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-887132694399030813	George O'Malley	George O'Malley - wikipedia George O'Malley Jump to : navigation , search George O'Malley Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 4 promotional photo of T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` Now or Never '' ( 5.24 ) May 14 , 2009 ( as a series regular ) `` Good Mourning '' ( 6.01 ) September 24 , 2009 ( stand - in ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by T.R. Knight Information Full name George O'Malley Occupation Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital Title M.D Family Louise O'Malley ( mother ) Harold O'Malley ( father , deceased ) Jerry and Ronnie O'Malley ( brothers ) Spouse ( s ) Callie Torres ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Olivia Harper Meredith Grey Izzie Stevens Religion Catholicism George O'Malley , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor T.R. Knight from 2005 to 2009 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . O'Malley married Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens . O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . Knight auditioned for the show , expecting a one - season run . In 2007 , Knight 's co-star Isaiah Washington ( Preston Burke ) insulted him with a homophobic slur , which resulted in the termination of Washington 's Grey 's Anatomy contract . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to come out as openly gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Despite this , his death received mixed feedback . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ; the five of them working under Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith , for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) had a mutual interest in one another . On the first day of internship , O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) as the first intern to perform surgery . He freezes in the operating room , and is mocked by his peers , and earns the nickname `` 007 '' because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation ( referring to James Bond 's `` licence to kill '' ) . O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her , which she in turn contracted from Karev . His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out . Karev freezes , and O'Malley is able to save the patient single - handedly . He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith , and the two have a one - night stand . When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake , O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . During a camping trip , O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand . When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve , he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him , instead contacting Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , Burke 's medical school rival . His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan , but he allows her to support him through his father 's deteriorating health . Complications from his father 's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure , and his life support is turned off . In an attempt to overcome his grief , O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas . He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her , and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated . Stevens confesses that she is in love with him , so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife . However , he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams . O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year , and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens , leading the two to separate . O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point , leading him to confront Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery , to ask for a chance to retake the exam . He passes the second attempt , and begins to distance himself from Lexie , who has fallen in love with him . O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma , and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev . O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery , and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) that it is definitely his specialty . He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army . While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay , they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe , brought in after a horrible bus accident , in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life . When Meredith goes to check on John Doe , he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand . After several attempts at trying , he succeeds in tracing `` 007 '' on Meredith 's hand . Shocked , she realizes `` John Doe '' is in fact O'Malley . She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery . However , he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead . His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted , and he is buried a week later . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) T.R. Knight expected a short career with Grey 's Anatomy . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an argument with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) . Shortly after , the details of the argument became public , and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay . `` I was under no delusions , '' Knight said at the time . `` My friends on the set knew . We talked about it . Publicly it 's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like , ' Hey , you want to know something about me ? ' ... I could 've just let it slide and not said anything , but it became important . It became important to make the statement . '' The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set '' . Isaiah Washington insulted T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . At the 64th Golden Globe Awards , while being interviewed on the red carpet , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . '' Later , Washington claimed he never used the slur , labeling it `` vile '' . In June 2007 , it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington 's contract with the show , not immediately specifying a reason . In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that `` they fired the wrong guy '' ( referring to Knight ) , and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who he felt was treating him like a `` B - word '' , a `` P - word '' , and the `` F - word '' , which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back '' . In 2009 , Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly , stating : `` I was n't interested in what anybody thought publicly . I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground ... with the people I work with every day . Did I do it perfectly ? Of course not . This is my first television show . It was a learning experience . '' Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out , however Rhimes said : `` I remember saying ( to fellow executive producer ) , ' This is our proudest day here . T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it would n't affect his character ' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay . ( ... ) The idea that a gay actor ca n't play a straight man is insulting . '' In December 2008 , reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that `` they were working out the details '' at that time . In June 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , O'Malley's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to be openly gay . Prior to the official announcement of his departure , there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast , but Rhimes labeled it as a `` hilarious , ridiculous rumor '' . After the confirmation of his exit , Knight told TV Guide : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make . I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much . I continue to wish them the very best , and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm . '' In a statement confirming Knight 's departure , Rhimes said : `` I think I speak for the entire Grey 's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors . He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us . '' `` There are ebbs and flows . And every season is shaped differently . With George , I really wanted you to not notice that he was n't there for most of this episode . I do n't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season . And , actually , he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words . That moment where he grabs Meredith 's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode , and it was without words . '' -- Rhimes on Knight 's lack of screen time in season five In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting , explaining : `` I looked in his face and he was really sure . It felt like the right thing for him . '' However , in another interview , Knight said of his exit : `` My five - year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given ( about O'Malley ) . '' Knight was `` at peace '' with his departure , saying : `` There just comes a time when it 's so clear that moving on is the best decision . '' However , Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving , saying : `` I did n't think it was the right decision . I felt like some of the problems could be worked through . But by the time it came to fruition , I was ( glad ) for him because he was ready to go . '' On the topic of losing a US $14 million contract , Knight commented : `` From an outsider 's perspective , I get the ( impression that ) ' He 's just a spoiled actor , he does n't know how good he has it . ' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position . But in the end , I need to be fulfilled in my work . '' Characterization ( edit ) O'Malley was characterized a `` hapless naif '' . On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season , Knight said : `` What 's going to be very interesting to see is what he 's going to do with Meredith . It 's getting close to time . Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life . '' After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen , Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune : `` George was n't really paying full attention . He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith . A person really clued in would get that there was n't anything coming back , but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he was n't listening . It 's not just that he loves her ... it 's a kind of selfish love he had for her . '' He also added that , `` I think George has a lot of growing up to do . Part of that is making horrible , stupid mistakes . He 's been pretty sheltered . '' Katherine Heigl 's ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo 's ( right ) characters both have short - lived relationships with O'Malley . Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done -- things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives forever . '' When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive , Knight said : `` I think that 's very true , especially since the elevator scene . The first time we saw George , he failed at an appendectomy , he failed very publicly . In the elevator scene , if he had n't been in that elevator , if they had been in any other place , he would have let someone else step in and deal with it . The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act , it was either that or let this man die . He stepped up because he had to . '' Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits . On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator , Knight said : `` It 's a slow change but he 's starting to realize , ' The way I have been doing things is not working . ' The big thing about the open - heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it . He needs to be kind of kicked in the ( butt ) to do these things . '' Knight felt a parallel to George in that his `` confidence is n't always at its absolute highest '' , but overall he sees more differences than similarities . However , when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley , an awkward move can suggest otherwise . `` I was walking , doing a scene with Katherine Heigl . I finished my line with her , and then I walked straight into the light stand . '' Critical of her affair with O'Malley , Knight 's co-star Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . '' Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie , Rhimes offered her insight : `` I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere -- we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . '' When asked what his `` favorite George moment '' was , Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey . Reception ( edit ) Callie Torres ' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized . Fans were `` widely against '' O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season , however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him . Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season ; Maclean 's said : `` George must die . He 's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast . And he 's not that great of a doctor . Evolve or die . '' Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a `` mismatch '' , adding : `` Unfortunately , while it 's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy , the idea of these two ever - affable , best - friend characters suddenly discovering their potential , out - of - nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force - fed and emotionally - incorrect . '' Similarly , DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were `` one of the strongest ' best friend ' vibes on television '' for the first three seasons , explaining `` they were perfect as friends ( while ) George and Callie made a good couple . '' UGO.com put the two on their list of `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened '' . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens , the scene was too `` melodramatic '' . Laura Burrows , also of IGN , said that the fourth - season premiere `` introduced a new side of George '' . Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens ' reconciliation : `` George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey 's Anatomy road to ruin . And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey 's viewing as well as life : Sit tight if you hate something , as nothing is permanent . '' Armstrong also commented that the `` sparkling '' friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley `` won her over '' . The following year , Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time : `` His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale , but the character is virtually side - lined this season . '' Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character 's death : `` The time - lapse episode was an interesting choice , and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours , it did n't feel rushed to me . I 'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness . '' The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations , writing that it `` was n't as sad as ( he ) thought it would be '' . In 2006 , Knight and the other cast of Grey 's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Also in 2006 , the cast won the award for Best Cast -- Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards . The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and were nominated again the following year . Knight 's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward , Wyatt ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Anatomy of an Insult : ABC Is Stung by an Actor 's Anti-Gay Slurs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nudd , Tim ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` T.R. Knight : Isaiah Washington 's Slur Made Me Come Out '' . People . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : `` I Love Gay '' `` . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : ' Isaiah Washington Did Use the ' F Word ' '' . Hollywood.com . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey 's Anatomy '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's star says they fired the wrong guy '' , Houston Chronicle . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview transcript '' July 2 , 2007 . Cable News Network . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Greg ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : More of Entertainment Weekly interview '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` It 's official : T.R. Knight exits ' Grey 's Anatomy ' -- Inside TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight reveals why he left ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was the `` Best Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as `` Ridiculous '' `` False '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight Speaks Out : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was Not Easy '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive = ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` This week 's cover : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` TV 's top everymen '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` George speaks : A chat with T.R. Knight of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . American Broadcasting Company . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Leslie ( January 2008 ) . `` Heigl 's Anatomy '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... Part II ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight talks ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Associated Press . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight pictures , Blog , Interviews , News , Trivia , Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Treble , Patricia ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy is on life support '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Christopher ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jim ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened -- George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens - '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Keeping Up With the Jonesing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Bed Her Late , Then Never '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' premiere : Saying goodbye to George O'Malley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Good Mourning / Goodbye ( season premiere ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Satellite Awards '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_O%27Malley&oldid=842821084 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Seattle Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does george in grey's anatomy die	[ "Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback." ]	[ "the fifth season" ]
6319035600838964261	Labanotation	Labanotation - wikipedia Labanotation Jump to : navigation , search Rudolf Laban presenting his notation system Labanotation or Kinetography Laban is a notation system for recording and analyzing human movement that was derived from the work of Rudolf Laban who described it in Schrifttanz ( `` Written Dance '' ) in 1928 . His initial work has been further developed by Ann Hutchinson Guest and others , and is used as a type of dance notation in other applications including Laban Movement Analysis , robotics and human movement simulation . Technical standards and education for Labanotation are provided by several organizations . For example , the International Council of Kinetography Laban / Labanotation promotes standards and development for Labanotation . The Dance Notation Bureau has been using Labanotation to document dances since 1940 , holding the largest collection of Labanotation scores in the world . It also teaches Labanotation and arranges the staging of dances from the system scores . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Principal concepts 2.1 Direction and level of the movement 2.2 Part of the body doing the movement 2.3 Duration of the movement 2.4 Dynamic quality of the movement 2.5 Motif Notation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) In the 1920s Rudolf Laban , in collaboration with colleagues , developed a notation system that could be used to describe movement in terms of spatial models and concepts . This contrasts with other movement notation systems based on anatomical analysis , letter codes , stick figures , music notes , foot tracks or word notes . The system precisely and accurately portrays temporal patterns , actions , floor plans , body parts and a three - dimensional use of space . Laban 's notation system eventually evolved into modern - day Labanotation and Kinetography Laban . Labanotation and Kinetography Laban evolved separately in the 1930s through 1950s , Labanotation in the United States and England , and Kinetography in Germany and other European countries . As a result of their different evolutionary paths , Kinetography Laban has n't changed significantly since inception , whereas Labanotation evolved over time to meet new needs . For example , at the behest of members of the Dance Notation Bureau , the Labanotation system was expanded to allow it to convey the motivation or meaning behind movements . Kinetography Laban practitioners , on the other hand , tend to work within the constraints of the existing notation system , using spatial description alone to describe movement . The International Council of Kinetography Laban was created in 1959 to clarify , standardize and eliminate differences between Labanotation and Kinetography Laban . Thanks to this , one or both are currently used throughout the world almost interchangeably , and are readable to practitioners of either system . Principal concepts ( edit ) Labanotation uses abstract symbols to define the : Direction and level of the movement Part of the body doing the movement Duration of the movement Dynamic quality of the movement Direction and level of the movement ( edit ) The shapes of the direction symbols indicate nine different directions in space and the shading of the symbol specifies the level of the movement . Each `` direction symbol '' indicates the orientation of a line between the proximal and distal points of a body part or a limb . That is , `` the direction signs indicate the direction towards which the limbs must incline '' . The direction symbols are organized as three levels : high , middle , and low ( or deep ) : ( show ) Labanotation direction symbols ( Hover mouse over symbols to see their names ) High Level left - forward - high forward - high right - forward - high left - high place - high right - high left - back - high back - high right - back - high Middle Level left - forward - middle forward - middle right - forward - middle left - middle place - middle right - middle left - back - middle back - middle right - back - middle Low Level left - forward - Low forward - Low right - forward - Low left - Low place - Low right - Low left - back - Low back - Low right - back - Low Part of the body doing the movement ( edit ) Signs for parts of the body Labanotation is a record of the facts , the framework of the movement , so that it can be reproduced . The symbols are placed on a vertical staff , the horizontal dimension of the staff represents the symmetry of the body , and the vertical dimension represents time passing by . The location of a symbol on the staff defines the body part it represents . The centre line of the staff represents the centre line of the body , symbols on the right represent the right side of the body , symbols on the left , the left side . Duration of the movement ( edit ) Simultaneous movement and sequence of motions The staff is read from bottom to top and the length of a symbol defines the duration of the movement . Drawing on western music notation , Labanotation uses bar lines to mark the measures and double bar lines at the start and end of the movement score . The starting position of the dancer can be given before the double bar lines at the start of the score . Movement is indicated as `` the transition from one point to the next '' , that is as one `` directional destination '' to the next . Spatial distance , spatial relationships , transference of weight , centre of weight , turns , body parts , paths , and floor plans can all be notated by specific symbols . Jumps are indicated by an absence of any symbol in the support column , indicating that no part of the body is touching the floor . Dynamic quality of the movement ( edit ) Laban effort graph The dynamic quality is often indicated through the use of effort signs ( see Laban Movement Analysis ) . The four effort categories are Space : Direct / Indirect Weight : Strong / Light Time : Sudden / Sustained Flow : Bound / Free Dynamics in Labanotation are also indicated through a set of symbols indicating a rise or lowering of energy resulting from physical or emotional needs , e.g. physically forceful versus an intense emotional state . Motif notation ( edit ) Motif Description , or the preferred term `` Motif Notation '' , is closely related to Labanotation in its use of the same family of symbols and terminology . Labanotation is used for a literal , detailed description of movement so it can be reproduced as it was created or performed . In contrast , Motif Notation highlights core elements and leitmotifs depicting the overall structure or essential elements of a movement sequence . It can be used to set a structure for dance improvisation or for an educational exploration of movement concepts . Not limited to dance , Motif Notation can be used to direct one 's focus when learning to swing a golf club , the primary features of a character in a play , or the intent of a person 's movement in a therapy session . