip Glenister played Stafford . It received mixed reviews . A 2008 feature film adaptation starred Scarlett Johansson as Mary , Natalie Portman as Anne , Jim Sturgess as George , Eric Bana as Henry VIII and Eddie Redmayne as Stafford . In Translating Henry to the Screen , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film , screenwriter Peter Morgan discusses the dilemma he faced in adapting Philippa Gregory 's 600 - plus - page novel for the screen . He ultimately decided to use it merely as a broad guideline for his script , which Gregory felt perfectly captured the essence of her book , although many plot elements were eliminated , diminished , or changed . Among the more notable deviations in the film , Mary 's marriage to William Stafford , a major part of the book , is mentioned only in a note just before the closing credits , there is no mention of Anne 's `` stealing '' Mary 's son to keep a grip on the king 's favour ( there was a scene designed to vaguely cover that , but it was cut from the film ) , Anne becomes pregnant with Elizabeth after being raped by Henry , Anne and George decide against committing incest , Mary adopts Elizabeth at the end of the film . In addition to this , the character of Elizabeth Boleyn is almost the opposite of that in the book and she is portrayed as protective of her daughters against their father and uncle and critical of the family 's social climbing at the expense of their moral integrity . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Anne Boleyn in popular culture Sequels The Queen 's Fool The Virgin 's Lover The Constant Princess The Boleyn Inheritance The Other Queen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ von Tunzelmann , Alex ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` The Other Boleyn Girl : Hollyoaks in fancy dress '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Denny , Joanna ( 2004 ) , Anne Boleyn : A New Life to England 's Tragic Queen Jump up ^ Ives , Eric ( 2004 ) . The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3463 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hall , Edmund ( 1809 ) Hall 's Chronicle . London : Printed for J. Johnson ; F.C. and J. Rivington ; T. Payne ; Wilkie and Robinson ; Longman , Hurst , Rees and Orme ; Cadell and Davies ; and J. Mawman Jump up ^ Weir . Henry VIII : The King and His Court . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Marie - Louise ( 1972 ) Anne Boleyn ; p. 13 Jump up ^ Lindsey , Karen ( 1995 ) Divorced Beheaded Survived : a feminist reinterpretation ... ; p. 73 Jump up ^ Denny , Joanna ( 2004 ) Anne Boleyn Jump up ^ Hoskins , Genealogists ' Magazine , Vol. 25 ( March , 1997 ) , No. 9 , reproduced on line at http://www.genealogymagazine.com/boleyn2.html Jump up ^ Ives , Eric ( 1986 ) . The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn . Basil Blackwell Inc. 432 Park Avenue South , Suite 1503 , New York , NY 10016 , USA : Basil Blackwell . p. 420 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Thieves breach Boleyn castle defences '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Karen ( 1995 ) Divorced , Beheaded , Survived : a feminist reinterpretation ... Jump up ^ Ives , E.W. The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn : the Most Happy ; chap . xv External links ( edit ) Philippa Gregory official website ( hide ) Works by Philippa Gregory The Wideacre trilogy Wideacre ( 1987 ) The Favored Child ( 1989 ) Meridon ( 1990 ) The Tudor Court series Novels The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2001 ) The Queen 's Fool ( 2003 ) The Virgin 's Lover ( 2004 ) The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) The Boleyn Inheritance ( 2006 ) The Other Queen ( 2008 ) The Taming of the Queen ( 2015 ) Three Sisters , Three Queens ( 2016 ) Adaptations The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2003 film ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 film ) The Cousins ' War series Novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) The Red Queen ( 2010 ) The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) The White Princess ( 2013 ) The King 's Curse ( 2014 ) Adaptations The White Queen ( TV series ) ( 2013 ) The White Princess ( miniseries ) ( 2017 ) Other novels A Respectable Trade ( 1995 ) The Little House ( 1996 ) Non-fiction The Women of the Cousins ' War ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Other_Boleyn_Girl&oldid=828795047 '' Categories : 2002 British novels Historical novels Novels set in Tudor England Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Novels by Philippa Gregory Mary Boleyn Novels about royalty Works about sisters British novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Español 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the other boleyn girl is it based on a true story	[]	[]
5802109398154653895	Fortnite	Fortnite - Wikipedia Fortnite Not to be confused with fortnight . Fortnite Genres Various Developer ( s ) Epic Games Publisher ( s ) Epic Games Platforms Microsoft Windows , macOS , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , iOS , Android Platform of origin Microsoft Windows Year of inception 2017 Fortnite is a 2017 video game developed by Epic Games which has been released as different software packages featuring different game modes that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine . The game modes include Fortnite : Save the World , a cooperative shooter - survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie - like husks and defend objects with fortifications they can build , and Fortnite Battle Royale , a free - to - play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight in increasingly - smaller spaces to be the last person standing . Both game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles ; Save the World is available only for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One , while Battle Royale has been released for those platforms , Nintendo Switch , and iOS devices with Android support expected in mid-2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game modes 2 Development 2.1 Fortnite : Save the World 2.2 Fortnite Battle Royale 3 Reception 3.1 Awards 4 References 5 External links Game modes Currently , Fortnite is distributed as two different games , though each game uses the same engine and has similar graphics , art assets , and game mechanics . Fortnite : Save the World is designed as player - versus - environment game , featuring four players cooperating towards a common objective on various missions . The game is set after a fluke storm appears across Earth , causing 98 % of the population to disappear and the survivors attacked by zombie - like `` husks '' . The players take the role of commanders of home base shelters , collecting resources , saving survivors , and defending equipment that help to either collect data on the storm or to push back the storm . From missions , players are awarded a number of in - game items , which include hero characters , weapon and trap schematics , and survivors , all which can be leveled up through gained experience to improve their attributes . Fortnite Battle Royale is a player - versus - player battle royale game for up to 100 players , playing alone or in squads of two or four . Players airdrop from a `` Battle Bus '' that crosses the game 's map without any weapons . When they land , they must scavenge for weapons , items , and resources , avoiding being killed while attacking other players . Over the course of a round , the safe area of the map shrinks down in size due to an incoming storm ; players outside that safe area take damage and can be killed . This forces remaining players into tighter spaces and encourages player encounters . The last player or squad alive is the winner . Both game modes give the ability to player to use a pickax to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources ( wood , brick , and steel ) , from then which they can build pieces of fortification , such as walls , floors , and stairs . Such fortification pieces can be edited to include other features such as windows or doors . The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type . Within `` Save the World '' this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap - filled tunnels to lure husks through . In `` Battle Royale '' , this provides the means to quickly traverse the map , protect oneself from enemy fire , or to delay an advancing foe . Both game modes are set to be free - to - play titles , though presently , `` Save the World '' is in early access and requires purchase to play . Both games are monetized through the use of V - Bucks , in - game currency that can also be earned only through `` Save the World '' . V - bucks in `` Save the World '' can be used to buy pinatas shaped like llamas to gain a random selection of items . In `` Battle Royale '' , V - bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like , or can also be used to purchase the game 's Battle Pass , a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a `` Battle Royale '' season . Development Fortnite : Save the World Main article : Fortnite : Save the World § Development Fortnite began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of Gears of War 3 around 2011 . Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam , the concept of merging the construction game genre , representing games like Minecraft and Terraria , and shooter games arose , leading to the foundation of Fortnite . Development of Fortnite slowed due to several issues , including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal 4 , a deeper role - playing game approach to extend the life of the game , and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style . Further , Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model , and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help ; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this , leading to the departure of several executives , including Cliff Bleszinski , who had been a key part of Fortnite 's development . Fortnite 's approach was changed to be Epic 's testbed for games as a service , and further slowed the development . Ultimately , Epic was able to prepare to release Fortnite as a paid early access title in July 2017 , with plans to release it as free - to - play sometime in 2018 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game . With the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , the player - versus - environment mode was distinguished as `` Save the World '' . Fortnite Battle Royale Main article : Fortnite Battle Royale § Development Near the same time that Epic released Fortnite into early access , PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds had become a worldwide phenomenon , having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release , and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre . Epic recognized that with the Fortnite base game , they could also do a battle royale mode , and rapidly developed their own version atop Fortnite in about two months ... By September 2017 , Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from `` Save the World '' in the paid - for earlier access , but then later decided to release it as a free game , Fortnite Battle Royale , supported with microtransactions . This version quickly gained players , with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release , and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the Fortnite Battle Royale development apart from the `` Save the World '' mode , outside of common engine elements and art assets . This allowed Fortnite Battle Royale to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by the `` Save the World '' mode , including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch . Reception The Fortnite Pro-Am event at E3 2018 See also : Fortnite : Save the World § Reception , and Fortnite Battle Royale § Reception With both modes of Fortnite still considered to be early access , journalists have yet to provide comprehensive reviews of either mode . The Save the World mode achieved over one million players by August 2017 , just prior to the release of Battle Royale . Fortnite Battle Royale , on the other hand , became a significant financial success for Epic Games , leading them to separate the teams between Save the World and Battle Royale to provide better support for both modes . Within two weeks of release , over 10 million players had played the mode , and by June 2018 , just after the Nintendo Switch release , had reached 125 million players . Revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month . Fortnite Battle Royale has also become a cultural online phenomenon , with several celebrities reporting they play the game , and athletes using Fortnite emotes as victory celebrations . A notable streaming event in March 2018 , with streamer Tyler `` Ninja '' Blevins playing Fortnite Battle Royale alongside Drake , Travis Scott , Kim DotCom , and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith - Schuster , broke viewership records for Twitch to date , and led to Epic arranging a Fortnite Battle Royale pro -- am featuring 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018 . Epic Games is working to develop organized eSports competitions around Fortnite : Battle Royale , including a Fortnite World Cup tournament in 2019 . There has also been growing concern over Fortnite Battle Royale 's draw toward young children , emphasized with the release of the mobile client . Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing Fortnite . Awards Year Award Result Ref . 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Nominated PC Gamer Best Co-op Game Nominated IGN Best Spectator Game Nominated 2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Multiplayer Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Evolving Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated 2018 Webby Awards People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game Won Game Critics Awards 2018 Best Ongoing Game Won 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Videogame Pending References Jump up ^ Kim , Matt ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's V - Bucks Currency is Another Battleground for a Community at Odds '' . USGamer . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frushtick , Russ ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Should you spend money on Fortnite ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` What 's the future of games at Epic Games ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inside the Development History of Fortnite . Game Informer . YouTube . April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` The big Cliff Bleszinski interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why has Fortnite taken so long ? '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Story Behind ' Fortnite 's ' Less Popular Mode '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite announces early access release , hands - on the unfinished game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' : The Evolution of World 's Largest Battle Royale Game '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duggan , James ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` How Fortnite Became The Biggest Game In The World '' . IGN ( video ) . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite Battle Royale was developed in just two months , was n't originally free - to - play '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite now available for everyone on iOS '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite for Nintendo Switch is out today '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jordan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players ; New Survival Mode Announced '' . Dualshockers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite : Battle Royale Has Hit 10 Million Players In Two Weeks '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite now has 125 million players just one year after launch '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Report : ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' Made Nearly $300 Million Last Month '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Molla , Rani ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite is generating more revenue than any other free game ever '' . Recode . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Who Play Fortnite - Drake , Chance the Rapper and More ! '' . Twin Galaxies . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Gill , Christopher Grant , Ross Miller , and Julia Alexander ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Drake sets records with his Fortnite : Battle Royale Twitch debut '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Fortnite ' streamer breaks Twitch records with help from Drake '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrity Pro-Am Twitch channel breaks 700,000 concurrent viewers '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goslin , Austen ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Epic announces the 2019 Fortnite World Cup event '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite : a parents ' guide to the most popular video game in schools '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . March 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` JAY - Z , RuPaul , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` E3 2018 : Game Critics Awards Nominations Revealed : Anthem , Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Top The List '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2018 Winners Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E !. Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . External links Official website hide Epic Games Games Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal Unreal Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Gears of War Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War : Judgment Infinity Blade Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Fortnite Fortnite : Save the World Fortnite Battle Royale Other games ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon Subsidiaries Current Chair Entertainment Former Safari Software Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly People Current Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel Related List of Unreal Engine games Make Something Unreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortnite&oldid=850462728 '' Categories : Epic Games IOS games Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games Windows games Xbox One games MacOS games Unreal Engine games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 01 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did fortnite battle royale come out for ps4	[ "Fortnite is a 2017 video game developed by Epic Games which has been released as different software packages featuring different game modes that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine. The game modes include Fortnite: Save the World, a cooperative shooter-survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie-like husks and defend objects with fortifications they can build, and Fortnite Battle Royale, a free-to-play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight in increasingly-smaller spaces to be the last person standing. Both game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles; Save the World is available only for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while Battle Royale has been released for those platforms, Nintendo Switch, and iOS devices with Android support expected in mid-2018.\n" ]	[ "2017" ]
2239006535634309989	Orange Is the New Black (season 1)	Orange is the New Black ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Michelle Hurst Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The first season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 11 , 2013 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . In July 2011 , Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her then - girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . Orange is the New Black received critical acclaim . The series received numerous accolades including : Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy and Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series . Also was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Comedy Series , Writers Guild of America Award for Television : New Series and NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series . Taylor Schilling was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama . For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series was honored with 12 nominations , winning Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series , Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series ( Uzo Aduba ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2. 1 Inmates 3.2. 2 Staff 3.2. 3 Others 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Critics ' top ten list 5.3 Accolades 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sentenced to 15 months for a crime committed 10 years earlier , Piper Chapman leaves her supportive fiancé Larry for her new home : a women 's prison . Her counselor , Sam Healy , empathizes with her and tries to gently give her tips to survive . She grapples with the racial dynamics of prison life and learns some of the rules . Unfortunately , she offends Red , the powerful matriarch of the prison kitchen , who responds by serving Piper a bloody tampon and subsequently starving her . Piper is then shocked to discover that Alex Vause , her former lover ( who recruited her into carrying drug money ) is in the same prison . The inmates must campaign among their races for a coveted spot as a prisoners ' representative . Piper steers clear of the bizarre political process but might not have a choice but to get involved . Larry 's editor wants him to write an article about Piper 's incarceration . Former high school track star Janae Watson returns from solitary confinement . Piper wants to reopen the outdoor track but Healy forces her to fulfill several potentially dangerous tasks before he will consider it . Officer Mendez begins harassing Red when she refuses to help him continue smuggling drugs into the prison . Larry publishes his article about Piper in the New York Times , which turns her into a person of interest for inmates and corrections officers alike . Piper makes peace with Alex and awaits a visit from Larry on Thanksgiving . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Sentenced to 15 months for a crime committed 10 years earlier , Piper Chapman leaves her supportive fiancé Larry for her new home : a women 's prison . Her counselor , Sam Healy , empathizes with her and tries to gently give her tips to survive . She grapples with the racial dynamics of prison life and learns some of the rules . Unfortunately , she offends Red , the powerful matriarch of the prison kitchen , who responds by serving Piper a bloody tampon and subsequently starving her . Piper is then shocked to discover that Alex Vause , her former lover ( who recruited her into carrying drug money ) is in the same prison . Daya Diaz , another inmate , is greeted by her mother , who is also incarcerated , with a slap to the face . Flashback : Flashbacks depict the particulars of Piper 's crime , Piper telling her family about her crime , and Larry 's marriage proposal . `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) After insulting Red 's food , Piper is starved out by the kitchen staff . She struggles to offer up an acceptable apology . With help from Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , she manages to prepare a medicated lotion for Red 's back . Alex gives Piper a piece of cornbread but Piper rejects it . The kitchen freezer is irreparably damaged . Red manipulates Healy into buying a new one . `` Crazy Eyes '' makes a romantic move on Piper . Bennett and Daya check each other out . Flashback : Red attempts to befriend the wives of well - connected Russian businessmen in Brooklyn . Unfortunately , she tells an insulting joke that alienates them . During a confrontation , Red punctures one of the wives ' breast implants . As compensation , Red 's husband agrees to hold secret packages for the businessmen . `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Piper 's best friend Polly takes more authority over their soap - making business . Piper deals with romantic advances from Suzanne ( Crazy Eyes ) . After Crazy Eyes submits a request to bunk with Piper , Piper firmly rejects her advances . After Piper moves into Miss Claudette 's cube , Crazy Eyes urinates on the floor of their space . Piper 's relationship with Alex is very hostile . The prison reduces Sophia 's dose of exogenous estrogen in response to budget cuts . She asks her wife to smuggle pills into the prison ; her wife flatly refuses , asking her `` How fucking selfish can you be ? '' Flashback : Sophia , her wife , and her child struggle to adjust to Sophia 's gender transition . Sophia commits credit card fraud to finance her gender reassignment surgery . `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Piper adjusts to living with Claudette and working in the electrical shop . She starts to make friends with Nicky . After Piper loses a screwdriver , the prison staff searches high and low to find it before it is used as a weapon . Mendez molests Piper during the search . When Piper returns to her cube with the screwdriver , it places more strain on her relationship with Claudette . After the search ends , Piper and Claudette make peace . Piper agrees to review appeal letters from different inmates . Tricia Miller schemes to prevent her girlfriend Mercy Valduto 's release , but Claudette convinces her not to ruin Mercy 's chance for freedom . After Claudette receives a letter from her friend Baptiste , she agrees to have her case reopened . Flashback : Miss Claudette ran a housekeeping company until she murdered a man who sexually assaulted one of her employees . 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) While relaxing in the exercise yard , Piper sees a chicken . When she mentions it in passing , Red recounts her dream of cooking a proper chicken and offers a gift to the person who catches the chicken . Larry discovers that Alex gave Piper 's name to the Feds . To keep Piper focused on life beyond prison , Larry lies to her . Polly arranges for Piper to take a business call , but Piper skips it to chase the chicken . Morello ends her relationship with Nicky . Sophia asks Sister Ingalls for estrogen pills , but she refuses . The overloaded chapel ceiling collapses from a heavy cross Pennsatucky tries to hang . The prisoners work to clean up and repair the damage . Miss Claudette starts researching her legal appeal . Bennett and Daya pass notes to each other . Aleida advises her daughter to date another guard who can do her favors . Flashback : Aleida runs a drug ring with her boyfriend , César , while the family struggles financially . After Aleida goes to prison , Daya starts dating César and running the drug ring until she is also sent to prison . 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Piper confronts her mother . Polly takes full control of the soap business . Now believing that Alex did n't name her , Piper starts to view her fondly . Larry agrees to write an article about his fiancée 's term in prison . Healy announces elections for the women 's advisory council , and encourages Piper to run for WAC . When she refuses , Healy places her on the council anyway . The guards start searching for a missing mobile phone ; Piper finds it hidden in the wall of the bathroom . Daya attacks her mother Aleida , for trying to have sex with Bennett . After saying he turned Aleida down , Daya performs oral sex on him , during which she discovers that he has a prosthetic leg . Flashback : Flashbacks depict the friction between Nicky and her biological mother , and how Red helped Nicky deal with her drug problem . 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Watson is released from SHU ( Security Housing Unit / Solitary ) , and concludes that it was Piper who misplaced the screwdriver . Piper confesses but points out that Watson was initially sent to SHU for arguing with the guards . Piper , frustrated with WAC , states `` this whole WAC thing is basically bullshit . '' Piper tries to make nice with Alex . With Fischer 's help , Piper gets the running track reopened , which pleases Watson . Piper 's appointment to WAC infuriates Pennsatucky , who was hoping to use her election to obtain false teeth . Alex tires of Pennsatucky 's complaining and threatens to rape her if she does n't keep quiet . Mendez tries to pressure Red into smuggling drugs into the prison , but Red refuses . Flashback : Watson was a gifted track star with a college scholarship . Growing up in a strict Muslim household , she was not allowed to see boys . She begins seeing a sketchy man , Donte . She helps him rob a convenience store , and they are separated as they escape . She is caught by police but he is not , and she takes the rap for him . 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) The flu bug circulates through the prison . Larry 's article is printed . While Piper is happy that it was published , she is upset that most of the information is inaccurate . Healy reads the article and begins acting coldly towards Piper upon realizing her history with other girls . Piper and Alex flirt and reminisce while they try to fix a dryer . Pennsatucky locks Alex into the dryer . Polly gives birth . Daya is pregnant . Taystee is granted parole . Tricia goes into drug withdrawal . Over Nicky 's objection , Red cuts off Tricia and allows her to go into SHU . Caputo orders Mendez to investigate how the drugs entered the prison . Mendez performs a very intimidating interview of Morello . To retaliate against Red , Nicky tells Mendez that Red uses Neptune 's Produce , a vendor affiliated with the Russian bosses from Red 's background , to smuggle contraband into the prison . Flashback : Red gives the Russian bosses a good business idea , which begins her climb up the organized crime ladder . 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Mendez uses Red 's smuggling connections to move drugs into the prison . Red flushes them down the toilet . Mendez issues Red a death threat and urinates into the Thanksgiving gravy . Pennsatucky and Alex clash over their views on homosexuality and religion . Nicky and Alex flirt . Sophia 's wife becomes romantically interested in her pastor . With Sister Ingalls 's encouragement , Sophia gives her wife her blessing . Sophia 's full dose of estrogen is restored . Daya attempts an abortion using Mendoza 's herbal teas , but Aleida colludes with Mendoza to keep the fetus alive . Later , Daya agrees to keep the baby . Taystee is released but finds that her support network is missing . Piper and Alex share a sexually charged dance . Pennsatucky snitches on them for `` lesbianing together , '' after which Healy sends Chapman to SHU . When Healy visits SHU , Chapman rages against him for punishing her for being a lesbian . After suffering in SHU , she resolves to obey Healy and avoid Alex . Caputo orders Healy to release Chapman from SHU when it becomes clear that her transfer is unjustified . Healy calls Larry , to tell him about Piper and Alex 's sexual relationship . Upon returning to camp , she has sex with Alex . Flashback : Flashbacks depict Alex being bullied for her low socioeconomic standing , her relationship with her mother , and her first contact with her washed - up rock star father . The flashbacks also show her beginning with the drug cartel . 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) When Cesar goes by Bennett 's apartment and asks how and where the baby will live , Bennett learns that Daya is pregnant . He is concerned that the system will discover he had sex with Daya , which could result in disciplinary action for both . He explains that his prosthetic left leg , originally thought to be from his tour in Afghanistan , is really from an infection when he had a cut and stepped into a dirty hot tub in Florida . Baptiste visits Miss Claudette . Tricked by Watson and egged on by others , Pennsatucky starts a faith healing crusade . Scared straight arrives at the prison , and the inmates attempt to intimidate the visiting juvenile delinquents . However , they have difficulty intimidating Dina , who robbed a liquor store from her wheelchair . Piper succeeds by telling Dina the scariest part of prison is not other people but coming face to face with `` who you really are . '' Pennsatucky 's faith healing crusade ends after she attempts to heal Dina by forcefully removing her from the wheelchair , after which Pennsatucky is confined to the psychiatric ward . Tricia struggles to `` make things square with Red . '' Mendez manipulates Tricia into selling illegal drugs . When the tour with juvenile delinquents begins , Mendez notices the state she is in , and locks Tricia in a closet to prevent her from revealing she is holding the drugs . When he returns to release her , he finds that she has taken the drugs , overdosed and died . Fearing he will be found out , Mendez manipulates the scene to make it look like a suicide hanging . Nicky and Red blame themselves for Tricia 's death , and both resolve to bring Mendez down . Flashback : Flashbacks reveal what Piper and Polly are looking for in a spouse , and depict Piper meeting Larry . Tricia survives life on the streets of New York City shoplifting ; she keeps a list of what she steals so she can pay everyone back . 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Prison officials cover up Tricia 's death to avoid an investigation . The inmates believe Tricia killed herself and organize an informal memorial for her . Tricia 's death affects Mendez , and he vents over drinks with Bennett . Aleida , Daya , and Red scheme to cover up Daya 's pregnancy . Daya will have sex with Mendez , which will then deflect suspicions once her pregnancy becomes apparent . During their encounter , Mendez uses a condom , so there 's no evidence to use against him . Pennsatucky is held in the psych unit . After Piper learns that psych is worse than SHU , she successfully petitions Caputo to have Pennsatucky returned to the general population over Alex 's objections . However , Piper 's bravery brings Alex closer to her . Larry is interviewed on NPR , and his comments are particularly hurtful toward Suzanne and Miss Claudette , though he is kinder to other inmates , including Red and Watson . Larry 's comments regarding fidelity convince Piper that he knows about her relationship with Alex. Piper calls Larry and confesses her infidelity . Larry reveals that during Thanksgiving , Healy told him that she was put in SHU for `` lesbian activity . '' Piper admits to Larry that she loves Alex , which Larry sees as a deep betrayal . Larry then tells Piper that Alex did name her , thereby admitting that he lied earlier . He asks Piper , `` How does it feel to be in love with the woman who ruined our lives ? '' , and says that he needs time away from Piper . Flashback : Flashbacks depict the fight and breakup between Piper and Alex following the death of Alex 's mother . 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Caputo catches Mendez having sex with Daya . To avoid a rape investigation , Mendez is put on unpaid leave . Daya tells Bennett about her plot , but Bennett is displeased that she framed Mendez . Mendez believes that Daya loves him , and he tells Bennett about Red 's smuggling operation , after which Bennett informs Caputo . Claudette 's appeal is denied , and she attacks Fischer , resulting in her being sent to maximum security . Unable to adjust to life outside , Taystee commits a crime and returns to prison . Cal gets engaged via text message . Red mediates between Healy and his mail - order bride . Yoga Jones tells Watson how she accidentally killed an eight - year - old child . A journalist following up on Larry 's interview asks the deputy warden about spending cuts at Litchfield , despite an increase in the prison 's funding . Piper and Alex argue , and Piper admits , `` I am an emotionally manipulative narcissist who bailed on you when your mother died . '' Alex admits she ratted on Piper for dumping her , and lied to Piper because she wanted her to like her . Alex gives Piper a choice : nest with Larry or travel with her and be prepared for anything . Larry asks Piper to marry him immediately . Pennsatucky broods after being `` beaten '' by Piper , but her lawyer encourages Pennsatucky to witness to Piper . Piper `` prays to Mr. Christ '' for forgiveness , but she flatly refuses to be baptized . Pennsatucky sees this refusal as another instance of being `` disrespected '' and announces her plans to murder Piper . Flashback : Pennsatucky shoots and kills an abortion provider who `` disrespected '' her with a snide remark after her fifth abortion . A Christian anti-abortion group , mistakenly believing her act was to stop abortions , declare her a hero for their movement and provide her with pro bono legal help . The flashbacks also imply that Pennsatucky was not particularly religious until that experience . 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Caputo chooses Mendoza to replace Red as head cook . To reclaim her position , Red sabotages the kitchen . The resulting grease fire injures Murphy and prompts Norma to end her friendship with Red . Mendoza starts starving Red . Figueroa leans on Bennett to squash the investigation into Neptune 's Produce , but Caputo fights to keep it on track . Bennett and Daya reach a low point in their relationship . Sophia receives a card from her son . Piper tells Alex that she is choosing Larry , and Alex cuts Piper out of her life . Larry visits Alex in prison and warns her to stay away from Piper , but Alex tells him that it was Piper who rekindled their sexual relationship . She asserts Larry 's insecurity stems from Piper 's weaknesses and not her machinations , telling him `` I 'm not your problem . '' After reflecting , Larry breaks up with Piper . Piper returns to Alex , but Alex pushes Piper away . Nicky seduces Alex. Piper is terrified after Pennsatucky demonstrates on herself how she could harm Piper in the shower with a razor blade . Taystee and her friends encourage Piper to strike back , and Big Boo gives Piper the screwdriver that was never returned to the electrical shop . Following the success of the Nativity Play at the Prison Christmas Pageant , Piper breaks into tears and leaves during the final song . Pennsatucky sneaks off the stage in her angel costume to follow Piper . Piper and Pennsatucky have a final confrontation . At the fight 's start , Piper appeals to Healy for help , but he walks off and abandons her . When Pennsatucky charges at Piper with a shiv fashioned from a wooden Christian cross , Piper doubles her over with a kick to the groin , then drops her to the ground with an elbow to the head . The episode ends with an enraged Piper on top of Pennsatucky , relentlessly punching her . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Taylor Schilling Laura Prepon Michael Harney Kate Mulgrew Jason Biggs Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz Yael Stone as Lorna Morello Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller Staff Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell Matt McGorry as John Bennett Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper Production ( edit ) Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' Critics ' top Ten list ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black was considered one of the best shows of the year by many critics and journalists . 1st -- Boob Tube Dude 1st -- The Daily Beast 2nd -- Boston Globe 2nd -- Film School Rejects 2nd -- HitFix 2nd -- Indiewire 2nd -- Los Angeles Times 2nd -- San Francisco Chronicle 2nd -- Washington Post 3rd -- PopMatters 3rd -- Slate 3rd -- Time 4th -- Complex 4th -- Entertainment Weekly ( Melissa Maerz ) 4th -- Paste 5th -- Grantland 5th -- Lincoln Journal Star 6th -- Entertainment Weekly ( Jeff Jensen ) 6th -- New York Vulture 6th -- Philadelphia Daily News 6th -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 8th -- Austin Chronicle 8th -- Filmmaker Magazine 8th -- Houston Chronicle 8th -- The Oregonian 9th -- NPR 10th -- NPR Fresh Air -- Huffington Post -- IGN -- RedEye Chicago Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . American Film Institute Awards Top 10 Television Programs of the Year Orange Is the New Black Won Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Comedy Jennifer Euston , Emer O'Callaghan Won Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Pilot Comedy Jennifer Euston Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Comedy Series Orange Is the New Black Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Kate Mulgrew Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Laverne Cox Nominated Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series Uzo Aduba Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Orange Is the New Black Won LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Orange Is the New Black Won TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Taylor Schilling Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Orange Is the New Black Won Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Series Orange Is the New Black Won Best Comedy Lead Actress Taylor Schilling Nominated Best Comedy Supporting Actress Kate Mulgrew Won Best Comedy Supporting Actress Danielle Brooks Nominated Best Comedy Guest Actor Pablo Schreiber Won Best Comedy Guest Actress Uzo Aduba Won Best Comedy Guest Actress Laverne Cox Nominated Best Comedy Guest Actress Taryn Manning Nominated Best Comedy Episode of the Year `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Won Best Ensemble of the Year Won Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Taylor Schilling Nominated Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Regina Spektor -- `` You 've Got Time '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Sara Hess Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Streaming Series Orange Is the New Black Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Taylor Schilling Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Kate Mulgrew Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Jodie Foster Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Friedman , Kohan Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Uzo Aduba Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Laverne Cox Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Natasha Lyonne Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Jennifer Euston Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series William Turro Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Shannon Mitchell Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Michael S. Stern Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Orange Is the New Black Won Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Taylor Schilling Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Laura Prepon Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Uzo Aduba Nominated Best Cast -- Television Series Cast ( show ) Taylor Schilling , Laura Prepon , Michael Harney , Michelle Hurst , Kate Mulgrew , Jason Biggs Won Television Critics Association Awards Program of the Year Orange Is the New Black Nominated Outstanding New Program Orange Is the New Black Won Writers Guild of America Awards Television : Comedy Series Writers ( show ) Liz Friedman , Sian Heder , Tara Herrmann , Sara Hess , Nick Jones , Jenji Kohan , Gary Lennon , Lauren Morelli , Marco Ramirez Nominated Television : New Series Writers ( show ) Liz Friedman , Sian Heder , Tara Herrmann , Sara Hess , Nick Jones , Jenji Kohan , Gary Lennon , Lauren Morelli , Marco Ramirez Nominated Television : Episodic Comedy Friedman , Kohan Nominated Television : Episodic Comedy Sian Heder Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 27 , 2014 ) . `` TCA nominations : ' True Detective ' starts awards season fight '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 25th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Winners Announced '' . Deadline.com. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black , ' ' Breaking Bad ' sweep Gold Derby TV Awards '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Messer , Leslie ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominees 2014 , the Complete List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of Music 's Biggest Night '' . GRAMMY.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch , Arlene Washington ( February 22 , 2014 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : The Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrested Development '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Emmy Nominations Cross a Few Lines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Emmy Awards 2014 : the nominations in full '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' Tops Satellite Award Nominations '' . Yahoo Movies . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Winners Announced '' . Writers Guild of America . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Poussey Washington Seasons 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_1)&oldid=841226850 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	orange is the new black season 1 spoilers	[]	[]
4270078467377941562	USS Maine (ACR-1)	USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) - wikipedia USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ship sunk in Havana , 1898 . For other ships of the same name , see USS Maine . `` The Maine '' redirects here . For the band , see The Maine ( band ) . USS Maine entering Havana Harbor on 25 January 1898 , where the ship would explode three weeks later . On the right is the old Morro Castle fortress . Class overview Builders : New York Naval Shipyard , Brooklyn Operators : United States Navy Succeeded by : USS New York ( ACR - 2 ) Built : 1888 -- 1895 In commission : 1895 -- 1898 Completed : 1 Lost : 1 History United States Name : Maine Namesake : State of Maine Ordered : 3 August 1886 Builder : New York Naval Shipyard , Brooklyn , New York Cost : $4,677,788.75 Laid down : 17 October 1888 Launched : 18 November 1889 Sponsored by : Alice Tracy Wilmerding Commissioned : 17 September 1895 Fate : Sunk by explosion in Havana Harbor , Havana , Cuba , 15 February 1898 Status : Remains scuttled in the Strait of Florida , 16 March 1912 General characteristics Type : Armored cruiser or 2nd - class battleship Displacement : 6,682 long tons ( 6,789 t ) Length : 324 ft 4 in ( 98.9 m ) oa Beam : 57 ft ( 17.4 m ) Draft : 22 ft 6 in ( 6.9 m ) ( max ) Installed power : 8 × boilers 9,293 ihp ( 6,930 kW ) Propulsion : 2 × vertical triple expansion steam engines 2 × screws Speed : 16.45 kn ( 30.47 km / h ; 18.93 mph ) Range : 6670km ( 3600nm ) at 10 knots Complement : 374 officers and men Armament : 2 × twin 10 in ( 254 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark 2 guns 6 × 6 in ( 152 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark 3 guns 7 × Driggs - Schroeder 6 - pounder ( 57 mm ( 2.2 in ) ) guns 4 × 1 - pounder ( 37 mm ( 1.5 in ) ) Hotchkiss guns 4 × Driggs - Schroeder 1 - pounder ( 37 mm ( 1.5 in ) ) guns 4 × Gatling guns . 45 -- 70 caliber 4 × 18 inch ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes Armor : Belt : 12 in ( 305 mm ) Deck : 2 -- 3 in ( 51 -- 76 mm ) Turrets : 8 in ( 203 mm ) Conning tower : 10 in ( 254 mm ) Bulkheads : 6 in ( 152 mm ) This cartoon followed the explosion of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15 , 1898 . King Alphonso XIII , who is shown playing with toy boats in Cuba , is about to suffer `` Retribution '' . USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) is an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain , an event that became a major political issue in the United States . Commissioned in 1895 , this was the first United States Navy ship to be named after the state of Maine . Originally classified as an armored cruiser , she was built in response to the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo and the increase of naval forces in Latin America . Maine and her near - sister ship Texas reflected the latest European naval developments , with the layout of her main armament resembling that of the British ironclad Inflexible and comparable Italian ships . Her two gun turrets were staggered en échelon , rather than on the centerline , with the fore gun sponsoned out on the starboard side of the ship and the aft gun on the port side , with cutaways in the superstructure to allow both to fire ahead , astern or across her deck . She dispensed with full masts thanks to the increased reliability of steam engines by the time of her construction . Despite these advances , Maine was out of date by the time she entered service , due to her protracted construction period and changes in the role of ships of her type , naval tactics and technology . It took nine years to complete , and nearly three years for the armor plating alone . The general use of steel in warship construction precluded the use of ramming without danger to the attacking vessel . The potential for blast damage from firing end on or cross-deck discouraged en échelon gun placement . The changing role of the armored cruiser from a small , heavily armored substitute for the battleship to a fast , lightly armored commerce raider also hastened her obsolescence . Despite these disadvantages , Maine was seen as an advance in American warship design . Maine is best known for her loss in Havana Harbor on the evening of 15 February 1898 . Sent to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban revolt against Spain , she exploded suddenly , without warning , and sank quickly , killing nearly three quarters of her crew . The cause and responsibility for her sinking remained unclear after a board of inquiry investigated . Nevertheless , popular opinion in the U.S. , fanned by inflammatory articles printed in the `` yellow press '' by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , blamed Spain . The phrase , `` Remember the Maine ! To hell with Spain ! '' , became a rallying cry for action , which came with the Spanish -- American War later that year . While the sinking of Maine was not a direct cause for action , it served as a catalyst , accelerating the approach to a diplomatic impasse between the U.S. and Spain . The cause of Maine 's sinking remains a subject of speculation . In 1898 , an investigation of the explosion was carried out by a naval board appointed under the McKinley Administration . The consensus of the board was that Maine was destroyed by an external explosion from a mine . However , the validity of this investigation has been challenged . George W. Melville , a chief engineer in the Navy , proposed that a more likely cause for the sinking was from a magazine explosion within the vessel . The Navy 's leading ordnance expert , Philip R. Alger , took this theory further by suggesting that the magazines were ignited by a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker . The coal used in Maine was bituminous coal , which is known for releasing firedamp , a gas that is prone to spontaneous explosions . There is stronger evidence that the explosion of Maine was caused by an internal coal fire which ignited the magazines . This was a likely cause of the explosion , rather than the initial hypothesis of a mine . The ship lay at the bottom of the harbor until 1911 . A cofferdam was then built around the wreck . The hull was patched up until the ship was afloat , then towed to sea and sunk . The Maine now lies on the sea - bed 3,600 feet ( 1,100 m ) below the surface . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Design 2.1 General characteristics 2.2 Propulsion 2.3 Armament 2.3. 1 Main guns 2.3. 2 Secondary and light guns 2.4 Armor 3 Launching and delay 4 Operations 5 Crew 6 Sinking 6.1 Investigations 6.1. 1 1898 Del Peral and De Salas inquiry 6.1. 2 1898 Sampson Board 's Court of Inquiry 6.1. 3 1911 Vreeland Board 's Court of Inquiry 6.1. 4 1974 Rickover investigation 6.1. 5 1998 National Geographic investigation 6.1. 6 2002 Discovery Channel Unsolved History investigation 6.2 False flag conspiracy theories 7 Raising and final sinking 8 Rediscovery 9 Memorials 9.1 Arlington , Annapolis , Havana 9.2 USS Maine Monument , New York City 9.3 Other memorials 10 See also 11 Explanatory notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) The Brazilian battleship Riachuelo , which prompted the building of Maine The delivery of the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo in 1883 and the acquisition of other modern armored warships from Europe by Brazil , Argentina and Chile shortly afterwards , alarmed the United States government , as the Brazilian Navy was now the most powerful in the Americas . The chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee , Hilary A. Herbert , stated to Congress : `` if all this old navy of ours were drawn up in battle array in mid-ocean and confronted by Riachuelo it is doubtful whether a single vessel bearing the American flag would get into port . '' These developments helped bring to a head a series of discussions that had been taking place at the Naval Advisory Board since 1881 . The board knew at that time that the U.S. Navy could not challenge any major European fleet ; at best , it could wear down an opponent 's merchant fleet and hope to make some progress through general attrition there . Moreover , projecting naval force abroad through the use of battleships ran counter to the government policy of isolationism . While some on the board supported a strict policy of commerce raiding , others argued it would be ineffective against the potential threat of enemy battleships stationed near the American coast . The two sides remained essentially deadlocked until Riachuelo manifested . The board , now confronted with the concrete possibility of hostile warships operating off the American coast , began planning for ships to protect it in 1884 . The ships had to fit within existing docks and had to have a shallow draft to enable them to use all the major American ports and bases . The maximum beam was similarly fixed , and the board concluded that at a length of about 300 feet ( 91 m ) , the maximum displacement would be about 7,000 tons . A year later the Bureau of Construction and Repair ( C & R ) presented two designs to Secretary of the Navy William Collins Whitney , one for a 7,500 - ton battleship and one for a 5,000 - ton armored cruiser . Whitney decided instead to ask Congress for two 6,000 - ton warships , and they were authorized in August 1886 . A design contest was held , asking naval architects to submit designs for the two ships : armored cruiser Maine and battleship Texas . It was specified that Maine had to have a speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) , a ram bow , and a double bottom , and be able to carry two torpedo boats . Her armament was specified as : four 10 - inch ( 254 mm ) guns , six 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) guns , various light weapons , and four torpedo tubes . It was specifically stated that the main guns `` must afford heavy bow and stern fire . '' Armor thickness and many details were also defined . Specifications for Texas were similar , but demanded a main battery of two 12 - inch ( 305 mm ) guns and slightly thicker armor . The winning design for Maine was from Theodore D. Wilson , who served as chief constructor for C & R and was a member on the Naval Advisory Board in 1881 . He had designed a number of other warships for the navy . The winning design for Texas was from a British designer , William John , who was working for the Barrow Shipbuilding Company at that time . Both designs resembled the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo , having the main gun turrets sponsoned out over the sides of the ship and echeloned . The winning design for Maine , though conservative and inferior to other contenders , may have received special consideration due to a requirement that one of the two new ships be American -- designed . Congress authorized construction of Maine on 3 August 1886 , and her keel was laid down on 17 October 1888 , at the Brooklyn Navy Yard . She was the largest vessel built in a U.S. Navy yard up to that time . Design ( edit ) Stern view of Maine Maine 's building time of nine years was unusually protracted , due to the limits of U.S. industry at the time . ( The delivery of her armored plating took three years and a fire in the drafting room of the building yard , where Maine 's working set of blueprints were stored , caused further delay . ) In those nine years , naval tactics and technology changed radically and left Maine 's actual role in the navy ill - defined . At the time she was laid down , armored cruisers such as Maine were intended to serve as small battleships on overseas service and were built with heavy belt armor . Great Britain , France and Russia had constructed such ships to serve this purpose and sold others of this type , including Riachuelo , to second - rate navies . Within a decade , this role had changed to commerce raiding , for which fast , long - range vessels , with only limited armor protection , were needed . The advent of lightweight armor , such as Harvey steel , made this transformation possible . As a result of these changing priorities , Maine was caught between two separate positions and could not perform either one adequately . She lacked both the armor and firepower to serve as a ship - of - the - line against enemy battleships and the speed to serve as a cruiser . Nevertheless , she was expected to fulfill more than one tactical function . In addition , because of the potential of a warship sustaining blast damage to herself from cross-deck and end - on fire , Maine 's main - gun arrangement was obsolete by the time she entered service . General characteristics ( edit ) Maine was 324 feet 4 inches ( 98.9 m ) long overall , with a beam of 57 feet ( 17.4 m ) , a maximum draft of 22 feet 6 inches ( 6.9 m ) and a displacement of 6,682 long tons ( 6,789.2 t ) . She was divided into 214 watertight compartments . A centerline longitudinal watertight bulkhead separated the engines and a double bottom covered the hull only from the foremast to the aft end of the armored citadel , a distance of 196 feet ( 59.7 m ) . She had a metacentric height of 3.45 feet ( 1.1 m ) as designed and was fitted with a ram bow . Deck plan of Maine Maine 's hull was long and narrow , more like a cruiser than that of Texas , which was wide - beamed . Normally , this would have made Maine the faster ship of the two . However , Maine 's weight distribution was ill - balanced , which slowed her considerably . Her main turrets , awkwardly situated on a cut - away gundeck , were nearly awash in bad weather . Because they were mounted toward the ends of the ship , away from its center of gravity , Maine was also prone to greater motion in heavy seas . While she and Texas were both considered seaworthy , the latter 's high hull and guns mounted on her main deck made her the drier ship . The two main gun turrets were sponsoned out over the sides of the ship and echeloned to allow both to fire fore and aft . The practice of en echelon mounting had begun with Italian battleships designed in the 1870s by Benedetto Brin and followed by the British Navy with HMS Inflexible , which was laid down in 1874 but not commissioned until October 1881 . This gun arrangement met the design demand for heavy end - on fire in a ship - to - ship encounter , tactics which involved ramming the enemy vessel . The wisdom of this tactic was purely theoretical at the time it was implemented . A drawback of an en echelon layout limited the ability for a ship to fire broadside , a key factor when employed in a line of battle . To allow for at least partial broadside fire , Maine 's superstructure was separated into three structures . This technically allowed both turrets to fire across the ship 's deck ( cross-deck fire ) , between the sections . However , this ability was still significantly limited as the superstructure restricted each turret 's arc of fire . This plan and profile view show Maine with eight six - pounder guns ( one is not seen on the port part of the bridge but that is due to the bridge being cut away in the drawing ) . Another early published plan shows the same . In both cases the photographs show a single extreme bow mounted six - pounder . However , careful examination of Maine photographs confirm that she did not carry that gun . Maine 's armament set up in the bow was not identical to the stern which had a single six - pounder mounted at extreme aft of the vessel . Maine carried two six - pounders forward , two on the bridge and three on the stern section , all one level above the abbreviated gun deck that permitted the ten - inch guns to fire across the deck . The six - pounders located in the bow were positioned more forward than the pair mounted aft which necessitated the far aft single six - pounder . Propulsion ( edit ) Vertical triple expansion engine of Wisconsin , similar in general layout to that of Maine Maine was the first U.S. capital ship to have its power plant given as high a priority as its fighting strength . Her machinery , built by the N.F. Palmer Jr . & Company 's Quintard Iron Works of New York , was the first designed for a major ship under the direct supervision of Arctic explorer and soon - to - be commodore , George Wallace Melville . She had two inverted vertical triple - expansion steam engines , mounted in watertight compartments and separated by a fore - to - aft bulkhead , with a total designed output of 9,293 indicated horsepower ( 6,930 kW ) . Cylinder diameters were 35.5 inches ( 900 mm ) ( high - pressure ) , 57 inches ( 1,400 mm ) ( intermediate - pressure ) and 88 inches ( 2,200 mm ) ( low - pressure ) . Stroke for all three pistons was 36 inches ( 910 mm ) . Melville mounted Maine 's engines with the cylinders in vertical mode , a departure from conventional practice . Previous ships had had their engines mounted in horizontal mode , so that they would be completely protected below the waterline . Melville believed a ship 's engines needed ample room to operate and that any exposed parts could be protected by an armored deck . He therefore opted for the greater efficiency , lower maintenance costs and higher speeds offered by the vertical mode . Also , the engines were constructed with the high - pressure cylinder aft and the low - pressure cylinder forward . This was done , according to the ship 's chief engineer , A.W. Morley , so the low - pressure cylinder could be disconnected when the ship was under low power . This allowed the high and intermediate - power cylinders to be run together as a compound engine for economical running . Scotch two - furnace marine boiler Eight single - ended Scotch marine boilers provided steam to the engines at a working pressure of 135 pounds per square inch ( 930 kPa ; 9.5 kgf / cm ) at a temperature 364 ° F ( 184 ° C ) . On trials , she reached a speed of 16.45 knots ( 30.47 km / h ; 18.93 mph ) , failing to meet her contract speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . She carried a maximum load of 896 long tons ( 910 t ) of coal in 20 bunkers , 10 on each side , which extended below the protective deck . Wing bunkers at each end of each fire room extended inboard to the front of the boilers . This was actually a very low capacity for a ship of Maine 's rating , which limited her time at sea and her ability to run at flank speed , when coal consumption increased dramatically . Maine 's overhanging main turrets also prevented coaling at sea , except in the calmest of waters ; otherwise , the potential for damage to a collier , herself or both vessels was extremely great . Maine also carried two small dynamos to power her searchlights and provide interior lighting . Maine was designed initially with a three - mast barque rig for auxiliary propulsion , in case of engine failure and to aid long - range cruising . This arrangement was limited to `` two - thirds '' of full sail power , determined by the ship 's tonnage and immersed cross-section . The mizzen mast was removed in 1892 , after the ship had been launched , but before her completion . Maine was completed with a two - mast military rig and the ship never spread any canvas . Armament ( edit ) Main guns ( edit ) Maine 's main armament consisted of four 10 - inch ( 254 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark II guns , which had a maximum elevation of 15 ° and could depress to − 3 ° . Ninety rounds per gun were carried . The ten - inch guns fired a 510 pounds ( 231 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2,000 feet per second ( 610 m / s ) to a range of 20,000 yards ( 18,000 m ) at maximum elevation . These guns were mounted in twin hydraulically powered Mark 3 turrets , the fore turret sponsoned to starboard and the aft turret sponsoned to port . Battleship Maine by Frederick Nelson Atwood . Note the fore 10 - inch turret The 10 '' guns were initially to be mounted in open barbettes ( the C & R proposal blueprint shows them as such ) . During Maine 's extended construction , the development of rapid - fire intermediate - caliber guns , which could fire high - explosive shells , became a serious threat and the navy redesigned Maine with enclosed turrets . Because of the corresponding weight increase , the turrets were mounted one deck lower than planned originally . Even with this modification , the main guns were high enough to fire unobstructed for 180 ° on one side and 64 ° on the other side . They could also be loaded at any angle of train ; initially the main guns of Texas , by comparison , with external rammers , could be loaded only when trained on the centerline or directly abeam , a common feature in battleships built before 1890 . However , by 1897 , Texas ' turrets had been modified with internal rammers to permit much faster reloading . The en echelon arrangement proved problematic . Because Maine 's turrets were not counterbalanced , she heeled over if both were pointed in the same direction , which reduced the range of the guns . Also , cross-deck firing damaged her deck and superstructure significantly due to the vacuum from passing shells . Because of this , and the potential for undue hull stress if the main guns were fired end - on , the en echelon arrangement was not used in U.S. Navy designs after Maine and Texas . Secondary and light guns ( edit ) Six - inch gun on Newark . USS Maine mounted six of these . The six 6 - inch ( 152 mm ) / 30 caliber Mark 3 guns were mounted in casemates in the hull , two each at the bow and stern and the last two amidships . Data is lacking , but they could probably depress to − 7 ° and elevate to + 12 ° . They fired shells that weighed 105 pounds ( 48 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of about 1,950 feet per second ( 590 m / s ) . They had a maximum range of 9,000 yards ( 8,200 m ) at full elevation . The anti-torpedo boat armament consisted of seven 57 - millimeter ( 2.2 in ) Driggs - Schroeder six - pounder guns mounted on the superstructure deck . They fired a shell weighing about 6 lb ( 2.7 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 1,765 feet per second ( 538 m / s ) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a maximum range of 8,700 yards ( 7,955 m ) . The lighter armament comprised four each 37 - millimeter ( 1.5 in ) Hotchkiss and Driggs - Schroeder one - pounder guns . Four of these were mounted on the superstructure deck , two were mounted in small casemates at the extreme stern and one was mounted in each fighting top . They fired a shell weighing about 1.1 pounds ( 0.50 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,000 feet per second ( 610 m / s ) at a rate of 30 rounds per minute to a range about 3,500 yards ( 3,200 m ) . Aft torpedo tubes of Maine Maine had four 18 - inch ( 457 mm ) above - water torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . In addition , she was designed to carry two 14.8 long tons ( 15.0 t ) steam - powered torpedo boats , each with a single 14 - inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tube and a one - pounder gun . Only one was built , but it had a top speed of only a little over 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) so it was transferred to the Naval Torpedo Station at Newport , Rhode Island , as a training craft . Armor ( edit ) The main waterline belt , made of nickel steel , had a maximum thickness of 12 inches ( 305 mm ) and tapered to 7 inches ( 178 mm ) at its lower edge . It was 180 feet ( 54.9 m ) long and covered the machinery spaces and the 10 - inch magazines . It was 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high , of which 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) was above the design waterline . It angled inwards for 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) at each end , thinning to 8 inches ( 203 mm ) , to provide protection against raking fire . A 6 - inch transverse bulkhead closed off the forward end of the armored citadel . The forward portion of the 2 - inch - thick ( 51 mm ) protective deck ran from the bulkhead all the way to the bow and served to stiffen the ram . The deck sloped downwards to the sides , but its thickness increased to 3 inches ( 76 mm ) . The rear portion of the protective deck sloped downwards towards the stern , going below the waterline , to protect the propeller shafts and steering gear . The sides of the circular turrets were 8 inches thick . The barbettes were 12 inches thick , with their lower portions reduced to 10 inches . The conning tower had 10 - inch walls . The ship 's voicepipes and electrical leads were protected by an armored tube 4.5 inches ( 114 mm ) thick . Two flaws emerged in Maine 's protection , both due to technological developments between her laying - down and her completion . The first was a lack of adequate topside armor to counter the effects of rapid - fire intermediate - caliber guns and high - explosive shells . This was a flaw she shared with Texas . The second was the use of nickel - steel armor . Introduced in 1889 , nickel steel was the first modern steel alloy armor and , with a figure of merit of 0.67 , was an improvement over the 0.6 rating of mild steel used until then . Harvey steel and Krupp armors , both of which appeared in 1893 , had merit figures of between 0.9 and 1.2 , giving them roughly twice the tensile strength of nickel steel . Although all three armors shared the same density ( about 40 pounds per square foot for a one - inch - thick plate ) , six inches of Krupp or Harvey steel gave the same protection as 10 inches of nickel . The weight thus saved could be applied either to additional hull structure and machinery or to achieving higher speed . The navy would incorporate Harvey armor in the Indiana - class battleships , designed after Maine , but commissioned at roughly the same time . Launching and delay ( edit ) Launching of Maine in 1890 Maine was launched on 18 November 1889 , sponsored by Alice Tracey Wilmerding , the granddaughter of Navy Secretary Benjamin F. Tracy . Not long afterwards , a reporter wrote for Marine Engineer and Naval Architect magazine , `` it can not be denied that the navy of the United States is making rapid strides towards taking a credible position among the navies of the world , and the launch of the new armoured battleship Maine from the Brooklyn Navy Yard ... has added a most powerful unit to the United States fleet of turret ships . '' In his 1890 annual report to congress , the Secretary of the Navy wrote , `` the Maine ... stands in a class by herself '' and expected the ship to be commissioned by July 1892 . A three - year delay ensued , while the shipyard waited for nickel steel plates for Maine 's armor . Bethlehem Steel Company had promised the navy 300 tons per month by December 1889 and had ordered heavy castings and forging presses from the British firm of Armstrong Whitworth in 1886 to fulfil its contract . This equipment did not arrive until 1889 , pushing back Bethlehem 's timetable . In response , Navy Secretary Benjamin Tracy secured a second contractor , the newly expanded Homestead mill of Carnegie , Phipps & Company . In November 1890 , Tracy and Andrew Carnegie signed a contract for Homestead to supply 6000 tons of nickel steel . However , Homestead was , what author Paul Krause calls , `` the last union stronghold in the steel mills of the Pittsburgh district . '' The mill had already weathered one strike in 1882 and a lockout in 1889 in an effort to break the union there . Less than two years later , came the Homestead Strike of 1892 , one of the largest , most serious disputes in U.S. labor history . A photo of the christening shows Mrs. Wilmerding striking the bow near the plimsoll line depth of 13 which lead to many comments ( much later of course ) that the ship was `` unlucky '' from the launching . Operations ( edit ) Crew of USS Maine Maine was commissioned on 17 September 1895 , under the command of Captain Arent S. Crowninshield . On 5 November 1895 , Maine steamed to Sandy Hook Bay , New Jersey . She anchored there two days , then proceeded to Newport , Rhode Island , for fitting out and test firing of her torpedoes . After a trip , later that month , to Portland , Maine , she reported to the North Atlantic Squadron for operations , training manoeuvres and fleet exercises . Maine spent her active career with the North Atlantic Squadron , operating from Norfolk , Virginia along the East Coast of the United States and the Caribbean . On 10 April 1897 , Captain Charles Dwight Sigsbee relieved Captain Crowninshield as commander of Maine . Crew ( edit ) The ship 's crew consisted of 355 : 26 officers , 290 sailors , and 39 marines . Of these , there were 261 fatalities : Two officers and 251 sailors and marines either killed by the explosion or drowned Seven others were rescued but soon died of their injuries One officer later died of `` cerebral affection '' ( shock ) Of the 94 survivors , 16 were uninjured . Sinking ( edit ) Wreckage of USS Maine , 1898 Telegram sent by Captain James Forsythe , commanding , Naval Station Key West , forwarding word from Charles Sigsbee , Captain , USS Maine of the sinking of his ship Cover of Collier 's Weekly for March 19 , 1898 : `` Memorial Service at Grave of Maine 's Dead , Havana , March 4 '' In January 1898 , Maine was sent from Key West , Florida , to Havana , Cuba , to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban War of Independence . Three weeks later , at 21 : 40 , on 15 February , an explosion on board Maine occurred in the Havana Harbor ( coordinates : 23 ° 08 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W ) . Later investigations revealed that more than 5 long tons ( 5.1 t ) of powder charges for the vessel 's six - and ten - inch guns had detonated , obliterating the forward third of the ship . The remaining wreckage rapidly settled to the bottom of the harbor . Most of Maine 's crew were sleeping or resting in the enlisted quarters , in the forward part of the ship , when the explosion occurred . In total , 260 men lost their lives as a result of the explosion or shortly thereafter , and six more died later from injuries . Captain Sigsbee and most of the officers survived , because their quarters were in the aft portion of the ship . Altogether there were 89 survivors , 18 of whom were officers . On 21 March , the U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry , in Key West , declared that a naval mine caused the explosion . The New York Journal and New York World , owned respectively by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , gave Maine intense press coverage , but employed tactics that would later be labeled `` yellow journalism . '' Both papers exaggerated and distorted any information they could attain , sometimes even fabricating news when none that fit their agenda was available . For a week following the sinking , the Journal devoted a daily average of eight and a half pages of news , editorials and pictures to the event . Its editors sent a full team of reporters and artists to Havana , including Frederic Remington , and Hearst announced a reward of $50,000 `` for the conviction of the criminals who sent 258 American sailors to their deaths . '' The World , while overall not as lurid or shrill in tone as the Journal , nevertheless indulged in similar theatrics , insisting continually that Maine had been bombed or mined . Privately , Pulitzer believed that `` nobody outside a lunatic asylum '' really believed that Spain sanctioned Maine 's destruction . Nevertheless , this did not stop the World from insisting that the only `` atonement '' Spain could offer the U.S. for the loss of ship and life , was the granting of complete Cuban independence . Nor did it stop the paper from accusing Spain of `` treachery , willingness , or laxness '' for failing to ensure the safety of Havana Harbor . The American public , already agitated over reported Spanish atrocities in Cuba , was driven to increased hysteria . Maine 's destruction did not result in an immediate declaration of war with Spain . However , the event created an atmosphere that virtually precluded a peaceful solution . The Spanish -- American War began in April 1898 , two months after the sinking . Advocates of the war used the rallying cry , `` Remember the Maine ! To hell with Spain ! '' The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba , but was not cited by the William McKinley administration as a casus belli , though it was cited by some already inclined to go to war with Spain over perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba . Investigations ( edit ) In addition to the inquiry commissioned by the Spanish government to naval officers Del Peral and De Salas , two Naval Courts of Inquiry were ordered : The Sampson Board in 1898 and the Vreeland board in 1911 . In 1976 , Admiral Hyman G. Rickover commissioned a private investigation into the explosion , and the National Geographic Society did an investigation in 1999 , using computer simulations . All investigations agreed that an explosion of the forward magazines caused the destruction of the ship , but different conclusions were reached as to how the magazines could have exploded . 1898 Del Peral and De Salas inquiry ( edit ) The Spanish inquiry , conducted by Del Peral and De Salas , collected evidence from officers of naval artillery , who had examined the remains of Maine . Del Peral and De Salas identified the spontaneous combustion of the coal bunker , located adjacent to the munition stores in Maine , as the likely cause of the explosion . However , the possibility of other combustibles causing the explosion such as paint or drier products was not discounted . Additional observations included that : Had a mine been the cause of the explosion , a column of water would have been observed . The wind and the waters were calm on that date and hence a mine could not have been detonated by contact , but only by using electricity , but no cables had been found . No dead fish were found in the harbor , as would be expected following an explosion in the water . Munition stores do not usually explode when a ship is sunk by a mine . The conclusions of the report were not reported at that time by the American press . 1898 Sampson board 's court of inquiry ( edit ) 1898 Sampson Board In order to find the cause of the explosion , a naval inquiry was ordered by the United States shortly after the incident , headed by Captain William T. Sampson . Ramón Blanco y Erenas , Spanish governor of Cuba , had proposed instead a joint Spanish - American investigation of the sinking . Captain Sigsbee had written that `` many Spanish officers , including representatives of General Blanco , now with us to express sympathy . '' In a cable , the Spanish minister of colonies , Segismundo Moret , had advised Blanco `` to gather every fact you can , to prove the Maine catastrophe can not be attributed to us . '' According to Dana Wegner , who worked with U.S. Admiral Hyman G. Rickover on his 1974 investigation of the sinking , the Secretary of the Navy had the option of selecting a board of inquiry personally . Instead , he fell back on protocol and assigned the commander - in - chief of the North Atlantic Squadron to do so . The commander produced a list of junior line officers for the board . The fact that the officer proposed to be court president was junior to the captain of Maine , Wegner writes , `` would indicate either ignorance of navy regulations or that , in the beginning , the board did not intend to examine the possibility that the ship was lost by accident and the negligence of her captain . '' Eventually , navy regulations prevailed in leadership of the board ; Captain Sampson being senior to Captain Sigsbee . The board arrived on 21 February and took testimony from survivors , witnesses and divers ( who were sent down to investigate the wreck ) . The Sampson Board produced its findings in two parts : the proceedings , which consisted mainly of testimonies , and the findings , which were the facts , as determined by the court . Between the proceedings and the findings , there was , what Wegner calls , `` a broad gap '' , where the court `` left no record of the reasoning that carried it from the often -- inconsistent witnesses to ( its ) conclusion . '' Another inconsistency , according to Wegner , was that of only one technical witness , Commander George Converse , from the Torpedo Station at Newport , Rhode Island . Captain Sampson read Commander Converse a hypothetical situation of a coal bunker fire igniting the reserve six - inch ammunition , with a resulting explosion sinking the ship . He then asked Commander Converse about the feasibility of such a scenario . Commander Converse `` simply stated , without elaboration , that he could not realize such an event happening '' . The board concluded that Maine had been blown up by a mine , which , in turn , caused the explosion of her forward magazines . They reached this conclusion , based on the fact that the majority of witnesses stated that they had heard two explosions and that that part of the keel was bent inwards . The official report from the board , which was presented to the Navy Department in Washington , D.C. on 21 March , specifically stated the following : At frame 18 the vertical keel is broken in two and the flat keel is bent at an angle similar to the angle formed by the outside bottom plating . ( ... ) In the opinion of the court , this effect could have been produced only by the explosion of a mine situated under the bottom of the ship at about frame 18 , and somewhat on the port side of the ship . '' ( part of the court 's 5th finding ) `` In the opinion of the court , the Maine was destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine , which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines . '' ( the court 's 7th finding ) and `` The court has been unable to obtain evidence fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons . '' ( the court 's 8th finding ) . 1911 Vreeland board 's court of inquiry ( edit ) In 1910 , the decision was made to do a second Court of Inquiry . The reasons for this were the recovery of the bodies of the victims , so they could be buried in the United States and also a desire for a more thorough investigation . The fact that the Cuban government wanted the wreck removed from Havana Harbor might also have played a role : it at least offered the opportunity to examine the wreck in greater detail than had been possible in 1898 , while simultaneously obliging the Cubans . Wegner suggests that the fact that this inquiry could be held without the pending risk of war , which had been the case in 1898 , lent it the potential for greater objectivity than had been possible previously . Moreover , since several of the members of the 1910 board would be certified engineers , they would be better qualified to evaluate their findings than the line officers of the 1898 board had been . Beginning in December 1910 , a cofferdam was built around the wreck and water was pumped out , exposing the wreck by late 1911 . Between 20 November and 2 December 1911 , a court of inquiry headed by Rear Admiral Charles E. Vreeland inspected the wreck . They concluded that an external explosion had triggered the explosion of the magazines . However , this explosion was farther aft and lower powered than concluded by the Sampson Board . The Vreeland Board also found that the bending of frame 18 was caused by the explosion of the magazines , not by the external explosion . After the investigation , the newly located dead were buried in Arlington National Cemetery and the hollow , intact portion of the hull of Maine was refloated and ceremoniously scuttled at sea on 16 March 1912 . 1974 Rickover investigation ( edit ) Admiral Hyman G. Rickover became intrigued with the disaster and began a private investigation , in 1974 . Using information from the two official inquiries , newspapers , personal papers and information on the construction and ammunition of Maine , it was concluded that the explosion was not caused by a mine . Instead , spontaneous combustion of coal in the bunker , next to magazine , was speculated to be the most likely cause . Rickover published a book about this investigation , How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed , in 1976 . In the 2001 book Theodore Roosevelt , the U.S. Navy and the Spanish -- American War , Wegner revisits the Rickover investigation and offers additional details . According to Wegner , Rickover inquired with naval historians , at the Energy Research and Development Agency , about Maine , after reading an article in the Washington Star - News in which its author , John M. Taylor , claimed the U.S. Navy `` made little use of its technically trained officers during its investigation of the tragedy . '' The historians , then working with the admiral on a study of the U.S. Navy 's nuclear propulsion program , said they knew no details of Maine 's sinking . When Rickover asked whether they could investigate the matter , the historians , now intrigued , agreed . Knowing of Rickover 's `` insistence on thoroughness , '' Wegner says , all relevant documents were obtained and studied . These included the ship 's plans and weekly reports of the unwatering of Maine , in 1912 , by the chief engineer for the project , William Furgueson . These reports included numerous photos , annotated by Furgueson with frame and strake numbers on corresponding parts of the wreckage . Two experts on naval demolitions and ship explosions were brought in . Since the photos showed `` no plausible evidence of penetration from the outside , '' they believed the explosion originated inside the ship . Wegner suggests that a combination of naval ship design , and a change in the type of coal used to fuel naval ships , might have facilitated the explosion postulated by the Rickover study . Up to the time of Maine 's building , he explains , common bulkheads separated coal bunkers from ammunition lockers and American naval ships burned primarily smokeless anthracite coal . With an increase in the number of steel ships , the U.S. Navy switched to bituminous coal , which burned at a hotter temperature than anthracite coal , and allowed ships to steam faster . However , Wegner explains , while anthracite coal is not subject to spontaneous combustion , bituminous coal is considerably more volatile . In fact , bituminous coal is known for releasing the largest amounts of firedamp , a dangerous and explosive mixture of gases ( chiefly methane ) . Firedamp is explosive at concentrations between 4 % and 16 % , with most violence at around 10 % . In addition , there was another potential contributing factor in the bituminous coal -- this was iron sulfide , also known as pyrite , that was likely present . The presence of pyrites presents two additional risk factors . The first involves oxidation . Pyrite oxidation is sufficiently exothermic that underground coal mines in high - sulfur coal seams have occasionally had serious problems with spontaneous combustion in the mined - out areas of the mine . This process can result from the disruption caused by mining from the seams , or other processing , which then exposes the sulfides in the ore to air and water . The presence of pyrites in coal has been recognized to be self - heating . The second risk factor involves an additional capability of pyrites to provide fire ignition under certain conditions . Pyrites , which derive their name from the Greek root word pyr , which means fire , can cause sparks when struck by steel or other sufficiently hard surfaces . Before the use of flintlock guns , for example , pyrites were used to strike sparks to ignite gunpowder in an earlier model type gun , known as a wheellock . In the presence of combustible gasses issuing from the bituminous coal , the pyrites could therefore have provided the ignition capability needed to create an explosion . A number of bunker fires of this type had , in fact , been reported aboard U.S. warships before Maine 's explosion , in several cases nearly sinking the ships . Wegner also cites a 1997 heat transfer study which concluded that a coal bunker fire , of the type suggested by Rickover , could have taken place and ignited the ship 's ammunition . 1998 National Geographic investigation ( edit ) In 1998 , National Geographic magazine commissioned an analysis by Advanced Marine Enterprises ( AME ) . This investigation , done to commemorate the centennial of the sinking of USS Maine , was based on computer modeling , a technique unavailable for previous investigations . The results reached were inconclusive . National Geographic reported that `` a fire in the coal bunker could have generated sufficient heat to touch off an explosion in the adjacent magazine ( but ) on the other hand , computer analysis also shows that even a small , handmade mine could have penetrated the ship 's hull and set off explosions within . '' The AME investigation , however , did note that `` the size and location of the soil depression beneath the Maine ' is more readily explained by a mine explosion than by magazine explosions alone ' '' . The team noted that this was not `` definitive in proving that a mine was the cause of the sinking '' although it did `` strengthen the case '' . Some experts , including Admiral Rickover 's team and several analysts at AME , do not agree with the conclusion . Wegner claims that technical opinion among the Geographic team was divided between its younger members , who focused on computer modeling results , and its older ones , who weighed their inspection of photos of the wreck with their own experience . He adds that the data AME used for its findings were flawed concerning Maine 's design and ammunition storage . Wegner was also critical of the fact that participants in the Rickover study were not consulted until AME 's analysis was essentially complete , far too late to confirm the veracity of data being used or engage in any other meaningful cooperation . 