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Interview with Ann Hutchinson Guest ( August , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Handbook for Laban Movement Analysis '' Written and Compiled by Janis Pforsich . copyright Janis Pforsich 1977 Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Ann . Labanotation or Kinetography Laban : The System of Analyzing and Recording Movement ( 1954 , 1970 , 1977 ) . New York : Theatre Arts Books . pp. 164 - 170 . Jump up ^ Knust , Albrecht . Dictionary of Kinetography Laban ( Labanotation ) ; Volume I ( 1979 ) . Plymouth : MacDonald and Evans . p. 14 Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Ann . Labanotation or Kinetography Laban : The System of Analyzing and Recording Movement ( 1954 , 1970 , 1977 ) . New York : Theatre Arts Books . pp. 15 , 29 . Jump up ^ Laban , Rudolf , and Lawrence , F.C. Effort. ( 1947 ) . London : MacDonald and Evans . Further reading ( edit ) Hutchinson - Guest , Ann . ( 1970 ) . Labanotation : The System of Analyzing and Recording Movement . 4th revised edition ( 2005 ) . New York : Theatre Arts Books . ( First published 1954 ) . Hutchinson - Guest , Ann . ( 1983 ) . Your Move : A New Approach to the Study of Movement and Dance . New York : Gordon and Breach . Hutchinson - Guest , Ann . ( 1989 ) . Choreo - Graphics ; A Comparison of Dance Notation Systems from the Fifteenth Century to the Present . New York : Gordon and Breach . Knust , Albrecht . ( 1948a ) . The development of the Laban kinetography ( part I ) . Movement. 1 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 29 . Knust , Albrecht . ( 1948b ) . The development of the Laban kinetography ( part II ) . Movement. 1 ( 2 ) : 27 - 28 . Knust , Albrecht . ( 1979a ) . Dictionary of Kinetography Laban ( Labanotation ) ; Volume I : Text . Translated by A. Knust , D. Baddeley - Lang , S. Archbutt , and I. Wachtel . Plymouth : MacDonald and Evans . Knust , Albrecht . ( 1979b ) . Dictionary of Kinetography Laban ( Labanotation ) ; Volume II : Examples . Translated by A. Knust , D. Baddeley - Lang , S. Archbutt , and I. Wachtel . Plymouth : MacDonald and Evans . Laban , Rudolf ( 1975 ) . Laban 's Principles of Dance and Movement Notation . 2nd edition edited and annotated by Roderyk Lange . London : MacDonald and Evans . ( First published 1956 . ) Laban , Rudoph. ( 1928 ) . Schrifttanz . Wein : Universal . Preston - Dunlop , V. ( 1969 ) . Practical Kinetography Laban . London : MacDonald and Evans . External links ( edit ) Dance Notation Bureau website International Council of Kinetography Laban website Laban Lab ( learn the basics of Labanotation ) Free Labanotation editing software LabanWriter ( Mac OS ) KineScribe ( iPad ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labanotation&oldid=843528987 '' Categories : Dance research Laban Movement Analysis Hidden categories : Articles prone to spam from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 48 . About Wikipedia	labanotation is still used as one of the primary movement notation system in dance	[]	[]
7083516114276304235	City status in the United Kingdom	City status in the United Kingdom - wikipedia City status in the United Kingdom `` Cathedral city '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cathedral city ( disambiguation ) . Until the 19th century , city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral , such as York Minster . City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the monarch of the United Kingdom to a select group of communities : as of 2014 , there are 69 cities in the United Kingdom -- 51 in England , six in Wales , seven in Scotland and five in Northern Ireland . The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city . Nonetheless , this appellation carries its own prestige and , consequently , competitions for the status are hard - fought . The status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria , although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals . This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established in the early 1540s when King Henry VIII founded dioceses ( each having a cathedral in the see city ) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent . City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales , and there are only two pre -- 19th - century cities in present - day Northern Ireland . In Scotland , city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the 19th century . At that time , a revival of grants of city status took place , first in England , where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals , and later in Scotland and Ireland . In the 20th century , it was explicitly recognised that the status of city in England and Wales would no longer be bound to the presence of a cathedral , and grants made since have been awarded to communities on a variety of criteria , including population size . The abolition of some corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms , beginning with the Municipal Corporations ( Ireland ) Act 1840 , has deprived some ancient cities of their status . However , letters patent have been issued for most of the affected cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status . At present , Rochester and Elgin are the only former cities in the United Kingdom . The name `` City '' does not , in itself , denote city status ; it may be appended to place names for historic association ( e.g. White City ) or for marketing or disambiguation ( e.g. Stratford City ) . A number of large towns ( such as with over 200,000 residents ) in the UK are bigger than some small cities , but can not legitimately call themselves a city without the royal designation . Contents 1 History 1.1 England and Wales 1.1. 1 Pre-19th century 1.1. 2 1836 -- 1888 1.1. 3 1889 -- 1907 1.1. 3.1 The status of Westminster 1.1. 4 1907 -- 1953 1.1. 5 1953 -- 1974 1.1. 6 1974 reorganisation and new cities 1.1. 7 Greater London 1.1. 8 Rochester 1.2 Scotland 1.3 Ireland and Northern Ireland 2 Current practice of granting city status 2.1 Lord Mayors 2.2 Local government districts 2.3 City councils 2.3. 1 England 2.3. 2 Scotland 2.3. 3 Wales 2.3. 4 Northern Ireland 2.4 City status conferment 3 Officially designated cities 3.1 List of officially designated cities 3.1. 1 England 3.1. 2 Scotland 3.1. 3 Wales 3.1. 4 Northern Ireland 4 Towns not cities 4.1 Size / population 4.2 Cathedral towns 4.2. 1 England and Wales 4.2. 2 Scotland 4.2. 3 Northern Ireland 4.3 Claimants 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) Pre-19th century ( edit ) The initial cities ( Latin : civitas ) of Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as the capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule . The British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the `` 28 Cities '' ( Old Welsh : cair ) which was mentioned by Gildas and listed by Nennius . In the 16th century , a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits . This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses ( each having a cathedral in the see city ) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent . Some cities today are very small because they were granted city status in or before the 16th century , then were unaffected by population growth during the Industrial Revolution -- notably Wells ( population about 10,000 ) and St David 's ( population about 2,000 ) , After the 16th century , no new dioceses ( and no new cities ) were created until the 19th century . 1836 -- 1888 ( edit ) A long - awaited resumption of creating dioceses began in 1836 with Ripon . Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city , and started referring to itself as the City and Borough of Ripon . The next diocese formed was Manchester and its Borough Council began informally to use the title city . When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851 , widespread doubts surrounding its status were raised . The pretension was ended when the borough petitioned for city status , which was granted by letters patent in 1853 . This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position ; its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865 . From this year Ripon bore city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds -- in the Ripon diocese -- did not . The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status . Accordingly , Truro , St Albans , Liverpool , Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888 . This was not without opposition from the Home Office , which dismissed St Albans as `` a fourth or fifth rate market town '' and objected to Wakefield 's elevation on grounds of population . In one new diocese , Southwell , a city was not created , because it was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen . The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire , and the boroughs of Derby and Nottingham were disappointed that they would not be able to claim the title of city . 1889 -- 1907 ( edit ) Birmingham was the first English town without an Anglican cathedral to be granted city status . Birmingham City Council meets at the Council House . The link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government . At the time of the grant , Birmingham lacked an Anglican cathedral , although the parish church later became a cathedral in 1905 . This new precedent was followed by other large municipalities : Leeds and Sheffield became cities in 1893 , and Bradford , Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham were honoured on the occasion of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 . The last three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status . Between 1897 and 1914 , applications were received from a number of other boroughs , but only one was successful : in 1905 , Cardiff was designated a city and granted a Lord Mayoralty as `` the Metropolis of Wales '' . The status of Westminster ( edit ) The London Government Act 1899 abolished the existing local authorities within the County of London and replaced them with 28 metropolitan boroughs . Among the bodies to be dissolved was the Court of Burgesses of the City of Westminster . William Burdett - Coutts , one of Westminster 's members of parliament , brought forward an amendment to rename the proposed borough of Greater Westminster to City of Westminster . This was intended to give `` recognition to the title which the area ... had possessed for over three and a half centuries '' . He felt that if the status was not retained for the new borough it `` must necessarily disappear altogether '' . The amendment was rejected by the government , however , with the First Lord of the Treasury , Arthur Balfour , believing it would be `` an anomaly which , I think , would be not unnaturally resented by other districts which are as large in point of population as Westminster , although doubtless not so rich in historical associations '' . The government eventually relented , with Balfour stating that `` as soon as the necessary arrangements under the London Government Act have been completed , there will be conferred on the borough of Westminster , as constituted under the Act , the title of city , originally conferred in the time of Henry VIII '' . Letters patent were duly issued granting the title of `` city '' to the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster . 1907 -- 1953 ( edit ) In 1907 , the Home Office and King Edward VII agreed on a policy that future applicants would have to meet certain criteria . This policy , which was not at the time made public , had the effect of stemming the number of city creations . The 1907 policy contained three criteria : A minimum population of 300,000 . A `` local metropolitan character '' -- this implied that the town had a distinct identity of its own and was the centre of a wider area . A good record of local government . However , well into the 20th century it was often assumed that the presence of a cathedral was sufficient to elevate a town to city status , and that for cathedral cities the city charters were recognising its city status rather than granting it . On this basis , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica said that Southwell and St Asaph were cities . The policy laid down by Edward VII was continued by his successor , George V , who ascended the throne in 1910 . In 1911 , an application for city status by Portsmouth was refused . Explaining the Home Secretary 's reason for not recommending the King to approve the petition , the Lord Advocate stated : ... during the reign of his late Majesty it was found necessary , in order to maintain the value of the distinction , to lay down a rule as to the minimum population which should ordinarily , in connexion with other considerations , be regarded as qualifying a borough for that higher status . Following the First World War , the King made an official visit to Leicester in 1919 to commemorate its contributions to the military victory . The borough council had made several applications for city status since 1889 , and took the opportunity of the visit to renew its request . Leicester had a population of approximately 230,000 at the previous census , but its petition was granted as an exception to the policy , as it was officially a restoration of a dignity lost in the past . When the county borough of Stoke - on - Trent applied for city status in 1925 , it was initially refused as it had only 294,000 inhabitants . The decision was overturned , however , as it was felt to have outstanding importance as the centre of the pottery industry . The effective relaxation of the population rule led to applications from Portsmouth and Salford . The civil servants in the Home Office were minded to refuse both applications . In particular , Salford was felt to be `` merely a scratch collection of 240,000 people cut off from Manchester by the river '' . Salford 's case , however , was considered favourably by the Home Secretary , William Joynson - Hicks , who had once been MP for a neighbouring constituency of Manchester . Following protests from Portsmouth , which felt it had better credentials as a larger town and as the `` first Naval Port of the kingdom '' , both applications were approved in 1926 . In 1927 , a Royal Commission on Local Government was examining local council areas and functions in England and Wales . The question arose as to which towns were entitled to be called cities , and the chairman , the Earl of Onslow , wrote to the Home Office to seek clarification . The Home Office replied with a memorandum that read : The title of a city which is borne by certain boroughs is a purely titular distinction . It has no connexion with the status of the borough in respect of local government and confers no powers or privileges . At the present time and for several centuries past the title has been obtained only by an express grant from the Sovereign effected by letters patent ; but a certain number of cities possess the title by very ancient prescriptive right . There is no necessary connexion between the title of a city and the seat of a bishopric , and the creation of a new see neither constitutes the town concerned a city nor gives it any claim to the grant of letters patent creating it a city . In 1928 , Plymouth submitted an application for city status . As the borough had more inhabitants than Portsmouth and had absorbed Devonport and East Stonehouse , the King agreed to the request . However , he indicated that he had `` come to an end of city making '' , and Southampton 's application in the following year was turned down . The next city to be created was Lancaster as part of the celebrations of the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . With a population of a little over 50,000 , Lancaster was stated to be an exception due to the town 's `` long association with the crown '' and because it was `` the county town of the King 's Duchy of Lancaster '' . Following the Second World War , members of Cambridge Borough Council made contact with Lancaster officials for assistance in their application . Cambridge became a city in 1951 , again for `` exceptional '' reasons , as the only ancient seat of learning in the kingdom not a city or royal burgh and to coincide with the 750th anniversary of the borough 's first charter of incorporation . Croydon also applied in 1951 , but failed as it was felt not to have a sufficient identity apart from Greater London , and reports on the conduct of local government in the town were unfavourable . 1953 -- 1974 ( edit ) It was anticipated that the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 would lead to the creation of a city , and Wolverhampton , Preston and Southampton made approaches ; the only civic honour given was that of a lord mayoralty to Coventry . Derby and Southwark made unsuccessful applications in 1955 . The planned reorganisations by the Local Government Commissions for England and Wales from 1958 effectively blocked new city grants . Southampton lodged a petition in 1958 . Initially refused in 1959 , pending the decision of the Commission , it was eventually allowed in 1964 . In the meantime , the administration of London was reformed under the London Government Act 1963 . While the City of London was permitted to continue in existence largely unchanged , Westminster was merged with two neighbouring authorities to form a new London borough from 1 April 1965 . In December 1963 it was announced that a charter was to be granted incorporating the new authority as `` Westminster '' , and that the Queen had accepted the advice of the Home Secretary to raise the London borough to the title and dignity of city . This example , of a successor local authority to a merged local government entity taking on that former entity 's city status , was to be replicated in many instances as a result of the 1972 / 74 local government reforms across England and Wales ( see below ) . With the establishment of the Royal Commission on Local Government in England in 1966 , city grants were again in abeyance in England . Attempts by Derby , Teesside and Wolverhampton to become cities were not proceeded with . In Wales , Swansea campaigned for city status throughout the 1960s . The campaign came to a successful conclusion in 1969 , in conjunction with the investiture of Charles , Prince of Wales . 1974 reorganisation and new cities ( edit ) The Local Government Act 1972 abolished all existing local authorities outside London ( other than parish councils ) in England and Wales . This meant that the various local authorities that held city status ceased to exist on 1 April 1974 . To preserve city status new letters patent were issued to the most relevant metropolitan borough , non-metropolitan district or successor parish councils created by the Act . Some of these came to cover local government districts many times wider than the previous city , even taking in many square miles of rural land outside the urban areas , for example the cities of Bradford , Leeds and Winchester . Three non-local authority preservations arose : here charter trustees were established for the cities of Lichfield and Salisbury ( or New Sarum ) being neither districts nor civil parishes , and special letters patent for a time preserved the city of Rochester . In 1977 , as part of the celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II , the Home Office identified nine candidates for city status : Blackburn , Brighton , Croydon , Derby , Dudley , Newport , Sandwell , Sunderland and Wolverhampton . Ultimately , Derby received the award as the largest non-metropolitan district not already designated a city . In April 1980 a parish council was created for Lichfield , and the charter trustees established six years earlier were dissolved . City status was temporarily lost until new letters patent were issued in November of the same year . In 1992 , on the fortieth anniversary of the monarch 's accession , it was announced that another town would be elevated to a city . An innovation on this occasion was that a competition was to be held , and communities would be required to submit applications . Sunderland was the successful applicant . This was followed in 1994 by the restoration of the dignity to St David 's , historic see of a bishop . Since 2000 , city status has been awarded to towns or local government districts by competition on special occasions . A large number of towns have applied for the honour in recent decades including Blackpool , Colchester , Gateshead , Ipswich , Swindon , Middlesbrough and Croydon . Four successful applicants in England have become cities , as well as two in Wales ; in 2000 for the Millennium Celebrations , the new cities were Brighton and Hove and Wolverhampton ; in 2002 for the Queen 's Golden Jubilee it was Preston and Newport , and in 2012 for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee it was Chelmsford and St Asaph . Greater London ( edit ) Other than the cities of London and Westminster , no local authorities in the Greater London area have been granted city status . The Home Office had a policy of resisting any attempt by metropolitan boroughs to become cities even when their populations , and other proposed claims as qualifying criteria , might otherwise have made them eligible . It was felt that such a grant would undermine the status of the two existing cities in the capital . The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark made a number of applications , but in 1955 the borough 's town clerk was told not to pursue the matter any further . Outside the boundaries of the county , the County Borough of Croydon made three applications , all of which were dismissed as it was not seen as being sufficiently separate from London . When the successor London Borough of Croydon applied in 1965 the Assistant Under Secretary of State summarised the case against Croydon : `` ... whatever its past history , it is now just part of the London conurbation and almost indistinguishable from many of the other Greater London boroughs '' . The same objections were made when the London Boroughs of Croydon and Southwark unsuccessfully entered the competition for city status to mark the millennium : Croydon was said to have `` no particular identity of its own '' while Southwark was `` part of London with little individual identity '' . When the most recent competition was held to mark the Golden Jubilee of 2002 , Croydon made a sixth application , again unsuccessful . It was joined by the London Borough of Greenwich , which emphasised its royal and maritime connections , while claiming to be `` to London what Versailles is to Paris '' . In this vein Greenwich joined Kingston - upon - Thames and Kensington and Chelsea in London in having the title of Royal Borough in 2012 . Rochester ( edit ) Rochester was recognised as a city from 1211 to 1998 . On 1 April 1974 , the city council was abolished , becoming part of the Borough of Medway , a local government district in the county of Kent . However , under letters patent the former city council area was to continue to be styled the `` City of Rochester '' to `` perpetuate the ancient name '' and to recall `` the long history and proud heritage of the said city '' . The city was unique , as it had no council or charter trustees and no mayor or civic head . In 1979 , the Borough of Medway was renamed as Rochester - upon - Medway , and in 1982 further letters patent transferred the city status to the entire borough . On 1 April 1998 , the existing local government districts of Rochester - upon - Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway . Since it was the local government district that officially held city status under the 1982 letters patent , when it was abolished , it also ceased to be a city . Whilst the two other local government districts with city status ( Bath and Hereford ) that were abolished around this time decided to appoint charter trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty , Rochester - upon - Medway City Council did not do so . Medway Council apparently only became aware of this when , in 2002 , they discovered that Rochester was not on the Lord Chancellor 's Office 's list of cities . In 2010 , it started to refer to the `` City of Medway '' in promotional material , but it was rebuked and instructed not to do so in future by the Advertising Standards Authority . Scotland ( edit ) Scotland had no cities by royal charter or letters patent before 1889 . The nearest equivalent in pre-Union Scotland was the royal burgh . The term city was not always consistently applied , and there were doubts over the number of officially designated cities . The royal burghs of Edinburgh and Perth anciently used the title civitas , but the term city does not seem to have been used before the 15th century . Unlike the situation in England , in Scotland there was no link between the presence of a cathedral and the title of city . Aberdeen , Glasgow and Edinburgh were accepted as cities by ancient usage by the 18th century , while Perth and Elgin also used the title . In 1856 , the burgh of Dunfermline resolved to use the title of city in all official documents in the future , based on long usage and its former status as a royal capital . The status was never officially recognised . In 1889 , Dundee was granted city status by letters patent . The grant by formal document led to doubts about the use of the title city by other burghs . In 1891 , the city status of Aberdeen was confirmed when the burgh was enlarged by local Act of Parliament . The Royal Burgh of Inverness applied for promotion to a city as part of the Jubilee honours in 1897 . The request was not granted , partly because it would draw attention to the lack of any charter granting the title to existing cities . Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow were constituted `` counties of cities '' by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1929 . The Act made no statement on the title city for any other burgh . In 1969 , the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , stated that there were six cities in Scotland ( without naming them ) and Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh , Elgin , Glasgow and Perth were the only burghs listed as cities in 1972 . The Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 completely reorganised Scotland 's local administration in 1975 . All burghs were abolished , and a system of districts created . The four districts of Aberdeen , Edinburgh , Dundee and Glasgow had City included in their titles by the Act . The 1975 districts were replaced with the present council areas by the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 in 1996 , and the same four cities were designated . Since the 1996 reorganisation , three more Scottish cities have been designated : Inverness as part of the millennium celebrations , Stirling in 2002 to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee and Perth in 2012 to mark the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee . In the case of these three cities , there are no city councils and no formal boundaries . In January 2008 , a petition to matriculate armorial bearings for the City of Inverness was refused by Lord Lyon King of Arms on the grounds that there is no corporate body or legal persona to whom arms can be granted . Ireland and Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : City status in Ireland City status in Ireland tended historically to be granted by royal charter . There are many towns in Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that have never been called cities . In spite of this , Armagh was considered a city , by virtue of its being the seat of the Primate of All Ireland , until the abolition of Armagh 's city corporation by the Municipal Corporations ( Ireland ) Act 1840 . The only historic city with a charter in present - day Northern Ireland is Derry . Derry was given its first charter by James I in 1604 , but the garrison was attacked and destroyed by Cahir O'Doherty in 1608 . The present city is the result of a second charter granted in 1613 to members of the London guilds , as part of the Plantation of Ulster , providing for the building of a walled city , which was renamed Londonderry . In 1887 , the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated , and the Borough of Belfast submitted a memorial to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland seeking city status . Belfast based its claim on its similarity to two English boroughs that had received the honour -- the seaport of Liverpool and the textile centre of Manchester -- and the fact that it had ( at the time ) a larger population than the City of Dublin . Following some legal debate , city status was conferred in 1888 . The grant of the honour on the grounds of being a large industrial town , rather than a diocesan centre , was unprecedented . Belfast 's example was soon followed by Birmingham in England and Dundee in Scotland . In 1994 , Armagh 's city status was restored . In 2002 , Lisburn and Newry were two of the five towns in the UK that were granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II to mark her Golden Jubilee . In the case of Lisburn , the status extends to the entire local government district . Newry , like Inverness and Stirling in Scotland , has no formal boundaries or city council . The letters patent were presented to representatives of Newry and Mourne District Council on behalf of the city . Current practice of granting city status ( edit ) According to a Memorandum from the Home Office issued in 1927 , If a town wishes to obtain the title of a city the proper method of procedure is to address a petition to the King through the Home Office . It is the duty of the Home Secretary to submit such petitions to his Majesty and to advise his Majesty to the reply to be returned . It is a well - established principle that the grant of the title is only recommended in the case of towns of the first rank in population , size and importance , and having a distinctive character and identity of their own . At the present day , therefore , it is only rarely and in exceptional circumstances that the title is given . In fact , a town can now apply for city status by submitting an application to the Lord Chancellor , who makes recommendations to the sovereign . Competitions for new grants of city status have been held to mark special events , such as coronations , royal jubilees or the Millennium . Lord mayors ( edit ) Main article : List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom Some cities in England , Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a lord mayor rather than a simple mayor -- in Scotland , the equivalent is the lord provost . Lord mayors have the right to be styled `` The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor '' . The Lord Mayors and Provosts of Belfast , Cardiff , Edinburgh , Glasgow , City of London and York have the further right to be styled `` The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor '' ( or Provost ) , although they are not members of the Privy Council as this style usually indicates . The style is associated with the office , not the person holding it , so `` The Right Worshipful Joseph Bloggsworthy '' would be incorrect . There are currently 69 recognised cities ( including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships ) in the UK : 51 cities ( 23 Lord Mayoralties ) in England , six cities ( two Lord Mayoralties ) in Wales , seven cities ( four Lord Provostships ) in Scotland and five cities ( one Lord Mayoralty ) in Northern Ireland . In the Republic of Ireland , the ceremonial head of the city government of Dublin is the Lord Mayor of Dublin . This title was granted by Charles II in 1665 when Dublin was part of the Kingdom of Ireland . Whilst the 1665 letters patent provided for the Lord Mayor to hold the formal title of Right Honourable , this was repealed in 2001 . There is also a Lord Mayor of Cork , a title granted in 1900 when Cork was still part of the United Kingdom . In modern practice , competitions are held for cities that wish to gain the distinction of a lord mayor . The 2002 competition was entered by Bath , Cambridge , Carlisle , Chichester , Derby , Exeter , Gloucester , Lancaster , Lincoln , St Albans , St David 's , Salford , Southampton , Sunderland , Truro , Wolverhampton and Worcester ; the successful candidate was Exeter . In 2012 a further competition was held , as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations , with Armagh receiving the distinction . Eleven other cities entered the contest , namely : Cambridge , Derby , Gloucester , Lancaster , Newport , Peterborough , Salford , Southampton , St Albans , Sunderland , and Wakefield . Local government districts ( edit ) Since local government reorganisation in 1974 city status has been awarded to a number of local government districts which are not themselves towns . Each includes a number of towns and villages outside the urban area from which the district takes its name . In some of these cases city status was awarded to districts where the largest settlement had city status before 1974 . In other cases a borough was formed to govern an area covering several towns and then city status was granted to the borough . The largest `` city '' district in terms of area is the City of Carlisle , which covers some 400 square miles ( 1,000 km ) of mostly rural landscape in the north of England , and is larger than smaller counties such as Merseyside or Rutland . Such cities include : City of Bradford , including the towns of Bingley , Ilkley , Keighley and Shipley as well as Bradford City of Canterbury , including the towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable as well as Canterbury City of Lancaster , including the towns of Carnforth , Heysham and Morecambe as well as Lancaster and surrounding rural areas . City of Leeds , including the towns of Otley , Pudsey and Wetherby as well as Leeds City of Preston , including rural areas as well as Preston City of St Albans , including the town of Harpenden as well as St Albans City of Salford , including the towns of Eccles , Pendlebury and Swinton as well as Salford City of Sunderland , including the towns of Hetton - le - Hole , Houghton - le - Spring and Washington as well as Sunderland City of Wakefield , including the towns of Castleford , Ossett and Pontefract as well as Wakefield City of Winchester , including the towns of Bishop 's Waltham and New Alresford as well as Winchester There are some cities where the local government district is in fact smaller than the historical or natural boundaries of the city . Examples include : Manchester , where the traditional area associated includes areas of the neighbouring authorities of Trafford , Tameside , Oldham , Bury and the City of Salford ; Kingston upon Hull , where surrounding areas and villages that are effectively suburbs , such as Cottingham , which comes under East Riding of Yorkshire Council ; Glasgow , where suburban areas of the city are located in East Dunbartonshire , East Renfrewshire , North Lanarkshire , Renfrewshire , South Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire ; Wolverhampton and London . City councils ( edit ) See also : List of cities in the United Kingdom The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a `` city '' . Nonetheless , this appellation carries its own prestige and , consequently , competitions for the status are hard - fought . Historically , city status could only be granted to incorporated towns . The grant was specifically awarded to the relevant local government area such as a civil parish or borough . However , recent grants have used a looser wording , where the status is awarded to the `` town '' . In most cases the `` town '' is held to be coterminous with the relevant local government area , such that the city status holder is the corporate body of the council . Examples include the Letters Patent awarded to the `` Towns of Brighton and Hove '' , the `` Town of Wolverhampton '' and the `` Town of Newport in the County Borough of Newport '' . In each case the existing borough council became the city council . Most cities have city councils , which have varying powers depending on the country and type of settlement . England ( edit ) Twelve of the 51 cities in England are in metropolitan counties and their city councils are single - tier metropolitan district councils . Outside the metropolitan counties eleven cities are unitary authorities , and fifteen have ordinary district councils , which are subordinate to their local county council . In London the Westminster City Council functions as a London borough council , and the City of London Corporation is the council for the City of London . Nine smaller episcopal cities such as Durham and Wells are neither local government districts nor within a ' local government district with city status ' , and have city councils which are parish councils , with limited powers . Two cities ( Bath and Chester ) have no city council . Scotland ( edit ) Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow are themselves council areas and have their own city councils . The cities of Perth , Stirling and Inverness are part of council areas which do not have city status , and have no city councils . Stirling Council 's application for city status was specifically for the urban area of the ( now former ) Royal Burgh of Stirling and included proposed city boundaries which are much smaller than Stirling council area . Wales ( edit ) Cardiff , Newport and Swansea are principal areas and have city councils . The city councils of Bangor , St Asaph and St Davids are community councils with limited powers . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Belfast City Council is a local government district council . Since the local government reforms of 2015 the four other cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils . City status conferment ( edit ) City status is conferred by letters patent and not by a royal charter ( except historically in Ireland ) . There are twenty towns in England and Wales that were recognised as cities by `` ancient prescriptive right '' ; none of these communities had been formally declared a city , but they had all used the title since `` time immemorial '' , that is , before 3 September 1189 . The holding of city status brings no special benefits other than the right to be called a city . All cities where a local government unit that holds that status is abolished have to be re-issued with letters patent reconfirming city status following local government reorganisation where that holder has been abolished . This process was followed by a number of cities since 1974 , and York and Hereford 's status was confirmed twice , in 1974 and again in the 1990s . Failure to do so leads to the loss of city status as happened at Rochester in 1998 ( see above ) , and also previously in St David 's and Armagh , although both of these latter have regained city status since losing it . These three had been cities since time immemorial before the loss of city status . Charters originated as charters of incorporation , allowing a town to become an incorporated borough , or to hold markets . Some of these charters recognised officially that the town involved was a city . Apart from that recognition , it became accepted that such a charter could make a town into a city . The formal definition of a city has been disputed , in particular by inhabitants of towns that have been regarded as cities in the past such as Colchester and Dunfermline but are not generally considered cities today . Additionally , although the Crown clearly has the right to bestow `` official '' city status , some have doubted the right of the Crown to define the word city in the United Kingdom . In informal usage , city can be used for large towns or conurbations that are not formally cities . The best - known example of this is London , which contains two cities ( the City of London and the City of Westminster ) but is not itself a city . Officially designated cities ( edit ) There are currently 69 officially designated cities in the UK , of which 11 have been created since 2000 in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee in 2002 and Diamond Jubilee in 2012 . The designation is highly sought after , with over 40 communities submitting bids at recent competitions . List of officially designated cities ( edit ) City status has been applied to a variety of entities including towns , local government districts and civil parishes . See List of cities in the United Kingdom for a list of entities holding the status for each city . England ( edit ) Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool City of London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton St Albans Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells City of Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland ( edit ) Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales ( edit ) Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids and the Cathedral Close Swansea Northern Ireland ( edit ) Armagh Belfast Lisburn Londonderry Newry Towns not cities ( edit ) Size / population ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As noted above , in ordinary discourse , city can refer to any large settlement , with no fixed limit . There are certain towns with large urban areas that could qualify for city status on the grounds of population size . Some have applied for city status and had the application turned down . Northampton is one of the most populous urban districts not to be a London Borough , metropolitan borough , unitary authority or city ; on this basis , the council claims that it is the largest town in England . The government - published `` Key Statistics for Built - Up Areas 2011 '' show that the following are the largest urban areas in the United Kingdom not having a city as a component . The name shown is the largest town in the area : Bournemouth -- 466,266 Middlesbrough -- 376,633 Birkenhead -- 325,264 Reading -- 318,014 Southend -- 295,310 Luton -- 258,018 Farnborough / Aldershot -- 252,397 Gillingham ( Medway ) -- 243,931 ( The former city of Rochester is part of this area ) Blackpool -- 239,409 Milton Keynes -- 229,941 Northampton -- 215,963 Swindon -- 185,609 Warrington -- 165,456 Doncaster -- 158,141 Telford -- 147,980 See List of urban areas in the United Kingdom for further examples . The largest local authorities to have applied for city status in the recent competitions are : London Borough of Croydon -- 330,587 Metropolitan Borough of Dudley -- 312,925 Metropolitan Borough of Wirral -- 312,293 Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster -- 286,866 Metropolitan Borough of Stockport -- 284,528 Metropolitan Borough of Bolton -- 261,037 Borough of Milton Keynes -- 255,700 Borough of Medway -- 249,488 London Borough of Southwark -- 244,866 London Borough of Tower Hamlets -- 220,500 London Borough of Greenwich -- 214,403 ( became a Royal Borough on 3 February 2012 ) Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead -- 200,300 Borough of Northampton -- 194,458 Borough of Warrington -- 191,084 Borough of Luton -- 184,371 Borough of Bournemouth -- 183,491 Borough of Colchester -- 181,200 Borough of Swindon -- 180,051 Borough of Telford and Wrekin -- 161,600 Borough of Southend - on - Sea -- 159,600 Borough of Reading -- 155,300 Borough of Blackpool -- 142,100 Borough of Middlesbrough -- 138,400 County Borough of Wrexham -- 133,068 Cathedral towns ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) Since being the seat of an Anglican diocese is no longer sufficient or necessary to gain city status , some cathedral towns exist : Place Cathedral Diocese established Population ( Est ) Blackburn Blackburn Cathedral 1926 105,085 Brecon Brecon Cathedral 1923 7,901 Bury St Edmunds St Edmundsbury Cathedral 1914 35,015 Guildford Guildford Cathedral 1927 70,000 Rochester Rochester Cathedral historic ; previously a city ( see above ) 27,000 Southwell Southwell Minster 1884 6,900 The 1911 Encyclopeædia Britannica refers to Southwell as a city . In total there are 14 English and Welsh cities that have never had Anglican cathedrals within their borders -- Brighton and Hove , Cambridge , Hull , Lancaster , Leeds , Nottingham , Plymouth , Preston , Salford , Southampton , Stoke - on - Trent , Sunderland , Swansea , and Wolverhampton . Bath Abbey was once a diocesan cathedral , as was Westminster Abbey briefly during the reign of Henry VIII . These cities retained their city status despite their cathedrals losing that status . Scotland ( edit ) The national church of Scotland , the Church of Scotland , is presbyterian in governance ( not recognising authority of bishops ) , and thus has high kirks rather than cathedrals . However , the pre-Reformation dioceses do have extant cathedrals , most notably at Glasgow and Edinburgh , which remain in use by the Church of Scotland and continue to bear the honorific title of cathedral . Others ( such as that of St Andrews ) are now in ruins . As noted above , both Perth and Elgin were recognised as cities before 1975 ( Perth 's city status was restored in 2012 ) . Additionally , five other pre-Reformation sees -- Brechin , Dunblane , Dunkeld , Kirkwall and St Andrews -- are often referred to as cities , notably in names associated with the settlements ( e.g. Brechin City F.C. , City Road in St Andrews ) . Dornoch , Fortrose and Whithorn also possess pre-Reformation cathedrals but have never been described as cities . Towns with non-Church of Scotland , post-Reformation cathedrals which are not recognised as cities are Ayr ( R.C. ) , Millport ( Episcopal ) , Oban ( R.C. ) , Motherwell ( R.C. ) and Paisley ( R.C. ) . Of these , Ayr , Motherwell and Paisley have larger populations than Perth , Stirling and Inverness , and both Ayr and Paisley have formally made a bid for city status in the recent past . Of settlements granted city status in the 21st century , Inverness ( awarded 2001 ) possesses an Episcopal cathedral ( 1866 ) , but none under the auspices of the Church of Scotland . Stirling ( awarded 2002 ) has never had a cathedral of any kind . Perth ( reinstated 2012 ) has an Episcopal cathedral dating from 1860 , but no pre-Reformation establishment . Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , as noted above , possession of a diocesan cathedral has never ( except in the anomalous case of Armagh ) been sufficient to attain this status . In spite of this , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to Armagh ( Armagh had lost city status in 1840 ) and Lisburn as cities . Armagh subsequently regained city status formally in 1994 and Lisburn achieved city status in 2002 . There are four towns in Northern Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that do not have city status -- Clogher , Downpatrick , Dromore and Enniskillen . Newry is the only city in Northern Ireland that does not have a Church of Ireland cathedral within its borders . Claimants ( edit ) A number of towns describe themselves as cities ( at least in some contexts ) , despite not having the requisite Charter . Ballymena in Northern Ireland has been known informally as `` The City of the Seven Towers '' since the nineteenth century . The community council for Brechin is called City of Brechin & District Community Council . The local football team is known as Brechin City F.C. ( they were formed at a meeting on City Road in the town ) . Brechin also possesses a cathedral , and was the ancient seat of the see of Brechin . Dunfermline styles itself `` A Twinned City '' on the signs welcoming visitors to the town . The area committee of Fife council is called City of Dunfermline Area Committee . It also has `` city centre '' rather than `` town centre '' written on its road signs . Dunkeld , the see of a bishop until the seventeenth century is sometimes referred to as a city . A `` City Hall '' was built in 1877 , since converted into a holiday accommodation . The community council for Elgin is called City and Royal Burgh of Elgin Community Council . The local football team is known as Elgin City F.C. . Guildford possesses a cathedral and the local football team is named Guildford City F.C. . In 2013 the local council did not submit an application , citing low chance of success , and high time and resource against low benefits ratio . Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City are medium - sized New Towns in Hertfordshire established to reduce the overcrowding of London as part of the Garden city movement . In its planning , the government of the day intended Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire , to be a `` new city '' in scale , and it was referred to as such in contemporary supporting papers , but was gazetted in 1967 as a New Town . It has used the term `` City Centre '' on its buses and road signs for many years , mainly to avoid confusion with the centres of its pre-existing constituent towns . After its unsuccessful attempts to gain city status , the town of Reading , Berkshire , started using the phrase `` City Centre '' on its buses and car - park signs . Reading 's urban area has in excess of 350,000 inhabitants , making it one of the largest urban areas in the UK and larger than many sizeable cities including Southampton , Kingston upon Hull and Derby . However , the population of the Borough of Reading was estimated as 142,800 in 2006 by the Office for National Statistics , as a number of the town 's large eastern and southern suburbs ( such as Earley and Woodley ) lie within neighbouring local authorities . Colchester in Essex lays claim to being the first city founded in Britain under the Romans in AD43 . The city of Colchester was one of three destroyed in AD61 by Queen Boudica . Despite making several attempts to become the first city in the county , it was eventually beaten by the county town Chelmsford in 2012 . Today , Colchester is one of the fastest - growing boroughs in the country and the largest non-metropolitan district in the county of Essex with an estimated 187,000 people . See also ( edit ) List of cities in the United Kingdom Borough status in the United Kingdom List of towns in the United Kingdom List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom List of urban areas in the United Kingdom List of cities in Ireland List of smallest cities in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK cities '' . culture.