2002 Discovery Channel Unsolved History investigation ( edit ) In 2002 , the Discovery Channel produced an episode of the Unsolved History documentaries titled `` Death of the U.S.S. Maine '' that used photographic evidence , naval experts , and archival information to determine the cause of the explosion . Its conclusion was that a coal bunker fire caused the explosion , and it identified a weakness or gap in the bulkhead separating the coal and powder bunkers that allowed the fire to spread from the coal bunker to the powder bunker . False flag conspiracy theories ( edit ) It has been suggested by some that the sinking was a false flag operation conducted by the U.S. This is the official view in Cuba . Cuban officials argue that the U.S. may have deliberately sunk the ship to create a pretext for military action against Spain . The wording on the Maine monument in Havana describes Maine 's sailors as `` victims sacrificed to the imperialist greed in its fervor to seize control of Cuba '' , which alludes to the theory that U.S. agents deliberately blew up their own ship . Eliades Acosta , a prominent Cuban historian , head of the Cuban Communist Party 's Committee on Culture and former director of the Jose Marti National Library in Havana , offered the standard Cuban interpretation of the sinking of the Maine ( that the United States itself probably did it ) in an interview to The New York Times . But Acosta adds that `` Americans died for the freedom of Cuba , and that should be recognized . But others wanted to annex Cuba , and that should be criticized . If relations with the United States improve , all these things can be re-examined more fairly '' . This claim has also been made in Russia . Mikhail Khazin , a Russian economist who once ran the cultural section at Komsomolskaya Pravda , speaking in a 2008 Pravda interview of the need in troubled times to change the psychology of society , to unite it , said that `` the Americans blew up their own battleship Maine . '' Operation Northwoods was a series of proposals prepared by Pentagon officials for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1962 , setting out a number of proposed false flag operations that could be blamed on the Cuban Communists in order to rally support against them . One of these suggested that a U.S. Navy ship be blown up in Guantanamo Bay deliberately . In an echo of the yellow press headlines of the earlier period , the specific phrase `` A ' Remember the Maine ' incident '' was used . Raising and final sinking ( edit ) Wreckage of Maine surrounded by a cofferdam , on 16 June 1911 For several years , Maine was left where she sank in Havana Harbor , although it was evident she would have to be removed sometime . Maine took up valuable space and the buildup of silt around her hull threatened to create a shoal . In addition , various patriotic groups wanted mementos of the ship . On 9 May 1910 , Congress authorized funds for the removal of Maine , the proper interment in Arlington National Cemetery of the estimated 70 bodies still inside , and the removal and transport of the main mast to Arlington . Congress did not demand a new investigation into the sinking at that time . USS Maine sinking after being scuttled off the shore of Cuba The Army Corps of Engineers built a cofferdam around Maine and pumped water out from inside it . By 30 June 1911 , Maine 's main deck was exposed . The ship forward of frame 41 was entirely destroyed ; a twisted mass of steel out of line with the rest of the hull , all that was left of the bow , bore no resemblance to a ship . The rest of the wreck was badly corroded . Army engineers dismantled the damaged superstructure and decks , which were then dumped at sea . About halfway between bow and stern , they built a concrete and wooden bulkhead to seal the after - section , then cut away what was left of the forward portion . Holes were cut in the bottom of the after - section , through which jets of water were pumped , to break the mud seal holding the ship , then plugged , with flood cocks , which would later be used for sinking the ship . The Maine had been outfitted with Worthington steam pumps . Although lying on the bottom of Havana Harbor for fourteen years these pumps were found to be still operational , and were subsequently used to raise the ship . ( Worthington Pump History , 1840 -- 1940 ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 13 February 1912 , the engineers let water back into the interior of the cofferdam . Three days later , the interior of the cofferdam was full and Maine floated . Two days after that , Maine was towed out by the tug Osceola . The bodies of its crew were then removed to the armored cruiser North Carolina for repatriation . On 16 March , Maine was towed four miles from the Cuban coast by Osceola , escorted by North Carolina and the light cruiser Birmingham . Its sea cocks were opened and it sank in 600 fathoms ( 3,600 ft ; 1,100 m ) of water to the salutes of Birmingham and North Carolina . During the salvage , remains of 66 more were found , of whom only one ( an engineering officer ) was identified and returned to his home town ; the rest were reburied at Arlington Cemetery making a total of 229 buried there . Rediscovery ( edit ) In 2000 , the wreck of Maine was rediscovered by Advanced Digital Communications , a Toronto - based expedition company , in about 3,770 feet ( 1,150 m ) of water roughly 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) northeast of Havana Harbor . The company had been working with Cuban scientists and oceanographers from the University of South Florida College of Marine Science , on testing underwater exploration technology . The ship had been discovered east of where it was believed it had been scuttled ; according to the researchers , during the sinking ceremony and the time it took the wreck to founder , currents pushed the Maine east until it came to rest at its present location . Before the team identified the site as Maine , they referred to the location as the `` square '' due to its unique shape , and at first they did not believe it was the ship , due to its unexpected location . The site was explored with an ROV . According to Dr. Frank Muller - Karger , the hull was not oxidized and the crew could `` see all of its structural parts '' . The expedition was able to identify the ship due to the doors and hatches on the wreck , as well as the anchor chain , the shape of the propellers , and the holes where the bow was cut off . Due to the 1912 raising of the ship , the wreck was completely missing its bow ; this tell - tale feature was instrumental in identifying the ship . The team also located a boiler nearby , and a debris field of coal . Memorials ( edit ) Arlington , Annapolis , Havana ( edit ) In February 1898 , the recovered bodies of sailors who died on Maine were interred in the Colon Cemetery , Havana . Some injured sailors were sent to hospitals in Havana and Key West , Florida . Those who died in hospitals were buried in Key West . In December 1899 , the bodies in Havana were disinterred and brought back to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery . In 1915 , President Woodrow Wilson dedicated the USS Maine Mast Memorial to those who died . The memorial includes the ship 's main mast . Roughly 165 were buried at Arlington , although the remains of one sailor were exhumed for his home town , Indianapolis , Indiana . Of the rest , only 62 were known . Nine bodies were never recovered and 19 crewmen , several unidentified , are buried in Key West Cemetery under a statue of a U.S. Sailor holding an oar . Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery centered on the ship 's main mast The Cuban Friendship Urn on Ohio Drive , Southwest , Washington , D.C. , East Potomac Park Monument to victims of Maine in Havana , Cuba , c. 1930 A gun from Maine at Fort Allen Park , Portland , Maine U.S. Battleship Maine Monument Key West Cemetery , Florida The explosion - bent fore mast of Maine is located at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland . In 1926 , the Cuban government erected a memorial to the victims of Maine on the Malecon , near the Hotel Nacional , to commemorate United States assistance in acquiring Cuban independence from Spain . The memorial was damaged by crowds , following the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961 , and the eagle on top was broken and removed . The Communist government then added its own inscription blaming `` imperialist voracity in its eagerness to seize the island of Cuba '' for Maine 's sinking . The monument was cleaned and restored in 2013 . However , the eagle 's head was retained by the U.S. Interests Section in Havana , and the body by the city 's museum . USS Maine Monument , New York City ( edit ) Main article : USS Maine National Monument USS Maine Monument in New York City USS Maine Monument , Columbus Circle , NYC Columbia Triumphant Memorial plaque by Charles Keck , USS Maine Memorial Sculpture group by Attilio Piccirilli at USS Maine Memorial Columbia Triumphant sculpture group atop USS Maine Memorial Other memorials ( edit ) In 1898 , Georges Méliès made his movie , Visite sous - marine du Maine , about rescuers freeing bodies from the sunken Maine . In 1914 , one of Maine 's six anchors was taken from the Washington Navy Yard to City Park in Reading , Pennsylvania , and dedicated during a ceremony presided over by Franklin D. Roosevelt , who was then assistant secretary of the navy . A brass torpedo tube hatch recovered from Maine is on display at Lakeside Park in Oakland , California . It was stolen from its mount in the park in May 2011 , but quickly recovered by authorities after the thieves attempted to sell it for scrap metal . The large piece was relocated and mounted by OPW Facility Services in front of Oakland 's Veterans building on Grand Ave . A memorial including the shield and scrollwork from the bow of the ship is located in Bangor , Maine . A 6 - inch gun from Maine is in Washington , DC at the National Museum of the United States Navy . A 6 - inch gun from Maine is in Fort Allen Park in Portland , Maine . A 6 - inch gun from Maine is displayed on the front lawn of city hall in Alpena , Michigan , as well as a bronze plaque made from the vessel . The base of Maine 's conning tower is currently on display at Westbrook Veterans ' Memorial Park in Canton , Ohio , hometown of President McKinley . Shells from the main battery were placed along with small plaques as memorials at the Soldier 's Home in Marion , Indiana , ( now a VA hospital and national cemetery ) , at the St. Joseph County Courthouse lawn in South Bend , Indiana , at Point Defiance Park in Tacoma , Washington and at the old soldiers ' home in Minneapolis , Minnesota . A shell from the main battery is located just inside of the Pine St. entrance of city hall in Lewiston , Maine . A monument for Maine with a portion of a bronze engine room ventilator shaft is located in Pompton Lakes , New Jersey . The capstan of the ship was secured for Charleston , South Carolina where it was displayed on the Battery until 2006 ; it is currently awaiting reinstallation . A shell from the Maine is on display at the Hoboken Public Library in Hoboken , New Jersey . There is a plaque dedicated to Maine at the war memorial in Stephen R. Gregg Park in Bayonne , New Jersey . The plaque is made from metal salvaged from the ship . A fragment of the ship is on display at Moraine farm , the Homestead of Col. Deeds in Kettering , Ohio . ( Currently under the stewardship of Kettering Health Network ) . A six - inch gun turret of the ship is on display at VFW Post 1289 in Chattanooga , Tennessee . A 6 - inch deck gun from Maine is on the North lawn of the South Carolina State House in Columbia , SC . A bronze torpedo tube and armoured hatch form part of a memorial in West Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , just south of West North Avenue , http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM769B_Maine_Memorial_Pittsburgh_PA There is also a U.S.S. Maine Memorial plaque < visible in photographs and physically in situ > at the south door of the Jefferson County Courthouse , in Steubenville , OH . Coordinates : 23 ° 11 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 21 ′ 18 '' W / 23.198 ° N 82.355 ° W / 23.198 ; - 82.355 ( USS Maine ) See also ( edit ) Battleships portal List of battleships of the United States Navy U.S. Navy memorials Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texas was laid down after Maine , but commissioned first . Jump up ^ Sources are contradictory about the size of the torpedoes carried by Maine . Friedman , Battleships and Reilly & Scheina specify eighteen - inch Whitehead torpedoes , but Gardiner , p. 139 , and DANFS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) say 14 - inch . Jump up ^ Besides 1 set of remains removed from Arlington and reburied in 1899 and one set of remains recovered in 1911 and buried in hometown 2 other remains were also buried elsewhere as well . See US Army Quartermaster ( 1913 ) . US Army Quartermaster Report of 1912 . US War Department . p. 511 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy website https://web.archive.org/web/20010204074000/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq71-1.htm . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Toppan , Andrew ( 6 October 2001 ) . `` World Battleships List : US Predreadnought Battleships '' . Hazegray.org . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Law Library of Congress . www.loc.gov . August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : O'Bannon , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Working in the dry : Cofferdams , in - river construction , and the United States Army Corps of Engineers . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Pittsburgh District . pp. 70 -- 71 . OCLC 503092530 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , pp. 17 , 20 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly & Scheina , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Delevan Wilson , '' Encyclopedia Americana . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Battleships , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Cowan & Sumrall , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : United States Navy ( 1890 ) . `` Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , pp. 17 , 20 -- 21 , 23 . Jump up ^ Love , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Morley . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , pp. 28 , 33 . Jump up ^ Cowan & Sumrall , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , p. 125 , 127 . Jump up ^ Putnam , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly & Scheina , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Putnam , pp. 266 , 271 . Jump up ^ Putnam , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Walther Immanuel ( 1920 ) . `` Steel and the new Navy , 1882 -- 1895 '' . University of Wisconsin : 72 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Paine , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battleship USS Maine ( 1895 -- 1898 ) '' . Cityofart.net. 11 September 1905 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America 10 '' / 31 ( 25.4 cm ) Mark 1 Mod 0 and Mod 1 10 `` / 35 ( 25.4 cm ) Mark 1 Mod 2 10 '' / 30 ( 25.4 cm ) Mark 2 `` . NavWeaps.com. 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Morrison , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America 6 '' / 30 , 6 `` / 35 and 6 '' / 40 ( 15.2 cm ) Marks 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 7 `` . NavWeaps.com. 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America 6 - pdr ( 2.72 kg ) ( 2.244 '' ( 57 mm ) ) Marks 1 through 13 `` . NavWeaps.com. 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America 1 - pdr ( 0.45 kg ) ( 1.46 '' ( 37 mm ) ) Marks 1 through 15 `` . NavWeaps.com. 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , pp. 28 , 30 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , pp. 26 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Battleships , pp. 13 , 27 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Cruisers , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States Battleship `` Maine '' '' ( PDF ) . Marine Engineer and Naval Architect. 1 December 1890 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 285 ; Misa , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Krause , p. 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ DANFS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) . Jump up ^ Pater , p. 91 . Jump up ^ US Surgeon General ( 1896 ) . `` Annual report of the Surgeon General of the US Navy 1898 '' . Bureau of Medicine and Surgery . US Navy Department . p. 173 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers , p . Plate 1 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Hayes & Sessions 1998 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq71-1.htm Jump up ^ NHHC Survivors of USS Maine . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the loss of the Battleship MAINE ( Sampson Board ) '' . SpanAmWar.com. 22 March 1898 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Musicant , pp. 143 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Wisan , pp. 390 -- 1 . As quoted in Musicant , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Musicant , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Musicant , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Musicant , pp. 151 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish - American War ( 1898 ) '' . State of Maine : Secretary of State : Bureau of Corporations , Elections , and Commissions . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Few Spaniards Flee ; Not Many Accept Free Transportation from Here to Havana on the Panama . Crowds see them Depart -- Shouts of Derision Follow the Vessel , Which Is Rumored to Have Munitions of War Aboard -- The Seneca Also Sails '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 21 April 1898 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Edgerton , Robert B. ( 2005 ) . Remember the Maine , to Hell with Spain . Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6266 - 3 . Retrieved 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the `` MAINE '' `` . U.S. Department of Transportation : National Transportation Library . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly & Scheina , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : McMorrow , Edward P. `` What Destroyed the USS MAINE -- An opinion '' . SpanAmWar.com . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis . `` Destruction of the Maine ( 1898 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Law Library of Congress . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hugh Thomas , Memoria del 98 ( 1997 edition ) , chapter 7 ( `` La explosión del Maine '' ) , p. 104 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ O'Toole , p. 128 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , p. 11 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Wegner , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Wegner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Wegner , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Maine ( 2nd Class Battleship ) , NavSource Online : Battleship Photo Archive Jump up ^ NHHC The Destruction of USS Maine . Jump up ^ Wegner , pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Wegner , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas B. ( February 1998 ) . `` Remember The Maine ? '' . National Geographic . 193 ( 2 ) : 107 . Jump up ^ Wegner , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Remembering the Maine , CNN , 15 February 1998 Jump up ^ Conner Gorry and David Stanley , `` Cuba travel guide '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 120 - 1 , 3rd edition , 2004 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( 14 February 1998 ) . `` Remember the Maine ? Cubans See an American Plot Continuing to This Day '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mikhail Khazin , `` In 3 years , most of our oligarchs will go bankrupt '' , an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda , 29 October 2008 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Ruppe , David ( 1 May 2001 ) . `` U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Weiner , Tim ( 19 November 1997 ) . `` Declassified Papers Show Anti-Castro Ideas Proposed to Kennedy '' . The New York Times . New York City : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Secretariat to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . `` Operation Northwoods '' ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. p. 8 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rickover , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Rickover , pp. 82 , 84 . Jump up ^ Allen , Francis J. ( 1998 ) . `` Honoring the Heroes : The Raising of the Wreck of the U.S. Battleship Maine '' . Warship International . Toldeo , OH : International Naval Record Organization . XXXV ( 4 ) : 386 -- 405 . ISSN 0043 - 0374 . Jump up ^ Rickover , pp. 84 , 86 . ^ Jump up to : The USS Maine Mast Memorial , Arlington Cemetery website ^ Jump up to : Brecher , Elinor ( 10 December 2000 ) . `` Scientists Stumble Upon Sunken Maine '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 10 December 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ McSherry , Patrick . `` The First Funeral of the Crew of the Battleship MAINE '' . SpanAmWar.com . Retrieved 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.S. Maine Memorial , Arlington National Cemetery '' . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Navy crew media guide '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Christopher P. , `` Moon Cuba '' , Avalon Travel Publishing ; 4th edition ( 9 October 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56691 - 802 - 2 Jump up ^ The Rough Guide to Cuba ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 811 - 0 p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Havana restores monument to victims of USS Maine '' . Yahoo News . 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuyler , Greta ( 11 August 2008 ) . `` Group recalls dedication of anchor from U.S. warship in Reading 's City Park '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Thieves Make Off With Relic From USS Maine '' . SanFrancisco.CBSlocal.com . CBS Local Media . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USS Battleship Maine '' . Borough of Pompton Lakes , N.J . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Relics Are Here '' . The Evening Post ( Charleston , SC ) . 11 September 1913 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Bill ( 2012 ) . `` U.S.S. Maine Memorial Marker '' . Bill Coughlin . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of USS Maine '' . Nordic Underwater Archaeology . July 2003 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Bibliography Alden , John D. ( 1989 ) . American Steel Navy : A Photographic History of the U.S. Navy from the Introduction of the Steel Hull in 1883 to the Cruise of the Great White Fleet . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 248 - 2 . Cowan , Mark D. ; Sumrall , Alan K. ( 2011 ) . `` Old Hoodoo '' : The Battleship Texas : America 's First Battleship , 1895 -- 1911 . Charleston , South Carolina : CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4662 - 4894 - 6 . Friedman , Norman ( 1984 ) . U.S. Cruisers , An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 718 - 0 . Friedman , Norman ( 1985 ) . U.S. Battleships , An Illustrated Design History . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 715 - 9 . Gardiner , Robert , ed. ( 1979 ) . Conway 's All the World 's Fighting Ships 1860 -- 1905 . New York : Mayflower Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24023 - 3 . Jackson , Robert `` Fighting Ships of The World . '' London : Amber Books Ltd , 2004 Page 421 ISBN 9781840136470 Krause , Paul , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Battle for Homestead , 1880 -- 1892 : politics , culture , and steel . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5466 - 8 . Love , Robert W. Jr. , ed. ( 1992 ) . History of the U.S. Navy , Volume One : 1775 -- 1941 . Harriburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1862 - 2 . Marolda , Edward J. , ed. ( 2001 ) . Theodore Roosevelt , the U.S. Navy and the Spanish - American War . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8317 - 0302 - 8 . Miller , David , ed. ( 2001 ) . Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World . Osceloa , WI : Zenith Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1127 - 1 . Misa , Thomas J. , ed. ( 1999 ) . A Nation of Steel : The Making of Modern America , 1865 -- 1925 . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6052 - 2 . Morrison , Samuel Loring , ed. ( 2003 ) . The American Battleship . Osceloa , WI : Zenith Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0989 - 6 . Musicant , Ivan ( 1998 ) . Empire by Default : The Spanish - American War and the Dawn of the American Century . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 3500 - 1 . O'Toole , G.J.A. ( 1984 ) . The Spanish War : An American Epic 1898 . New York : W.W. Norton . Paine , Lincoln P. ( 2000 ) . Warships of the World to 1900 . New York : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 98414 - 7 . Parkinson , Roger ( 2008 ) . The Late Victorian Navy : The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War . Rochester , New York : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 372 - 7 . Pater , Alan F. , ed. ( 1968 ) . United States Battleships : The History of America 's Greatest Fighting Ships . Beverly Hills , California : Monitor Book Company . LCCN 68 - 17423 . Putnam , William Lowell ( 2000 ) . Arctic Superstars . New York : Amer Alpine Club . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930410 - 82 - 7 . Reilly , John C. ; Scheina , Robert L. ( 1980 ) . American Battleships 1886 -- 1923 : Predreadnought Design and Construction . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 524 - 7 . Rickover , Hyman George ( 1995 ) . How the Battleship Maine was Destroyed ( Second Revised ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 717 - 4 . United States Army Corps of Engineers ( 1914 ) . Final Report on Removing Wreck of USS Maine from Harbor of Habana , Cuba . Washington : United States Army Corps of Engineers . Marolda , Edward J. , ed. ( 2001 ) . Theodore Roosevelt , the U.S. Navy , and the Spanish - American War . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24023 - 6 . Wisan , Joseph Ezra ( 1965 ) ( c. 1934 ) . The Cuban crisis as reflected in the New York press , 1895 -- 1898 . Octagon Books . OCLC 435153688 . `` Maine ( BB - 2 ) '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` USS Maine ( 1895 -- 1898 ) , originally designated as Armored Cruiser # 1 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . US Navy Department . 17 November 1998 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` Sinking of USS Maine , 15 February 1898 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . US Navy Department . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` The Destruction of USS Maine '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . US Navy Department . 13 August 2003 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` Casualties on USS Maine '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . US Navy Department . 6 February 1998 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` Survivors of USS Maine '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . US Navy Department . 6 February 1998 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . `` Battleship Maine '' . The Spanish American War Centennial Website . www.spanamwar.com. 1996 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Crawford , Michael J. ; Hayes , Mark L. ; Sessions , Michael D. ( 30 November 1998 ) . `` The Spanish -- American War : Historical Overview and Select Bibliography '' . Naval Historical Center , U.S. Department of the Navy . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Morley , Chief Eng . A.W. , U.S.N. ( 1895 ) . `` Contract Trial of the United States Armored Cruiser Maine '' . Journal of the Society of American Engineers . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . Coughlin , Bill ( 2012 ) . `` U.S.S. Maine Memorial Marker '' . Bill Coughlin . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Further Reading ( edit ) Allen , Thomas B. `` Remember the Maine ? '' National Geographic , Vol. 193 , No 2 ( February 1998 ) : 92 -- 111 . Allen , Thomas B. ed . `` What Really Sank the Maine ? '' Naval History 11 ( March / April 1998 ) : 30 -- 39 . Blow , Michael . A Ship to Remember : The Maine and the Spanish - American War . New York : William Morrow & Co. , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 09714 - 1 . Foner , Phiip S . The Spanish - Cuban - American War and the Birth of American Imperialism 1895 -- 1902 . 2 Volumes , New York / London 1972 ( very detailed with plenty of sources from US archives ) . Samuels , Peggy and Harold . Remembering the Maine . Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington DC and London 1995 ISBN 978 - 1 - 56098 - 474 - 0 . Weems , John Edward . The Fate of the Maine College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 501 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) . USS Maine from the Library of Congress at Flickr Commons USS Maine Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery Hartshorn , Byron , `` Visiting the USS Maine around Washington , DC '' Naval History & Heritage Command ( history.navy.mil ) : USS Maine The Destruction of the USS Maine United States Navy , Bureau of Steam Engineering , Specifications for triple - expansion twin - screw propelling machinery for U.S.S. Maine at Google Books . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . From spanamwar.com : Background information on the Maine Theories on the loss of the Maine Official 1898 Court of Inquiry Report How Likely was a Coal Bunker Fire Aboard the Battleship Maine ? USS Maine Pictures from the Library of Congress American Memory website Photo gallery of Maine at NavSource Naval History -- Construction -- Active Service USS Maine from NARA Google Books : Black , William F. `` The Story of the Maine '' in Proceedings of the Municipal Engineers of the City of New York Conspiracy theories List of conspiracy theories Core topics Cabals Civil Criminal Deception Espionage Fiction Political Secrecy Secret societies Urban legend Psychology Attitude polarization Cognitive dissonance Communal reinforcement Confirmation bias Locus of control Mass hysteria Paranoia Psychological projection Deaths and disappearances Assassinations and avoidable accidents Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1400 ) Princes in the Tower ( 1483 ) Kaspar Hauser ( 1833 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1865 ) Franz Ferdinand ( 1914 ) Lord Kitchener ( 1916 ) Michael Collins ( 1922 ) Sergey Kirov ( 1934 ) Władysław Sikorski ( 1943 ) Subhas Chandra Bose ( 1945 ) Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1961 ) Patrice Lumumba ( 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1963 ) Robert F. Kennedy ( 1968 ) Juscelino Kubitschek ( 1976 ) Pope John Paul I ( 1978 ) Airey Neave ( 1979 ) Francisco de Sá Carneiro and Adelino Amaro da Costa ( 1980 ) Olof Palme ( 1986 ) Zia - ul - Haq ( 1988 ) Vince Foster ( 1993 ) Yitzhak Rabin ( 1995 ) Diana , Princess of Wales ( 1997 ) Nepalese royal family ( 2001 ) False flag attacks USS Maine ( 1898 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1915 ) Reichstag fire ( 1933 ) Pearl Harbor ( 1941 ) Operation `` Gladio '' USS Liberty ( 1967 ) Widerøe Flight 933 ( 1982 ) KAL Flight 007 ( 1983 ) Mozambican presidential jet ( 1986 ) Pan Am Flight 103 ( 1988 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 9 / 11 attacks ( 2001 ) Advance knowledge ( 2001 ) WTC collapse ( 2001 ) Madrid train bombing ( 2004 ) London bombings ( 2005 ) Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 ( 2014 ) Other RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) Phar Lap ( 1932 ) Adolf Hitler 's death ( 1945 ) Yemenite Children ( 1948 -- 54 ) Cairo Fire ( 1952 ) Dyatlov Pass incident ( 1959 ) Lost Cosmonauts ( 1950s / 1960s ) Elvis Presley 's death ( 1977 ) Jonestown ( 1978 ) Satanic ritual abuse ( blood libel ) MS Estonia ( 1994 ) Kurt Cobain ( 1994 ) Hello Garci scandal Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Lahad Datu , Malaysia standoff ( 2013 ) Zamboanga City crisis ( 2013 ) Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 ( 2014 ) New World Order Topics Bilderberg Group Black helicopters Bohemian Grove Council on Foreign Relations Denver International Airport Eurabia Illuminati Judeo - Masonic plot Jews The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Freemasons North American Union Catholics Jesuits Vatican ODESSA Rothschild family Skull and Bones The Fellowship Trilateral Commission By region Conspiracy theories in the Arab world Israeli animal theories Temple Mount Conspiracy theories in Turkey UFOs General Alien abduction Area 51 Bermuda Triangle Black Knight satellite Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis Extraterrestrial hypothesis Interdimensional hypothesis Dulce Base Estimate of the Situation ( 1948 ) Majestic 12 Men in black Nazi UFOs Project Serpo Reptilians Incidents Tunguska ( 1908 ) Ghost rockets ( 1946 ) Maury Island ( 1947 ) Roswell ( 1947 ) Mantell ( 1948 ) Kecksburg ( 1965 ) Rendlesham Forest ( 1980 ) Cash - Landrum ( 1980 ) Varginha ( 1996 ) Phoenix Lights ( 1997 ) Chicago ( 2006 ) United States government Apollo Moon landings Barack Obama 's citizenship / religion / parentage Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing ( 1999 ) Black genocide CIA - Kennedy assassination link Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden Dulles ' Plan FEMA concentration camps HAARP Jade Helm 15 ( 2015 ) Montauk Project October Surprise ( 1980 ) Pizzagate ( 2016 ) Philadelphia Experiment ( 1943 ) Project Azorian ( 1974 ) Sandy Hook shooting ( 2012 ) Seth Rich ( 2017 ) Sovereign citizen / Redemption movement Vast right - wing conspiracy Vietnam War POW / MIA issue TWA Flight 800 ( 1996 ) Health , energy , environment Chemtrails Free energy suppression Global warming HIV / AIDS origins HIV / AIDS denialism SARS ( 2003 ) Water fluoridation Other 2012 phenomenon Agenda 21 ( 1992 ) Cancellation of the Avro Arrow ( 1959 ) Bible conspiracy theory Clockwork Orange ( 1970s ) Conspiracy Encyclopedia `` Death '' of Paul McCartney ( 1969 ) Homintern Homosexual recruitment Knights Templar Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet ( 1987 ) Love Jihad Mexican Reconquista New Coke ( 1985 ) Phantom time / New Chronology Red mercury Soft coup Vela Incident ( 1979 ) War against Islam See also Denial of mass killings ( list ) Genocide denial Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1898 Shipwrecks 19 Jan : Active 25 Jan : Koonya 5 Feb : Clara Nevada 6 Feb : Veendam 15 Feb : USS Maine March ( unknown date ) : Eliza Anderson 1 May : Castilla , Don Antonio de Ulloa , Don Juan de Austria , Isla de Cuba , Isla de Luzón , Marques del Duero , Reina Cristina , Velasco 5 May : Hereward 7 May : Merksworth May ( unknown date ) : Adelaide 2 Jun : USS Merrimac 3 Jul : Almirante Oquendo , Cristóbal Colón , Furor , Infanta Maria Teresa , Plutón , Vizcaya 4 Jul : La Bourgogne 5 Jul : Reina Mercedes 12 Jul : Regulator 20 Jul : Wendouree 21 Jul : Jorge Juan 31 Jul : Lapérouse 22 Aug : Kate 14 Oct : Henry Chisholm , Mohegan 25 Oct : L.R. Doty 26 - 27 Nov : Portland 23 Dec : Joys 29 Dec : Glenavon Unknown date : Gouverneur - Generaal Loudon , Lofthus Other incidents February ( unknown date ) : Coptic 14 Aug : Sarah Dixon 22 Aug : Oakland 9 Dec : Castalia 21 Dec : Oakland 1897 1899 GND : 4836609 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Maine_(ACR-1)&oldid=819333765 '' Categories : 1889 ships Armored cruisers of the United States Navy Battleships of the United States Navy Conspiracy theories in the United States Cuba -- United States relations History of Key West , Florida International maritime incidents Maritime incidents in 1898 Ships sunk by non-combat internal explosions Ship fires Ships built in New York ( state ) Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico Spanish -- American War United States Navy Maine - related ships USS Maine Naval magazine explosions 1898 fires Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Russian - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes Wikipedia references cleanup from April 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Navy Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the photograph shows the uss maine which sank in 1898	[]	[]
1058590638785161271	Curly Howard	Curly Howard - wikipedia Curly Howard For the DJ , see Curly Howard ( DJ ) . Curly Howard Curly Howard in Disorder in the Court Jerome Lester Horwitz ( 1903 - 10 - 22 ) October 22 , 1903 Bensonhurst , Brooklyn , New York , U.S. January 18 , 1952 ( 1952 - 01 - 18 ) ( aged 48 ) San Gabriel , California , U.S. Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage Resting place Home of Peace Cemetery Other names Jerry Howard Jerome Howard Occupation Actor , comedian Years active 1918 -- 1947 Height 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Spouse ( s ) Julia Rosenthal ( m . 1930 ; annulled 1931 ) Elaine Ackerman ( m . 1937 ; div. 1940 ) Marion Buxbaum ( m . 1945 ; div. 1946 ) Valerie Newman ( m . 1947 ; his death 1952 ) Children Relatives Moe Howard ( brother ) Shemp Howard ( brother ) Joan Howard Maurer ( niece ) Website threestooges.net Jerome Lester Horwitz ( October 22 , 1903 -- January 18 , 1952 ) , better known by his stage name Curly Howard , was an American vaudevillian actor and comedian . He was best known as a member of the American farce comedy team the Three Stooges , which also featured his elder brothers Moe and Shemp Howard and actor Larry Fine . Curly Howard was generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges . He was well known for his high - pitched voice and vocal expressions ( `` nyuk - nyuk - nyuk ! '' , `` woob - woob - woob ! '' , `` soitenly ! '' ( certainly ) , and barking like a dog ) as well as his physical comedy ( e.g. , falling on the ground and pivoting on his shoulder as he `` walked '' in circular motion ) , improvisations , and athleticism . An untrained actor , Curly borrowed ( and significantly exaggerated ) the `` woob woob '' from `` nervous '' and soft - spoken comedian Hugh Herbert . Curly 's unique version of `` woob - woob - woob '' was firmly established by the time of the Stooges ' second Columbia film , Punch Drunks ( 1934 ) . Howard was forced to leave the Three Stooges act in 1946 when a massive stroke ended his show business career . He suffered through serious health problems and several more strokes until his death in 1952 at age 48 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career and the Three Stooges 2.2 Prime years 3 Illness 3.1 Slow decline 3.2 1946 stroke 3.3 Retirement 3.4 Final months and death 4 Personal life 5 Legacy 6 Filmography 6.1 Features 6.2 Short subjects 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Curly Howard was born Jerome Lester Horwitz in the Bensonhurst section of the Brooklyn borough of New York City , on October 22 , 1903 . Of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry , he was the youngest of the five sons of Jennie ( Gorovitz ) and Solomon Horwitz . Because he was the youngest , his brothers called him `` Babe '' to tease him . The name `` Babe '' stuck with him all his life , although when his elder brother Shemp Howard married Gertrude Frank , who was also nicknamed `` Babe '' , the brothers called him `` Curly '' to avoid confusion . His full formal Hebrew name was `` Yehudah Lev ben Shlomo Natan ha Levi . '' A quiet child , Howard rarely caused problems for his parents ( something older brothers Moe and Shemp excelled in ) . He was a mediocre student but excelled as an athlete on the school basketball team . He did n't graduate from high school , and instead he kept himself busy with odd jobs and constantly following his older brothers , whom he idolized . He was also an accomplished ballroom dancer and singer and regularly turned up at the Triangle Ballroom in Brooklyn , occasionally bumping into George Raft . When Howard was 12 , he accidentally shot himself in the left ankle while cleaning a rifle . Moe rushed him to the hospital and saved his life . The wound resulted in a noticeably thinner left leg and a slight limp . He was so frightened of surgery that he never had the limp corrected . While with the Stooges , he developed his famous exaggerated walk to mask the limp on screen . Howard was interested in music and comedy and would watch his brothers Shemp and Moe perform as stooges in Ted Healy 's vaudeville act . He also liked to hang around backstage , although he never participated in any of the routines . Career ( edit ) Early career and the Three Stooges ( edit ) From an early age , Howard was always `` in demand socially , '' as brother Moe put it . He married his first wife , Julia Rosenthal , on August 5 , 1930 , but the couple had their marriage annulled shortly afterwards . Howard 's first on - stage break was as a comedy musical conductor in 1928 for the Orville Knapp Band . Moe later recalled that his performances usually overshadowed those of the band . Though he enjoyed the gig , he watched as older brothers Moe and Shemp ( and partner Larry Fine ) made it big as some of Ted Healy 's `` Stooges . '' Vaudeville star Healy had a very popular stage act , in which he would try to tell jokes or sing , only to have his stooges wander on stage and interrupt or heckle him and cause disturbances from the audience . Meanwhile , Healy and company appeared in their first feature film , Rube Goldberg 's Soup to Nuts ( 1930 ) . Shemp Howard , however , disliked Healy 's abrasiveness , bad temper , and heavy drinking . In 1932 , he was offered a contract at the Vitaphone Studios in Brooklyn . ( Contrary to stories told by Moe , the role of `` Knobby Walsh '' in the Joe Palooka series did not come along until late 1935 , after Shemp had been at Vitaphone for three years and had already appeared in almost thirty short subjects . ) Shemp was thrilled to be away from Healy but , as was his nature , worried incessantly about brother Moe and partner Larry . Moe , however , told Shemp to pursue this opportunity . With Shemp gone , Moe suggested that Curly fill the role of the third Stooge . But Healy felt that , with his thick , chestnut hair and elegant waxed mustache , he did not `` look funny '' and was `` too handsome '' . Howard left the room and returned minutes later with his head shaven ( the mustache remained very briefly ) . Healy quipped , `` Boy , do n't you look girlie ? '' Moe misheard the joke as `` curly '' , and all who witnessed the exchange realized that the nickname `` Curly '' would be a perfect fit . In one of the few interviews Howard gave in his lifetime , he complained about the loss of his hair : `` I had to shave it off right down to the skin . '' In 1934 , MGM was building Healy up as a solo comedian in feature films and Healy dissolved the act to pursue his own career . Like Shemp , the team of Howard , Fine , and Howard was tired of Healy 's alcoholism and abrasiveness and renamed their act the `` Three Stooges . '' That same year , they signed on to appear in two - reel comedy short subjects for Columbia Pictures . The Stooges soon became the most popular short - subject attraction , with Howard playing an integral part in the trio 's work . Prime years ( edit ) Larry Fine , Curly Howard , and Moe Howard , from left to right , in 1937 Howard 's childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm made him a hit with audiences , particularly children . He was known in the act for having an `` indestructible '' head , which always won out by breaking anything that assaulted it , including saws ( resulting in his characteristic quip , `` Oh , look ! '' ) . Although having no formal acting training , his comedic skills were exceptional . Many times , directors would simply let the camera roll freely and let Howard improvise . Jules White , in particular , would leave gaps in the Stooge scripts where he could improvise for several minutes . In later years , White commented : `` If we wrote a scene and needed a little something extra , I 'd say to Curly , ' Look , we 've got a gap to fill this in with a `` woob - woob '' or some other bit of business . ' And he never disappointed us . '' By the time the Stooges hit their peak in the late 1930s , their films had almost become vehicles for Howard 's unbridled comic performances . Classics like A Plumbing We Will Go ( 1940 ) , We Want Our Mummy ( 1938 ) , An Ache in Every Stake ( 1941 ) , and Cactus Makes Perfect ( 1942 ) display his ability to take inanimate objects ( like food , tools , pipes , etc . ) and turn them into ingenious comic props . Moe Howard later confirmed that when Curly forgot his lines , that merely allowed him to improvise on the spot so that the `` take '' could continue uninterrupted : `` If we were going through a scene and he 'd forget his words for a moment , you know , rather than stand , get pale and stop , you never knew what he was going to do . On one occasion he 'd get down to the floor and spin around like a top until he remembered what he had to say . '' Howard also developed a set of reactions and expressions that the other Stooges would imitate long after he 'd left the act : Many of these were spoken in a form of New York accent . `` Nyuk , nyuk , nyuk '' -- Curly Howard 's traditional laughter , accompanied by manic finger - snapping , often used to amuse himself ; `` Woob , woob , woob ! '' -- used when he was either scared , dazed , or flirting with a `` dame '' ; `` Hmmm ! '' -- an under - the - breath , high - pitched sound meant to show different emotions , including interest , excitement , frustration , or anger ; one of his most - used reactions / expressions ; `` Nyahh - ahhh - ahhh ! '' -- scared reaction ( this was the reaction most often used by the other Stooges after Howard 's departure ) ; `` Laaa - Deeeeeee '' or simply `` Laaa , laaa , laaa '' -- his working `` song '' ; also used when he was acting innocently right before taking out an enemy ; `` Ruff Ruff '' -- dog bark , used to give an enemy a final push before departing the scene , or barking at an attractive dame ; `` Ha - cha - cha - cha - cha ! '' -- a take on Jimmy Durante 's famed call , used more sparingly than other expressions ; `` I 'm a victim of soicumstance ( circumstance ) '' ; `` Soiteny ! '' ( `` certainly '' ) ; `` I 'll moider you ! '' ( `` I 'll murder you ! '' ; used as a threat , but much more by Moe than by Curly ) ; `` Huff huff huff ! '' -- sharp , huffing exhales either due to excitement or meant to provoke a foe ; `` Ah - ba - ba - ba - ba - ba - ba ! '' -- used during his later years , a sort of nonsense , high - pitched yelling that signified being scared or overly excited ; `` Indubitably '' -- an expression used to feign an intelligent response ; His teeth , while chattering nervously , made the sound of a small hammer striking a chisel ; `` A WISE Guy , Eh ? '' -- annoyed response ; `` Oh Look ! '' -- surprised remark , usually about a common object ; `` Say a coupla adjectives ! '' -- to another ( injured ) stooge , usually Moe . Occasionally , the Stooges faced a problem that required deep thought ; whereupon Curly would bang his head on a wall several times , then shout , `` I got it ! I got it ! '' Moe would ask , `` What have you got ? '' Curly 's answer : `` A terrific headache . '' Despite his mispronunciations , he had an uncanny ability to spell big words ( e.g. , `` chrysanthemum '' ) instantly , if asked . The gag was bad timing : this talent might have landed the Stooges a job , but the opportunity was missed . Moe would then growl , `` Where were you a minute ago ? '' ( smack ) On several occasions , Moe Howard was convinced that rising star Lou Costello ( a close friend of Shemp ) was stealing material from his brother . Costello was known to acquire prints of the Stooges ' films from Columbia Pictures on occasion , presumably to study him . Inevitably , Curly Howard 's routines would show up in Abbott and Costello feature films , much to Moe 's chagrin . ( It did not help that Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn would not allow the Stooges to make feature - length films like contemporaries Laurel and Hardy , the Marx Brothers , and Abbott and Costello . ) Illness ( edit ) Slow decline ( edit ) By 1944 , Howard 's energy began to wane . Films like Idle Roomers ( 1944 ) and Booby Dupes ( 1945 ) present a Curly whose voice was deeper and his actions slower . It is believed that he suffered the first of many strokes between the filming of Idiots Deluxe ( October 1944 ) and If a Body Meets a Body ( March 1945 ) . After the filming of the feature length Rockin ' in the Rockies ( December 1944 ) , he finally checked himself ( at Moe Howard 's insistence ) into Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara , California , on January 23 , 1945 , and was diagnosed with extreme hypertension , a retinal hemorrhage , and obesity . His ill health forced him to rest , leading to only five shorts being released in 1945 ( the normal output was six to eight per year ) . The Three Stooges : An Illustrated History , From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons by Michael Fleming , states that Moe Howard pleaded with Harry Cohn to allow his younger brother some time off upon discharge to regain his strength , but Cohn would not halt the production of his profitable Stooge shorts and flatly refused his request . Other sources state the Stooges had five months off between August 1945 and January 1946 . They used that time to book themselves a feature film at Monogram , and then leave on a 2 - month live performance commitment in New York City working shows 7 days per week . During that NYC appearance , Howard met and married his 3rd wife Marion Buxbaum , a bad relationship that further deteriorated his health and morale . Returning to L.A. in late November 1945 , Howard was a shell of his former self . With two months rest , the team 's 1946 schedule at Columbia commenced in late January , but involved only 24 days work during February - early May . In spite of 8 weeks ' time off in that same period , Howard 's condition continued to deteriorate . By early 1946 , Howard 's voice had become even more coarse than before , and it was increasingly difficult for him to remember even the simplest dialogue . He had lost a considerable amount of weight , and lines had creased his face . 1946 stroke ( edit ) Half - Wits Holiday ( released 1947 ) would be Howard 's final appearance as an official member of the Stooges . During filming on May 6 , 1946 , he suffered a severe stroke while sitting in director Jules White 's chair , waiting to film the last scene of the day . When called by the assistant director to take the stage , he did not answer . Moe went looking for his brother : he found him with his head dropped to his chest . Moe later recalled that his mouth was distorted and he was unable to speak , only cry . Moe quietly alerted White to all this , leading the latter to rework the scene quickly , dividing the action between Moe and Larry while Curly was rushed to the hospital , where Moe joined him after the filming . Howard spent several weeks at the Motion Picture and Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , California before returning home for further recuperation . In January 1945 , Shemp had been recruited to substitute for a resting Curly during live performances in New Orleans . After Howard 's stroke , Shemp agreed to replace him in the Columbia shorts , but only until his younger brother was well enough to rejoin the act . An extant copy of the Stooges ' 1947 Columbia Pictures contract was signed by all four Stooges and stipulated that Shemp 's joining `` in place and stead of Jerry Howard '' would be only temporary until Curly recovered sufficiently to return to work full - time . Howard , partially recovered and with his hair regrown , made a brief cameo appearance as a train passenger barking in his sleep in the third film after brother Shemp 's return , Hold That Lion ! ( 1947 ) . It was the only film that featured Larry Fine and all three Howard brothers -- Moe , Shemp and Curly -- simultaneously ; director White later said he spontaneously staged the bit during Curly 's impromptu visit to the soundstage : `` It was a spur - of - the - moment idea . Curly was visiting the set ; this was sometime after his stroke . Apparently he came in on his own , since I did n't see a nurse with him . He was sitting around , reading a newspaper . As I walked in , the newspaper he had in front of his face came down and he waved hello to me . I thought it would be funny to have him do a bit in the picture and he was happy to do it . '' A still from Curly 's cut scene in Malice in the Palace , 1949 In June 1948 , Howard filmed a second cameo as an irate chef for the short Malice in the Palace ( 1949 ) , but due to his illness , his performance was not deemed good enough and his scenes were cut . A lobby card for the short shows him with the other Stooges , although he never appeared in the final release . Retirement ( edit ) Still not fully recovered from his stroke , Howard met Valerie Newman and married her on July 31 , 1947 . A friend , Irma Leveton , later recalled , `` Valerie was the only decent thing that happened to Curly and the only one that really cared about him . '' Although his health continued to decline after the marriage , Valerie gave birth to a daughter , Janie , in 1948 . Later that year Howard suffered a second massive stroke , which left him partially paralyzed . He used a wheelchair by 1950 and was fed boiled rice and apples as part of his diet to reduce his weight ( and blood pressure ) . Valerie admitted him into the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital on August 29 , 1950 . He was released after several months of treatment and medical tests , although he would return periodically until his death . In February 1951 , he was placed in a nursing home , where he suffered another stroke a month later . In April , he went to live at the North Hollywood Hospital and Sanitarium . Final months and death ( edit ) Grave of Curly Howard , at Home of Peace Cemetery In December 1951 , the North Hollywood Hospital and Sanitarium supervisor advised the Howard family that he was becoming a problem to the nursing staff at the facility because of his mental deterioration . They admitted they could no longer care for him and suggested he be placed in a mental hospital . Moe refused and relocated him to the Baldy View Sanitarium in San Gabriel , California . On January 7 , 1952 , Moe was contacted on the Columbia set while filming He Cooked His Goose to help move Curly for what would be the last time . Eleven days later , on January 18 , Curly Howard died . He lived the shortest life of the Stooges , dying at the age of 48 . He was given a Jewish funeral and laid to rest at the Western Jewish Institute section of Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles . His older brothers , Benjamin and Shemp , and parents Jennie and Solomon are all interred there as well . Personal life ( edit ) Howard 's offscreen personality was the antithesis of his onscreen manic persona . An introvert , he generally kept to himself , rarely socializing with people unless he had been drinking ( which he would increasingly turn to as the stresses of his career grew ) . In addition , he came to life when in the presence of brother Shemp . Howard could not be himself around brother Moe , who treated his younger brother with a fatherly wag of the finger . Never an intellectual , Howard simply refrained from engaging in `` crazy antics '' unless he was in his element : with family , performing or intoxicated . On June 7 , 1937 , Howard married Elaine Ackerman , who gave birth to their only child , Marilyn , the following year . The couple divorced in June 1940 , after which he gained a lot of weight and developed hypertension . He was also insecure about his shaved head , believing it made him unappealing to women ; he increasingly drank to excess and caroused to cope with his feelings of inferiority . He took to wearing a hat in public to convey an image of masculinity , saying he felt like a little kid with his hair shaved off , even though he was popular with women all his life . In fact , many who knew him said women were his main weakness . Moe 's son - in - law Norman Maurer even went so far as to say he `` was a pushover for women . If a pretty girl went up to him and gave him a spiel , Curly would marry them . Then she would take his money and run off . It was the same when a real estate agent would come up and say ' I have a house for you ' ; Curly would sell his current home and buy another one . '' During World War II , for seven months of each year , the trio 's filming schedule would go on hiatus , allowing them to make personal appearances . The Stooges entertained servicemen constantly , and the intense work schedule took its toll on Howard . He never drank while performing in film or on stage ; Moe would not allow it . But once away from Moe 's watchful eye , he would find the nearest nightclub , down a few drinks , and enjoy himself . His drinking , eating , and carousing increased . He had difficulties managing his finances , often spending his money on wine , food , women , homes , cars , and especially dogs , and was often near bankruptcy . Moe eventually helped him manage his money and even filled out his income tax returns . Howard found constant companionship in his dogs and often befriended strays whenever the Stooges were traveling . He would pick up homeless dogs and take them with him from town to town until he found them a home somewhere else on the tour . When not performing , he would usually have a few dogs waiting for him at home as well . Moe urged Curly to find himself a wife , hoping it would persuade his brother to finally settle down and allow his health to improve somewhat . After a two - week courtship , he married Marion Buxbaum on October 17 , 1945 , a union which lasted approximately three months . The divorce proceeding was a bitter one , exacerbated by exploitation in the local media . After the divorce , his health fell into rapid and devastating decline . On July 31 , 1947 , he married Valerie Newman . They had one daughter together , named Janie ( born in 1948 ) , and remained married until his death . Legacy ( edit ) Curly Howard is considered by many fans and critics alike to be their favorite member of The Three Stooges . In a 1972 interview Larry Fine recalled , `` Personally , I thought Curly was the greatest because he was a natural comedian who had no formal training . Whatever he did , he made up on the spur of the moment . When we lost Curly , we took a hit . '' Curly 's mannerisms , behavior and personality along with his catchphrases of `` n'yuk , n'yuk , n'yuk , '' `` woob , woob , woob '' and `` soitenly ! '' have become a part of American popular culture . Steve Allen called him one of the `` most original , yet seldom recognized , comic geniuses . '' The Ted Okuda and Edward Watz book The Columbia Comedy Shorts puts Howard 's appeal and legacy in critical perspective : `` Few comics have come close to equaling the pure energy and genuine sense of fun Curly was able to project . He was merriment personified , a creature of frantic action whose only concern was to satisfy his immediate cravings . Allowing his emotions to dominate , and making no attempt whatsoever to hide his true feelings , he would chuckle self - indulgently at his own cleverness . When confronted with a problem he would grunt , slap his face and tackle the obstacle with all the tenacity of a six - year - old child . '' From 1980 to 1982 , the ABC TV comedic skit series , Fridays , featured an occasional skit of `` The Numb Boys '' - essentially a Three Stooges routine related to a recent news topic - with John Roarke playing Curly ( and Bruce Mahler as Moe and Larry David as Larry ) . In 2000 , longtime Stooges fan Mel Gibson produced a television film for ABC about the lives and careers of the Stooges . In an interview promoting the film , he said Curly was his favorite of the Stooges . In the film , Curly was played by Michael Chiklis . In the 2012 Farrelly brothers ' film The Three Stooges , Will Sasso portrays Curly Howard . Robert Capron portrays Young Curly . In the children 's novel series Captain Underpants and its film adaptation , the elementary school that the main characters attend is named Jerome Horwitz Elementary School , in reference to Howard 's birth name . Filmography ( edit ) Features ( edit ) Turn Back the Clock ( 1933 ) Broadway to Hollywood ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Myrt and Marge ( 1933 ) Fugitive Lovers ( 1934 ) Hollywood Party ( 1934 ) The Captain Hates the Sea ( 1934 ) Start Cheering ( 1938 ) Time Out for Rhythm ( 1941 ) My Sister Eileen ( 1942 ) Good Luck , Mr. Yates ( 1943 ) ( scenes deleted , reused in Gents Without Cents ) Rockin ' in the Rockies ( 1945 ) Swing Parade of 1946 ( 1946 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ! ( 1960 ) ( scenes from Stooge shorts ) Short subjects ( edit ) Nertsery Rhymes ( 1933 ) Beer and Pretzels ( 1933 ) Hello Pop ! ( 1933 ) Plane Nuts ( 1933 ) Roast Beef and Movies ( 1934 ) Jail Birds of Paradise ( 1934 ) Hollywood on Parade # B - 9 ( 1934 ) Woman Haters ( 1934 ) ( * credited as `` Curley '' ) The Big Idea ( 1934 ) Punch Drunks ( 1934 ) Men in Black ( 1934 ) Three Little Pigskins ( 1934 ) Horses ' Collars ( 1935 ) Restless Knights ( 1935 ) Screen Snapshots Series 14 , No. 6 ( 1935 ) Pop Goes the Easel ( 1935 ) Uncivil Warriors ( 1935 ) Pardon My Scotch ( 1935 ) Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) Three Little Beers ( 1935 ) Ants in the Pantry ( 1936 ) Movie Maniacs ( 1936 ) Screen Snapshots Series 15 , No. 7 ( 1936 ) Half Shot Shooters ( 1936 ) Disorder in the Court ( 1936 ) A Pain in the Pullman ( 1936 ) False Alarms ( 1936 ) Whoops , I 'm an Indian ! ( 1936 ) Slippery Silks ( 1936 ) Grips , Grunts and Groans ( 1937 ) Dizzy Doctors ( 1937 ) Three Dumb Clucks ( 1937 ) Back to the Woods ( 1937 ) Goofs and Saddles ( 1937 ) Cash and Carry ( 1937 ) Playing the Ponies ( 1937 ) The Sitter Downers ( 1937 ) Termites of 1938 ( 1938 ) Wee Wee Monsieur ( 1938 ) Tassels in the Air ( 1938 ) Healthy , Wealthy and Dumb ( 1938 ) Violent Is the Word for Curly ( 1938 ) Three Missing Links ( 1938 ) Mutts to You ( 1938 ) Flat Foot Stooges ( 1938 ) Three Little Sew and Sews ( 1939 ) We Want Our Mummy ( 1939 ) A Ducking They Did Go ( 1939 ) Screen Snapshots : Stars on Horseback ( 1939 ) Yes , We Have No Bonanza ( 1939 ) Saved by the Belle ( 1939 ) Calling All Curs ( 1939 ) Oily to Bed , Oily to Rise ( 1939 ) Three Sappy People ( 1939 ) You Nazty Spy ! ( 1940 ) Screen Snapshots : Art and Artists ( 1940 ) Rockin ' thru the Rockies ( 1940 ) A Plumbing We Will Go ( 1940 ) Nutty but Nice ( 1940 ) How High Is Up ? ( 1940 ) From Nurse to Worse ( 1940 ) No Census , No Feeling ( 1940 ) Cookoo Cavaliers ( 1940 ) Boobs in Arms ( 1940 ) So Long Mr. Chumps ( 1941 ) Dutiful but Dumb ( 1941 ) All the World 's a Stooge ( 1941 ) I 'll Never Heil Again ( 1941 ) An Ache in Every Stake ( 1941 ) In the Sweet Pie and Pie ( 1941 ) Some More of Samoa ( 1941 ) Loco Boy Makes Good ( 1942 ) What 's the Matador ? ( 1942 ) Cactus Makes Perfect ( 1942 ) Matri - Phony ( 1942 ) Three Smart Saps ( 1942 ) Even as IOU ( 1942 ) Sock - a-Bye Baby ( 1942 ) They Stooge to Conga ( 1943 ) Dizzy Detectives ( 1943 ) Spook Louder ( 1943 ) Back from the Front ( 1943 ) Three Little Twirps ( 1943 ) Higher Than a Kite ( 1943 ) I Can Hardly Wait ( 1943 ) Dizzy Pilots ( 1943 ) Phony Express ( 1943 ) A Gem of a Jam ( 1943 ) Crash Goes the Hash ( 1944 ) Busy Buddies ( 1944 ) The Yoke 's on Me ( 1944 ) Idle Roomers ( 1944 ) Gents Without Cents ( 1944 ) No Dough Boys ( 1944 ) Three Pests in a Mess ( 1945 ) Booby Dupes ( 1945 ) Idiots Deluxe ( 1945 ) If a Body Meets a Body ( 1945 ) Micro-Phonies ( 1945 ) Beer Barrel Polecats ( 1946 ) A Bird in the Head ( 1946 ) Uncivil War Birds ( 1946 ) The Three Troubledoers ( 1946 ) Monkey Businessmen ( 1946 ) Three Loan Wolves ( 1946 ) G.I. Wanna Home ( 1946 ) Rhythm and Weep ( 1946 ) Three Little Pirates ( 1946 ) Half - Wits Holiday ( 1947 ) Hold That Lion ! ( 1947 , cameo appearance ) Malice in the Palace ( 1949 , cameo appearance filmed but not used ) Booty and the Beast ( 1953 , recycled footage from Hold That Lion ! ) Further reading ( edit ) Curly : An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge by Joan Howard Maurer ( Citadel Press , 1988 ) . The Complete Three Stooges : The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion by Jon Solomon , ( Comedy III Productions , Inc. , 2002 ) . One Fine Stooge : A Frizzy Life in Pictures by Steve Cox and Jim Terry , ( Cumberland House Publishing , 2006 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maurer , Joan Howard ; Jeff Lenburg ; Greg Lenburg ( 1982 ) . The Three Stooges Scrapbook . Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0946 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Ted ; Watz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Columbia Comedy Shorts . McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 181 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Moe ; Joan Howard Maurer ( 1977 ) . Moe Howard and the Three Stooges . Citadel Press . pp. 21 -- 23 , 25 , 33 , 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Curly has a traditional Jewish gravestone with his full formal Hebrew name engraved on it in Hebrew script , directly transliterated from the Hebrew inscription contained there . Jump up ^ The Three Stooges Journal , Winter 2005 ; Issue # 76 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( 2002 ) ( 1999 ) . The Three Stooges : An Illustrated History , From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons . New York : Broadway Books . pp. 22 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 33 , 49 , 50 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0556 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : A&E Network 's Biography Jump up ^ Funny TV and Movie Lines ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Soitenly '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.proz.com/kudoz/English/poetry_literature/1124818-toidy_toid_and_toid.html Jump up ^ Seely , Peter ; Gail W. Pieper ( 2007 ) . Stoogeology : Essays on the Three Stooges . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 9 . ISBN 0786429208 . Jump up ^ willdogs Archived May 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Ted ; Watz , Edward ; ( 1986 ) . The Columbia Comedy Shorts , p. 69 , McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 181 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Moe and Shemp Howard and Larry Fine , who were the originals in the Three Stooges act , compose the trio to appear here . Curley ( sic ) Howard , who took Shemp 's place after the act had been organized some years and whose appearance is familiar to movie audiences , is not on the current tour because of illness . '' The Times - Picayune ; January 18 , 1946 edition Jump up ^ `` Curly Howard '' . Find a Grave . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of the Stooges VHS Documentary , narrated by Steve Allen ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ The Three Stooges Story , ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ List of Fridays episodes . Jump up ^ TV Guide.com . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Curly Howard at The Three Stooges Official Website Curly Howard on IMDb Curly Howard at the TCM Movie Database Curly Howard at the Internet Broadway Database `` Curly Howard '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Three Stooges Sued by Curly 's Widow The Three Stooges Moe Howard Larry Fine Curly Howard Shemp Howard Joe Besser Joe DeRita Works The Three Stooges filmography The Three Stooges Collection Jerks of All Trades The New Three Stooges episodes The Three Stooges Scrapbook Kook 's Tour Moe Howard and the Three Stooges Related topics List of supporting actors in Three Stooges films The Three Stooges in popular culture Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad , Mad , Mad Dr. No - No The Robonic Stooges Stoogemania `` Swinging the Alphabet '' `` The Curly Shuffle '' 1984 arcade game 1987 video game 2000 TV movie 2012 feature film 2018 prequel C3 Entertainment Associated people Edward Bernds Tiny Brauer Charley Chase Paul Garner Ted Healy Rich Koz Del Lord Hugh McCollum Christine McIntyre Frank Mitchell Joe Palma / Fake Shemp Fred Sanborn Emil Sitka Greta Thyssen Elwood Ullman Jack White Jules White Book ISNI : 0000 0000 2884 0635 LCCN : n85219229 MusicBrainz : 4c88a1ad - beca - 4776 - a1bc - 0a9f233e43d3 VIAF : 38359160 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curly_Howard&oldid=846253164 '' Categories : 1903 births 1952 deaths Vaudeville performers The Three Stooges members Male actors from New York City Jewish American comedians American male film actors The Three Stooges American male television actors American male stage actors American male comedians American comedians American people of Lithuanian - Jewish descent Jewish American male actors 20th - century American male actors People from Bensonhurst , Brooklyn American male comedy actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge עברית Norsk Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 13 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was curly from the three stooges born	[]	[]
-8550985842544923827	Aquatic respiration	Aquatic respiration - wikipedia Aquatic respiration Jump to : navigation , search Sea slugs breathe through a gill ( or ctenidium ) Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water . Contents ( hide ) 1 Respiratory systems 1.1 Fish 1.2 Molluscs 1.3 Arthropods 1.4 Aquatic reptiles 1.5 Amphibians 1.6 Aquatic birds 2 Gills 3 Control of respiration 4 See also 5 Notes Respiratory systems ( edit ) Fish ( edit ) See also : Fish respiration In most fish respiration takes place through gills . Lungfish , however , possess one or two lungs . The labyrinth fish have developed a special organ that allows them to take advantage of the oxygen of the air , but is not a true lung . Fish use the process known as countercurrent flow , in which water and blood flow in opposite directions across the gills , maximizing the diffusion of oxygen . Molluscs ( edit ) See also : Respiratory system of gastropods Molluscs generally possess gills that allow exchange of oxygen from an aqueous environment into the circulatory system . These animals also possess a heart that pumps blood which contains hemocyaninine as its oxygen - capturing molecule . Therefore , this respiratory system is similar to that of vertebrate fish . The respiratory system of gastropods can include either gills or a lung . Arthropods ( edit ) See also : Gill § Invertebrate gills Aquatic arthropods generally possess some form of gills in which gas exchange takes place by diffusing through the exoskeleton . Others may breathe atmospheric air while remaining submerged , via breathing tubes or trapped air bubbles , though some aquatic insects may remain submerged indefinitely and respire using a plastron . A very few Arachnids have adopted an aquatic life style including the Diving bell spider . In all cases , oxygen is provided from air trapped by hairs around the animals body . Aquatic reptiles ( edit ) All aquatic reptiles breathe air into lungs . The anatomical structure of the lungs is less complex in reptiles than in mammals , with reptiles lacking the very extensive airway tree structure found in mammalian lungs . Gas exchange in reptiles still occurs in alveoli however , reptiles do not possess a diaphragm . Thus , breathing occurs via a change in the volume of the body cavity which is controlled by contraction of intercostal muscles in all reptiles except turtles . In turtles , contraction of specific pairs of flank muscles governs inspiration or expiration . See also reptiles for more detailed descriptions of the respiratory system in these animals . Amphibians ( edit ) See also : Amphibian § Respiratory system Both the lungs and the skin serve as respiratory organs in amphibians . The skin of these animals is highly vascularized and moist , with moisture maintained via secretion of mucus from specialized cells . While the lungs are of primary importance to breathing control , the skin 's unique properties aid rapid gas exchange when amphibians are submerged in oxygen - rich water . Aquatic birds ( edit ) The respiratory system of birds differs significantly from that found in mammals , containing unique anatomical features such as air sacs . The lungs of birds also do not have the capacity to inflate as birds lack a diaphragm and a pleural cavity . Gas exchange in birds occurs between air capillaries and blood capillaries , rather than in alveoli . See Avian respiratory system for a detailed description of these and other features . Gills ( edit ) Posterior view of the gills of a tuna Large aquatic animals have developed gills for respiration which are specifically adapted to their function , for example , they have : A large surface area to allow as much oxygen to enter the gills as possible because more of the gas comes into contact with the membrane Good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient needed Thin membrane to allow for a short diffusion pathway each gill arch has two rows ( hemibranchs ) of gill filaments each gill filament has many lamellae In osteichthyes , the gills contain 4 gill arches on each side of the head , two on each side for chondrichthyes or 7 gill baskets on each side of the fish 's head in Lampreys . In fish , the long bony cover for the gill ( the operculum ) can be used for pushing water . Some fish pump water using the operculum . Without an operculum , other methods , such as ram ventilation , are required . Some species of sharks use this system . When they swim , water flows into the mouth and across the gills . Because these sharks rely on this technique , they must keep swimming in order to respire . Bony fish use countercurrent flow to maximize the intake of oxygen that can diffuse through the gill . Countercurrent flow occurs when deoxygenated blood moves through the gill in one direction while oxygenated water moves through the gill in the opposite direction . This mechanism maintains the concentration gradient thus increasing the efficiency of the respiration process as well and prevents the oxygen levels from reaching an equilibrium . Cartilaginous fish do not have a countercurrent flow system as they lack bones which are needed to have the opened out gill that bony fish have . Control of respiration ( edit ) Scientists have investigated what part of the body is responsible for maintaining the respiratory rhythm . They found that neurons located in the brainstem of fish are responsible for the genesis of the respiratory rhythm . The position of these neurons is slightly different from the centers of respiratory genesis in mammals but they are located in the same brain compartment , which has caused debates about the homology of respiratory centers between aquatic and terrestrial species . In both aquatic and terrestrial respiration , the exact mechanisms by which neurons can generate this involuntary rhythm are still not completely understood ( see Involuntary control of respiration ) . Another important feature of the respiratory rhythm is that it is modulated to adapt to the oxygen consumption of the body . As observed in mammals , fish `` breathe '' faster and heavier when they do physical exercise . The mechanisms by which these changes occur have been strongly debated over more than 100 years between scientists . The authors can be classified in 2 schools : 1 . Those who think that the major part of the respiratory changes are pre-programmed in the brain , which would imply that neurons from locomotion centers of the brain connect to respiratory centers in anticipation of movements . 2 . Those who think that the major part of the respiratory changes result from the detection of muscle contraction , and that respiration is adapted as a consequence of muscular contraction and oxygen consumption . This would imply that the brain possesses some kind of detection mechanisms that would trigger a respiratory response when muscular contraction occurs . Many now agree that both mechanisms are probably present and complementary , or working alongside a mechanism that can detect changes in oxygen and / or carbon dioxide blood saturation . See also ( edit ) Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration Control of respiration Ecosystem respiration Maintenance respiration Respiration ( physiology ) Respiratory system Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` reptile - animal '' . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , G ; Jackson DC ( 1976 ) . `` Importance of pulmonary ventilation in respiratory control in the bullfrog '' . Am J Physiol. 230 ( 3 ) : 608 -- 13 . PMID 4976 . Jump up ^ Russell , David F. ( 1986 ) . `` Respiratory pattern generation in adult lampreys ( Lampetra fluviatilis ) : interneurons and burst resetting '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 158 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 102 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00614523 . Jump up ^ Waldrop , Tony G. ; Gary A. Iwamoto ; Philippe Haouzi ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` Point : Counterpoint : Supraspinal locomotor centers do / do not contribute significantly to the hyperpnea of dynamic exercise '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 ( 3 ) : 1077 -- 1083 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01528.2005 . Aquatic ecosystem topics ( hide ) Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... Freshwater Biology Biomes Ecosystems freshwater lake river Fish Hyporheic zone Limnology Lake stratification Macrophyte Pond Fish pond Rheotaxis Stream bed Stream pool Trophic state index Upland and lowland Water garden Wetland brackish marsh freshwater marsh swamp bog fen Environmental quality More ... Ecoregions Freshwater ( List ) Marine ( List ) The Everglades Maharashtra The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre The San Francisco Estuary Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components Marine Marine biology Marine chemistry Deep scattering layer Diel vertical migration Ecosystems large marine marine ) f - ratio Iron fertilization Marine snow Ocean nourishment Oceanic physical - biological process Ocean turbidity Photophore Thorson 's rule Upwelling Whale fall More ... Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_respiration&oldid=797626341 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Marine biology Respiration Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 09 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does sea water fish get their supply of oxygen	[ "Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water." ]	[ "water" ]