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` JTK '' . `` Civitas '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , Vol . I , p. 451 . ABC - CLIO ( Sta . Barbara ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ De Excidio Britanniae , § 3 . ( in Latin ) Cited in the `` Civitas '' entry of Celtic Culture . Jump up ^ Nennius ( attrib . ) . Theodor Mommsen ( ed. ) . Historia Brittonum , VI . Composed after AD 830 . ( in Latin ) Hosted at Latin Wikisource . Jump up ^ Beckett , J.V. ( 2005 ) . City status in the British Isles , 1830 -- 2002 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 22 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , JV ( 2005 ) . City status in the British Isles , 1830 -- 2002 . Historical urban studies . Aldershot : Ashgate . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5067 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` London Government Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 16 May 1899 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons . Tuesday May 16 '' . The Times . 17 May 1899 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` City of Westminster '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 31 July 1899 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons '' . The Times . 1 August 1899 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Letters patent dated 27 October 1900 declared that `` the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster ... shall be a City , and shall be called and styled the City of Westminster , and shall have all such rank , liberties , privileges , and immunities as are incident to a City '' . `` No. 27242 '' . The London Gazette. 30 October 1900 . p. 6613 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 20 June 1911 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons -- Status of Portsmouth '' , The Times , 21 June 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester , a City : Sequel to the Recent Royal Visit '' , The Times , 17 June 1919 . ^ Jump up to : `` Functions of local authorities . Memorandum from Health Ministry '' , The Times , 17 June 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge petition to the King '' , The Times , 19 March 1951 . Jump up ^ `` City Status For Southampton '' , The Times , 12 February 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty votes keep the City as unique local authority '' . The Times . 14 February 1963 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` The New Westminster ( Official Appointments and Notices ) '' . The Times . 24 December 1963 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Prince announces city status for Swansea '' , The Times , Friday , 4 July 1969 . Jump up ^ Local Government Act 1972 ( c. 70 ) , ss. 1 ( 10 ) and 1 ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` No. 46255 '' . The London Gazette. 4 April 1974 . pp. 4400 -- 4401 . Jump up ^ Medway Council Archives . `` Synopsis of Medway Area charters '' . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Patrick O'Leary , `` Derby 's long road to city status '' , The Times , 29 July 1977 , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Local Government in Lichfield : Historical Background '' . Lichfield City Council . 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland casts off ailing past to win city status '' , The Times , 15 February 1992 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religious centres recover city status '' , The Guardian , 8 July 1994 . Jump up ^ Cahal Milmo , `` A tale of three ( new ) cities '' , The Independent , 19 December 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Joy for Wolverhampton as town becomes Millennium city '' , Birmingham Evening Mail , 18 December 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Favoured five become city slickers : Political fix claim as English Labour towns upgraded to mark Queen 's jubilee '' , The Guardian , 15 March 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of Diamond Jubilee Civic Honours Competition announced '' . Cabinet Office . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Letters Patent dated 3 February 2012 `` No. 60205 '' . The London Gazette. 11 July 2012 . p. 13300 . Jump up ^ `` No. 46243 '' . The London Gazette. 21 March 1974 . p. 3651 . Letters Patent dated 18 March 1974 , text also available from Medway Council archives website Jump up ^ `` No. 48875 '' . The London Gazette. 28 January 1982 . p. 1173 . Publishing Letters Patent dated 25 January 1982 , text also available from Medway Council archives website Jump up ^ `` Error costs Rochester city status '' . BBC News . 16 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Medway Council -- Regeneration and Community Overview and Scrutiny Committee , Report on Rochester City Status , 4 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ASA Adjudication on Medway Council '' . Asa.org.uk. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Parliament petition number : PE1392 '' ( PDF ) . www. parliament. scot . Jump up ^ The Municipal Year Book 1972 Jump up ^ `` Coat of arms rejected in city status query '' , The Inverness Courier , 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derry 's Walls : First Defences '' . Derryswalls.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Derry 's Walls : The Plantation Begins '' . Derryswalls.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Change of District Name ( Lisburn Borough ) Order ( Northern Ireland ) 2002 ( 2002 No. 231 ) , Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Status conferred on Lisburn and Newry Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Northern Ireland Office , 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Five new cities creates row '' . BBC . 14 March 2002 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Armagh to get lord mayor status '' . BBC News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More than 25 towns bid for Diamond Jubilee city status '' . BBC News . 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northampton Multi-Modal Study Final Report , December 2003 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census -- Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census -- Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Population Statistics = Milton Keynes Council , 2013 data Jump up ^ `` Lovemytown website '' . Lovemytown.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ballymena Borough Council Timeline '' . Ballymena.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 3 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ According to the Municipal Year Book , 1972 , the royal burghs of Perth and Elgin officially enjoyed city status . The royal burghs of Brechin , Dunfermline and Kirkwall had also been officially described as `` cities '' . As all burghs were abolished in 1975 , these areas are now often called `` former cities '' . Although Brechin does not have city status , the community council formed for the area uses the title City of Brechin and District . Jump up ^ `` Dunkeld '' . Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland : A Survey of Scottish Topography , Statistical , Biographical and Historical. 1882 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall Luxury Self - Catering Apartments '' . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Chris ( 5 June 2011 ) . `` Guildford says no to city status '' . Jump up ^ `` Taking city name is a right royal insult '' . Reading Post . S&B Media . 4 April 2003 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Government list of UK cities Images and text from British Towns and Cities Cities of the United Kingdom England Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea Northern Ireland Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Agriculture Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . 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-5116140634271377922	The Sims 4	The Sims 4 - wikipedia The Sims 4 Jump to : navigation , search The Sims 4 Developer ( s ) Maxis The Sims Studio Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Producer ( s ) Kevin Gibson Grant Rodiek Ryan Michael Vaughan Designer ( s ) Eric Holmberg - Weidler Matt Yang Artist ( s ) Magnus Hollmo Samantha Miceli Steven Ross Writer ( s ) Danielle von Mayrhauser Composer ( s ) Ilan Eshkeri Series The Sims Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Microsoft Windows NA : September 2 , 2014 AU : September 4 , 2014 EU : September 4 , 2014 UK : September 5 , 2014 macOS WW : February 17 , 2015 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One WW : November 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Simulation Mode ( s ) Single - player The Sims 4 is the fourth major title in life simulation video game series The Sims , developed by Maxis and The Sims Studio and published by Electronic Arts . The Sims 4 was originally announced on May 6 , 2013 , and was released in North America on September 2 , 2014 for Microsoft Windows . A Mac compatible version of the software was made available for digital download on February 17 , 2015 . The Sims 4 is the first PC game to top all - format charts in two years . The game has received mixed reviews since its release . Since its launch , it became the best selling PC game of 2014 and 2015 . The Sims 4 has sold over 5 million copies worldwide . Versions of the game for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles are also scheduled to be released on November 17 , 2017 . The game has the same concept as its predecessor , The Sims 3 ; players control their Sims in various activities and can form relationships . The game , like most of the series , does not have a defined final goal ; gameplay is nonlinear . The Create - a-Sim and Build Mode tools have been redesigned to allow more versatility when creating game content . Emotional state plays a larger role in game play than in previous games in the series , with effects on social interaction , user interface , and personality . To date EA has released three expansion packs , with the most recent ( City Living ) being released in November 2016 . There have also been several `` game packs '' released , including Parenthood which allows the players to shape the characters ' children and teenagers as they go through life , as well as free updates that include major changes such as the addition of a toddler life stage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Create a Sim ( CAS ) 1.2 Buy / build mode 1.3 The Gallery 1.4 Worlds 2 Development 2.1 Mac development 2.2 Features controversy 3 Marketing and release 3.1 Ratings 4 Expansions , add - ons and editions 4.1 Expansion packs 4.2 Game packs 4.3 Stuff packs 4.4 Additional downloadable content ( DLC ) 4.5 Editions 4.6 Expansion - only compilations 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The Sims 4 is a life simulation game , similar to its predecessors . Players create a Sim character and control their life to explore different personalities which change the way the game plays out . Sims can multitask such as talk while doing a task . Sims ' moodlets also change the gameplay . For example , a Sim can do a task while being either angry or totally excited . Similar to previous Sims games , player - created challenges abound . One of the most prevalent is the Legacy Challenge , in which players create a single Sim and try to make its family line last for ten generations . Create a Sim ( CAS ) ( edit ) One major change to the Sims 4 Create A Sim functionality is that sliders have been replaced by direct mouse click , drag and pull . Through mouse click , drag and pull players may directly manipulate the facial features of a Sim . Players can also directly manipulate any body part including the abdomen , chest , legs , arms and feet . In previous Sims games only the fitness and fatness can be manipulated on a Sims body . However , fitness and fatness levels may still be adjusted in The Sims 4 with sliders as in previous games . The base games comes with over 40 hairstyles for both men and women . There are up to 18 hair colour options per hairstyle . Selections of premade designs of Sims are available to choose from , ranging from different body shapes to ethnicities . Seven life stages are available including baby , toddler , child , teenager , young adult , adult and elder . The baby life stage is accessible only through the birth of a Sim and not available in Create A Sim . Toddlers were initially absent from the original game release , but were added in the January 2017 patch . Traits have returned with each Sim having three traits and an aspiration containing its own hidden trait . Compared to previous Sims games where everyday , formal , sleepwear , athletic , party and swimwear wardrobes were restricted to having their own clothing options , all clothing options are now available across all forms of wardrobe and players are allowed up to 5 outfits per category . There is also a filter panel where clothing options can be sorted by color , material , outfit category , fashion choice , style , content and packs . In a Summer 2016 update , gender options were expanded in the game , allowing any gender expression . Now all the haircuts and outfits can be worn by any Sim of any gender , and pregnancy can become a possibility regardless of the gender . Buy / build mode ( edit ) In The Sims 4 , build and buy modes have been combined and is now treated as a single feature . A detailed build - and - buy system is present along with neighborhoods and landscaping . Some locked buy mode items may be unlocked through the progression of career levels . Entire buildings and rooms can now be moved across the lot . Wall heights can also now be adjusted . There is also a pool tool feature , with a custom version and triangular , square and octagonal pool tools too . There are build mode cheats such as `` motherlode '' , which enables the player to automatically gain § 50,000 ( simoleons ) to buy things with . There is now a search option to search for build and buy mode options . When building a house for your sim you can buy already made rooms which can help but costs a lot of money depending on the style of the room . The Gallery ( edit ) The Sims 4 includes social features , such as importing Sims and houses other people have made from The Gallery into the player 's game . This impacts the world around the player 's Sims . Players may publish their creations into the Gallery for other players to download into their game instantly . On January 9 , 2015 , EA released a version of The Gallery for iOS and Android devices . Worlds ( edit ) The Sims 4 base game originally shipped with two worlds : Willow Creek and Oasis Springs . Both worlds contain five neighborhoods and a total of 21 lots . With the release of Outdoor Retreat , the world Granite Falls was available for visiting on outdoor vacations . Newcrest became available with a free update , having three neighborhoods with five empty lots in each , for a total of 15 lots . Magnolia Promenade came with the Get to Work Expansion Pack , and Windenburg was introduced in the Get Together Expansion Pack . The City Living Expansion Pack , released in November 2016 , introduced the new bustling city of San Myshuno . The Vampires Game Pack added the neighborhood Forgotten Hollow . Development ( edit ) The Sims 4 was developed by The Sims Studio , a division of the Electronic Arts subsidiary Maxis , and was distributed by Electronic Arts . This is similar yet different to the development of The Sims 3 , which was developed by The Sims Studio standalone from the ( at the time ) diminished Maxis . The Sims 4 is a single - player game , and does not require a constant Internet connection to play . Players will however need an Origin account and Internet access during the initial installation process for game activation . Ilan Eshkeri serves as the composer for the game 's orchestral soundtrack , which was recorded at Abbey Road Studios and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra . On April 25 , 2013 , several screenshots from mock - up flash videos of the user interface were leaked online . On May 3 , 2013 , Electronic Arts sent out an e-mail to several fansites stating that there would be a big announcement on May 6 , 2013 , which many speculated would be The Sims 4 . On August 20 , 2013 , The Sims 4 was revealed via gameplay demo and release trailer at Gamescom . Previews of the building and character creation systems debuted earlier in 2014 . Additional game footage and the release date were revealed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 9 , 2014 . Gameplay was unveiled during Gamescom 2013 , held at the Koelnmesse in Cologne , Germany . Unveiled features focused on the improved Create - a-Sim with an all - new click - and - drag feature omitting the use of sliders and the addition of emotion - based gameplay . Select players called Yibsims who mostly manage fan sites and YouTube videos were invited to Sims Camp to see the game before the public and press , consequently the game received minimal coverage outside fansites . Maxis stated the game would run better on lower - end PCs than The Sims 3 , which was plagued with performance issues on low - end and high - end PCs . It was suspected that The Sims 4 was scheduled to be released in early 2014 , but it was later revealed it would in fact be released September 2 , 2014 . On May 14 , 2014 , producer Ryan Vaughan unveiled another Create - a-Sim trailer on the official The Sims YouTube channel . This included a preview of what the premade Sims Bella Goth and Mortimer Goth would look like in The Sims 4 . The development team unveiled another trailer on May 28 , 2014 that showcased the new Build Mode features . Players will now be able to choose between three different wall heights and adjust the location of a window on a wall , as well as be able to move an entire room from one position to another . EA unveiled another gameplay trailer including more gameplay footage and announced the release date of the game , September 2 , 2014 , during a press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo on June 9 , 2014 . The Sims 4 was released on September 2 for North America and September 4 for EU , Australia and Brazil . On June 28 , 2014 , a video was released showing the `` originality '' of each sim and their emotions . In January 2015 , Maxis announced Outdoor Retreat , the first paid DLC for The Sims 4 . The DLC focuses on outdoor activities in the national park . Until mid-2017 , there were no plans for a console release . However , versions of the game for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were officially confirmed for release on 17 November 2017 . Mac development ( edit ) Upon first announcement , EA stated that The Sims 4 was in development for both for Mac and Windows , both to be released in 2014 . However , closer to release date , the company stated that they were `` focused ( on ) Windows '' and had `` no updates on the Mac at this time '' . In October 2014 further information was disclosed suggesting the future release of a Mac version . Vaughn told International Business Times that the team was `` working on a Mac version right now . '' On January 13 , 2015 , EA confirmed the release of the Mac version as being February 2015 . On February 2 , they announced via the official The Sims Twitter feed that the Mac version of The Sims 4 would be released on February 17 . Features controversy ( edit ) On June 25 , 2014 , EA and Maxis announced the omission of several gameplay features in The Sims 4 that had been included in previous games . These omitted features include swimming pools , swimming wear , and the `` toddler '' life stage ; this announcement also noted the lack of an open - world found in The Sims 3 , stating neighborhood gameplay would be separated by loading screens . Earlier in the development process , a fan - site interview with a producer had revealed Create - a-Style ( CAS ) , a customization feature introduced in the previous Sims game , would not be added to The Sims 4 in lieu of other features . The developers then announced through a series of tweets that the game would ship with a ' stripped - down ' version of story - progression ( a gameplay mechanic controlling neighborhood autonomy ) , and that basements , grocery stores , and school and work locations would not be featured in the game . While careers and schools would still be featured , they would be represented differently from The Sims 3 , more akin to the way they were featured in The Sims 2 . These announcements sparked unrest among many fans who speculated that the exclusion of arguably core features were intended by the developers or parent company to be left out for later paid content , or in order to make rushed deadlines . A petition was launched by some fans to have the features restored for the initial release , even if the release date were to be pushed back . Maxis contended that it was not possible to include every feature in the new game that had been added over time in the six years The Sims 3 was in development , and that these could always be added at a later date , although they did not confirm exactly how this would be done , or whether it would be free or at a cost . Some have speculated that many new features would be released through paid expansion packs , but others speculated that some of the more `` basic , core '' content ( i.e. pools , toddlers ) may be released as free patch updates , similar to how some new features were patched free into The Sims 3 , such as basement features . Questioned as to why some features , such as a cupcake machine , were implemented over what many viewed as key gameplay , Maxis and The Sims producer Graham Nardone attributed the sacrifice to time constraints , the workload and distribution of developers ( and the comparative lack of available developers to some areas of production to other areas ) , as well as risk factors : You ca n't weigh features by how much you want them in the game , you have to consider how many development resources it takes to create them . The tram ? A couple of days from one of our FX guys and it 's finished ... very low risk , very low complexity ( using entirely existing tech ) , and adds a nice visual punch to the neighborhood . I ca n't recall ever scoping against FX ... they always have time to be adding more stuff . Our FX folks submitted their own long list of things they wanted to work on because there was n't enough for them to do . Now , you ca n't take the FX team and ask them to add pools to the game . They do n't have the work skills to do it ; neither do I. Pools , toddlers ... they 're extremely complex features that require months of man hours of work across multiple disciplines and introduce significant risk . If we were to have added one of those to the game , there would have been two choices for us ... cut many small features , or cut one other significantly large feature . Maxis and The Sims producer Rachel Rubin Franklin later elaborated in an official blog post , acknowledging the concerns of fans , and explained the issue on the developer 's focus on The Sims 4 's new core game engine technologies , and that the sacrifices the team had to make were a `` hard pill to swallow '' : It begins with new technology and systems that we built for this new base game for The Sims ... the vision for The Sims 4 is a new experience ... to do that , our technology base needed a major upgrade . ... when we sat down and looked at everything we wanted to do for this game , all the new tech we wanted to build into it , the fact was that there would be trade - offs , and these would disappoint some of our fans . Hard pill to swallow , believe me , but delivering on the vision set out for The Sims 4 required focus . Franklin stated new features such as Sim emotions , advanced Sim animation , interaction and behaviours , as well as the new Create - a-Sim and build mode tools as a large part of the reason that detracted focus from features such as swimming pools and the toddler life stage . However , on October 1 , 2014 , Maxis confirmed that one of its missing features , swimming pools , along with other new updates and features , would be added into the game for free in November , and this happened in the form of a game patch . Other features like basements have later been added in subsequent patches , and the missing `` toddler '' life stage was eventually added for free in a patch released on January 12 , 2017 . Significant features added via game patches Patch release date Significant features added October 1 , 2014 Added Ghost , a new type of sim that is an optional addition to the game , the Deathflower plant , and the `` Ambrosia '' cooking recipe ; Star Wars costumes : Yoda , Princess Leia , Luke Skywalker , and Darth Vader . November 4 , 2014 Swimming pools ; various swimwear December 16 , 2014 Two new active careers : Business and Athletic ; Paid Time Off and Family Leave options . February 3 , 2015 Genealogy panel , displaying a Sim 's family tree . March 26 , 2015 Basements , down to two levels down , and an additional above ground floor , bringing the total floors available to six ; the Notebook feature on the phone , which catalogs a Sim 's gardening or fishing discoveries ; Paint by Reference option on the easel May 4 , 2015 New Star Wars costumes : Boba Fett , Darth Maul , and Aayla Secura ; revamped loading screen . June 11 , 2015 Newcrest , a new world containing fifteen empty lots within three new neighborhoods ; the Welcome Wagon from new neighbors ; the Custom Room Tool July 9 , 2015 Half walls ; locked doors ; King 's and Queen 's Door , which allow only just the men or women to pass through it , respectively ; towel full body outfits . August 6 , 2015 A dishwasher is added to the appliances , which needs to be slotted into an existing non-island counter . September 24 , 2015 New trait Jealous ; Limited Interaction Trick or Treat ; Claiming beds ; Resizeable rugs ; Underground Saunas . November 3 , 2015 New Hire Service : Repair Man . December 4 , 2015 64 - bit executable ; Automatically disable mods after patch ; Change in Sims groups ; New NPC Interaction ; Fire and Death Reaction Systems ; New Venue Type : Pool and New Option to color water ; World maps updated ; Put grills in inventory . January 7 , 2016 Modified Sims reactions to inappropriate neighbors and fights ; New Wall Decorations ; February 4 , 2016 New Trait : Kleptomaniac ; New Hire Service : Gardener ; New Aspiration ; New Content in Build Mode . April 21 , 2016 Returning NPC : Tragic Clown . May 19 , 2016 Females are given two male hairstyles . June 3 , 2016 All Create - a-Sim content is available to both sexes , as well as gender customization June 23 , 2016 Child Sims can now experience a ' Monster - Under - The - Bed ' , appearing as tentacles which children can either befriend or ask Adults to Spray . Adults can not see this Monster , however . A light for warding away the Monster has also been added , which features an image of the new character ' Coolala ' . This character appears in the new Kids Room Stuff as well , released June 28 , 2016 . July 14 , 2016 Nannies have been added , and the ability to adjust all lights in a room in one go has been introduced . August 18 , 2016 Sim Cell Phone covers can now be customised . September 27 , 2016 Mexican ' Day of the Dead ' CAS Items are now available , as well as new Build / Buy Mode items . A Mexican dish , Pan De Muerto , has also been added to the cooking recipes . October 27 , 2016 Patch released in preparation for City Living . 8 new lot traits have been added to the base game . A copy paste function for build mode has been added . January 12 , 2017 The Toddler age group , along with unique Toddler traits , skills , outfits , objects and the ability to customize your sims teeth ( includes the other life stages ) , have been added with a free game update . Marketing and release ( edit ) SteelSeries and Electronic Arts announced a series of themed peripherals to promote The Sims 4 , including a pair of headphones , a computer mouse that lights up in accordance with Sims ' in - game emotional states , and a mousepad featuring a render of various Sim groups . A demo was released to the public displaying the new Create a Sim partition of the game in which is supplied , free of charge to anyone . TV spots were also produced narrated by actor Charlie Day . Ratings ( edit ) On May 9 , 2014 , it was reported that The Sims 4 has been rated `` 18 + ( Prohibited for children ) '' by Russia . This decision was based on the game 's portrayal of same - sex relationships contravening the Russian LGBT propaganda law that prohibits portrayal `` of non-traditional sexual relationships '' to children ( see also LGBT rights in Russia ) . Previous entries in The Sims series have routinely been rated as suitable for lower ages ; for instance , The Sims 3 was considered suitable for ages 6 and up in Germany , The Sims 4 is suitable for ages 6 and up in Germany as well . Expansions , add - ons and editions ( edit ) Expansion packs ( edit ) Code Name Release date Description EP01 Get to Work NA : March 31 , 2015 EU : April 2 , 2015 The first expansion pack adds three new playable , active careers : Doctor , Detective and Scientist . Get to Work also gives the opportunity to build your own retail store and start your own retail business . The expansion pack also adds a new neighborhood called Magnolia Promenade , and planet Sixam , an alien home world , as well as playable alien Sims . It also adds two new skills ( Baking and Photography ) , new objects and clothing . EP02 Get Together NA : December 8 , 2015 EU : December 10 , 2015 The second expansion pack was announced on August 5 , 2015 at Gamescom . Get Together adds many features that Sims can do with their friends , such as clubs , DJ booth , dancing and DJ skills , and natural pools . The expansion pack also adds a new neighborhood called Windenburg . EP03 City Living NA : November 1 , 2016 EU : November 3 , 2016 The third expansion pack features a new city called San Myshuno with four unique neighborhoods . City Living introduces new careers reflective of our time including the returning politician career and two new brand new fields never seen in the franchise : social media and critic . The expansion pack focuses on city life and reintroduces apartments into the city , ranging from fixer - uppers to penthouses . There are many new lots and activities for Sims to explore such the Spice Market , Karaoke Bar , Geek Con with video game competitions , the Spice Festival with curry eating contests and a Romance Festival for love - seeking Sims . Apartments will feature lot traits which can be assigned to any lot . The new lot traits will also be available to players who do not purchase the expansion via patch . EP04 Cats & Dogs WW : November 10 , 2017 The fourth expansion pack introduces creation of pets such as cats , dogs , and items catered to Sims ' furry friends . ( Similar to The Sims 3 : Pets , The Sims 2 : Pets , and The Sims : Unleashed ) This will also allow players to pursue a veterinary career and create their own veterinary practice . Game packs ( edit ) Code Name Release date Description GP01 Outdoor Retreat WW : January 13 , 2015 Adds a new world called Granite Falls . Within the new world Sims can vacation outdoors in a national park . This pack also adds a new skill ( Herbalism ) ; a new collectable ( insects ) ; and several new Sims traits , achievements , aspirations , outfits , objects , and game interactions related to outdoor activities . GP02 Spa Day WW : July 14 , 2015 Adds a new building type , the spa . This pack also includes a new skill ( Wellness ) as well as several new outfits , objects and game interactions related to the typical features in a spa like massages , meditation , mud baths , saunas and yoga . GP03 Dine Out WW : June 7 , 2016 Allows Sims to visit restaurants , as well as build and run their own restaurant . Those that own restaurants can experiment with new foods , employ staff and succeed in cooking . This pack also comes with a variety of items in Create a Sim . GP04 Vampires WW : January 24 , 2017 Allows Sims to create Vampires with different powers and weaknesses . A new residential world with five lots , Forgotten Hollow , is also introduced . The pack also comes with a new aspiration , new lot traits and numerous CAS and Build mode items that fit the darker Vampire theme . GP05 Parenthood WW : May 30 , 2017 Allows adult Sims to control and shape their child or teen 's life . New features like cursing , acne , school related projects , and many more . Toddlers , children , and teens can now be rebellious to their parents and other siblings . Parents can treat this new behavior by being strict , or they could be nurturing and hope that good things will come . Stuff packs ( edit ) Code Name Release date Description SP01 Luxury Party Stuff WW : May 19 , 2015 Includes several luxury party outfits and items , including buffet tables and a table - top cheese / chocolate / drinking fountain . SP02 Perfect Patio Stuff WW : June 16 , 2015 Includes patio furniture , including hot tubs , as well as new outfits . SP03 Cool Kitchen Stuff WW : August 11 , 2015 Includes kitchen counters , cabinets and appliances , such as an Ice Cream Maker with over 30 different flavors . SP04 Spooky Stuff WW : September 29 , 2015 Includes Halloween - related costumes , items including spider webs and a pumpkin carving station , and a new spooky - themed party that Sims can throw . SP05 Movie Hangout Stuff WW : January 12 , 2016 Includes Bohemian - styled clothing , home theaters , and items such as the Popcorn Maker . SP06 Romantic Garden Stuff WW : February 9 , 2016 Includes garden objects , new outfits , and new gameplay modes . SP07 Kids Room Stuff WW : June 28 , 2016 Includes items for children 's rooms , including new beds , a puppetry , a new game , and new hair and clothes for children . SP08 Backyard Stuff WW : July 19 , 2016 Includes items for the backyard such as slip ' n ' slide and bird feeders , and new hair and clothes . SP09 Vintage Glamour Stuff WW : December 6 , 2016 Includes vintage style items such as a vanity table , new Old Hollywood inspired clothes and hair and the ability to hire a butler . SP10 Bowling Night Stuff WW : March 29 , 2017 Includes items such as bowling lanes allowing players to build their own bowling hangout ( s ) for their Sims to visit . A new five level bowling skill , new themed clothing items , furniture , wallpapers and floorings are also included . SP11 Fitness Stuff WW : June 20 , 2017 Includes new items such as the rock climbing treadmill , workout videos and earbuds . Also included are more fitness apparel . SP12 Toddler Stuff WW : Aug 24 , 2017 Includes new playground equipments for toddlers to use . Additional downloadable content ( DLC ) ( edit ) Code Name Release date Description Rewards NA : September 2 , 2014 EU : September 4 , 2014 Bonus content for the owners of The Sims 3 Expansion Packs . Digital Deluxe Upgrade Life of the Party NA : September 2 , 2014 EU : September 4 , 2014 Included in the Limited Edition and up . Adds the Flaming Tiki Bar and additional outfits . Awesome Animal Hats Included in the Digital Deluxe Edition and up . Adds a collection of animal hats . Up All Night Included in the Digital Deluxe Edition and up . Adds the Laser Light show , face paint , additional party decorations and outfits , two new party types , and new cooking recipes . FP01 Holiday Celebration Pack WW : December 16 , 2014 A free downloadable content pack . Adds winter holiday decorations and outfits . New content was added in 2015 and 2016 . Grim 's Ghoulish Guitar WW : August 17 , 2016 Bonus content for signing up for emails Editions ( edit ) Features Standard Limited Edition Digital Deluxe Premium Edition ( hide ) Collector 's Edition In - store or Origin download Origin download only In store only Int . Release Core game Additional downloadable content ( DLC ) Life of the Party Awesome Animal Hats Up All Night Digital soundtrack Creators ' guide book USB interactive Plumbob by SteelSeries Expansion - only compilations ( edit ) Compilations of expansion packs , game packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released . Name Release date Includes The Sims 4 Bundle : Get To Work WW : November 15 , 2016 Get to Work , Outdoor Retreat , and Luxury Party Stuff . The Sims 4 Bundle : Get Together WW : December 13 , 2016 Get Together , Spa Day , and Movie Hangout Stuff . The Sims 4 Bundle : City Living WW : August 15 , 2017 City Living , Dine Out , and Bowling Night Stuff . Reception ( edit ) Reviews Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 69 % Metacritic 70 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Eurogamer 7 / 10 Game Informer 6.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 6 / 10 GamesRadar GameTrailers 6.5 / 10 IGN 7.5 / 10 Joystiq Maximum PC 8 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 79 / 100 Polygon 6.5 / 10 Hardcore Gamer 2.5 / 5 EA did not provide review copies of the game until September 1 , meaning that critics were unable to review the game before release . In the absence of initial reviews it was indicated that players were generally dissatisfied with the game , especially the ones who were familiar with the previous games in the franchise . At the aggregator site Metacritic , The Sims 4 received a score of 70 based on 74 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average '' reception . Hardcore Gamer gave The Sims 4 a 2.5 score out of 5 and commented `` it 's a half - hearted experience wrapped in a neat and pretty package that beams a potential to both fulfill and crush your inner - Sims ' dreams . '' They criticized the game for the lack of content and having many bugs . Jim Sterling of The Escapist , in a mixed review of the game , found there to be an `` overall lack of engagement . '' Although noting some positive changes he was critical of the game in comparison to previous entries in the series , declaring that `` The Sims 4 is basically The Sims 3 , but shrunken and sterile , '' and recommending that game be played instead . He also complained of being `` harassed '' by tutorial messages . His final score for the game was 2.5 out of 5 stars . ABCNews.com 's reviewer Derrik J. Lang praised the game for being `` remarkably more intuitive at the start , '' stating that the Sims are now smarter than before , have emotions that affect their moods , and are able to multi-task . Despite the praise , Lang awarded the game with two stars stating that he encountered annoying glitches and that he misses content from previous games , like dishwashers . Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot gave this game a 6 out of 10 . Despite praising the visuals , audio , and the new multi-tasking and moods system , he states that he misses the two main features of The Sims 3 : `` Create - a-Style '' and the open world . His conclusion is : `` The Sims 4 's biggest problem is that The Sims 3 exists '' . Other reviews were more favorable . CraveOnline.co.uk mentioned in an article that `` the awful user reviews indicate a strong backlash . '' However , the website added that `` Sims fans who have n't paid much attention to the ongoing controversy surrounding the game may look at those Amazon review scores and , without knowing that many are immediately dismissing the game due to its cut content , decide that they wo n't purchase it . '' Kallie Plagge of IGN gave The Sims 4 a 7.5 out of 10 . She was disappointed by the lack of content from previous games , and the lack of `` cool '' objects that could adequately replace them ; and the too frequent , albeit short , loading screens . The score she gave is relatively high , though , because `` The Sims 4 does succeed in being a deep and complex game when it comes to Sim interactions , with lots of entertaining emotional potential ( ... ) Plus , excellent building tools make architecture more fun than ever '' . Her conclusion is that `` it 's a good start to what may eventually be expanded into a great Sims game , but it 's not there yet '' . The Independent 's Jack Fleming praised the game for `` The Gallery '' feature that allows users to showcase their creations easily , the new multitasking system , the visual design , the personalities and emotions , the unusual careers ( that , for example , allow the sim to travel into space ) , and the new build mode . On the other hand , he voiced his frustration with the loading screens , the new camera controls ( while noting they can be reverted to The Sims 3 style ) , and noted the lack of content from previous installments ( such as swimming pools and toddlers ) made many fans upset . In conclusion he writes : `` The Sims 4 is an easy game to get into ( though the constant tutorial - ising at the start can actually get a bit frustrating ) and the reasons that people love this series are still present . The game 's creators have tried to make the appeal as diverse as possible and have in most ways succeeded . However , I could n't help but wish I could actually go to space and drive that spaceship around ... '' Nick Tan of Game Revolution states that the game is a case study for loss aversion . He explains that the reason for Sims fans expressing so much anger and dissatisfaction with it is because people `` strongly prefer avoiding losses than acquiring gains '' . That , combined with the hatred for Electronic Arts that greatly intensified after the release of the latest SimCity game , resulted in such a backlash . Tan gave The Sims 4 a 3.5 / 5 , calling it `` woefully incomplete , despite being unexpectedly solid and entertaining in its current state '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Leah B. ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : The Sims 4 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Sims ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Sims 4 coming to Mac Feb. 17 , 2015 '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Greening , Chris . `` Electronic Arts releases The Sims 4 soundtrack '' . Game Music Online . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Sims 4 '' Pre-Production UI Design Screens `` . SimsVIP. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maxis Unveils The Sims 4 '' . Electronic Arts . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Sims 4 levels up the emotion with new SmartSim ( update : can play offline ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Maxis : Sims 4 will run better on lower - end machines than Sims 3 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 will be released in the fall of 2014 ! '' . Platinum Simmers . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Leah B. ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 Create a Sim Trailer Shows How to Make Your Perfect Sim '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 Makes Building a Home Quicker and Easier '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 : Smarter and Weirder Official Gameplay Trailer '' . Sims Globe . June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 Outdoor Retreat releases with wilderness action '' . PC Invasion . Jump up ^ Gaston , Martin ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` EA : The Sims 4 Coming Fall 2014 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Ravi ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Sims 4 Confirmed as Offline , May Not Come to Consoles '' . GamingBolt.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-sims-4-officially-confirmed-for-ps4xbox-one-re/1100-6452027/ Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 In Development for PC and Mac '' . Jump up ^ `` Will Sims 4 Be Mac Compatible ? '' . Cinema Blend . June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 General Information '' . EA Help . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sims 4 ' On Consoles ? Producer Says Maybe , Confirms Mac Release '' . International Business Times . October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jovan ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Sims 4 is releasing for Mac in February ! '' . Sims Community . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vaughn , Ryan ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Neighborhoods , Weird Moments and More ! '' . The Sims Official Website . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 : Emotions and Neighborhoods Detailed ; No Toddlers or Pools '' . Gameranx . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jill ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Sims 4 Interview with SimGuru Jill '' ( Interview ) . Interview with EdenStyle.it . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 : Gurus Talk Story Progression '' . SimsVIP . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 : Thursday 's Guru Tweets '' . SimsVIP . July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 : No Grocery Story , Work , or School Lots '' . SimsVIP . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spino , Dustin ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 Has Become a True Test for EA / Gamers '' . Cinelinx . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 will launch without pools or toddlers , and Sims fans are very upset '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Younger , Paul . `` The Sims 4 pools and toddlers petition gathers pace '' . IncGaming.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To Fans ' Chagrin , The Sims 4 Does n't Include Pools or Toddlers in Base Game '' . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ponce , Tony ( July 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 : Producer Explains Why Toddlers and Pools Were Cut '' . Gameranx . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Out and What 's In '' . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rachel Franklin ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Free Content Updates in The Sims 4 Starting ... Now ! Also , Gnomes '' . The Sims Blog . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connor Sheridan ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sims 4 getting ghosts , pools , more careers for free '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Sims 4 now lets you make pools '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 Patch Notes - Update : 9 / 07 / 2015 '' . Electronic Arts . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims 4 Patch Notes - Update : 11 / 04 / 2014 '' . Electronic Arts . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many sims 4 expansion packs are there	[ "The game has the same concept as its predecessor, The Sims 3; players control their Sims in various activities and can form relationships. The game, like most of the series, does not have a defined final goal; gameplay is nonlinear. The Create-a-Sim and Build Mode tools have been redesigned to allow more versatility when creating game content. Emotional state plays a larger role in game play than in previous games in the series, with effects on social interaction, user interface, and personality.[6][7] To date EA has released three expansion packs, with the most recent (City Living) being released in November 2016. There have also been several \"game packs\" released, including Parenthood which allows the players to shape the characters' children and teenagers as they go through life, as well as free updates that include major changes such as the addition of a toddler life stage." ]	[ "three" ]