-3273690069028655138	Ancient Egyptian deities	Ancient Egyptian deities - wikipedia Ancient Egyptian deities `` Gods of Egypt '' redirects here . For the 2016 fantasy film , see Gods of Egypt ( film ) . The gods Osiris , Anubis , and Horus Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt . The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory . Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and appeased them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order . After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out . The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and hierarchies , and combinations of separate gods into one . Deities ' diverse appearances in art -- as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms -- also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features . In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis . The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life - giving power of the sun . Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities . Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the impersonal sun god Aten . Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of influencing natural events and the course of human lives . People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites . Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to compel deities to act , and called upon them for advice . Humans ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society . Contents 1 Definition 2 Origins 3 Characteristics 3.1 Roles 3.2 Behavior 3.3 Locations 3.4 Names and epithets 3.5 Sex and gender 3.6 Relationships 3.7 Manifestations and combinations 3.8 Aten and possible monotheism 3.9 Unity of the divine in traditional religion 4 Descriptions and depictions 5 Interactions with humans 5.1 Relationship with the pharaoh 5.2 Presence in the human world 5.3 Intervention in human lives 5.4 Worship 6 See also 7 Notes and citations 8 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition ( edit ) `` Deity '' in hieroglyphs or or nṯr `` god '' nṯr. t `` goddess '' The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count . Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named . The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian Leitz says there are `` thousands upon thousands '' of gods . The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , `` god '' , and its feminine form nṯrt , `` goddess '' . Scholars have tried to discern the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure . The hieroglyphs that were used as ideograms and determinatives in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity . The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole . Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history . Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity . The feminine form could also be written with an egg as determinative , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities . The Egyptians distinguished nṯrw , `` gods '' , from rmṯ , `` people '' , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly . The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life . Deceased humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call `` demons '' . Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form . These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors . Confronting these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a `` deity '' . One widely accepted definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition . According to a different definition , by Dimitri Meeks , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual . From this perspective , `` gods '' included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies . Likewise , the preeminence of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt . Origins ( edit ) The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early Dynastic Period ( c. 3100 -- 2686 BC ) . Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs . Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures . Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities . As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared . The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for Neith , and the enigmatic `` Set animal '' that represents Set . Late Predynastic statue of the baboon god Hedj - Wer Many Egyptologists and anthropologists have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times . Gustave Jéquier , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive fetishes , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning . Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried Morenz ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and personify their environment , are difficult to prove . Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages . Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities coalesced into larger states , spreading and intermingling the worship of the old local deities . Others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite its political divisions . The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country . These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the unifying focus of the religion . New deities continued to emerge after this transformation . Some important deities such as Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c. 2686 -- 2181 BC ) . Places and concepts could inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite - sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses . Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths . Some non-royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly . This veneration was usually short - lived , but the court architects Imhotep and Amenhotep son of Hapu were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials . Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities . Dedun , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , Anat , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 -- 1070 BC ) . In Greek and Roman times , from 332 BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship . Characteristics ( edit ) Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests . These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate . Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed . Commoners ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests . The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth . But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition . The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature . Roles ( edit ) Isis , a mother goddess and a patroness of kingship , holds Pharaoh Seti I in her lap . Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena . The gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena -- to be present within nature . The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces . The god Shu was the deification of all the world 's air ; the goddess Meretseger oversaw a limited region of the earth , the Theban Necropolis ; and the god Sia personified the abstract notion of perception . Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena . For instance , Khnum was the god of Elephantine Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization . He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland . Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life - giving function , he was said to create all living things , fashioning their bodies on a potter 's wheel . Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , Khepri , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods . Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess . But some deities represented disruption to maat . Most prominently , Apep was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to annihilate the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it . Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities . Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun . Short - lived phenomena , such as rainbows or eclipses , were not represented by gods ; neither were fire , water , or many other components of the world . The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics . As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to categorize or define . Despite this flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence . Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the cleverest of the gods , was not omniscient . Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and omnipresence and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not . The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called `` minor divinities '' or `` demons '' in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms . Some demons were guardians of particular places , especially in the Duat , the realm of the dead . Others wandered through the human world and the Duat , either as servants and messengers of the greater gods or as roving spirits that caused illness or other misfortunes among humans . Demons ' position in the divine hierarchy was not fixed . The protective deities Bes and Taweret originally had minor , demon - like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence . The most feared beings in the Duat were regarded as both disgusting and dangerous to humans . Over the course of Egyptian history , they came to be regarded as fundamentally inferior members of divine society and to represent the opposite of the beneficial , life - giving major gods . Yet even the most revered deities could sometimes exact vengeance on humans or each other , displaying a demon - like side to their character and blurring the boundaries between demons and gods . Behavior ( edit ) Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature . Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things . They did this work using a force the Egyptians called heka , a term usually translated as `` magic '' . Heka was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves . The sky goddess Nut swallows the sun , which travels through her body at night to be reborn at dawn . The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts . In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans . The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present . Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , reenacted Horus 's accession to the throne of his father Osiris . Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans can not fully understand . They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events . The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many - faceted approach to religious belief -- what Henri Frankfort called a `` multiplicity of approaches '' to understanding the gods . In myth , the gods behave much like humans . They feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , weep , sicken , and die . Some have unique character traits . Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long - winded speeches . Yet overall , the gods are more like archetypes than well drawn characters . Different versions of a myth could portray different deities playing the same archetypal role , as in the myths of the Eye of Ra , a feminine aspect of the sun god who was represented by many goddesses . Deities ' mythic behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated . Most myths lack highly developed characters and plots , because their symbolic meaning was more important than elaborate storytelling . The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths . They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities . The eight gods of the Ogdoad , who represent the chaos that precedes creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by envisioning and naming them ; Atum produces all things as emanations of himself ; and Amun , according to the theology promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods . These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory . Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos . The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths . The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place . A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder . They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation . Ra and Apep , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present . Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival . The clearest instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris 's murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat . The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn . In the process he comes into contact with the rejuvenating water of Nun , the primordial chaos . Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are enlivened along with him . Instead of being changelessly immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world . But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return . Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this calamity is destined to happen -- that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos . Locations ( edit ) Deities personifying provinces of Egypt Gods were linked to specific regions of the universe . In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat . Surrounding them is the dark formlessness that existed before creation . The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead . Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting . The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky . The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulties in communicating with those in the world of the living . The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant . It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world . In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or invisibly present within the world . Temples were their main means of contact with humanity . Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world . There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals . This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth . As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron deity for the city and the surrounding region . Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over . Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time . They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract . Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin . The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity . When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 -- 1650 BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods -- first the war god Montu and then Amun -- to national prominence . Names and epithets ( edit ) In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer . In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins . The name of the predatory goddess Sekhmet means `` powerful one '' , the name of the mysterious god Amun means `` hidden one '' , and the name of Nekhbet , who was worshipped in the city of Nekheb , means `` she of Nekheb '' . Many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role . The names of the sky goddess Nut and the earth god Geb do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth . The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names . A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god Sokar as sk r , meaning `` cleaning of the mouth '' , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris in a moment of distress , connecting Sokar with the most important funerary deity . The gods were believed to have many names . Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others . To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it . The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her . Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power . In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like `` possessor of splendor '' , `` ruler of Abydos '' , or `` lord of the sky '' , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship . Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets -- with more important gods accumulating more titles -- and the same epithet can apply to many deities . Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with Werethekau , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning `` great enchantress '' , which came to be treated as an independent goddess . The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' multifarious nature . Sex and gender ( edit ) The Egyptians regarded the division between male and female as fundamental to all beings , including deities . Some deities were androgynous , but usually in the context of creation myths , in which they represented the undifferentiated state that existed before the world was created . Atum was primarily male but had a feminine aspect within himself , who was sometimes seen as a goddess , known as Iusaaset or Nebethetepet . Creation began when Atum produced a sexually differentiated pair of deities : Shu and his consort Tefnut . Similarly , Neith was said to possess male traits and sometimes regarded as a creator goddess , but she was mainly seen as female . Sex and gender were closely tied to creation and thus rebirth . Male gods were often connected with kingship and the active role in conceiving children . Female deities were often relegated to a supporting role , stimulating their male consorts ' virility and nurturing their children , although goddesses were given a larger role in procreation late in Egyptian history . Goddesses acted as mythological mothers and wives of kings and thus as prototypes of human queenship . Hathor , who was the mother or consort of Horus and the most important goddess for much of Egyptian history , exemplified this relationship between divinity and the king , although over time she was overshadowed by Isis . Female deities also had a violent aspect that could be seen either positively , as with the goddesses Wadjet and Nekhbet who protected the king , or negatively . The myth of the Eye of Ra contrasts feminine aggression with sexuality and nurturing , as the goddess rampages in the form of Sekhmet or another dangerous deity until the other gods appease her , at which point she becomes a benign goddess such as Hathor who , in some versions , then becomes the consort of a male god . Relationships ( edit ) Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships . A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character . Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great healer as well as the patroness of kings . Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed . The gods Ptah and Sekhmet flank the king , who takes the role of their child , Nefertum . Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods . Deities often form male and female pairs . Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession . Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type . The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , Sekhmet , and their child Nefertum at Memphis and Amun , Mut , and Khonsu at Thebes , were assembled into family triads . Genealogical connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief . Hathor could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter . Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos . There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each nome ( province ) of Egypt . Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities . Paired gods sometimes have similar roles , as do Isis and her sister Nephthys in their protection and support of Osiris . Other pairs stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity . Ra , who is dynamic and light - producing , and Osiris , who is static and shrouded in darkness , merge into a single god each night . Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four connote completeness . Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah . These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , Heliopolis , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought . Sometimes Set , the patron god of the Nineteenth Dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon . Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups `` enneads '' , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members . The most prominent ennead was the Ennead of Heliopolis , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods . The term `` ennead '' was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities . This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy . Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were mythologically older than others had higher positions in divine society . At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity . In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position . Horus was the most important god in the Early Dynastic Period , Ra rose to preeminence in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess . Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors . Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity . Manifestations and combinations ( edit ) Amun - Ra - Kamutef , a form of Amun with the solar characteristics of Ra and the procreative powers connected with Min . The solar disk on his headdress is taken from Ra , and his erect phallus comes from the iconography of Min . The gods were believed to manifest in many forms . The Egyptians had a complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts . The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements . The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it . Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra . A depiction of a deity was considered a ka , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit . The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way . Gods could be ascribed many bas and kas , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature . Everything in existence was said to be one of the kas of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power . Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses . The gods were so full of life - giving power that even their bodily fluids could transform into other living things ; humankind was said to have sprung from the creator god 's tears , and the other deities from his sweat . Nationally important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods . Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of Nekhen , Horus of Buhen , and Horus of Edfu . Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings . During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an oracle supposed to communicate messages from Amun of Pe - Khenty . He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment . Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles . Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities . Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided . A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography . Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined . Ra was connected with the local deity Sobek to form Sobek - Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun - Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra - Horakhty ; and with several solar deities as Horemakhet - Khepri - Ra - Atum . On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris - Neith and Mut - Min . This linking of deities is called syncretism . Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones . Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between deities ' roles and extended the sphere of influence for each of them . Syncretic combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities . But closely connected deities did sometimes merge . Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenti - irty and Khenti - kheti , who became little more than local manifestations of him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , Khenti - Amentiu , was supplanted by Osiris and Anubis . Aten and possible monotheism ( edit ) Main article : Atenism In the reign of Akhenaten ( c. 1353 -- 1336 BC ) in the mid-New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , such as Maat , Shu , and Tefnut . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been monolatrous , worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs . Unity of the divine in traditional religion ( edit ) The god Bes with the attributes of many other deities . Images like this one represent the presence of a multitude of divine powers within a single being . Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified . Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities . Another point of contention is the appearance of the word `` god '' in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities . In the early 20th century , for instance , E.A. Wallis Budge believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature . His contemporary James Henry Breasted thought Egyptian religion was instead pantheistic , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann Junker argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history . In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study rebutting these views . He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others . He also argues that the unspecified `` god '' in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to revere . Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or pantheistic way . Henotheism , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels . An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on . Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform nonexistence . Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows . Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun - Ra as the all - important sun god . In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend . It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods . Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that coexisted with traditional polytheism . The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one . According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods . James P. Allen says that coexisting notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the `` multiplicity of approaches '' in Egyptian thought , as well as with the henotheistic practice of ordinary worshippers . He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by `` identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god , depending on the particular situation . '' Descriptions and depictions ( edit ) Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail . They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is lapis lazuli . They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals . Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color . Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes . Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as `` mysterious '' . The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal . They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the ideograms in hieroglyphic writing . For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or jackal , a creature whose scavenging habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection . His black coloring alludes to the color of mummified flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection . Most deities were depicted in several ways . Hathor could be a cow , cobra , lioness , or a woman with bovine horns or ears . By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature . The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so they can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies . These forms include men and women ( anthropomorphism ) , animals ( zoomorphism ) , and , more rarely , inanimate objects . Combinations of forms , such as deities with human bodies and animal heads , are common . New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history , with the most surreal forms often found among the demons of the underworld . Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor . Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow - horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone . Statue of the crocodile god Sobek in fully animal form Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity . The head of a given divine image is particularly significant . In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , `` a lion - headed goddess is a lion - goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , conversely , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . '' Divine headdresses , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator . In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic . Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for `` life '' , to symbolize their life - giving power . The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways . Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography . Others could represent many deities , often because these deities had major characteristics in common . Bulls and rams were associated with virility , cows and falcons with the sky , hippopotami with maternal protection , felines with the sun god , and serpents with both danger and renewal . Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images . For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c. 1650 -- 1550 BC ) , never represented a god . Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in most periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a kilt , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight - fitting dress for goddesses . The basic anthropomorphic form varies . Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their procreative powers are emphasized . Certain male deities are given heavy bellies and breasts , signifying either androgyny or prosperity and abundance . Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow -- the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women -- some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors . Thus the blue skin and paunchy figure of the god Hapi alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought . A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and Min , have a `` mummiform '' appearance , with their limbs tightly swathed in cloth . Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth - wrapped style of mummification , and this form may instead hark back to the earliest , limbless depictions of deities . Some inanimate objects that represent deities are drawn from nature , such as trees or the disk - like emblems for the sun and the moon . Some objects associated with a specific god , like the crossed bows representing Neith ( ) or the emblem of Min ( ) , symbolized the cults of those deities in Predynastic times . In many of these cases , the nature of the original object is mysterious . In the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods , gods were often represented by divine standards : poles topped by emblems of deities , including both animal forms and inanimate objects . Interactions with humans ( edit ) Relationship with the pharaoh ( edit ) Ramesses III presents offerings to Amun Further information : Pharaoh In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon . Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory . Living kings were equated with Horus and called the `` son '' of many male deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods . King 's wives and mothers were likened to many goddesses . The few women who made themselves pharaohs , such as Hatshepsut , connected themselves with these same goddesses while adopting much of the masculine imagery of kingship . Pharaohs had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths . But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non-official texts portray kings in a human light . For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god . He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies . However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms . The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to nourish them . These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers . Yet , according to royal ideology , temple - building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead . These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat . The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live . Presence in the human world ( edit ) Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances . In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication . The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god . By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form . To the Egyptians , a place or object that was ḏsr -- `` sacred '' -- was isolated and ritually pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit . Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the Apis bull , served as divine intermediaries in this way . Dreams and trances provided a very different venue for interaction . In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them . Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death . The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature . Ramesses II ( second from right ) with the gods Ptah , Amun , and Ra in the sanctuary of the Great Temple at Abu Simbel Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods . The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary . These statues were usually less than life - size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies . Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad . The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented . The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon . But many deities -- including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile -- were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods . To insulate the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them . People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues . The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine . People did have less direct means of interaction . The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from doorways to freestanding chapels near the back of the temple building . Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes . Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods . Intervention in human lives ( edit ) Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature . This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order . In the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were . Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods . Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives , including Meskhenet and Renenutet , both of whom presided over birth , and Shai , the personification of fate . Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well . Several texts refer to gods influencing or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's `` heart '' -- the seat of emotion and intellect in Egyptian belief . Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples . Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes . Morality in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well - being of other people . Because deities were the upholders of maat , morality was connected with them . For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife . In general , however , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out . Amulet of the god Shed Humans had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves . A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that manifested the god 's power in the human world . Natural disasters and human ailments were seen as the work of angry divine bas . Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their lifespans . Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : Shed , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and Petbe , an apotropaic god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing . Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly . Misfortune was often seen as a product of isfet , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events . Some deities who were closely connected with isfet , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods . Some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give theodicies in the gods ' defense . Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth . Because of this human misbehavior , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist . New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom . They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events . People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives . As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life . Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will . Worship ( edit ) Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems . Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples . Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity . The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , anointed , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor . These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life - giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful . A woman worships Ra - Horakhty , who blesses her with rays of light . Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque - shaped shrine . These processions served various purposes . In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could invoke a large and fruitful flood . Processions also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from Dendera Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of Edfu . Rituals for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology . Such rituals were meant to be repetitions of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events . In the Khoiak festival in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were ritually reenacted at a time when crops were beginning to sprout . The returning greenery symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life . Personal interaction with the gods took many forms . People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions . Amulets and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well - being or to impart the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer . Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies . These practices used heka , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune . The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in accomplishing the goal . Such rituals coexisted with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help . Prayer and private offerings are generally called `` personal piety '' : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god . Evidence of personal piety is scant before the New Kingdom . Votive offerings and personal names , many of which are theophoric , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods . But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era . Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change -- whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions . Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples . They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae . They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a statuette of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility . Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult . These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history . These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess Bastet . Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition . The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under pharaonic control . In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt . The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there waned after Egypt lost control of the region . In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia . After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of Kush . These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the kandake . Some deities reached farther . Taweret became a goddess in Minoan Crete , and Amun 's oracle at Siwa Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region . Jupiter Ammon , a combination of Amun and the Roman god Jupiter Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt . These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco - Roman tradition of interpretatio graeca . The worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones . Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones . Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture . Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities -- particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named Harpocrates , and the fused Greco - Egyptian god Serapis -- were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire . Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and Serapis to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt . In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek - style mystery cult . Isis and Hermes Trismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world . Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities . The last formal cults , at Philae , died out in the fifth or sixth century . Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries . In contrast , many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the Coptic Church . Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern Coptic practices are descended from those of pharaonic religion . But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods . See also ( edit ) List of ancient Egyptian deities Notes and citations ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Egyptian texts do not expressly state that Osiris dies , and the same is true of other gods . The Egyptians avoided direct statements about inauspicious events such as the death of a beneficial deity . Nevertheless , the myth makes it clear that Osiris is murdered , and other pieces of evidence like the appearance of divine corpses in the Duat indicate that other gods die as well . By the Late Period ( c. 664 -- 323 BC ) , several sites across Egypt were said to be the burial places of particular deities . Jump up ^ The Egyptian word for `` group of nine '' was psḏt . The Greek - derived term `` ennead '' , which has the same meaning , is commonly used to translate it . Jump up ^ Der Eine und die Vielen , revised several times since 1971 . Its English translation , Conceptions of God in Egypt : The One and the Many , is listed in the `` Works cited '' section of this article . Jump up ^ Divine clothing was sometimes affected by changes in human dress . In the New Kingdom , goddesses were depicted with the same vulture - shaped headdress used by queens in that period , and in Roman times , many apotropaic gods were shown in armor and riding on horseback like soldiers . Jump up ^ No surviving statues of deities are known for certain to have been cult images , although a few have the right characteristics to have served that purpose . Jump up ^ It was long thought that Philae was closed by the armies of Justinian I between AD 535 and 537 . Recent scholarship has challenged that view and argued that the temple cult ceased to function in the late fifth century , sometime after the last dated signs of activity in 456 or 457 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Allen 2000 , p. 461 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Allen 1999 , pp. 44 -- 54 , 59 ^ Jump up to : Leitz 2004 , pp. 393 -- 394 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 8 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 26 -- 28 Jump up ^ Baines 2001 , p. 216 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Baines 2001 , pp. 76 -- 79 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 , 83 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 225 -- 226 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 12 -- 15 Jump up ^ Gundlach 2001 , p. 363 ^ Jump up to : Traunecker 2001a , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , pp. 10 -- 13 Jump up ^ David 2002 , p. 57 Jump up ^ David 2002 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , p. 29 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 92,146 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Wildung 1977 , pp. 1 -- 3 , 31 Jump up ^ Wildung 1977 , pp. 31 , 83 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 2004 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Englund 1989a , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Englund 1989a , pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Allen 2000 , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 91 , 147 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 58 , 227 ^ Jump up to : Tobin 1989 , pp. 197 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Traunecker 2001a , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 77 -- 79 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 63 Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 98 -- 99 , 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Meeks 2001 , p. 375 Jump up ^ Lucarelli 2010 , pp. 2 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Frandsen 2011 , pp. 59 -- 62 Jump up ^ Roccati 2011 , pp. 93 -- 96 Jump up ^ Ritner 2011 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 207 -- 209 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 57 -- 64 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 57 , 68 , 84 , 86 ^ Jump up to : Traunecker 2001a , pp. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 63 , 70 -- 72 , 80 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 101 -- 102 , 107 Jump up ^ Graves - Brown 2010 , pp. 161 , 169 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 81 -- 83 Jump up ^ Lesko 1991 , pp. 91 -- 96 Jump up ^ Lesko 1991 , pp. 104 -- 106 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 76 , 85 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 16 -- 17 , 19 -- 22 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 21 -- 22 , 78 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 152 -- 162 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 66 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 81 -- 82 , 87 -- 90 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 178 -- 182 ^ Jump up to : Assmann 2001 , pp. 17 -- 19 , 43 -- 47 Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , pp. 38 -- 41 Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 154 -- 155 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 66 -- 68 , 72 Jump up ^ Graindorge 2001 , pp. 305 -- 307 , vol . III Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 97 -- 100 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Budde 2011 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Graves - Brown 2010 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 150 , 156 Jump up ^ Troy 1986 , pp. 20 , 25 Jump up ^ Graves - Brown 2010 , pp. 105 , 130 ^ Jump up to : Troy 1986 , pp. 53 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Pinch 2004 , pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Graves - Brown 2010 , pp. 36 -- 37 , 131 Jump up ^ Graves - Brown 2010 , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 101 , 112 , 134 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 137 -- 138 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 74 -- 79 , 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 18 , 74 -- 75 , 160 Jump up ^ Englund 1989b , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 238 -- 239 Jump up ^ David 2002 , p. 247 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Lesko 1999 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 92 -- 93 , 146 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001b , pp. 221 -- 222 , vol. II Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 20 -- 23 , 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Allen 2001 , pp. 161 -- 162 Jump up ^ Luft 2001 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , p. 33 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 111 , 128 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 69 -- 71 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 102 , 145 , 152 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 33 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 92 , 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 119 , 172 , 187 , 203 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 182 -- 186 Jump up ^ Montserrat 2000 , pp. 23 , 28 , 36 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 17 -- 20 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 35 -- 38 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 32 , 36 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 56 -- 59 , 234 -- 235 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 235 -- 237 , 252 -- 256 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 198 -- 201 , 237 -- 243 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 55 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 110 -- 117 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 117 -- 121 Jump up ^ Bonhême 2001 , pp. 401 -- 405 , vol . I Jump up ^ Griffiths 2001 , pp. 188 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : Hornung 1982 , pp. 118 -- 122 Jump up ^ Quoted in Wilkinson 2003 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 50 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Traunecker 2001a , pp. 46 , 54 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 170 , 176 , 183 , 200 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 115 , 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , p. 45 Jump up ^ Robins 2001 , pp. 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 48 -- 50 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 169 , 236 , 241 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 251 -- 252 Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 1999 , pp. 168 -- 170 Jump up ^ Pinch 2004 , pp. 85 -- 87 , 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 60 -- 63 , 75 Jump up ^ Troy 1986 , pp. 141 -- 143 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Wildung 1977 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Morenz 1973 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 28 -- 30 , 41 -- 53 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 123 -- 125 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Frandsen 1989 , pp. 96 , 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 21 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Teeter 2011 , pp. 39 -- 45 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , p. 30 Jump up ^ Meeks & Favard - Meeks 1996 , pp. 125 -- 126 , 129 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Kozloff 2001 , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , pp. 27 -- 30 , 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , pp. 42 , 162 , 223 -- 224 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 111 , 116 -- 118 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 77 -- 83 ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2001 , pp. 326 -- 332 , vol . I Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Morenz 1973 , pp. 49 -- 52 , 57 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Hart 2005 , pp. 92 , 136 , 146 Jump up ^ Morenz 1973 , pp. 60 -- 67 , 72 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , pp. 180 -- 183 , 190 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 33 , 98 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Ockinga 2001 , pp. 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 116 -- 119 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 163 -- 164 , 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Enmarch 2008 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Assmann 2001 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 90 -- 91 Jump up ^ Hornung 1982 , pp. 203 -- 206 , 214 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Tobin 1989 , pp. 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 58 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Baines 1991 , pp. 165 -- 172 Jump up ^ Frankfurter 1998 , pp. 119 , 175 Jump up ^ Andrews 2001 , p. 81 , vol . I Jump up ^ Ritner 2001 , pp. 321 -- 326 , vol. II Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 270 -- 272 , 283 -- 286 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 173 -- 179 Jump up ^ Luiselli 2008 , pp. 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Baines 1991 , pp. 180 -- 184 Jump up ^ Teeter 2011 , pp. 78 -- 90 , 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ David 2002 , pp. 312 -- 315 ^ Jump up to : Morenz 1973 , pp. 235 -- 239 Jump up ^ Traunecker 2001a , pp. 108 -- 110 Jump up ^ Morenz 1973 , pp. 241 -- 243 Jump up ^ Yellin 2012 , pp. 126 -- 129 Jump up ^ Morkot 2012 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 186 Jump up ^ Mills 2001 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Borgeaud 2004 , pp. 392 -- 393 ^ Jump up to : Frankfurter 2004 , pp. 160 -- 163 Jump up ^ Naerebout 2007 , pp. 545 -- 547 Jump up ^ Versluys 2007 , pp. 3 -- 6 Jump up ^ Dunand & Zivie - Coche 2004 , pp. 218 -- 221 Jump up ^ Struck 2004 , pp. 650 -- 652 Jump up ^ Wilkinson 2003 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Sfameni Gasparro 2007 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kadish 2001 , pp. 507 -- 509 ^ Jump up to : Kockelmann 2012 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Naguib 2008 , pp. 2 -- 5 Works cited ( edit ) Allen , James P. ( Jul -- Aug 1999 ) . `` Monotheism : The Egyptian Roots '' . Archaeology Odyssey. 2 ( 3 ) . Allen , James P. ( 2000 ) . Middle Egyptian : An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77483 - 3 . Allen , James P. ( 2001 ) . `` Ba '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Andrews , Carol A.R. ( 2001 ) . `` Amulets '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Assmann , Jan ( 2001 ) ( 1984 ) . The Search for God in Ancient Egypt . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3786 - 5 . Baines , John ( 2001 ) ( 1985 ) . Fecundity Figures : Egyptian Personification and the Iconology of a Genre . Griffith Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3786 - 1 . Baines , John ( 1991 ) . `` Society , Morality , and Religious Practice '' . In Shafer , Byron E. Religion in Ancient Egypt : Gods , Myths , and Personal Practice . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9786 - 5 . Bonhême , Marie - Ange ( 2001 ) . `` Divinity '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Borgeaud , Philippe ( 2004 ) . `` Deities and Demons : Introduction '' . In Johnston , Sarah Iles . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01517 - 3 . Budde , Dagmar ( 2011 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Epithets , Divine '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . David , Rosalie ( 2002 ) . Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026252 - 0 . Dunand , Françoise ; Zivie - Coche , Christiane ( 2004 ) ( 1991 ) . Gods and Men in Egypt : 3000 BCE to 395 CE . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8853 - 5 . Englund , Gertie ( 1989a ) . `` Gods as a Frame of Reference : On Thinking and Concepts of Thought in Ancient Egypt '' . In Englund , Gertie . The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians : Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions . S. Academiae Ubsaliensis . ISBN 978 - 91 - 554 - 2433 - 6 . Englund , Gertie ( 1989b ) . `` The Treatment of Opposites in Temple Thinking and Wisdom Literature '' . In Englund , Gertie . The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians : Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions . S. Academiae Ubsaliensis . ISBN 978 - 91 - 554 - 2433 - 6 . Enmarch , Roland ( 2008 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Theodicy '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Frandsen , Paul John ( 1989 ) . `` Trade and Cult '' . In Englund , Gertie . The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians : Cognitive Structures and Popular Expressions . S. Academiae Ubsaliensis . ISBN 978 - 91 - 554 - 2433 - 6 . Frandsen , Paul John ( 2011 ) . `` Faeces of the Creator or the Temptations of the Dead '' . In Kousoulis , Panagiotis . Ancient Egyptian Demonology : Studies on the Boundary between the Demonic and the Divine in Egyptian Magic . Peeters . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 2040 - 8 . Frankfurter , David ( 1998 ) . Religion in Roman Egypt : Assimilation and Resistance . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07054 - 4 . Frankfurter , David ( 2004 ) . `` Histories : Egypt , Later Period '' . In Johnston , Sarah Iles . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01517 - 3 . Graindorge , Catherine ( 2001 ) . `` Sokar '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Graves - Brown , Carolyn ( 2010 ) . Dancing for Hathor : Women in Ancient Egypt . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8472 - 5054 - 4 . Griffiths , J. Gwyn ( 2001 ) . `` Isis '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 2 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Gundlach , Rolf ( 2001 ) . `` Temples '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Hart , George ( 2005 ) . The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses , Second Edition . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 02362 - 4 . Hornung , Erik ( 1982 ) ( 1971 ) . Conceptions of God in Egypt : The One and the Many . Translated by John Baines . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1223 - 3 . Kadish , Gerald E. ( 2001 ) . `` Wisdom Tradition '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Kockelmann , Holger ( 2012 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Philae '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Kozloff , Arielle P. ( 2001 ) . `` Sculpture : Divine Sculpture '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Leitz , Christian ( 2004 ) . `` Deities and Demons : Egypt '' . In Johnston , Sarah Iles . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01517 - 3 . Lesko , Barbara S. ( 1999 ) . The Great Goddesses of Egypt . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3202 - 0 . Lesko , Leonard H. ( 1991 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Cosmogonies and Cosmology '' . In Shafer , Byron E. Religion in Ancient Egypt : Gods , Myths , and Personal Practice . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9786 - 5 . Lucarelli , Rita ( 2010 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Demons ( benevolent and malevolent ) '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Luft , Ulrich H. ( 2001 ) . `` Religion '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Luiselli , Michela ( 2008 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Personal Piety ( modern theories related to ) '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Meeks , Dimitri ; Favard - Meeks , Christine ( 1996 ) ( 1993 ) . Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods . Translated by G.M. Goshgarian . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8248 - 9 . Meeks , Dimitri ( 2001 ) . `` Demons '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Mills , Anthony J. ( 2001 ) . `` Western Desert '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Montserrat , Dominic ( 2000 ) . Akhenaten : History , Fantasy , and Ancient Egypt . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18549 - 3 . Morenz , Siegfried ( 1973 ) ( 1960 ) . Ancient Egyptian Religion . Translated by Ann E. Keep . Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8029 - 4 . Morkot , Robert G. ( 2012 ) . `` Kings and Kingship in Ancient Nubia '' . In Fisher , Marjorie M. ; Lacovara , Peter ; Ikram , Salima ; et al. Ancient Nubia : African Kingdoms on the Nile . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 978 - 977 - 416 - 478 - 1 . Naerebout , Frederick ( 2007 ) . `` The Temple at Ras el - Soda . Is It an Isis Temple ? Is It Greek , Roman , Egyptian , or Neither ? And So What ? '' . In Bricault , Laurent ; Versluys , Miguel John ; Meyboom , Paul G.P. Nile into Tiber : Egypt in the Roman World . Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies , Faculty of Archaeology , Leiden University , May 11 -- 14 2005 ( in French and English ) . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15420 - 9 . Naguib , Saphinaz - Amal ( 2008 ) . Wendrich , Willeke , ed . `` Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic Christianity '' . UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology . Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures , UC Los Angeles . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Ockinga , Boyo ( 2001 ) . `` Piety '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 3 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Pinch , Geraldine ( 2004 ) ( 2002 ) . Egyptian Mythology : A Guide to the Gods , Goddesses , and Traditions of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517024 - 5 . Ritner , Robert K. ( 2001 ) . `` Magic : An Overview '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 2 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Ritner , Robert K. ( 2011 ) . `` An Eternal Curse upon the Reader of These Lines '' . In Kousoulis , Panagiotis . Ancient Egyptian Demonology : Studies on the Boundary between the Demonic and the Divine in Egyptian Magic . Peeters . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 2040 - 8 . Robins , Gay ( 2001 ) . `` Color Symbolism '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Roccati , Alessandro ( 2011 ) . `` Demons as Reflections of Human Society '' . In Kousoulis , Panagiotis . Ancient Egyptian Demonology : Studies on the Boundary between the Demonic and the Divine in Egyptian Magic . Peeters . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 2040 - 8 . Sfameni Gasparro , Giulia ( 2007 ) . `` The Hellenistic Face of Isis : Cosmic and Saviour Goddess '' . In Bricault , Laurent ; Versluys , Miguel John ; Meyboom , Paul G.P. Nile into Tiber : Egypt in the Roman World . Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies , Faculty of Archaeology , Leiden University , May 11 -- 14 , 2005 . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15420 - 9 . Silverman , David P. ( 1991 ) . Shafer , Byron E. , ed . Religion in Ancient Egypt : Gods , Myths , and Personal Practice . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9786 - 5 . Struck , Peter T. ( 2004 ) . `` Esotericism and Mysticism : Hermeticism '' . In Johnston , Sarah Iles . Religions of the Ancient World : A Guide . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01517 - 3 . Teeter , Emily ( 2011 ) . Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61300 - 2 . Thompson , Stephen E. ( 2001 ) . `` Cults : An Overview '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 1 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Tobin , Vincent Arieh ( 1989 ) . Theological Principles of Egyptian Religion . P. Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 1082 - 1 . Traunecker , Claude ( 2001a ) ( 1992 ) . The Gods of Egypt . Translated by David Lorton . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3834 - 9 . Traunecker , Claude ( 2001b ) . `` Kamutef '' . In Redford , Donald B . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . 2 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Troy , Lana ( 1986 ) . Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History . Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis . ISBN 978 - 91 - 554 - 1919 - 6 . Versluys , Miguel John ( 2007 ) . `` Aegyptiaca Romana : The Widening Debate '' . In Bricault , Laurent ; Versluys , Miguel John ; Meyboom , Paul G.P. Nile into Tiber : Egypt in the Roman World . Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies , Faculty of Archaeology , Leiden University , May 11 -- 14 , 2005 . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15420 - 9 . Wildung , Dietrich ( 1977 ) . Egyptian Saints : Deification in Pharaonic Egypt . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9169 - 1 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 2003 ) . The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05120 - 7 . Wilkinson , Toby ( 1999 ) . Early Dynastic Egypt . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 02438 - 6 . Yellin , Janice W. ( 2012 ) . `` Nubian Religion '' . In Fisher , Marjorie M. ; Lacovara , Peter ; Ikram , Salima ; et al. Ancient Nubia : African Kingdoms on the Nile . The American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 978 - 977 - 416 - 478 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Leitz , Christian , ed. ( 2002 ) . Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen ( in German ) . Peeters . Vol . I : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1146 - 8 ; Vol. II : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1147 - 5 ; Vol . III : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1148 - 2 ; Vol. IV : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1149 - 9 ; Vol . V : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1150 - 5 ; Vol . VI : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1151 - 2 ; Vol . VII : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1152 - 9 ; Vol . VIII : ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1376 - 9 . Watterson , Barbara ( 1984 ) . Gods of Ancient Egypt . Guild Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 4523 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian deities . Gods and goddesses in ancient Egyptian belief at Digital Egypt for Universities Ancient Egyptian religion Beliefs Afterlife Creation myths Emanationism Isfet Maat Maa Kheru Mythology Numerology Osiris myth Paganism Pantheism Philosophy Polytheism Soul Practices Canopic jars Embalming ritual Funerals Heku Mortuary temples Offering formula Opening of the mouth Pyramids Temples Veneration of the dead Deities Ogdoad Amun Amunet Heh Hauhet Kek Kauket Nu Naunet Ennead Atum Shu Tefnut Geb Nut Osiris Isis Set Nephthys Aker Akhty Ammit Am - heh Anat Andjety Anhur Anput Anubis Anuket Apedemak Apep Apis Apt Aqen Arensnuphis Ash Assessors Astarte Aten Babi Banebdjedet Bastet Bat Bata Ba - Pef Bes Buchis Cavern deities Dedun Four sons of Horus Duamutef Hapi Imset Qebehsenuef Gate deities Ha Hapi Hathor Hatmehit Hedetet Hedjhotep Heka Hemen Hemsut Heqet Hermanubis Hesat Horus Heryshaf Hu Iabet Iah Iat Ihy Imentet Imhotep Iunit Iusaaset Kebechet Khensit Khenti - Amentiu Khenti - kheti Khepri Kherty Khnum Khonsu Kothar - wa - Khasis Maahes Ma'at Mandulis Medjed Mafdet Mehen Mehet - Weret Mehit Menhit Meret Meretseger Meskhenet Min Mnevis Montu Mut Nebethetepet Nebtuwi Nefertem Nehebkau Nehmetawy Neith Nemty Nekhbet Neper Pakhet Petbe Ptah Q Qebui Qetesh Ra Raet - Tawy Rem Renenutet Renpet Repyt Resheph Sah Satis Sekhmet Seker Serapis Serket Seshat Shai Shed Shesmetet Shezmu Sia Sobek Sopdet Sopdu Souls of Pe and Nekhen Tatenen Taweret Tayt Ta - Bitjet Tenenet Thoth Hermes Trismegistus Tjenenyet Tutu U Unut Wadjet Wadj - wer Weneg Wepset Wepwawet Werethekau Wosret Creatures Aani Abtu Bennu Griffin Hieracosphinx Medjed Serpopard Sha Sphinx Uraeus Characters Dedi Djadjaemankh Rededjet Ubaoner Locations Neter - khertet Aaru Akhet Benben Duat Land of Manu The Indestructibles Symbols and Objects Ankh Atef Atet Book of Thoth Cartouche Crook and flail Crown of justification Deshret Djed Egyptian obelisk Egyptian pool Eye of Horus Eye of Ra Hedjet Hemhem crown Hennu Imiut fetish Khepresh Kneph Matet boat Menat Nebu Nemes Neshmet Ouroboros Pschent Scarab Seqtet boat Serekh Shen ring Tyet Ushabti Was - sceptre Winged sun Writings Amduat Books of Breathing Book of Caverns Book of the Dead Book of the Earth Book of Gates Book of the Heavenly Cow Book of Traversing Eternity Coffin Texts The Contendings of Horus and Seth Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld Great Hymn to the Aten Litany of the Eye of Horus Litany of Re Pyramid Texts Spell of the Twelve Caves Related religions Atenism Gnosticism Hermeticism Kemetism Temple of Set Thelema Book Ancient Egypt portal Lists of mythological figures By geography Afghan African Arabian Armenian Australian Aboriginal Aztec Balkan Basque Buddhist Canaanite Celtic Chinese Egyptian Estonian Etruscan Georgian Germanic Greek Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Hindu Hittite Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Mā'ohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Mycenaean Native American Ossetian Persian Philippine Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Vainakh Yoruba By association Agriculture Art Chaos Death Fate and time Fertility Fire Health Hunting King of the Gods Knowledge Light Love or lust Moon Nations Nature Night Rain Sky Smithing Sun Thresholds Thunder Tree Trickery Vegetation War Water Weather Wind Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Egyptian_deities&oldid=863145416 '' Categories : Egyptian deities African deities Middle Eastern deities Hidden categories : Featured articles CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Қазақша Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Slovenčina Српски / srpski Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	typical characteristics of egyptian statues of deities and pharaohs	[]	[]
843190741896984423	Columbia University	Columbia University - wikipedia Columbia University Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Columbia University ( disambiguation ) . Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York Latin : Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis Former names King 's College ( 1754 -- 1784 ) Columbia College ( 1784 -- 1813 ) Motto In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen ( Latin ) Motto in English In Thy light shall we see light ( Psalms 36 : 9 ) Type Royal ( 1754 -- 1776 ) Private ( present ) Established 1754 ( 1754 ) Academic affiliations AAU URA 568 Group NAICU Endowment $10 billion ( 2017 ) President Lee Bollinger Provost John Henry Coatsworth Academic staff 3,999 ( fall 2016 ) Students 27,942 ( excluding 1,928 non-degree students ; fall 2014 ) Undergraduates 8,410 ( fall 2014 ) Postgraduates 19,532 ( fall 2014 ) Location New York City , New York , United States 40 ° 48 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 43 '' W / 40.80750 ° N 73.96194 ° W / 40.80750 ; - 73.96194 Coordinates : 40 ° 48 ′ 27 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 43 '' W / 40.80750 ° N 73.96194 ° W / 40.80750 ; - 73.96194 Campus Urban , total 299 acres ( 1.21 km ) Colors Columbia Blue and White Nickname Lions Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- Ivy League , EARC MAISA ( sailing ) Mascot Roaree the Lion Website columbia.edu Columbia University ( Columbia ; officially Columbia University in the City of New York ) , established in 1754 , is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan , New York City . Columbia contains the oldest college in the state of New York and is the fifth chartered institution of higher learning in the United States , making it one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence . It was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain and renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolutionary War . The college has produced numerous distinguished alumni . It has been among the most selective colleges in the United States since its founding . With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 5.8 % , it currently stands as the third most selective college in the United States and the second most selective in the Ivy League . A 1787 charter placed the institution under a private board of trustees before it was renamed Columbia University in 1896 when the campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its current location in Morningside Heights occupying 32 acres ( 13 ha ) of land . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D. degree . The university administers the Pulitzer Prize annually . The university is organized into twenty schools , including undergraduate schools such as Columbia College , the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science , and the School of General Studies , as well as graduate schools such as Columbia Law School , Teachers College , Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons , and Columbia Business School . The university also has global research outposts in Amman , Beijing , Istanbul , Paris , Mumbai , Rio de Janeiro , Santiago , Asunción and Nairobi . There are nearby institutions that are affiliated with Columbia including Barnard College , List College , and Union Theological Seminary . Columbia also has joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America , University College London , Sciences Po , City University of Hong Kong , Trinity College Dublin , and the Juilliard School . The university has graduated many notable alumni . As of 2017 , alumni and affiliates include 5 Founding Fathers of the United States -- amongst these an author of the Declaration of Independence and an author of the United States Constitution ; 10 Justices of the United States Supreme Court ; 95 Nobel laureates ; 20 living billionaires ; 123 Pulitzer Prize winners ; 39 Academy Award winners ; 3 United States Presidents ; 29 heads of state ; 101 National Academy members ; 77 National Medal of Science winners ; and 23 National Humanities Medal recipients . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial 1.2 18th century 1.3 19th century to present 2 Campus 2.1 Morningside Heights 2.2 Other campuses 2.3 Sustainability 3 Academics 3.1 Undergraduate admissions and financial aid 3.2 Organization 3.3 Rankings 3.4 Research 4 Student life 4.1 Students 4.1. 1 Publications 4.1. 2 Broadcasting 4.1. 3 Debate and Model UN 4.2 Technology and entrepreneurship 4.3 Athletics 4.4 World Leaders Forum 4.5 Other 5 Student activism 5.1 Protests of 1968 5.2 Protests against racism and apartheid 5.3 Ahmadinejad speech controversy 5.4 ROTC controversy 5.5 Divestment from private prisons 6 Traditions 6.1 Orgo Night 6.2 Tree - Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies 6.3 The Varsity Show 7 Notable people 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Columbia University Colonial ( edit ) King 's College Hall , 1770 Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704 , at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , the missionary arm of the Church of England , persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college . However , it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey ( the present Princeton University ) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously consider founding a college . In 1746 , an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college . In 1751 , the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents , seven of whom were members of the Church of England , to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college . Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college 's first president , Dr. Samuel Johnson . Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college 's first class , which consisted of a mere eight students . Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church , located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan . The college was officially founded on October 31 , 1754 , as King 's College by royal charter of King George II , making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States . In 1763 , Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper , a graduate of The Queen 's College , Oxford , and an ardent Tory . In the charged political climate of the American Revolution , his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777 , Alexander Hamilton . The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776 , and was catastrophic for the operation of King 's College , which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army . The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783 . The college 's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces . Loyalists were forced to abandon their King 's College in New York , which was seized by the rebels and renamed Columbia College . The Loyalists , led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor , Nova Scotia , where they founded King 's Collegiate School . 18th century ( edit ) The Gothic Revival Law School building on the Madison Avenue campus After the Revolution , the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality , promising to make whatever changes to the school 's charter the state might demand . The Legislature agreed to assist the college , and on May 1 , 1784 , it passed `` an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King 's College '' . The Act created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King 's College , and , in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic , the Legislature stipulated that `` the College within the City of New York heretofore called King 's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College '' , a reference to Columbia , an alternative name for America . The Regents finally became aware of the college 's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee , which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton . In April of that same year , a new charter was adopted for the college , still in use today , granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees . On May 21 , 1787 , William Samuel Johnson , the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson , was unanimously elected President of Columbia College . Prior to serving at the university , Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention . For a period in the 1790s , with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments , a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay . Both President George Washington and Vice President John Adams attended the college 's commencement on May 6 , 1789 , as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution . The Library at Columbia University , ca . 1900 19th century to present ( edit ) Low Memorial Library In November 1813 , the College agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons , a new school created by the Regents of New York , forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . The college 's enrollment , structure , and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century , with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned . In 1857 , the college moved from the King 's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue , where it remained for the next forty years . During the last half of the 19th century , under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard , the president Barnard College is named after , the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university . Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university 's refusal to accept women . By this time , the college 's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school , mainly owing to the city 's expanding population . University president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location , a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights . Under the leadership of Low 's successor , Nicholas Murray Butler , who served for over four decades , Columbia rapidly became the nation 's major institution for research , setting the `` multiversity '' model that later universities would adopt . Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University , Butler founded Teachers College , as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor , with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge . Teachers College came under the aegis of Columbia University in 1893 and became the University 's Graduate School of Education . Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning , I.I. Rabi , Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia 's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project . In 1928 , Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College . The college was closed in 1938 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently absorbed into University Extension . In 1947 , the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II . In 1995 , the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full - fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students ( those who have had an academic break of one year or more , or are pursuing dual - degrees ) and was fully integrated into Columbia 's traditional undergraduate curriculum . Within the same year , the Division of Special Programs -- later the School of Continuing Education , and now the School of Professional Studies -- was established to reprise the former role of University Extension . While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages , it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields . Alma Mater In the aftermath of World War II , the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the University , and in response , the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946 , drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science , economics , and history . During the 1960s Columbia experienced large - scale student activism , which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus . The incident forced the resignation of Columbia 's President , Grayson Kirk and the establishment of the University Senate . Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years , Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 , after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College , the all - female institution affiliated with the university , to merge the two schools . Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia , and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia University and Barnard College . In the 1970s , Teachers College 's departments ran joint Ph. D programs with the University in the disciplines of psychology , history , and anthropology and all Teachers College diplomas were conferred by Columbia University . Teachers College was soon established as the University 's Faculty of Education and Department of Education . During the late 20th century , the University underwent significant academic , structural , and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university . For much of the 19th century , the University consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science , Philosophy , and Pure Science . In 1979 , these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . In 1991 , the faculties of Columbia College , the School of General Studies , the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , the School of the Arts , and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences , leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools . In 2010 , the School of International and Public Affairs , which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences , became an independent faculty . Campus ( edit ) According to New York , Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City , after the Catholic Church . Morningside Heights ( edit ) College Walk The majority of Columbia 's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low 's late - 19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location . The campus was designed along Beaux - Arts principles by architects McKim , Mead , and White . Columbia 's main campus occupies more than six city blocks , or 32 acres ( 13 ha ) , in Morningside Heights , New York City , a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions . The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights , housing faculty , graduate students , and staff . Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories ( purpose - built or converted ) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights . Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system more than a century old , with the oldest portions predating the present campus . Some of these remain accessible to the public , while others have been cordoned off . Butler Library The Nicholas Murray Butler Library , known simply as Butler Library , is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System , and is one of the largest buildings on the campus . Proposed as `` South Hall '' by the university 's former President Nicholas Murray Butler as expansion plans for Low Memorial Library stalled , the new library was funded by Edward Harkness , benefactor of Yale 's residential college system , and designed by his favorite architect , James Gamble Rogers . It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946 . The library design is neo-classical in style . Its facade features a row of columns in the Ionic order above which are inscribed the names of great writers , philosophers , and thinkers , most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College . As of 2012 , Columbia 's library system includes over 11.9 million volumes , making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States . It has also been ranked among the United States ' most beautiful libraries . Teachers College Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Low Memorial Library , a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus , is listed for its architectural significance . Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio . Also listed is Pupin Hall , another National Historic Landmark , which houses the physics and astronomy departments . Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi . The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world 's first atom - splitting in Copenhagen , Denmark . Union Theological Seminary A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library . McKim , Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus . Draped in an academic gown , the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne . The scroll - like arms of the throne end in lamps , representing sapientia and doctrina . A book signifying knowledge , balances on her lap , and an owl , the attribute of wisdom , is hidden in the folds of her gown . Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat , terminating with a crown of King 's College which refers to Columbia 's origin as a Royalist institution in 1754 . A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture . The statue was dedicated on September 23 , 1903 , as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet , and was originally covered in golden leaf . During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture , but it has since been repaired . The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends , the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian , and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student , given that Barnard is a women 's college . `` The Steps '' , alternatively known as `` Low Steps '' or the `` Urban Beach '' , are a popular meeting area for Columbia students . The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus ( South Field ) to its upper terrace . With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement , the steps of Low Library provides Columbia University and Barnard College students , faculty , and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings , events , and ceremonies . McKim 's classical facade epitomizes late 19th century new - classical designs , with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure . On warm days when the weather is favorable , the Low Steps often become a popular gathering place for students to sunbathe , eat lunch , or play frisbee . Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library Other campuses ( edit ) Lamont Campus entrance in Palisades , New York Medical Center in Washington Heights In April 2007 , the university purchased more than two - thirds of a 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) site for a new campus in Manhattanville , an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus . Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street , the new campus will house buildings for Columbia 's Business School , School of International and Public Affairs , and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind , Brain , and Behavior , where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson 's and Alzheimer 's . The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings , except three that are historically significant , eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses , and relocating tenants in 132 apartments . Replacing these buildings will be 6,800,000 square feet ( 630,000 m ) of space for the university . Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land , to residents ' rights . Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition . Most recently ( as of December 2008 ) , the State of New York 's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain , which , through declaration of Manhattanville 's `` blighted '' status , gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use . On May 20 , 2009 , the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan and the first buildings are under construction . New York - Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University . According to U.S. News & World Report 's `` America 's Best Hospitals 2009 '' , it is ranked sixth overall and third among university hospitals . Columbia 's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute , and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals overseas . Health - related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center , a 20 acres ( 8.1 ha ) campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights , fifty blocks uptown . Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the New York - Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan , and the Payne Whitney Westchester , a psychiatric institute located in White Plains , New York . On the northern tip of Manhattan island ( in the neighborhood of Inwood ) , Columbia owns 26 - acre ( 11 ha ) Baker Field , which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports , outdoor track , and tennis . There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River , the 157 - acre ( 64 ha ) Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades , New York . A fourth is the 60 - acre ( 24 ha ) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington , New York for the study of particle and motion physics . A satellite site in Paris , France holds classes at Reid Hall . Sustainability ( edit ) Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library In 2006 , the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate , coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university 's environmental footprint . The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university 's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Neighborhood Design pilot program . The plan commits to incorporating smart growth , new urbanism and `` green '' building design principles . Columbia is one of the 2030 Challenge Partners , a group of nine universities in the city of New York that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse emissions by 30 % within the next ten years . Columbia University adopts LEED standards for all new construction and major renovations . The University requires a minimum of Silver , but through its design and review process seeks to achieve higher levels . This is especially challenging for lab and research buildings with their intensive energy use ; however , the university also uses lab design guidelines that seek to maximize energy efficiency while protecting the safety of researchers . Every Thursday and Sunday of the month , Columbia hosts a greenmarket where local farmers can sell their produce to residents of the city . In addition , from April to November Hodgson 's farm , a local New York gardening center , joins the market bringing a large selection of plants and blooming flowers . The market is one of the many operated at different points throughout the city by the non-profit group GrowNYC . Dining services at Columbia spends 36 percent of its food budget on local products , in addition to serving sustainably harvested seafood and fair trade coffee on campus . Columbia has been rated `` B + '' by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives . Academics ( edit ) Undergraduate Admissions and financial aid ( edit ) Van Am Quad College ( left ) , SEAS ( right ) Columbia University received 36,292 applications for its undergraduate class of 2020 ( entering 2016 ) . In early decision , 620 out of 3,520 applicants were admitted , for an acceptance rate of 17.61 % . In regular decision , 1,573 out of 32,772 applicants were admitted , for an acceptance rate of 4.79 % . For the Class of 2021 , 2,185 out of 37,389 applicants were admitted for an overall acceptance rate of 5.8 % , making Columbia the third most selective college in the United States behind Stanford and Harvard and the second most selective college in the Ivy League . According to the 2012 college selectivity ranking by U.S. News & World Report , which factors admission and yield rates among other criteria , Columbia was tied with Yale , Caltech and MIT as the most selective colleges in the country . Columbia is a racially diverse school , with approximately 52 % of all students identifying themselves as persons of color . Additionally , 50 % of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia . The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516 . In 2015 -- 2016 , annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 ( including room and board ) . On April 11 , 2007 , Columbia University announced a $400 m to $600 m donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid . The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education . Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge 's estate at the time of his death ; however , the generous donation has helped change financial aid policy at Columbia . Annual gifts , fund - raising , and an increase in spending from the university 's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students . As of 2008 , undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university , including room , board , and academic fees , fully paid for by the university . That same year , the university ended loans for incoming and current students who were on financial aid , replacing loans that were traditionally part of aid packages with grants from the university . However , this does not apply to international students , transfer students , visiting students , or students in the School of General Studies . In the fall of 2010 , admission to Columbia 's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science ( also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering ) began accepting the Common Application . The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application . Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee . Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars , John Jay Scholars , C. Prescott Davis Scholars , Global Scholars , Egleston Scholars , and Science Research Fellows . Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first - year applicants . According to Columbia , the first four designated scholars `` distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements , dynamism , intellectual curiosity , the originality and independence of their thinking , and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences . '' Organization ( edit ) Columbia Graduate / Professional Schools College / school Year founded -- -- College of Physicians and Surgeons 1767 College of Dental Medicine 1852 Columbia Law School 1858 Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science 1864 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1880 Graduate School of Architecture , Planning and Preservation 1881 Teachers College , Columbia University 1889 Columbia University School of Nursing 1892 Columbia University School of Social Work 1898 Graduate School of Journalism 1912 Columbia Business School 1916 Mailman School of Public Health 1922 School of International and Public Affairs 1946 School of the Arts 1948 School of Professional Studies 1995 Scholars ' Lion , Greg Wyatt ( 2004 ) Columbia University is an independent , privately supported , nonsectarian institution of higher education . Its official corporate name is `` The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York . '' The university 's first Charter was granted in 1754 by King George II ; however , its modern Charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature . The university is governed by 24 Trustees , customarily including the President , who serves ex officio . The Trustees themselves are responsible for choosing their successors . Six of the 24 are nominated from a pool of candidates recommended by the Columbia Alumni Association . Another six are nominated by the Board in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate . The remaining 12 , including the President , are nominated by the Trustees themselves through their internal processes . The term of office for Trustees is six years . Generally , they serve for no more than two consecutive terms . The Trustees appoint the President and other senior administrative officers of the university , and review and confirm faculty appointments as required . They determine the university 's financial and investment policies , authorize the budget , supervise the endowment , direct the management of the university 's real estate and other assets , and otherwise oversee the administration and management of the university . The University Senate was established by the Trustees after a university - wide referendum in 1969 . It succeeded to the powers of the University Council , which was created in 1890 as a body of faculty , deans , and other administrators to regulate inter-Faculty affairs and consider issues of university - wide concern . The University Senate is a unicameral body consisting of 107 members drawn from all constituencies of the university . These include the president of the university , the Provost , the Deans of Columbia College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , all who serve ex officio , and five additional representatives , appointed by the President , from the university 's administration . The President serves as the Senate 's presiding officer . The Senate is charged with reviewing the educational policies , physical development , budget , and external relations of the university . It oversees the welfare and academic freedom of the faculty and the welfare of students . The President of Columbia University , who is selected by the Trustees in consultation with the Executive Committee of the University Senate and who serves at the Trustees ' pleasure , is the chief executive officer of the university . Assisting the President in administering the University are the Provost , the Senior Executive Vice President , the Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences , several other vice presidents , the General Counsel , the Secretary of the University , and the deans of the Faculties , all of whom are appointed by the Trustees on the nomination of the President and serve at their pleasure . Lee C. Bollinger became the 19th President of Columbia University on June 1 , 2002 . A prominent advocate of affirmative action , he played a leading role in the twin Supreme Court cases -- Grutter v Bollinger and Gratz v Bollinger -- that upheld and clarified the importance of diversity as a compelling justification for affirmative action in higher education . A leading First Amendment scholar , he is widely published on freedom of speech and press , and serves on the faculty of Columbia Law School . Columbia has three official undergraduate colleges : Columbia College ( CC ) , the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree , the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science ( also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering ) is the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree , and The School of General Studies ( GS ) , the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full - or part - time study . The university is affiliated with Teachers College , Barnard College , and Union Theological Seminary , all located nearby in Morningside Heights . Of these , Barnard College and Teachers College are integrated as Faculties of the university . Students from both Teachers College and Barnard College graduate with Columbia University degrees . Furthermore , Teachers College is incorporated as an academic department of Columbia University , serving as the University 's Graduate School of Education and Department of Education . Joint undergraduate programs are available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as through the Juilliard School . Rankings ( edit ) University rankings National ARWU 6 Forbes 14 Times / WSJ U.S. News & World Report 5 Global ARWU 8 QS 18 Times 14 U.S. News & World Report 8 ( show ) National Program Rankings Program Ranking Biological Sciences 14 Business 9 Chemistry 10 Computer Science 15 Earth Sciences 5 Economics 9 Education 7 Engineering 13 English Fine Arts 6 Health Care Management 22 History 6 Law 5 Mathematics 9 Medicine : Primary Care 51 Medicine : Research 6 Nursing : Doctorate 5 Nursing : Master 's 8 Nursing -- Anesthesia 22 Nursing -- Midwifery 12 Occupational Therapy 11 Physical Therapy 36 Physics 11 Political Science 7 Psychology 17 Public Affairs 19 Public Health 5 Social Work 6 Sociology 11 Statistics 14 ( show ) Global Program Rankings Program Ranking Arts & Humanities 16 Biology & Biochemistry 11 Chemistry 85 Clinical Medicine 10 Computer Science 44 Economics & Business 7 Engineering 68 Environment / Ecology 29 Geosciences Immunology 15 Materials Science 66 Mathematics 14 Microbiology 22 Molecular Biology & Genetics 18 Neuroscience & Behavior 8 Pharmacology & Toxicology 63 Physics 14 Plant & Animal Science 210 Psychiatry / Psychology 6 Social Sciences & Public Health 8 Social Work 7 Space Science 32 St. Paul 's Chapel Columbia University was ranked 2nd among U.S. colleges for 2017 by Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education and 2nd among Ivy League schools . It was ranked 4th overall among U.S. national universities for 2016 by U.S. News & World Report . Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report for its 2016 edition . Columbia Law School was ranked tied for 4th , the Mailman School of Public Health 5th , the School of Social Work 5th , Teachers College ( Columbia Graduate School of Education ) 7th , Columbia Business School 8th , the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for 6th for research ( and tied for 51st for primary care ) , the Graduate School of Arts 6th , the School of Nursing tied for 8th , and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science ( graduate ) was ranked 13th . In 2017 , Columbia was ranked 8th in the world by Academic Ranking of World Universities , 18th in the world by QS World University Rankings , 14th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 8th in the world by U.S. News and World Report . Rankings by other organizations include the Graduate School of Architecture , Planning and Preservation # 2 , and its Graduate School of Journalism # 1 . Between 1996 and 2008 , 18 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes , of whom nine are faculty members while one is an adjunct senior research scientist ( Daniel Tsui ) and the other a Global Fellow ( Kofi Annan ) . Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize include Richard Axel , Martin Chalfie , Eric Kandel , Tsung - Dao Lee , Robert Mundell , Orhan Pamuk , Edmund S. Phelps , Joseph Stiglitz , and Horst L. Stormer . Other awards and honors won by faculty include 30 MacArthur Foundation Award winners , 4 National Medal of Science recipients , 43 National Academy of Sciences Award winners , 20 National Academy of Engineering Award winners , 38 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies Award recipients and 143 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Award winners . In 2015 , Columbia University was ranked the first in the state by average professor salaries . In 2011 , the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Columbia 3rd best university for forming CEOs in the US and 12th worldwide . Research ( edit ) Dodge Hall Columbia was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split . The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science , described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the `` neuroscience ' bible ' '' . The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel , James H. Schwartz , and Thomas Jessell . Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser . The MPEG - 2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou , a Columbia professor of electrical engineering . Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein ( GFP ) in labeling cells in intact organisms . Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification ( SLS ) technology for making LCDs , System Management Arts ( SMARTS ) , Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP ) ( which is used for audio , video , chat , instant messaging and whiteboarding ) , pharmacopeia , Macromodel ( software for computational chemistry ) , a new and better recipe for glass concrete , Blue LEDs , and Beamprop ( used in photonics ) . Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year . More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia are on the market today . These include Remicade ( for arthritis ) , Reopro ( for blood clot complications ) , Xalatan ( for glaucoma ) , Benefix , Latanoprost ( a glaucoma treatment ) , shoulder prosthesis , homocysteine ( testing for cardiovascular disease ) , and Zolinza ( for cancer therapy ) . Columbia Technology Ventures ( formerly Science and Technology Ventures ) , as of 2008 , manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements . Patent - related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year , according to the university , more than any university in the world . Columbia owns many unique research facilities , such as the Columbia Institute for Tele - Information dedicated to telecommunications and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies , which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA . Student Life ( edit ) Students ( edit ) Demographics of student body -- 2014 Undergraduate Postgraduate Asian / Pacific Islander 17.1 % 10.9 % Black 7.2 % 4.1 % Hispanic 12.8 % 5.7 % American Indian / Alaskan Native 0.5 % 0.1 % Two or more races 4.7 % 1.7 % White 38.1 % 32.6 % Non-residents 13.4 % 34.3 % Unknown 6.2 % 10.5 % Earl Hall In fall 2014 , Columbia University 's student population was 29,870 ( 8,559 students in undergraduate programs and 21,311 in postgraduate programs ) , with 39 % of the student population identifying themselves as a minority and 28 % born outside of the United States . Twenty - six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000 , making it one of the most socioeconomically diverse top - tier colleges . Sixteen percent of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants , which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000 . Fifteen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four - year college . On - campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate . Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science ( also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering ) share housing in the on - campus residence halls . First - year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn : Hartley Hall , Wallach Hall ( originally Livingston Hall ) , John Jay Hall , Furnald Hall or Carman Hall . Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process , wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor - or apartment - style housing with their friends . The Columbia University School of General Studies , Barnard College and graduate schools have their own apartment - style housing in the surrounding neighborhood . Columbia University is home to many fraternities , sororities , and co-educational Greek organizations . Approximately 10 -- 15 % of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life . Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities . There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta Chapter of Alpha Delta Phi . The InterGreek Council is the self - governing student organization that provides guidelines and support to its member organizations within each of the three councils at Columbia , the Interfraternity Council , Panhellenic Council , and Multicultural Greek Council . The three council presidents bring their affiliated chapters together once a month to meet as one Greek community . The InterGreek Council meetings provide opportunity for member organizations to learn from each other , work together and advocate for community needs . Publications ( edit ) One of the earliest logos of Columbia University Press Columbia University is home to a rich diversity of undergraduate , graduate , and professional publications . The Columbia Daily Spectator is the nation 's second - oldest student newspaper ; and The Blue and White , a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 , has recently begun to delve into campus life and local politics in print and on its daily blog , dubbed the Bwog . The Morningside Post is a student - run multimedia news publication . Its content : student - written investigative news , international affairs analysis , opinion , and satire . Political publications include The Current , a journal of politics , culture and Jewish Affairs ; the Columbia Political Review , the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union ; and AdHoc , which denotes itself as the `` progressive '' campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events . Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review , the nation 's oldest college literary magazine ; Columbia , a nationally regarded literary journal ; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism ; and The Mobius Strip , an online arts and literary magazine . Inside New York is an annual guidebook to New York City , written , edited , and published by Columbia undergraduates . Through a distribution agreement with Columbia University Press , the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores . Pupin Hall ( right ) , Union Theological Seminary ( center ) Riverside Church ( left ) Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications . The Journal of Politics & Society , is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences , published and distributed nationally by the Helvidius Group ; Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually ; the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China , Japan , Korea , Tibet , and Vietnam and is supported by the Weatherhead East Asian Institute ; and The Birch , is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student - run journal of its kind ; the Columbia Political Review , the undergraduate magazine on politics operated by the Columbia Political Union ; the Columbia Economics Review , the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department ; and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles , faculty profiles , and student research papers . The Fed a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper , and the Jester of Columbia , the newly ( and frequently ) revived campus humor magazine both inject humor into local life . Other publications include The Columbian , the undergraduate colleges ' annually published yearbook the Gadfly , a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates ; and Rhapsody in Blue , an undergraduate urban studies magazine . Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and The Journal of Philosophy . During the spring semester , graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat , a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx . Teachers College publishes the Teachers College Record , a journal of research , analysis , and commentary in the field of education , published continuously since 1900 . Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University 's Graduate School of Journalism , the Columbia Journalism Review ( CJR ) examines day - to - day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance . The magazine is published six times a year , and offers a reporting , analysis , criticism , and commentary . CJR.org , its web site , delivers real - time criticism and reporting , giving CJR a presence in the ongoing conversation about the media . Broadcasting ( edit ) Earl Hall Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate campus radio broadcasting , WKCR - FM and CTV . Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard 's radio station , WBAR . WKCR , the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-State area , claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world , owing to the university 's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong . The station went operational on July 18 , 1939 , from a 400 - foot antenna tower in Alpine , New Jersey , broadcasting the very first FM transmission in the world . Initially , WKCR was n't a radio station , but an organization concerned with the technology of radio communications . As membership grew , however , the nascent club turned its efforts to broadcasting . Armstrong helped the students in their early efforts , donating a microphone and turntables when they designed their first makeshift studio in a dorm room . The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan . Columbia Television ( CTV ) is the nation 's second oldest Student television station and home of CTV News , a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students . Debate and Model UN ( edit ) The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802 , making it the oldest student group at Columbia , as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country . The society annually administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest . The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association , and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia 's campus , as well as public debates on issues affecting the university . The Columbia International Relations Council and Association ( CIRCA ) , oversees Columbia 's Model United Nations activities . CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences , hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus , trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN and oversees a competitive team , which travels to colleges around the country and to an international conference every year . The competitive team consistently wins best and outstanding delegation awards and is considered one of the top teams in the country . Technology and entrepreneurship ( edit ) Pupin Hall , the physics building , showing the rooftop observatory Mathematics Hall The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs ( CORE ) was founded in 1999 . The student - run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus . Each year CORE hosts dozens of events , including talks , # StartupColumbia , a conference and venture competition for $250,000 , and Ignite@CU , a weekend for undergrads interested in design , engineering , and entrepreneurship . Notable speakers include Peter Thiel , Jack Dorsey , Alexis Ohanian , Drew Houston , and Mark Cuban . By 2006 , CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital . CampusNetwork , an on - campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook , was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003 . Mark Zuckerberg later asked Goldberg to join him in Palo Alto to work on Facebook , but Goldberg declined the offer . The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology , Innovation , and Community Engagement . SEAS ' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide , made possible through partners such as Microsoft Corporation . Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City . Over the past 20 years , graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies . Mayor Bloomberg has provided over $6.7 million towards entrepreneurial programs that partner with Columbia and other universities in New York . Professor Chris Wiggins of the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science is working in conjunction with Professors Evan Korth of New York University and Hilary Mason , chief scientist at bit.ly to facilitate the growth of student tech - startups in an effort to transform a traditionally financially centered New York City into the next Silicon Valley . Their website , hackny.org , is a gathering ground of ideas and discussions for New York 's young entrepreneurial community , the Silicon Alley . On June 14 , 2010 , Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York 's media industry . Situated at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering , the lab is a consortium of Columbia University , New York University , and New York City Economic Development Corporation acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research . The Lab is modeled after similar ones at MIT and Stanford . A $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation was used to establish the NYC Media Lab . Each year , the lab will host a range of roundtable discussions between the private sector and academic institutions . It will support research projects on topics of content format , next - generation search technologies , computer animation for film and gaming , emerging marketing techniques , and new devices development . The lab will also create a media research and development database . Columbia University will coordinate the long - term direction of the media lab as well as the involvement of its faculty and those of other universities . Athletics ( edit ) Lawrence A. Wien Stadium Main article : Columbia Lions See also : C - Rock A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in Division I FCS , Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the Ivy League . The football Lions play home games at the 17,000 - seat Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium . The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball , softball , soccer , lacrosse , field hockey , tennis , track and rowing , as well as the new Campbell Sports Center opened in January 2013 . The basketball , fencing , swimming & diving , volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus . Columbia University athletics has a long history , with many accomplishments in athletic fields . In 1870 , Columbia played against Rutgers University in the second football game in the history of the sport . Eight years later , Columbia crew won the famed Henley Royal Regatta in the first - ever defeat for an English crew rowing in English waters . In 1900 , Olympian and Columbia College student Maxie Long set the first official world record in the 400 meters with a time of 47.8 seconds . In 1983 , Columbia men 's soccer went 18 - 0 and was ranked first in the nation , but lost to Indiana 1 - 0 in double overtime in the NCAA championship game ; nevertheless , the team went further toward the NCAA title than any Ivy League soccer team in history . The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s : between 1983 and 1988 , the team lost 44 games in a row , which is still the record for the NCAA Football Championship Subdivision . The streak was broken on October 8 , 1988 , with a 16 - 13 victory over archrival Princeton University . That was the Lions ' first victory at Wien Stadium , which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old . A new tradition has developed with the Liberty Cup . The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between Fordham and Columbia Universities , two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City . The tradition began in 2002 , a year after the Fordham - Columbia game was postponed due to the September 11 attacks . Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins , football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman , Marcellus Wiley , and world champion women 's weightlifter Karyn Marshall . On May 17 , 1939 , fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia 's Baker Field , making it the first televised regular athletic event in history . World Leaders Forum ( edit ) World Leaders Forum at Low Memorial Library Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger , the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government , religion , industry , finance , and academia . The World Leaders Forum is a year - around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures , while educating students about problems and progress around the globe . All Columbia undergraduates and graduates as well as students of Barnard College and other Columbia affiliated schools can register to participate in the World Leaders Forum using their student IDs . Even for individuals who do not have the privilege to attend the event live , they can watch the forum via online videos on Columbia University 's website . Past forum speakers include former President of the United States Bill Clinton , the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Former President of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor , President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai , Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin , President of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano , President of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert , President of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu , President of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe - Freiberga , the first female President of Finland Tarja Halonen , President Yudhoyono of Indonesia , President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , Iraq President Jalal Talabani , the 14th Dalai Lama , President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , financier George Soros , Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg , President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic , President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina , former Secretary - General of the United Nations Kofi Annan , and Al Gore . Other ( edit ) Access to Columbia is enhanced by the 116th Street -- Columbia University subway station ( 1 train ) on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line . The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896 , and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States . Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music , which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia 's schools . There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater , including the Columbia Players , King 's Crown Shakespeare Troupe ( KCST ) , Columbia Musical Theater Society ( CMTS ) , NOMADS ( New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students ) , LateNite Theatre , Columbia University Performing Arts League ( CUPAL ) , Black Theatre Ensemble ( BTE ) , sketch comedy group Chowdah , and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch . The Columbia University Marching Band tells jokes during the campus tradition of Orgo Night . The Thinker ( Le Penseur ) at Columbia University The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual , lesbian , gay , transgender , and questioning student population . It is the oldest gay student organization in the world , founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson . Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC . In the 2005 -- 06 academic year , the Columbia Military Society , Columbia 's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates , was renamed the Hamilton Society for `` students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton '' . The university also houses an independent nonprofit organization , Community Impact , which strives to serve disadvantaged people in the Harlem , Washington Heights , and Morningside Heights communities . From its earliest inception as a single service initiative formed in 1981 by Columbia University undergraduates , Community Impact has grown into Columbia University 's largest student service organization . CI provides food , clothing , shelter , education , job training , and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities . CI consists of a dedicated corps of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs , which serve more than 8,000 people each year . Student activism ( edit ) Protests of 1968 ( edit ) Hamilton Hall was occupied by protesting students in 1968 Main article : Columbia University protests of 1968 Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues . The first was Columbia 's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park ; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring Harlem . A second issue was the Columbia administration 's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon 's weapons research think - tank , the Institute for Defense Analyses ( IDA ) . Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library , Hamilton Hall , and several other university buildings during the protests , and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students . The protests achieved two of their stated goals . Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym , building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead . A popular myth states that the gym 's plans were eventually used by Princeton University for the expansion of its athletic facilities , but as Jadwin Gymnasium was already 50 % complete by 1966 ( when the Columbia gym was announced ) this was clearly not correct . At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests . Many of the Class of ' 68 walked out of their graduation and held a countercommencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park , the place where the protests began . The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school . Allan Bloom , a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago , believed that the protest efforts at Columbia were responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left . As a result of the protests , Bloom stated , `` American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate , but rather places of ' political correctness ' and liberalism . '' Protests against racism and apartheid ( edit ) School of Arts Further student protests , including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall and the Business School during the late 1970s and early 1980s , were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university 's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa . A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978 , when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968 , students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa . The Committee Against Investment in South Africa ( CAISA ) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee , the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university . The initial ( and partial ) Columbia divestment , focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime . It followed a year - long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the university in 1977 . Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach - ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa . Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business . Ahmadinejad speech controversy ( edit ) Students protest Ahmadinejad 's invitation to speak at Columbia University The School of International and Public Affairs extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly . In 2007 , Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those invited to speak on campus . Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24 , 2007 , as part of Columbia University 's World Leaders Forum . The invitation proved to be highly controversial . Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide . University President Lee C. Bollinger tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadenijad speak , but with a negative introduction ( given personally by Bollinger ) . This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus . Columbia students , though , turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn . An estimated 2,500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion . During his speech , Ahmadinejad criticized Israel 's policies towards the Palestinians ; called for research on the historical accuracy of the Holocaust ; raised questions as to who initiated the 9 / 11 attacks ; defended Iran 's nuclear power program , criticizing the UN 's policy of sanctions on his country ; and attacked U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East . In response to a question about Iran 's treatment of women and homosexuals , he asserted that women are respected in Iran and that `` In Iran , we do n't have homosexuals like in your country ... In Iran , we do not have this phenomenon . I do n't know who told you this . '' The latter statement drew laughter from the audience . The Manhattan District Attorney 's Office accused Columbia of accepting grant money from the Alavi Foundation to support faculty `` sympathetic '' to Iran 's Islamic republic . ROTC controversy ( edit ) Beginning in 1969 , during the Vietnam War , the university did not allow the U.S. military to have Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) programs on campus , though Columbia students could participate in ROTC programs at other local colleges and universities . At a forum at the university during the 2008 presidential election campaign , both John McCain and Barack Obama said that the university should consider reinstating ROTC on campus . After the debate , the President of the University , Lee C. Bollinger , stated that he did not favor reinstating Columbia 's ROTC program , because of the military 's anti-gay policies . In November 2008 , Columbia 's undergraduate student body held a referendum on the question of whether or not to invite ROTC back to campus , and the students who voted were almost evenly divided on the issue . ROTC lost the vote ( which would not have been binding on the administration , and did not include graduate students , faculty , or alumni ) by a fraction of a percentage point . In April 2010 during Admiral Mike Mullen 's address at Columbia , President Lee C. Bollinger stated that the ROTC would be readmitted to campus if the admiral 's plans for revoking the do n't ask , do n't tell policy were successful . In February 2011 during one of three town - hall meetings on the ROTC ban , former Army staff sergeant Anthony Maschek , a Purple Heart recipient for injuries sustained during his service in Iraq , was booed and hissed at by some students during his speech promoting the idea of allowing the ROTC on campus . In April 2011 the Columbia University Senate voted to welcome the ROTC program back on campus . Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus and Columbia University President Lee C. Bollinger signed an agreement to reinstate Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps ( NROTC ) program at Columbia for the first time in more than 40 years on May 26 , 2011 . The agreement was signed at a ceremony on board the USS Iwo Jima , docked in New York for the Navy 's annual Fleet Week . Divestment from private prisons ( edit ) In February 2014 , after learning that the university had over $10 million invested in the private prison industry , a group of students delivered a letter President Bollinger 's office requesting a meeting and officially launching the Columbia Prison Divest ( CPD ) campaign . As of June 30 , 2013 , Columbia held investments in Corrections Corporation of America , the largest private prison company in the United States , as well as G4s , the largest multinational security firm in the world . Students demanded that the university divest these holdings from the industry and instate a ban on future investments in the private prison industry . Aligning themselves with the growing Movement for Black Lives and in conversation with the heightened attention on race and the system of mass incarceration , CPD student activists hosted events to raise awareness of the issue and worked to involve large numbers of members of the Columbia and West Harlem community in campaign activities . After eighteen months of student driven organizing , the Board of Trustees of Columbia University voted to support the petition for divestment from private prison companies , which was confirmed to student leaders on June 22 , 2015 . The Columbia Prison Divest campaign was the first campaign to successfully get a U.S. university to divest from the private prison industry . Traditions ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Columbia traditions . Orgo Night ( edit ) From 1975 until 2016 , at midnight on the day of the Organic Chemistry exam -- which is often on the first day of finals -- the Columbia University Marching Band occupied Butler Library to distract students from studying . After about forty - five minutes of jokes and music , the procession would move out to the lawn in front of Hartley , Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the residents there . The band then plays at other locations around Morningside Heights , including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College . The band tends to close their Orgo Night performances at Furnald Hall , where the underclassmen in the band sing a mock - hymn to Columbia and its graduating seniors , composed of quips that poke fun at the stereotypes about the Columbia student body . In December 2016 , University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in its traditional Butler Library location , which resulted in protests and accusations of censorship . Alumni published series of pamphlets addressing the issues in order to try to restore the show . University administration continued to prohibit the traditional Orgo Night performance during the spring semester of 2017 , prompting the Marching Band to again stage the show outside the library on May 4 , 2017 , as objections from alumni persisted . University administrators sent a letter to the alumni in which they said that they were working with current Band leadership concerning the future of Orgo Night , but band leadership stated that they had received no correspondence from the university . For the winter 2017 Orgo Night show , the Marching Band performed in Butler Library despite the University 's ban on the event . Tree - Lighting and Yule log ceremonies ( edit ) Tree - Lighting at College Walk The campus Tree - Lighting Ceremony was inaugurated in 1998 . It celebrates the illumination of the medium - sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west , just before finals week in early December . The lights remain on until February 28 . Students meet at the sun - dial for free hot chocolate , performances by a cappella groups , and speeches by the university president and a guest . Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia 's older holiday traditions , the lighting of the Yule Log . The Christmas ceremony dates to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War , but lapsed before being revived by University President Nicholas Murray Butler in the early 20th century . A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun - dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall , where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols . The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore and Yes , Virginia , There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church . The Varsity show ( edit ) The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by and for students and was established in 1894 , making it one of Columbia 's oldest traditions . Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein , Lorenz Hart , I.A.L. Diamond , and Herman Wouk . The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of Columbia University people As of 2011 , Columbia alumni included three United States Presidents , 26 foreign Heads of State , ten Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States ( including three Chief Justices ) and 39 Nobel winners . As of 2011 , alumni also have received more than 35 National Book Awards and 123 Pulitzer Prizes . Today , two United States Senators and 16 Chief Executives of Fortune 500 companies hold Columbia degrees , as do three of the 25 richest Americans and 20 living billionaires . Columbia is second only to Harvard in the number of living billionaire graduates . Five Founding Fathers including an author of the United States Constitution and a member of the Committee of Five are alumni of Columbia University , then named `` King 's College '' . Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school . Other more recent political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S President Barack Obama , Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg , former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan , U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder , and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr . Dwight D. Eisenhower served as the thirteenth president of Columbia University from 1948 to 1953 . The university has also educated 26 foreign heads of state , including President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili , President of East Timor Jose Ramos Horta , President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves and other historical figures such as Wellington Koo , Radovan Karadžić , Gaston Eyskens , and T.V. Soong . The author of India 's constitution and Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was also an alumnus of Columbia . Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world . Notable members of the Astor family attended Columbia , while some recent business graduates include investor Warren Buffett , former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman , chairman of Wal - Mart S. Robson Walton and Bain Capital Co-Managing Partner , Jonathan Lavine . CEO 's of top Fortune 500 companies include James P. Gorman of Morgan Stanley , Robert J. Stevens of Lockheed Martin , Philippe Dauman of Viacom , Ursula Burns of Xerox , and Vikram Pandit of Citigroup . Notable labor organizer and women 's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia . In science and technology , Columbia alumni include : founder of IBM Herman Hollerith ; inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong ; Francis Mechner ; integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover ; founder of Google China Kai - Fu Lee ; scientists Stephen Jay Gould , Robert Millikan , Helium -- neon laser inventor Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin ; chief - engineer of the New York City Subway , William Barclay Parsons ; philosophers Irwin Edman and Robert Nozick ; economist Milton Friedman ; and psychologist Harriet Babcock . Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts , including composers Richard Rodgers , Oscar Hammerstein II , Lorenz Hart , and Art Garfunkel . Four United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia . Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature , with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg , pioneers of the Beat Generation , and Langston Hughes , a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance , all having attended the university . Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov , J.D. Salinger , Upton Sinclair , Danielle Valore Evans , and Hunter S. Thompson . University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry , with 28 alumni and former students winning a combined 39 Academy Awards ( as of 2011 ) , second in the world only to New York University ( NYU ) . Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet ( 12 Angry Men ) and Kathryn Bigelow ( The Hurt Locker ) , screenwriters Howard Koch ( Casablanca ) and Joseph L. Mankiewicz ( All About Eve ) , and actors James Cagney and Ed Harris . Notable Columbia University alumni include : Alexander Hamilton , Founding Father of the United States , the first United States Secretary of the Treasury , King 's College John Jay , Founding Father of the United States , the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , King 's College Gouverneur Morris , Founding Father of the United States , author of the United States Constitution and Senator from New York , King 's College Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States and Nobel laureate , Columbia College Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , Columbia College Theodore Roosevelt , President of the United States and Nobel laureate , Columbia Law School Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States , Columbia Law School Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , Columbia Law School Herman Hollerith , co-founder of IBM , Columbia University School of Mines Robert Kraft , billionaire , owner of the New England Patriots , Chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group , Columbia College Georgia O'Keeffe , American artist , recognized as the `` Mother of American modernism '' , Teachers College S. Robson Walton , one of the world 's wealthiest people , Chairman of Walmart , Columbia Law School Warren Buffett , CEO of Berkshire Hathaway and one of the world 's wealthiest people , Columbia Business School Milton Friedman , Nobel laureate , Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Madeleine Albright , first female Secretary of State , Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Lou Gehrig , 2 - time AL MVP , 6 - time World Series Champion , and member of Baseball Hall of Fame , Columbia College Shirley Chisholm , first black woman elected to the United States Congress , Teachers College Sid Luckman , NFL MVP , 4 - time NFL Champion , member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , and member of the College Football Hall of Fame , Columbia College Richard Rodgers , legendary Emmy ; Grammy ; Oscar ; and Tony award - winning composer , Pulitzer Prize winner , Columbia College Oscar Hammerstein II , 8 - time Tony Award winner , 2 - time Academy Award winner , Columbia College Allen Ginsberg , founder of Beat Generation , Columbia College B.R. Ambedkar , jurist , economist , politician and social reformer ; led committee that drafted Constitution of India and served as first Minister of Law and Justice , Graduate School of Arts and Sciences See also ( edit ) New York City portal University portal The Bancroft Prize Barnard Center for Research on Women Columbia / Barnard Hillel , a Jewish student organization at Columbia University Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning Columbia - Chicago School of Economics Columbia Glacier , a glacier in Alaska , U.S. , named for Columbia University Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School , New York City Columbia Business Law Review , a monthly journal published by students at Columbia Law School Columbia Human Rights Law Review , a law review published by students at Columbia Law School Columbia Law Review , a monthly law review published by students at Columbia Law School Columbia MM , a text - based mail client developed at Columbia University Columbia Non-neutral Torus , a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory Columbia - Princeton Electronic Music Center ( album ) , an album of electronic music released in 1961 Columbia Revolt , a black - and - white 1968 documentary film Columbia Scholastic Press Association Columbia Secondary School , a secondary school formed with partnership with Columbia University Columbia Soccer Stadium at Columbia University Columbia Spelling Board a historic etymological organization Columbia University in Films and Television Columbia University Partnership for International Development The Strawberry Statement Columbia Encyclopedia Ditson Conductor 's Award Department of Epidemiology , Columbia University The Earth Institute Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize Mount Columbia ( Colorado ) The School at Columbia University , New York City Columbia University in popular culture Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Founding Fathers include : Alexander Hamilton , John Jay , Robert R. Livingston , Egbert Benson , and Gouverneur Morris . Jump up ^ Foreign heads of state include : Muhammad Fadhel al - Jamali , Giuliano Amato , Hafizullah Amin , Nahas Angula , Marek Belka , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , Gaston Eyskens , Mark Eyskens , Jose Ramos Horta , Lee Huan , Toomas Hendrik Ilves , Wellington Koo , Benjamin Mkapa , Mikhail Saakashvili , Mohammad Musa Shafiq , Salim Ahmed Salim , Ernesto Samper , Tang Shaoyi , Abdul Zahir , Zhou Ziqi , Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz , Sun Fo , Chen Gongbo , Nwafor Orizu Juan Bautista Sacasa , and T.V. Soong . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Universitas Columbiae Neo Eboracensis image miami.edu ^ Jump up to : Moore , Nathanal Fischer ( 1846 ) . A Historical Sketch of Columbia . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 53 -- 60 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Columbia University ( 2012 ) . `` Columbia University at a Glance '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ As of June 30 , 2017 . `` Columbia University Posts 13.7 % Annual Return '' . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time faculty distribution by school / division , Fall 2004 - Fall 2014 '' . Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research . March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full - time , part - time headcount and full - time equivalent enrollment by degree status , Fall 2014 '' . Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research . September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Logo -- Columbia University in the City of New York '' . www.columbia.edu . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Visual Identity Color Guide '' . ccit.college.columbia.edu . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Course of History '' . Columbia University . 2004 . Retrieved November 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` CC and SEAS admit 5.8 percent of applicants - Columbia Daily Spectator '' . columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/most-selective-ivy-league-schools-2017-3 ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of Columbia '' . Columbia University . 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Residential Life '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Member Institutions '' . Association of American Universities . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seymour Topping . `` Pulitzer Administration '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Global Centers '' . Columbia University . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Joint LLB / Juris Doctor ( JD ) with Columbia University , New York '' . University College London . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dual BA Program Between Columbia University and Sciences Po '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Bachelor 's Degree Program between City University of Hong Kong and Columbia University '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dual BA Program Trinity College Dublin '' . gs.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia - Juilliard Exchange '' . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf . `` Two Centuries of `` Columbian '' Constitutionalism `` . Columbia University : Living Legacies . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marie Thibault . `` In Pictures : Billionaire University '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbia Arts Alumni '' . Columbia University . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents of the United States -- Biographical Sketches '' . US National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members By Parent Institution '' . National Academy of Engineering . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : McCaughey , Robert ( 2003 ) . Stand , Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13008 - 2 . Jump up ^ Keppel , Fredrick Paul ( 1914 ) . Columbia . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 26 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews , Brander ; John Pine ; Harry Peck ; Munroe Smith ( 1904 ) . A History of Columbia University : 1754 -- 1904 . London , England : Macmillan Company . pp. 8 -- 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Butler , Nicholas Murray ( 1912 ) . An Official Guide to Columbia University . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . p. 3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Butler 1912 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . Walker & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 . Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( 2005 ) . 1776 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` No. 12910 '' . The London Gazette . August 7 , 1787 . p. 373 . Jump up ^ Matthews 1904 , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : A History of Columbia University , 1754 -- 1904 . New York : Macmillan . 1904 . ISBN 1 - 4021 - 3737 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moore 1846 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Groce , C.G. ( 1937 ) . William Samuel Johnson : A Maker of the Constitution . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews 1904 , p. 74 Jump up ^ McCaughey , Robert ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Leading American University Producers of PhDs , 1861 -- 1900 '' . Stand , Columbia -- A History of Columbia University . Columbia University Press . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Butler 1912 , pp. 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Columbia University 's Lunatic Past . '' Ephemeral New York website . May 5 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : McCaughey , Robert ( 2012 ) . Stand , Columbia : A History of Columbia University . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231503556 . ^ Jump up to : `` History - Columbia University in the City of New York '' . www.columbia.edu . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Why They Called It the Manhattan Project '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stand , Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York ... -- Robert A. McCaughey -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Daily Spectator 3 April 1928 -- Columbia Spectator '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School of General Studies : History '' . Columbia School of General Studies . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What makes GS different from Columbia 's traditional undergraduate colleges ? '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Senate '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Columbia University School of Professional Studies '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Columbia University in the City of New York '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2005 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked The World . New York , New York : Random House . pp. 194 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45582 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Harlem vs. Columbia University : Black Student Power in the Late 1960s . New York , New York : University of Illinois . pp. 5 -- 19 , 164 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03452 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reception honors anniversary of CC coeducation Columbia Daily Spectator . Columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved on September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership with Columbia '' . Jump up ^ `` GSAS at a Glance -- Columbia University -- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History -- Faculty of Arts and Sciences '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soler , Alina . `` Columbia University '' . New York . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Steve ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Finding History In Radioactive Storage Rooms '' . Undercity.org . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Steve ( July 20 , 2005 ) . `` Old Coal Hoppers , Columbia University '' . Undercity.org . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Butler Library : Self - Guided Tour '' ( PDF ) . Columbia University . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libraries and Collections : Fast Facts '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Largest Libraries : A Listing By Volumes Held '' . American Library Association . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wienerbronner , Danielle ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Most Beautiful College Libraries '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Pitts ( 1987 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Low Memorial Library , Columbia '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Pupin Physics Laboratories , Columbia University -- Accompanying photos '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1983 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Colburn ( July 2002 ) National Historic Landmark Nomination : Philosophy Hall , National Park Service and Accompanying 13 photos , exterior and interior , from c. 1922 - 2001 Jump up ^ Smithsonian American Art Museum 's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture . `` Alma Mater ( sculpture ) '' . The Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meredith Foster ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Myth of the College Sweetheart '' . The Eye . Columbia Spectator . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Mace ? A Guide to Columbia 's Icons '' . Columbia University Record . May 19 , 1999 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard P. Dober . `` The Steps at Low Library '' ( PDF ) . Dober , Lidsky , Craig and Associates , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Steps '' . Project for Public Spaces . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattanville in West Harlem '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Timothy ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` In West Harlem Land Dispute , It 's Columbia vs. Residents '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Williams , Timothy ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` 2 Gas Stations , and a Family 's Resolve , Confront Columbia Expansion Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Astor , Maggie ; Kim Kirschenbaum ( December 18 , 2008 ) . `` M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle , State Approves Eminent Domain '' . Columbia Spectator . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Manhattanville Project '' . Press Release . May 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NYP : Weschster '' . New York - Presbyterian Hospital . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattanville in West Harlem '' . Columbia University . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Projects : Green Buildings '' . Columbia Environmental Stewardship . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Greenmarket '' . GrowNYC . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Green Report Card '' . The College Sustainability Report Card . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Green Report Card '' . College Sustainability Report Card . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Abby ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ivy League acceptance rates for the class of 2020 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. News & World Report , Americas Best Rankings 2012 , National University Rankings , Selectivity Ranking ( the former is available only in the print edition and -- for purchase -- in the online premium edition ) Jump up ^ `` Financial Aid Statistics '' . Columbia University . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Tuition And Costs '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sign In '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University to Offer Financial Aid to More Students '' . The New York Times . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jacques ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Columbia , Michigan and Connecticut Among 25 Colleges to Add Common Application '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Named Scholars '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schools of Columbia University '' . Columbia University . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Board of Trustees '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Senate '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://senate.columbia.edu/elections/elections_packet_2017.pdf Jump up ^ http://senate.columbia.edu/topbar_pages/elections.html Jump up ^ `` Office of the President : Lee Bollinger '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Schools of Columbia University '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JTS Joint Program '' . gs.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia - Juilliard Program Columbia Undergraduate Admissions '' . undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Patti , Jill Pasternak , Joe . `` Crossing Boundaries from Past to Future : Pianist Conrad Tao on Crossover '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 : USA '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. College Rankings 2018 '' . Wall Street Journal / Times Higher Education . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2017 : National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World University Rankings 2016 - 17 '' . THE Education Ltd . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities Rankings : 2017 '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University - U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University - U.S. News Best Global University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal / Times Higher Education College Rankings '' . Wall Street Journal / Times Higher Education . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National University Rankings : Columbia University '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DI releases Design School Rankings for 2013 , Archinect News , Reporting rankings from DesignIntelligence for best Architecture and Design Schools . By James P. Cramer of DI . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Education Portalhttp://education-portal.com/top_journalism_colleges.html Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Journalism Schools in the U.S '' . Education-portal.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Faculty Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions '' . Studentaffairs.columbia.edu . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize Winners : Current Faculty '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faculty '' . Columbia University Office of Undergraduate Admissions. 2005 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Membership Directory '' . Institute of Medicine of the National Academies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BRIAN TUMULTY ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Half of N.Y. colleges pay profs less than $100 K '' . Ithaca Journal . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guenther , Katja ( 2015 ) . Localization and Its Discontents : A Genealogy of Psychoanalysis and the Neuro Disciplines . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 28820 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia To Go '' ( PDF ) . Columbia University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Herper , Matthew ( July 26 , 2001 ) . `` Biotech 's Glowing Breakthrough '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Inventions / New Discoveries '' ( PDF ) . Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science and Technology Ventures -- Success Stories '' . Columbia University Science and Technology Ventures . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reedy , Katie ( November 28 , 2006 ) . `` Patents Bring in the Cash to Columbia '' . Columbia Spectator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Headcount enrollment by school , race / ethnicity , and citizenship , Fall 2014 '' . Columbia University Office of Planning and Institutional Research . September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Demographics of the United States for references . Jump up ^ `` Housing and Dining '' . Columbia University Office of Student Affairs . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Office of Undergraduate Admissions site about Campus Life . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Alpha Delta Phi Society : About Us '' . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fraternity and Sorority Life at Columbia '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Daily Spectator '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Blue & White '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbia Current '' . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Political Review '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AdHoc '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbia Review '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Mobius Strip '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Inside New York '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Journal of Politics & Society '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Publius : About '' . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` East Asia Review : About Us '' . East Asia Review . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Birch '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History and Vision '' . Columbia Science Review . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fed '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Jester of Columbia '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Gadfly : About '' . The Gadlfy . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Rhapsody '' . Columbia University . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Musicology '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal of Philosophy '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michael Rennick ( January 14 , 2008 ) . `` About the Journal '' . TCRecord . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Mission Statement '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Original FM `` : The Columbia University Radio Club '' . Columbia University . 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CTV News '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CTV '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Philolexian Society . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jaynes , Gregory ( December 5 , 1987 ) . `` No , Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CIRCA -- About '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CIRCA -- Traveling team awards '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jon Swartz , USA TODAY ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Square 's Jack Dorsey goes recruiting in NYC '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cormier , Amanda ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Columbia 's Web 3.0 '' . The Eye . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Engaged Entrepreneurship '' . Columbia University . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kathleen , Mary ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` Mecca on the Hudson ? '' . The Deal . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wortham , Jenna ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` New York Is n't Silicon Valley , and That 's Why They Like It '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor Bloomberg launches NYC Media Lab '' ( Press release ) . The City of New York . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Athletics Highlight '' . Columbia University . 2004 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Losing streak -- WikiCU , the Columbia University wiki encyclopedia . Wikicu.com . Retrieved on September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carft , Julie ( July 29 , 1989 ) . `` Image is Heavy Burden -- Weightlifter Karyn Marshall Feels Pressure to Project ' Femininity , Intelligence ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lidz , Franz ( March 21 , 1988 ) . `` A Lift For Wall Street '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker Field : Birthplace of Sports Television Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Columbia University . Jump up ^ `` 20th - Century Greats '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the World Leaders Forum '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Leaders Forum : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Worldleaders.columbia.edu . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Participants Columbia University World Leaders Forum '' . Worldleaders.columbia.edu . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Orchestra '' . Columbia University Orchestra . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CUPAL : Member Organizations '' . Columbia University of Performing Arts . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Orgo Night ! A Columbia University Marching Band Tradition '' . Columbia University Marching Band . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Columbia Queer Alliance . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Queer Man on Campus : A History of Non-heterosexual College Men , 1945 -- 2000 . Psychology Press . 2002 . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93336 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Hamilton Society : About '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Community Impact '' . Columbia University . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia 's Radicals of 1968 Hold a Bittersweet Reunion '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University -- 1968 '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis . `` Gym Groundbreaking Will Be Held Next Month '' , Columbia Spectator , September 29 , 1966 . Jump up ^ George Keller . Columbia College Today ( PDF ) . Columbia University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Harlem vs. Columbia University : Black Student Power in the Late 1960s . New York , New York : University of Illinois . pp. 5 -- 19 , 164 -- 191 , 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03452 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Disinvestment from South Africa # University campuses '' Jump up ^ `` Columbia Senate Supports Selling South African Stocks Selectively '' . The New York Times . May 7 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Trustees vote for divestiture from backers of S. African government '' . Columbia Spectator . June 8 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` 400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post '' . Columbia Spectator . March 3 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Demonstration at Columbia '' . New York Daily News . May 2 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Student Sit - in at Columbia '' . New York Post . May 2 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` President Bollinger 's Statement About President Ahmadinejad 's Scheduled Appearance '' . Columbia News . September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidates Speak Out On Ahmadinejad Visit '' . CBS News . September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Iran president in NY campus row '' . BBC News Online . September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Isabel ( November 22 , 2009 ) . `` Schools ' Iran $ pipeline '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feith , David J. , `` Duty , Honor , Country ... and Columbia '' , National Review , September 15 , 2008 . Archived September 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Army ROTC at Fordham University Archived November 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed September 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Air Force ROTC -- College Life -- College '' . Afrotc.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFROTC Detachment 560 , `` The Bronx Bombers '' , CROSS-TOWN SCHOOLS `` . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NAVY ROTC IN NEW YORK CITY Archived June 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGurn , William , `` A Columbia Marine To Obama : Help ! '' , Wall Street Journal , September 30 , 2008 , Page 17 . Jump up ^ Colleges and Universities with NROTC Units Archived August 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Karni , Annie , `` ( 1 ) '' , New York Post , February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , `` Huff Post College '' , April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . `` Navy and Columbia Sign NROTC Agreement , '' May 26 , 2011 Jump up ^ Sestanovich , Clare ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Columbia Students to Lee Bollinger : Divest From Prisons Now ! '' . The Nation . ISSN 0027 - 8378 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Divestment Movement '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Wilfred Chan . `` Columbia is first U.S. university to divest from prisons - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Wilfred Chan . `` Columbia is first U.S. university to divest from prisons - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orgo Night ! A Columbia University Marching Band Tradition '' . Columbia University Marching Band Legacy . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 2015 - 05 - 09 ) . `` This Year , Columbia Event Finds Joke Fodder in Sexual Assault Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` University denies marching band access to Butler Library for Orgo Night -- Columbia Daily Spectator '' . columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bollinger defends University 's decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler -- Columbia Daily Spectator '' . columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Defense of Orgo Night '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` University stands by decision to ban Orgo Night from Butler as alumni pressure mounts - Columbia Daily Spectator '' . columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call Out : Columbia 's Fake Love For CUMB '' . Bwog. 2017 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Piper , Greg ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) . `` How Columbia 's politically incorrect marching band outwitted the administration 's censorship attempt '' . The College Fix . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jason Hollander . `` Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree - Lighting Ceremony '' . Columbia University News . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hollander , Jason ( December 3 , 1999 ) . `` Holiday Season Ushered In With Tree - Lighting Ceremony '' . Columbia News . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Varsity Show , April 15 -- 18 '' . Columbia University . January 10 , 2005 . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia 250 -- Columbia Nobel Laureates '' . C250.columbia.edu . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University : About Columbia : Columbia 's Nobel Laureates '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbia University '' . The Best Colleges. 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 400 Richest Americans -- Forbes.com '' . Forbes . September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Universities Churning Out The Most Billionaires '' . Forbes . November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 009 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Biography of John Jay '' . The Papers of John Jay . Columbia University . 2002 . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , George ( 1960 ) . Chancellor Robert R. Livingston of New York , 1746 -- 1813 . New York , New York : Harcourt , Brace and Co . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Egbert Benson '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright Jr. , Robert K ( 1987 ) . `` Gouverneur Morris '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia News Announcement '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute : The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff '' . American Civil Liberties Union . March 7 , 2006 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Albright , Madeleine ( 2003 ) . Madam Secretary : A Memoir . Miramax . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6843 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin , Justin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . Greenspan : The Man behind Money . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Basic Books . pp. 27 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0275 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tucker - Hamilton , Racine ; Hickey , Matthew ( December 17 , 2004 ) . `` Interview with Eric H. Holder , Jr '' ( Interview ) . Oral history project . The History Makers . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia 250 : Dwight Eisenhower '' . Columbia University . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Fadhel al - Jamali . `` Experiences In Arab Affairs '' . Harvard University . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Peterson ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` An Interview with Giuliano Amato '' . The Florentine . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amstutz , Bruce ( 1994 ) . Afghanistan : The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation . DIANE Publishing . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 1111 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Namibia PM is Nahas Angula ... Educated in the US '' . Newsday . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Biography of Marek Belka '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Henrique Cardoso '' . Fulbright Association . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degree Recipients '' ( PDF ) . Columbia University . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Smith ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` State Building Challenges in Timor Leste '' . Columbia Communique . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kerry Brown ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Lee Huan obituary '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herb Jackson . `` From Estonia to Leonia '' . Estonian Office of the President . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia 250 : Wellington Koo '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Mkapa '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Mikhail Saakashvili '' . BBC News Online . January 25 , 2004 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Note on Afghanistan '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Salim Ahmed Salim '' . United Nations . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Students yesterday , world leaders tomorrow '' . U.S. Department of Education . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Taylor ( 1997 ) . Science and Football III . Taylor and Francis . p. 348 . ISBN 0 - 419 - 22160 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gerth , Karl ( 2004 ) . China made : Consumer Culture and the creation of the nation . Harvard University . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01654 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Charlemagne : Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz '' . The Economist . November 1 , 2001 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boorman , Howard ( 1970 ) . Biographical dictionary of Republican China . Columbia University Press . pp. 163 -- 165 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reilly , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Science and Football III . Taylor & Francis . pp. 46 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 419 - 22160 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Education : Prince with a Purpose '' . Time Magazine . January 1 , 1945 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Bautista Sacasa '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` T.V. Soong ( Song Ziwen ) -- A Prominent Businessman and Politician in Republic of China '' . Cultural China . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus , Author of Indian Constitution Honored '' . Jump up ^ `` Letters To The Editor ; The Interesting Career Of John Jacob Astor Ii . A Man Of Broad And Generous Sympathies Who Appreciated The Responsibilities Of Wealth '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 1890 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Cuyler ( 1914 ) . Genealogical and family history of southern New York and the Hudson River Valley . Lewis Historical Pub. Co. p. 1263 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Billionaires : Warren Buffett '' . Forbes Magazine . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Television News . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 108 - 8 . Jump up ^ Serwer , Andy ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` The Waltons : Inside America 's Richest Family '' . Fortune . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bain to Manage Harvard Endowment 's $3.4 Billion of Real Estate '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia College awards highest honor to Jonathan S. Lavine , CC ' 88 - Columbia Daily Spectator '' . www.columbiaspectator.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Age ( 2009 ) . Melbourne - raised Gorman new chief of Morgan Stanley . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robert J. Stevens '' . Lockheed Martin . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Business Profile : Philippe P. Dauman '' . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Xerox 's next CEO : Ursula Burns '' . Fortune Magazine . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Secretary of The University '' . Columbia University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sicherman , Barbara ; Green , Carol Hurd ( 1993 ) . Notable American women : the modern period ; a biographical dictionary ( 6th pring . ed . ) . Cambridge , Mass ( u.a. ) : Belknap Press of Harvard Univ . Press . p. 453 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 62733 - 8 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Herman Hollerith '' . IBM . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tsividis , Yannis ( Spring 2002 ) . `` Edwin Armstrong : Pioneer of the Airwaves '' . Columbia Alumni Magazine . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Thomas ( 2007 ) . Rickover : Father of the Nuclear Navy . Brassey 's . p. 12 . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 704 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richmond Ezer Escolar ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Google Conquers China : An Interview with Kai - Fu Lee '' . Columbia Business School Chazen Web Journal . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Green , Michelle ( 1986 ) . `` Stephen Jay Gould : driven by a hunger to learn and to write '' . People 25 ( June 2 ) : 109 - 114 . Jump up ^ David Goodstein . `` In the Case of Robert Andrews Millikan '' ( PDF ) . American Scientist : 54 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Pupin '' . Columbia University : Department of Physics . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` William Barclay Parsons '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Edman '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Alan ( January 30 , 2001 ) . `` Obituary : Professor Robert Nozick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University 250 : Milton Friedman '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ogilvie , Marilyn ; Harvey , Joy , eds. ( 2000 ) . The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century . New York , NY ( u.a. ) : Routledge . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92039 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Richard . Musical Stages : An Autobiography ( 2002 Reissue ) , pp. 12 , 20 -- 21 , 44 . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81134 - 0 Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hughson Mooney , `` Lorenz Hart '' Archived September 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS , Excerpted from the DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY , SUPPLEMENT 3 : 1941 -- 1945 . American Council of Learned Societies , 1973 . Reprinted by permission of the American Council of Learned Societies , retrieved April 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Herman , Jan ( February 6 , 1977 ) . `` TV Makes You Famous ; Rock ' n Roll Makes You Rich '' . Gannett News Service . Jump up ^ Literature Resource Center : `` The Beat Generation '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University 250 : Langston Hughes '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University 250 : Isaac Asimov '' . Columbia University . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Paul ( 1999 ) . Salinger : A Biography . Los Angeles : Renaissance . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : `` Upton Sinclair '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Award winning writer Danielle Evans featured in Southeastern 's ' Common Read ' program '' . Southeastern Louisiana University . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Hunter ( 1998 ) . Douglas Brinkley , ed . The Proud Highway : Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman ( 1st ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 37796 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Film Obituaries ; Sidney Lumet '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` School of the Arts Alumna Kathryn Bigelow Wins Major British Film Award '' . Columbia University . February 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel ( August 18 , 1995 ) . `` Howard Koch , a Screenwriter For ' Casablanca , ' Dies at 93 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flint , Peter ( February 6 , 1993 ) . `` Joseph L. Mankiewicz , Literate Skeptic of the Cinema , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flint , Peter ( March 31 , 1986 ) . `` James Cagney Is Dead at 86 ; Master of Pugnacious Grace '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Harris : Full Biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Robert A. McCaughey : Stand , Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York , 1754 -- 2004 , Columbia University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0231130082 Living Legacies at Columbia , ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary , Columbia University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0231138849 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbia University . Official website Columbia Athletics website `` Columbia University '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Columbia University '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Columbia University Academics College Engineering General Studies Architecture Arts Arts and Sciences Business Professional Studies Dental Journalism Law Medicine Nursing International Affairs Public Health Social Work Barnard ( affiliate ) List College ( affiliate ) Teachers College UTS The School ( K -- 8 affiliate ) Science Honors Program Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School ( former ) Institutes Barnard Center for Research on Women Columbia Institute for Tele - Information Columbia University Medical Center The Earth Institute Goddard Institute Lamont -- Doherty Earth Observatory Nevis Laboratories New York State Psychiatric Institute Institute for the Study of Human Rights Athletics Columbia Lions Football Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Fencing Deans ' Cup Ivy League Marching Band Campus Medical Center Manhattanville Morningside Heights Tunnel system Lamont Student life Daily Spectator Bwog WKCR WBAR Varsity Show Columbia magazine People Notable alumni and faculty Presidents Related In popular culture Links to related articles Presidents of Columbia University S. Johnson Cooper B. Moore # Clinton # W. Johnson Wharton B. Moore Harris Duer N. Moore King Barnard Low Butler Fackenthal # Eisenhower Kirk Cordier McGill Sovern Rupp Bollinger Pound sign ( # ) denotes interim president or chancellor Ivy League Brown Bears Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Dartmouth Big Green Harvard Crimson Princeton Tigers Penn Quakers Yale Bulldogs Colleges and universities in New York City Comprehensive Columbia CUNY Fordham LIU The New School NYU Pace St. John 's Touro Yeshiva Liberal arts colleges Barnard Boricua SUNY Empire State King 's Manhattan College Marymount Manhattan Mercy Mount Saint Vincent Nyack St. Francis St. Joseph 's Wagner Arts and engineering AADA AMDA Bard Christie 's Cooper Union Cornell Tech FIT Juilliard LIM Manhattan School of Music NYAA NYFA NYIT NYSS Pratt SUNY Maritime SVA Vaughn Health and law Brooklyn Law Einstein Mount Sinai NYLS NYMC Pacific Phillips Beth Israel Podiatric Rockefeller SUNY Downstate SUNY Optometry Weill Cornell Cornell Grad School of Medicine Theological ATS GTS Hebrew Union JTS NYTS UTS Vocational Bramson ORT Briarcliffe DeVry Metropolitan Monroe Other Bank Street Berkeley NYIF Teachers Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges BU Terriers Brown Bears Columbia Lions Cornell Big Red Dartmouth Big Green Georgetown Hoyas Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders MIT Engineers Navy Midshipmen Northeastern Huskies Penn Quakers Princeton Tigers Rutgers Scarlet Knights Syracuse Orange Wisconsin Badgers Yale Bulldogs Association of American Universities Public Arizona California Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles San Diego Santa Barbara Colorado Florida Georgia Tech Illinois Indiana Iowa Iowa State Kansas Maryland Michigan Michigan State Minnesota Missouri SUNY Buffalo Stony Brook North Carolina Ohio State Oregon Penn State Pittsburgh Purdue Rutgers Texas Texas A&M Virginia Washington Wisconsin Private Boston U Brandeis Brown Caltech Carnegie Mellon Case Western Reserve Chicago Columbia Cornell Duke Emory Harvard Johns Hopkins MIT Northwestern NYU UPenn Princeton Rice Rochester USC Stanford Tulane Vanderbilt Wash U Yale Canadian ( public ) McGill Toronto Universities Research Association Public Alabama Arizona Arizona State California Berkeley Davis Irvine Los Angeles Riverside San Diego Santa Barbara Colorado Colorado State Florida Florida State Houston Illinois Chicago Urbana -- Champaign Indiana Iowa Iowa State LSU Maryland Michigan Michigan State Minnesota Mississippi Nebraska New Mexico New Mexico State North Carolina North Texas Northern Illinois Ohio State Oklahoma Oregon Penn State Pittsburgh Purdue Rutgers South Carolina SUNY Buffalo Stony Brook Tennessee Texas Arlington Austin Dallas Texas A&M Texas Tech Virginia Virginia Tech Washington Wayne State William & Mary Wisconsin Private Boston U Brown Caltech Carnegie Mellon Case Western Reserve Chicago Columbia Cornell Duke Harvard Illinois Tech Johns Hopkins MIT Northeastern Northwestern Notre Dame UPenn Princeton Rice Rochester Rockefeller SMU Stanford Syracuse Tufts Tulane Vanderbilt WUSTL Yale International McGill Toronto Pisa Waseda Manchester Liverpool UCL 568 Group Amherst College Boston College Claremont McKenna College College of the Holy Cross Columbia University Cornell University Dartmouth College Davidson College Duke University Emory University Georgetown University Grinnell College Haverford College Massachusetts Institute of Technology Middlebury College Northwestern University Pomona College St. John 's College Swarthmore College University of Notre Dame University of Pennsylvania Vanderbilt University Wellesley College Williams College Colonial colleges Brown Columbia Dartmouth Harvard UPenn Princeton Rutgers William & Mary Yale New York City The Five Boroughs The Bronx ( Bronx County ) Brooklyn ( Kings County ) : Manhattan ( New York County ) Queens ( Queens County ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) General topics History timeline Neighborhoods ethnic enclaves Architecture monuments skyscrapers People Media Economy companies Geography Flags Environment food and water Demographics history Culture Arts Books Cuisine Dialect Museums Music Nicknames `` Sixth borough '' Sports Tourism gardens landmarks parks Government Mayor Elections Council Borough presidents Politics Emergency services Hospitals Fire Police crime law enforcement Education Dept. of Education Elementary schools High schools Colleges Transportation History Entities DOT former BOT Vision Zero Initiative Metropolitan Transportation Authority Subway Bus Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad PATH Bridges and tunnels Streets Topical Other lists Images Portal New York metropolitan area State of New York United States Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Service ) William Allen White ( 1944 award to his widow ) Columbia University and the Graduate School of Journalism ( 1947 ) Frank D. Fackenthal ( 1948 ) John Hohenberg ( 1976 ) Joseph Pulitzer , Jr. ( 1985 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) VIAF : 156836332 LCCN : n81024714 ISNI : 0000 0004 1936 8729 GND : 8599 - 6 SUDOC : 026479532 BNF : cb118720478 ( data ) NKC : kn20050121001 SNAC : w61v93xh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&oldid=825426461 '' Categories : Columbia University 1754 establishments in New York Colonial colleges Educational institutions established in the 1750s McKim , Mead , and White buildings New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Organizations established in 1754 Rockefeller Center Private universities and colleges in New York ( state ) Universities and colleges in Manhattan V - 12 Navy College Training Program Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Instances of Infobox university using image size All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Pages using New York City Subway service templates Vague or ambiguous time from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 09 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the biggest college in new york	[ "According to New York, Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church.[59]" ]	[ "Columbia University" ]
-5985558910019821744	Professional bodybuilding	Professional bodybuilding - wikipedia Professional bodybuilding This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Professional bodybuilding or pro bodybuilding can refer to bodybuilding for an income and / or possessing qualifications such as an IFBB Pro Card . A professional bodybuilder may be one who earns his or her primary income from bodybuilding . It is possible , though difficult except at the highest level , to earn a reasonable income purely from competition winnings . It is much more likely that a particular athlete will be sponsored by local companies and supplement manufacturers . Many bodybuilders use their newfound fame and knowledge to pursue business ventures such as higher - level personal training or opening their own gyms . Guest posing and public appearances also support income . In 1946 , Canadian brothers Joe and Ben Weider created the International Federation of BodyBuilders ( IFBB ) . In 1965 , Joe went on to start the Mr. Olympia -- the first IFBB professional competition . Originally , Mr. Universe was known as the most prestigious and elite of competitions ; however , an individual could only win this contest twice , whereas the Olympia was created to be won as many times as possible . The IFBB and the Olympia were created as a way for elite amateur athletes to further their competitive career and earn money . In 1966 , Larry Scott received $ 1,000 for his Mr. Olympia win . In 2006 , there were over 40 IFBB professional competitions and the total prize money topped $1.6 million . In order to become an IFBB Pro , a bodybuilder must first earn their IFBB Pro Card . A bodybuilder looking to do this must first win a regional contest weight class . When a bodybuilder wins or places highly , they earn an invite to compete at their country 's National Championships contest for that year . The winners of each weight class at the National Championships will then go head - to - head in a separate contest to see who is the overall champion for the year . Depending on the federation , the overall champion will be offered a Pro Card . Some federations offer Pro Cards to winners of individual weight class champions . This can mean that more than one bodybuilder earns a Pro Card each year . A bodybuilder can also earn a Pro Card at the IFBB World Bodybuilding Championships . In the United States , the National Physique Committee ( NPC ) is affiliated with the IFBB and awards IFBB Pro Cards to the winners of its Heavyweight and Super Heavyweight categories . There are three events held by the NPC where a bodybuilder can earn a pro card : The Nationals , The North American Championships , and The USA Championships . See also ( edit ) List of female professional bodybuilders List of male professional bodybuilders List of professional bodybuilding competitions Joe Weider National Physique Committee International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness Bodybuilding Natural bodybuilding References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kovacs , Greg . `` The Kovacian Talks About `` Gay - for - Pay '' Offers ! `` . RX Muscle . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) http://www.ifbbpro.com/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professional_bodybuilding&oldid=832380264 '' Categories : Professional bodybuilding Bodybuilding Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 17 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does it mean to get your ifbb pro card	[]	[]
-4541669865798612788	Christopher Knights	Christopher Knights - wikipedia Christopher Knights Not to be confused with Christopher Knight ( disambiguation ) . Christopher Knights Knights in 2014 England Other names Chris Knights Occupation Voice actor , film editor , camera operator Employer DreamWorks Animation Christopher Knights is an English voice actor , film editor and camera operator best known for providing the voice of Private the Penguin in Madagascar . He worked on several DreamWorks films Shrek , Shrek 2 , Shrek the Third and Shrek 4 - D. He started his filming career at Amblimation studios and worked on We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story and Balto . When he joined DreamWorks he not only started his editing career but also his acting career . He worked on the Shrek series as an associate editor and voice of the Three Blind Mice and Thelonious , Lord Farquad 's Henchman . He worked many times with another English cameraman and voice actor , Simon J. Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Actor 1.2 Editorial department 1.3 Camera and electrical department 1.4 Animation department 2 External links Filmography ( edit ) Actor ( edit ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) ( voice ) ... Three Blind Mice Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin ( credited as `` Chris Knights '' ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) ( voice ) ... Blind Mice / Heckler / Evil Tree # 2 / Guard # 2 Flushed Away ( 2006 ) ( voice ) ... Fat Barry the Rat / Market Trader The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin ( credited as `` Chris Knights '' ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) ( VG ) ( voice ) ... Private the Penguin / Pedistain ( credited as `` Chris Knights '' ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) ( VG ) ( voice ) ... Three Blind Mice ( With Simon J Smith ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) ( voice ) ... Three Blind Mice ( with Simon J Smith ) Shrek 3 - D ( 2003 ) ( voice ) ... Thelonious / Blind Mouse ( with Simon J Smith ) Shrek ( 2001 ) ( voice ) ... Blind Mouse / Thelonious ( with Simon J Smith ) Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party ( 2001 ) ( V ) ( singing voice ) ... Thelonius / Blind Mouse ( With Simon J Smith ) Editorial department ( edit ) Megamind ( 2010 ) ( associate editor ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) ( associate editor ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) ( associate editor ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) ( first assistant editor ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) ( assistant editor ) ( With Simon J Smith ) Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) ( additional editor ) ( With Simon J Smith ) Shrek ( 2001 ) ( first assistant film editor ) ( With Simon J Smith ) Camera and electrical department ( edit ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) ( camera operator ) Balto ( 1995 ) ( camera operator : rostrum camera ) We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story ( 1993 ) ( camera operator : rostrum camera ) Animation department ( edit ) We 're Back ! A Dinosaur 's Story ( 1993 ) ( line tester as Chris Knights ) External links ( edit ) Christopher Knights on IMDb LCCN : n2006078211 VIAF : 19114731 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Knights&oldid=843590437 '' Categories : English male voice actors English film editors English cinematographers Living people Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Føroyskt Français Galego Nederlands Occitan Português Suomi Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the three blind mice in shrek	[ "Christopher Knights is an English voice actor, film editor and camera operator best known for providing the voice of Private the Penguin in Madagascar. He worked on several DreamWorks films Shrek, Shrek 2, Shrek the Third and Shrek 4-D. He started his filming career at Amblimation studios and worked on We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story and Balto. When he joined DreamWorks he not only started his editing career but also his acting career. He worked on the Shrek series as an associate editor and voice of the Three Blind Mice and Thelonious, Lord Farquad's Henchman. He worked many times with another English cameraman and voice actor, Simon J. Smith." ]	[ "Christopher Knights" ]
8038775228080477222	Game of Thrones: Season 6 (soundtrack)	Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( Soundtrack ) Game of Thrones : Season 6 Soundtrack album by Ramin Djawadi Released June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 90 : 25 Label WaterTower Music Producer Ramin Djawadi Game of Thrones music chronology Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones : Season 5 2015 Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( 2017 ) Game of Thrones : Season 7 2017 Ramin Djawadi soundtrack chronology Warcraft ( 2016 ) Warcraft 2016 Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones : Season 62016 Westworld : Season 1 ( 2016 ) Westworld : Season 1 2016 Singles from Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) `` Light of the Seven '' Released : June 24 , 2016 The soundtrack album of the sixth season of HBO series Game of Thrones , titled Game of Thrones : Season 6 , was released digitally on June 24 , 2016 , and later released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 's Soundtracks chart , and the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reached No. 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . The `` Light of the Seven '' is the first time piano is used in the music for Game of Thrones . The album was composed by Ramin Djawadi . The soundtrack has received favorable reviews and peaked at # 1 on the U.S. Soundtrack Albums chart and # 27 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . It won an International Film Music Critics Association for `` Best Original Score for a Television Series '' . Contents 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Credits and personnel 4 Charts 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Reception ( edit ) The soundtrack received positive reviews from critics . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Key scenes / Notes Length 1 . `` Main Title '' Used in the opening sequence . 1 : 51 2 . `` Blood of My Blood '' `` Blood of My Blood '' : Daenerys flies over her Dothraki khalasar on Drogon before rallying them , telling them she chooses them all to be her bloodriders , rather than choosing a traditional three . Contains the melody of the Daenerys Targaryen theme ( Love in the Eyes ) and the Main Theme . 3 : 35 3 . `` Light of the Seven '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Everyone at King 's Landing , from the High Sparrow to King Tommen , prepares for the trials of Cersei and Loras . While Loras is on trial , Lancel Lannister goes in the crypts and finds a large storage of wildfire . The wildfire goes off , destroying the sept and the surrounding areas . Contains hints of the Main Theme . 9 : 49 4 . `` Needle '' Is not used in the series . Contains the melody of Arya Stark 's theme ( Valar Morghulis ) and hints of `` The Pointy End '' and `` House of Black and White '' . 2 : 56 5 . `` Coronation '' Euron Greyjoy 's theme . `` The Door '' : Euron Greyjoy is crowned King of the Iron Islands and seeks to kill Theon and Yara . `` Dragonstone '' : Euron Greyjoy arrives with his new fleet to King 's Landing to meet Cersei . Contains hints of the House Greyjoy theme ( What is Dead May Never Die ) . A shorter version is used on the main menu of Season 6 's DVD / Blu - ray release . 1 : 46 6 . `` Feed the Hounds '' `` The Red Woman '' : Sansa and Theon flee from Winterfell but find themselves cornered by Bolton soldiers and Ramsay 's hounds before Brienne and Pod attack the soldiers and rescue them . Contains a melody associated with Catelyn Stark and later with Brienne of Tarth ( The Old Gods and The New ) . Also contains the melody of Ramsay Bolton 's theme . 3 : 08 7 . `` My Watch Has Ended '' Jon Snow 's theme . `` Oathbreaker '' : After being revived , Jon goes to the courtyard and is greeted by Tormund and Edd . Later , after hanging the mutineers at the Wall , Jon gives Edd his cloak and tells him Castle Black is his , before saying `` My watch is ended . '' Contains small hints of the Main Theme is the opening . 2 : 53 8 . `` The Red Woman '' `` The Red Woman '' : A sullen Melisandre undresses and removes her necklace to reveal her true aged appearance before going to bed . Contains the melody of Stannis ' and Melisandre 's theme ( Warrior of Light ) . 3 : 17 9 . `` Hold the Door '' `` The Door '' : The White Walkers and their army of wights attack the Three - Eyed Raven 's cave . Summer and the Children of the Forest are killed attempting to hold them back . Bran wargs into Hodor while still in a vision to aid Meera escape the cave after being able to hear her cries . The Night King kills the Three - Eyed Raven and he disappears from the vision . Meera repeatedly tells Hodor to `` hold the door '' of the cave shut as she flees with Bran . Still able to hear Meera in the vision , Bran wargs into a young Hodor who begins to have a seizure and hears echoes of Meera 's cries to the adult Hodor . He repeatedly slurs `` hold the door '' until `` Hodor '' is all he can say . Contains the melody of `` He is Lost '' , the House Stark theme ( Goodbye Brother ) , the White Walkers ' theme ( White Walkers ) , and the Main Theme . 7 : 21 10 . `` Khaleesi '' `` Book of the Stranger '' : Daenerys emerges from the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen unburnt after setting it alight with her and the gathered Dothraki khals inside . After witnessing her walk out , the Dothraki , Jorah , and Daario bow down to her . Contains the melody of the Daenerys Targaryen theme ( Love in the Eyes ) and the Main Theme . 3 : 05 11 . `` Maester '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Sam , Gilly and little Sam approach Oldtown , where men become maesters . Contains the melody of the Main Theme . 2 : 52 12 . `` A Painless Death '' `` No One '' : Arya is chased on foot by the Waif . She leads the Waif to a dark room with a trail of blood from the stab wounds she inflicted the day before . As the Waif closes in on her , Arya cuts the only candle lighting the room with Needle , plunging them into complete darkness . Contains a more intense version of the `` House of Black and White '' and the melody of Arya Stark 's theme ( Valar Morhuglis ) . 3 : 22 13 . `` Reign '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' : The Masters tell Daenerys her reign is over but she insists it 's only just beginning as Drogon flies to her . She takes flight and they are joined by Rhaegal and Viserion before they burn one of the ships in the Masters ' fleet together . Contains the melody of `` Dracarys '' and the Daenerys Targaryen theme ( Love in the Eyes ) . 3 : 16 14 . `` Let 's Play a Game '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' : Ramsay tells Rickon to run towards his brother 's army . As he does , Ramsay fires arrows at him and Jon rides out to try and save him . Just as he reaches him , an arrow strikes Rickon through the chest and he dies . An enraged Jon charges towards Ramsay but his horse is taken down by a volley . Davos orders the Stark forces to follow him . As he faces the Bolton cavalry alone on foot , he takes out his sword and accepts his fate but just before they reach him , his own cavalry clashes with them and the battle begins . Contains the melodies of the Jon Snow theme ( My Watch Has Ended ) and the Ramsay Bolton theme . 5 : 51 15 . `` Bastard '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' : The Bolton forces form a phalanx around the Stark forces . Tormund and other wildlings attempt to escape by climbing over the wall of bodies trapping them in at the back only to be met by Smalljon Umber and his men . Jon is almost trampled on during the panicked men rushing to the wall of bodies but eventually manages to get to his feet . Contains the melodies of the Jon Snow theme ( My Watch Has Ended ) and the Ramsay Bolton theme . 5 : 05 16 . `` Trust Each Other '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' : The Knights of the Vale arrive and defeat the Bolton soldiers , rescuing the doomed Stark force , as Littlefinger , Sansa , and Ramsay watch . Ramsay retreats to Winterfell as Jon , Tormund , and Wun Wun run after him . Contains the melodies of the House Stark theme ( Goodbye Brother ) , the Ramsay Bolton theme , and the Main Theme . 3 : 09 17 . `` Winter Has Come '' `` The Winds of Winter '' : Houses Mormont , Manderly , Glover , and Cerwyn , together with Ser Davos Seaworth and the Knights of the Vale swear their loyalty to Jon Snow and House Stark and declare him the King in the North . Contains the melody of the House Stark theme ( Goodbye Brother ) and the Main Theme . 3 : 14 18 . `` Hear Me Roar '' `` The Winds of Winter '' : Jaime Lannister , Bronn , and the Lannister Army arrive in King 's Landing and witnesses Cersei Lannister being crowned by Qyburn as the new Queen of the Seven Kingdoms . Contains the melody of the House Lannister theme ( A Lannister Always Pays His Debts ) and `` Light of the Seven '' . 2 : 16 19 . `` The Winds of Winter '' `` The Winds of Winter '' : Daenerys Targaryen finally sails for Westeros along with her three dragons , her whole army ( the Unsullied and the Dothraki bloodriders ) , her new Hand Tyrion Lannister , Varys , and her new allies Theon and Yara Greyjoy , House Tyrell and House Martell ( with the Sand Snakes ) . Contains the melodies of `` Dracarys '' , the House Greyjoy theme ( What is Dead May Never Die ) , Daenerys Targaryen theme ( Love in the Eyes ) , and Main Theme . 3 : 29 20 . `` Lord of Light '' ( bonus track ) `` Kissed by Fire '' : The Hound fights Beric Dondarrion in a trial by combat . `` Home '' : Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon Snow . She , Davos , Edd , and Tormund leave the room believing she has failed only for Jon to come back to life moments later . Contains the melody of the Melisandre theme ( Warrior of Light ) and small hints of the Night 's Watch theme ( The Wall ) . 4 : 16 21 . `` Service of the Gods '' ( bonus track ) `` Blood of My Blood '' : The High Sparrow announces that Margaery will not have to do a walk of atonement and presents King Tommen who has agreed to unite the Faith and the Crown . Contains the melody of the House Baratheon theme ( The King 's Arrival ) and hints of the High Sparrow 's theme ( High Sparrow ) . 2 : 48 22 . `` I Need You by My Side '' ( bonus track ) `` The Door '' : Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys and admits his love for her . She emotionally orders him to find a cure and return to her , as she needs him by her side when she goes to Westeros . Contains the melody of the Daenerys theme ( Love in the Eyes ) . 2 : 36 23 . `` The Tower '' ( bonus track ) `` The Winds of Winter '' Young Ned Stark finds his dying sister inside the Tower of Joy ( Bran 's vision ) . Contains the melodies of `` Heir to Winterfell '' and House Stark theme ( Goodbye Brother ) . 2 : 33 24 . `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' ( bonus track ) `` The Red Woman '' : As news of Myrcella 's death arrives in Dorne , Tyene Sand kills Areo Hotah and Ellaria Sand murders Doran Martell . Obara Sand takes out Trystane Martell with her spear . Contains the melody of the House Martell theme ( Jaws of the Viper ) . 1 : 44 25 . `` I Choose Violence '' ( bonus track ) `` No One '' : Cersei refuses to go with the Faith Militant to see the High Sparrow . When one of them attacks , he is brutally killed by the Mountain and the others back away in fear . 1 : 48 26 . `` Hodor '' ( bonus track ) Unused in the series . A mournful rendition of `` Three Eyed Raven '' . 2 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Personnel adapted from the album liner notes . David Benioff -- liner notes Ramin Djawadi -- composer , primary artist , producer D.B. Weiss -- liner notes Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 35 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 33 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 59 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 57 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 79 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 92 French Albums ( SNEP ) 121 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 60 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 45 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 44 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 76 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 44 UK Albums ( OCC ) 68 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 27 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) 5 US Top Album Sales ( Billboard ) 12 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Won World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renfro , Kim ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the musical genius behind the ' Game of Thrones ' soundtrack who watches each season before anyone else '' . techinsider . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 by Ramin Djawadi '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ramin Djawadi Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GFK Chart - Track Albums : Week 26 , 2016 '' . Chart - Track . IRMA . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Ramin Djawadi -- Game of Thrones - Music from the HBO Series Season 6 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Album '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album Sales '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 IFMCA : International Film Music Critics Association '' . International Film Music Critics Association . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gent , Film Fest . `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Ramin Djawadi Soundtracks Film Beat the Drum Thunderbirds Blade : Trinity Open Season Mr. Brooks Iron Man The Unborn Clash of the Titans A Turtle 's Tale : Sammy 's Adventures Fright Night Safe House Red Dawn Pacific Rim Dracula Untold Warcraft The Great Wall The Mountain Between Us A Wrinkle in Time Television Prison Break Prison Break : Season 3 & 4 Person of Interest Person of Interest : Season 2 Person of Interest : Season 3 & 4 Game of Thrones Season 1 5 6 7 Westworld Video game Medal of Honor Need for Speed : Shift 2 -- Unleashed Medal of Honor : Warfighter Gears of War 4 Songs `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Tours Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones:_Season_6_(soundtrack)&oldid=835096522 '' Categories : Ramin Djawadi soundtracks 2016 soundtracks Music of Game of Thrones Classical music soundtracks Instrumental soundtracks Television soundtracks WaterTower Music soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 15 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	game of thrones season 6 last episode music	[]	[]
-4401113933173284114	Where Have All the Good Times Gone	Where Have All the Good Times Gone - wikipedia Where Have All the Good Times Gone This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' Single by the Kinks from the album The Kink Kontroversy A-side `` Till the End of the Day '' Released 19 November 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 19 ) ( UK ) 2 March 1966 ( US ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 23 -- 30 October 1965 Studio Pye ( No. 2 ) , London Genre Rock garage rock Length 2 : 49 Label Pye ( UK ) Reprise ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Ray Davies Producer ( s ) Shel Talmy The Kinks UK singles chronology `` See My Friends '' ( 1965 ) `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Dedicated Follower of Fashion '' ( 1966 ) The Kinks US singles chronology `` A Well Respected Man '' ( 1965 ) `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Dedicated Follower of Fashion '' ( 1966 ) `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' is a song written by Ray Davies and performed by the Kinks . It was released as the B - side to `` Till the End of the Day , '' and then on their album The Kink Kontroversy ( 1965 UK , 1966 US ) . Ray Davies said , `` We 'd been rehearsing ' Where Have All the Good Times Gone ' and our tour manager at the time , who was a lot older than us , said , ' That 's a song a 40 - year - old would write . I do n't know where you get that from . ' But I was taking inspiration from older people around me . I 'd been watching them in the pubs , talking about taxes and job opportunities . '' The song has since gained `` classic '' status and featured on numerous compilations . Pye Records released the track as a single in November 1973 ( Pye 7N 45313 b / w `` Lola '' ) . This re-release failed to chart . Although the Kinks had performed the song live on the TV show ' Ready Steady Go ' in 1965 , it would not become a staple of their live shows until the 1970s . Cover versions ( edit ) David Bowie on the album Pin Ups . Van Halen on the album Diver Down . This was Van Halen 's second cover of a Kinks ' song , the first being `` You Really Got Me '' on their eponymous debut album . Supergrass performed the song live at the 1995 Glastonbury Festival . Mike Lécuyer as `` Où est donc le bon vieux temps '' ( French ) on A 7 plombes du mat ' blues ( 1978 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hasted , Nick ( 2011 ) . You Really Got Me : The Story of The Kinks . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84938 - 660 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Song review on Allmusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Kinks Ray Davies Dave Davies Mick Avory Pete Quaife John Dalton Gordon Edwards Ian Gibbons John Gosling Mark Haley Bob Henrit Andy Pyle Jim Rodford Studio albums Kinks Kinda Kinks The Kink Kontroversy Face to Face Something Else by The Kinks The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society Arthur ( Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire ) Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround , Part One Muswell Hillbillies Everybody 's in Show - Biz Preservation Act 1 Preservation Act 2 Soap Opera Schoolboys in Disgrace Sleepwalker Misfits Low Budget Give the People What They Want State of Confusion Word of Mouth Think Visual UK Jive Phobia Live albums Live at Kelvin Hall One for the Road Live : The Road To the Bone EPs Kinksize Session Kwyet Kinks Compilations Kinks - Size Kinkdom Greatest Hits ! Well Respected Kinks Sunny Afternoon The Kink Kronikles The Great Lost Kinks Album Second Time Around The Kinks Are Well Respected Men Lost & Found ( 1986 -- 1989 ) The Ultimate Collection Picture Book Unreleased projects Four More Respected Gentlemen A Hole in the Sock of ( Dave Davies ) Related articles Discography Band members Konk The Kast Off Kinks Argent X-Ray Percy Do It Again Give the People What We Want : Songs of The Kinks Sunny Afternoon ( musical ) Book Portal The Kinks singles discography 1960s singles ( UK & US ) 1964 `` Long Tall Sally '' `` You Still Want Me '' `` You Really Got Me '' `` All Day and All of the Night '' 1965 `` Tired of Waiting for You '' `` Ev'rybody's Gonna Be Happy '' `` Set Me Free '' `` See My Friends '' `` Who 'll Be the Next in Line '' `` A Well Respected Man '' `` Till the End of the Day '' 1966 `` Dedicated Follower of Fashion '' `` Sunny Afternoon '' `` Dead End Street '' 1967 `` Mister Pleasant '' `` Waterloo Sunset '' `` Death of a Clown '' ( Dave Davies solo ) `` Autumn Almanac '' `` Susannah 's Still Alive '' ( Dave Davies solo ) 1968 `` Wonderboy '' `` Days '' `` Lincoln County '' ( Dave Davies solo ) 1969 `` Starstruck '' `` Hold My Hand '' ( Dave Davies solo ) `` Plastic Man '' `` Drivin ' '' `` The Village Green Preservation Society '' `` Shangri - La '' `` Victoria '' 1970 `` Lola '' `` Apeman '' 1970s singles ( UK & US ) 1971 `` God 's Children '' `` 20th Century Man '' 1972 `` Supersonic Rocket Ship '' `` Celluloid Heroes '' 1973 `` One of the Survivors '' `` Sitting in the Midday Sun '' `` Sweet Lady Genevieve '' `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone '' `` Money Talks '' `` Mirror of Love '' `` Mirror of Love '' ( band version ) `` Holiday Romance '' `` Preservation '' `` Everybody 's a Star ( Starmaker ) '' `` Ducks on the Wall '' `` You Ca n't Stop the Music '' 1976 `` I 'm in Disgrace '' `` No More Looking Back '' 1977 `` Sleepwalker '' `` Juke Box Music '' `` Father Christmas '' 1978 `` A Rock ' n ' Roll Fantasy '' `` Live Life '' `` Black Messiah '' 1979 `` ( Wish I Could Fly Like ) Superman '' `` A Gallon of Gas '' `` Catch Me Now I 'm Falling '' `` Moving Pictures '' `` Pressure '' 1980s singles ( UK & US ) 1980 `` Lola '' ( live ) `` You Really Got Me '' ( live ) 1981 `` Better Things '' `` Destroyer '' `` Predictable '' 1982 `` Come Dancing '' `` Do n't Forget to Dance '' 1984 `` Good Day '' `` Do It Again '' 1985 `` Living on a Thin Line '' ( radio promo only ) `` Summer 's Gone '' 1986 `` Rock ' n ' Roll Cities '' `` How Are You '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Road '' `` Down All the Days ( Till 1992 ) '' `` How Do I Get Close '' 1990s singles ( UK & US ) `` Only a Dream '' `` Scattered '' Other singles ( non-UK / US ) 1966 `` Dandy '' ( Europe ) 1969 `` Picture Book '' ( Australia ) `` Australia '' ( Australia ) `` State of Confusion '' ( Germany ) 1991 `` Did Ya '' ( Europe ) Other songs `` Bald Headed Woman '' `` Stop Your Sobbing '' `` I Need You '' `` I Go to Sleep '' `` I 'm Not Like Everybody Else '' `` Big Black Smoke '' `` Party Line '' `` Rosy Wo n't You Please Come Home '' `` Love Me Till the Sun Shines '' `` David Watts '' `` Two Sisters '' `` Polly '' `` She 's Got Everything '' `` Do You Remember Walter ? '' `` Johnny Thunder '' `` Last of the Steam - Powered Trains '' `` Big Sky '' `` Sitting by the Riverside '' `` Animal Farm '' `` Village Green '' `` Phenomenal Cat '' `` All of My Friends Were There '' `` Wicked Annabella '' `` Monica '' `` People Take Pictures of Each Other '' `` Berkeley Mews '' `` Mr. Churchill Says '' `` Strangers '' `` This Time Tomorrow '' `` Rats '' `` Got to Be Free '' `` Have a Cuppa Tea '' `` Oklahoma U.S.A. '' `` Muswell Hillbilly '' `` Sitting in My Hotel '' `` The Hard Way '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Misfits '' `` Attitude '' `` Low Budget '' `` Give the People What They Want '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Long Distance '' Van Halen singles Van Halen `` You Really Got Me '' `` Runnin ' with the Devil '' `` Ai n't Talkin ' ' bout Love '' Van Halen II `` Dance the Night Away '' `` Beautiful Girls '' Women and Children First `` And the Cradle Will Rock ... '' Fair Warning `` So This Is Love ? '' `` Unchained '' Diver Down `` ( Oh ) Pretty Woman '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Where Have All the Good Times Gone ! '' 1984 `` Jump '' `` I 'll Wait '' `` Panama '' `` Hot for Teacher '' 5150 `` Why Ca n't This Be Love '' `` Dreams '' `` Love Walks In '' OU812 `` When It 's Love '' `` Black and Blue '' `` Finish What Ya Started '' For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge `` Poundcake '' `` Runaround '' `` Top of the World '' `` Right Now '' Live : Right Here , Right Now `` Jump '' ( live ) `` Dreams '' ( live ) `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' ( live ) Balance `` Do n't Tell Me ( What Love Can Do ) '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' `` Amsterdam '' Twister soundtrack `` Humans Being '' Best Of -- Volume I `` Me Wise Magic '' `` Ca n't Get This Stuff No More '' Van Halen III `` Without You '' `` Fire in the Hole '' A Different Kind of Truth `` Tattoo '' `` She 's the Woman '' Other `` It 's the Right Time '' ( feat . Mitch Malloy ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_All_the_Good_Times_Gone&oldid=837583667 '' Categories : The Kinks songs Van Halen songs 1965 songs Song recordings produced by Shel Talmy Songs written by Ray Davies Pye Records singles 1973 singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where have all the good guys gone and where are all the gods	[]	[]
-3750117475404234710	The Lord of the Rings (film series)	The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released in 2001 to 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281 million Box office $2.917 billion The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing up Schindler 's list , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 96 % , and 95 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 88 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 226 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 94 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 266 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first and only fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : Popular Culture in Global Context . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Harry Potter work his magic on Oscar ? '' . The Hamilton Spectator . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . 26 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson interview '' . Explorations ( the Barnes & Noble Science Fiction newsletter ) . October -- November 2001 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ian Nathan ( 28 November 2003 ) . `` Peter Jackson '' . Empire . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley ( 2001 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Cheats , Spooks , Hobbits and Apes '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 310 -- 328 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkin , Tim ( 12 August 2001 ) . `` The ' Rings ' movies , a potted history '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Sibley ( 2006 ) . `` Quest for the Ring '' . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harper Collins . pp. 329 -- 87 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2002 . Jump up ^ Sibley ( 2006 ) , pp. 388 -- 92 Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Know About The LOTR Movies ( That Are n't True ) '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Head , Steve ( 13 December 2002 ) . `` An interview with Peter Jackson '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2003 . Jump up ^ Bob Anderson on IMDb Jump up ^ Reclaiming the Blade on IMDb Jump up ^ Russell , Gary ( 2003 ) . The Art of the Two Towers. Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Braun , J.W. ( 2009 ) . The Lord of the Films . ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 890 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King `` Appendices '' ( DVD ) . New Line Cinema. 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbiton is being built '' . The One Ring.net. 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ French , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . Paul A. Woods , ed . Peter Jackson From Gore to Mordor -- Ray Harryhausen visits Middle - earth . Nexus . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85965 - 356 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 2002 ) . The Making of the Movie Trilogy. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 26022 - 5 . Jump up ^ Johnson , S. 2002 . ' The Lord of the Rings and Vertical Limits Film Concessions and the Conservation Act 1987 ' , 4 Butterworths Resource Management Bulletin Vol. 11 : 125 -- 129 , Butterworths of NZ , Wellington , New Zealand . Jump up ^ Tongariro / Taupo Conservation Awards 2005 , Department of Conservation Regional Awards . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Archived 21 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King cast '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Dennis Lloyd ( 19 November 2003 ) . `` iPod helped to make Lord of the Rings '' . iLounge . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , what happened to Saruman ? '' . CNN . 17 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring DVD preview of The Two Towers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Elijah Wood and Sean Astin on The Two Towers Extended Edition commentary Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( 17 December 2000 ) . `` There and Back Again : A Geek 's Adventures in Middle - earth , CHAPTER FOUR ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on 26 March 2007 . Retrieved 15 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Peter Jackson in The Return of the King audio commentary Jump up ^ `` Peter Jackson talks of Lord of the Rings Ultimate Box Set '' . The Movie Blog.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 August 2000 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Composer Confirmed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings voted ' best movie soundtrack ' - BBC News '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings News LoTR movie internet trailer preview '' . Xenite.org . Archived from the original on 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 May 2001 ) . `` IGN : LOTR Footage Wows Journalists '' . Uk.movies.ign.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 25 January 2002 ) . `` A Longer Fellowship Ending ? '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Answer Man '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieWeb. com 's News for 23 September 2003 , last retrieved on 5 August 2006 '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on 26 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( Special Extended Edition ) '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Hits Blu - ray April 6 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lord of the Rings ' Extended Edition Heads To Blu - Ray '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dellamorte , Andre ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy : Extended Edition Blu - ray Review Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fellowship of the Ring DVD box Jump up ^ Demosthenes ( 1 February 2014 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring coming soon in five - disc blu - ray steelbook format '' . theonering.net . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Michael ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring - Extended Edition '' . bluray.highdefdigest.com . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Moviesat the Box Office ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Successful Movie Trilogies Of All Time '' . therichest.com. 5 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Total Grosses '' . boxofficemojo.com . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Oscars won by a film '' . guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Return of the King review at CalendarLive.com Archived 22 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . by Kenneth Turan . Retrieved 5 August 2006 Jump up ^ Ringing Hollow bot = Brojam fix - attempted = yes ) ) by Sean Burns . Retrieved 15 February 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Towers ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( 3 January 2010 ) . `` Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Releases by Score '' . metacritic.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Berardinelli 's All - Time Top 100 '' . Reelviews . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Susan Wloszczyna ( 2 July 2007 ) . `` Hollywood highlights : 25 movies with real impact '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ `` The 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) '' . Paste Magazine . 3 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 29 December 2009 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001 -- 03 ) -- Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 33 Greatest Movie Trilogies - 1 . The Lord of the Rings - Empire '' . empireonline.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' ever capture Oscar magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York film critics honor ' Rings ' '' . MSNBC. 15 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Leo Grin . `` Tolkien Purists Strike Back ! '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings : the purist edition '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Akers - Jordan , Cathy ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Fairy Princess or Tragic Heroine ? The Metamorphosis of Arwen Undomiel in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Films '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Tolkien 's Women ( and Men ) : The Films and the Books '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gaydosik , Victoria ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Transformation of Tolkien 's Arwen and the Abandonment of the Psyche Archetype : The Lord of the Rings on the Page and on the Screen '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thum , Maureen ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The `` Sub-Subcreation '' of Galadriel , Arwen , and Éowyn : Tolkien 's Women and The Lord of the Rings `` . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Philip Irving . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Tolkien Criticism '' . Dallas Baptist University . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Select Bibliography of Works about John Ronald Reuel Tolkien ( 1892 -- 1973 ) '' . St. Bonaventure University . Archived from the original on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Croft , Janet Brennan . `` Anticipation and Flattening in Peter Jackson 's The Fellowship of the Ring '' . faculty-staff.ou.edu . University of Oklahoma . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean . `` Tolkien Scholar Stings `` Rings '' Films . '' Review of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard , 4 February 2003 . May be accessed here `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . in full , last retrieved 15 September 2006 Jump up ^ Crowe , Joe ( 21 November 2005 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Review '' . RevolutionSF . Archived from the original on 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Dan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Frodo on Film : Peter Jackson 's Problematic Portrayal '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , Kayla McKinney ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` The Epic Hero and the Little Man '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Fleming ( 2004 ) . The Battle for Middle - Earth : Tolkien 's Divine Design in The Lord of the Rings . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 176 , note 39 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2497 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5th Anniversary of TTT release ( Archive ) - The Barrow - Downs Discussion Forum '' . Forum.barrowdowns.com. 18 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Croft , Jannet Brennan ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Mithril Coats and Tin Ears : ' Anticipation ' and ' Flattening ' in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings Trilogy '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . Jump up ^ Biography for Christopher Lee on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions with Peter Jackson . Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Ceorl Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=826246643 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did lord of the rings get filmed	[ "Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $281 million (some sources say $310-$330 million),[2] the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand, Jackson's native country.[3] Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the novel's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material." ]	[ "New Zealand" ]
-7216378552949239490	Radar detector	Radar detector - wikipedia Radar detector Jump to : navigation , search For the song by Darwin Deez , see Radar Detector . An early radar detector Car radar detector ( Japanese ) A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law enforcement using a radar gun . Most radar detectors are used so the driver can reduce the car 's speed before being ticketed for speeding . In general sense , only emitting technologies , like doppler RADAR , or LIDAR can be detected . Visual speed estimating techniques , like ANPR or VASCAR can not be detected in daytime , but technically vulnerable to detection at night , when IR spotlight is used . There are no reports that piezo sensors , can be detected . LIDAR devices require an optical - band sensor , although many modern detectors include LIDAR sensors . Most of today 's radar detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands : usually X , K , and K . In Europe the K band is common as well . The past success of radar detectors was based on the fact that radio - wave beam can not be narrow - enough , so the detector usually senses stray and scattered radiation , giving the driver time to slow down . Based on focused laser - beam , LIDAR technology is deprived of this shortcoming ; however requires precise aiming . Modern police radars incorporate formidable computing power , producing minimum of ultra-short pulses , reusing wide beam for multi-target measurement , which renders most detectors useless . But , mobile Internet allowed for GPS navigation devices mapping police radar spots in real - time . These gadgets are also often called `` radar detectors '' , while not necessary carrying an RF sensor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Counter technology 2.1 Radar detector detectors 2.2 Radar scrambling 3 LIDAR detection 4 Legality 5 See also 6 References Description ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One device law enforcement use to measure the expected speed of a moving vehicle is called Doppler radar , and it uses the Doppler effect to measure the relative speed of a vehicle . Namely , Doppler radar works by beaming a radio wave at the vehicle to then measure the expected change in frequency of the reflected wave ( that bounces off the vehicle ) . Many times , law enforcement employ Doppler radar in their hand - held radar guns , on their vehicles , as well as on fixed objects such as traffic signals . Radar detectors use a superheterodyne receiver to detect these electromagnetic emissions from the radar gun , and raise an alarm to notify the motorist when a transmission is detected . False alarms can occur however due to the large number of devices , such as automatic door openers ( such as the ones at supermarkets ) , speed signs , and adaptive automotive cruise control , that operate in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum as radar guns . In recent years , some radar detectors have added GPS technology . This allows users to manually store the locations where police frequently monitor traffic , with the detector sounding an alarm when approaching that location in the future ( this is accomplished by pushing a button and does n't require coordinates to be entered ) . These detectors also allow users to manually store the coordinates of sites of frequent false alarms , which the GPS enabled detector will then ignore . The detector can also be programmed to mute alerts when traveling below a preset speed , limiting unnecessary alerts . Some GPS enabled detectors can download the GPS coordinates of speed monitoring cameras and red - light cameras from the Internet , alerting the driver that they are approaching the camera . Counter technology ( edit ) Radar guns and detectors have evolved alternately over time to counter each other 's technology in a form of civilian electronic `` warfare '' . For example , as new frequencies have been introduced , radar detectors have initially been `` blind '' to them until their technology , too , has been updated . Similarly , the length of time and strength of the transmissions have been lowered to reduce the chance of detection , which in turn has resulted in more sensitive receivers and more sophisticated software counter technology . Lastly , radar detectors may combine other technologies , such as GPS - based technology with a point of interest database of known speed trapping locations , into a single device to improve their chances of success . Radar detector detectors ( edit ) Main article : Radar detector detector The superheterodyne receiver in radar detectors has a local oscillator that radiates slightly , so it is possible to build a radar - detector detector , which detects such emissions ( usually the frequency of the radar type being detected , plus about 10 MHz ) . The VG - 2 Interceptor was the first device developed for this purpose , but has since been eclipsed by the Spectre III and Spectre Elite . This form of `` electronic warfare '' cuts both ways - since detector - detectors use a similar superheterodyne receiver , many early `` stealth '' radar detectors were equipped with a radar - detector - detector - detector circuit , which shuts down the main radar receiver when the detector - detector 's signal is sensed , thus preventing detection by such equipment . This technique borrows from ELINT surveillance countermeasures . In the early 1990s , BEL - Tronics , Inc. of Ontario , Canada ( where radar detector use is prohibited in most provinces ) found that the local oscillator frequency of the detector could be altered to be out of the range of the VG - 2 Interceptor ( probably by using two LO stages such that neither is near the RF frequency ) . This resulted in detector manufacturers responding by changing their local oscillator frequency . Today , practically every radar detector on the market is immune to the VG - 2 Interceptor. . The VG - 2 is no longer in production and radar detectors immune to the Spectre Elite are available . Radar scrambling ( edit ) It is illegal in many countries to sell or possess any products that actively transmit radar signals intended to jam radar equipment . In the United States , actively transmitting on a frequency licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) without a licence is a violation of FCC regulations , which may be punishable by fines up to $10,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . Passport x50 Radar / Laser detector . LIDAR detection ( edit ) Main article : LIDAR detector Newer speed detection devices use pulsed laser light , commonly referred to as LIDAR , rather than radio waves . Radar detectors , which detect radio transmissions , are therefore unable to detect the infrared light emitted by LIDAR guns so a different type of device called a LIDAR detector is required . LIDAR detection , however , is not nearly as effective as radar detection because the output beam is very focused . While radar 's radio waves can expand to 85 feet ( 26 m ) across at 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) from their source , LIDAR 's light beam diffuses to only about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) . Also , a police officer targeting a car will most likely aim for the centre mass or headlight of the vehicle and , because radar detectors are mounted on the windshield away from the beam 's aim , they may not alert at all . Lastly , with such a focused beam , an officer using a LIDAR gun can target a single car in close proximity to others at ranges of up to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) . This has resulted in some manufacturers producing LIDAR jammers . Unlike radar , LIDAR 's frequencies and use are not controlled by the FCC . These jammers attempt to confuse police LIDAR into showing no speed on the display . Many times they are successful , and therefore many LIDAR manufacturers are producing LIDAR guns that have `` jam codes '' which show when they are being jammed . They will work on some LIDAR jammers and not others . In spite of this , police can often tell when they are being jammed when they get no reading on their LIDAR . Many jammer - equipped motorists using jammers now try to counter this by reducing their speed to legal limits before they turn their jammer equipment off or `` kill the equipment '' referred to as `` JTK '' or `` Jam to Kill . '' Officers can often tell this is going on by just watching for their LIDAR equipment not being able to lock in a speed properly along with visual indication of sudden deceleration of the targeted vehicle . They will then pull the offending vehicle over and look for LIDAR jammers on the front of the vehicle and can hit the motorist with an obstruction of justice charge should they be found . Some states also have laws about any police radar or LIDAR jamming . These are CA , UT , CO , OK , TX , MN , IL , TN , VA , SC . In these states the penalties can be severe . Despite the advent of LIDAR speed detection , radar remains more prevalent because of its lower price relative to LIDAR equipment and the amount of radar equipment already in service . In addition , in order to use LIDAR the officer must be stationary and can not be moving at all on account of the need for a very precise aim . Legality ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Using or possessing a radar detector or jammer is illegal in certain countries , and it may result in fines , seizure of the device , or both . These prohibitions generally are introduced under the premise that a driver who uses a radar detector will pose a greater risk of accident than a driver who does not . The table below provides information about laws regarding radar detectors in particular nations . In 1967 devices to warn drivers of radar speed traps were being manufactured in the United Kingdom ; they were deemed illegal under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 . Country Legality Radar Bands Australia Illegal in all states besides Western Australia They are illegal to use in a moving vehicle ( as stated by the traffic laws in ) SA , NSW , ACT , NT , Queensland and Tasmania . In the state of Victoria it is an offence to sell , use or possess a radar detector , and police may confiscate such equipment if found in a vehicle . Heavy fines apply , ranging from AU $200 -- $1,700 , up to nine demerit points , and confiscation of the radar detector . However , importing a unit is permitted under Australian customs regulations . Queensland = up to 40 penalty units ( approximately equal to $3,000 ) for being in or on a vehicle whether or not the device is operating or in working order . K , Ka , Laser Belgium Illegal In July 2006 , a provisional seizure of a vehicle worth over € 75,000 and destruction of the radar detector was ordered by the courts . The driver 's licence was suspended for three months . Brazil Illegal in all states . Bulgaria Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Radar jammers are illegal . X , K ( fixed camera + radar ) Canada Legal in British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan . Illegal in Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , New Brunswick , Quebec , Ontario , Manitoba , Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines in provinces where radar detectors are illegal . Quebec penalizes $500 CAD for use of a radar detector , along with confiscation of the device . K , Ka , Laser China Detectors legal , jammers illegal Croatia Detectors and jammers are illegal to use or to have in a motor vehicle . HRK 2000 ( € 270 ) fine if using a jammer . Only confiscation for a detector . Czech Republic Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Fine up to CZK 200,000 ( € 7750 ) , penalty points . Ka Egypt Detectors and jammers are illegal . Estonia Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle . Fine up to € 1150 as well as confiscation of the device . France Detectors and jammers are illegal to own , use or sell . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines . K 24.125 GHz , Laser Finland Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle on a public road . The fine depends on income . The detector will be confiscated . For average net income of 2200 € / month , the fine would be around 640 € plus possible speeding ticket . Ka Germany Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle € 75 fine , 4 Points , destruction of the radar detector . Greece Illegal € 2000 fine , 30 day driver 's license suspension , 60 days car registration license suspension and 5 SESO penalty points Hungary Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . India Illegal Iceland Legal Radar jammers are illegal . Ireland Illegal Law Refers to ' Speed Meter Detectors ' , Introduced 1991 . No fixed penalty for possession , expect confiscation and hefty fine . Israel Detectors legal as of 2000 . Jammers still illegal . Some cellular providers such as Pelephone actually provide radar detecting as a service powered by GPS Ka , Laser Italy Illegal Japan Legal Jordan Illegal Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not . Laser ( possibly others ) Kazakhstan Legal X , K , Ka , X POP , Ka POP , Laser Latvia Legal to own , illegal to use in a vehicle 57 EUR fine and the detector will be confiscated . K , POP Ka , Laser Lithuania Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . X , POP K , Laser Malaysia Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Mexico Legal in most states Forbidden in Mexico City ( Distrito Federal ) , 200 USD fine and impoundment of the vehicle . Netherlands Illegal € 420 fine and seizure of the device ( since 2004 ) New Zealand Legal Ka and Laser used also fixed speed camera and speed camera vans ( Low Powered K Band ) North Korea Illegal Confiscated in border controls along South Korea and China borders , and in airports . Norway Illegal to use . ( Legal to own , sell , and buy ) 8000 - 10000 krone fine and seizure of the device . Pakistan Legal Philippines Legal Poland Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle Jammers illegal X , K , Pulse K , Ka Narrow , Laser Portugal Illegal to own and / or use in a vehicle Law enforcement authorities can confiscate radar detectors and apply a fine . The Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority can seize any imported radar detectors . Radar jammers are also illegal . Romania Legal since 2006 Radar jammers still illegal Instant - On K Russia Detectors legal , jammers illegal . The national system for measuring the speed of vehicles and cars . National ranges work radars in X and Ku . Instant - On ( Pulse ) X ( 10 , 2 - 10 , 65 GHz ) , Ku ( 13 , 56 - 13 , 62Ghz ) POP K , Laser ( 0 , 8 - 1 , 1 mkm ) Saudi Arabia Illegal Serbia Illegal to purchase , use , possess , sell or advertise Illegal to use or have in possession in a vehicle in traffic , to sell or advertise : an apparatus or any other means of detecting or interfering with operation of vehicle speed measuring devices , or any other apparatus used for discovering and reporting traffic violations Singapore Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Slovenia Legal Laser jammers illegal ( fine up to € 500 and confiscation of the device ) . South Africa Illegal to use in a moving vehicle Importing a unit is permitted under South African customs regulations . South Korea Legal Spain Radar Detectors illegal , jammers illegal . Radar and Laser jammers fine up to € 6000 . Radar detectors fine up to 3 points from the driving license and € 200 . Ka narrow , laser , Autovelox Switzerland Illegal 660SFr fine . Radar detectors may be confiscated and destroyed . The use of any GPS - based device to locate speed cameras is also illegal . Taiwan Legal Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : zh : 中華民國法律註解 / 道路交通管理處罰條例 / 第 40 條 # 1986 年 5 月 13 日全文修正 5 月 21 日公布 Effective 1 July 1987 , radar detectors used in motor vehicles risked being administratively fined 1200 to 2400 new Taiwan dollars and confiscated . Effective 1 July 2006 , radar detectors would no longer be banned in motor vehicles . X , K , Ku , Laser ( Possibly others ) Turkey Illegal Radar jammers are illegal UAE Illegal United Kingdom Legal , although prior to 1998 the Police would attempt prosecutions under the Wireless and Telegraphy act 1949 , laser jammers are still a grey area in the use of them . United States Law varies from state to state , but detectors are generally legal in private vehicles under the Communications Act of 1934 and illegal in commercial vehicles by DOT regulation ( 49 CFR 392.71 ) . Exceptions : Detectors are Illegal in all vehicles : Virginia , Washington D.C. , U.S. military bases Illegal in commercial vehicles under state law : Illinois , New York , New Jersey ( specifically , commercial vehicles over 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) and all vehicles over 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ) Also illegal in all commercial vehicles over 10000 lbs under US federal law Prohibitions against affixing items to windshield - `` obstructing vision '' ) : Minnesota , California Repealed : Connecticut ( repealed in 1992 ) Confiscation and / or destruction of the detector was once a common practice but lawsuits raised by drivers arguing violation of property rights have resulted in temporary removal while a citation is written , then return of the device after its description ( make , model and serial number ) has been entered on the ticket - usually for speeding and possession / operation of a detector . Use of a radar / lidar detector on a military installation is prohibited . Persons entering a military installation with one visibly mounted to the sun visor or windshield will be asked to remove it and put it away . Those who refuse will be denied entry onto the installation at that time . Military law enforcement may not stop a vehicle solely for a detector being in use , but along with being stopped for another moving violation , active duty personnel using a detector may be ordered to report the violation to his / her unit commanding officer . Radar jammers are not allowed under federal rule , but laser jammers are not specifically banned . Ten states are specifically banning laser jammers : California , Colorado , Illinois , Minnesota , South Carolina , Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , and Virginia . Radar detectors are not banned in the aforementioned states ( Excluding Virginia ) . X , K , Ka , Laser See also ( edit ) Laser jammer Road safety Traffic enforcement camera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Simicon : CORDON '' . aiactive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Detector GPS '' . GadgetReview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Detector Detector ( RDD ) '' . Radar.757.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Ban '' . Radarjammer.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Communications Act of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Speed Trap Warning Apparatus ( Licence ) '' . Hansard. 1967 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . a pocket - sized instrument is being produced by Marchant House Limited of New Street , Oadby , Leicester , to be used in motor vehicles to give instant warning of a police radar speed trap ... Anyone wishing to use this type of apparatus would require a licence under the Wireless Telegraphy Act , 1949 . The firm in question has recently been informed that I am not prepared to issue a licence for such purposes Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic ( Miscellaneous ) Variation Regulations 2003 '' . SA State Government . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Infringement Notice '' . Department of Infrastructure , Energy and Resources . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : google.co.uk Jump up ^ `` De Standaard 2006 - 07 - 20 '' . De Standaard. 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of State : Consular Information Sheet for Canada '' . Travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ bonjourquebec.com Jump up ^ `` Promet '' . mup.hr ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of the Interior . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sakkolaskuri '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bußgeldkatalog Anl. 8 Nr. 247 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` proxeiro_kok. indb '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Statute Book S.I. No. 50 / 1991 -- Road Traffic ( Speed Meter Detectors ) Regulations , 1991 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ pelephone.co.il Jump up ^ `` Dutch Ministry of the Attorney General - Speed and violations '' . Jump up ^ `` Ofte stilte spørsmål om fart '' ( in Norwegian ) . politiet.no ( Norwegian Police ) . 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OUG 63 / 2006 Art . 44 Al. 4 - 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Zakon o bezbednosti saobraćaja na putevima , SLUŽBENI GLASNIK : 41 - 09 ( Art . 29 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.elconfidencial.com/motor/2014-05-04/llevar-detector-de-radar-nos-costara-200-euros-y-3-puntos-del-carne_124276/ Jump up ^ `` Radar Detectors - AAA Digest of Motor Laws '' . AAA Digest of Motor Laws . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Scanner & RADAR - Detector Laws In The United States '' . Afn.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ DoD Traffic Safety Program Jump up ^ `` Windshield Mount Law '' . Garmin.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Repeals Detector Ban '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USA Laser Jammer Laws - Guys of LIDAR '' . www.guysoflidar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about Radar Detectors '' . Vortex Radar. 2015 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_detector&oldid=835244715 '' Categories : Automotive electronics Consumer electronics Traffic law Radar Detectors Radar warning receivers Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	states where it is illegal to use a radar detector	[]	[]
4139557927795809640	NBA All-Star Celebrity Game	NBA All - Star Celebrity game - wikipedia NBA All - Star Celebrity game Jump to : navigation , search The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game is an annual exhibition basketball game held by the National Basketball Association that takes place during the NBA All - Star Weekend and features retired NBA players , WNBA players , actors , musicians and athletes from sports other than basketball . The game was first held during the 2002 -- 03 season as part of the NBA All - Star Weekend in Atlanta , Georgia . The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game is played on Friday in the same host city as the NBA All - Star Game . However , the game is not held in the same arena as all the other All - Star Saturday events . Instead , it is held on the NBA Jam Session 's practice court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Celebrity Game Most Valuable Player 3 2003 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 4 2004 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 5 2005 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 6 2006 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 7 2007 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 8 2008 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 9 2009 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 10 2010 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 11 2011 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 12 2012 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 13 2013 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 14 2014 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 15 2015 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 16 2016 NBA Celebrity All - Star Game 17 2017 NBA Celebrity All - Star Game 18 Notes 19 References Rules ( edit ) The game is played with the standard NBA rules ; however , there are several rule changes that are used in this game . Games were played in four quarters of 8 minutes from 2003 to 2011 ; since 2012 , the game was extended to 10 minutes a quarter . From 2003 to 2012 , the game clock does not stop while the play is not active except for timeouts , the final two minutes of the second and fourth quarters , or at the official 's discretion . Since 2013 , the clock stops during the final two minutes of every quarter except for timeouts , overtime and at the official 's discretion . Overtime periods are two minutes in length with a running clock . There are no foul - outs in the game ; however , players and / or coaches can be assessed technical fouls and can be ejected from the game . There was no Most Valuable Player until 2005 . From 2005 to 2010 , the media members in attendance voted for the MVP . Since 2011 , the fans in attendance and TV viewers now vote for the MVP through text messaging and social media . The game did not use the shot clock rule put into place during the 2011 - 12 season in which the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second from 2012 to 2014 ; the rule was put in effect for the 2015 game . Celebrity Game Most Valuable Player ( edit ) Year Winner 2005 Brian McKnight 2006 Nelly * 2007 Tony Potts 2008 Terrell Owens 2009 Terrell Owens ( 2 ) Michael Rapaport 2011 Justin Bieber * 2012 Kevin Hart 2013 Kevin Hart ( 2 ) 2014 Kevin Hart ( 3 ) & Arne Duncan 2015 Kevin Hart ( 4 ) * 2016 Win Butler 2017 Brandon Armstrong 2003 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The inaugural NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 7 , 2003 at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta , Georgia . Celebrities like Justin Timberlake and Jamie Foxx highlighted this NBA All - Star Celebrity game playing alongside WNBA players , NBA legends , and other celebrities . Former NBA players and current Inside the NBA analysts Kenny Smith and Charles Barkley were the opposing coaches . Kenny Smith and the Jets wound up winning in a tight - knit game 46 - 43 . February 7 , 2003 Recap Kenny Smith and the Jets 46 , Sir Charles and the Court Jesters 43 Georgia World Congress Center , Atlanta , Georgia Sir Charles and the Court Jesters Player Background Mark McGrath Singer Ice Cube Actor / Rapper Nelly Rapper / Producer Tim McGraw Singer Ticha Penicheiro WNBA player Moses Malone NBA legend Nikki McCray WNBA player Spud Webb NBA legend Head Coach : Charles Barkley ( NBA legend / TNT analyst / TV personality ) Kenny Smith and the Jets Player Background Justin Timberlake Singer / Actor Jamie Foxx Singer / Actor Roger Lodge Actor / TV host Rebecca Lobo WNBA player Sue Bird WNBA player Jonathan Lipnicki Actor Manute Bol NBA legend Anthony Anderson Actor Muggsy Bogues NBA legend Brian McKnight Singer Head Coach : Kenny Smith ( Former NBA player / TNT analyst ) 2004 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2004 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 13 , 2004 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles , California . The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game featured celebrities from Paris Hilton to Bill Walton . Although Richard Jefferson of the Lakers led all scorers with 16 points , the Lakers would lose to the Braves 60 - 52 . February 13 , 2004 Recap Buffalo Braves 60 , Minneapolis Lakers 52 Los Angeles Convention Center , Los Angeles , California Buffalo Braves Player Background Sue Bird ( 2 ) WNBA player Nick Carter Singer / actor Tom Cavanagh Actor Morris Chestnut Actor DJ Clue Rapper Donald Faison Actor Mark Jackson NBA player Roger Lodge ( 2 ) Blind Date host Cuttino Mobley NBA Player Nelly ( 2 ) Rapper Henry Simmons Actor Head Coach : P Diddy ( Rapper ) Assistant Coach : Paris Hilton ( Socialite / actress ) General Manager : Greg Anthony ( ESPN analyst ) Minneapolis Lakers Player Background Bill Bellamy Actor / comedian Nick Cannon Actor / singer Kevin Hart Actor / comedian Steve Howey Actor Richard Jefferson NBA Player Mark McGrath ( 2 ) Singer / Extra host Frankie Muniz Actor Sean Paul Reggae artist Michael Rapaport Actor Nikki Teasley WNBA player Head Coach : Ashton Kutcher ( Actor ) Assistant Coach : Lisa Leslie ( WNBA player ) General Manager : Bill Walton ( ESPN analyst ) 2005 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2005 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game sponsored by Sprite was played on Friday , February 18 , 2005 at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver , Colorado . Rapper Nelly , pop rock singer Ryan Cabrera , rapper / actor Ice Cube , and actor Danny Masterson were among some of the celebrities who participated . After playing the first half with the Nuggets , Entertainment Tonight correspondent Kevin Frazier played the second half with Team Denver . R&B Singer Brian McKnight scored the game winning basket as he threw in an off - balance shot that sailed in while getting the foul call with 9.9 seconds in the fourth quarter , and he was named the first ever MVP of the NBA All - Star Celebrity game . February 18 , 2005 Recap Team Nuggets 55 , Team Denver 54 Colorado Convention Center , Denver , Colorado Team Denver Player Background DJ Clue ( 2 ) Rapper Jermaine Dupri Rapper Becky Hammon WNBA player Lisa Leslie WNBA player Roger Lodge ( 3 ) Blind Date host Danny Masterson Actor Mark McGrath ( 3 ) Singer / Extra host Wilmer Valderrama Actor Head Coach : Andre Miller ( NBA Player ) Assistant Coach : Vivica A. Fox ( Actress ) General Manager : Greg Anthony ( ESPN analyst ) Team Nuggets Player Background Ryan Cabrera Singer Donald Faison ( 2 ) Actor Kevin Frazier Entertainment Tonight correspondent Eric Koston Professional skateboarder Brian McKnight ( 2 ) Singer Nelly ( 3 ) Rapper Nykesha Sales WNBA player Diana Taurasi WNBA player Head Coach : Earl Boykins ( NBA player ) Assistant Coach : Gabrielle Union ( Actress ) General Manager : Stephen A. Smith ( ESPN analyst ) 2006 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2006 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 17 , 2006 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston , Texas . Nelly was named MVP with a game - high 14 points and 12 rebounds and hit H - Town 's only two three - pointers in a losing effort as the Clutch City Team beat the H - Town Team 37 - 33 . February 17 , 2006 Recap Clutch City Team 37 , H - Town Team 33 George R. Brown Convention Center , Houston , Texas H - Town Team Player Background Carlos Bernard Actor Chris Brown Singer Nick Cannon ( 2 ) Actor / signer Becky Hammon ( 2 ) WNBA player Nelly ( 4 ) Singer / actor Tony Potts Access Hollywood correspondent Brandon Routh Actor Coach : Eva Longoria ( Actress ) General Manager : Stephen A. Smith ( ESPN analyst ) Clutch City Team Player Background Bow Wow Hip - Hop artist / actor Swin Cash WNBA player Ice Cube ( 2 ) Singer / actor Donald Faison ( 3 ) Actor Andrew Firestone ABC 's The Bachelor ( Season 3 ) Kevin Frazier ( 2 ) Entertainment Tonight correspondent Chris Meloni Actor Head Coach : Queen Latifah ( Singer / actress ) General Manager : Greg Anthony ( ESPN analyst ) 2007. NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2007 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented by 2K Sports was played on Friday , February 16 , 2007 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester , Nevada . Jamie Foxx was scheduled to play but did not play to perform at a concert later that night . Donald Faison started for the East but was traded to the West team in exchange for no one during the second quarter . During the third quarter New Orleans Saints running back and West player Reggie Bush slightly sprained his right ankle and did not play the rest of the game . However , Access Hollywood correspondent and fellow West teammate Tony Potts scored 14 points and eight rebounds for the West team as he helped the West beat the East 40 - 21 and was named the game 's MVP . During the game , Jazz Bear , the mascot of the Utah Jazz , ESPN reporter Jim Gray , and former NBA player Jerome Williams played a few minutes in the game . February 16 , 2007 Recap West 40 , East 21 Las Vegas Convention Center , Winchester , Nevada East Player Background David Arquette Actor Michael Clarke Duncan Actor Taye Diggs Actor Donald Faison ( 4 ) Actor Bobby Flay TV Chef Jamie Kennedy Actor / comedian Nelly ( 5 ) Hip - hop artist / actor Katie Smith WNBA player LaDainian Tomlinson NFL player Carrot Top Comedian Chris Tucker Actor / comedian Head Coach : Tim Legler ( ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : James Pickens Jr . ( Actor ) West Player Background Bow Wow ( 2 ) Hip - Hop artist / actor Reggie Bush NFL player Nick Cannon ( 3 ) Actor / comedian Tamika Catchings WNBA player James Denton Actor Jamie Foxx ( 2 ) Actor / comedian / singer Tony Potts ( 2 ) Access Hollywood correspondent Jonathan Silverman Actor Head Coach : Greg Anthony ( ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : Wayne Newton ( Singer / actor ) 2008 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 15 , 2008 at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans , Louisiana . A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game . The game was marked by a surprise appearance by Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Terrell Owens in the middle of the second quarter , where he joined and played with the New Orleans team . Owens scored 18 points including a dunk . He was named MVP of the game after helping his team win 51 - 50 . ESPN analyst Ric Bucher was the commissioner for the game . February 15 , 2008 Recap Team New Orleans 51 , Team Hornets 50 Ernest N. Morial Convention Center , New Orleans , Louisiana Team New Orleans Player Background A.J. Calloway Extra correspondent Seth Gilliam Actor Zach Gilford Actor Taylor Hicks Singer / 2006 American Idol winner James Lafferty Actor Ne - Yo Singer / actor Terrell Owens NFL player Master P Hip - hop artist Ruth Riley WNBA player Coach : Gabrielle Union ( Actress ) General Manager : Stephen A. Smith ( ESPN analyst ) Team Hornets Player Background Swin Cash ( 2 ) WNBA player Common Singer / actor Terry Crews Actor James Kyson Lee Actor Floyd Mayweather Boxer Tony Potts ( 3 ) Access Hollywood correspondent Chris Tucker ( 2 ) Actor / comedian Deion Sanders NFL legend Coach : Alyssa Milano ( Actress ) General Manager : Bill Walton ( NBA legend / ESPN Analyst ) 2009 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2009 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 13 , 2009 at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix , Arizona . A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game . Basketball Hall of Famers Magic Johnson and Julius Erving , who combined for 23 NBA All - Star appearances , served as coaches for the celebrity teams . NBA legends , Dominique Wilkins and Clyde Drexler , were joined by former players , Dan Majerle and Rick Fox , in the celebrity team roster . WNBA stars Lisa Leslie and Kara Lawson also participated in the game along with four Harlem Globetrotters players . Previous year 's MVP , Terrell Owens scored a game - high 17 points and led the East Sunrisers to a 60 -- 57 victory over the West Sunsetters . Owens , an American football star for Dallas Cowboys , was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for the second year in a row . The game was marked by a surprise appearance by another Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman in the middle of the game , where she joined and played with the East Sunrisers . ESPN play - by - play commentator Mike Breen also made a surprise appearance as the referee for the game . February 13 , 2009 Recap East Sunrisers 60 , West Sunsetters 57 Phoenix Convention Center , Phoenix , Arizona East Sunrisers Player Background Dominique Wilkins NBA legend Rick Fox Los Angeles Lakers legend Kara Lawson WNBA player James Denton ( 2 ) Actor Zachary Levi Actor Terrell Owens ( 2 ) NFL player `` Special K '' Daley Harlem Globetrotters `` Wildkat '' Edgerson Harlem Globetrotters Nancy Lieberman WNBA legend Coach : Julius Erving ( NBA legend ) West Sunsetters Player Background Clyde Drexler NBA legend Dan Majerle Phoenix Suns legend Lisa Leslie ( 2 ) WNBA player Donald Faison ( 5 ) Actor Michael Rapaport ( 2 ) Actor Chris Tucker ( 3 ) Actor / comedian `` Scooter '' Christensen Harlem Globetrotters `` Handles '' Franklin Harlem Globetrotters Coach : Magic Johnson ( NBA legend / ESPN analyst ) 2010 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2010 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game presented by Final Fantasy XIII was played on Friday , February 12 , 2010 at the Dallas Convention Center in Dallas , Texas . A total of 20 celebrities took part in the game , including several former basketball players . Basketball Hall of Famer Magic Johnson and five - time NBA All - Star Alonzo Mourning , served as coaches for the celebrity teams . Three former NBA players , Robert Horry , Rick Fox and Chris Mullin , along with Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban , participated in the game . The West team won 41 -- 37 over the East . `` Special K '' Daley , one of the four Harlem Globetrotters player that participated in the game , scored game - high 18 points for the West . Actor Michael Rapaport , who scored 4 points , was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for his defense on football player Terrell Owens , the MVP of the last two Celebrity Games . Owens , who played both college basketball and football in Chattanooga , led the East with 10 points . The Globetrotters , joined by `` Curly '' Neal and `` Bucket '' Blakes , entertained the crowd during the timeouts with their signature ball - handling tricks . February 12 , 2010 Recap West 41 , East 37 Dallas Convention Center , Dallas , Texas East Player Background Dr. Oz Doctor / TV host Chris Tucker ( 4 ) Actor / comedian Joel Moore Actor Pitbull Musician Terrell Owens ( 3 ) Football player `` Flight Time '' Lang Harlem Globetrotters `` Big Easy '' Lofton Harlem Globetrotters Angel McCoughtry WNBA player Nancy Lieberman ( 2 ) WNBA legend / Basketball Hall of Famer Rick Fox ( 2 ) NBA legend Head coach : Alonzo Mourning ( NBA legend ) Assistant coach : Mario Lopez ( Actor ) West Player Background Anthony Kim Golfer Terrence J TV host Mark Cuban Dallas Mavericks owner Common ( 2 ) Actor / musician Michael Rapaport ( 3 ) Actor `` Scooter '' Christensen ( 2 ) Harlem Globetrotters `` Special K '' Daley ( 2 ) Harlem Globetrotters Becky Hammon ( 3 ) WNBA player Chris Mullin NBA legend Robert Horry NBA legend Head coach : Magic Johnson ( NBA legend / ESPN analyst ) Assistant coach : Drake ( Musician ) 2011 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2011 BBVA Celebrity All - Star Game was played on Friday , February 18 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles , California . The head coaches were Basketball Hall of Famers Bill Walton and Magic Johnson . Their assistants were comedians Ty Burrell and Jason Alexander . Each team featured fake `` general managers '' who simulated to have chosen the team . The game 's MVP was chosen by voting through text messaging and social media . At the end of the game , Justin Bieber was announced the MVP . Bieber scored eight points ( 3 - 11 FG ) , and had two rebounds and four assists . NBA legend Chris Mullin said of Bieber , `` He 's got a nice little game ... but more importantly , he 's got great passion . It looked like he loves the game . '' February 18 , 2011 Recap East 54 , West 49 Los Angeles Convention Center , Los Angeles , California West Members Occupation Justin Bieber singer / songwriter Swin Cash ( 3 ) current WNBA player Rick Fox ( 3 ) former NBA player / actor A.C. Green former NBA player Rob Kardashian TV personality / model Zachary Levi ( 2 ) actor / singer Romeo Miller entertainer / actor Jalen Rose former NBA player / ESPN analyst Trey Songz singer / songwriter Head coach : Magic Johnson ( NBA legend / ESPN analyst ) Assistant coach : Ty Burrell ( Actor ) General manager : Jimmy Kimmel ( Comedian ) East Members Occupation Nick Cannon ( 4 ) TV personality / actor Tamika Catchings ( 2 ) current WNBA player Common ( 3 ) singer / songwriter / actor Arne Duncan US Secretary of Education Chris Mullin ( 2 ) former NBA player / ESPN analyst Scottie Pippen NBA legend Michael Rapaport ( 4 ) entertainer / actor Mitch Richmond former NBA player Jason Sudeikis TV personality / actor Head coach : Bill Walton ( NBA legend / ESPN analyst ) Assistant coach : Jason Alexander ( Actor ) General manager : Bill Simmons ( ESPN columnist ) 2012 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2012 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 24 , 2012 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando , Florida . Participants in 2012 's version of the game include J. Cole , Common , Vinny Guadagnino , Kevin Hart , and Ne - Yo . Arne Duncan scored 17 points , and grabbed eight rebounds for the East , but teammate Kevin Hart , who recorded 8 points and 6 assists , was named the game 's MVP . Hart was also given two technical fouls and was ejected from the game with about a minute to go in the fourth quarter for protesting a call made against him . The East won the game 86 - 54 . Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard coached for the East team and Oklahoma City Thunder forward Kevin Durant coached the West team . February 24 , 2012 Recap East 86 , West 54 Orange County Convention Center , Orlando , Florida West Player Background Javier Colon Singer and songwriter Common ( 4 ) Rapper / actor Tim Hardaway NBA legend Chris Mullin ( 3 ) NBA legend / ESPN analyst Ne - Yo ( 2 ) Singer / actor Mitch Richmond ( 2 ) NBA legend Drew Scott Real estate expert , co-host of Property Brothers J.B. Smoove Actor / comedian Jesse Williams Actor / model Coach : Kevin Durant ( NBA player ) East Player Background Nick Anderson NBA legend Tamika Catchings ( 3 ) WNBA player J. Cole Rapper Arne Duncan ( 2 ) US Secretary of Education Doug Gottlieb ESPN analyst Vinny Guadagnino Jersey Shore personality Penny Hardaway NBA legend Kevin Hart ( 2 ) Actor / comedian Jonathan Scott Contractor , co-host of Property Brothers Coach : Dwight Howard ( NBA player ) 2013 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2013 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 15 , 2013 at the Sprint Arena in Houston , Texas . The game featured 18 players , including Jamaican Olympic sprinter Usain Bolt , Entertainment Tonight correspondent Rocsi Diaz , actor Josh Hutcherson , ABC News correspondent John Schriffen , and Kevin Hart . Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook and Houston Rockets shooting guard James Harden served as the game 's head coaches . Josh Hutcherson was the leading scorer of the East Team with 11 points which including three 3 - pointers . Arne Duncan and Terrence Jenkins were the leading scorers of the West Team with 11 points ; teammate Kevin Hart , however , who scored five points , three rebounds , and one assist , was named Celebrity Game MVP for the second successive year . Hart became the second player to win the Most Valuable Player award twice joining Terrell Owens , who won it in 2008 and 2009 . February 15 , 2013 Recap West 58 , East 38 Sprint Arena , Houston , Texas East Player Background Usain Bolt Olympic sprinter Bruce Bowen Former NBA player Nick Cannon ( 5 ) TV personality / actor Tamika Catchings ( 4 ) WNBA player Rocsi Diaz Entertainment Tonight correspondent Sean Elliott NBA legend Josh Hutcherson Actor Ne - Yo ( 3 ) Singer / actor Trey Songz ( 2 ) Singer / songwriter Head Coach : Russell Westbrook ( NBA player ) Assistant Coach : Queen Latifah ( Rapper / actress ) West Player Background Common ( 5 ) Rapper / actor Clyde Drexler ( 2 ) NBA legend Kevin Hart ( 3 ) Comedian / actor Arne Duncan ( 3 ) U.S. Secretary of Education Terrence Jenkins ( 2 ) E ! News co-anchor Maya Moore WNBA player Dikembe Mutombo NBA legend Ryen Russillo SVP & Russillo co-host John Schriffen ABC News correspondent Head Coach : James Harden ( NBA player ) Assistant Coach : Samantha Harris ( TV host / actress ) 2014 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) Arne Duncan playing in the 2014 Celebrity Game . The 2014 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 14 , 2014 from the Sprint Arena at the New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans , Louisiana . The game featured 18 players including comedian / actor and two - time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart , Victoria 's Secret model Erin Heatherton , ESPN `` Mike & Mike '' co-hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg , hip - hop artist Snoop Dogg , Actor Michael B. Jordan ( `` The Wire '' ) , United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan , and others . ESPN 's `` NBA Countdown '' co-hosts Bill Simmons and Jalen Rose were the head coaches . Brandon Franklin was a fan who won the Sprint 's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes and he served as assistant coach for the East team . Arne Duncan led the way with a celebrity game record of 20 points , and added 11 rebounds , and six assists as the East team beat the West team 60 - 56 . The West 's Kevin Hart scored 7 points and 4 assists was once again voted MVP by the fans ; however , due to his lackluster play he passed the award to Arne Duncan . February 14 , 2014 Recap East 60 , West 56 Sprint Arena , New Orleans , Louisiana East Player Background Bruce Bowen ( 2 ) Former NBA player Nick Cannon ( 6 ) TV personality / actor Skylar Diggins WNBA player Arne Duncan ( 4 ) U.S. Secretary of Education Mike Greenberg ESPN Radio 's Mike & Mike co-host Kristen Ledlow NBA Inside Stuff co-host Romeo Miller ( 2 ) Entertainer / actor Stan Verrett ESPN 's SportsCenter anchor Wale Rapper Head Coach : Jalen Rose ( Former NBA player and NBA analyst ) Assistant Coach : David Jacoby ( ESPN producer , Grantland writer and editor ) Assistant Coach : Brandon Franklin ( Winner of the Sprint 's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes ) West Player Background Tamika Catchings WNBA player Elena Delle Donne WNBA player Snoop Dogg Rapper / actor Mike Golic ESPN Radio 's Mike & Mike co-host Kevin Hart ( 4 ) Comedian / actor Erin Heatherton Victoria 's Secret model Terrence Jenkins ( 3 ) E ! News co-anchor Michael B. Jordan Actor Jesse Williams ( 2 ) Actor Head Coach : Bill Simmons ( Sports columnist , NBA analyst and author ) Assistant Coach : Zach Lowe ( Grantland writer ) 2015 NBA All - Star Celebrity game ( edit ) The 2015 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 13 , 2015 . It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City , home of the New York Knicks . This was the first celebrity game played at an NBA arena in the event 's history . The game was televised nationally by ESPN . This game featured 20 players including Arcade Fire frontman , Win Butler , Bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan , 2014 Little League World Series female pitcher Mo'ne Davis , WNBA player Skylar Diggins , Paralympic athlete Blake Leeper , NBA hall of famer Chris Mullin , and Memphis Grizzlies owner Robert Pera . This game also featured two All - Star Celebrity Game MVPs ; 2010 winner Michael Rapaport and 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 winner Kevin Hart . ESPN Radio 's `` Mike & Mike '' hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg coached the West and East teams respectively . The West team assistant coaches were film director Spike Lee and tennis legend John McEnroe . New York Knicks ' small forward Carmelo Anthony and former Baylor Bears center Isaiah Austin was the assistant coaches for the East team . Actress and singer Keke Palmer sang the national anthem , and Canadian reggae fusion band Magic ! performed at halftime . Although the West led by Atlanta Dream point guard Shoni Schimmel with 17 points beat the East 57 - 51 , Kevin Hart of the East who scored 15 points and won the MVP award . This was Hart 's fourth MVP award in a row , a record for the Celebrity Game . Hart would then announce his retirement from the annual celebrity game . February 13 , 2015 Recap West 57 , East 51 Madison Square Garden , New York , New York West Player Background Anthony Anderson ( 2 ) Actor Win Butler Singer Nick Cannon ( 7 ) TV personality / actor Mo'ne Davis Little League pitcher Skylar Diggins ( 2 ) WNBA player Ansel Elgort Actor Chris Mullin ( 4 ) NBA legend Robert Pera Memphis Grizzlies owner Sarah Silverman Comedian / actress Jesse Williams ( 3 ) Actor Head Coach : Mike Golic ( ESPN Radio 's Mike & Mike co-host ) Assistant Coach : Spike Lee ( Film director / actor ) Assistant Coach : John McEnroe ( Tennis legend ) East Player Background Abhishek Bachchan Bollywood actor Chadwick Boseman Actor Tina Charles WNBA player Common ( 6 ) Rapper / actor Kevin Hart ( 5 ) Comedian / actor Allan Houston NBA legend Kristen Ledlow ( 2 ) NBA Inside Stuff co-host Blake Leeper Paralympic athlete Michael Rapaport ( 5 ) Actor Shoni Schimmel WNBA player Head Coach : Mike Greenberg ( ESPN Radio 's Mike & Mike co-host ) Assistant Coach : Carmelo Anthony ( NBA player ) Assistant Coach : Isaiah Austin ( Former Baylor Bears player ) 2016 NBA Celebrity All - Star game ( edit ) Further information : 2016 NBA All - Star Game The 2016 NBA Celebrity All - Star Game was played on February 12th , 2016 at the Ricoh Coliseum in Toronto , Ontario . The game was a matchup of Team Canada vs. Team USA , coached by Canadian rapper Drake , and 4 - time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart , respectively . It featured 21 players , including actors Stephan James , Jason Sudeikis , Anthony Anderson , O'Shea Jackson , Jr. , Joel David Moore , and Tom Cavanagh , and TV hosts Nick Cannon , Terrence Jenkins , and the Property Brothers . The game also included four NBA legends in Chauncey Billups , Muggsy Bogues , Tracy McGrady , and Rick Fox , as well as Elena Delle Donne and Tammy Sutton - Brown of the WNBA . Despite the efforts of head coach Kevin Hart who later played in the game in the second half , Team Canada won 74 -- 64 and Win Butler was named MVP of the game . ESPN February 12 7 : 00 pm ET Recap Team USA 64 , Team Canada 74 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 20 , 13 -- 17 , 18 -- 16 , 18 -- 21 Ricoh Coliseum , Toronto , Ontario Team USA Player Background Anthony Anderson ( 3 ) Actor Chauncey Billups former NBA champion and All - Star Muggsy Bogues ( 2 ) former NBA player Nick Cannon ( 8 ) TV personality / Actor Elena Delle Donne ( 2 ) WNBA superstar O'Shea Jackson , Jr . Actor Terrence Jenkins ( 4 ) TV personality / Actor Marc Lasry Milwaukee Bucks owner Joel David Moore ( 2 ) Actor Jason Sudeikis ( 2 ) Actor / Comedian Head Coach : Kevin Hart ( Actor ) Assistant Coach : Becky Hammon ( Assistant Coach , San Antonio Spurs ) Assistant Coach : Isaiah Thomas ( Player , Boston Celtics ) Assistant Coach : Andre Drummond ( Player , Detroit Pistons ) Team Canada Player Background Eugenie Bouchard Professional tennis player Win Butler ( 2 ) Singer , Arcade Fire Tom Cavanagh ( 2 ) Actor Rick Fox ( 4 ) NBA TV analyst Stephan James Actor Tracy McGrady NBA legend Milos Raonic Professional tennis player Drew Scott ( 2 ) TV host , Property Brothers Johnathan Scott ( 2 ) TV host , Property Brothers Tammy Sutton - Brown Former WNBA player Kris Wu Chinese - Canadian Actor / Singer Head Coach : Drake ( Rapper ) Assistant Coach : Steve Nash ( NBA legend ) Assistant Coach : José Bautista ( MLB All Star , Toronto Blue Jays ) Assistant Coach : DeMar DeRozan ( Player , Toronto Raptors ) 2017 NBA Celebrity All - Star game ( edit ) Further information : 2017 NBA All - Star Game The 2017 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday , February 17 , 2017 at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome . The game was a matchup of Team East vs. Team West , coached by ESPN SportsCenter hosts Michael Smith and Jemele Hill , respectively . The game featured 23 players , including actors Ansel Elgort , Caleb McLaughlin , & Romeo Miller , and TV host Nick Cannon . The game also includes two NBA legends , Jason Williams , and Baron Davis , as well as Lindsay Whalen and Candace Parker of the WNBA . The game ended up being the second most lopsided game in Celebrity Game history to date . The East Team 's 88 points were the most ever scored by one team , and their 29 - point margin of victory was the second largest ever . Even though last year 's MVP and the East Team player Win Bulter scored 22 points and 11 rebounds , his teammate Brandon Armstrong won the 2017 All - Star Celebrity Game MVP award with 16 points and 15 rebounds . ESPN February 17 , 2017 7 : 00 pm ET Team East 88 , Team West 59 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 12 , 19 -- 11 , 20 -- 19 , 29 -- 17 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana Team East Player Background Brandon Armstrong Social media star , former NBA D - League player Win Butler ( 3 ) Musician Nick Cannon ( 9 ) TV personality / Actor / Rapper Rachel DeMita NBA2K TV personality Ansel Elgort ( 2 ) Actor Marc Lasry ( 2 ) Milwaukee Bucks owner Caleb McLaughlin Actor Peter Rosenberg Media personality Oscar Schmidt Olympic Basketball legend Lindsay Whalen WNBA player Jason Williams NBA legend Kris Wu ( 2 ) Chinese - Canadian Actor / Singer Head Coach : Jemele Hill ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Kyle Lowry ( Player , Toronto Raptors ) Assistant Coach : Fat Joe ( Rapper ) Assistant Coach : DJ Khaled ( Rapper ) Team West Player Background Mark Cuban ( 2 ) Dallas Mavericks owner Baron Davis NBA legend Andy Grammer Musician Jiang Jinfu Chinese Actor / Model Anthony Mackie Actor Romeo Miller ( 3 ) Actor Hasan Minhaj Actor / Comedian Nneka Ogwumike WNBA player Master P ( 2 ) Actor / Rapper Candace Parker WNBA player Aarón Sanchez Celebrity Chef Head Coach : Michael Smith ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Draymond Green ( Player , Golden State Warriors ) Assistant Coach : Rocsi Diaz ( Television Personality ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelly won the award while being on the losing team . Jump up ^ Bieber won the award while being on the losing team . Jump up ^ Hart originally won the award but passed the award to Arne Duncan . Jump up ^ Hart won the award while being on the losing team . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corey Moss . `` Paris , P. Diddy Help Make NBA All - Star Game An Afterthought '' . MTV.com . February 17 , 2004 . Retrieved on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star even tickets for sale Friday '' . azcentral.com . December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved on February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silveria , Guilherme. `` 2011 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game - Full Game - ( Part 2 / 7 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ballmathes . `` NBA. 2012. All - Star. Celebrity. Game '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ballmathes . `` NBA. 2012. All - Star. Celebrity. Game '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Legends , WNBA Players Added to Celebrity Game Rosters '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Friday Photo Galleries '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Streets . `` Most Stacked Year ( Celeb-Wise ) in NBA Celebrity All - Star History ? - Operation Sports Forums '' . Operation Sports LLC . Operation Sports LLC . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Lenchiner , Jeff . `` 2004 NBA Celebrity Game Recap '' . InsideHoops.com . InsideHoops Media Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P. Diddy Dances to Victory '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stars Hoop it up at the McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented by Sprite '' . NBA.com. 2012 NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star celebrity roster '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Adam . `` McKnight 's Big Night '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Brad . `` Getting Schooled '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matt . `` Stars Were Out in Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . Media Ventures , LLC Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007. All - Star. Weekend. Celebrity. Game. Part1 - 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2007. All - Star. Weekend. Celebrity. Game. Part1 - 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2007. All - Star. Weekend. Celebrity. Game. Part1 - 4 '' . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` West Celebs Defeat East in McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented by 2K Sports '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 17 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Matthew ( February 17 , 2008 ) . `` New Orleans Stars Win 2008 Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilkins , Drexler , Owens among Celebrity Game notables '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Rob ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` T.O. pulls in another MVP trophy in wild celebrity game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Rapaport shuts down TO in Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Globetrotters Shine at NBA All - Star 2010 '' . HarlemGlobetrotters.Com . Harlem Globetrotters . February 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` MVP Bieber shows off his pro-style game in defeat '' . NBA / Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howard , Durant go head - to - head coaching Celebrity Game '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Turner Sports Digital . 2012 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( 2012 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Harvard hoops , comedy highlight annual celebrity funfest '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com - NBA All - Star 2013 : AS Events Landing Page '' . Turner Sports Digital . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sprinter Bolt , Grammy winner Ne - Yo in Sprint Celebrity Game '' . Turner Sports Digital . NBA.com . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ NBAVideoClip . `` East Vs West 2013 Celebrity All Star Game Highlights 15 February 2013 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Release . `` Comedian Kevin Hart Headlines Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Participants '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sprint Assistant Coach for a Day Sweepstakes '' . Sprint . 2013 NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game : Arne Duncan 's big night leads East to victory '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Official Release . `` Kevin Hart , Ansel Elgort , Common , Mo'ne Davis , Anthony Anderson , Nick Cannon and Chadwick Boseman to compete in Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . nba.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee to coach Celebrity Game '' . ESPN New York . Associated Press . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA provides fans with unprecedented access to All - Star with expanded schedule of events '' ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang . `` West wins All - Star Celebrity Game ; Hart bags fourth MVP '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host NBA All - Star 2016 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA All - Star Tickets - NBA All - Star Events QuintEvents '' . nba-events.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Drake , Kevin Hart to coach teams at 2016 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . Bleacher Report . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 All - Star Celebrity Game '' . NBA.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 2017 - NBA.com '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Celebrity Game Player Introductions - 2017 NBA All - Star Weekend Feb 17 , 2017 '' . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim . `` East dominate in NBA Celeb All - Star Game as Brandon Armstrong wins MVP '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Brandon Armstrong Named MVP for 2017 NBA Celebrity Game : Comments and Reaction '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . National Basketball Association portal ( hide ) NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings D - League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1999 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_All-Star_Celebrity_Game&oldid=791769654 '' Categories : National Basketball Association All - Star Game Celebrity competitions Recurring sporting events established in 2003 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2017 , at 11 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is playing the celebrity all star game	[]	[]
-2545004465198977073	African Footballer of the Year	African Footballer of the Year - wikipedia African Footballer of the Year Jump to : navigation , search The African Footballer of the Year award , presented to the best African footballer each year , has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) since 1992 . An earlier African Footballer of the Year Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by France Football magazine . The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball awards given out to Abedi Pele and George Weah in 1993 and 1994 by the magazine although the CAF sponsored awards for those years were won respectively by Rashidi Yekini and Emmanuel Amuneke , as well as two awards given to Abedi Pelé in 1992 . France Football discontinued the election from 1995 after the European Ballon d'Or -- also awarded by the magazine -- had been opened to all players in the European leagues . On 2 February 2008 , Sevilla 's Frédéric Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year . Kanouté , who was born in France , is the first European - born player to win the award ( he plays for his father 's native country of Mali ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 1.1 France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) 1.2 CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) 1.3 Wins By Country 1.4 Wins By Club 2 See also 3 References Winners ( edit ) France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Roger Milla , two - time winner of the award given by France Football . Lakhdar Belloumi , winner of the award in 1981 . Mahmoud El Khatib was the first player from Egypt to win the award in 1983 . The award by France Football magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994 . The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon d'Or ) was opened to players of non-European nationality , the award being given to George Weah that year . It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992 . Year Rank Player Team Points 1970 1st Salif Keïta Saint - Étienne 54 2nd Laurent Pokou ASEC Abidjan 28 Ali Abo Greisha Ismaily 1971 1st Ibrahim Sunday Asante Kotoko 29 2nd Robert Mensah Asante Kotoko 15 3rd François Ndoumbé Canon Yaoundé 13 1972 1st Chérif Souleymane Hafia 21 2nd Bwanga Tshimen TP Mazembe 16 3rd Petit Sory Hafia 14 1973 1st Bwanga Tshimen TP Mazembe 49 2nd Kazadi Mwamba TP Mazembe 44 3rd Laurent Pokou ASEC Abidjan 41 1st Paul Moukila CARA Brazzaville 57 2nd Lobilo Boba Vita Club 32 3rd Hassan Shehata Zamalek 28 1st Ahmed Faras Mohammédia 28 2nd Roger Milla Tonnerre Yaoundé 24 Mamadou Aliou Kéïta Hafia 1976 1st Roger Milla Tonnerre Yaoundé 33 2nd Papa Camara Hafia 32 3rd Ali Bencheikh MC Alger 27 1977 1st Tarak Dhiab Espérance Tunis 45 2nd Papa Camara Hafia 33 3rd Segun Odegbami Shooting Stars 29 1978 1st Karim Abdul Razak Asante Kotoko 58 2nd Ali Bencheikh MC Alger 33 3rd Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 29 1979 1st Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 55 2nd Adolf Armah Hearts of Oak 23 3rd Kerfalla Bangoura Horoya 15 1980 1st Jean Manga - Onguéné Canon Yaoundé 64 2nd Segun Odegbami Shooting Stars 41 3rd Théophile Abega Canon Yaoundé 18 1981 1st Lakhdar Belloumi GC Mascara 78 2nd Thomas N'Kono Canon Yaoundé 54 3rd Ali Fergani JS Kabylie 26 1982 1st Thomas N'Kono Espanyol 83 2nd Salah Assad Mulhouse 54 3rd Lakhdar Belloumi GC Mascara 36 1st Mahmoud El Khatib Al Ahly 98 2nd Opoku Nti Asante Kotoko 89 3rd Rafiou Moutairou OC Agaza 19 1984 1st Théophile Abega Toulouse 124 2nd Joseph - Antoine Bell El Mokawloon 65 Ibrahim Youssef Zamalek 1985 1st Mohamed Timoumi AS FAR 113 2nd Rabah Madjer Porto 45 3rd Ibrahim Youssef Zamalek 39 1986 1st Ezzaki Badou Mallorca 125 2nd Aziz Bouderbala Sion 88 3rd Roger Milla Montpellier 80 1st Rabah Madjer Porto 130 2nd Youssouf Falikou Fofana Monaco 63 3rd François Omam - Biyik Laval 52 1st Kalusha Bwalya Cercle Brugge 111 2nd Roger Milla Montpellier 68 3rd Youssouf Falikou Fofana Monaco 40 1st George Weah Monaco 133 2nd Joseph - Antoine Bell Bordeaux 105 3rd Kalusha Bwalya PSV 49 1st Roger Milla Saint - Pierroise 209 2nd Tahar Chérif El - Ouazzani Aydınspor 64 3rd Rabah Madjer Porto 60 François Omam - Biyik Rennes 1991 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 152 2nd George Weah Monaco 106 3rd François Omam - Biyik Cannes 52 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 198 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 161 3rd Tony Yeboah Eintracht Frankfurt 64 1993 1st Abedi Pele Marseille 119 2nd Tony Yeboah Eintracht Frankfurt 117 3rd Rashidi Yekini Vitória de Setúbal 104 1994 1st George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 148 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 133 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton 99 CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Samuel Eto'o won the award four times . Yaya Touré won the award four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014 . Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang was the first player from Gabon to win the award in 2015 . Mohamed Salah is the latest player to win the award in 2017 . Year Rank Player Team Points 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille -- 1993 1st Rashidi Yekini Vitória de Setúbal -- 1994 1st Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 48 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 44 Rashidi Yekini Olympiacos 1995 1st George Weah Milan -- 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton -- 1st Nwankwo Kanu Internazionale -- 2nd George Weah Milan -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Beşiktaş -- 1st Victor Ikpeba Monaco 56 2nd Japhet N'Doram Monaco 40 3rd Taribo West Internazionale 35 1998 1st Mustapha Hadji Deportivo La Coruña 76 2nd Jay - Jay Okocha Paris Saint - Germain 74 3rd Sunday Oliseh Ajax 58 1999 1st Nwankwo Kanu Arsenal 46 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 44 3rd Ibrahima Bakayoko Marseille 42 2000 1st Patrick M'Boma Parma 123 2nd Lauren Mallorca 36 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 29 1st El Hadji Diouf Lens 93 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 66 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 34 2002 1st El Hadji Diouf Liverpool 93 2nd Papa Bouba Diop Lens 46 3rd Mido Ajax 42 2003 1st Samuel Eto'o Mallorca -- 2nd Didier Drogba Marseille -- 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers -- 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 116 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 90 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers 68 2005 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 108 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 106 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 50 2006 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 79 2nd Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 76 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2007 1st Frédéric Kanouté Sevilla -- 2nd Michael Essien Chelsea -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2008 1st Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal 74 2nd Mohamed Aboutrika Al - Ahly 53 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2009 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 92 2nd Samuel Eto'o Internazionale 69 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 43 1st Samuel Eto'o Internazionale -- 2nd Asamoah Gyan Sunderland -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2011 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Seydou Keita Barcelona -- 3rd André Ayew Marseille -- 2012 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City -- 2nd Didier Drogba Shanghai Shenhua -- 3rd Alex Song Barcelona -- 2013 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 373 2nd John Obi Mikel Chelsea 265 3rd Didier Drogba Galatasaray 236 2014 1st Yaya Touré Manchester City 175 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 120 3rd Vincent Enyeama Lille 105 2015 1st Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 143 2nd Yaya Touré Manchester City 136 3rd André Ayew Swansea City 112 2016 1st Riyad Mahrez Leicester City 361 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 313 3rd Sadio Mané Liverpool 186 2017 1st Mohamed Salah Liverpool 625 2nd Sadio Mané Liverpool 507 3rd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 311 Wins By Country ( edit ) Nation Winners Runners - up Third places Cameroon 11 8 11 Ivory Coast 8 6 7 Ghana 6 7 7 Nigeria 5 6 7 Morocco 0 Algeria 5 Liberia -- Egypt Mali -- Senegal Guinea DR Congo -- Gabon Zambia -- Togo -- Tunisia -- -- Congo -- -- Chad -- -- Wins By Club ( edit ) Club Winners Runners - up Third places Olympique Marseille Manchester City -- Chelsea 6 AS Monaco Barcelona Asante Kotoko -- Canon Yaoundé RCD Mallorca Inter Milan Liverpool Arsenal -- -- Paris SG -- Hafia Conacry TP Mazembe -- Borussia Dortmund -- Sporting CP -- Al Ahly FC Porto Tonnerre Yaoundé -- RC Lens -- Milan -- Sporting CP -- GC Mascara -- Vitória de Setúbal -- Cercle Brugge -- -- CARA Brazzaville -- -- Leicester City -- -- AS Saint - Étienne -- -- Toulouse FC -- -- Parma -- -- FAR Rabat -- -- SCC Mohammédia -- -- JS Saint - Pierroise -- -- Deportivo de La Coruña -- -- Espanyol -- -- Sevilla -- -- Espérance ST -- -- Bayern Munich -- -- MC Alger -- ASEC Mimosas -- Montpellier -- Eintracht Frankfurt -- Shooting Stars -- Shanghai Shenhua -- -- Vita Club -- -- El Mokawloon -- -- Sunderland -- -- Girondins Bordeaux -- -- FC Mulhouse -- -- Hearts of Oak -- -- FC Sion -- -- Aydınspor -- -- JS Kabylie -- -- Bolton Wanderers -- -- Everton FC -- -- Ajax Amsterdam -- -- Ismaily SC -- -- Zamalek SC -- AS Cannes -- -- Stade Lavallois -- -- Lille OSC -- -- Stade Rennais -- -- Olympiacos -- -- Horoya AC -- -- PSV Eindhoven -- -- OC Agaza -- -- Beşiktaş -- -- Galatasaray -- -- Swansea City -- -- See also ( edit ) BBC African Footballer of the Year African Women Footballer of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year CAF Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1993 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1994 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kanoute named Africa 's best Jump up ^ Furious Drogba Slams CAF Over Kanoute Award And Pulls Out Football in Africa ( CAF ) National competitions Men Africa Cup of Nations African Nations Championship Africa Futsal Cup of Nations Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations Women Africa Women Cup of Nations Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament African Games Youth competitions Men U-23 Cup of Nations U-20 Cup of Nations U-17 Cup of Nations African Games Women U-20 Cup for Women U-17 Cup for Women Club competitions Current Champions League Confederation Cup Super Cup Defunct CAF Cup Cup Winners ' Cup Afro - Asian Championship Lists and awards African Footballer of the Year African Women 's Footballer of the Year CAF Awards CAF 5 - Year Ranking List of African national football team managers Sub-regions Northern Africa UNAF Western Africa WAFU Central Africa UNIFFAC Eastern Africa CECAFA Southern Africa COSAFA CAFOnline.com African Footballer of the Year France Football award 1970 : Keïta 1971 : Sunday 1972 : Souleymane 1973 : Bwanga 1974 : Moukila 1975 : Faras 1976 : Milla 1977 : Dhiab 1978 : Abdul Razak 1979 : N'Kono 1980 : Manga - Onguéné 1981 : Belloumi 1982 : N'Kono 1983 : El Khatib 1984 : Abega 1985 : Timoumi 1986 : Zaki 1987 : Madjer 1988 : Bwalya 1989 : Weah 1990 : Milla 1991 : Abedi Pele 1992 : Abedi Pele 1993 : Abedi Pele 1994 : Weah CAF award 1992 : Abedi Pele 1993 : Yekini 1994 : Amunike 1995 : Weah 1996 : Kanu 1997 : Ikpeba 1998 : Hadji 1999 : Kanu 2000 : M'Boma 2001 : Diouf 2002 : Diouf 2003 : Eto'o 2004 : Eto'o 2005 : Eto'o 2006 : Drogba 2007 : Kanouté 2008 : Adebayor 2009 : Drogba 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Touré 2012 : Touré 2013 : Touré 2014 : Touré 2015 : Aubameyang 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Salah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Footballer_of_the_Year&oldid=822578197 '' Categories : African Footballer of the Year winners Confederation of African Football African football trophies and awards Association football player of the year awards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 05 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won african footballer of the year 2015	[ "\n\nYear\nRank\nPlayer\nTeam\nPoints\n\n\n1992\n1st\n Abedi Pele\n Marseille\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n1993\n1st\n Rashidi Yekini\n Vitória de Setúbal\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n1994\n1st\n Emmanuel Amunike\n Sporting CP\n48\n\n\n2nd\n George Weah\n Paris Saint-Germain\n44\n\n\n Rashidi Yekini\n Olympiacos\n\n\n\n\n\n1995\n1st\n George Weah\n Milan\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Emmanuel Amunike\n Sporting CP\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Daniel Amokachi\n Everton\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n1996\n1st\n Nwankwo Kanu\n Internazionale\n–\n\n\n2nd\n George Weah\n Milan\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Daniel Amokachi\n Beşiktaş\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n1997\n1st\n Victor Ikpeba\n Monaco\n56\n\n\n2nd\n Japhet N'Doram\n Monaco\n40\n\n\n3rd\n Taribo West\n Internazionale\n35\n\n\n\n\n\n1998\n1st\n Mustapha Hadji\n Deportivo La Coruña\n76\n\n\n2nd\n Jay-Jay Okocha\n Paris Saint-Germain\n74\n\n\n3rd\n Sunday Oliseh\n Ajax\n58\n\n\n\n\n\n1999\n1st\n Nwankwo Kanu\n Arsenal\n46\n\n\n2nd\n Samuel Kuffour\n Bayern Munich\n44\n\n\n3rd\n Ibrahima Bakayoko\n Marseille\n42\n\n\n\n\n\n2000\n1st\n Patrick M'Boma\n Parma\n123\n\n\n2nd\n Lauren\n Mallorca\n36\n\n\n3rd\n Samuel Eto'o\n Mallorca\n29\n\n\n\n\n\n2001\n1st\n El Hadji Diouf\n Lens\n93\n\n\n2nd\n Samuel Kuffour\n Bayern Munich\n66\n\n\n3rd\n Samuel Eto'o\n Mallorca\n34\n\n\n\n\n\n2002\n1st\n El Hadji Diouf\n Liverpool\n93\n\n\n2nd\n Papa Bouba Diop\n Lens\n46\n\n\n3rd\n Mido\n Ajax\n42\n\n\n\n\n\n2003\n1st\n Samuel Eto'o\n Mallorca\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Didier Drogba\n Marseille\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Jay-Jay Okocha\n Bolton Wanderers\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n2004\n1st\n Samuel Eto'o\n Barcelona\n116\n\n\n2nd\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n90\n\n\n3rd\n Jay-Jay Okocha\n Bolton Wanderers\n68\n\n\n\n\n\n2005\n1st\n Samuel Eto'o\n Barcelona\n108\n\n\n2nd\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n106\n\n\n3rd\n Michael Essien\n Chelsea\n50\n\n\n\n\n\n2006\n1st\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n79\n\n\n2nd\n Samuel Eto'o\n Barcelona\n76\n\n\n3rd\n Michael Essien\n Chelsea\n36\n\n\n\n\n\n2007\n1st\n Frédéric Kanouté\n Sevilla\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Michael Essien\n Chelsea\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n2008\n1st\n Emmanuel Adebayor\n Arsenal\n74\n\n\n2nd\n Mohamed Aboutrika\n Al-Ahly\n53\n\n\n3rd\n Michael Essien\n Chelsea\n36\n\n\n\n\n\n2009\n1st\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n92\n\n\n2nd\n Samuel Eto'o\n Internazionale\n69\n\n\n3rd\n Michael Essien\n Chelsea\n43\n\n\n\n\n\n2010\n1st\n Samuel Eto'o\n Internazionale\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Asamoah Gyan\n Sunderland\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Didier Drogba\n Chelsea\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n2011\n1st\n Yaya Touré\n Manchester City\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Seydou Keita\n Barcelona\n–\n\n\n3rd\n André Ayew\n Marseille\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n2012\n1st\n Yaya Touré\n Manchester City\n–\n\n\n2nd\n Didier Drogba\n Shanghai Shenhua\n–\n\n\n3rd\n Alex Song\n Barcelona\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n2013\n1st\n Yaya Touré\n Manchester City\n373\n\n\n2nd\n John Obi Mikel\n Chelsea\n265\n\n\n3rd\n Didier Drogba\n Galatasaray\n236\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n1st\n Yaya Touré\n Manchester City\n175\n\n\n2nd\n Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang\n Borussia Dortmund\n120\n\n\n3rd\n Vincent Enyeama\n Lille\n105\n\n\n\n\n\n2015\n1st\n Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang\n Borussia Dortmund\n143\n\n\n2nd\n Yaya Touré\n Manchester City\n136\n\n\n3rd\n André Ayew\n Swansea City\n112\n\n\n\n\n\n2016\n1st\n Riyad Mahrez\n Leicester City\n361\n\n\n2nd\n Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang\n Borussia Dortmund\n313\n\n\n3rd\n Sadio Mané\n Liverpool\n186\n\n\n\n\n\n2017\n1st\n Mohamed Salah\n Liverpool\n625\n\n\n2nd\n Sadio Mané\n Liverpool\n507\n\n\n3rd\n Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang\n Borussia Dortmund\n311\n\n" ]	[ "Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang" ]
9128048933967367879	List of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episodes	List of Spider - Man and his Amazing Friends episodes - wikipedia List of Spider - Man and his Amazing Friends episodes This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is an episode list for Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , which was an American cartoon series featuring the Marvel Comics superhero Spider - Man . The first season consisted of 13 episodes , the second 3 , and the third 8 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1981 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1982 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1983 ) 3 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiered : Ended : 1 13 September 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 12 ) December 5 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 05 ) September 18 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 18 ) October 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 02 ) 8 September 17 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 17 ) November 5 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 05 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1981 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date `` Triumph of the Green Goblin '' September 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 12 ) A plane crash turns Norman Osborn back into the Green Goblin , who plans to turn the entire city into goblins . Villain : Norman Osborn / Green Goblin `` The Crime of All Centuries '' September 19 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 19 ) Kraven the Hunter plans to unleash a dinosaur army . Too make matters worse , Kraven also captures Firestar . Villain : Seregei Kravinoff / Kraven the Hunter `` The Fantastic Mr. Frump ! '' September 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 26 ) Aunt May 's unlucky friend is given the power to change reality , which Doctor Doom uses to his advantage . Villain : Dr. Victor von doom / Doctor Doom `` Sunfire '' October 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 03 ) Firestar falls in love with Sunfire . 5 5 `` Swarm '' October 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 10 ) An irradiated meteor turns a group of bees into the villain Swarm , who turns Iceman , Firestar , and the rest of the city into bees . Only Spider - Man is immune . Can he find a way to stop Swarm from taking over the world ? Villain : Swarm 6 6 `` 7 Little Superheroes '' October 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 17 ) The Chameleon schemes to destroy his most hated enemies : the Spider - Friends , Captain America , Doctor Strange , Sub-Mariner and Shanna the Jungle Queen , by summoning them to his castle and taking them down one by one . Note : Shanna the Jungle Queen is renamed from Shanna the She - Devil . Villain : The Chameleon 7 7 `` Video - Man '' October 24 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 24 ) Electro creates a villain called Videoman from an arcade machine . Villain : Max Dillon / Electro Electro 8 8 `` The Prison Plot '' October 31 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 31 ) Magneto holds the visitors of an abandoned prison hostage , demanding the release of his Brotherhood of Mutants ( Blob , Toad , and Mastermind ) . Villain ( s ) : Magneto , Blob , Toad and Mastermind 9 9 `` Spidey Goes Hollywood '' November 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 07 ) Mysterio forces a movie director to con Spider - Man into starring in a movie . Bruce Banner appears and ends up turning into the Hulk when it came to a part where Mysterio uses a robot version of Hulk in a scene . Villain : Quentin Beck / Mysterio 10 10 `` The Vengeance of Loki ! '' November 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 14 ) Loki masquerades as his half - brother , Thor , and attacks New York City . Villain : Loki 11 11 `` Knights and Demons '' November 21 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 21 ) Spider - Man and the Black Knight team up to battle Mordred . Villain : Mordred The Evil 12 12 `` Pawns of the Kingpin '' November 28 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 28 ) The Kingpin and Doctor Faustus use a mind control device to force Captain America to commit crimes , who convinces Iceman to follow him . Villain ( s ) : Kingpin and Doctor Faustus 13 13 `` The Quest of the Red Skull '' December 5 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 05 ) The Red Skull kidnaps Hiawatha Smith and the Spider - Friends so that they will not interfere in his plot to start World War III . Note : This episode is typically not part of any syndicated package due to its direct depictions of Adolf Hitler , the Nazi swastika , and the use of the phrase ' Heil Hitler ' . Villain : Red Skull Season 2 ( 1982 ) ( edit ) Note : This season features the origins of all three Spider - Friends . No Ep Title Original air date 14 `` The Origin of the Iceman '' September 18 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 18 ) Videoman returns , and Blobber , Iceman and Marko Parker retells his origin as he fears he is losing his mutant powers . In a brief flashback clip , Iceman recalls meeting Professor Xavier and the original members of the X-Men ( Angel , Beast , Marvel - Girl , Cyclops ) . 15 `` A Fire - Star Is Born '' September 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 25 ) Iceman and Firestar attend an X-Men reunion featuring Cyclops , Angel , and its latest members Storm and Wolverine ( who oddly speaks with an Australian accent ) . Firestar recalls her origins ( cameos by Magneto and a Sentinel ) . After that , the Juggernaut crashes the party in an effort to destroy his stepbrother Professor X . 16 `` Along Came Spidey '' October 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 02 ) Shocker injures Aunt May , and Spider - Man recounts how he acquired his powers . Season 3 ( 1983 ) ( edit ) No Ep Title Original air date 17 `` Spider - Man Unmasked ! '' September 17 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 17 ) The Sandman learns that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . 18 `` The Bride of Dracula ! '' September 24 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 24 ) Firestar is kidnapped by Dracula . Spider - Man and Iceman go to Transylvania to rescue her , fighting both Wolfman and the Frankenstein monster . 19 `` The Education of a Superhero '' October 1 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 01 ) Videoman merges with a game addict , who decides to be a superhero while the Gamesman seeks world domination by electronically hypnotizing the public . 20 `` Attack of the Arachnoid '' October 8 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 08 ) After the Spider - Friends thwart the Scorpion , a mad scientist named Dr. Zoltan Amadeus recreates Spider - Man 's powers . He frames Spider - Man for a crime ( Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) guest stars as Spider - Man 's lawyer ) . When Spider - Man ends up on Ryker 's Island , the Scorpion stages a jailbreak to take out Spider - Man . When Dr. Zoltan mutates into a half - spider monster , Iceman and Firestar must stop him and clear Spider - Man 's name . 21 5 `` The Origin of the Spider - Friends '' October 15 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 15 ) Stan Lee explains how the superheroes teamed - up to fight the Beetle . Tony Stark makes a cameo . 22 6 `` Spidey Meets the Girl from Tomorrow '' October 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 22 ) Spidey falls in love with a stranded girl from the future ( Ariel ) , whose spaceship has been stolen by Doctor Octopus . 23 7 `` The X-Men Adventure '' October 29 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 29 ) The Spider - Friends visit the X-Mansion , teaming with the X-Men ( Cyclops , Colossus , Storm , Nightcrawler , Thunderbird , Sprite , and Professor X ) and battle an old friend of Firestar in Cyberiad ( formerly Nathan Price , made into a Tharok - like cyborg in an accident caused by A.I.M. ) . 24 8 `` Mission : Save the GuardStar '' November 5 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 05 ) Buzz Mason of S.H.I.E.L.D. hires the Spider - Friends to stop a mutant named Lightwave , who has the power to control and manipulate light energy . She turns out to be Iceman 's half - sister , Aurora Dante ( who was not mentioned in `` The Origin of Ice Man '' ) . Though it is said that she has turned traitor and is targeting the GuardStar satellite , someone is actually mind - controlling her . External links ( edit ) Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 -- 17 ) episodes Spider - Man ( 2017 -- present ) episodes Film Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) Live performances Spider - Man 's wedding Spider - Man Live ! Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark Video games Spider - Man ( 1982 ) Questprobe Featuring Spider - Man Doctor Doom 's Revenge The Amazing Spider - Man ( Amiga ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( Game Boy ) The Amazing Spider - Man vs. The Kingpin Spider - Man : The Video Game The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 1992 ) Return of the Sinister Six Arcade 's Revenge Invasion of the Spider - Slayers Maximum Carnage Lethal Foes Separation Anxiety Spider - Man ( 1995 ) Web of Fire Spider - Man ( 2000 ) The Sinister Six Enter Electro Mysterio 's Menace Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Ultimate Spider - Man Battle for New York Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man 4 : Friend or Foe Web of Shadows Toxic City Total Mayhem Shattered Dimensions Edge of Time The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Spider - Man Unlimited ( 2014 ) Spider - Man ( 2018 ) Literature Novels book series Spider - Man : Down These Mean Streets Spider - Man : The Darkest Hours Comic strips The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- present ) Mr. and Mrs. Spider - Man ( 2008 ) Theme park attractions The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man Meet Spider - Man and the Marvel Super Heroes Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Parody and unofficial films 3 Dev Adam ( 1973 ) SpiderBabe ( 2003 ) Spider - Plant Man ( 2005 ) Italian Spiderman ( 2007 ) Superhero Movie ( 2008 ) Spider - Man XXX : A Porn Parody ( 2011 ) Superman vs. Spider - Man XXX : An Axel Braun Parody ( 2012 ) Related articles Green Goblin in other media Spider - Man enemies in other media Animated television series based on Marvel Comics properties 1960s The Marvel Super Heroes Fantastic Four Spider - Man episodes 1970s The New Fantastic Four Fred and Barney Meet The Thing Spider - Woman 1980s Spider - Man Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends episodes The Incredible Hulk Dracula : Sovereign of the Damned X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Solarman 1990s X-Men characters episodes Days of Future Past releases Iron Man episodes Fantastic Four episodes Spider - Man characters episodes Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Ultraforce The Incredible Hulk Men in Black : The Series episodes Silver Surfer Spider - Man Unlimited comics The Avengers : United They Stand 2000s X-Men : Evolution episodes characters Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Fantastic Four : World 's Greatest Heroes The Spectacular Spider - Man episodes characters Wolverine and the X-Men Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes The Super Hero Squad Show episodes 2010s Black Panther Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man episodes Avengers Assemble episodes Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episodes Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episodes Guardians of the Galaxy episodes Spider - Man episodes Big Hero 6 : The Series Series groups Action Hour Action Universe Marvel Anime ( episodes ) Universe Related topics Marvel Entertainment Marvel Productions / New World Animation Marvel Films Animation Marvel Animation Disney XD Disney Channel Saban Entertainment Spider - Man Cartoon Maker Spider - Man Animated Series ( video game ) Toy Biz X-Men Cartoon Maker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spider-Man_and_His_Amazing_Friends_episodes&oldid=823649172 '' Categories : Lists of Marvel Comics animated series episodes Spider - Man television series episodes Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2012 All articles lacking sources Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 15 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	spiderman and his amazing friends the prison plot	[]	[]
-8789303573624072853	Divided consciousness	Divided consciousness - wikipedia Divided consciousness Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Divided consciousness is a term coined by Ernest Hilgard to define a psychological state in which one 's consciousness is split into distinct components , possibly during hypnosis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin ( s ) 2 Experimentation 3 See also 4 References Origin ( s ) ( edit ) The theory of a division of consciousness was touched upon by Carl Jung in 1935 when he stated , `` The so - called unity of consciousness is an illusion ... we like to think that we are one but we are not . '' Ernest Hilgard believed that hypnosis causes a split in awareness and a vivid form of everyday mind splits . Drawing themes from Pierre Janet , Hilgard viewed hypnosis from this perspective as a willingness to divide the main systems of consciousness into different sectors . He argued that this split in consciousness can not only help define the state of mind reached during hypnosis , but can also help to define a vast range of psychological issues such as multiple personality disorder . In Hilgard 's Divided Consciousness Reconsidered , he offers a great many examples of `` dissociated '' human behavior . With regard to theory , he does state that it is useful to assign two modes of consciousness , a receptive mode and an active mode -- that is , a bimodal consciousness . In other places he mentions the concept of coconsciousness , wherein two or more states of consciousness may be equally receptive or active , as , for example , in some types of multiple personality . Many psychological studies assume a unity of consciousness . Doubt is cast on this assumption by psychophysical studies in normal subjects and those with blindsight showing the simultaneous dissociation of different modes of report of a sensation , and by clinical studies of anosognosic patients showing dissociations of awareness of their own states . These and other phenomena are interpreted to imply two kinds of division of consciousness : the separation of phenomenal experience from reflexive consciousness and the non-unity of reflexive consciousness . Reflexive consciousness is taken to be necessary for report and is associated with the self as the subject of experience and agent of report . Reflexive consciousness is operative only when we attend to our own states . When we are involved in the world reflexivity intervenes less and our consciousness is more unified . Experimentation ( edit ) The theory has been tried and tested and many some tests have proven that the theory makes is legitimate . Others , such as one performed on 169 undergraduate students , some of whom performed tasks in selective attention and divided attention conditions being correlated with scores on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility refute Hilgard 's findings . New trends in psychology and cognitive neuroscience suggest that applications of nonlinear dynamics , chaos and self - organization seem to be particularly important for research of some fundamental problems regarding mind - brain relationship . Relevant problems among others are formations of memories during alterations of mental states and nature of a barrier that divides mental states , and leads to the process called dissociation . This process is related to a formation of groups of neurons which often synchronize their firing patterns in a unique spatial manner . The central theme of this study is the relationship between level of moving and oscillating mental processes and their neurophysiological substrate . This presents a question about principles of organization of the conscious experience and how the experiences happen in the brain . Chaotic self - organization provides a unique theoretical and experimental tool for deeper understanding of dissociative phenomena and enables to study how dissociative phenomena can be linked to epileptiform discharges which are related to various forms of psychological and somatic manifestations . Organizing principles that constitute human consciousness and other mental phenomena from this point of view may be described by analysis and reconstruction of underlying dynamics of psychophysiological measures . See also ( edit ) Split - brain Alien hand syndrome Dual consciousness Bicameralism ( psychology ) Left brain interpreter Lateralization of brain function Society of Mind Parallel computing Laterality Mind - body problem Philosophy of mind Theory of mind Ouija Dowsing Automatic writing Ideomotor phenomenon Tulpa Cognitive Neuroscience References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Review : Dissociationism Revived , Matthew Hugh Erdelyi , Science , New Series , Vol. 200 , No. 4342 ( May 12 , 1978 ) , pp. 654 - 655 ; Published by : American Association for the Advancement of Science ) Jump up ^ ( Myers , David G. Psychology : Eighth Edition in Modules . New York , NY : Worth Publishers , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Huebner , B. ( 1979 ) . Distributing cognition : A defense of collective mentality , Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 8 ( 6 ) , 591 ; Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/h66jn31642t052j8/fulltext.pdf?page=1 Jump up ^ Hebb , D , Juzyck , P , Klein R. , ( 1983 ) . The Nature of Thought , Medical Research Council , Applied Psychology Unit , Cambridge , UK . Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=0cprqzSe6BkC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=By+Donald+Olding+Hebb,+Peter+W.+Jusczyk,+Raymond+M.+Klein&source=bl&ots=N_f-8zNr2K&sig=dBHDyYyDKSCTQ4YohMjalD85fxY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 Jump up ^ Some operationalizations of the neodissociation concept and their relationship to hypnotic susceptibility . Stava , Lawrence J. ; Jaffa , Melvyn . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . Vol 54 ( 6 ) , Jun 1988 , 989 - 996 . ) Jump up ^ Chaos , brain and divided consciousness . Petr Bob , Acta Univ Carol Med Monogr. 2007 ; 153 : 9 - 80 17867519 ( P , S , G , E , B ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divided_consciousness&oldid=796340503 '' Categories : Hypnosis Consciousness Consciousness studies Dichotomies Mind -- body problem Psychology Psychological theories Neurological disorders Neuropsychology Neuroscience Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2009 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from January 2009 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 04 : 45 . About Wikipedia	dissociation refers to a state of divided consciousness	[]	[]
-5020469857016125587	Why Don't We	Why Do n't We - wikipedia Why Do n't We Jump to : navigation , search Why Do n't We Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Pop Occupation ( s ) Singers Years active 2016 -- present Labels Atlantic Website whydontwemusic.com Members Jonah Marais Corbyn Besson Daniel Seavey Jack Avery Zach Herron Why Do n't We ( commonly abbreviated as WDW ) is an American pop boyband , that was assembled on September 27 , 2016 , consisting of Jonah Marais Roth Frantzich from Stillwater , Minnesota , Corbyn Matthew Besson from Fairfax , Virginia , Daniel James Seavey from Portland , Oregon , Jack Robert Avery from Susquehanna , Pennsylvania , and Zachary Dean Herron from Dallas , Texas , each of whom had previously recorded as solo artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 2016 -- present 2 Discography 2.1 Extended plays 2.2 Singles 2.2. 1 As lead artist 2.3 As a featured artist 2.4 Promotional singles 2.5 Music videos 3 References Career 2016 -- present The band originally formed on September 27 , 2016 , and announced it the next day via their YouTube account . Since then , the band has released three EPs and five singles . On October 7 , 2016 , the group released their debut single `` Taking You '' , a track from their debut EP , Only the Beginning , which was released on November 25 of the same year . Their second EP , Something Different , was released on April 21 , 2017 . Its title track was released as the lead single the same day . They released their third EP , Why Do n't We Just , on June 2 , 2017 . They finished their `` Something Different '' tour around the United States . Another single , `` These Girls '' was released on August 29 , 2017 . They have appeared in vlogs from YouTuber and friend , Logan Paul . The band has currently been working with YouTube vlogger and friend , Logan Paul . Logan has currently directed three music videos for Why Do n't We , one involving their collaboration `` Help Me Help You . '' The band has made various appearances on Logan Paul 's daily vlogs . They have also helped Logan Paul on a diss track about Jake Paul called `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' . On November 23 , 2017 , they released a holiday EP called A Why Do n't We Christmas . Discography Extended plays List of extended plays , with selected details , chart positions and sales Title Extended play details Peaks US US Heat NZ Heat Only the Beginning Released : November 25 , 2016 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- Something Different Released : April 21 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- 6 -- Why Do n't We Just Released : June 2 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- Invitation Released : September 26 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download 113 7 A Why Do n't We Christmas Released : November 23 , 2017 Label : Signature Format : Digital download -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory . Singles As lead artist List of singles as lead artist , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Bub . US Pop CAN `` Taking You '' 2016 -- -- -- Only the Beginning `` Nobody Gotta Know '' -- -- -- `` Just to See You Smile '' -- -- -- `` Free '' -- -- -- `` You and Me at Christmas '' -- -- -- Non-album single `` Something Different '' 2017 22 33 -- Something Different `` Why Do n't We Just '' -- -- -- Why Do n't We Just `` These Girls '' -- 82 Non-album single `` Trust Fund Baby '' 2018 20 30 -- TBA As a featured artist Title Year Peak chart positions Album US Bub . AUS `` Help Me Help You '' ( Logan Paul featuring Why Do n't We ) 2017 90 Non-album single Promotional singles Title Year Album `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' ( Logan Paul featuring Why Do n't We ) 2017 Non-album single Music videos Song Year Other artist ( s ) Director Ref `` Taking You '' 2016 None Steven Taylor `` Nobody Gotta Know '' 2017 Logan Paul `` Something Different '' `` Help Me Help You '' Logan Paul `` The Fall of Jake Paul '' Sebastian A. Guerra `` These Girls '' None Eli Sokhn & Logan Paul `` Trust Fund Baby '' 2018 Jason Koenig References Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Our First Day As A Band '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We Chart History : Heatseekers '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation -- EP by Why Do n't We on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Why Do n't We Christmas -- EP by Why Do n't We on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do n't We -- Chart search on Billboard.biz '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We -- Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't We -- Chart History : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Fund Baby -- Single by Why Do n't We on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 424 '' . auspOp . June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taking You ' Official Music Video Why Do n't We '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Gotta Know -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Something Different -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Paul -- Help Me Help You ft . Why Do n't We ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall Of Jake Paul Feat . Why Do n't We ( Official Video ) # TheSecondVerse '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These Girls -- Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trust Fund Baby - Why Do n't We ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Atlantic Records . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Don%27t_We&oldid=836206967 '' Categories : American boy bands Musical groups established in 2016 Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 10 : 03 . About Wikipedia	when did why don't we form a band	[]	[]
-6068454383032383457	Doctor Who missing episodes	Doctor Who missing episodes - wikipedia Doctor Who missing episodes Jump to : navigation , search Material from missing Doctor Who serials has seen release in books and in audio form on CD , and several episodes have been animated for DVD release . DVDs have also been released of surviving episodes from otherwise - missing serials , and tele - snaps exist of many missing episodes . There are numerous portions of the long - running British science - fiction television programme Doctor Who that are no longer held by the BBC . Between 1967 and 1978 the BBC routinely deleted archive programmes , for various practical reasons ( lack of space , scarcity of materials , a lack of rebroadcast rights ) . As a result of the cull , 97 of 253 episodes from the programme 's first six years are currently missing , primarily from seasons 3 through 5 , leaving 26 serials incomplete . Many more were considered lost until recovered from various sources , mostly overseas broadcasters . Doctor Who is not unique in its losses , as many broadcasters regularly cleared their archives in this manner . Until the BBC changed its archiving policy in 1978 , thousands of hours of programming , in all genres , were deleted . Other affected BBC series include Dad 's Army , Z - Cars , The Wednesday Play , Steptoe and Son , and Not Only ... But Also . ITV regional franchises also deleted many programmes , including early videotaped episodes of The Avengers . Doctor Who is unusual , however , in that each of its 97 missing episodes survives in audio form , recorded off - air by fans at home . Most episodes are also represented by stills or short video clips . Furthermore , after careful restoration , all 1970s episodes exist in full colour , which is not always the case for other series . Efforts to locate missing episodes continue , both by the BBC and by fans of the series . Recovered episodes have been extensively restored for release on VHS and DVD ; surviving soundtracks have been released on cassette and CD . Many missing episodes have had their visuals reconstructed , either through specially commissioned animation or use of surviving footage and photographs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The purge of the archives 1.2 The end of the junkings 1.3 Continuing search 1.4 Compared with other series 2 List of missing episodes 2.1 Orphaned episodes 2.2 Unaired missing episodes 3 Recovery 3.1 Episodes 3.2 Sources of recovered episodes 3.2. 1 BBC holdings 3.2. 1.1 Film Library oddities 3.2. 1.2 Engineering Department 3.2. 1.3 Villiers House 3.2. 2 National Film and Television Archive 3.2. 3 Overseas broadcasters that purchased missing episodes 3.2. 4 Private collectors 3.2. 4.1 The Abominable Snowmen and Invasion of the Dinosaurs 3.2. 4.2 The Reign of Terror 3.2. 4.3 The Wheel in Space 3.2. 4.4 The Faceless Ones and The Evil of the Daleks 3.2. 4.5 The Crusade 3.2. 4.6 Galaxy 4 and The Underwater Menace 3.2. 5 Other sources 3.2. 5.1 The Daleks ' Master Plan 3.2. 5.2 The Enemy of the World and The Web of Fear 3.3 Incomplete recovered episodes 3.4 Clips 3.4. 1 Sources of recovered clips 3.4. 1.1 Excised clips 3.4. 1.2 8mm clips 3.4. 1.3 From other Doctor Who episodes 3.4. 1.4 From other television programmes 3.5 Audio soundtracks 4 Restoration 4.1 Motion restoration 4.2 Colour restoration 4.2. 1 Colour recovery 5 Reconstruction 5.1 Animated episodes 5.1. 1 Unreleased and unofficial animations 5.2 Narrated links 5.3 Recreations 6 Further research 6.1 Books and periodicals 6.1. 1 Nothing at the End of the Lane 6.1. 2 Doctor Who Magazine 6.2 Documentaries 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Between approximately 1967 and 1978 , large quantities of videotape and film stored in the BBC 's Engineering department and film libraries , respectively , were wiped or destroyed to make way for newer programmes . This happened for several reasons , primarily the belief that there was no practical value to its retention . The actors ' union Equity had actively fought against the introduction of TV recording since the 1950s , when it first became a practical proposition . Before workable television recording was developed , if a broadcaster wished to repeat a programme ( usually a one - off play ) , he had to re-hire the actors to perform it again , live , for additional fees . Equity 's concern was that if broadcasters kept recordings of the original performances , they would be able to re-broadcast them indefinitely , which would reduce the amount of new production and threaten the livelihoods of its members . Although Equity could not prevent recording altogether , it added standard clauses to its members ' contracts that stipulated that recordings could only be repeated a limited number of times within a specific timeframe , and deliberately set the fees for further use so high that broadcasters would consider it unjustifiable to spend so much money repeating an old programme rather than making a new one . Consequently , recordings whose repeat rights had expired were considered to be of no further domestic use to the broadcasters . Film can containing a 16 mm film telerecording print of The Evil of the Daleks , Episode 2 . Most Doctor Who episodes were made on two - inch videotape for initial broadcast and then telerecorded onto 16 mm film by BBC Enterprises for further commercial exploitation . Enterprises used 16 mm for overseas sales as it was considerably cheaper to buy and easier to transport than videotape . It also circumvented the problem of different countries ' incompatible video standards , as film was a universal medium whereas videotape was not . The BBC had no central archive at the time ; the Film Library kept programmes that had been made on film , while the Engineering Department was responsible for storing videotapes . BBC Enterprises only kept copies of programmes they deemed commercially exploitable . They had little dedicated storage space , and tended to place piles of film canisters wherever they could find space for them at their Villiers House property . The Engineering Department had no mandate to archive the programme videotapes they held , although typically they would not be wiped or junked until the relevant production department or BBC Enterprises indicated that they had no further use for the tapes . The first Doctor Who master videotapes to be junked were those for the serial The Highlanders , which were erased on 9 March 1967 , a mere two months after Episode 4 's original transmission . Further erasing and junking of Doctor Who master videotapes by the Engineering Department continued into the 1970s . Eventually , every master videotape of the programme 's first 253 episodes ( 1963 -- 69 ) was destroyed or wiped . The final 1960s master tapes to be erased were those for the 1968 serial Fury from the Deep , in late 1974 . Despite the destruction of these masters , BBC Enterprises held a near - complete archive of the series in the form of their 16 mm film telerecording copies until approximately 1972 . From around 1972 to 1978 , BBC Enterprises also disposed of much of their older material , including many episodes of Doctor Who . The purge of the archives ( edit ) Enterprises ' episodes were usually junked because their rights agreements with the actors and writers to sell the programmes abroad had expired . With many broadcasters around the world now switching to colour transmission , it was not deemed worthwhile extending agreements to sell the older black - and - white material . The BBC Film Library , meanwhile , had no responsibility for storing programmes that had not originated on film , and there were conflicting views between the Film Library and BBC Enterprises over which party held the responsibility for archiving programmes . As each body believed it the other 's responsibility to archive the material , each thought nothing of destroying its own copies as necessary . This lack of communication contributed to the erasure of much of the Corporation 's film archive of older black - and - white programming . While thousands of other programmes have been destroyed in this way around the world , the missing Doctor Who episodes are probably the best - known example of how the lack of a consistent programme archiving policy risks permanent loss . Following the purges and subsequent recoveries , gaps in the Doctor Who archive are spread unevenly through its first eleven seasons . Major losses mostly affect First and Second Doctor serials ; although two stories are missing just one episode each ( The Tenth Planet , Episode 4 and The Web of Fear Episode 3 ) , other stories are lost altogether . Patrick Troughton 's era as the Second Doctor is particularly affected ; of the fourteen stories comprising his first two seasons , only The Tomb of the Cybermen and The Enemy of the World are complete , and these only exist due to telerecordings later returned from Hong Kong and Nigeria , respectively . All stories starring Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor are complete , though many episodes no longer survive on their original videotapes and were only available from black - and - white overseas prints upon recovery ; these episodes have subsequently been restored to colour using a variety of methods . In order of original transmissions , the very last Doctor Who master videotapes to be wiped were the first episodes of the 1974 serials Invasion of the Dinosaurs and Death to the Daleks . The latter was recovered from overseas , initially from a tape in the NTSC format , and later in the original PAL format on a tape returned from Dubai . For four years , Episode 1 of Invasion of the Dinosaurs was the only Pertwee episode to be entirely missing from the archives , until a black - and - white 16 mm copy was returned to the Corporation in June 1983 . The story was released on DVD with a partially recolourised version of Episode 1 , alongside a higher - quality monochrome transfer of the episode , in The UNIT Files box set . With one exception , archival holdings from Death to the Daleks Episode 2 onwards are complete on the original broadcast videotapes . Unrelated to the regular archive purges , the final shot of The Deadly Assassin Episode 3 ( 1976 ) has been excised from the master copy . The shot was removed after its initial UK transmission , following complaints from Mary Whitehouse of the National Viewers ' and Listeners ' Association . Subsequent repeats and commercial releases have restored the shot from off - air video copies . The End of the junkings ( edit ) The First Doctor ( William Hartnell ) collapses before his regeneration in The Tenth Planet , Episode 4 . Internally , the wiping policy officially came to an end in 1978 , when the means to further exploit programmes by taking advantage of the new market for home videocassette recordings started to become apparent . The prevailing view had also begun to shift toward the attitude that archive programmes should , in any case , be preserved for posterity and historical and cultural reasons . The BBC Film Library was turned into a combined Film & Videotape Library for the preservation of both media . The Film Library at the time held only 47 episodes of 1960s Doctor Who ; they had once held 53 , but six episodes had either been junked or gone missing . Junkings at BBC Enterprises , however , continued until the intervention of Ian Levine , a record producer and fan of the programme . Following the transfer of episodes still held by Enterprises , there were 152 episodes of Doctor Who no longer held by the BBC , although subsequent efforts have reduced that number to 97 . Arguably the most sought - after lost episode is Episode 4 of the final William Hartnell serial , The Tenth Planet , which ends with the First Doctor 's regeneration into the Second . The only portion of the episode still in existence , bar a few poor - quality silent 8mm clips , is the final 27 seconds , comprising the regeneration itself and a few seconds leading up to it . The sequence had been shown in a 1973 episode of Blue Peter , and was retained in that show 's archive . Even after the end of the purge , other archive issues persist . Serials from Seasons 22 -- 26 were shown in Germany , with soundtracks dubbed into German language ; some of these episodes no longer exist in German television archives . Continuing search ( edit ) On 20 April 2006 it was announced on Blue Peter that a life - sized Dalek would be given to anyone who found and returned one of the missing episodes . In January 2007 ITV began a campaign called `` Raiders of the Lost Archive '' and although the campaign was run by ITV , they were also looking to find Doctor Who episodes and other BBC shows . One episode of the Raiders of the Lost Archive show aired in January 2007 and a further two episodes in July 2009 . In December 2012 the Radio Times listings magazine announced it was launching the hunt for more Doctor Who episodes , to tie - in with the show 's 50th anniversary . The Radio Times issued its own list of missing episodes . The magazine has also set up an email address specifically for Doctor Who missing episodes that the public can use to contact it if they have any information . Compared with other series ( edit ) Compared with other BBC series broadcast in the 1960s , Doctor Who is well - represented in surviving episodes . Of the 253 episodes broadcast during the 1960s , 156 still exist -- mainly due to copies produced for overseas sales . For example , Seasons 1 and 2 , the most widely sold abroad of the 1960s era , are missing only 9 and 2 episodes , respectively . By contrast , the less well - sold Seasons 4 and 5 respectively have none and two complete serials between them , The Tomb of the Cybermen and The Enemy of the World from season five . Doctor Who 's popularity and high - profile have also helped to ensure the return of episodes which , for other less well - remembered programmes , might never have occurred . Of all ongoing BBC series from the 1960s , only Steptoe and Son has a better survival record , with all episodes existing in some form . Doctor Who is also comparatively rare amongst contemporaries in that all of its 1970s episodes exist as masters or telerecordings , while other series such as Z - Cars and Dixon of Dock Green are missing episodes from as late as 1975 . List of missing episodes ( edit ) As of December 2017 , 97 episodes were unaccounted for . The missing episodes span 26 serials , including 10 full serials . Most of the gaps are from seasons 3 , 4 , and 5 , which currently lack a total of 79 episodes across 21 ( out of 26 ) serials . By contrast , seasons 1 , 2 , and 6 are missing just 18 episodes , across 5 ( out of 25 ) serials . Of these missing stories , all but three -- Marco Polo , `` Mission to the Unknown '' , and The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve -- have surviving clips . All episodes also have full surviving audio tracks . As of December 2017 , 6 of these missing serials have been officially `` completed '' using animation , and subsequently released commercially by BBC Worldwide . While the Patrick Troughton era is missing more episodes ( 53 as compared to 44 for William Hartnell ) , there are more Hartnell stories completely missing ( 6 as compared to 4 ) . Serials highlighted in red are missing all episodes . Serials highlighted in yellow are missing more than half of their episodes . All others listed are missing at least one , but no more than half , of their episodes . Doctor Missing Season Missing Story Serial Missing / Total Episode ( s ) missing Serial completion Animation Reconstruction Narration First 44 9 004 Marco Polo 7 / 7 All ✖ ✔ ✖ 008 The Reign of Terror 2 / 6 4 , 5 ✔ ✖ ✔ 014 The Crusade 2 / 4 2 , 4 ✖ ✖ ✔ 28 018 Galaxy 4 3 / 4 1 , 2 , 4 ✖ ✔ ✖ 019 `` Mission to the Unknown '' 1 / 1 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 020 The Myth Makers 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 021 The Daleks ' Master Plan 9 / 12 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 ✖ ✖ ✔ 022 The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 024 The Celestial Toymaker 3 / 4 1 , 2 , 3 ✖ ✖ ✔ 026 The Savages 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 33 028 The Smugglers 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 029 The Tenth Planet 1 / 4 ✔ ✔ ✖ Second 53 030 The Power of the Daleks 6 / 6 All ✔ ✖ ✖ 031 The Highlanders 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 032 The Underwater Menace 2 / 4 1 , 4 ✖ ✔ ✔ 033 The Moonbase 2 / 4 1 , 3 ✔ ✖ ✔ 034 The Macra Terror 4 / 4 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 035 The Faceless Ones 4 / 6 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ✖ ✖ ✖ 036 The Evil of the Daleks 6 / 7 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ✖ ✖ ✔ 5 18 038 The Abominable Snowmen 5 / 6 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ✖ ✖ ✔ 039 The Ice Warriors 2 / 6 2 , 3 ✔ ✔ ✖ 041 The Web of Fear 1 / 6 ✖ ✔ ✖ 042 Fury from the Deep 6 / 6 All ✖ ✖ ✖ 043 The Wheel in Space 4 / 6 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 ✖ ✖ ✔ 6 7 046 The Invasion 2 / 8 1 , 4 ✔ ✖ ✔ 049 The Space Pirates 5 / 6 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ✖ ✖ ✔ 26 incomplete serials 97 missing episodes 6 6 11 Orphaned episodes ( edit ) Serials that are over 50 % complete ( e.g. , The Reign of Terror , The Tenth Planet ) have been issued as standalone releases , with the missing episodes bridged using animation , visual reconstructions , or narration to the camera . Surviving episodes which form 50 % or less of a complete story -- referred to as `` orphaned '' episodes -- have been released by the BBC in compilations ( e.g. , Lost in Time ) , or as extras on releases of complete serials . A few four - episode serials of which 50 % remain ( e.g. , The Underwater Menace , The Moonbase ) have also been issued as standalone releases . Doctor Season Story Serial VHS DVD First 008 The Reign of Terror Ep 1 - 3 , 6 : The Reign of Terror box set Ep 1 - 3 , 6 : The Reign of Terror DVD 014 The Crusade Ep 3 : The Hartnell Years Ep 1 , 3 : The Crusade box set Ep 1 , 3 : Lost in Time 018 Galaxy 4 Ep 3 : N / A Ep 3 : The Aztecs : Special Edition DVD 021 The Daleks ' Master Plan Ep 2 : N / A Ep 5 , 10 : Daleks -- The Early Years Ep 2 , 5 , 10 : Lost in Time 024 The Celestial Toymaker Ep 4 : The Hartnell Years Ep 4 : Lost in Time 029 The Tenth Planet Ep 1 - 3 : The Tenth Planet VHS Ep 1 - 3 : The Tenth Planet DVD Second 032 The Underwater Menace Ep 2 : N / A Ep 3 : The Missing Years Ep 3 : Lost in Time Ep 2 , 3 : The Underwater Menace DVD 033 The Moonbase Ep 2 , 4 : Cybermen -- The Early Years Ep 2 , 4 : Lost in Time Ep 2 , 4 : The Moonbase DVD 035 The Faceless Ones Ep 1 , 3 : The Reign of Terror box set Ep 1 , 3 : Lost in Time 036 The Evil of the Daleks Ep 2 : Daleks -- The Early Years Ep 2 : Lost in Time 5 038 The Abominable Snowmen Ep 2 : The Troughton Years Ep 2 : Lost in Time 039 The Ice Warriors Ep 1 , 4 - 6 : The Ice Warriors VHS Ep 1 , 4 - 6 : The Ice Warriors DVD 041 The Web of Fear Ep 1 : The Reign of Terror box set Ep 2 , 4 - 6 : N / A Ep 1 : Lost in Time Ep 1 - 2 , 4 - 6 : The Web of Fear DVD 043 The Wheel in Space Ep 3 , 6 : Cybermen -- The Early Years Ep 3 , 6 : Lost in Time 6 046 The Invasion Ep 2 - 3 , 5 - 8 : The Invasion VHS Ep 2 - 3 , 5 - 8 : The Invasion DVD 049 The Space Pirates Ep 2 : The Troughton Years Ep 2 : Lost in Time Unaired missing episodes ( edit ) In addition to the official list of missing episodes , also missing is the original Episode 1 of The Daleks . At some point after the recording , it was discovered that a technical problem had caused backstage voices to be heard on the resulting videotape ; in early December 1963 , the episode was remounted with a different costume for Susan . The only surviving portion is the reprise at the beginning of Episode 2 . Planet of Giants is another odd example , having originally been recorded as four episodes , with the first three directed by Mervyn Pinfield , and the last one by Douglas Camfield . To create a faster - paced climax , Episodes 3 & 4 were combined and reduced to form a single episode , which was credited to Camfield only . This decision , made by then - Head of Drama Sydney Newman , resulted in a one - episode gap at the end of the second production block ( leading to the creation of `` Mission to the Unknown '' ) ; the unused portions of Episodes 3 and 4 are believed to have been destroyed . The serial 's 2012 DVD release features a reconstruction of the original episodes , directed by Ian Levine . The production rebuilds the deleted scenes using CGI , footage from elsewhere in the serial , and re-recorded dialogue from Carole Ann Ford , William Russell , and actors impersonating the rest of the cast . Doctor Season Story Serial Lost Episodes Details First 002 The Daleks Remounted . The reprise at the beginning of Episode 2 contains footage from the original version , which is otherwise missing . 009 Planet of Giants 3 , 4 Edited together into a single episode before the original broadcast , airing as episode 3 . There is no official 4th episode for this serial . The unaired versions are missing . Recovery ( edit ) Episodes ( edit ) When the BBC 's complete holdings ( both the BBC Film & Videotape Library and BBC Enterprises ) were first audited in 1978 , the following 50 episodes were absent from their collective archives , but have subsequently been returned to the Corporation through various methods . The nine stories highlighted have all episodes existing as a result . Except where indicated , all episodes were returned as 16 mm telerecording negatives or prints . Doctor Season Story no . Serial Total Eps In archive # Returned ( Eps No . ) Recovered from Source Country / Territory Year First 008 The Reign of Terror 6 4 ( 1 - 3 , 6 ) PIK ( ep. 1 - 3 ) Cyprus 1985 Private collector ( ep. 6 ) United Kingdom 1982 014 The Crusade 1 ( 1 ) Private collector New Zealand 1999 017 The Time Meddler 3 ( 1 , 3 - 4 ) NTV Nigeria 1985 018 Galaxy 4 1 ( 3 ) Private collector United Kingdom 2011 021 The Daleks ' Master Plan 12 3 ( 2 , 5 , 10 ) Private collector ( ep. 2 ) United Kingdom LDS Church ( ep. 5 & 10 ) 024 The Celestial Toymaker 1 ( 4 ) ABC Australia 1984 027 The War Machines 4 ( 1 - 4 ) NTV ( ep. 1 , 3 , 4 ) Nigeria 1985 Private collector ( ep. 2 unedited ) Australia 1978 First Doctor Totals 7 serials 17 episodes Second 032 The Underwater Menace 1 ( 2 ) Private collector United Kingdom 2011 035 The Faceless Ones 6 1 ( 3 ) Private collector United Kingdom 036 The Evil of the Daleks 7 1 ( 2 ) Private collector United Kingdom 5 037 The Tomb of the Cybermen 4 ( 1 - 4 ) ATV Hong Kong 1991 038 The Abominable Snowmen 6 1 ( 2 ) Private collector United Kingdom 1982 039 The Ice Warriors 6 4 ( 1 , 4 - 6 ) BBC United Kingdom 040 The Enemy of the World 6 6 5 ( 1 - 2 , 4 - 6 ) NTV Nigeria 2013 041 The Web of Fear 6 5 5 ( 1 - 2 , 4 - 6 ) Unknown ( ep. 1 ) Unknown 1970s NTV ( ep. 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) Nigeria 2013 043 The Wheel in Space 6 1 ( 3 ) Private collector United Kingdom 1984 6 044 The Dominators 5 5 1 ( 3 ) BFI United Kingdom 1978 047 The Krotons 1 ( 4 ) BFI United Kingdom 1978 050 The War Games 10 10 6 ( 1 , 3 - 4 , 6 - 7 , 10 ) BFI United Kingdom 1978 Second Doctor Totals 12 serials 31 episodes Third 11 071 Invasion of the Dinosaurs 6 6 1 ( 1 ) Private collector United Kingdom 072 Death to the Daleks 1 ( 1 ) Unknown TV station ( as NTSC ) Canada 1981 Dubai 33 ( as PAL ) United Arab Emirates 1991 Third Doctor Totals 2 serials 2 episodes Totals 21 serials 50 episodes Sources of recovered episodes ( edit ) In the years since the BBC archive was first audited in 1978 , a number of episodes then absent have been returned from various sources . BBC holdings ( edit ) Film Library oddities ( edit ) When the BBC audited its Film Library in 1977 , 47 episodes were found to exist . These Film Library copies were a random sampling of viewing prints for various episodes , along with seven of the nine episodes that had originally been telerecorded onto film for editing and / or transmission , rather than recorded to videotape . These film - originated masters were stored in the Film Library , rather than in the Engineering Department with the videotapes . The presence of the viewing prints is less easily explained . The Film Library 's remit covers material originated on film , not on videotape -- yet two of the film - originated episodes of Doctor Who ( The Power of the Daleks Episode 6 and The Wheel in Space Episode 5 ) were junked by the Film Library , while it held such unexplained material as 16 mm copies of The Tenth Planet Episodes 1 -- 3 , presumably viewing prints which were mistakenly returned to them at some point instead of BBC Enterprises . Most surprisingly of all , they also retained a 16 mm telerecording copy of the original untransmitted pilot , presumably a viewing print made in 1963 and subsequently lodged at the Library . The Film Library also held high - quality original film sequences made for insertion into videotaped episodes . Some of these , such as those from Episodes 1 -- 2 of The Daleks ' Master Plan , survive to this day . Other junked sequences were mistakenly entered into a film library computer system , leading to an impression that they had existed for years afterward , and inaccurate speculation that the BBC was still destroying clips well into the early 1980s . Engineering Department ( edit ) Following the establishment of the Film and Videotape Library , an audit of the Engineering Department found 60 of the 128 Third Doctor episodes starring Jon Pertwee , which in addition to the Film Library 's copies of the film - originated Spearhead from Space , brought that Doctor 's episode count up to 64 out of 128 . Villiers House ( edit ) In 1978 , Ian Levine located another 65 episodes from the show 's first six seasons ( plus fourteen previously existing episodes ) , at the BBC Enterprises film vault at Villiers House in London . The episodes comprise 17 full serials , mostly from seasons 1 and 2 . According to Levine , many of the prints were flagged to be junked that very day . Levine alerted the new Film and Videotape Library 's archive selector , Sue Malden , who paid her own visit to Villiers House and found every remaining Jon Pertwee episode ( albeit as a 16 mm black - and - white telerecording ) , except for two from his final season : Death to the Daleks and Invasion of the Dinosaurs , Episodes 1 . In August 1988 , ten years after Levine 's and Malden 's visits , Episodes 1 and 4 -- 6 of the six - part story The Ice Warriors , were discovered in a cupboard at Villiers House when the Corporation was in the process of moving out of the building . National film and television archive ( edit ) Shortly after the junking process was halted and the BBC established its Film and Videotape Library for the purpose of storage and preservation , archive selector Sue Malden began to audit what material remained in the BBC 's stores . When investigations revealed large gaps in the collection , Malden turned her inquiries to the National Film and Television Archive -- which promptly returned three full Second Doctor serials -- The Dominators , The Krotons , and The War Games , adding seven more episodes and completing two of those serials . These all were standard 16 mm film telerecordings with the exception of The Dominators Episode 3 , which was a 35 mm print . Episodes 4 and 5 of The Dominators originated from a foreign broadcaster , and had been slightly edited ; the missing footage was restored later , through a mix of censor clips and more complete prints held by private collectors . Overseas broadcasters that purchased missing episodes ( edit ) An appeal to broadcasters in other countries who had shown the programme ( notably Australia and African nations such as Nigeria ) produced `` lost '' episodes from the archives of their television companies . The Tomb of the Cybermen , for example , was recovered in this manner from Rediffusion Television in Hong Kong in 1992 . Of the 50 episodes recovered since the original BBC audit of its holdings , 24 have been returned from overseas broadcasters : Country Regions aired TV Network ( s ) Eps Australia Adelaide Brisbane Canberra Hobart Melbourne Perth Sydney ABC Barbados N / A CBC 0 Bermuda N / A ZFB - TV 0 Canada Numerous regional stations CBC 0 Cyprus N / A CyBC Ethiopia N / A ETV 0 Ghana N / A GTV 0 Gibraltar N / A GBC 0 Hong Kong N / A RTV Iran N / A NIRT 0 Jamaica N / A JBC 0 Kenya N / A VoK 0 Malta N / A Xandir Malta 0 Mauritius N / A MBC 0 New Zealand Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Wellington NZBC 0 Nigeria N / A RKTV 15 Rhodesia N / A RBC 0 Sierra Leone N / A SLBS 0 Singapore N / A RTS 0 Thailand N / A HAS - TV 0 Trinidad & Tobago N / A TTT 0 Uganda N / A UTV 0 United Arab Emirates N / A Dubai 33 Venezuela N / A RCTV 0 Zambia Kitwe Lusaka ZNBC 0 Note that on occasion some broadcasters purchased Doctor Who telerecordings ( usually 16 mm ) but subsequently cancelled the order . Nigerian television has been a particularly fruitful source for episode recovery ; a total of 15 out of the 50 episodes recovered since 1978 have been reclaimed from Nigeria , leading to the completion of three full serials ( The Time Meddler , The War Machines , and The Enemy of the World ) . Private collectors ( edit ) Several episodes have been returned by private film collectors , who at some point acquired 16 mm film prints intended for sale to foreign broadcasters . The Abominable Snowmen and Invasion of the Dinosaurs ( edit ) Roger Stevens was working for the BBC as a film editor in the 1980s , and one morning , as he was travelling to work by train , he bumped into a BBC co-worker and they began to talk about Doctor Who episodes . The BBC projectionist mentioned that he had nine episodes of Doctor Who that Stevens could buy for £ 25 . In the summer of 1981 , Stevens bought The Space Museum episode one , The Abominable Snowmen episode two , The Moonbase episode four , Invasion of the Dinosaurs episode one , and three episodes of Carnival of Monsters . Stevens then contacted Ian Levine to find out what was missing from the BBC archive ; Levine confirmed that The Abominable Snowmen episode two and Invasion of the Dinosaurs episode one were currently missing . Stevens gave these prints to Levine , who returned The Abominable Snowmen to the BBC in February 1982 , although he held back Invasion of the Dinosaurs from the BBC for a while . This was later returned to the BBC by Levine in June 1983 , who then made a copy and returned the original to Levine . The Reign of Terror ( edit ) The Reign of Terror was recovered by Bruce Campbell when he attended a film fair in the 1980s and began chatting to a stall holder who informed him that one of his regular customers had in their possession The Reign of Terror episode six . Campbell got in contact with the customer , bought the missing episode for £ 50 , and then , in May 1982 , donated it to the BBC through Ian Levine . The Wheel in Space ( edit ) In 1984 Doctor Who Magazine ( issue 87 ) ran a story about a rumour of a missing Doctor Who episode that was in Portsmouth ; this led to episode three of The Wheel in Space being loaned to the BBC in April 1984 by David Stead to allow for a copy to be made . It released on VHS in 1992 , with poor results . Later , the print was borrowed again , and a new copy made , using D3 videotape . Stead recollects that he had purchased the episode for £ 15 . The Faceless Ones and the Evil of the Daleks ( edit ) In 1982 , novice film collector Gordon Hendry purchased 16 mm copies of The Faceless Ones , episode 3 , and The Evil of the Daleks , episode 2 , from a film fair in Buckingham . At that time Hendry was unaware of the episodes ' value ( only one episode of The Faceless Ones and none of The Evil of the Daleks were known to exist ) . In 1985 , a cinema owner in Brighton persuaded Hendry to lend him the films , so as to screen the episodes for profit while the Panopticon VI convention was being held in the town . Saied Marham , an associate of Hendry 's , visited Panopticon to generate interest in the showing , only to be dismissed as a hoaxster , and the screening did not go ahead . After the event , Paul Vanezis spent 15 months attempting to retrieve the episodes from Marham . Eventually , in 1987 , a charity fundraising convention called Tellycon aired The Faceless Ones , episode 3 , in tribute to the recently deceased Patrick Troughton . In the following weeks , Vanezis and Ian Levine negotiated the return of both episodes to the BBC archive . The Crusade ( edit ) Although the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation received copies of The Crusade , it never broadcast the story due to a prohibitive rating from the censor board . After rejecting the serial , NZBC never returned its film prints to the BBC or actively destroyed them . In 1998 collector Bruce Grenville purchased a 16 mm copy of The Crusade episode 1 from a stall at a New Zealand film fair , containing various material previously rescued from a rubbish tip . Through a series of chance meetings , the episode eventually was returned to the BBC in January 1999 . Galaxy 4 and the Underwater Menace ( edit ) In 1975 , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation returned all eight broadcast prints of Galaxy 4 and The Underwater Menace to the BBC to be disposed of . In the mid-1980s , former ITV engineer Terry Burnett purchased episode 3 of Galaxy 4 and episode 2 of The Underwater Menace from another collector , unaware of their value ( the only extant episode of the former serial , and one of just two from the latter ) . In December 2011 , after a chance encounter with Doctor Who Restoration Team member Ralph Montagu , Burnett returned the episodes to the BBC . Other sources ( edit ) The Daleks ' master Plan ( edit ) The Daleks ' Master Plan never was sold abroad ; only Australia requested viewing copies ( excepting Episode 7 , `` The Feast of Steven '' ) , and eventually declined to purchase the serial . The fate of these viewing prints is currently unknown . Nevertheless , three out of the serial 's twelve episodes have been recovered . 16 mm copies of episodes 5 and 10 were returned in the early 1980s , under unclear circumstances ( with rumour claiming they were found in the basement of a Mormon church ) . Episode 2 was returned in 2004 by former BBC engineer Francis Watson . He had come across the film in the 1970s , while clearing a projector testing room at the BBC 's Ealing Studios . Instead of disposing of the film as instructed , he brought it home -- eventually to return it to the Corporation when he realised the value of the material . The Enemy of the World and the Web of Fear ( edit ) Following months of rumours , in October 2013 a BBC press conference announced the return of 11 episodes ( two of which previously existing ) from a television relay station in the city of Jos , Nigeria . In the course of his work abroad , Philip Morris of Television International Enterprises Archives had discovered episodes 1 - 6 of The Enemy of the World and episodes 1 - 6 of The Web of Fear. and returned 11 of these to the BBC . The return of the nine missing episodes was the single largest recovery of Doctor Who episodes in 25 years , resulting in only the second full serial from Troughton 's first two seasons to be restored to the BBC . Both serials were promptly released on iTunes , with DVD releases following over the next few months . Both on the iTunes and the DVD release , episode 3 of The Web of Fear was represented by a tele - snap reconstruction , edited by John Kelly . Episode 3 had been part of the same find , but by the end of protracted negotiations for the return of the film cans , the episode had disappeared from the cache , with the presumption that it was sold to a private collector . Incomplete recovered episodes ( edit ) Of the 50 recovered episodes , several are missing short segments -- due either to overseas censorship or to damage to the surviving film print . The following table shows all affected episodes , and the total duration of missing material . Doctor Story no . Serial Eps Incomplete episode Missing ( mm : ss ) Reason missing First 017 The Time Meddler Episode 4 00 : 12 Overseas censorship 018 Galaxy 4 Episode 3 00 : 27 Film damage 024 The Celestial Toymaker Episode 4 Unknown `` Next Episode '' caption missing 027 The War Machines Episode 3 01 : 00 Overseas censorship Episode 4 00 : 08 Overseas censorship First Doctor totals 4 serials > 1 minute 47 seconds Second 035 The Faceless Ones 6 Episode 3 00 : 20 Film damage Second Doctor totals 1 serial 0 minutes 20 seconds Totals 5 serials > 2 minutes 7 seconds Clips ( edit ) Of the 97 missing episodes , 36 are represented by short `` orphan '' clips , recovered from various sources . These clips span 17 of the 26 serials affected by missing episodes , 7 of which are otherwise completely missing . The only serials lacking any footage whatsoever are Marco Polo , `` Mission to the Unknown '' , and The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve . The following table shows all recovered excerpts , together with which pertinent episodes , format of the clips , and the source of recovery . Otherwise - missing serials are highlighted in red . Doctor Season Story no . Serial No . Eps Recovered from From Ep . Recovered ( mm : ss ) Format Source Country / Territory Total ( mm : ss ) First 008 The Reign of Terror 6 Ep. 4 00 : 10 8mm cine Private individual Australia 00 : 21 Ep. 5 00 : 11 018 Galaxy 4 Ep. 1 00 : 10 8mm cine Private individual Australia 06 : 03 05 : 23 16 mm telerecording Private collector United Kingdom 00 : 30 BBC 020 The Myth Makers Ep. 1 00 : 21 8mm cine Private individual Australia 00 : 56 Ep. 2 00 : 20 Ep. 4 00 : 15 021 The Daleks ' Master Plan 12 Ep. 1 01 : 43 35 mm film insert BBC United Kingdom 04 : 19 Ep. 3 01 : 38 16 mm telerecording Ep. 4 00 : 58 026 The Savages Ep. 3 00 : 03 8mm cine Private individual Australia 00 : 44 Ep. 4 00 : 41 028 The Smugglers Ep. 1 00 : 23 16 mm telerecording National Archives Australia 00 : 47 Ep. 3 00 : 24 Ep. 4 00 : 03 029 The Tenth Planet Ep. 4 00 : 51 8mm cine Private individual Australia 01 : 18 00 : 27 16 mm telerecording BBC United Kingdom First Doctor Totals 7 serials 14 minutes 28 seconds Second 030 The Power of the Daleks 6 Ep. 1 00 : 35 8mm cine Private individual Australia 02 : 53 00 : 19 16 mm telerecording BBC United Kingdom Ep. 2 00 : 24 8mm cine Private individual Australia Ep. 4 00 : 10 16 mm telerecording ABC Australia 00 : 21 16 mm film insert BBC United Kingdom Ep. 5 00 : 18 16 mm telerecording ABC Australia 00 : 40 16 mm film BBC United Kingdom Ep. 6 00 : 06 16 mm film BBC United Kingdom 031 The Highlanders Ep. 1 00 : 13 16 mm telerecording National Archives Australia 00 : 13 032 The Underwater Menace Ep. 1 00 : 14 16 mm telerecording National Archives Australia 00 : 17 Ep. 4 00 : 03 034 The Macra Terror Ep. 2 00 : 26 16 mm telerecording National Archives Australia 01 : 20 Ep. 3 00 : 02 00 : 52 8mm cine Private individual 035 The Faceless Ones 6 Ep. 2 00 : 03 8mm cine Private individual Australia 00 : 03 036 The Evil of the Daleks 7 Ep. 7 00 : 03 16 mm film Private collector United Kingdom 00 : 03 5 038 The Abominable Snowmen 6 Ep. 4 00 : 08 16 mm film BBC United Kingdom 00 : 08 042 Fury from the Deep 6 Ep. 1 00 : 19 16 mm telerecording BBC United Kingdom 02 : 15 Ep. 2 00 : 54 National Archives Australia Ep. 4 00 : 31 Ep. 5 00 : 31 043 The Wheel in Space 6 Ep. 1 00 : 04 16 mm telerecording BBC United Kingdom 00 : 13 Ep. 4 00 : 03 National Archives Australia Ep. 5 00 : 06 Private collector New Zealand 6 049 The Space Pirates 6 Ep. 1 01 : 05 35 mm film insert BBC United Kingdom 01 : 05 Second Doctor Totals 10 serials 8 minutes 30 seconds Totals 17 serials 22 minutes 58 seconds Sources of recovered clips ( edit ) Excised clips ( edit ) Bill Burridge as Mr. Quill , in a scene excised by the Australian Film Censorship Board from the missing serial Fury from the Deep Some overseas viewing prints were physically edited for content by local censor boards , before transmission for reasons such as excessive violence , fright - inducing material , and , in some cases , the conservative personal views of the censors . Hence , episodes recovered from these sources ( Australia , New Zealand ) are missing these segments . Later discoveries turned up a large number of excised clips , held by interested parties as proof of the edits . In October 1996 , Australian Doctor Who fans Damian Shanahan and Ellen Parry discovered a collection in the records of the National Archives of Australia , provided as evidence by the Commonwealth Film Censorship Board ( now the Classification Board ) . These clips include The Smugglers , episodes 1 , 3 - 4 ; The Highlanders , episode 1 ; The Underwater Menace , episodes 2 , 4 ; The Macra Terror , episode 3 ; Fury From The Deep , episodes 2 , 4 - 5 ; and The Wheel In Space , episode 4 . The clips from The Underwater Menace , episode 2 were later found to precisely match the edits to the print discovered in late 2011 , suggesting that the recovered episode was exactly the same print that had been censored decades before . In an interview for the fanzine The Disused Yeti , Shanahan stated that although he and Parry had found paper records relating to the censoring of early to mid William Hartnell stories , the excised portions for all stories from An Unearthly Child to The Gunfighters had been destroyed some time before Shanahan and Parry 's investigation . In 2002 , New Zealand fan Graham Howard uncovered excised clips from episodes 2 , 4 & 5 The Web of Fear and The Wheel in Space , episode 5 . 8mm clips ( edit ) A fan in Australia has returned small excerpts of off - screen footage , recorded from repeat showings using an 8mm cine film camera . The missing episodes covered include The Reign of Terror , episode 4 ; Galaxy 4 , episode 1 ; The Myth Makers , episodes 1 - 2 , 4 ; The Savages , episodes 3 - 4 ; The Tenth Planet , episode 4 ; The Power Of The Daleks , episodes 1 - 2 ; The Macra Terror , episode 3 ; and The Faceless Ones , episode 2 . From other Doctor Who episodes ( edit ) Due to the show 's habit of repeating cliffhanger footage , sometimes missing episode material can be found in surviving neighbor episodes . Episode 2 of The Daleks uses a prefilmed reprise from the original recording of Episode 1 , which later had to be remounted ; the original version of Episode 1 is presumed to have been destroyed . A brief clip from Episode 4 of The Crusade exists at the very start of The Space Museum . Episode 1 of the latter serial begins with the characters in period costume , briefly frozen in place . An off - camera cough heard on both soundtracks shows that the clip was a filmed insert from the previous ( and currently missing ) episode . In its lead - in to an upcoming repeat , The Wheel in Space episode 6 contains a short three - frame clip from The Evil of the Daleks episode 1 , alongside a reprise from the existing episode 2 of that serial . Other episodes contain straight excerpts from earlier serials , such as episode 10 of The War Games , which employs model shots from the first episodes of Fury from the Deep and The Wheel in Space . From other television programmes ( edit ) A short film sequence from The Power of the Daleks , Episode 5 . It survived through a 1968 edition of Whicker 's World which featured an interview with Dalek creator Terry Nation . Clips from some missing episodes also survive due to their use in other surviving programmes . For example , excerpts from Episode 4 of The Daleks ' Master Plan were used in a 1973 edition of Blue Peter , and scenes from The Power of the Daleks in an Australian programme called Perspective : C for Computer . In 2005 , two further short clips from The Power of the Daleks -- along with a higher - quality version of one of the extant scenes -- were discovered in a 1966 episode of the BBC science series Tomorrow 's World . The clips , lasting less than 10 seconds each and on film ( as opposed to film recordings ) , came to light when the Tomorrow 's World segment was broadcast as part of the 11 September 2005 edition of the clip - based nostalgia show Sunday Past Times on BBC Two . After being alerted to the footage , Paul Vanezis of the Doctor Who Restoration Team tracked down the uncut version of the clip . The 1977 documentary Whose Doctor Who indirectly led to a lengthy excerpt from `` Four Hundred Dawns , '' episode 1 of the 1965 serial Galaxy 4 . The film 's producers used an excerpt from a viewing print of the episode , which they further cut down in the editing . Rather than discard the unused portion , the film 's advisor Jan Vincent - Rudzki asked to keep the film trims . Later in the 1990s , Vincent - Rudzki returned the clip to the archives . At a total of 5m 53s , this clip is the longest piece of surviving footage from an otherwise missing episode , accounting for a quarter of the total running time . Apart from actual episode footage , rare behind - the - scenes material also was discovered for The Smugglers , The Evil of the Daleks , The Abominable Snowmen , and Fury from the Deep . Also from the latter serial exists some raw footage from the filming of Episode 6 , featuring some alternate camera angles from what was eventually broadcast . Audio soundtracks ( edit ) Though numerous episodes are still missing , full - length audio soundtracks for all missing episodes are held by the BBC . These come from off - air recordings made by fans , often made by use of a microphone attached to a tape recorder placed close to the television set . While the quality of these off - air recordings varies greatly , multiple fan recordings exist for every episode . Starting in the early 1990s , the BBC began to release existing audio of serials with missing episodes , with linking narration provided by former series actors such as Jon Pertwee , Tom Baker , Colin Baker , Peter Purves , and Frazer Hines . By December 2005 , the soundtracks for all of the missing episodes had been released , albeit with copyright - uncleared music replacements where necessary ( e.g. , a Beatles song in Evil of the Daleks ) , slightly rejigged sequences for reasons of clarity , and with overdubbed narration . Between 2010 and 2012 BBC Audiobooks collected the individual narrated soundtracks in a series of five CD box sets , entitled `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes '' . For the sets , some serials ( such as The Evil of the Daleks ) were re-released with improved audio restoration , changed linking narration , and in some instances with scenes unavailable in the first release . In addition to the soundtracks , the sets include special features such as the Archive on 4 documentary , `` Doctor Who - The Lost Episodes '' and high - quality scans of the original camera / rehearsal scripts in PDF format . For more information , see List of Doctor Who audio releases . Restoration ( edit ) For the first eleven seasons of Doctor Who , often the surviving materials are in a very different format or condition from their original broadcast masters . Surviving 1960s material is recorded on film stock of varying quality , while early 1970s material is available in a patchwork of professional and consumer formats . To present the material in a form approximating its original broadcast masters requires extensive technical work , and a certain amount of invention . Motion Restoration ( edit ) In its original form , the videotape used to record Doctor Who captures images at 50 interlaced fields per second , resulting in a smooth , `` live '' feel to motion . To transfer the episodes to film , the film camera is timed to combine two video fields in each frame , converting 50 fields to 25 frames per second ; on playback , the omission of in - between images results in a choppier `` film '' style motion . To recreate the original `` live '' video feel , early telerecorded episodes are processed through a digital tool known as VidFIRE , which approximates the missing motion between film frames . In addition to the telerecorded material , some early 1970s material survives only , or in colour only , on NTSC videotapes produced for North American transmission ( e.g. , TV Ontario and CKVU in Vancouver ) . NTSC runs at a different framerate than PAL video , and has a different number of scanlines . The conversion process used in the 1970s was primitive by modern standards , resulting in a noticeable amount of picture and motion loss . Converting the NTSC tapes back to PAL introduces more artifacts , creating a blurry picture and juddering motion . To rectify the problem , in 2005 a new Reverse Standards Conversion process , which attempts to unpick the original video conversion , was introduced for the DVD release of The Claws of Axos . Season Story Serial Total episodes NTSC episodes Episode source 7 054 Inferno 7 1 - 7 CKVU ( Vancouver ) 8 057 The Claws of Axos 2 - 3 TV Ontario ( TVO ) 058 Colony in Space 6 1 - 6 CKVU ( Vancouver ) 9 061 The Curse of Peladon 1 - 4 TV Ontario ( TVO ) 062 The Sea Devils 6 1 - 3 CKVU ( Vancouver ) 063 The Mutants 6 1 - 2 TV Ontario ( TVO ) 064 The Time Monster 6 1 - 6 TV Ontario ( TVO ) Colour Restoration ( edit ) Several early 1970s colour serials , starring Jon Pertwee , were retained only as black - and - white film prints . In addition to the motion issue shared by all telerecorded episodes , for years the loss of colour presented a major challenge for restoration . Season Story Serial Total episodes B&W episodes Colour source 7 052 Doctor Who and the Silurians 7 1 - 7 Off - air colour NTSC 053 The Ambassadors of Death 7 2 - 7 Chroma dot colour recovery & off - air colour NTSC 8 055 Terror of the Autons 1 - 4 Off - air colour NTSC 056 The Mind of Evil 6 1 - 6 Chroma dot colour recovery & colourisation 059 The Dæmons 5 1 - 3 , 5 Off - air colour NTSC 10 068 Planet of the Daleks 6 Chroma dot colour recovery & colourisation 11 071 Invasion of the Dinosaurs 6 Chroma dot colour recovery & colourisation Some of the telerecorded Pertwee episodes also survive on NTSC colour videotapes , recorded over-air on consumer hardware . In the early 1990s , an early form of the Doctor Who Restoration Team attempted to pair the low - resolution colour signal from these sources with the high - resolution black - and - white signal from the black - and - white film recordings . In this way , several Jon Pertwee stories were returned to a rough form of colour : Doctor Who and the Silurians , Terror of the Autons , and The Dæmons . Off - air NTSC colour tapes were also recovered for all of The Ambassadors of Death , but were considered of too poor a quality to permit more than a partial restoration . Colour recovery ( edit ) In 2007 , BBC archive specialist James Insell established the Colour Recovery Working Group , an online project to find new ways of restoring black - and - white telerecordings to colour . In 2008 , Reverse Standards Conversion inventor Richard Russell , developed a technique involving the use of chroma dots embedded in the black - and - white signal to recreate the missing color . This technique was initially used as part of the recolouring process on episode 3 of Planet of the Daleks ; the chroma dot process was used alongside a computer - based colourisation process to match together the differing qualities of colour recovery . The process was then used on an entire episode of Dad 's Army , showing that it was possible to use it on entire recordings . Subsequently , chroma dots were used to restore the colour to Episodes 2 -- 4 , 6 , and 7 of The Ambassadors of Death and episodes 2 -- 6 of The Mind of Evil . Episode 1 of Invasion of the Dinosaurs presented a unique challenge , in that the chroma dots only contained red and green colour filter information , requiring that the blue filter to be added manually . Given the rough result , the DVD includes both the reconstructed colour and the black - and - white version . Unfortunately , episode 1 of The Mind of Evil contains no colour information . In principle , BBC engineers were supposed to filter out the chroma dots upon telerecording , to create a cleaner and nicer picture . In most cases they failed to do so properly , allowing the colour recovery process to work . For this one episode , the filter had been correctly applied -- so there was no colour to recover . To complete the serial for DVD , the episode was manually colourised by Stuart Humphryes and Peter Crocker -- thereby returning the final Pertwee episode to its original colour presentation . Reconstruction ( edit ) An example of a Loose Cannon reconstruction from The Invasion , with rolling subtitles to indicate action not obvious from the audio track . In addition to short video clips and audio soundtracks , for many episodes off - screen photographs − known as `` tele - snaps '' − exist , taken by photographer John Cura . From the 1940s to the 1960s , Cura was hired by various interested parties to document the transmission of many popular TV programmes , including Doctor Who . Typically the photographs were used for promotion , or as keepsakes for cast and crew in the days before home video recorders . In many cases , they form the only remaining visual record of missing television programmes . Since the late 1990s , fan groups such as Loose Cannon Productions have reconstructed the missing episodes , using original camera scripts to match Cura 's tele - snaps and other visual material to the surviving audio tracks . Although technically infringing copyright , these `` recons '' have generally been tolerated by the BBC , provided that they are not sold for profit . `` Official '' high - quality recons have also been used on commercial releases , including cut - down reconstructions -- The Ice Warriors VHS ( a 12 - minute `` highlights '' reconstruction bridging the missing Episodes 2 and 3 ) ; and Marco Polo ( a 30 - minute reconstruction on The Beginning DVD box set ) -- and full - length presentations , including The Tenth Planet VHS ( containing a full reconstruction of the missing Episode 4 ) ; Galaxy 4 ( a reconstruction of the three missing episodes to accompany the recently recovered episode 3 , `` Air Lock , '' presented on The Aztecs Special Edition DVD ) ; The Web of Fear digital and DVD releases ( containing a reconstruction of Episode 3 , alongside the rest of the newly rediscovered serial ) . Doctor Season Story Serial Total episodes Reconstructed Cut down Editor Release format First 004 Marco Polo 7 7 Yes Derek Handley DVD 018 Galaxy 4 3 ( 1 - 2 , 4 ) Yes Derek Handley DVD 029 The Tenth Planet 1 ( 4 ) No Ralph Montagu VHS , DVD Second 032 The Underwater Menace 2 ( 1 , 4 ) No John Kelly DVD 5 039 The Ice Warriors 6 2 ( 2 - 3 ) Yes Ralph Montagu VHS , DVD 041 The Web of Fear 6 1 ( 3 ) No John Kelly DVD In June 2005 , BBC Audio released a reconstruction of The Power of the Daleks as part of their `` MP3 CD '' line . When played on a home PC , the disc contained the same audio content as the previous audio CD release , synchronized with a Macromedia Flash slideshow of tele - snaps and publicity photographs . For technical reasons , the surviving clips could not be included . Due to poor sales , future planned releases in this format were abandoned . Animated episodes ( edit ) In several cases , producers of the Doctor Who DVD range have commissioned original black - and - white animation , synced to the programme 's original audio tracks . Early commissions served to `` complete '' serials with only one or two missing episodes , allowing the full serials to be sold as a commercial product . Later , BBC Worldwide and BBC America commissioned a full animation of The Power of the Daleks for broadcast and commercial release . Doctor Season Story Serial Total episodes No of animated episodes Animator DVD release Region 2 Region 1 Region 4 First 008 The Reign of Terror 6 2 ( 4 and 5 ) Big Finish / Planet 55 28 January 2013 12 February 2013 6 February 2013 029 The Tenth Planet 1 ( 4 ) Planet 55 14 October 2013 19 November 2013 30 October 2013 Second 030 The Power of the Daleks 6 6 BBC Studios 21 November 2016 24 January 2017 14 December 2016 033 The Moonbase 2 ( 1 and 3 ) Planet 55 20 January 2014 22 January 2014 11 February 2014 5 039 The Ice Warriors 6 2 ( 2 and 3 ) Qurios Entertainment 26 August 2013 17 September 2013 28 August 2013 6 046 The Invasion 8 2 ( 1 and 4 ) Cosgrove Hall Films 6 November 2006 6 March 2007 3 January 2007 Screenshot from the animated Episode 1 of The Invasion The first such effort , Cosgrove Hall 's animation of The Invasion episodes 1 and 4 , was released to DVD alongside the surviving episodes in November 2006 . The animation had been paid for by an earlier surplus in the Doctor Who website budget , allowing it to be used in the DVD release as a test for the concept , at no extra cost . Despite the DVD 's success , the sales were not high enough to offset the animation cost for any future collaboration . Eventually other animation studios were commissioned to continue the reconstruction . In June 2011 , 2 Entertain announced that the missing episodes 4 and 5 of The Reign of Terror would be animated by Planet 55 Studios , using the `` Thetamation '' process . The serial was released on DVD in January 2013 . Planet 55 would later go on to animate Episode 4 of The Tenth Planet ( November 2013 ) , and episodes 1 and 3 of The Moonbase ( January 2014 ) . In August 2013 , BBC Worldwide announced that episodes 2 and 3 of The Ice Warriors would be animated by Qurios Entertainment for a DVD release later that month . In December 2013 , 2 Entertain commissioning editor Dan Hall mentioned that Planet 55 had again been commissioned to complete The Underwater Menace , for what he hoped would be an early 2014 release . However , in September 2015 Doctor Who Magazine confirmed that the much - delayed DVD , now scheduled for October 26 , was instead to contain tele - snap reconstructions of the missing episodes 1 and 4 . In September 2016 it was announced that the completely missing serial The Power of the Daleks would be animated and released via the BBC Store on 5 November 2016 , the 50th anniversary of the serial 's first broadcast , before it was released on DVD ( 21 November ) and Blu - ray ( 6 February 2017 ) . This is the first wholly missing serial to be completely reconstructed using animation . Unreleased and unofficial animations ( edit ) In 2008 , after future collaboration with Cosgrove Hall had been rejected due to expense , 2 Entertain was approached by David Busch of US animation studio Titmouse , Inc. , who offered to do the work more cheaply as a result of the favourable exchange rate between the UK and the US , and put together a test trailer of scenes animated from various missing serials , including The Power of the Daleks , The Moonbase , The Macra Terror , The Web of Fear , and Fury from the Deep . While 2 Entertain decided not to commission anything from Titmouse , the trailer was eventually seen by Ian Levine , who offered to try and raise the money for a full episode reconstruction to serve as a prototype . The episode chosen was `` Mission to the Unknown '' , as it was a self - contained episode featuring the Daleks with a limited number of characters and sets , thus keeping the budget down . Although completed , the animated version of `` Mission to the Unknown '' has never been officially released , although it has been posted on various video streaming sites . With the advent of ever - more - powerful home computers and more specialist programs for them , many fans are also working on unofficial animations of the missing episodes , and this is widespread with many clips being shown on - line . Narrated links ( edit ) In some cases missing episodes are bridged by narration to the camera -- often by a surviving actor from the serial , occasionally in - character . For their VHS releases , The Reign of Terror and The Crusade were presented by actors Carole Ann Ford and William Russell -- while Episodes 1 and 4 of The Invasion were bridged by Nicholas Courtney . Doctor Season Story Serial Total episodes Bridged episodes Narrator Format First 008 The Reign of Terror 6 2 ( 4 , 5 ) Carole Ann Ford VHS 014 The Crusade 3 ( 1 - 2 , 4 ) Sylvester McCoy VHS 014 The Crusade 2 ( 2 , 4 ) William Russell VHS , DVD 021 The Daleks ' Master Plan 12 10 ( 1 - 4 , 6 - 9 , 11 - 12 ) Peter Davison VHS 024 The Celestial Toymaker 3 ( 1 - 3 ) Sylvester McCoy VHS Second 032 The Underwater Menace 3 ( 1 - 2 , 4 ) Frazer Hines VHS , DVD 033 The Moonbase 2 ( 1 , 3 ) Colin Baker VHS 036 The Evil of the Daleks 7 6 ( 1 , 3 - 7 ) Peter Davison VHS 5 038 The Abominable Snowmen 6 5 ( 1 , 3 - 6 ) Jon Pertwee VHS 040 The Enemy of the World 6 5 ( 1 - 2 , 4 - 6 ) Jon Pertwee VHS 043 The Wheel in Space 6 4 ( 1 - 2 , 4 - 5 ) Colin Baker VHS 6 046 The Invasion 8 2 ( 1 , 4 ) Nicholas Courtney VHS 049 The Space Pirates 6 5 ( 1 , 3 - 6 ) Jon Pertwee VHS Recreations ( edit ) Although the BBC has invested in the reconstruction of episodes using animation , it has never attempted to do anything in the way of complete re-staging of missing episodes ; the closest that it has come to this was the recreation of parts of various serials , including the completely missing Marco Polo , in the docudrama An Adventure in Space and Time produced for the 50th anniversary in 2013 . However , in 2012 a reimagined version of The Power of the Daleks , written by , directed by , and starring Nick Scovell , was released on YouTube in three parts before it was shown complete at the Power : Reimagined convention in September 2012 . Further Research ( edit ) Books and periodicals ( edit ) Between 1973 and 1994 , each missing Doctor Who serial was novelized and published by Target Books . Richard Molesworth 's Wiped ! Doctor Who 's Missing Episodes ( Telos Publishing , 2010 ) explores in detail the paper trail and recovery efforts surrounding the hunt for missing episodes . A revised edition was published in March 2013 . Nothing at the End of the Lane ( edit ) Issue # 1 of `` Nothing at the End of the Lane '' ( July 1999 ) includes articles about fan - made reconstructions of the missing episodes , audio of missing episodes , and the archive status of footage from Seasons 1 - 3 . Issue # 2 ( June 2005 ) includes articles about John Cura ( the photographer behind Doctor Who 's Tele - snaps ) , recent discoveries of missing episodes , Junking of videotapes in the 1960s and ' 70s , a look at telerecordings , and the archive status of footage from Seasons 4 - 6 . Issue # 3 ( January 2012 ) includes articles about the 26 off - screen photographs taken by Chris Thompson ( Production Designer ) from The Evil of the Daleks episode one , and new location photographs . Doctor Who Magazine ( edit ) Issue # 444 of Doctor Who Magazine ( February 2012 ) , titled `` How the Daleks Exterminated Doctor Who 's History '' , examines the overseas sales of the missing episodes and the chances of their survival . Issue # 466 ( October 2013 ) focuses on the rediscovery of `` The Enemy of the World '' and `` The Web of Fear '' by Philip Morris . Three special editions of Doctor Who Magazine ( # 34 - 36 ) , titled `` The Missing Episodes -- The First Doctor '' , `` The Missing Episodes -- The Second Doctor Volume 1 '' , and `` The Missing Episodes -- The Second Doctor Volume 2 '' , were released between March -- December 2013 ; each issue features a 100 + page guide to the missing episodes which exist in tele - snap form , with details how they came to be wiped . Documentaries ( edit ) Doctor Who -- Missing in Action ( 1993 ) -- a documentary about the missing episodes , featuring Ian Levine . The Missing Years ( 1998 ) -- a documentary about the lost Doctor Who episodes and recovery attempts , available on Doctor Who : The Missing Years VHS and ( in an updated form ) on the Lost In Time DVD box set . The National Lottery : Amazing Luck Stories ( 1999 ) -- a short segment about the recovery of the Doctor Who episode from New Zealand . Time Shift -- Missing Believed Wiped ( 2003 ) -- a general documentary about archive television , featuring some clips and discussions about Doctor Who . WOTAN Assembly ( 2008 ) -- a short DVD featurette about restoring The War Machines , which shows how the Doctor Who Restoration Team manages to create a near - complete version this serial using clips from various sources around the world . Narrated by Anneke Wills . Colour Silurian Overlay ( 2008 ) -- a DVD featurette about restoring Doctor Who and the Silurians , using the surviving 16 mm telerecordings and an off air NTSC Betamax recording as a colour source . Multi-Colourisation ( 2009 ) -- a DVD featurette about how chroma dots were used to restore Planet of the Daleks episode three back to full colour . Doctor Who - The Lost Episodes ( 2009 ) -- a 60 - minute BBC Radio 4 audio documentary explaining what happened to the 108 missing episodes that aired in the 1960s . Interview with Graham Strong who made audio recordings of all the classic episodes . The One Show ( 2013 ) -- the 11 October edition of the show featured a short documentary about how Doctor Who episodes became lost , the recovery of audio from episodes , and the finding of episodes from The Enemy of the World and The Web of Fear . Restoring Doctor Who ( 2014 ) -- a 4 - minute documentary by Paul Vanezis of the Doctor Who Restoration Team , which shows the process of cleaning and restoring the nine episodes recovered in 2013 . See also ( edit ) BBC portal Doctor Who portal Doctor Who Restoration Team List of Doctor Who audio releases List of Doctor Who home video releases List of Doctor Who serials List of unmade Doctor Who serials and films Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A redundant copy of Episode 6 was found as part of this cache . Copies of episodes 4 and 5 were also held by PIK , but were destroyed during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 . Jump up ^ A redundant copy of Episode 4 was retained in the BBC Film Libary , but went missing when the episode was loaned to Blue Peter in 1973 . Jump up ^ A edited , redundant copy of Episode 2 was found as part of this cache . Jump up ^ Recovered from a store cupboard in the BBC Enterprises building at Villiers House in Ealing Jump up ^ A complete set of the serial was recovered , including a redundant copy of Episode 3 . Jump up ^ There is some debate over whether this episode is a recovered one . It has been stated that it was recovered as part of a cache of material returned to the BBC from ATV in Hong Kong in 1978 -- 79 . However , a 1976 partial listing of material then in existence at the BBC includes a copy held at BBC Enterprises ( Bignell , Nothing at the End of the Lane ) . It is unclear if this is an error , a different copy , or if the can was misplaced at the time of the 1978 audit and subsequently rediscovered . Jump up ^ A redundant copy of Episode 1 was found as part of this cache . Additionally , a copy of episode 3 was also part of this cache , but subsequently disappeared before being returned to the BBC . Jump up ^ Returned as 35 mm telerecording negative Jump up ^ Initially returned as a 525 - line NTSC master videotape ; the BBC subsequently received a 625 - line PAL master videotape . Jump up ^ Returned as 2 - inch colour videotape Jump up ^ An edited PAL videotape copy had previously been returned to the BBC from Australia in 1985 . Jump up ^ Longest single piece of extant footage from a currently missing episode Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Whose Doctor Who , 3 April 1977 Jump up ^ Held by the BBC Film Library Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Blue Peter , 25 October 1971 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Blue Peter , 5 November 1973 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Blue Peter , 5 November 1973 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of a trailer on BBC1 , 5 November 1966 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Perspectives : C for Computer , 29 May 1974 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Tomorrow 's World , 28 December 1966 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Perspectives : C for Computer , 29 May 1974 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Whicker 's World , 27 January 1968 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Tom Tom , 26 November 1968 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Late Night Line - Up , 25 November 1967 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Doctor Who - The War Games , 21 June 1969 Jump up ^ Broadcast as part of Doctor Who - The War Games , 21 June 1969 Jump up ^ Held by the BBC Film Library References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ( 22 October 1997 ) . `` Out of the Vaults -- The Sixties '' . Doctor Who Magazine . No. 257 . pp. 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Episodes '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 2 October 2005 ) . `` Revealed : what the Avengers were really avenging '' . The Observer . UK . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ On a smaller scale , audio copies exist for all of At Last the 1948 Show and Till Death Us Do Part -- 6 and 15 missing episodes , respectively . `` What is missing ? '' . missing-episodes.com . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sue Malden ( 1998 ) . The Missing Years ( Documentary included on The Ice Warriors Collection set ) ( VHS ) . BBC Worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Why did material get lost ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , David J. ; Stammers , Mark ; Walker , Stephen James ( 1997 ) . The Handbook -- The Second Doctor . London : Doctor Who Books . pp. 292 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 426 - 20516 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Pixley , Andrew ( June 2005 ) . `` No Further Interest '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Bignell , Richard ( June 2005 ) . `` Withdrawn , De-accessioned and Junked '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 44 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Dr Who found '' . News . BBC . 14 January 1999 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fiddy , Dick ( September 2001 ) . `` Restoring The Archives '' . International Federation of Television Archives . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ( 24 September 1997 ) . `` Out of the Vaults -- The Seventies '' . Doctor Who Magazine . No. 256 . pp. 16 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ( June 2005 ) . `` Out of the Vaults Revisited ! '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 21 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Restoration Team : The UNIT Files '' . Purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. 2012 - 08 - 15 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Salzmann , Pascal ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Germany DVD / Blu - ray update '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter -- Missing Doctor Who tapes '' . BBC . April 2006 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Missing episode hunt '' . BBC Doctor Who news . 20 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` This is the list of the Top 50 Shows that we are especially keen to re-discover '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Archive ( 2007 -- ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mulkern , Patrick ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` The hunt for the lost classics of Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mulkern , Patrick ( 8 December 2012 ) . `` RT 's checklist of missing Doctor Who episodes '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missing episodes '' . BBC . 10 January 2004 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Steve . `` Steptoe and Son '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Z Cars '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dixon of Dock Green '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Missing Episodes '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evil of the Daleks -- Introduction '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lost in Time '' . BBC . 29 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Serial B : The Daleks ( aka The Mutants , The Dead Planet ) '' . shannonsullivan.com . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Shannon . `` Mission to the Unknown ( aka Dalek Cutaway ) '' . A Brief History of Time ( Travel ) . Retrieved 24 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Foster , Chuck ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` DVD update Summer Schedule '' . Doctor Who news . Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Infographic : How Lost Doctor Who Episodes Were Returned '' . BBC Worldwide . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Tim ( 10 October 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who : Yeti classic among episodes found in Nigeria '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Molesworth , Richard ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! Doctor Who 's Missing Episodes . Telos Publishing . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84583 - 037 - 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steve ( 10 January 2004 ) . `` The Restoration Team '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Molesworth , Richard ; Dicks , Terrance ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! : Doctor Who 's missing episodes ( 1st ed . ) . Prestatyn : Telos Publishing . pp. 376 -- 409 . ISBN 1 - 84583 - 037 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ; Dicks , Terrance ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! : Doctor Who 's missing episodes ( 1st ed . ) . Prestatyn : Telos Publishing . pp. 195 -- 197 . ISBN 1 - 84583 - 037 - 7 . Jump up ^ Molesworth , Richard ; Dicks , Terrance ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! : Doctor Who 's missing episodes ( 1st ed . ) . Prestatyn : Telos Publishing . pp. 198 -- 199 . ISBN 1 - 84583 - 037 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ; Dicks , Terrance ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! : Doctor Who 's missing episodes ( 1st ed . ) . Prestatyn : Telos Publishing . pp. 197 -- 198 . ISBN 1 - 84583 - 037 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Molesworth , Richard ; Dicks , Terrance ( 2010 ) . Wiped ! : Doctor Who 's missing episodes ( 1st ed . ) . Prestatyn : Telos Publishing . pp. 202 -- 205 . ISBN 1 - 84583 - 037 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Destruction of Time : Timeline '' . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon Hendry ( 1998 ) . The Missing Years ( Documentary included on The Ice Warriors Collection set ) ( VHS ) . BBC Worldwide . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who auction shelved '' . Entertainment . UK : BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mulkern , Patrick ( 11 December 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who : two long - lost episodes uncovered '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC finds missing Dalek episode '' . BBC News . 15 January 2004 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Are there 90 newly found Doctor Who episodes from the 1960s - or not ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who : newly discovered lost episodes to be released for sale this week '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Long - lost Doctor Who episodes to be unveiled THIS WEEK by the BBC '' . Mirror . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mzimba , Lizo ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` BBC to reveal a number of missing Doctor Who episodes '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason . `` BBC recovers early Doctor Who episodes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Missing Doctor Who episodes found '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who Lost Episodes update : BBC conference has been postponed until Thursday 10 October 2013 '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mzimba , Lizo ( presenter ) ( 2013 ) . Adventures in time and Nigeria : 9 missing Doctor Who episodes discovered ( Television broadcast ) . BBC News . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Enemy of the World '' . British Video Association . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Web of Fear '' . British Video Association . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whatever Happened to Web of Fear 3 ? '' . Doctor Who News . 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC Archive Holdings Archived 28 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Time Meddler - DVD Archived 24 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The War Machines - DVD Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Reign of Terror Boxset Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steve . `` Introduction '' . The Doctor Who Clips List . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Richard ( June 2005 ) . `` Eight Millimetre '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 52 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steve ( 2004 ) . `` Lost in Time -- DVD Boxset '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team Website . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power partially returns '' . BBC . 21 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Jan Vincent - Rudzki ( 1998 ) . The Missing Years ( Documentary included on The Ice Warriors Collection set ) ( VHS ) . BBC Worldwide . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steve . `` Galaxy Four episode 1 ( Four Hundred Dawns ) '' . The Doctor Who Clips List . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ James Goss and Rob Francis ( producers ) ( 2006 ) . Love Off - Air ( Documentary included on The Invasion release ) ( DVD ) . 2 Entertain Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Troughton and William Hartnell star in two soundtrack adventures from BBC Audiobooks '' . BBC . 20 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes Collection 1 ( 1964 -- 1965 ) '' . AudioGo . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes Collection 3 ( 1966 -- 1967 ) '' . AudioGo . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes Collection 4 ( 1967 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes Collection 5 ( 1967 -- 1969 ) '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Lost TV Episodes Collection 2 ( 1965 -- 1966 ) '' . AudioGo . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clapperton , Guy ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Regenerating an original Doctor Who '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steve ; Ayres , Mark ( 14 February 2005 ) . `` The Claws of Axos '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Steve ( 1996 ) . `` Practical Dæmonology '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jonathan ( 1 February 2002 ) . `` The Ambassadors of Death '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . Archived from the original on 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Colour Recovery Working Group '' . Wikispaces . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dalek War - DVD Boxset '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't panic ' -- comedy classic is restored '' . UK : BBC . 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Norton , Charles ( 11 December 2008 ) . `` Unscrambling an army of colours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphryes , Stuart ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` The Mind of Evil DVD '' . Babelcolour . Archived from the original on 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Richard ; Lewisohn , Mark ( June 2005 ) . `` John Cura -- Photographer of the Lost Archive '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 11 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Handley , Derek ( June 2005 ) . `` Carbon Copies '' . Nothing at the End of the Lane -- the Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration . No. 2 . pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` All about the Doctor Who reconstructions '' . Loose Cannon . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steve ( 7 August 1998 ) . `` The Ice Warriors '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Steve ; Montagu , Ralph ( November 2000 ) . `` The Cybermen Boxset '' . Doctor Who Restoration Team . Archived from the original on 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Jon ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Nine Troughton episodes recovered '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Reconstructed : The Power of the Daleks '' . BBC . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , David ; Southall , J.R. ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who -- Mission : Accomplished '' . Starburst . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Reign of Terror episodes to be animated '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Doctor Who to be animated for DVD release '' . Doctor Who TV . BBC Worldwide . 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Adam ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Australian fans preview animated The Tenth Planet '' . Doctor Who news . Jump up ^ Foster , Chuck ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` DVD Update : Cybermen ' invade ' Autumn '' . Doctor Who news . Jump up ^ Foster , Chuck ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` DVD Update '' . Doctor Who news . ^ Jump up to : Foster , Chuck ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` DVD : UK Autumn Schedule '' . Doctor Who news . Jump up ^ `` The Ice Warriors animated for DVD -- exclusive first look '' . Doctor Who TV . BBC Worldwide . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Menace to be Animated , Full Moonbase DVD Details '' . Doctor Who Archive. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` '' Lost '' Doctor Who episode to be remade `` . Radio Times . Archived from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Power of the Daleks Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , David ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who -- Animation Test 2008 '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : the 10 stories you ca n't actually watch '' . Jump up ^ Norton , Charles ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` Regenerate ! Fans revive 60s Doctor Who '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stephen ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Mark Gatiss drama An Adventure In Space And Time to recreate missing Doctor Who episodes '' . Radio Times . UK . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power Of the Daleks '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Doctor Who : TNT Films : Power of the Daleks Re-imagined ( complete ) `` Sci - Fi Bulletin '' . scifibulletin.com . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wiped ! Doctor Who 's Missing Episodes '' . Telos Publishing . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wiped ! ( History of Missing `` Doctor Who '' Episodes ) - Second Edition `` . Telos Publishing . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nothing at the End of the Lane '' . endofthelane.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Magazine # 444 '' . UK : Panini comics. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Magazine # 466 '' . UK : Panini comics. 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition # 34 '' . UK : Panini comics. 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition # 35 '' . UK : Panini comics. 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missing in Action ( TV 1993 ) '' . imdb . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Missing Years '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Lost In Time ( DVD ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Lottery : Amazing Luck Stories '' . BBC Genome . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Lottary - Doctor Who Missing Episodes '' . YouTube . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Have A Very Merry Digital Christmas ! '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who -- The War Machines '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colour Silurian Overlay '' . IMDB . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Dalek War DVD review '' . denofgeek.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - The Lost Episodes '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11 / 10 / 2013 '' . The One Show . 11 October 2013 . BBC . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Restoring Doctor Who '' . YouTube . 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) BBC Doctor Who Missing Episodes List BBC Doctor Who Photonovels , which includes most extant tele - snaps . The Missing Episode Nexus by Brad Phipps Lost Doctor Who -- a forum dedicated to locating missing episodes of Doctor Who , including interviews with Sue Malden ( the Corporation 's first archive selector ) and Bruce Grenville ( the New Zealand film collector who returned The Lion in 1999 ) , newspaper clippings with foreign broadcasts , details of currently missing episodes , and more . The Doctor Who Clips List by Steve Phillips The Doctor Who Restoration Team Website Loose Cannon Productions Guardian Article about Fan Attempts to Animate Missing Episodes BroaDWcast -- foreign broadcasts of Doctor Who Doctor Who Pages Characters The Doctor Companions Time Lords Daleks Cybermen Sontarans Weeping Angels The Master Davros Silurians Concepts TARDIS Regeneration Sonic screwdriver Time Vortex Time War Blinovitch Limitation Effect Whoniverse Torchwood Institute UNIT Miscellaneous History Missing episodes Music Theme music Doctor Who in Canada and the U.S. Doctor Who in Australia Fandom Merchandise Lists Production Serials unmade Special episodes Christmas specials Radio stories Awards and nominations Home video Doctors Cast Guest appearances Producers Script editors Writers Music Composers Soundtrack releases Narrative devices Supporting characters UNIT personnel Creatures and aliens Villains Henchmen Robots Planets Items Vehicles Miscellaneous Doctor Who exhibitions Spin - offs and related shows Spin - offs K - 9 and Company Tardisodes Torchwood The Sarah Jane Adventures K - 9 Class Documentaries Whose Doctor Who Thirty Years in the TARDIS Dalekmania Doctor Who Confidential Totally Doctor Who Torchwood Declassified Doctor Who : The Commentaries The Science of Doctor Who Doctor Who Extra Doctor Who : The Fan Show Concerts and stage shows The Curse of the Daleks Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday Doctor Who -- The Ultimate Adventure Doctor Who : A Celebration Doctor Who Prom 2008 2013 Doctor Who Live Adaptations and tie - ins Films Dr. Who and the Daleks Daleks -- Invasion Earth : 2150 A.D. Books Novelisations New Adventures Missing Adventures Virgin Decalog Eighth Doctor Adventures Past Doctor Adventures BBC Short Trips New Series Adventures Telos novellas Big Finish Short Trips Audio Big Finish audio plays Audiobooks Audio releases Big Finish Spin - off audio plays Cyberman Dalek Empire Gallifrey I , Davros Jago & Litefoot Sarah Jane Smith UNIT Torchwood The Lost Stories Destiny of the Doctor Kaldor City Video Wartime P.R.O.B.E. Shakedown : Return of the Sontarans Mindgame Downtime Auton Dæmos Rising Zygon : When Being You Just Is n't Enough Dead and Buried TV Specials Dimensions in Time The Curse of Fatal Death Scream of the Shalka An Adventure in Space and Time The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot Video games Doctor Who : The First Adventure The Warlord The Mines of Terror Dalek Attack Destiny of the Doctors Top Trumps The Adventure Games Return to Earth Evacuation Earth The Mazes of Time Worlds in Time The Eternity Clock Doctor Who : Legacy Miscellaneous Comic stories Doctor Who spin - offs Spin - off companions Faction Paradox Iris Wildthyme Death 's Head Dalek comic strips , illustrated annuals and graphic novels Pinball Card game Popular culture Spoofs Star Trek : The Next Generation / Doctor Who : Assimilation Related publications Magazines Doctor Who Magazine Doctor Who Adventures Doctor Who -- Battles in Time The Black Archive Publishers Big Finish Productions Reeltime Pictures BBV Mad Norwegian Press Magic Bullet Productions Obverse Books Portal Book Doctor Who missing episodes First Doctor Season 1 Marco Polo ( 1 -- 7 ) * ‡ The Reign of Terror ( 4 -- 5 ) † Season 2 The Crusade ( 2 , 4 ) Season 3 Galaxy 4 ( 1 -- 2 , 4 ) ‡ `` Mission to the Unknown '' * The Myth Makers ( 1 -- 4 ) * The Daleks ' Master Plan ( 1 , 3 -- 4 , 6 -- 9 , 11 -- 12 ) The Massacre of St Bartholomew 's Eve ( 1 -- 4 ) * The Celestial Toymaker ( 1 -- 3 ) The Savages ( 1 -- 4 ) * Season 4 The Smugglers ( 1 -- 4 ) * The Tenth Planet ( 4 ) † Second Doctor Season 4 ( cont 'd . ) The Power of the Daleks ( 1 -- 6 ) * † The Highlanders ( 1 -- 4 ) * The Underwater Menace ( 1 , 4 ) ‡ The Moonbase ( 1 , 3 ) † The Macra Terror ( 1 -- 4 ) * The Faceless Ones ( 2 , 4 -- 6 ) The Evil of the Daleks ( 1 , 3 -- 7 ) Season 5 The Abominable Snowmen ( 1 , 3 -- 6 ) The Ice Warriors ( 2 -- 3 ) † The Web of Fear ( 3 ) ‡ Fury from the Deep ( 1 -- 6 ) * The Wheel in Space ( 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) Season 6 The Invasion ( 1 , 4 ) † The Space Pirates ( 1 , 3 -- 6 ) * Story is missing all episodes . † Missing content has been reconstructed for DVD release using animation . ‡ Missing content has been reconstructed for DVD release using available visual material . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_missing_episodes&oldid=816036241 '' Categories : Doctor Who missing episodes Doctor Who serials Lists of Doctor Who universe television episodes Lost BBC episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from December 2012 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many parts to dr foster episodes are there	[]	[]
916559516575931941	Breaking In (2018 film)	Breaking in ( 2018 film ) - Wikipedia Breaking in ( 2018 film ) Breaking In Theatrical release poster Directed by James McTeigue Produced by Gabrielle Union James Lopez Craig Perry Sheila Hanahan Taylor Will Packer Screenplay by Ryan Engle Story by Jaime Primak Sullivan Starring Gabrielle Union Billy Burke Music by Johnny Klimek Cinematography Toby Oliver Edited by Joseph Jett Sally Production company Will Packer Productions Practical Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $51.1 million Breaking In is a 2018 American thriller film directed by James McTeigue and starring Gabrielle Union , who also produced the film alongside Will Packer , James Lopez , Craig Perry , and Sheila Taylor . The film follows a mother who must protect her children after the mansion of her recently deceased father is invaded by burglars . Principal photography began in July 2017 in Southern California . The film was released in the United States on May 11 , 2018 . It grossed $51 million and received mixed reviews , with critics praising Union 's performance but describing the film as having `` thinly sketched characters and a slapdash plot . '' Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After her father Isaac 's murder , Shaun Russell travels to the house she grew up in with her two children , daughter Jasmine and son Glover . Shaun intends to settle her father 's estate and sell the remotely - located house , which has multiple security features , including a hand - held remote monitor . The security system is off - line at their arrival , but is soon reactivated by Jasmine . Unknown to the family , four criminals -- Peter , Sam , Duncan , and their leader Eddie -- are already in the house . Jasmine and Glover are taken hostage while Shaun is outside . Peter chases Shaun into the woods , where she manages to knock him unconscious . She leaves him bound and gagged , and uses the intercom to call the house . Eddie tells her they only came for the safe and the $4 million they believe is inside ; Isaac was under investigation and Sam had learned that he liquidated his assets . The crew has only 90 minutes from when they cut the phone line before the security company will contact police , so they want to find it and leave quickly . Concealed in the trees , Shaun sees Maggie , the realtor , arrive with paperwork for the house sale . Eddie greets her at the door , explaining Shaun had gone into town briefly , and invites her in . Maggie notices Shaun 's purse on the table behind Eddie and declines . As Maggie is leaving , Duncan attacks and slits her throat , which upsets Eddie , as it means Shaun wo n't be as controllable . Shaun eventually finds her way into the house , and gives instructions to Jasmine . When Eddie and Duncan next threaten the children , Jasmine leads them to the safe , which Shaun believes only Peter knows how to open . Shaun returns with Peter , a knife at his throat , demanding her family 's release . Eddie shoots Peter dead , and Shaun flees back to the woods . Peter had a flash drive containing computer code on a necklace , which is all they needed to unlock the safe . With the money in a bag , Eddie now intends to burn the house with the children in it to cover their escape , which Sam is uncomfortable with . Duncan and Sam find Shaun on the roof during another rescue attempt . She jumps , pushing Sam off to his death , saving herself with the rope she had tied to the roof . Meanwhile Jasmine frees herself and Glover , having cut through their bonds with a shard of glass from a broken lamp . The children escape the house and join their mother with Eddie in pursuit , but they have Sam 's truck keys . Shaun runs over Duncan as they try to drive away , but Eddie shoots at the truck and causes it to crash . Shaun and the kids lock themselves in the house , thinking it 's all over , until they discover the bag of money is also inside . Shaun 's husband Justin arrives unexpectedly ; Eddie attacks him and convinces Shaun to unlock the door . He finds Shaun with the money bag , doused in gasoline , and holding a lighter ; if he kills her , the lighter will ignite the bag and he loses . He unloads his gun and Shaun lets him take the bag . However , Duncan appears and stabs Eddie to death . He goes after Shaun and threatens to rape her and Jasmine . Jasmine arrives to help her mom , but Duncan overpowers her . Shaun swipes Duncan 's knife and stabs him dead . As the sun rises and police approach , Shaun goes outside to hold Justin and her kids close . Cast ( edit ) Gabrielle Union as Shaun Russell Billy Burke as Eddie Richard Cabral as Duncan Ajiona Alexus as Jasmine Russell Levi Meaden as Sam Seth Carr as Glover Russell Mark Furze as Peter Jason George as Justin Russell Christa Miller as Maggie Harris Damien Leake as Isaac Production ( edit ) Principal photography on Breaking In began July 2017 in Los Angeles and Malibu , California . Universal Pictures released the first official trailer for the film on January 11 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Breaking In grossed $46.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $3.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $50 million , against a production budget of $6 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released on May 11 , 2018 , alongside Life of the Party , and was projected to gross $14 -- 17 million from 2,537 theaters in its opening weekend , with some pundits having it opening in the mid - $20 million range . It made $4.6 million on its first day , including $615,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,150 theaters . It went on to debut to $17.6 million , finishing third , behind Avengers : Infinity War ( $62.1 million in its third week ) and Life of the Party ( $17.9 million ) ; 68 % of its audience was female while 73 % was over the age of 25 . It fell 61 % in its second weekend to $6.8 million , finishing fifth at the box office , and another 41 % to $4.1 million in its third , finishing sixth . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 25 % based on 76 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Breaking In is proof that Gabrielle Union deserves more leading roles -- particularly in films that offer more than this rote , disposable action thriller . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100 , based on reviews from 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Gabrielle Union Reunites With Will Packer To Produce & Star In ' Breaking In ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING IN ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking In ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Life of the Party ' Crashes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' 13 Reasons Why ' Actress Ajiona Alexus Joins Gabrielle Union - Starrer ' Breaking In ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Urijah Faber Cast In ' Rampage ' ; Home - Invasion Thriller ' Breaking In ' Adds Seth Carr '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Gabrielle Union 's Home - Invasion Drama ' Breaking In ' Casts Christa Miller '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Girls Trip ' producer Will Packer finds success by targeting an underserved audience '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking In - Official Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Will Take Spoils In Third Weekend , But Can Melissa McCarthy Be The ' Life Of The Party ' At B.O. ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday Box Office : McCarthy 's ' Life Of The Party ' Nabs $700 K , Union 's ' Breaking In ' Earns $615 K '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life Of The Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging In As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $101 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking In ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking In Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Breaking In on IMDb Breaking In at Box Office Mojo Films directed by James McTeigue V for Vendetta ( 2005 ) Ninja Assassin ( 2009 ) The Raven ( 2012 ) Survivor ( 2015 ) Breaking In ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breaking_In_(2018_film)&oldid=864408350 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s crime thriller films American films American crime thriller films Home invasions in film Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in Malibu , California Films set in Wisconsin Films directed by James McTeigue Films produced by Will Packer Universal Pictures films Will Packer Productions films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本語 தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who stars in the new movie breaking in	[ "Breaking In\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nJames McTeigueProduced by\n\nGabrielle Union\nJames Lopez\nCraig Perry\nSheila Hanahan Taylor\nWill Packer\nScreenplay by\nRyan EngleStory by\nJaime Primak SullivanStarring\nGabrielle UnionBilly BurkeMusic by\nJohnny KlimekCinematography\nToby OliverEdited by\nJoseph Jett SallyProductioncompany \n\nWill Packer Productions[1]\nPractical Pictures\nDistributed by\nUniversal PicturesRelease date\nMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n88 minutes[2]Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$6 million[3]Box office\n$51.1 million[3]", "Breaking In\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nJames McTeigueProduced by\n\nGabrielle Union\nJames Lopez\nCraig Perry\nSheila Hanahan Taylor\nWill Packer\nScreenplay by\nRyan EngleStory by\nJaime Primak SullivanStarring\nGabrielle UnionBilly BurkeMusic by\nJohnny KlimekCinematography\nToby OliverEdited by\nJoseph Jett SallyProductioncompany \n\nWill Packer Productions[1]\nPractical Pictures\nDistributed by\nUniversal PicturesRelease date\nMay 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n88 minutes[2]Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBudget\n$6 million[3]Box office\n$51.1 million[3]" ]	[ "Gabrielle Union", "Billy Burke" ]
-212255790470684687	Ke Apon Ke Por	Ke Apon Ke Por - wikipedia Ke Apon Ke Por Jump to : navigation , search Ke Apon Ke Por Genre Drama Romance Created by Boyhood Productions Written by Concept Star Jalsha Creative Team Screenplay Sayantani Bhattacharya Dialogues Sourav Sengupta Directed by Siddhartha Paul Starring Pallavi Sharma Biswajit Ghosh Kalyani Mondal Monalisa Paul Opening theme Ke Apon Ke Por Composer ( s ) Debjit Roy Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Bengali No. of seasons No. of episodes 409 as on 9th September 2017 Production Producer ( s ) Surinder Singh Gurjit Singh Sushanta Das Location ( s ) Kolkata Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Boyhood Productions Release Original network Star Jalsha Picture format 576i SDTV 1080i HDTV Original release July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) -- Present . Chronology Preceded by Chokher Tara Tui Related shows Raja Rani External links www.hotstar.com/tv/ke-apon-ke-por/9903 Ke Apon Ke Por ( Bengali : কে আপন কে পর ) ; is a Bengali television Soap Opera that premiered on July 25 , 2016 and airs on Star Jalsha . Produced by Boyhood Productions , it stars Pallavi Sharma and Biswajit Ghosh in lead roles and Monalisa Paul and Arindya Banerjee as main antagonists . It replaced Star Jalsha 's popular show Chokher Tara Tui . The series has been remade into in Tamil language as Raja Rani broadcast on Vijay TV . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Current track 3 Cast 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Ke Apon Ke Por is a Bengali serial aired on Star Jalsha . Ke Apon Ke Por is the story of Joba , a girl who lives in the Sengupta family as a maid but the owner of the house Amiyo Bhushan Sengupta treats her as their own daughter . Amiyo 's wife Lata also loves Joba very much . But others in the house treat her as a maid and did n't like her . Finally Parambrata , the youngest son of Sengupta family come to Kolkata from Singapore and protects Joba from certain activities . But different circumstances let them to get married . Parambrata 's sister , Mayuri and sister in law 's Tandra and Palak always conspire against Joba . Palak 's brother Sanjay ill treats Joba always and finally Parambrata raises his voice against that . Will Parambrata and Joba make a relationship as a couple ? Will they accept each other as their soulmate ? Will the Sengupta family accept Joba as their youngest daughter in law ? How will Parambrata save Joba from all the conspiracies ? Debbie ( Deblina ) Param 's ex-lover comes back to Sengupta family and tries to get Param back , even after she is married . Current track ( edit ) Later After many twist Tandra is now the owner Sengupta villa and she is using Joba as her servant and she is seeking revenge from Joba . Later Joba and Param in disguise buys the house back from tandra . And Tandra falls in the trap of Joba and Param amd she signs the property papers and make the house back in Amiobushan name . Later Tandra goes to the jail to meet Sanjay and tells him that I will bail you out of jail Inorder to teach Joba a lesson with your help . and there is a new entry of Deb Ranjan old lover Gauri who was supposed to get married to deb Ranjan many years ago . Now In Sengupta family they are making arrengements for Gauri and deb Ranjan marriage . Can ever learn about the conspiracy ploted by Tandra ? After Many twist , Sanjay Comes back to take revenge from Param and Joba and He hires some goons to kill Param and then he gives a dangerous task to Param and later he kills Param in a bomb blast and Joba is not believing that Param died in a bomb blast . After Some days , A new men Enter 's Joba 's like Who is a look - alike to Param and He is a doctor who Works in a mental Asylum . Cast ( edit ) Pallavi Sharma as Joba ( Main Female Protagonist ) Biswajit Ghosh as Parambrata / Dr Srivastav ( Main Male Protagonist ) Monalisa Paul as Tandra ( Main Antagonist ) Kalyani Mondal as Lata Chandicharan as Amiyo Bhushan Avrajit Chakraborty as Jayabrata / Joy Anannya Biswas as Palak Manoj Ojha as Debabrata / Debu Indrakshi Nag as Mayuri Soumi Paul as Tiya Rohit Mukherjee as Deb Ranjan Tanish Chakraborty as Tanna Tania Ganguly as Deblina / Debi Arindya Banerjee as Sanjay / Sanju ( Jailed ) Mrinal Mukherjee as Gurudev Biswajit Chakraborty as Deblina 's Husband Prantik Banerjee as Ani Manishankar Banerjee as Ambarish Tapan Ganguly as Tandra 's Father Reshmi Sen as Lalita Sharbari Mukherjee as Palak 's Aunt Sutirtha Saha as Topu Sharmila Das as Bishakha References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ke_Apon_Ke_Por&oldid=804388951 '' Categories : 2016 Indian television series debuts Bengali - language television programming in India Hidden categories : Articles containing Bengali - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ke apon ke por serial joba real name	[ "Ke Apon Ke Por (Bengali: কে আপন কে পর); is a Bengali television Soap Opera that premiered on July 25, 2016 and airs on Star Jalsha. Produced by Boyhood Productions, it stars Pallavi Sharma and Biswajit Ghosh in lead roles and Monalisa Paul and Arindya Banerjee as main antagonists. It replaced Star Jalsha's popular show Chokher Tara Tui. The series has been remade into in Tamil language as Raja Rani broadcast on Vijay TV." ]	[ "Ke Apon Ke Por" ]
-3391156047974585757	J. Wellington Wimpy	J. Wellington Wimpy - wikipedia J. Wellington Wimpy Jump to : navigation , search J. Wellington Wimpy Popeye character Wimpy and Olive Oyl in Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba 's Forty Thieves ( 1937 ) Created by E.C. Segar Portrayed by Paul Dooley ( 1980 film ) Voiced by Charles Lawrence ( original ) Lou Fleischer ( 1934 -- 1940 ) Daws Butler ( 1978 ) Sanders Whiting ( Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy ) Maurice LaMarche ( current ) Information Gender Male J. Wellington Wimpy , generally referred to as Wimpy , is one of the characters in the long - running comic strip Popeye , created by E.C. Segar in 1934 and originally called Thimble Theatre , and in the Popeye cartoons based upon the strip . Wimpy was one of the dominant characters in the newspaper strip , but when Popeye was adapted as an animated cartoon series by Fleischer Studios , Wimpy became a minor character ; Dave Fleischer said that the character in the Segar strip was `` too intellectual '' to be used in film cartoons . Wimpy did appear in Robert Altman 's 1980 live - action musical film Popeye , played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Character 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The character seems to have been inspired by more than one person whom Segar had encountered . Wimpy 's personality was based upon that of William Schuchert , the manager of the Chester Opera House where Segar was first employed . `` Windy Bill , '' as he was known , was a pleasant , friendly man , fond of tall tales and hamburgers . Additional sources suggest that Segar composed the character 's name from the names of two other acquaintances . According to fellow cartoonist Bill Mauldin , the name was suggested by that of Wellington J. Reynolds , one of Segar 's instructors at the Chicago Art Institute . In a brief 1935 interview in The Daily Oklahoman , H. Hillard Wimpee of Atlanta indicated that he was connected to the character , having worked with Segar at the Chicago Herald - Examiner in 1917 . It became a custom in the office that whoever accepted an invitation for a hamburger would pay the bill . According to Wimpee , after seeing the character in the newspaper , he wrote Segar in 1922 about Wimpy , `` afraid of being connected with what ( Segar ) was doing with ( the character ) . '' He said Segar replied , `` ' You have n't seen anything yet . ' '' Character ( edit ) Wimpy is Popeye 's friend . In the cartoons , he mainly plays the role of the `` straight man '' to Popeye 's outbursts and wild antics . Wimpy is soft - spoken , very intelligent , and well educated , but also cowardly , very lazy , overly parsimonious and utterly gluttonous . He is also something of a scam artist and , especially in the newspaper strip , can be underhanded . Hamburgers are Wimpy 's all - time favorite food , and he is usually seen carrying or eating one or more at a time -- e.g. , in Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor he is seen grinding meat or eating burgers almost the entire time -- however , he is usually too cheap to pay for them himself . A recurring joke involves Wimpy 's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying his meal for him . His best - known catchphrase started in 1931 as , `` Cook me up a hamburger . I 'll pay you Thursday . '' In 1932 , this then became the famous , `` I 'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today . '' The phrase was also slightly altered in the episode `` Spree Lunch '' to `` I 'll have a hamburger , for which I will gladly pay you Tuesday . '' This phrase is now commonly used to illustrate financial irresponsibility and still appears in modern comedies such as The Drew Carey Show and The Office . The initial part of the phrase was even the title of Episode 6 of the fourth season of Cheers `` I 'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday . '' In Robert Altman 's 1980 live - action musical film Popeye , where Wimpy was played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley , one of Harry Nilsson 's original songs , `` Everything Is Food , '' featured Dooley singing the catch - phrase , as he took a hamburger , as `` I would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today . '' The response from the chorus , as they reclaimed the same hamburger from him , uneaten , was `` He would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today . '' Later in the film , a sign in a restaurant reads `` Positively NO CREDIT . This means YOU , Wimpy . '' Wimpy had other frequently used lines in the original comic strip . On some occasions , Wimpy tries to placate someone by saying , `` I 'd like to invite you over to my house for a duck dinner . '' He then moves away quickly to a safe distance and yells , `` You bring the ducks ! '' Another such line was , `` Jones is my name ... I 'm one of the Jones boys '' -- an attempt to defuse a hostile situation with a mistaken identity . To deflect an enemy 's wrath , he would sometimes indicate a third party and say , `` Let 's you and him fight '' , starting a brawl from which he quickly withdrew . In popular culture ( edit ) During World War II , `` Wimpy '' , in reference to the character , was the nickname given to the Vickers Wellington bomber . Wimpy is also the namesake of the large chain of Wimpy hamburger restaurants which was founded in Chicago in the 1930s and opened in the UK in 1954 ; it has maintained operations overseas since 1967 . Their UK website states , `` The name Wimpy is believed to have come from Popeye 's friend J Wellington Wimpy who loved hamburgers as much as Popeye loved spinach . '' Wimpy can also be found as the mascot for `` Wimpy 's Seafood Restaurant and Market '' in Osterville , MA on Cape Cod . ( Established 1938 ) Wimpy made a cameo appearance ( as an in - gag to both his facial features ; in the context of beef related heart disease and affinity for hamburgers ) in the Family Guy episode `` McStroke '' . Wimpy has appeared in two episodes of the Adult Swim animated series Robot Chicken , often using his `` I 'll gladly pay you Tuesday '' line to buy hamburgers . Often it fails . Voiced by Scott Adsit . In the Good Eats second season episode `` Daily Grind '' ( aka `` A Grind is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' ) , Alton Brown prepares the `` perfect burger '' ( as well as meatloaf & meatballs ) for a character named `` J. Wellington Whimpy '' ( misspelled , but looking mostly like the version of Wimpy played by Paul Dooley in the Popeye film ) played by then cast regular Steve Rooney . In the final Pooch the Pup cartoon called She Done Him Right , a dog character looking like Wimpy is seen playing a slot machine . Wimpy 's famous catchphrase gives the name to the hamburger review website A Hamburger Today . Wimpy is also the focus of an animated Bank of America commercial in which he uses a new smartphone app to finally pay for the food he mooched from his friends . Season 4 Episode 6 of Cheers is named `` I 'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday '' . In the hit video game World of Warcraft , an NPC can be heard repeating `` I 'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today '' in the city of Stormwind . See also ( edit ) Fictional characters portal United States portal Mr Micawber Harold Skimpole References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Italian , Wimpy is known as `` Poldo Sbaffini '' ; his surname is a reference to his scrounging habits . The Italian name was also adopted in the Greek editions as Πόλντο . In Spanish , Wimpy is `` Pilón '' , Spanish for `` pestle '' , which may refer to the character 's body shape . In Sweden Wimpy is called Frasse and , unlike in the American version where he eats hamburgers , he instead eats parisare , a similar Swedish dish . Jump up ^ Fred Grandinetti , Popeye : an illustrated cultural history , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Bill Mauldin , The Brass Ring , New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , 1972 Jump up ^ `` ' Wimpy ' Comes To Town -- But Do n't Let Atlanta Know Anything of This '' . The Daily Oklahoman . Oklahoma City . November 12 , 1935 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro , The Yale book of quotations Jump up ^ Tim Weiner ( August 15 , 1999 ) , The Nation ; Hunting for That Elusive Surplus , The New York Times Jump up ^ Bill Singer ( November 2 , 2009 ) , Intelligent Investing : Regulating Wall Street By J. Wellington Wimpy , Forbes , archived from the original on July 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Robert Trigaux ( November 12 , 2009 ) , Florida 's economic failings land it on worst 10 list , St. Petersburg Times Jump up ^ Wimpy Jump up ^ http://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g41756-d384889-Reviews-Wimpy_s_Seafood_Market-Osterville_Cape_Cod_Massachusetts.html#photos Jump up ^ Transcript of GOOD EATS episode featuring `` Whimpy '' Jump up ^ `` The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia : 1933 '' . The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Serious Eats : A Hamburger Today Jump up ^ `` Bank of America TV Spot , ' Popeye , Wimpy and Bank of America ' '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Popeye The Home of Popeye the Sailor Man ( hide ) Popeye created by E.C. Segar Characters Main Popeye Bluto Olive Oyl Wimpy Supporting Swee'Pea Alice the Goon Eugene the Jeep George W. Geezil Harold Hamgravy Castor Oyl Poopdeck Pappy Sea Hag Authors and artists Hy Eisman Seymour Kneitel Roger Langridge Bobby London Bruce Ozella Bill Pearson Bud Sagendorf E.C. Segar Tom Sims George Wildman Doc Winner Bela Zaboly Theatrical shorts Popeye the Sailor Fleischer Studios cartoons Famous Studios cartoons Popeye the Sailor DVD series : Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 , Volume 4 and Volume 5 Television shows Popeye the Sailor The All New Popeye Hour Popeye and Son The Popeye Show Film / specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba 's Forty Thieves Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter The Popeye Valentine 's Day Special - Sweethearts at Sea Popeye ( 1980 ) Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy Popeye Video games Arcade game Popeye ( Game Boy ) Popeye 2 Popeye no Eigo Asobi Popeye Saves the Earth Rush for Spinach Ijiwaru Majo Seahag no Maki Beach Volleyball Other Popeye Song Folio Popeye Village Popeye and Bluto 's Bilge - Rat Barges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Wellington_Wimpy&oldid=810536955 '' Categories : Comic book sidekicks Fictional con artists Fictional tricksters Popeye characters Animated human characters Comics characters introduced in 1931 Fictional American people Male characters in comics Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 21 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said i'll gladly pay you tuesday for a hamburger today	[]	[]
2362371998019211899	Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting)	Daniel in the Lions ' Den ( painting ) - Wikipedia Daniel in the Lions ' Den ( painting ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Daniel in the Lions ' Den § Paintings . Daniel in the Lions ' Den is a 1615 painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens , now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC . The subject is from Daniel 6 : 1 - 28 . Rubens modelled the lions on a Moroccan subspecies , examples of which were then in the Spanish governor 's menagerie in Brussels . In 1618 he acquired more than a hundred pieces of classical sculpture , in exchange for this painting , eight others and a sum of money . Although the painting shows Daniel as a young man , according to the biblical chronology Daniel would have been over eighty years old at the time of the incident depicted . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daniel in the Lions ' Den '' . National Gallery of Art . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Boice , James Montgomery ( 2006 ) . Daniel : An Expositional Commentary . Baker Books . p. 68 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel in the Lions ' Den by Rubens . Daniel in the Lions ' Den Peter Paul Rubens Works ( paintings and drawings ) Leda and the Swan ( 1601 , 1602 ) The Deposition ( 1602 ) Self - Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua ( 1602 -- 1605 ) Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma ( 1603 ) Portrait of a Young Woman ( 1603 ) Hercules and Omphale ( 1603 ) Heraclitus and Democritus ( 1603 ) Virgin and Child ( c. 1604 ) The Fall of Phaeton ( c. 1604 / 1605 ) The Circumcision ( 1605 ) Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola - Doria ( 1606 ) Portrait of a Noblewoman with a Dwarf ( 1606 ) Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback ( 1606 ) Madonna della Vallicella ( 1606 -- 1608 ) Susanna and the Elders ( 1607 ) Adoration of the Magi ( Prado ) ( 1609 ; 1628 -- 29 ) Samson and Delilah ( 1609 -- 1610 ) Honeysuckle Bower ( 1609 -- 1610 ) Juno and Argus ( 1610 ) Raising of the Cross ( 1610 -- 1611 ) Conversion of Saint Paul ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Massacre of the Innocents ( c. 1611 ) Prometheus Bound ( 1611 -- 1612 ) The Four Philosophers ( 1611 -- 1612 ) Antwerp Resurrection ( 1611 -- 1612 ) Descent from the Cross ( 1612 -- 1614 ) Saint Teresa of Ávila 's Vision of the Holy Spirit ( 1612 -- 1614 ) The Defeat of Sennacherib ( 1612 -- 1614 ) The Four Continents ( 1610s ) Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter ( 1612 -- 1614 ) Portrait of a Commander ( 1613 ) The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero ( 1613 -- 1614 ) The Incredulity of Saint Thomas ( 1613 -- 1615 ) The Death of Adonis ( 1614 ) St Sebastian ( c. 1614 ) Madonna della Cesta ( 1615 ) Ixion , King of the Lapiths , Deceived by Juno , Who He Wished to Seduce ( 1615 ) Daniel in the Lions ' Den ( 1615 ) The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt ( 1615 -- 1616 ) The Tiger Hunt ( 1615 -- 1616 ) Theodosius and Saint Ambrose ( 1615 -- 1616 ) Florence Resurrection ( 1616 ) The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents ( 1616 ) Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops ( c. 1616 ) The Wolf and Fox Hunt ( c. 1616 ) The Lion and Leopard Hunt ( c. 1616 ) Romulus and Remus ( 1615 -- 1616 ) Adoration of the Magi ( Cambridge ) ( 1616 -- 1617 ) Adoration of the Magi ( Lyon ) ( 1617 -- 1618 ) Descent from the Cross ( 1616 -- 1617 ) The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek ( 1616 -- 1617 ) Christ and the Penitent Sinners ( 1617 ) Mars and Rhea Silvia ( 1617 ) The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) The Great Last Judgement ( 1617 ) A Bearded Man ( c. 1617 -- 18 ) The Five Senses ( 1617 -- 18 ) Two Satyrs ( 1618 ) Medusa ( 1618 ) The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus ( c. 1618 ) The Union of Earth and Water ( c. 1618 ) Tigress with Her Cubs ( 1618 ) Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee ( 1618 -- 20 ) St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy ( 1619 -- 20 ) The Small Last Judgement ( 1619 ) Conversion of Saint Paul ( 1620s ) The Fall of the Damned ( ca . 1620 ) Landscape with Philemon and Baucis ( ca . 1620 ) Saint George and the Dragon ( c. 1620 ) Perseus Freeing Andromeda ( 1620 ) The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas ( 1620 ) Christ on the Cross ( 1620 ) The Three Graces ( 1620 -- 1623 ) Isabella Brant ( c. 1621 ) The Lion Hunt ( 1621 ) Marie de ' Medici cycle ( 1621 -- 1630 ) Portrait of Susanna Lunden ( 1622 ) Perseus and Andromeda ( c. 1622 ) The History of Constantine ( 1622 -- 1625 ) The Conversion of Saint Bavo ( 1623 -- 1624 ) Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt ( 1623 -- 1624 ) Adoration of the Magi ( Antwerp ) ( 1624 ) The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob ( 1624 ) Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims ( 1623 -- 1626 ) Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia ( 1625 ) The Triumph of the Church ( 1635 ) Assumption of the Virgin Mary ( 1625 -- 1626 ) Angelica and the Hermit ( c. 1626 -- 1628 ) Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry ( 1627 ) The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris ( 1627 ) The Annunciation ( 1627 -- 1628 ) The Fall of Man ( 1628 -- 1629 ) The Rape of Europa ( 1628 -- 1629 ) Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars ( 1629 -- 1630 ) The Ildefonso Altarpiece ( 1630 -- 1631 ) Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians ( 1630 -- 1635 ) The Finding of Erichthonius ( 1632 -- 1634 ) The Garden of Love ( c. 1633 ) The Rape of the Sabine Women ( 1634 -- 1636 ) The Feast of Venus ( c. 1635 ) The Dance of the Villagers ( 1635 ) Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans ( 1635 ) The Village Fête ( 1635 -- 1638 ) Hercules ' Dog Discovers Purple Dye ( c. 1636 ) Helena Fourment with Children ( 1636 ) A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning ( 1636 ) Saturn ( 1636 ) The Rainbow Landscape ( 1636 ) Het Pelsken ( 1636 -- 1638 ) The Origin of the Milky Way ( c. 1637 ) Consequences of War ( c. 1638 ) Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame ( 1638 ) The Three Graces ( 1636 -- 1638 ) The Rape of Ganymede ( 1636 -- 1638 ) Diana and Callisto ( 1637 -- 1638 ) Helena Fourment with a Carriage ( 1638 ) Self - Portrait ( 1638 -- 1639 ) The Peasants Returning From The Fields ( 1640 ) Judgment of Paris ( various ) Books Palazzi di Genova ( 1622 ) Related people Rubens family Jan Rubens ( father ) Maria Pypelinckx ( mother ) Isabella Brant ( first wife ) Helena Fourment ( second wife ) Nicolaas Rubens , Lord of Rameyen ( son ) Albert I Rubens ( son ) Philip I Rubens ( brother ) Tobias Verhaecht ( teacher ) Adam van Noort ( teacher ) Otto van Veen ( teacher ) Nicolaas II Rockox ( friend ) Related Rubenshuis ( family home ) Poussinists and Rubenists Rubens ( 1977 film ) Rubenesque This article about a seventeenth - century painting is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_(painting)&oldid=832724096 '' Categories : Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens 1615 paintings Lions in art Daniel ( biblical figure ) Collections of the National Gallery of Art Paintings depicting Hebrew Bible people 17th - century painting stubs Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 15 . About Wikipedia	daniel in the lion's den sir peter paul rubens	[]	[]
1770059236239908688	Wreck of the RMS Titanic	Wreck of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Wreck of the RMS Titanic This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Wreck of the RMS Titanic Bow of the RMS Titanic , photographed in 2004 Event Shipwreck of RMS Titanic Cause Struck an iceberg while on maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City Location 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast of Newfoundland , North Atlantic Ocean Operator White Star Line ( now merged with Cunard Line ) The wreck of the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet ( 3,800 m ) ( 2.37 miles ( 3.81 km ) ) , about 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast off the coast of Newfoundland . It lies in two main pieces about a third of a mile ( 600 m ) apart . The bow is still largely recognizable with many preserved interiors , despite its deterioration and the damage it sustained hitting the sea floor . In contrast , the stern is completely ruined . A debris field around the wreck contains hundreds of thousands of items spilled from the ship as she sank . The bodies of the passengers and crew would have also been distributed across the sea bed , but have been consumed by other organisms . Titanic sank in 1912 , when she collided with an iceberg during her maiden voyage . The wreck could not be located at the time and was not discovered until 1985 . Numerous expeditions tried using sonar to map the sea bed in the hope of spotting it , but were unsuccessful . The wreck was finally located by a joint French - American expedition led by Jean - Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . The wreck has been the focus of intense interest since its discovery and has been visited by numerous expeditions , including salvage operations which have controversially recovered thousands of items which have been conserved and put on public display . Over the years after her sinking , many impractical , expensive and often physically impossible schemes have been put forward to raise Titanic from her resting place . They have included ideas such as filling the wreck with ping - pong balls , injecting it with 180,000 tons of Vaseline , or using half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to encase it inside a giant iceberg that would float back to the surface . However , the wreck is far too fragile to be raised and is now protected by a UNESCO convention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Salvaging Titanic 1.1 Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s 1.2 Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 2 Discovery 2.1 Subsequent expeditions 2.1. 1 1986 -- 1998 2.1. 2 2000 -- present 3 Description of the wreck 3.1 Bow section 3.2 Interiors 3.3 Stern section 3.4 Debris fields 4 Condition and deterioration of the wreck 5 Ownership 5.1 Litigation and controversy 5.2 Conservation issues 6 Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Salvaging Titanic ( edit ) Location of the wreck of Titanic in the North Atlantic . Almost immediately after Titanic sank on 15 April 1912 , proposals were advanced to salvage her from her resting place in the North Atlantic Ocean , despite her exact location and condition being unknown . The families of several wealthy victims of the disaster -- the Guggenheims , Astors , and Wideners -- formed a consortium and contracted the Merritt and Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Company to raise Titanic . The project was soon abandoned as impractical as the divers could not even reach a significant fraction of the necessary depth , where the pressure is over 6,000 pounds per square inch ( 410 bar ) . The lack of submarine technology at the time as well as the outbreak of World War I also put off such a project . The company considered dropping dynamite on the wreck to dislodge bodies which would float to the surface , but finally gave up after oceanographers suggested that the extreme pressure would have compressed the bodies into gelatinous lumps . ( In fact , this was incorrect . Whale falls , a phenomenon not discovered until 1987 -- coincidentally , by the same submersible used for the first manned expedition to Titanic the year before -- demonstrate that water - filled corpses , in this case cetaceans , can sink to the bottom essentially intact . The high pressure and cold temperature of the water would have prevented significant quantities of gas forming during decomposition , preventing the bodies of Titanic victims from rising back to the surface . ) In later years , numerous proposals were put forward to salvage Titanic . However , all fell afoul of practical and technological difficulties , a lack of funding and , in many cases , a lack of understanding of the physical conditions at the wreck site . Charles Smith , an architect from Denver , proposed in March 1914 to attach electromagnets to a submarine which would be irresistibly drawn to the wreck 's steel hull . Having found its exact position , more electromagnets would be sent down from a fleet of barges which would winch Titanic to the surface . An estimated cost of $1.5 million ( £ 35,451,827 today ) and its impracticality meant that the idea was not put into practice . Another proposal involved raising Titanic by means of attaching balloons to her hull using electromagnets . Once enough balloons had been attached , the ship would float gently to the surface . Again , the idea got no further than the drawing board . Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) Titanic surfacing in the film Raise the Titanic In the mid-1960s , a hosiery worker from Baldock named Douglas Woolley devised a plan to find Titanic using a bathyscaphe ( like Trieste , used to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960 ) and raise the wreck by inflating nylon balloons that would be attached to her hull . The declared objective was to `` bring the wreck into Liverpool and convert it to a floating museum . '' The Titanic Salvage Company was established to manage the scheme and a group of businessmen from West Berlin set up an entity called Titanic - Tresor to support it financially . It fell apart when its proponents found they could not overcome the problem of how the balloons would be inflated in the first place . Calculations showed that it could take ten years to generate enough gas to overcome the water pressure . A variety of audacious but equally impractical schemes were put forward during the 1970s . One proposal called for 180,000 tons of molten wax ( or alternatively , Vaseline ) to be pumped into Titanic , lifting her to the surface . Another proposal involved filling Titanic with ping - pong balls , but overlooked the fact that the balls would be crushed by the pressure long before reaching the depth of the wreck . A similar idea involving the use of Benthos glass spheres , which could survive the pressure , was scuppered when the cost of the number of spheres required was put at over $238 million . An unemployed haulage contractor from Walsall named Arthur Hickey proposed to turn Titanic into an iceberg , freezing the water around the wreck to encase it in a buoyant jacket of ice . This , being lighter than liquid water , would float to the surface and could be towed to shore . The BOC Group calculated that this would require half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to be pumped down to the sea bed . In his 1976 thriller Raise the Titanic ! , author Clive Cussler 's hero Dirk Pitt repairs the holes in Titanic 's hull , pumps it full of compressed air and succeeds in making it `` leap out of the waves like a modern submarine blowing its ballast tanks '' , a scene depicted on the posters of the subsequent film of the book . Although this was an `` artistically stimulating '' highlight of the film , made using a 55 ft ( 17 m ) model of Titanic , it would not have been physically possible . At the time of the book 's writing , it was still believed that she sank in one piece . Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution had long been interested in finding Titanic . Despite early negotiations with possible backers being abandoned when it emerged that they wanted to turn the wreck into souvenir paperweights , more sympathetic backers joined Ballard to form a company named Seasonics International Ltd. as a vehicle for rediscovering and exploring Titanic . In October 1977 he made his first attempt to find the ship with the aid of the Alcoa Corporation 's deep sea salvage vessel Seaprobe . This was essentially a drillship with sonar equipment and cameras attached to the end of the drilling pipe . It could lift objects from the seabed using a remote - controlled mechanical claw . The expedition ended in failure when the drilling pipe broke , sending 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) of pipe and $600,000 worth of electronics plunging to the sea bed . In 1978 , The Walt Disney Company and National Geographic magazine considered mounting a joint expedition to find Titanic , using the aluminium submersible Aluminaut . Titanic would have been well within the submersible 's depth limits , but the plans were abandoned for financial reasons . The following year , the British billionaire financier and tycoon Sir James Goldsmith set up Seawise & Titanic Salvage Ltd. with the involvement of underwater diving and photographic experts . His aim was to use the publicity of finding Titanic to promote his newly established magazine , NOW ! . An expedition to the North Atlantic was scheduled for 1980 but was cancelled due to financial difficulties . A year later , NOW ! folded after 84 issues with Goldsmith incurring huge financial losses . Fred Koehler , an electronics repairman from Coral Gables , Florida , sold his electronics shop to finance the completion of a two - man deep - sea submersible called Seacopter . He planned to dive to Titanic , enter the hull and retrieve a fabulous collection of diamonds rumored to be contained in the purser 's safe . However , he was unable to obtain financial backing for his planned expedition . Another proposal involved using a semi-submersible platform mounted with cranes , resting on two watertight supertankers , that would winch the wreck off the seabed and carry it to shore . A proponent was quoted as saying , `` It 's like the Great Wall of China -- given enough time and money and people , you can do anything . '' Time , money and people were not forthcoming and the proposal got no further than any of its predecessors . Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 ( edit ) On 17 July 1980 , an expedition sponsored by Texan oilman Jack Grimm set off from Port Everglades , Florida , in the research vessel H.J.W. Fay. Grimm had previously sponsored expeditions to find Noah 's Ark , the Loch Ness Monster , Bigfoot , and the giant hole in the North Pole predicted by the pseudoscientific Hollow Earth hypothesis . To raise funds for his Titanic expedition , he obtained sponsorship from friends with whom he played poker , sold media rights through the William Morris Agency , commissioned a book , and obtained the services of Orson Welles to narrate a documentary . He acquired scientific support from Columbia University by donating $330,000 to the Lamont -- Doherty Geological Observatory for the purchase of a wide - sweep sonar , in exchange for five years ' use of the equipment and the services of technicians to support it . Drs . William B. Ryan of Columbia University and Fred Spiess of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California joined the expedition as consultants . They nearly stayed ashore when Grimm introduced them to a new consultant -- a monkey called Titan , which was trained to point at a spot on the map to supposedly indicate where Titanic was . The scientists issued an ultimatum : `` It 's either us or the monkey . '' Grimm preferred the monkey , but was prevailed upon to leave it behind and bring the scientists instead . The results were inconclusive , as three weeks of surveying in almost continuous bad weather during July and August 1980 failed to find Titanic . The problem was exacerbated by technological limitations ; the Sea MARC sonar used by the expedition had a relatively low resolution and was a new and untested piece of equipment . It was nearly lost only 36 hours after it was first deployed when the tail was ripped off during a sharp turn , destroying the magnetometer , which would have been vital for detecting Titanic 's hull . Nonetheless it managed to survey an area of some 500 square nautical miles and identified 14 possible targets . Grimm mounted a second expedition in June 1981 aboard the research vessel Gyre , with Spiess and Ryan again joining the expedition . To increase their chances of finding the wreck , the team employed a much more capable sonar device , the Scripps Deep Tow . The weather was again very poor , but all 14 of the targets were successfully covered and found to be natural features . On the last day of the expedition , an object that looked like a propeller was found . Grimm announced on his return to Boston that Titanic had been found , but the scientists declined to endorse his identification . In July 1983 , Grimm went back a third time with Ryan aboard the research vessel Robert D. Conrad to have another look at the `` propeller '' . This time nothing was found and very bad weather brought an early end to the expedition . It later turned out that Sea MARC had actually passed over Titanic but had failed to detect it , while Deep Tow passed within 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) of the wreck . Discovery ( edit ) Dr. Robert D. Ballard , the discoverer of the wreck of Titanic in September 1985 D. Michael Harris and Jack Grimm had failed to find Titanic but their expeditions did succeed in producing fairly detailed mapping of the area in which the ship had sunk . It was clear that the position given in Titanic 's distress signals was inaccurate , which was a major expedition difficulty because it increased the search area 's already - massive size . Despite the failure of his 1977 expedition , Robert Ballard had not given up hope and devised new technologies and a new search strategy to tackle the problem . The new technology was a system called Argo / Jason . This consisted of a remotely controlled deep - sea vehicle called Argo , equipped with sonar and cameras and towed behind a ship , with a robot called Jason tethered to it that could roam the sea floor , take close - up images and gather specimens . The images from the system would be transmitted back to a control room on the towing vessel where they could be assessed immediately . Although it was designed for scientific purposes , it also had important military applications and the United States Navy agreed to sponsor the system 's development , on condition that it was to be used to carry out a number of programmes -- many still classified -- for the Navy . The Navy commissioned Ballard and his team to carry out a month - long expedition every year for four years , to keep Argo / Jason in good working condition . It agreed to Ballard 's proposal to use some of the time to search for Titanic once the Navy 's objectives had been met ; the search would provide an ideal opportunity to test Argo / Jason . In 1984 the Navy sent Ballard and Argo to map the wrecks of the sunken nuclear submarines USS Thresher and USS Scorpion , lost in the North Atlantic at depths of up to 9,800 feet ( 3,000 m ) . The expedition found the submarines and made an important discovery . As Thresher and Scorpion sank , debris spilled out from them across a wide area of the seabed and was sorted by the currents , so that light debris drifted furthest away from the site of the sinking . This `` debris field '' was far larger than the wrecks themselves . By following the comet - like trail of debris , the main pieces of wreckage could be found . A second expedition to map the wreck of Scorpion was mounted in 1985 . Only twelve days of search time would be left at the end of the expedition to look for Titanic . As Harris / Grimm 's unsuccessful efforts had taken more than forty days , Ballard decided that extra help would be needed . He approached the French national oceanographic agency , IFREMER , with which Woods Hole had previously collaborated . The agency had recently developed a high - resolution side - scan sonar called SAR and agreed to send a research vessel , Le Suroît , to survey the sea bed in the area where Titanic was believed to lie . The idea was for the French to use the sonar to find likely targets , and then for the Americans to use Argo to check out the targets and hopefully confirm whether they were in fact the wreck . The French team spent five weeks , from 5 July to 12 August 1985 , `` mowing the lawn '' -- sailing back and forth across the 150 - square - mile ( 390 km ) target area to scan the sea bed in a series of stripes . However , they found nothing , though it turned out that they had passed within a few hundred yards of Titanic in their first run . Ballard realized that looking for the wreck itself using sonar was unlikely to be successful and adopted a different tactic , drawing on the experience of the surveys of Thresher and Scorpion ; he would look for the debris field instead , using Argo 's cameras rather than sonar . Whereas sonar could not distinguish man - made debris on the sea bed from natural objects , cameras could . The debris field would also be a far bigger target , stretching a mile ( 1.6 km ) or longer , whereas Titanic itself was only 90 feet ( 27 m ) wide . The search required round - the - clock towing of Argo back and forth above the sea bed , with shifts of watchers aboard the research vessel Knorr looking at the camera pictures for any sign of debris . After a week of fruitless searching , at 12.48 am on Sunday 1 September 1985 pieces of debris began to appear on Knorr 's screens . One of them was identified as a boiler , identical to those shown in pictures from 1911 . The following day , the main part of the wreck was found and Argo sent back the first pictures of Titanic since her sinking 73 years before . The discovery made headlines around the world . Subsequent expeditions ( edit ) 1986 -- 1998 ( edit ) DSV Alvin , used in 1986 to mount the first manned expedition to the wreck of Titanic Following his discovery of the wreck site , Ballard returned to Titanic in July 1986 aboard the research vessel RV Atlantis II . Now the deep - diving submersible DSV Alvin could take people back to Titanic for the first time since her sinking , and the remotely operated vehicle ( ROV ) Jason Jr. would allow the explorers to investigate the interior of the wreck . Another system , ANGUS , was used to carry out photo surveys of the debris field . Jason Jr. descended the ruined Grand Staircase as far as B Deck , and photographed remarkably well preserved interiors , including some chandeliers still hanging from the ceilings . Between 25 July and 10 September 1987 , an expedition mounted by IFREMER and a consortium of American investors which included George Tulloch , G. Michael Harris , D. Michael Harris and Ralph White made 32 dives to Titanic using the submersible Nautile . Controversially , they salvaged and brought ashore more than 1,800 objects . A joint Russian - Canadian - American expedition took place in 1991 using the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and its two MIR submersibles . Sponsored by Stephen Low and IMAX , CBS , National Geographic and others , the expedition carried out extensive scientific research with a crew of 130 scientists and engineers . The MIRs carried out 17 dives , spending over 140 hours at the bottom , shooting 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) of IMAX film . This was used to create the 1995 documentary film Titanica , which was later released in the US on DVD in a re-edited version narrated by Leonard Nimoy . IFREMER and RMS Titanic Inc. , the successors to the sponsors of the 1987 expedition , returned to the wreck with Nautile and the ROV Robin in June 1993 . Over the course of fifteen days , Nautile made fifteen dives lasting between eight and twelve hours . Another 800 artefacts were recovered during the expedition including a two - tonne piece of a reciprocating engine , a lifeboat davit and the steam whistle from the ship 's forward funnel . In 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 and 2000 , RMS Titanic Inc. carried out an intensive series of dives that led to the recovery of over 4,000 items in the first two expeditions alone . The 1996 expedition controversially attempted to raise a section of Titanic itself , a section of the outer hull that originally comprised part of the wall of two First Class cabins on C Deck , extending down to D Deck . It weighed 20 tons , measured 15 by 25 feet ( 4.6 m × 7.6 m ) and had four portholes in it , three of which still had glass in them . The section had come loose either during the sinking or as a result of the impact with the sea bed . Its recovery using diesel - filled floatation bags was turned into something of an entertainment event with two cruise ships accompanying the expedition to the wreck site . Passengers were offered the chance , at $5,000 per person , to watch the recovery on television screens in their cabins while enjoying luxury accommodation , Las Vegas - style shows and casino gambling aboard the ships . Various celebrities were recruited to enliven the proceedings , including Burt Reynolds , Debbie Reynolds and Buzz Aldrin , and `` Grand Receptions '' for VIPs were scheduled on - shore where the hull section would be displayed . However , the lift ended disastrously when rough weather caused the ropes supporting the bags to snap . At the moment the ropes broke , the hull section had been lifted to within only 200 feet ( 61 m ) of the surface . It hurtled 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) back down , embedding itself upright on the sea floor . Although the attempt was strongly criticised by marine archaeologists , scientists and historians as a money - making publicity stunt , a second , successful attempt to lift the fragment was carried out in 1998 . The so - called `` Big Piece '' was conserved in a laboratory in Santa Fe for two years before being put on display at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino . In 1995 , Canadian director James Cameron chartered the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and the MIRs to make 12 dives to Titanic . He used the resulting footage to considerable effect in his blockbuster 1997 film Titanic . The discovery of the wreck in 1985 and a National Geographic documentary of Ballard 's 1986 expedition had inspired Cameron to write a synopsis in 1987 of what eventually became the film Titanic : `` Do story with bookends of present day scene of wreck using submersibles intercut with memories of a survivor and re-created scenes of the night of the sinking . A crucible of human values under stress . '' Cameron 's expedition did not salvage anything from the ship . 2000 -- present ( edit ) The partly collapsed bathroom of Captain Edward Smith , with the bathtub now filled with rusticles The 2000 expedition by RMS Titanic Inc. carried out 28 dives during which over 800 artefacts were recovered , including the ship 's engine telegraphs , perfume vials and watertight door gears . In 2001 , an American couple -- David Leibowitz and Kimberly Miller -- caused controversy when they were married aboard a submersible that had set down on the bow of Titanic , in a deliberate echo of a famous scene from James Cameron 's 1997 film . The wedding was essentially a publicity stunt , sponsored by a British company called SubSea Explorer which had offered a free dive to Titanic that Leibowitz had won . He asked whether his fiancée could come too and was told that she could -- but only if she agreed to get married during the trip . The same company also brought along Philip Littlejohn , the grandson of one of Titanic 's surviving crew members , who became the first relative of a Titanic passenger or crew member to visit the wreck . Cameron himself also returned to Titanic in 2001 to carry out filming for Walt Disney Pictures ' Ghosts of the Abyss , filmed in 3D . In 2003 and 2004 , the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carried out two expeditions to Titanic . The first , carried out between 22 June and 2 July 2003 , performed four dives in two days . Its key aims were to assess the current condition of the wreck site and carry out scientific observations to support ongoing research . The stern section , which had previously received relatively little attention from explorers , was specifically targeted for analysis . The microbial colonies aboard Titanic were also a key focus of investigation . The second expedition , from 27 May -- 12 June 2004 , saw the return of Robert Ballard to Titanic nearly 20 years after he discovered it . The expedition spent 11 days on the wreck , carrying out high - resolution mapping using video and stereoscopic still images . 2005 saw two expeditions to the Titanic . James Cameron returned for the third and last time to film Last Mysteries of the Titanic . Another expedition searched for previously unseen pieces of wreckage , and led to the documentary Titanic 's Final Moments : Missing Pieces . RMS Titanic Inc. mounted further expeditions to Titanic in 2004 and 2010 , when the first comprehensive map of the entire debris field was produced . Two autonomous underwater vehicles -- torpedo - shaped robots -- repeatedly ran backwards and forwards across the 3 by 5 miles ( 4.8 km × 8.0 km ) debris field , taking sonar scans and over 130,000 high - resolution images . This enabled a detailed photomosaic of the debris field to be created for the first time , giving scientists a much clearer view of the dynamics of the ship 's sinking . The expedition encountered difficulties : several hurricanes passed over the wreck site , and the Remora ROV was caught in a piece of wreckage . This same year saw the discovery of the new bacteria living in the rusticles on the Titanic , Halomonas titanicae . Tourist and scientific visits to Titanic are still continuing ; by April 2012 , 100 years since the disaster and nearly 25 since the discovery of the wreck , around 140 people had visited . On 14 April 2012 ( the 100th anniversary of the ship 's sinking ) , the wreck of the Titanic became eligible for protection under the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage . In the same month , Robert Ballard , the wreck 's discoverer , announced a plan to preserve the wreck of the Titanic by using deep - sea robots to paint the wreck with anti-fouling paint , to help keep the wreck in its current state for all time . The proposed plan that Ballard announced has been outlined in a documentary made to time with the Titanic 's 100th sinking anniversary called Save the Titanic With Bob Ballard where Ballard himself talks about how this proposed paint job on the wreck will work . Ballard says that he proposed to robotically clean and repaint the Titanic with a colour scheme mimicking rusticles because he saw `` original anti-fouling paint on the ship 's hull , which was still working even after 74 years on the seabed '' when he visited the Titanic in 1986 . Description of the wreck ( edit ) The position of the wreck is a considerable distance from the location transmitted by the ship 's wireless operators before she went down . The initial location was given as 41 ° 44 ′ N 50 ° 24 ′ W / 41.733 ° N 50.400 ° W / 41.733 ; - 50.400 ( RMS Titanic 's initial reported position ) , 20.8 miles ( 33.5 km ) from the wreck . A corrected location was later transmitted as 41 ° 46 ′ N 50 ° 14 ′ W / 41.767 ° N 50.233 ° W / 41.767 ; - 50.233 ( RMS Titanic 's corrected reported position ) , but this too was inaccurate , by 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) . Titanic is in two main pieces 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - east of Mistaken Point , Newfoundland . The bow is located at 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) and the stern is about 1,970 feet ( 600 m ) to the south at 41 ° 43 ′ 35 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 54 '' W / 41.72639 ° N 49.94833 ° W / 41.72639 ; - 49.94833 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's stern section ) . The boilers found by Argo , which mark the point at which the ship went down , are about 600 feet ( 180 m ) east of the stern at 41 ° 43 ′ 32 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.72556 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.72556 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic boilers located by Argo ) . The two main parts of the wreck of Titanic present a striking contrast . Although fourteen survivors testified that the ship had broken apart as she sank , this testimony was discounted by the official inquiries , and it was supposed that the ship had sunk intact . It is now clear that the stresses on Titanic caused the ship to split apart between the second and third funnels at or just below the surface . Bow section ( edit ) The bow section , which measures about 470 feet ( 140 m ) long , is thought to have descended at an angle of about 45 ° . Its distance from the stern was caused by its planing forward horizontally by about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) for every 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of its descent . During the descent to the sea bed , the funnels were swept away , taking with them the rigging and large lengths of cables . These dragged along the boat deck , tearing away many of the davits and much of the other deck equipment . The foremast was also torn down , falling onto the port bridge area . The ship 's wheelhouse was swept away , possibly after being hit by the falling foremast . The bow hit the bottom at a speed of about 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , digging about 60 feet ( 18 m ) deep into the mud , up to the base of the anchors . The impact bent the hull in two places and caused it to buckle downwards by about 10 ° under the forward well deck cranes and by about 4 ° under the forward expansion joint . When the bow section hit the sea bed , the weakened decks at the rear , where the ship had broken apart , collapsed on top of each other . The forward hatch cover was also blown off and landed a couple of hundred feet in front of the bow , possibly due to the force of water being pushed out as the bow impacted the bottom . The area around the bridge is particularly badly damaged ; as Robert Ballard has put it , it looks `` as if it had been squashed by a giant 's fist '' . The roof of the officers ' quarters and the sides of the gymnasium appear pushed in , railings were bent outwards and vertical steel columns supporting the decks were bent into a C - shape . Charles R. Pellegrino has proposed that this was the result of a `` down - blast '' of water , caused by a slipstream that had followed the bow section as it fell towards the sea bed . According to Pellegrino 's hypothesis , when the bow came to an abrupt halt the inertia of the slipstream caused a rapidly moving column of water weighing thousands of tons to strike the top of the wreck , striking it near the bridge . This , argues Pellegrino , caused large parts of the bow 's interior to be demolished by surges of water and violent eddies kicked up by the wreck 's sudden halt . The damage caused by the collision with the iceberg is not visible at the bow as it is buried under mud . Interiors ( edit ) See also : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic Despite the exterior devastation caused by the bow 's descent and collision with the ocean floor , there are parts of the interior in reasonably good condition . The bow 's slow flooding and its relatively smooth descent to the sea floor mitigated interior damage . The stairwell of the First - Class Grand Staircase between the Boat Deck and E Deck is an empty chasm within the wreck , providing a convenient point of access for ROVs . Dense rusticles hanging from the steel decking combined with the deep layers of silt that have accumulated in the interior make navigating the wreck disorienting . Passenger staterooms have largely deteriorated because they were framed in perishable softwoods like teak and pine , leaving a warren of hanging electrical wire , light fixtures and debris interspersed with more durable items like brass bed frames , light fixtures , and marble - topped washstands . Woodwork with attachments like doorknobs , drawer - pulls or push - plates survive in better condition because of the small electric charge emitted by metal which repels fish and other harmful organisms . On the whole hardwoods like mahogany , the material for most stateroom furnishings , is more resistant to decay . Lavatories and bathrooms within the passenger quarters survive because they were framed in steel . The only intact public rooms remaining in either the stern or bow sections are the First - Class Reception Room and Dining Saloon , both on D - Deck . Most of the Dining Saloon has collapsed because of its proximity to the break - up point midships , but the very forward part is accessible and the rectangular leaded glass windows , table bases , and ceiling lamps are noticeably preserved . The Reception Room with its leaded glass windows and mahogany paneling remains remarkably intact , although the ceiling is sagging and there is a deep layer of silt obstructing the floor . The Turkish Baths on F - Deck were found to be in excellent condition during their rediscovery in 2005 , preserving the blue - green tiles , carved teak woodwork , bronze lamps , and inlaid furniture . The Grand Staircase was very likely destroyed during the sinking , but the surrounding First - Class foyers and elevator entrances preserve many of the ormolu and crystal lamps , oak timbers , and oak - framed stanchions . In addition to the passenger areas , crew areas like the Firemen 's Mess , dormitories , parts of `` Scotland Road '' on E-Deck and the cargo holds on the Orlop Deck have also been explored . The Ghosts of the Abyss expedition in 2001 attempted to locate the famed Renault automobile belonging to William Carter , but the cargo was indistinguishable beneath the silt and rusticles . Stern section ( edit ) The stern section , which measures about 350 feet ( 110 m ) long , was catastrophically damaged during the descent and in landing on the sea bed . It had not fully filled with water when it sank and the increasing water pressure caused trapped air pockets to implode , tearing apart the hull . Data from a sonar map made during a 2010 expedition showed that the stern section rotated like a helicopter blade as it sank . The rudder appears to have swung over to an angle of about 30 -- 45 ° during the stern 's descent , causing the section to follow a tight spiral to the bottom . It probably struck rudder - first , burying most of the rudder in the mud up to a depth of 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The decks pancaked on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides of the shattered section . The pancaking is so severe that the combined height of the decks , which are piled up on top of the reciprocating engines , is now generally not more than about 12 to 15 feet ( 3.7 to 4.6 m ) high . No individual deck is more than about 1 foot ( 30 cm ) high . Large sections of the hull plating seem to have fallen off well before the wreck hit the bottom . One such section , thought to have been from the galleys , separated from the stern in one piece and landed nearby . The force of the water tore up the poop deck and folded it back on itself . The center propeller is totally buried , while the force of the impact caused the two wing propellers and shafts to be bent upwards by an angle of about 20 ° . A large V - shaped section of the ship just aft of midships , running from the keel upwards through Number 1 Boiler Room and upwards to cover the area under the third and fourth funnels , was believed to have disintegrated entirely when the ship broke up . This was one of the weakest parts of the ship as a result of the presence of two large open spaces -- the forward end of the engine room and the aft First Class passenger staircase . The rest of this part of the ship are scattered across the seabed at distances of 130 to 260 feet ( 40 to 79 m ) from the main part of the stern . During the 2010 expedition to map the wreck site , a major chunk of the deck house ( the base of the third funnel ) along with pieces of the third funnel was found . This showed that instead of simply disintegrating into a mass of debris , large sections of the ship broke off in chunks and that the ship broke in half between the second and third funnels , not the third and fourth funnels . Five of the boilers from Number 1 Boiler Room came loose during its disintegration and landed in the debris field around the stern . Experts believe that this tight cluster of the boilers marks the hypocenter of where the ship broke up 12,000 feet above . The rest of the boilers are still presumably located in the bow section . Debris fields ( edit ) As Titanic broke apart , many objects and pieces of hull were scattered across the sea bed . There are two debris fields in the vicinity of the wreck , each between 2,000 -- 2,600 ft ( 610 -- 790 m ) long , trailing in a south - westerly direction from the bow and stern . They cover an area of about 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) . Most of the debris is concentrated near the stern section of Titanic . It consists of thousands of objects from the interior of the ship , ranging from tons of coal spilled from ruptured bunkers to suitcases , clothes , corked wine bottles ( many still intact despite the pressure ) , bathtubs , windows , washbasins , jugs , bowls , hand mirrors and numerous other personal effects . The debris field also includes numerous pieces of the ship itself , with the largest pieces of debris in the vicinity of the partially disintegrated stern section . Condition and deterioration of the wreck ( edit ) A rattail or grenadier fish , typical of the deep - sea fauna around Titanic Prior to the discovery of Titanic 's wreck , in addition to the common assumption that she had sunk in one piece , it had been widely believed that conditions at 12,000 feet down would preserve the ship virtually intact . The water is bitterly cold at only about 1 -- 2 ° C ( 34 -- 36 ° F ) , there is no light and the high pressure was thought to be likely to lower oxygen and salinity levels to the point that organisms would not be able to gain a foothold on the wreck . Titanic would effectively be in a deep freeze . The reality has turned out to be very different , and the ship has increasingly deteriorated since she sank in April 1912 . Her gradual decay is due to a number of different processes -- physical , chemical and biological . She is situated on an undulating , gently sloping area of seabed in Titanic Canyon which is swept by the Western Boundary Current . Eddies from the current flow constantly across the wreck , scouring the sea bed and keeping sediment from building up over the hull . The current is strong and often changeable , gradually opening up holes in the ship 's hull . Salt corrosion eats away at the hull and it is also affected by galvanic corrosion . The most dramatic deterioration has been caused by biological factors . It used to be thought that the depths of the ocean were a lifeless desert , but research carried out since the mid-1980s has found that the ocean floor is teeming with life and may rival the tropical rainforests for biodiversity . During the 1991 IMAX expedition , scientists were surprised by the variety of organisms that they found in and around Titanic . A total of 28 species were observed , including sea anemones , crabs , shrimp , starfish , and rattail fish up to a yard ( 1 m ) long . Much larger creatures have been glimpsed by explorers . Some of Titanic 's fauna has never been seen anywhere else ; James Cameron 's 2001 expedition discovered a previously unknown type of sea cucumber , lavender with a glowing row of phosphorescent `` portholes '' along its side . A newly discovered species of rust - eating bacterium found on the ship has been named Halomonas titanicae , which has been found to cause rapid decay of the wreck . Henrietta Mann , who discovered the bacteria , has estimated that the Titanic will completely collapse possibly as soon as 2025 . The Canadian geophysicist Steve Blasco has commented that the wreck `` has become an oasis , a thriving ecosystem sitting in a vast desert . '' In mid 2016 , using an imaging technique neutron radiation , the facilities of the Institut Laue - Langevin demonstrate that a molecule called ectoine is used by Halomonas titanicae to survive the osmotic pressure that causes salt water on their membranes . Analysis by Henrietta Mann and Bhavleen Kaur , both of Dalhousie University in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in conjunction with other scientists and researchers of the University of Seville in Spain , has determined that the wreck of Titanic will not exist by 2037 and that preservation of Titanic is impossible . `` Unfortunately , because Titanic is 2.3 miles down , it is very difficult or impossible to preserve . It is film which will preserve it for history now , '' says Mann . `` It has already lasted for 100 years , but eventually there will be nothing left but a rust stain on the bottom of the Atlantic ... I think Titanic has maybe 15 or 20 years left . I do n't think it will have too much longer than that . '' Other scientists have estimated that Titanic will last no longer than 14 years , as of 2017 . The soft organic material aboard and dispersed onto the seabed around the hull would have been the first to disappear , rapidly devoured by fish and crustaceans . Wood - boring molluscs such as Teredo colonized the ship 's decks and interior in huge numbers , eating away the wooden decking and other wooden objects such as furniture , paneling , doors and staircase banisters . When their food ran out they died , leaving behind calcareous tubes . The question of the victims ' bodies is one that has often troubled explorers of the wreck site . When the debris field was surveyed in Robert Ballard 's 1986 expedition , pairs of shoes were observed lying next to each other on the sea bed . The flesh , bones , and clothes had long since been consumed but the tannin in the shoes ' leather had apparently resisted the bacteria , leaving the shoes as the only markers of where a body had once lain . Ballard has suggested that skeletons may remain deep within Titanic 's hull , such as in the engine rooms or third - class cabins . This has been disputed by scientists , who have estimated that the bodies would have completely disappeared by the early 1940s at the latest . In any event , the molluscs and scavengers did not consume everything organic . Some of the wooden objects on the ship and in the debris field have not been consumed , particularly those made of teak , a dense wood that seems to have resisted the borers . The First Class reception area off the ship 's Grand Staircase is still remarkably intact and furniture is still visible among the debris on the floor . Although most of the corridors have lost their walls , furniture is still in place in many cabins ; in one , a mattress is still on the bed , with an intact and undamaged dresser behind it . Robert Ballard has suggested that areas within the ship or buried under debris , where scavengers may not have been able to reach , may still contain human remains . According to Charles Pellegrino , who dived on Titanic in 2001 , a finger bone encircled by the partial remains of a wedding ring was found concreted to the bottom of a soup tureen that was retrieved from the debris field . It was returned to the sea bed on the next dive . Part of the Titanic wreck in 2003 with rusticles hanging from the hull The longest - lasting inhabitants of Titanic are likely to be bacteria and archaea which have colonized the metal hull of the ship . They have produced `` reddish - brown stalactites of rust ( hanging ) down as much as several feet , looking like long needle - like icicles '' , as Robert Ballard has put it . The formations , which Ballard dubbed `` rusticles '' , are extremely fragile and disintegrate in a cloud of particles if touched . The bacteria consume the iron in the hull , oxidizing it and leaving rust particles behind as a waste product . To protect themselves from the seawater , they secrete an acidic viscous slime that flows where gravity takes it , carrying ferric oxides and hydroxides . These form the rusticles . When scientists were able to retrieve a rusticle , it was discovered that it was far more complex than had been imagined , with complex systems of roots infiltrating the metal , interior channels , bundles of fibers , pores and other structures . Charles Pellegrino comments that they seem more akin to `` levels of tissue organization found in sponges or mosses and other members of the animal or plant kingdoms . '' The bacteria are estimated to be consuming Titanic 's hull at the rate of 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) per day , which is about 17 pounds ( 7.7 kg ) per hour or 4.4 ounces ( 120 grams ) per minute . Roy Collimore , a microbiologist , estimates that the bow alone now supports some 650 tons of rusticles and that they will have devoured fifty per cent of the hull within 200 years . Since Titanic 's wreck was discovered in 1985 , radical changes have been observed in the marine ecosystem around the ship . The 1996 expedition recorded 75 per cent more brittle stars and sea cucumbers than Ballard 's 1985 expedition , while crinoids and sea squirts had taken root all over the sea bed . Red krill had appeared and an unknown organism had built numerous nests across the seabed from black pebbles . The amount of rusticles on the ship had increased greatly . Curiously , the same thing had happened over about the same timescale to the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck , sunk at a depth of 4,791 metres ( 15,719 ft ) on the other side of the Atlantic . The mud around the ship was found to contain hundreds of different species of animals . The sudden explosion of life around Titanic may be a result of an increased amount of nutrients falling from the surface , possibly a result of human overfishing eliminating fish that would otherwise have consumed the nutrients . Many scientists , including Robert Ballard , are concerned that visits by tourists in submersibles and the recovery of artifacts are causing the wreck to decay faster . Underwater bacteria have been eating away at Titanic 's steel and transformed it into rust since the ship sank , but because of the extra damage caused by visitors , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates that `` the hull and structure of the ship may collapse to the ocean floor within the next 50 years . '' The promenade deck has deteriorated significantly in recent years , partly because of damage caused by submersibles landing on the ship . The mast has almost completely deteriorated and has been stripped of its bell and brass light . Other damage includes a gash on the bow section where block letters once spelled Titanic , part of the brass telemotor which once held the ship 's wooden wheel is now twisted and the crow 's nest has completely deteriorated . The Canadian director James Cameron is responsible for some of the more significant damage during his expedition to the ship in 1995 to acquire footage for his film Titanic two years later . One of the MIR submersibles used on the expedition collided with the hull , damaging both and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . Captain Smith 's quarters were heavily damaged by the collapse of the external bulkhead , which exposed the cabin 's interior . Ownership ( edit ) Titanic 's discovery in 1985 sparked a debate over the ownership of the wreck and the valuable items inside and on the sea bed around it . Ballard and his crew did not bring up any artifacts from the wreck , considering such an act to be tantamount to grave robbing . Ballard has since argued strongly `` that it be left unmolested by treasure seekers '' . As Ballard has put it , the development of deep - sea submersibles has made `` the great pyramids of the deep ... accessible to man . He can either plunder them like the grave robbers of Egypt or protect them for the countless generations which will follow ours . '' However , within only two weeks of the discovery , a British insurance company claimed that it owned the wreck , and several more schemes to raise it were announced . A Belgian entrepreneur offered trips to Titanic for $25,000 a head . Spurred by Ballard 's appeals for the wreck to be left alone , North Carolina Congressman Walter B. Jones , Jr. introduced the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act in the United States House of Representatives in 1986 . It called for strict scientific guidelines to be introduced to govern the exploration and salvage of Titanic and urged the United States Secretary of State to lobby Canada , the United Kingdom and France to pass similar legislation . It passed the House and Senate by an overwhelming majority and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on 21 October 1986 . However , the law has been ineffective as the wreck lies outside United States waters , and the Act was set aside by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , Norfolk Division , in 1998 . Although negotiations among the four countries were carried out between 1997 and 2000 , the resulting `` Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. Titanic '' has been ratified by only the US and the UK . Litigation and controversy ( edit ) Telly Savalas presenting the much - criticized Return to Titanic Live show on 28 October 1987 Only a few days after Ballard 's discovery of the wreck , Jack Grimm -- the author of the unsuccessful early 1980s attempts to find Titanic -- claimed ownership of it on the grounds that he had allegedly been the first to find it . He announced that he intended to begin salvaging the wreck . He said that he `` ( could n't ) see them just lie there and be absorbed by the ocean floor . What possible harm can ( salvage ) do to this mass of twisted steel ? '' Titanic Ventures Inc. , a Connecticut - based consortium , co-sponsored a survey and salvage operation in 1987 with the French oceanographic agency IFREMER . The expedition produced an outcry , not least because of the damage that it caused to the wreck . When the crow 's nest bell was pulled from the mast , the crow 's nest itself , where the lookouts first saw the iceberg , collapsed . A Titanic survivor , Eva Hart , was outspoken in her condemnation of what many saw as the looting of a mass grave : `` To bring up those things from a mass sea grave just to make a few thousand pounds shows a dreadful insensitivity and greed . The grave should be left alone . They 're simply going to do it as fortune hunters , vultures , pirates ! '' Public misgivings were increased when , on 28 October 1987 , a glitzy television program titled Return to the Titanic Live was broadcast from the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris with Telly Savalas hosting . In front of a live TV audience , a valise recovered from the sea bed was opened , revealing a number of personal items apparently belonging to Richard L. Beckwith of New York , who survived the sinking . A safe was also opened , revealing a few items of memorabilia and some soggy banknotes . The tone of the event has been described by one commentator as `` unsympathetic , lack ( ing ) dignity and finesse , and ( with ) all the superficial qualities of a ' media event ' . '' The TV critic of The New York Times , John Corry , called the event `` a combination of the sacred and profane and sometimes the downright silly . '' Paul Heyer comments that it was `` presented as a kind of deep sea striptease '' and that Savalas `` seemed haggard , missed several cues and at one point almost tripped over a chair '' . Controversy persisted after the broadcast when claims were made that the safe had been opened beforehand and that the show had effectively been a fraud . In the meantime , Marex - Titanic Inc. was formed in 1992 to launch an expedition to the Titanic . Marex - Titanic 's CEO was James Kollar . The company was a subsidiary of Marex International , an international marine salvage firm located in Memphis , Tennessee . In 1992 Marex made a bid to seize control of the artefacts and the wreck itself by suing Titanic Ventures , arguing that the latter had abandoned its claim by not returning to the wreck since the 1987 expedition . It claimed a superior right of salvage based on a `` pill bottle '' and hull fragment that were said to have been retrieved by Marex . Marex simultaneously sent a vessel , the Sea Mussel , to carry out its own salvage operation . However , the Marex artefacts were alleged to have been illegally retrieved by the 1991 Russian - American - Canadian expedition and Marex was issued with a temporary injunction preventing it from carrying out its plans . In October 1992 the injunction was made permanent and the salvage claims of Titanic Ventures were upheld . The decision was later reversed by an appeals court but Marex 's claims were not renewed . Even so , Titanic Ventures ' control of the artefacts recovered in 1987 remained in question until 1993 when a French administrator in the Office of Maritime Affairs of the Ministry of Equipment , Transportation , and Tourism awarded the company title to the artefacts . In May 1993 Titanic Ventures sold its interests in the salvage operations and artefacts to RMS Titanic Inc. , a subsidiary of Premier Exhibitions Inc. headed by George Tulloch and Arnie Geller . It had to go through a laborious legal process of having itself legally recognised as the sole and exclusive salvager of the wreck . Its claim was opposed for a while by the Liverpool and London Steamship Protection and Indemnity Association , Titanic 's former insurer , but was eventually settled . It was awarded ownership and salvaging rights by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia on 7 June 1994 in a ruling that declared the company to be the `` salvor in possession '' of the wreck . Litigation has continued over the artefacts in recent years . In a motion filed on 12 February 2004 , RMS Titanic Inc. requested that the United States district court enter an order awarding it `` title to all the artifacts ( including portions of the hull ) which are the subject of this action pursuant to the Law of Finds '' or , in the alternative , a salvage award in the amount of $225 million . RMS Titanic Inc. excluded from its motion any claim for an award of title to the objects recovered in 1987 , but it did request that the district court declare that , based on the French administrative action , `` the artifacts raised during the 1987 expedition are independently owned by RMST . '' Following a hearing , the district court entered an order dated 2 July 2004 , in which it refused to grant comity or recognise the 1993 decision of the French administrator , and rejected RMS Titanic Inc. 's claim that it should be awarded title to the items recovered since 1993 under the Maritime Law of Finds . RMS Titanic Inc. appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . In its decision of 31 January 2006 the court recognised `` explicitly the appropriateness of applying maritime salvage law to historic wrecks such as that of Titanic '' and denied the application of the Maritime Law of Finds . The court also ruled that the district court lacked jurisdiction over the `` 1987 artifacts '' , and therefore vacated that part of the court 's 2 July 2004 order . In other words , according to this decision , RMS Titanic Inc. has ownership title to the objects awarded in the French decision ( valued $16.5 million earlier ) and continues to be salvor - in - possession of the Titanic wreck . The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the District Court to determine the salvage award ( $225 million requested by RMS Titanic Inc . ) . On 24 March 2009 , it was revealed that the fate of 5,900 artefacts retrieved from the wreck would rest with a U.S. District Judge 's decision . The ruling was later issued in two decisions on 12 August 2010 and 15 August 2011 . As announced in 2009 , the judge ruled that RMS Titanic Inc. owned the artefacts and her decision dealt with the status of the wreck as well as establishing a monitoring system to check future activity upon the wreck site . On 12 August 2010 , Judge Rebecca Beach Smith granted RMS Titanic , Inc. fair market value for the artefacts but deferred ruling on their ownership and the conditions for their preservation , possible disposition and exhibition until a further decision could be reached . On 15 August 2011 , Judge Smith granted title to thousands of artefacts from the Titanic , that RMS Titanic Inc. did not already own under a French court decision concerning the first group of salvaged artefacts , to RMS Titanic Inc. subject to a detailed list of conditions concerning preservation and disposition of the items . The artefacts can be sold only to a company that would abide by the lengthy list of conditions and restrictions . RMS Titanic Inc. can profit from the artefacts through exhibiting them . RMS Titanic Inc. has also attempted to secure exclusive physical access to the wreck site . In 1996 , it obtained a court order finding that it had `` the exclusive right to take any and all types of photographic images of the Titanic wreck and wreck site . '' It obtained another order in 1998 against Deep Ocean Expeditions and Chris Haver , a British Virgin Islands corporation that aimed to run tourist trips to Titanic at a cost of $32,000 per person ( it now charges $60,000 ) . This was overturned in March 1999 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , which ruled that the law of salvage did not extend to obtaining exclusive rights to view , visit and photograph a wreck . The court pointed out that Titanic is `` located in a public place '' in international waters , rather than in a private or controllable location to which access could be restricted by the owner . Granting such a right would also create a perverse incentive ; since the aim of salvage is to carry out a salvage operation , leaving property in place so that it could be photographed would run counter to this objective . Conservation issues ( edit ) One of the pieces of coal retrieved from Titanic and controversially sold by RMS Titanic Inc . RMS Titanic Inc. has attracted considerable controversy for its approach to Titanic . Two rival camps have formed following the wreck 's discovery : the `` conservationists '' , championed by RMS Titanic Inc. 's George Tulloch ( who died in 2004 ) , and the `` protectionists '' , whose most prominent advocate is Robert Ballard . The first camp has argued that artefacts from around the wreck should be recovered and conserved , while the latter camp argues that the entire wreck site should have been left undisturbed as a mass grave . Both camps agree that the wreck itself should not be salvaged -- though RMS Titanic Inc. did not stick to its proclaimed `` hands - off '' policy when it managed to demolish Titanic 's crow 's nest in the course of retrieving the bell . Its predecessor Titanic Ventures agreed with IFREMER that it would not sell any of the artefacts but would put them on public display , for which it could charge an entry fee . Tulloch 's approach has undoubtedly resulted in outcomes that would not have been possible otherwise . In 1991 , he presented Edith Brown Haisman , a 96 - year - old survivor of the disaster , with her father 's pocket watch which had been retrieved from the sea bed . She had last seen it on 15 April 1912 when he waved goodbye to his wife and daughter as they left aboard lifeboat 14 . They never saw him again and he presumably went down with the ship . The watch was loaned to Haisman `` for life '' ; when she died four years later it was reclaimed by RMS Titanic Inc . On another occasion , a steamer trunk spotted in the debris field was found to contain three musical instruments , a deck of playing cards , a diary belonging to one Howard Irwin , and a bundle of letters from his girlfriend Pearl Shuttle . It was first thought that Irwin , a musician and professional gambler , had boarded the ship under a false identity . There was no record of him being among the passengers , even though a ticket had been purchased for him . It turned out that he had stayed ashore but his trunk had been brought aboard the ship by his friend Henry Sutehall , who was among the victims of the disaster . The fragile contents of the trunk were preserved due to the interior being starved of oxygen , which prevented bacteria from consuming the paper . Very few other shipwrecks have yielded readable paper . On the other hand , the heavily commercialised approach of RMS Titanic Inc. has caused repeated controversy and many have argued that salvaging Titanic is an inherently disrespectful act . The wreck site has been called a `` tomb and a reliquary '' , a `` gravestone for the 1,500 people who died '' and `` hallowed ground '' . Titanic historians John Eaton and Charles Haas argue that the salvagers are little more than `` plunderers and armchair salvage experts '' and others have characterised them as `` grave robbers '' . The Return to Titanic ... Live ! television show in 1987 was widely condemned as a `` circus '' , though the 1987 expedition 's scientific and financial leaders had no control over the show . In a particularly controversial episode , RMS Titanic Inc. sold some 80,000 lumps of coal retrieved from the debris field in order to fund the rumoured $17 million cost of lifting the `` Big Piece '' of the ship 's hull . It attempted to get around the no - sale agreement with IFREMER by charging the new owners a $25 `` fee '' to act as `` conservators '' , in order to claim that the coal lumps had not actually been sold . This attracted strong criticism from all sides . Nonetheless , in 1999 Tulloch was ousted by the company 's shareholders and was replaced by Arnie Geller , who promised a more aggressive approach to making a profit . The company declared that it had an `` absolute right '' to sell recovered gold , coins and currency . It was prevented from doing this by a court order in the United States and IFREMER withdrew its cooperation and its submersibles , threatening a lawsuit . Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts ( edit ) Pocket watch retrieved from an unknown victim of the disaster . It had stopped at 02 : 28 , a few minutes after its owner went into the water . Objects from Titanic have been exhibited for many years , though only a few were retrieved before the discovery of the wreck in 1985 . The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax , Nova Scotia has a collection of wooden fragments and an intact deckchair plucked from the sea by the Canadian search vessels that recovered the victims ' bodies . Various other museums , including the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich and the SeaCity Museum in Southampton , have objects donated by survivors and relatives of victims , including some items that were retrieved from the bodies of victims . More donated Titanic artifacts are to be found in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool and the Titanic Historical Society 's museum in Indian Orchard , Springfield , Massachusetts . The latter 's collection includes items such as the life jacket of Madeleine Astor , the wife of millionaire Titanic victim John Jacob Astor IV , a rivet which was removed from the hull before Titanic went to sea , an ice warning which never reached the bridge , a restaurant menu and a sample square of carpet from a First Class stateroom . RMS Titanic Inc. organizes large - scale exhibitions around the world of artifacts retrieved from the wreck site . After minor exhibitions were held in Paris and Scandinavia , the first major exhibition of recovered artifacts was held at the National Maritime Museum in 1994 -- 95 . It was hugely popular , drawing an average of 21,000 visitors a week during the year - long exhibition . Since then , RMS Titanic Inc. has established a large - scale permanent exhibition of Titanic artifacts at the Luxor hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) exhibit is the home of the `` Big Piece '' of the hull retrieved in 1998 and features conserved items including luggage , Titanic 's whistles , floor tiles and an unopened bottle of champagne . The exhibit includes a full - scale replica of the ship 's Grand Staircase and part of the Promenade Deck , and even a mock - up of the iceberg . It also runs a traveling exhibition called Titanic : The Artifact Exhibition which has opened in various cities around the world and has been seen by over 20 million people . The exhibition typically runs for six to nine months featuring a combination of artifacts , reconstructions and displays of the ship , her passengers and crew and the disaster itself . In a similar fashion to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. , visitors are given a `` boarding pass '' in the name of an individual passenger at the start of the exhibition . They do not discover the fate of their assigned passenger until the end . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea List of films about the RMS Titanic List of archaeological sites beyond national boundaries Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Made by Teledyne Benthos , they are used as flotation devices and for instrument housing in deep - sea environments . See `` Glass Spheres '' for more information . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 Jump up ^ Wade 1992 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Little 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 230 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1987 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Serway & Jewett 2006 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ New Scientist & 6 October 1977 . Jump up ^ Suid 1996 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Hicks & Kropf 2002 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Time , 11 May 1981 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 232 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 2008 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 312 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 314 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 324 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 217 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ MacInnis & Cameron 2005 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic couple take the plunge '' . BBC News . 28 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Timeline for 2001 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2004 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Symonds & April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The wreck of the Titanic now protected by UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sides , Hampton ( April 2012 ) . `` Unseen Titanic '' . National Geographic . 221 ( 4 ) : 95 . Jump up ^ Gibson 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Unseen Titanic -- Interactive : The Crash Scene '' . National Geographic . 17 October 2002 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 100 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon & February 1995 . Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2003 , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ ( Marschall 2001 , p. 3 ) Jump up ^ ( Parks Stephenson 2005 ) Jump up ^ ( Ballard 1988 , p. 47 ) Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 ) Jump up ^ `` Full Titanic site mapped for first time '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Pellegrino 2012 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Sydney ( 1987 ) . `` Treasures of the Titanic '' . Popular Mechanics . New York : Hearst Magazines . 164 ( 12 ) : 65 -- 69 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Mone & July 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Handwerk & 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Broad & 17 October 1995 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ laboratoryequipment.com , September 6 , 2016 , Extremophile Bacteria ' Will Eat Away Wreck of the Titanic by 2030 . Jump up ^ `` First it was an iceberg , now it 's bacteria : Rust - eating species ' will destroy wreck of Titanic within 20 years ' '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fox - Skelly , Jasmin . `` The wreck of the Titanic is being eaten and may soon vanish '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 53 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Ballard & December 2004 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ For an overall discussion of the history of the salvage legal proceedings , see R.M.S. Titanic , Inc. v. Haver , 171 F. 3d 943 ( 4th Cir . Va . 1999 ) , and related opinions . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ RMS Titanic International Agreement 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 4 September 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Heyer 1995 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Associated Press 30 September 1992 . Jump up ^ Taylor & 2 October 1992 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial of Preservation Act of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage Law Update Fall 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , R.M.S. TITANIC , INCORPORATED vs. THE WRECKED AND ABANDONED VESSEL -- 31 January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . ( 127 KiB ) Jump up ^ White , Marcia ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Battle continues on fate of relics from doomed ship Titanic '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge to rule on fate of Titanic artifacts '' . USA Today . 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Tim ( 14 August 2010 ) . `` Norfolk judge grants salvage award for Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGlone , Tim ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Norfolk judge awards rights to Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Riding & 16 December 1992 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , pp. 178 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ Kelly 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Portman 12 November 1994 . Jump up ^ Stearns 17 May 1995 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 252 -- 3 . References ( edit ) Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Ballard , Robert ( 1988 ) . Exploring the Titanic . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0590419528 . Ballard , Robert D. ; Hively , Will ( 2002 ) . The Eternal Darkness : A Personal History of Deep - Sea Exploration . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09554 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 2008 ) . Archaeological Oceanography . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12940 - 2 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 868 - 1 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Estes , James A. ( 2006 ) . Whales , Whaling , and Ocean Ecosystems . Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24884 - 7 . Gibson , Allen ( 2012 ) . The Unsinkable Titanic : The Triumph Behind A Disaster . Stroud , Glos. : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5625 - 6 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 1995 ) . Titanic Legacy : Disaster as Myth and Event . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95352 - 2 . Hicks , Brian ; Kropf , Schuyler ( 2002 ) . Raising the Hunley : the remarkable history and recovery of the lost Confederate submarine . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44771 - 5 . Jorgensen - Earp , Cheryl R. ( 2006 ) . `` Satisfaction of Metaphorical Expressions through Visual Display '' . In Prelli , Lawrence J. Rhetorics of display . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 619 - 4 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Lynch , Don ; Marschall , Ken ( 2003 ) . Ghosts of the Abyss . New York : Madison Press Books . ISBN 0306812231 . MacInnis , Joseph B. ; Cameron , James ( 2005 ) . James Cameron 's Aliens of the Deep . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 9343 - 9 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Pellegrino , Charles ( 2012 ) . Farewell , Titanic : Her Final Legacy . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 87387 - 8 . Scovazzi , Tullio ( 2003 ) . `` The Application of `` Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty '' `` . In Garabello , Roberta ; Scovazzi , Tullio . The protection of the underwater cultural heritage : before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2203 - 2 . Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Physics : A Calculus - Based Text , Volume 1 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 49143 - 7 . Spignesi , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Suid , Lawrence H. ( 1996 ) . Sailing on the Silver Screen : Hollywood and the U.S. Navy . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781557507877 . Wade , Wyn Craig ( 1992 ) . The Titanic : End of a Dream . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 016691 - 0 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Journal and news articles Broad , William A. ( 17 October 1995 ) . `` The World 's Deep , Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life '' . The New York Times . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Cohen , Jennie ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster '' . History.com . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Ferguson , Jonathan ( 4 September 1985 ) . `` Texas oilman says he found Titanic first -- ' it 's my wreck ' '' . The Toronto Star . Gannon , Robert ( February 1995 ) . `` What Really Sank the Titanic '' . Popular Science : 54 . Kelly , Ray ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Titanic salvage raises concerns '' . The Republican . Springfield , MA . Little , Crispin T.S. ( February 2010 ) . `` The Prolific Afterlife of Whales '' . Scientific American : 78 -- 84 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Mone , Gregory ( July 2004 ) . `` What 's Eating the Titanic ? '' . Popular Science : 42 . Portman , Jamie ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` U.K. Titanic exhibit an off - season draw '' . The Toronto Star . Riding , Alan ( 16 December 1992 ) . `` 1,800 Objects From the Titanic : Any Claims ? '' . The New York Times . Stearns , David Patrick ( 17 May 1995 ) . `` Relics display shows interest in Titanic has n't sunk '' . USA Today . Stephenson , Parks ( 20 September 2005 ) . Titanic Wreck Observations 2005 ( Report ) . Marine Forensic Panel . Taylor , Joe ( 2 October 1992 ) . `` Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case '' . The Associated Press . `` Ariadne '' . New Scientist : 78 -- 84 . 6 October 1977 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Press : Suddenly , Now ! Is Never '' . Time . 11 May 1981 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage '' . The Associated Press . 30 September 1992 . `` New species of bacteria found in Titanic ' rusticles ' '' . BBC News . 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Symonds , Matthew ( April 2012 ) . `` Titanic : The archaeology of an emigrant ship '' . Current Archaeology ( 265 ) : 14 . Online publications Ballard , Robert D. ( December 2004 ) . `` Why is Titanic Vanishing ? '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Handwerk , Brian ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Titanic Is Falling Apart '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Marschall , Ken ( December 2001 ) . `` James Cameron 's Titanic Expedition 2001 : What We Saw On and Inside the Wreck '' . marconigraph.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . `` RMS Titanic International Agreement '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 '' . NOAA. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 '' . NOAA. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2000 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2001 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2004 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1985 ) . `` How We Found Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 168 no . 6 . pp. 696 -- 719 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1986 ) . `` A Long Last Look at Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 698 -- 727 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( October 1987 ) . `` Epilogue for Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 172 no . 4 . pp. 454 -- 463 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wreck_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=804870405 '' Categories : RMS Titanic 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the titanic when it sank map	[ "The wreck of the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet (3,800 m) (2.37 miles (3.81 km)), about 370 miles (600 km) south-southeast off the coast of Newfoundland. It lies in two main pieces about a third of a mile (600 m) apart. The bow is still largely recognizable with many preserved interiors, despite its deterioration and the damage it sustained hitting the sea floor. In contrast, the stern is completely ruined. A debris field around the wreck contains hundreds of thousands of items spilled from the ship as she sank. The bodies of the passengers and crew would have also been distributed across the sea bed, but have been consumed by other organisms." ]	[ "370 miles (600 km) south-southeast off the coast of Newfoundland" ]
6244187261251268417	List of ambassadors of the United States to Haiti	List of ambassadors of the United States to Haiti - wikipedia List of ambassadors of the United States to Haiti Ambassador of the United States to Haiti Seal of the United States Department of State Incumbent Michele Sison since February 21 , 2018 Nominator President of the United States Inaugural holder Benjamin F. Whidden as Commissioner / Consul General Formation July 12 , 1862 Website ht.usembassy.gov See also : Haitian Ambassador to the United States This is a list of United States Ambassadors to Haiti . Name Background Title Appointment Presentation of Credentials Termination of Mission Notes Benjamin F. Whidden Commissioner / Consul General July 12 , 1862 October 1 , 1862 Left post , February 23 , 1865 H.E. Peck Commissioner / Consul General March 14 , 1865 September 2 , 1865 Promoted to Minister Resident / Consul General H.E. Peck Minister Resident / Consul General August 6 , 1866 October 11 , 1866 Died at post , June 9 , 1867 Gideon H. Hollister Minister Resident / Consul General February 5 , 1868 On or shortly before June 6 , 1868 Presented recall , September 7 -- 8 , 1869 Ebenezer D. Bassett Minister Resident / Consul General April 16 , 1869 September 7 -- 8 , 1869 Presented recall , November 27 , 1877 John M. Langston Minister Resident / Consul General September 28 , 1877 November 27 , 1877 Presented recall , June 30 , 1885 George W. Williams Minister Resident / Consul General March 2 , 1885 John E.W. Thompson Minister Resident / Consul General May 7 , 1885 June 30 , 1885 Relinquished charge about October 17 , 1889 Frederick Douglass Minister Resident / Consul General June 26 , 1889 November 14 , 1889 Left post , July 1891 John S. Durham Minister Resident / Consul General September 3 , 1891 October 3 , 1891 Presented recall , November 7 , 1893 Henry M. Smythe Minister Resident / Consul General September 15 , 1893 November 7 , 1893 Left post on or shortly after March 9 , 1897 William F. Powell Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary June 17 , 1897 August 20 , 1897 Left post about November 30 , 1905 Henry W. Furniss Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary November 23 , 1905 December 30 , 1905 Presented recall , September 17 , 1913 Madison R. Smith Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary August 15 , 1913 September 30 , 1913 Left post , July 8 , 1914 Arthur Bailly - Blanchard Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary May 22 , 1914 November 15 , 1915 Left post , September 26 , 1921 James C. Dunn Chargé d'Affaires ad interim April 1922 February 1924 George R. Merrell , Jr . Chargé d'Affaires ad interim March 1924 October 1926 Christian Gross Chargé d'Affaires ad interim October 1926 November 1927 Christian Gross Chargé d'Affaires ad interim April 1928 December 1928 Stuart E. Grummon Chargé d'Affaires ad interim December 1928 November 1930 Dana G. Munro Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary June 28 , 1930 November 16 , 1930 Left post , September 14 , 1932 Norman Armour Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary July 25 , 1932 November 7 , 1932 Recess appointment expired , March 4 , 1933 Norman Armour Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary March 17 , 1933 April 11 , 1933 Left post , March 21 , 1935 George A. Gordon Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary June 5 , 1935 September 6 , 1935 Left post , July 21 , 1937 Ferdinand L. Mayer Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary July 13 , 1937 November 18 , 1937 Left post , November 29 , 1940 John Campbell White Foreign Service officer Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary November 29 , 1940 March 14 , 1941 Promoted to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary following a joint announcement on March 23 , 1943 with seven other Latin American Republics elevating respective legations to embassies . John Campbell White Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary March 27 , 1943 April 14 , 1943 Left post , February 24 , 1944 Orme Wilson Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary March 21 , 1944 June 2 , 1944 Left post , August 22 , 1946 Harold H. Tittmann , Jr . Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary July 12 , 1946 September 20 , 1946 Left post , July 17 , 1948 William E. DeCourcy Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary June 18 , 1948 October 13 , 1948 Relinquished charge , December 9 , 1950 Howard K. Travers Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary October 3 , 1951 October 30 , 1951 Left post , February 25 , 1952 Roy Tasco Davis Non-career appointee Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary July 6 , 1953 September 23 , 1953 Relinquished charge , March 9 , 1957 Gerald A. Drew Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary April 17 , 1957 May 15 , 1957 Left post , July 16 , 1960 Robert Newbegin Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 27 , 1960 November 4 , 1960 Left post , December 10 , 1961 Raymond L. Thurston Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 7 , 1961 January 4 , 1962 Normal relations interrupted , May 15 , 1963 ; relations not yet resumed when Thurston left post , May 26 , 1963 Benson E.L. Timmons III Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary November 30 , 1963 January 16 , 1964 Left post , May 28 , 1967 Claude G. Ross Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary April 19 , 1967 June 20 , 1967 Left post , October 17 , 1969 Clinton E. Knox Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary October 9 , 1969 November 13 , 1969 Left post , April 26 , 1973 Heyward Isham Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 19 , 1973 January 31 , 1974 Left post , July 8 , 1977 William B. Jones Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 3 , 1977 August 12 , 1977 Left post , July 12 , 1980 Henry L. Kimelman Non-career appointee Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary August 27 , 1980 October 16 , 1980 Left post , February 18 , 1981 Ernest H. Preeg Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary June 20 , 1981 July 28 , 1981 Left post , August 20 , 1983 Clayton E. McManaway , Jr . Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary November 18 , 1983 January 10 , 1984 Left post , August 18 , 1986 Brunson McKinley Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary September 12 , 1986 October 9 , 1986 Left post , November 13 , 1989 Alvin P. Adams , Jr . Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary October 10 , 1989 December 8 , 1989 Recalled , August 1 , 1992 Leslie M. Alexander Chargé d'Affaires ad interim August 1992 July 1993 Vicki Huddleston Chargé d'Affaires ad interim July 1993 October 1993 William Lacy Swing Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary October 8 , 1993 October 13 , 1993 Left post , January 5 , 1998 Timothy Michael Carney Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary November 12 , 1997 January 14 , 1998 Left post , December 11 , 1999 Brian Dean Curran Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary December 28 , 2000 January 12 , 2001 Left post , May 16 , 2003 James B. Foley Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary May 27 , 2003 September 18 , 2003 Left post , August 14 , 2005 Janet Ann Sanderson Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary February 21 , 2006 March 17 , 2006 2009 Kenneth H. Merten Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary June 4 , 2009 August 24 , 2009 2012 Pamela White Foreign Service officer Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2012 July 18 , 2012 October 6 , 2015 Peter Mulrean Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in Geneva Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2015 October 6 , 2015 February 27 , 2017 Brian W. Shukan Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy Port - au - Prince Chargé d'Affaires ad interim 2017 February 27 , 2017 Retired and left post , August 25 , 2017 Robin Diallo Minister Counselor for Public Affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad , Iraq Chargé d'Affaires ad interim August 25 , 2017 2018 Michele J. Sison United States Deputy Representative to the United Nations Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary November 2 , 2017 February 21 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Haiti -- United States relations Foreign relations of Haiti Ambassadors of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on January 22 , 1866 . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on January 11 , 1867 . ^ Jump up to : Also accredited to Santo Domingo ( Dominican Republic ) ; resident at Port - au - Prince . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on October 23 , 1877 . Jump up ^ Took oath of office , but did not proceed to post . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on January 13 , 1886 . Jump up ^ Sandefur , Timothy ( 2008 ) . `` Douglas , Frederick ( 1818 -- 895 ) '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 126 -- 28 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on December 16 , 1889 . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on December 23 , 1891 . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on December 13 , 1905 . ^ Jump up to : Commissioned during a recess of the Senate . Armour left post March 4 , 1933 ; he returned March 8 , and presented a copy of his letter of credence under his new appointment , March 23 , 1933 . Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/countries/haiti . Jump up ^ Commissioned during a recess of the Senate ; recommissioned after confirmation on January 30 , 1962 . On June 14 , 1963 the Government of Haiti requested Thurston 's recall , and he did not return to post . Jump up ^ http://haiti.usembassy.gov/press_releases/kenneth-h.-merten-u.s.-ambassador-to-haiti-arrives-in-port-au-prince-august-24-2009 Jump up ^ Charles , Jacqueline ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Low - key U.S. ambassador to Haiti steps down and is leaving country '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm ( U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets ) . External links ( edit ) United States Department of State : Chiefs of Mission for Haiti United States Department of State : Haiti United States Embassy in Port - au - Prince United States Department of State : Background notes on Haiti United States Ambassador to Haiti Whidden Peck Hollister Bassett Langston Williams Thompson Douglass Durham Smythe Powell Furniss Smith Bailly - Blanchard Dunn Merrell Gross Grummon Munro Armour Gordon Mayer White Wilson Tittman DeCourcy Travers Davis Drew Newbegin Thurston Timmons Ross Knox Isham Jones Kimelman Preeg McManaway McKinley Adams Alexander Huddleston Swing Carney Curran Foley Sanderson Merten White Mulrean Sison Ambassadors of the United States Current countries Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia - Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros DR Congo Congo Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct countries Czechoslovakia East Germany Hawaii Iran North Yemen Ottoman Empire Prussia South Vietnam South Yemen Soviet Union Tanganyika Two Sicilies United Arab Republic Texas Yugoslavia Other places Curaçao Hong Kong and Macau Jerusalem Taiwan International organizations AU APEC ASEAN SAARC CD EU ICAO NATO OAS OECD OIC OPCW OSCE UN UNESCO UNEP UN Food and Agriculture UNVIE UN in Geneva UN Human Rights WTO Ambassadors - at - large Counterterrorism Global Women 's Issues International Religious Freedom War Crimes Issues Trafficking in Persons AIDS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Haiti&oldid=831522072 '' Categories : Ambassadors of the United States to Haiti Lists of ambassadors to Haiti Lists of ambassadors of the United States Diplomats of the United States in the Caribbean Haiti -- United States relations Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who served as ambassador to haiti after the civil war	[]	[]
-4442593550250824914	A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)	A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) A Series Of Unfortunate Events on Netflix A Series of Unfortunate Events on IMDb Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Category Book Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye First Team : Juventus The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf Continuations Arrested Development ( seasons 4 -- 5 , 2013 -- 18 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 8 , 2015 -- 18 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 17 ) Justin Time ( season 3 , 2016 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( seasons 2 -- 3 , 2016 -- 18 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Between ( 2015 -- 16 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) W / Bob & David ( 2015 ) Atelier ( 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Chelsea Does ( 2016 ) Love ( 2016 -- 18 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Netflix Presents : The Characters ( 2016 ) Chelsea ( 2016 -- 17 ) Lady Dynamite ( 2016 -- 17 ) Hibana : Spark ( 2016 ) Paranoid ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) StoryBots Super Songs ( 2016 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Roman Empire : Reign of Blood ( 2016 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Captive ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency ( 2016 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) We 're Lalaloopsy ( 2017 ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- 18 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) A StoryBots Christmas ( 2017 ) Damnation ( 2017 -- 18 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Collateral ( 2018 ) Everything Sucks ! ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Upcoming Samantha ! ( 2018 ) The Innocents ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Baki ( 2018 ) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) Disenchantment ( 2018 ) Distrito Salvaje ( 2018 ) Dogs Of Berlin ( 2018 ) Dr. Seuss ' Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Hilda ( 2018 ) Insatiable ( 2018 ) Kingdom ( 2018 ) Kiss Me First ( 2018 ) Knights of the Zodiac : Saint Seiya ( 2018 ) La casa de las flores ( 2018 ) Maniac ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Diablero ( 2018 ) Sacred Games ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) La balada de Hugo Sánchez ( 2018 ) El Ganador ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Tales of the City ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) 10 After Midnight ( TBA ) After Life ( TBA ) AJ and the Queen ( TBA ) Another Life ( TBA ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Cursed ( TBA ) Dead to Me ( TBA ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Ghoul ( TBA ) Mr. Iglesias ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Norm Macdonald Has a Show ( TBA ) Paradise , P.D. ( TBA ) Quicksand ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Russian Doll ( TBA ) Sex Education ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Order ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Wave ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Turn Up Charlie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) V - Wars ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_(TV_series)&oldid=843634134 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts A Series of Unfortunate Events 2010s American black comedy television series American children 's comedy television series American mystery television series Netflix original programming Television programs based on American novels Television series about orphans Television series by Paramount Television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does a series of unfortunate events season 2 come out on netflix	[ "The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books." ]	[ "March 30, 2018" ]
2085634526058587915	Baileys Irish Cream	Baileys Irish cream - wikipedia Baileys Irish cream `` Baileys '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bailey ( disambiguation ) . Baileys Irish Cream Baileys Flat White Martini Type Liqueur Manufacturer Gilbeys of Ireland Distributor Diageo Country of origin Ireland Introduced Alcohol by volume 17.0 % Variants Original Almande Almondmilk Liqueur Mint Chocolate Crème Caramel Coffee Hazelnut Biscotti Orange Truffle Vanilla Cinnamon Chocolate Salted Caramel Strawberries & Cream Chocolate Cherry Espresso Crème XC Pumpkin Spice Website baileys.com Baileys Irish Cream is an Irish whiskey - and cream - based liqueur , made by Gilbeys of Ireland . The trademark is currently owned by Diageo . It has a declared alcohol content of 17 % by volume . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and origin 2 Manufacture 3 Storage and shelf life 4 Nutritional values 5 Drinking 6 Variant flavours 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and origin ( edit ) Baileys Irish Cream was created by Gilbeys of Ireland , a division of International Distillers & Vintners , as it searched for something to introduce to the international market . The process of finding a product began in 1971 and it was introduced in 1974 as the first Irish cream on the market . The Baileys name was granted permission by John Chesterman after Gilbeys asked to use the name from a restaurant that John Chesterman owned . The fictional R.A. Bailey signature was inspired by the Bailey 's Hotel in London , though the registered trademark omits the apostrophe . Baileys is produced in Dublin and Mallusk ( Northern Ireland ) . Manufacture ( edit ) Cream and Irish whiskey from various distilleries are homogenized to form an emulsion with the aid of an emulsifier containing refined vegetable oil . The process prevents separation of the alcohol and cream during storage . Baileys contains a proprietary cocoa extract recipe giving Baileys its chocolate character and essence . The quantity of other ingredients is not known but they include herbs and sugar . According to the manufacturer , no preservatives are required as the alcohol content preserves the cream . The cream used in the drink comes from Glanbia , an Irish dairy company . Glanbia 's Virginia facility in County Cavan produces a range of fat - filled milk powders and fresh cream . It has been the principal cream supplier to Baileys Irish Cream Liqueurs for more than thirty years . At busier times of the year , Glanbia will also supply cream from its Ballyragget facility in Kilkenny . Storage and shelf life ( edit ) The manufacturer claims Baileys Irish Cream has a shelf life of 24 months and guarantees its taste for two years from the day it was made -- opened or unopened , stored in a refrigerator or not -- when stored away from direct sunlight at temperatures between 0 and 25 ° C ( 32 and 77 ° F ) . Nutritional values ( edit ) Baileys and coffee Diageo provides nutritional information for Baileys . Values per 100 ml : Fat 14 g Carbohydrate 24 g Protein 3 g Energy 1345 kJ ( 327 kcal ) Drinking ( edit ) As is the case with milk , cream will curdle whenever it comes into contact with a weak acid . Milk and cream contain casein , which coagulates , when mixed with weak acids such as lemon , tonic water , or traces of wine . While this outcome is undesirable in most situations , some cocktails specifically encourage coagulation . Variant flavours ( edit ) In 2003 , Bailey & Co. launched Baileys Glide , aimed at the alcopop market . It was discontinued in 2006 . In 2005 , Baileys launched mint chocolate and crème caramel variants at 17 % ABV . They were originally released in UK airports and were subsequently released in the mass market of the UK , US , Australia and Canada in 2006 . In 2008 , Baileys , after the success of previous flavour variants , released a coffee variant , followed by a Hazelnut flavoured variant in 2010 . The company trialled a new premium variety , Baileys Gold , at several European airports in 2009 . The Gold version also was marketed towards the Japanese consumer . The latest additions to the Baileys flavour family are Biscotti , launched in 2011 , and a sub-brand premium product Baileys Chocolat Luxe , which combined Belgian chocolate with Baileys , in 2013 . The company released a Vanilla - Cinnamon variety in the US market in 2013 with further flavours , Pumpkin Spice , Espresso and Salted Caramel launching the following year . In 2017 , Baileys launched their Pumpkin Spice flavoured liqueur , and in 2018 a `` Limited Edition '' Strawberries & Cream was available for a limited time . International spirit ratings competitions , including at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition , the Beverage Testing Institute , and others , have assessed Baileys offerings . In general , Baileys has performed well , with the classic Irish Cream generally receiving the highest awards . See also ( edit ) Drink portal Irish coffee References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FTC Staff Comment Before the Department of the Treasury Alchohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Concerning Alcohol Labeling - Federal Trade Commission '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Clegg , Alicia ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) . `` The Myth of Authenticity '' . Businessweek.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Food History '' . Littleshamrocks.com. 1974 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Product and Company Information '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Official site : Our story Jump up ^ `` NUTRITION & ALLERGIES '' . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Baileys Glide bites the dust -- Business support '' . Morning Advertiser. 2005 - 08 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Baileys With a Hint of Coffee '' . Thefoodielist.co.uk. 2008 - 12 - 23 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Diageo trials new Baileys in travel - retail '' . dfnionline.com . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Thomas N Garavan , Barra O ' Cinneide , Mary Garavan , Anna Cunningham , Ambrose Downey , Trevor O'Regan and Briga Hynes Cases in Irish Business Strategy and Policy , p. 56 , at Google Books Jump up ^ `` Baileys Vanilla Cinnamon Irish Cream Launches Stylish Shots On The Go Pop - Up Photo Booths '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baileys Irish Cream . Official website Account of the invention of Baileys Diageo People Franz Humer Paul S. Walsh Beer brands Guinness Guinness Black Guinness Foreign Extra Stout Harp Kilkenny Satzenbrau Senator Keg Smithwick 's Tusker Windhoek Spirits brands Gin Booth 's Gilbey 's Gordon 's Tanqueray Liqueur Baileys Irish Cream Romana Sambuca Sheridan 's Yukon Jack Rum Bundaberg Rum Cacique Captain Morgan Myers 's Rum Pampero Ron Zacapa Centenario Vodka Cîroc Ketel One Popov Silent Sam Smirnoff Whisky American Seagram 's Seven Crown Bourbon Bulleit Bourbon Canadian whisky Crown Royal Irish whiskey Bushmills Scotch whisky Bell 's Black & White Blair Athol Buchanan 's Caol Ila Cardhu Classic Malts of Scotland Cragganmore Dalwhinnie Single Malt Dimple Glen Elgin Glenkinchie Glen Ord Johnnie Walker Justerini & Brooks ( J&B ) Knockando Lagavulin Single Malt Oban Old Parr Royal Lochnagar Singleton Talisker Vat 69 White Horse Windsor Premier Tennessee whiskey George Dickel Other Archers Don Julio Goldschläger Hennessy Pimm 's Raw Tea Rumple Minze Sirop de Picon Wine brands Dom Pérignon Justerini & Brooks Moët & Chandon Veuve Clicquot Breweries and distilleries Blair Athol distillery Caol Ila distillery Cardhu distillery Cragganmore distillery Dalwhinnie distillery Desnoes & Geddes East African Breweries Glen Ord Distillery Glenkinchie distillery Great Northern Brewery Guinness Brewery Guinness Ghana Breweries Guinness Nigeria Guinness Open Gate Brewery & Barrel House Haig & Haig Industrias Pampero Knockando distillery Lagavulin distillery North British Distillery Oban distillery Old Bushmills Distillery Talisker distillery Other Diageo / Hotline Poll Diageo Staff Association Grand Metropolitan Guinness Brewmasters Guinness Storehouse Johnnie Walker Championship at Gleneagles Johnnie Walker Classic United Distillers Produced by Moët Hennessy , a joint venture between Diageo ( 34 % ) and LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton S.A. ( 66 % ) Owned by Lothian Distillers , a joint venture between Diageo ( 50 % ) and The Edrington Group ( 50 % ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baileys_Irish_Cream&oldid=844877243 '' Categories : Cream liqueurs Diageo brands Irish brands Irish alcoholic drinks Irish liqueurs Products introduced in 1974 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	does baileys irish cream have caffeine in it	[]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.