-7125712493065903243	I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)	I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do that ) - wikipedia I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do that ) `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' US commercial cassette single Single by Meat Loaf featuring Lorraine Crosby from the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell Released September 15 , 1993 Format Vinyl CD cassette Recorded Ocean Way Recording ( Los Angeles , California , US ) Genre Progressive rock hard rock power ballad `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' is a song written by Jim Steinman , and recorded by Meat Loaf with Lorraine Crosby . The song was released in 1993 as the first single from the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell . The last six verses feature a female singer who was credited only as `` Mrs. Loud '' in the album notes . She was later identified as Lorraine Crosby . However , she does not appear in the video , in which her vocals are lip - synched by Dana Patrick . Meat Loaf promoted the single with US vocalist Patti Russo . The power ballad was a commercial success , reaching number one in 28 countries . The single was certified platinum in the United States and became Meat Loaf 's first and only number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the UK singles chart , and was the best - selling single of 1993 in the United Kingdom . The song earned Meat Loaf a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance , Solo . Contents 1 Music and lyrics 1.1 Duet coda 1.2 Perceived ambiguity of `` that '' 1.3 Length 2 Recording 3 Music video 3.1 Synopsis 4 Use in media 5 Track listing 6 Reception 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 8 References 9 External links Music and lyrics ( edit ) The timings in this article refer to the original album version . There are many shorter single and radio edits . The song opens with a guitar played to sound like a revving motorcycle . Roy Bittan 's piano begins to play along with the guitars . The vocals begin at the 1 : 50 point . The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals . The song then becomes much louder as the band , predominantly piano , plays the main melody for twenty seconds . An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus , lasting over 45 seconds , with piano playing the title melody , accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren , Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton . The lead vocals recommence with another verse . The phrase `` sex , drugs and rock ' n ' roll '' was changed to `` Some days I just pray to the god of sex and drums and rock and roll '' on the recording , although Meat Loaf occasionally sings the more familiar phrase in concert . Duet coda ( edit ) At the 9 : 28 point , the song transforms into a duet coda . The structure of the verses remains , but the woman now asks what the man would do . He answers in the affirmative for the first four sections . Woman : Will you make me some magic with your own two hands ? Can you build an emerald city with these grains of sand ? Can you give me something I can take home ? Man : I can do that ! The song 's tone changes for the final two sections , in which the woman , Lorraine Crosby on the original recorded version , predicts that the man would eventually do things to upset her and their relationship . Both times , he denies it . The duet part was and still is performed regularly on stage by Meat Loaf with his current featured female vocalist Patti Russo . However , with the passing years their interplay during the coda has gradually taken on ironic overtones , if not overtly comedic ones , which were totally absent from the original album version . For example , in the 2007 show 3 Bats Live , after Russo sings `` After a while you 'll forget everything , it was a brief interlude and a midsummer night 's fling '' , Meat Loaf stops the band and asks her ( half - sung , half - spoken ) : `` Why do you say this to me ? Why do you keep saying these things to me every single night ? '' , and she replies innocently ( again half - sung ) : `` It 's in the lyrics '' . More funny exchanges of the same kind occur during their other live duets , such as the famous Bat Out of Hell track `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' . Perceived ambiguity of `` that '' ( edit ) Meat Loaf says that the question , `` What is ' that ' ? '' is one of the most popular questions he is asked . Each verse mentions two things that the man would do for love , followed by one thing that he will not do . The title phrase repetition reasserts that he `` wo n't do that '' . Each mention of `` that '' is a reference to the particular promise that he made earlier in the same verse . The four things he says he will never do are : `` forget the way you feel right now '' `` forgive myself if we do n't go all the way tonight '' `` do it better than I do it with you '' `` stop dreaming of you every night of my life '' At the song 's conclusion , the woman predicts two things that he will do : `` You 'll see that it 's time to move on '' , and `` You 'll be screwing around '' . To both of these , the male emphatically responds , `` I wo n't do that ! '' In his 1998 VH1 Storytellers special , Meat Loaf even explained it on stage using a blackboard and a pointing stick . In a 1993 promotional interview , Steinman states that the definition of `` that '' is fully revealed in the song in each of the several verses in which it is mentioned . This sense would have been more clear if the lyric had been `` and I wo n't do that '' instead of `` but I wo n't do that . '' It is the use of `` but '' instead of `` and '' that leads to the ambiguity . It sort of is a little puzzle and I guess it goes by - but they 're all great things . ' I wo n't stop doing beautiful things and I wo n't do bad things . ' It 's very noble . I 'm very proud of that song because it 's very much like out of the world of Excalibur . To me , it 's like Sir Lancelot or something - very noble and chivalrous . That 's my favorite song on the record - it 's very ambitious . Meat Loaf believed that the lyrics were unambiguous , but Steinman predicted that they would cause confusion . An early episode of the VH1 program Pop - up Video made this claim at the end of the song 's video : `` Exactly what Meat Loaf wo n't do for love remains a mystery to this day . '' A reviewer writing for AllMusic commented that `` The lyrics build suspense by portraying a romance - consumed lover who pledges to do anything in the name of love except ' that , ' a mysterious thing that he will not specify . '' Frank O'day says the lyrics provide `` an enlightening example of how listeners project their own thoughts , values , and concerns onto the meaning of the song with misconstrued lyrics . '' The phrase `` I would do anything for love but I wo n't do that '' had previously appeared as a spoken interlude in the song `` Getting So Excited , '' released in 1985 by Bonnie Tyler in her album Faster Than the Speed of Night . In this song , the phrase 's meaning is more clear : a woman is refusing an offensive proposal . Steinman produced this record and wrote many of the songs but this song is credited to Alan Gruner . Length ( edit ) Steinman 's songs are usually long , and `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' is no exception . The song is a full 12 minutes , and Steinman was deeply upset when executives advised him that he had to cut it down to get radio play . Manager Allen Kovac warned that any song over five minutes would not be played on radio , saying that if Steinman and the group did not make the cuts then the stations would . Even after they made the cuts , Steinman sent his own version to the stations . The single version was edited down to five minutes and 25 seconds , with the motorcycle introduction omitted . The video version was whittled down to seven minutes and 38 seconds , with part of the motorcycle intro remaining . In the video version and single version , the lengthy instrumental break is completely omitted . In the video and single versions , the refrain is abridged as well ; Lorraine Crosby sings six verses in the complete song . In the video version , the second and third verses are omitted . In the single version , the second , third , and fifth verses are omitted . Recording ( edit ) Lorraine Crosby , a singer from England , was the guest singer , though AllMusic incorrectly attributes the female vocals to Ellen Foley . Crosby and her partner Stuart Emerson had moved to Los Angeles to work with Steinman , who became their manager . He secured them a contract with Meat Loaf 's label MCA . While visiting the company 's studios on Sunset Boulevard , Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf , who was recording `` I 'd Do Anything for Love '' . Crosby recalls , `` In I went and sang it twice and I never thought anything more of it until six months later when I got a phone call saying , ' Would you mind if we used your vocals ? ' '' As Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals , she received no royalties from the song . Cher , Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler had been considered for the role . Tyler , who described Crosby as `` a great friend of mine from Newcastle '' , said : `` Meat Loaf was naughty , really : he gave her no acknowledgement on the album but I think her part really made that song . '' Music video ( edit ) Michael Bay directed the music video . He also directed the videos for `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' and `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' , also from Bat Out of Hell II . Filming took place in Los Angeles County , California in July 1993 ; the opening chase was filmed at Chávez Ravine , with the interior mansion scenes filmed at Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills . The cinematographer was Daniel Pearl , particularly known for filming The Texas Chain Saw Massacre in 1973 . Pearl says that this video `` is one of my personal all - time favorite projects ... I think the cinematography is pure , and it tells a story about the song . '' The video is based on Beauty and the Beast and The Phantom of the Opera . Bob Keane did Meat Loaf 's make - up , which took up to two hours to apply . The make - up was designed to be simple and scary , yet `` with the ability to make him sympathetic . '' It went over budget , and was filmed in 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) heat , across four days . According to one executive , it `` probably had the budget of Four Weddings and a Funeral . '' It is the abridged seven - minute single version , rather than the twelve - minute ( 11 : 58 ) album version . The actress in the video , Dana Patrick , is miming to Crosby 's vocals ; she did the same for Patti Russo 's vocals in the 1995 song `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' . According to the captions aired on Pop - Up Video , Patrick received several offers for record deals after the video aired , from executives who assumed she was actually singing in the video . Synopsis ( edit ) The video 's climax : Dana Patrick , as `` Beauty '' , confronts Meat Loaf , as `` The Beast '' The story begins with the opening credits saying : `` I have travelled across the universe through the years to find her . Sometimes going all the way is just a start . '' We then see `` The Beast '' character -- a deformed man portrayed by Meat Loaf , on a motorbike being chased by police officers and a helicopter . As the chase continues into night , the Beast passes through into a graveyard and into what appears to be a very ornate mausoleum hiding from his pursuers . He mournfully examines his deformed hands and features ; as the officers enter and examine the mausoleum he crashes through the wall with his motorbike and he accidentally knocks down a police officer ( whose shotgun goes off ) and causes one of the chandeliers on the ceiling to fall and kill the officer . In desperation the Beast flees into the nearby woods where he comes across a beautiful woman bathing / cooling herself by a fountain . The woman appears to be in sunny daylight , while the rest of the woods and castle clearly show that it is night - time . The woman looks into a mirror and glimpses the Beast watching her . She turns and he flees leaving only an amulet hanging on a branch . The woman picks it up and pursues him . As she approaches the castle , the Beast is watching her movements through the reflection of his drink . As she comes into the castle the Beast hurriedly removes himself . The woman sits in his chair and rests by the fire . The beast watches her from his hall of mirrors and contemplates approaching her but is ashamed of his appearance . She later is seen having a bath interspersed with the police officers finding the dead officer 's body and preparing to raid the castle . She is later seen trying to sleep while being seduced by 3 vampy women while the Beast sits in a chair ( a reference to Dracula and the Brides ) . The Beast leaves the room and , seeing his reflection , begins to smash up the mirrors . The woman , hearing the noise , comes out and follows him into a presumable living room . The Beast observes her from above and levitates the chair she is sitting on . The Beast , then hearing the officers are near moves away , pulls the chaise back down breaking a lamp . The two run away and the woman removes the Beast 's hood so she can look at him clearly . She accepts him and caresses his face while they embrace . As they pull away , the Beast is returned to his human form , and the two disappear just before the police catch them . The woman and the transformed Beast finally ride off into the sunrise on his motorbike . Use in media ( edit ) In 2013 , the song was covered in an M&M 's commercial which aired during Super Bowl XLVII . The song is featured in the animated comedy Sausage Party and on its soundtrack . In the film the song is performed by an anthropomorphic meatloaf caricature of the singer . It was used in a 2017 commercial for Carvana and in the trailer for the 2018 comedy Blockers . The song also appeared on the EP Fire & Ashes by German symphonic metal band Xandria . On this version , Meat Loaf 's vocal parts are done by Dianne van Giersbergen , while Lorraine Crosby 's vocal parts are done by Valerio Recenti , singer of the Dutch rock band my propane . Track listing ( edit ) The single cover is a cropped version of the painting Leavetaking by fantasy illustrator Michael Whelan , who also painted the Bat Out of Hell II cover . All tracks written by Jim Steinman . UK CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' 7 : 52 2 . `` Back into Hell '' 2 : 45 3 . `` Everything Louder than Everything Else '' ( live ) 9 : 18 US 45 RPM / Cassette single No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( single edit ) 5 : 09 2 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( edit ) 6 : 36 Reception ( edit ) The song reached number one in the charts in 28 countries . In most countries , it was Meat Loaf 's first and only number one solo single . It was number one in the US for five weeks and sold over 1.4 million copies there . In the UK , it topped the singles chart , and at seven minutes and 52 seconds , `` I 'd Do Anything for Love '' becoming the longest song on top there since The Beatles ' hit `` Hey Jude '' . This was then broken when Oasis released their 1997 hit `` All Around the World '' , clocking in at 9 minutes and 20 seconds . In the UK , this was the biggest hit of 1993 , selling 761,200 copies and staying at number one for seven weeks . As a result of its success , `` Bat Out of Hell '' was reissued in the UK , this time reaching the top ten ( which it did not achieve on its first release in 1979 ) , meaning Meat Loaf achieved the rare feat of having two singles in the UK top ten at the same time . In Germany , the song is the 7th best - selling pop hymn ever . Critical reaction was mixed . AllMusic said that `` Meat Loaf sells the borderline - campy lyrics with a full - throated vocal whose stirring sense of conviction brings out the heart hidden behind the clever phrases . '' Meat Loaf won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance , Solo for the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australia Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 United Kingdom United States 36 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 40 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lorraine Crosby 's biography '' . Lorraine Crosby.com . Archived from the original ( archived copy from the Internet Archive ) on 2007 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . ^ Jump up to : Producers : Gina & Jerry Newson ( 1995 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Marketing Meat Loaf '' . The Music Biz . Season 1 . Episode 4 . BBC2 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , Anne ( 2007 ) . `` Media myths in popular love songs '' . In Galician , Mary - Lou ; Merskin , Debra L. Critical thinking about Sex , love , and romance in the mass media : media literacy applications . London : Routledge . pp. 155 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5615 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( commentary ) ( 2004 ) . Meat Loaf Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( DVD ) . Melbourne : Warner Music Vision . ^ Jump up to : `` Meat Loaf '' , VH1 Storytellers , ( DVD ) Jump up ^ Jim Steinman ( 1993 ) . Back into Hell : Meat Loaf & Jim Steinman interview ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ `` The Artist 's Mind '' . jimsteinman.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Loaf , Meat ; David Dalton ( 2000 ) . To Hell and Back : An Autobiography . London : Virgin Publishing . pp. 203 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0443 - X . Jimmy always said , `` You know what ? Nobody 's gon na get it . '' And he was right . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 5 '' . Pop - up Video . VH1 . ^ Jump up to : Guarisco , Donald A. `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Video available on Bat out of Hell II : Collector 's Edition , Virgin ^ Jump up to : Holt , Pauline ( Dec 7 , 2003 ) . `` All on her own '' . Sunday Sun . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Heatley , Michael ( June 2001 ) . `` Classic careers : Bonnie Tyler '' . Classic Rock # 28 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Looks Forward to Future , 25 Years after Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . International Cinematographers Guild . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( 1993 ) . Back into Hell : Meat Loaf & Jim Steinman interview ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf Sings In ' Sausage Party ' & It 's As Hilarious As You 'd Expect '' . Bustle. 2016 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Leavetaking '' . Gallery Collection . The Art of Michael Whelan . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) ( Alex CD Single ) - Meat Loaf Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly World News '' . 15 ( 10 ) . Dec 7 , 1993 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . songfacts.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RTL Fernsehprogramm von heute - aktuelles TV Programm '' . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Rock Vocal Solo Performance '' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 16 , October 30 , 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Meat Loaf Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 21.10. 1993 - 27.10. 1993 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 45 , 1993 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` ( Is This the Way to ) Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Do_Anything_for_Love_(But_I_Won%27t_Do_That)&oldid=855315403 '' Categories : 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Meat Loaf songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Jim Steinman UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hard rock ballads Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman Music videos directed by Michael Bay MCA Records singles 1993 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Magyar Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 12 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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-7994158554831920660	Over the Hedge (film)	Over the Hedge ( film ) - wikipedia Over the Hedge ( film ) Over the Hedge Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Johnson Karey Kirkpatrick Produced by Bonnie Arnold Screenplay by Len Blum Lorne Cameron David Hoselton Karey Kirkpatrick Based on Over the Hedge by Michael Fry T. Lewis Starring Bruce Willis Garry Shandling Steve Carell William Shatner Wanda Sykes Nick Nolte Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Edited by John K. Carr Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 30 ) ( Los Angeles premiere ) May 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $336 million Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer - animated comedy film , based on the characters from the United Media comic strip of the same name . Directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick , and produced by Bonnie Arnold , it was released in the United States on May 19 , 2006 . The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed through Paramount Pictures . The film features the voices of Bruce Willis , Garry Shandling , Steve Carell , William Shatner , Wanda Sykes , and Nick Nolte . This was the first DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures , which acquired the live - action DreamWorks studio in 2006 . The film earned $336 million on an $80 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Accolades 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 Video games 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) While scavenging for food , RJ the raccoon enters the cave of Vincent the bear , who has a wagon full of human food taken from a nearby rest stop . RJ accidentally wakes Vincent from his hibernation , and in a race to escape , causes the stash to roll out onto the nearby highway and get run over by a large truck . To avoid being eaten himself , RJ promises Vincent that he will completely replace the stash within the week . RJ heads towards a recently built suburban housing development in Chesterton , Indiana , separated from a forest glade by a large hedge . There he discovers a pack of animals recently awoken from their hibernation , led by Verne the turtle ; the others include squirrel Hammy , skunk Stella , porcupines Penny and Lou , along with their triplet sons , Spike , Bucky and Quillo ; and opossum Ozzie and his daughter Heather . The animals are scared , as the development had been built during their hibernation and they fear they will be unable to forage for food in the small glade . RJ shows them the amount of food humans consume and waste and suggests they forage from the humans . Verne is hesitant but the other animals acquiesce . They make bold attempts to steal food directly from the humans , with RJ secretly guiding them to help collect the food he needs to replace Vincent 's stash . When the animals raid the trash cans of the homeowners - association chairwoman Gladys Sharp , she calls an animal exterminator named Dwayne LaFontant , who offers to install in her backyard an illegal , lethal trap called the `` Depelter Turbo '' . Verne sees this and tries to warn the others , but RJ insists they will be okay . Fearing for the safety of the pack , Verne attempts to return what they stole ; he and RJ argue , causing a small rampage through the development and destroying the stash RJ had collected for Vincent . After a brief argument , RJ and Verne make up and RJ rallies the others to raid Gladys ' home directly on the night before a large party . With Stella disguised as a cat to distract Gladys ' own cat , Tiger , the others enter Gladys ' home and collect all the food . RJ inadvertently reveals his duplicity to the animals , just as they are discovered by Gladys who calls Dwayne . RJ escapes with the food for Vincent but leaves the other animals to be captured by Dwayne . As RJ returns the food to Vincent , he sees Dwayne 's truck drive by and , consumed by remorse , uses the food to knock the truck off the road , enraging Vincent . Dwayne is knocked out while the animals get free , and Spike , Bucky and Quillo use skills they learned from a videogame to drive the truck back to the development . RJ pleads to be let in the truck as Vincent tries to catch him , but the others , angry at his treachery , refuse . Verne convinces the group to forgive RJ since he came back to save them . They return the truck to the development , crashing through Gladys ' home , and the animals flee into the hedge . Gladys and Dwayne converge on the animals from one side with a String trimmer and a Cattle prod respectively , while Vincent tries to swipe at them from the other . To escape , RJ gives Hammy a caffeinated beverage , allowing the hyperactive squirrel to move incredibly fast . Hammy is able to manipulate Dwayne into capturing Vincent , causing Vincent , Gladys , and Dwayne to be trapped by the Depelter Turbo while the animals escape . The police and animal control arrive , and Vincent is sent to the Rocky Mountains while Gladys is arrested for using the Turbo . Dwayne escapes when Gladys gets arrested only to get bitten by Nugent . RJ and Verne apologize to each other , and RJ is brought into the group , as is Tiger , who became infatuated with Stella even after learning she was a skunk . Verne realizes they have not had a chance to forage for food until Hammy reveals that while sped up , he had been able to collect enough nuts for them all to last the year . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis at the film 's premiere at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival Bruce Willis as RJ , a raccoon who is duplicitous , selfish , and extremely intelligent . Despite his hard outer shell , he is revealed to have a sensitive personality , developing feelings of guilt over using his new - found companions to his own ends . Garry Shandling as Verne , a naturally cynical ornate box turtle , the leader of the foragers . He has his own ways of doing the daily tasks , but his world is turned upside - down when RJ introduces his free - spirited lifestyle into the mix . Though Verne genuinely cares for his family , he tends to condescend to them . A couple of running gags throughout the film are everyone calling him an amphibian and him correcting them with reptile ( though Dwayne already knew he was a reptile , but first mistook him as an amphibian ) , as well as his shell constantly falling off . Steve Carell as Hammy , a hyperactive American red squirrel , whose mouth moves as fast as his feet and loves cookies . He is naive and childish in nature , with an extremely short attention span . The double entendre of Hammy 's constantly trying to find his nuts is a third running gag in the film . Wanda Sykes as Stella , a short - tempered , sassy striped skunk who is constantly being told by the other foragers that she needs a man in her life . Eugene Levy as Lou , a North American porcupine father and family patriarch with an overly friendly and optimistic attitude . Catherine O'Hara as Penny , the porcupine family mother and matriarch ; she serves as a ground between their family and the other animals . Shane Baumel , Sami Kirkpatrick , and Madison Davenport as Spike , Bucky and Quillo , Lou and Penny ′ s three identical children . They 're big on video games and are the most enthusiastic about exploring the world beyond the hedge . Avril Lavigne at the film 's premiere at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival William Shatner and Avril Lavigne as Ozzie and Heather , a Virginia opossum father and daughter who see the world from different points of view ; Ozzie often embarrasses Heather when he feigns death to get away from danger . Omid Djalili as Tiger , a Persian cat whose sense of smell has faded to nothing after years of his `` beautiful '' evolution , and his full Persian name is `` Prince Tigerius Mahmoud Shabazz . '' He falls in love with Stella , who 's disguised as a cat for distracting him while the group steals food from Gladys ' house , and comes to live with her at the end of the film . Nick Nolte as Vincent , an American black bear whom RJ owes food and whose barbaric behavior intimidates him . He used to be friends with RJ until he had tried to steal his food and then losing it in traffic . He makes a cameo in Bee Movie . Allison Janney as Gladys Sharp , a human and president of the Camelot Estates Home Owners Association . She is disgusted by animals and is strict on H.O.A. rules . At the end , Gladys is arrested for using an illegal animal trap called a Depelter Turbo . Thomas Haden Church as Dwayne LaFontant , an over-zealous human pest exterminator hired by Gladys . He is often fooled by plastic garden flamingos , but has an innate sense of the animals surrounding him by sniffing and then killing them . Through this , he can detect the species of any animal that has recently been in the area . He spoofs the Terminator . Brian Stepanek as Nugent , a playful Rottweiler whose only intelligible word is `` Play ! '' , other than barking . Two minor human characters , appearing during the dog chase scene , were voiced by Lee Bienstock and Sean Yazbeck , two participants on The Apprentice 5 as part of a reward for winning a task . In July 2002 , Jim Carrey announced he would co-star with Shandling in Over the Hedge . In October 2004 , however , he left the project and was replaced with Willis . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On opening weekend , the film was in second place to The DaVinci Code , but its gross of $38,457,003 did not quite live up to DreamWorks Animation 's other titles released over the past few years . The film had a per - theater average of $9,474 from 4,059 theaters . In its second weekend , the film dropped 30 % to $27,063,774 for a $6,612 average from an expanded 4,093 theaters and finishing third , behind X-Men : The Last Stand and The DaVinci Code . Since it was Memorial Day Weekend , the film grossed a total of $35,322,115 over the four - day weekend , resulting in only an 8 % slide . In its third weekend , the film held well with a 24 % drop to $20,647,284 and once again placing in third behind The Break - Up and X-Men : The Last Stand , for a $5,170 average from 3,993 theaters . The film closed on September 4 , 2006 after 112 days of release , grossing $155,019,340 in the United States and Canada , along with $180,983,656 overseas for a worldwide total of $336,002,996 . Produced on an $80 million budget , the film was a commercial success . Critical response ( edit ) On the film - critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has received 75 % positive reviews , based on 168 reviews with an average of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Even if it 's not an animation classic , Over the Hedge is clever and fun , and the jokes cater to family members of all ages . '' On another aggregator , Metacritic , the film has a rating of 67 / 100 , indicating `` generally favorable . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critic Frank Lovece of Film Journal International found that , `` DreamWorks ' slapstick animated adaptation of the philosophically satiric comic strip ... is a lot of laughs and boasts a much tighter story than most animated features . '' Ken Fox of TVGuide.com called it `` a sly satire of American ' enough is never enough ' consumerism and blind progress at the expense of the environment . It 's also very funny , and the little woodland critters that make up the cast are a kiddie - pleasing bunch '' . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Recipients and nominees Outcome Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Character Animation in a Feature Production Kristof Serrand Nominated Character Design in a Feature Production Nicolas Marlet Won Directing in a Feature Production Tim Johnson & Karey Kirkpatrick Won Production Design in a Feature Production Paul Shardlow Nominated Storyboarding in a Feature Production Thom Enriquez Nominated Gary Graham Won Voice Acting in a Feature Production Wanda Sykes Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Animated Movie Nominated Voice From an Animated Movie Bruce Willis Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated FIlm Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Toronto Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Release ( edit ) Co-director Karey Kirkpatrick and producer Bonnie Arnold in 2006 promoting the film . The film was screened as a `` work - in - progress '' on April 29 , 2006 , at the Indianapolis International Film Festival , and it premiered on April 30 , 2006 , in Los Angeles . Nick Nolte , Bruce Willis , Avril Lavigne , Garry Shandling , Wanda Sykes , Catherine O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere . The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19 , 2006 . In select New York and Los Angeles theatres , it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation 's animated short film First Flight . The film was also screened out of competition on May 21 , 2006 , at the Cannes Film Festival . Home media ( edit ) Over the Hedge was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation 's newly formed Home Entertainment division on October 17 , 2006 . A short film based on Over the Hedge , titled Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure , was released with the DVD . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack for the film was released on May 16 , 2006 by Epic Records . Rupert Gregson - Williams composed an original score , while Ben Folds contributed three original songs , along with a rewrite of his song `` Rockin ' the Suburbs '' and a cover of The Clash 's `` Lost in the Supermarket . '' Over the Hedge : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released May 16 , 2006 Length 48 : 45 Label Epic Records / Sony Music Soundtrax Producer Hans Zimmer Track list : No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Family of Me '' Ben Folds 1 : 28 2 . `` RJ Enters the Cave '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 4 : 37 3 . `` The Family Awakes '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 2 : 33 4 . `` Heist '' Ben Folds 3 : 02 5 . `` Lost in the Supermarket '' Ben Folds ( Originally by The Clash ) 3 : 30 6 . `` Let 's Call It Steve '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 3 : 40 7 . `` Hammy Time '' Michael Whitlock 2 : 28 8 . `` Still '' Ben Folds 2 : 38 9 . `` Play ? '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 1 : 49 10 . `` Rockin ' the Suburbs '' Ben Folds ( Featuring a speaking part by William Shatner ) 4 : 57 11 . `` The Inside Heist '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 7 : 38 12 . `` RJ Rescues His Family '' Rupert Gregson - Williams 4 : 18 13 . `` Still ( Reprise ) '' Ben Folds 6 : 07 Total length : 48 : 45 Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Over the Hedge ( video game ) and Over the Hedge ( DS game ) See also : Over the Hedge : Hammy Goes Nuts ! A video game based on the film was released on May 9 , 2006 . Developed by Edge of Reality , Beenox and Vicarious Visions it was published by Activision for PlayStation 2 , Microsoft Windows , Xbox , GameCube , Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance . Three different versions of Over the Hedge : Hammy Goes Nuts ! were released by Activision in the fall of 2006 : a miniature golf game for Game Boy Advance , an action adventure game for Nintendo DS , and a platform game for PlayStation Portable . Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Over the Hedge '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrity Circuit - ' Over The Hedge ' Premieres '' . CBSNews. April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Hedge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Hedge '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation SKG ( February 1 , 2006 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Begins New Distribution Deal With Paramount Pictures '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziebarth , Christian ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Over the Hedge : review , interviews , and production notes '' . Animated Views . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziebarth , Christian ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` Bee Movie Fun Facts '' . Animated Views . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Vincent the bear from Over the Hedge appears in both a trailer for Bee Movie and in the courtroom scene in the film . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Over the Hedge Lands on DVD With New Hammy Short '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( October 27 , 2006 ) . `` Over the Hedge Critters Prove Popular on Discs '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Lee and Sean record Over the Hedge cameos and Sean kisses Hollywood ass '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Carrey will costar with Garry Shandling in Over the Hedge '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 16 , 2002 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willis Replaces Carrey in Over the Hedge '' . Animation World Network . October 25 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May 19 - 21 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Over the Hedge - Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 26 - 28 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` May 26 - 29 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June 2 - 4 , 2006 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Hedge '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Over the Hedge Review . TVGuide.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Nominations and Awards Recipients '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` ' United 93 ' was Critics ' Choice Awards ' second - best picture '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gervich , Chad ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards grows up '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Online critics nominate favorites '' . Variety . January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Josh ( February 20 , 2007 ) . `` Saturn Awards Correct Oscar Error '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Award Winners '' . Toronto Film Critics Association . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Hedge '' . Indianapolis International Film Festival . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dreamworks Animation Plans a New Animated Short Film to Soar With `` Over the Hedge '' in NY & LA '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) . Festival de Cannes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend At Cannes - ' Over The Hedge ' '' . CBS News . May 2006 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Over the Hedge Trims Up '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Epic Records ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` Ben Folds Brings a Magical Sound to a Suburban Backyard in the ` Over the Hedge ' Film Soundtrack Releasing on May 16th '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Activision ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Find Out What Awaits Over the Hedge ( TM ) in Activision 's New Video Game , Available Now at Retail Stores Nationwide '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Activision Begins Shipment of Over the Hedge TM : Hammy Goes Nuts ! '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Over the Hedge . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Over the Hedge Official website Over the Hedge on IMDb Over the Hedge at The Big Cartoon DataBase Over the Hedge at AllMovie Over the Hedge at Box Office Mojo Over the Hedge at Rotten Tomatoes hide Over the Hedge Franchise Comic strip Film Short film Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure Video games Over the Hedge Over the Hedge ( DS game ) Hammy Goes Nuts ! Creators Michael Fry T. Lewis DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 - 2017 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 - 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 - 2018 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( since 2018 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Harvey Street Kids ( 2018 ) Kung Fu Panda : The Paws of Destiny ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) She - Ra and the Princesses of Power ( 2018 ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Fast & Furious ( TBA ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Pearl Studio Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects Films directed by Karey Kirkpatrick Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) GND : 7540670 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Over_the_Hedge_(film)&oldid=846389284 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2006 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy films American films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American heist films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about animals Animated films about reptiles and amphibians Animated films about squirrels Animated films based on comics Annie Award winners Directorial debut films DreamWorks Animation animated films Films about suburbia Films about turtles Films based on comic strips Films directed by Tim Johnson Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Films set in Indiana Films using computer - generated imagery Paramount Pictures animated films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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-3254059069545270065	Lok Sabha	Lok Sabha - Wikipedia Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61750 ; 77.20833 Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of the seats . Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) Political groups Government coalition ( 335 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 335 ) BJP ( 275 ) SS ( 18 ) TDP ( 16 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) NPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 210 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 49 ) INC ( 45 ) IUML ( 2 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 6 ) RJD ( 2 ) INLD ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 144 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 33 ) BJD ( 20 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) YSRCP ( 9 ) NCP ( 6 ) SP ( 5 ) AAP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( 1 ) Others ( 11 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 8 ) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website loksabha.gov.in The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the Lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution of India is 552 , which is made up by election of up to 530 members to represent the states ; up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo - Indian Community to be nominated by the President of India , if , in his / her opinion , that community is not adequately represented in the House . Under the current laws , the strength of Lok Sabha is 545 , including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo - Indian community . The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population . A total of 131 seats ( 18.42 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending , in any case , beyond a period of six months after the proclamation has ceased to operate . An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001 . This exercise , which was supposed to be carried out after every census , was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects on the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date . The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Qualifications 3 Powers 4 Procedure 4.1 Procedure in the House 4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings 4.3 Question Hour / Zero Hour 4.4 Business after Question Hour 4.5 Main Business 4.5. 1 Legislative Business 4.5. 2 Financial Business 4.5. 3 Motions and Resolutions 4.6 Half - an - Hour Discussion 4.7 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance 4.8 Debate in the House 4.8. 1 Division 4.9 Automatic Vote Recording System 4.10 Publication of Debates 5 Officers of Lok Sabha 6 Composition by states and territories 7 Lok Sabha general elections 8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Indian Independence Act , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion . The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan . According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) . The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 . Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014 Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows : He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country . However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament : If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act . A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances : ( during normal functioning of the House ) When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' . Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution ; A person can not be : ( 1 ) a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other. ( 2 ) a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State . System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions : Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state . Note : The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census ( 2001 Census ) of which relevant figure have been published . Powers ( edit ) The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha . Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate . In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper . Procedure ( edit ) Procedure in the House ( edit ) The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure . Sessions and time of sittings ( edit ) Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year : Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December . When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays . Question Hour / Zero Hour ( edit ) The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission . Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains . The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour . Zero Hour : The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards . Business after question Hour ( edit ) After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced . Main business ( edit ) The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion . Legislative business ( edit ) Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president . Financial business ( edit ) The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year . Motions and resolutions ( edit ) Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on . Half - an - Hour discussion ( edit ) A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting . Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ( edit ) Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion . Debate in the House ( edit ) After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member . Division ( edit ) A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Automatic vote Recording system ( edit ) With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . For casting a vote each member present in the Chamber has to press a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in his seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two Indicator Boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's Chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries . Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , Divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear on this Board also . Immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates . Publication of Debates ( edit ) Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared viz. , the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version all Questions asked and Answers given thereto in Hindi and the speeches made in Hindi as also verbatim Hindi translation of Questions and Answers and of speeches made in English or in regional languages . The English version contains Lok Sabha proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually take place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages . If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha . Officers of Lok Sabha ( edit ) Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , the lower House of the Indian Parliament , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . As such , no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker . The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution . A Speaker or a Deputy Speaker , should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , c ) removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority . The Speaker of Lok Sabha is at once a member of the House and also its Presiding Officer . The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in the house . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 - 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff . Composition by states and territories ( edit ) Main article : List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Subdivision Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42 Lok Sabha general elections ( edit ) Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows : Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 11 October 2017 ) : Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 335 Bharatiya Janata Party 275 Shiv Sena 18 Telugu Desam Party 16 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party All India N.R. Congress Naga People 's Front National Peoples Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 49 Indian National Congress 45 Indian Union Muslim League Kerala Congress ( M ) Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Janata Dal ( Secular ) Other Parties Seats : 144 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 33 Biju Janata Dal 20 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 YSR Congress Party 9 Nationalist Congress Party 6 Samajwadi Party 5 Aam Aadmi Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Gurdaspur , Ajmer , Uluberia , Alwar , Araria , Phulpur and Gorakhpur constituencies . 8 Total 545 See also ( edit ) List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Parliament of India Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No LoP post for Congress '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parliament of India : Lok Sabha '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 39 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 83 . p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A decade from now , three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to LokSabha Website '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Freedom Struggle ( 1857 - 1947 ) - Culture and Heritage - Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 79 . p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . pp. 46 , 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Laxmikant polity Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Introduction '' . National Informatics Centre , Government of India . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha . 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1241696508533604098	A Quiet Place (film)	A Quiet Place ( film ) - wikipedia A Quiet Place ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Quiet Place Theatrical release poster Directed by John Krasinski Produced by Michael Bay Andrew Form Brad Fuller Screenplay by Bryan Woods Scott Beck John Krasinski Story by Bryan Woods Scott Beck Starring Emily Blunt John Krasinski Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Christopher Tellefsen Production companies Platinum Dunes Sunday Night Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( SXSW ) April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $17 - 21 million Box office $312.5 million A Quiet Place is a 2018 American horror film directed by John Krasinski , who stars alongside his real - life spouse Emily Blunt . The film is produced by Michael Bay 's company , Platinum Dunes , which is also run by Andrew Form and Bradley Fuller . Scott Beck and Bryan Woods began working on the story in 2014 , and Paramount Pictures bought their spec script in 2017 . Krasinski then joined as a director and wrote a new draft of the script . Principal photography took place later in the year in upstate New York . In A Quiet Place , a family must live life in silence while hiding from creatures which hunt exclusively by sound . A Quiet Place premiered at South by Southwest on March 9 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on April 6 , 2018 , by Paramount Pictures . It has become a major box office hit , grossing over $312 million worldwide and received acclaim from critics , who called it a `` smart , wickedly frightening good time . '' A sequel is currently in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Sound and music 3.4 Use of sign language 3.5 Creature design 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Box office forecast 5.2 Theatrical run 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 7 Commentary and themes 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Over three months in 2020 , most of Earth 's human population has been wiped out by sightless creatures with hypersensitive hearing and a seemingly impenetrable armored shell that attack anything that makes noise . The Abbott family -- husband Lee , wife Evelyn , congenitally deaf daughter Regan , and sons Marcus and Beau -- silently scavenge for supplies in a deserted town . Though skilled in American Sign Language , the family must nonetheless be vigilant lest they make accidental noise . Four - year - old Beau is drawn to a battery - operated space shuttle toy , but his father takes it away . Regan returns the toy to Beau , who unbeknownst to her has also taken the batteries his father removed . Beau activates the shuttle when the family is walking home through the woods , near a bridge . Its noise makes him an instant target for a nearby creature , and he is swiftly killed . A year later , Regan still struggles with guilt over her brother 's death , Evelyn is in the final stages of pregnancy , and Lee is fruitlessly trying to make radio contact with the outside world . Lee attempts to upgrade Regan 's cochlear implant to apparently restore her hearing , but the device fails . Later , Lee takes Marcus to a nearby river to teach him to fish while Regan visits Beau 's grave . Lee explains to Marcus that they will always be safe from the creatures so long as louder sounds mask their audible movements . Alone at the house , Evelyn goes into labor . While making her way to their specially modified soundproof basement , she steps on a large nail . In pain , she accidentally drops a glass picture frame and alerts a nearby creature . Evelyn flips a switch that changes the exterior house lights to red as a danger signal to the others , and struggles to remain silent during her contractions . Arriving at the farm and seeing the lights , Lee instructs Marcus to set off fireworks as a diversion . He finds Evelyn hiding in the bathroom with their newborn son . The baby starts crying , attracting a creature , and they narrowly avoid another attack on the way to the basement . Lee leaves to find the other children , after promising Evelyn he will protect them . Evelyn falls asleep but wakes to discover that the basement is flooded with water from a broken pipe and that a creature is stalking her . Regan hurries back to the farm . She and Marcus take refuge atop a grain silo , lighting a fire to alert their father to their whereabouts . However , they run out of lighter fluid and the fire dies down , causing Lee to assume that they are n't there . A hatch door gives way and Marcus falls into the silo . He sinks into the corn and nearly suffocates , but Regan jumps in and saves him . They avoid further danger by clinging to the fallen silo door and survive a subsequent creature attack by hiding under it . Regan 's repaired cochlear implant reacts to the proximity of the creature by emitting a piercingly - loud high - frequency sound that drives the creature away . The children escape from the silo and reunite with Lee . The creature returns and Lee attacks it with a ranger 's axe called a Pulaski , while Marcus and Regan hide in a pickup truck . Lee is wounded and Marcus shouts , attracting the creature to the truck . Lee uses sign language to tell Regan and Marcus that he loves them before sacrificing himself by yelling to draw the creature away from his children . Regan and Marcus roll the truck down a hill to escape and reunite with Evelyn and the baby at the farmhouse . Regan , who was not allowed in the basement previously , sees her father 's notes on the creatures and on his experimentation with several different implants . When the creature returns to invade the basement , Regan places the boosted implant on a nearby microphone , magnifying the feedback to ward off the creature . Painfully disoriented , the creature exposes the flesh beneath its armored head , and Evelyn shoots the creature in the head with a shotgun , killing it and destroying its head . The family views a CCTV monitor , showing two creatures attracted by the noise of the shotgun blast approaching the house . With their newly acquired knowledge of the creatures ' weakness , the members of the family arm themselves and prepare to fight back . Cast ( edit ) Emily Blunt as Evelyn Abbott , wife of Lee , and the mother to their three children , Regan , Marcus , and Beau . She is a doctor and is pregnant with their fourth child at the start of the film . Krasinski describes her character as wanting to ensure that their children `` be fully - formed , fully - thinking people . '' John Krasinski , as Lee Abbott , an engineer , husband of Evelyn , and the father of Regan , Marcus , and Beau . Krasinski described his character as a survivalist who focuses on getting his family through each day . Millicent Simmonds as Regan Abbott , Lee and Evelyn 's deaf daughter , and Marcus and Beau 's sister . Krasinski said he sought a deaf actress , `` ... for many reasons , I did n't want a non-deaf actress pretending to be deaf . Most importantly though , because a deaf actress would help my knowledge and my understanding of the situations tenfold . I wanted someone who lives it and who could teach me about it on set . '' Noah Jupe as Marcus Abbott , the oldest son of Lee and Evelyn , and Regan and Beau 's brother . Krasinski noticed Jupe in the 2016 miniseries The Night Manager and later saw an early screening of the 2017 film Suburbicon to evaluate Jupe 's performance . Cade Woodward as Beau Abbott , the younger son of Lee and Evelyn . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) A Quiet Place is a production of Sunday Night and Platinum Dunes ; it was produced on a budget of $17 million . Krasinski wrote the screenplay with story co-writers Scott Beck and Bryan Woods . Beck and Woods grew up together in the US state of Iowa , and had watched numerous silent films in college . By 2013 , they began working on the story that would lead to the film . They used their experience growing up close to farmland as the basis , including a grain silo setting as a place considered dangerous in their upbringing . They initiated their approach with a 15 - page proof of concept . Initially , the writers had considered developing the film into a Cloverfield installment , but after pitching their ideas to the studio collectively , all of those involved decided to keep the film its own entity . In January 2016 , Beck and Woods began writing A Quiet Place in earnest . Krasinski read their spec script the following July . The concept of parents protecting their children appealed to him , especially as his second child with actress Emily Blunt had just been born . Blunt encouraged him to direct the film . By March 2017 , Paramount had bought Beck and Woods 's spec script . The studio hired Krasinski to rewrite the script and direct the film , which was his third directorial credit and his first for a major studio . Krasinski cited cinematic influences including Alien ( 1979 ) , No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) , and In the Bedroom ( 2001 ) when writing a new draft . Initially , Blunt did n't want to be cast in the film but after reading it on the plane , she immediately told her husband `` I need to do it , '' . He agreed , and they were both cast in the starring roles of the film . Filming ( edit ) The Springtown Truss Bridge on the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail , used as a location in the film Production took place from May to November 2017 in Dutchess and Ulster counties in upstate New York . Filmmakers spent their budget locally , including a purchase of 20 tons of corn , which they hired local farmers to grow . Some filming took place on a soundstage in the town of Pawling in Dutchess County , as well as on - location in the county 's city of Beacon . Filming also took place on the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail in New Paltz of Ulster County , using the Springtown Truss Bridge . Outside Dutchess and Ulster counties , filming took place on Main Street in Little Falls in Herkimer County , New York . Sound and music ( edit ) During filming , the crew avoided making noise so diegetic synchronized sounds ( e.g. , the sound of rolling dice on a game board ) could be recorded ; the sounds were amplified in post-production . A traditional musical score was also added , which Krasinski justified in wanting audiences to remain familiar with watching a mainstream film , and not feel like part of a `` silence experiment . '' Supervising sound editors Erik Aadahl and Ethan Van der Ryn worked on A Quiet Place . For scenes from the perspective of the deaf daughter , sound was removed to put greater focus on the visual . They also advised on organizing shots to reflect the creatures ' perspective , like showing them notice a sound , then showing what was causing the sound . Composer Marco Beltrami provided the sound editors music to work with in a way that would not interfere with the sound design throughout the film . In the film , creatures are blind and communicate through clicking sounds . Aadahl and Van der Ryn said they were inspired by animal echolocation , such as that employed by bats . The sound of feedback , normally avoided by sound editors , was woven into the story at a loudness level that would not bother audiences too much . Use of sign language ( edit ) Since the characters communicate in American Sign Language to avoid making sound , filmmakers hired deaf mentor Douglas Ridloff to teach ASL to the actors and to be available to make corrections . The filmmakers also hired an ASL interpreter for deaf actress Simmonds , so that spoken and signed language could be interpreted back and forth on set . Simmonds , who grew up with ASL , helped teach her fellow actors to sign . She said of the need to practice ASL , `` In the movie , we 've been signing together for years and years . So it should look fluent . '' She observed that the way the others used their sign language reflected their characters ' motivations ; the father had short and brief signs that showed his survival mentality , while the mother had more expressive signs as part of her wanting her children to experience more than survival . Krasinski said Simmonds 's character was `` a little bit of the warrior princess , the black sheep in the family , '' and that she used `` signing that 's very defiant , it 's very teenage defiant . '' Simmonds said that for a scene in which her character fights with her father in sign language , she suggested for the daughter to rebel rather than cower as in the script . She also said that at the end of the film , the script originally had the father sign to his daughter `` I love you , '' but she suggested for him to follow with `` I 've always loved you '' to make up for their arguing earlier in the film . The producers Andrew Form and Bradley Fuller said they initially planned not to provide on - screen subtitles for sign - language dialogue with `` context clues , '' but realized that for the scene in which the deaf daughter and her hearing father argue about the modified hearing aid , subtitles were necessary . The producers subsequently added subtitles for all sign - language dialogue in the film . Producer Brad Fuller said , `` And I think once you put one subtitle in , you subtitle the whole movie . You do n't take liberties like , ' Oh they probably know what I love you is , but we do n't subtitle it . ' It 's just gon na live everywhere and that 's the world we live by . '' Creature design ( edit ) Production designer Jeffrey Beecroft headed the creature design , and special effects supervisor Scott Farrar created the creatures . The director wanted the creatures to look like they had evolved to no longer need eyes , and to be `` somewhat humanoid '' in nature . Farrar said the initial creature design showed them with rhinoceros - like horns out of their faces , later redesigned . Vanity Fair reported , `` The team immediately set about pulling references ; prehistoric fish , black snakes , and bats , particularly their movement patterns . Inspiration was also drawn from bog people : cadavers that have been mummified in peat , turning the skin black and giving it a sagging , leathery look . '' Marketing ( edit ) Paramount Pictures released the first trailer for A Quiet Place in November 2017 . It aired a 30 - second commercial for the film during the US football playoff Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . Of the seven trailers that aired during the playoff , A Quiet Place and Red Sparrow were shown during the pregame and had the lowest views and social conversations . A Quiet Place had 149,000 views on YouTube , 275,000 videos on Facebook , and 2,900 social conversations . On February 12 , 2018 , Krasinski appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to present the full trailer for A Quiet Place . Release ( edit ) A Quiet Place premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival as the opening - night film on March 9 , 2018 . It was selected from 2,458 submissions , and earned `` raves '' from critics , according to IndieWire . Following its premiere , the film experienced social media growth to under 52 million views across multiple platforms , outpacing Get Out ( 2017 ) , which had 46.9 million views . Box Office forecast ( edit ) The Tracking Board reported on March 14 , `` The stellar reviews out of SXSW , coupled with the fact that there is n't anything like it in the marketplace , should help it stand out among its bigger - budget competition . '' Deadline Hollywood said on March 15 that the film was projected to gross around $20 million in its opening weekend . Variety reported on March 27 that the film `` is tracking to open between '' $16 million and $30 million , which reached a basement of low - $20 million by the week of its release . BoxOffice initially estimated on February 9 , 2018 that A Quiet Place would gross $17 million in its opening weekend , and that it would gross a total of $60 million in the United States . By March 30 , it increased its estimate to an opening weekend gross of $27.5 million and a US total gross of $85 million . The magazine said the film 's trailer was well - received online and that it appeared frequently in previews for Star Wars : The Last Jedi . BoxOffice wrote , `` The horror genre has also shown a knack for over-performing against expectations at the box office in recent years , setting this release up for potential success . '' It added that A Quiet Place would have to compete against another horror film , Truth or Dare , which would be released the following weekend . The magazine 's staff drew `` very favorable '' comparisons between A Quiet Place and the 2016 films 10 Cloverfield Lane and Do n't Breathe . Theatrical run ( edit ) A Quiet Place was first commercially released in theaters in the first week of April 2018 in multiple territories , including North America . As of May 28 , 2018 , A Quiet Place has grossed $180.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $131.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $312.5 million . Paramount Pictures released the film in 3,508 theaters in the United States and Canada on April 6 , 2018 , alongside Blockers , Chappaquiddick , and The Miracle Season . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 81 % overall positive score and a 63 % `` definite recommend . '' The film made $19 million on its first day ( including $4.3 million from Thursday night previews at 2,750 theaters ) , increasing weekend projections to $47 million . Unlike most horror films , which are front - loaded on Friday and suffer drops the rest of the weekend , A Quiet Place made $19.1 million on Saturday . It went on to debut to $50.2 million , topping the box office and marking the biggest opening for a Paramount film since Star Trek Beyond in July 2016 . To that point , it was second biggest domestic debut of 2018 , behind Black Panther . The film made $32.9 million in its second weekend , dropping 34 % ( better than the 50 + % that horror films normally see ) and finishing second at the box office , behind newcomer Rampage ( $35.7 million ) . The hold represented the second - best - ever second weekend for a scary movie behind It . The film regained the top spot the following week , grossing $20.9 million ( a 36 % drop ) , but dropped back down to second place the following weekend behind newcomer Avengers : Infinity War with $10.7 million . Through its first two weeks of international release , the film had made $51.7 million , with its top markets being the United Kingdom ( $9.2 million ) , Mexico ( $5.1 million ) , Australia ( $4.6 million ) , Brazil ( $3.9 million ) , Indonesia ( $3.4 million ) and Taiwan ( $1.9 million ) . It also debuted to $2.2 million in Russia , the biggest - ever opening for a Paramount horror film in the country . In its third weekend overseas , it dip only 37 % for a $15 million from 57 markets . In its fourth weekend in international markets , it grossed $6.6 million . As of May 20 , 2018 , the film 's largest markets were United Kingdom ( $16.3 million ) , Australia ( $9.3 million ) , Mexico ( $7.5 million ) and Brazil ( $6.9 million ) . The film was released in China on May 18 and made $17.7 million from 8,731 screens in its opening weekend . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 95 % based on 264 reviews , and an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A Quiet Place artfully plays on elemental fears with a ruthlessly intelligent creature feature that 's as original as it is scary -- and establishes director John Krasinski as a rising talent . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 , based on 55 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` The question Krasinski tackles is what defines a family and what 's needed to preserve it ? ' Who are we , ' asks Mom , ' if we ca n't protect our children ? ' The answers are worked out with satisfying complexity and genuine feeling , proving indeed that home is where family is . This new horror classic will fry your nerves to a frazzle . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's John DeFore described the film as `` a terrifying thriller with a surprisingly warm heart '' and said , `` You might have to go back to Jeff Nichols ' 2011 Take Shelter to find a film that has used the fantastic this well to convey the combination of fear and responsibility a good parent feels . '' Variety 's Owen Gleiberman said , `` A Quiet Place is a tautly original genre - bending exercise , technically sleek and accomplished , with some vivid , scary moments , though it 's a little too in love with the stoned logic of its own premise . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars and said , `` My favorite moment , an encounter between Regan and one of the monsters in a cornfield , plays with sound and image and tension , creatively . Other bits are more shameless ... I do n't know if I 'd call A Quiet Place enjoyable ; it 's more grueling than cathartic . '' Horror author Stephen King praised the film in a post on Twitter , `` A QUIET PLACE is an extraordinary piece of work . Terrific acting , but the main thing is the SILENCE , and how it makes the camera 's eye open wide in a way few movies manage . '' Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com called A Quiet Place `` Krasinski 's breakthrough as a triple - threat entertainer , but it 's been a long time coming ... By no accident , he 's tackled the horror genre while relying on the unique strength that can be seen throughout his acting work , and one that has made him relatable as an everyman across TV and film -- expressive silence . '' Commentary and themes ( edit ) Speaking of the political and social commentary the film encouraged , Krasinski said , `` The best compliment you can get on any movie is that it starts a conversation . The fact that people are leaving and talking about anything is really fun -- but certainly about deep stuff like that , is awesome . '' Krasinski , who did not grow up with horror films , said that prior films of the genre such as Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) and Get Out ( 2017 ) that had societal commentary were part of his research . In addition to considering his film a metaphor for parenthood , he compared the premise to US politics in 2018 , `` I think in our political situation , that 's what 's going on now : You can close your eyes and stick your head in the sand , or you can try to participate in whatever 's going on . '' He cited Jaws ( 1975 ) as an influence , with how the protagonist police officer moved from New York to an island to avoid frightening situations , and was forced to encounter one in his new location with shark attacks . Matthew Monagle of Film School Rejects said A Quiet Place seemed to be `` the early frontrunner for the sparsely intellectual horror movie of the year , '' like previous films The Babadook ( 2014 ) and The Witch ( 2015 ) . Monagle said Krasinski , who had directed two previous films , was `` making an unusual pivot into a genre typically reserved for newcomers , '' and considered it to be part of a movement toward horror films layered `` in storytelling , ( with ) character beats not typically found in a horror movie . '' Tatiana Tenreyro , writing for Bustle , said while A Quiet Place was not a silent film , `` It is the first of its kind within the modern horror genre for how little spoken dialogue it actually has . '' She said the rare moments of spoken dialogue `` give depth to this horror movie , showing how the narrative defies the genre 's traditional films even further . '' Bishop Robert Barron was surprised by strikingly religious themes in the film . He likened the family 's primitive , agrarian life of silence to monasticism , and commends their self - giving love . Barron noted the pervasive pro-life themes , especially in the choices of the parents , as Mrs. Abbott risks everything to give birth to a child , and her husband lays down his own life so that the children can live : what Barron sees as the ultimate expression of parental love . Sonny Bunch of the Washington Post also commented and expanded on a pro-life message . Krasinski , who had recently become a new father , said in a conference interview `` I was already in a state of terror about whether or not I was a good enough father , '' and added that the meaning of parenthood had been elevated for him by imagining being a father in a nightmare world , struggling to simply keep his children alive . Jonathan Hetterly , writing in Shrinktank , see the film 's whole premise as a commentary on modern American paranoid parenting , saying that Krasinski `` viewed the premise as a metaphor for a parent 's worst fears . '' Krasinski himself has told CBS News `` The scares were secondary to how powerful this could be as an allegory or metaphor for parenthood . For me , this is all about parenthood . '' Sequel ( edit ) In April 2018 , Paramount chairman and CEO Jim Gianopulos said a sequel to the film was `` in the works '' . Screenwriters Woods and Beck had previously stated that they already begun thinking of ideas and set pieces for a possible second film . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Horror portal Hudson Valley portal Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing List of horror films of 2018 Sign - language media Films with little or no dialogue The British Film Institute listed the following noteworthy films with little or no dialogue : The Thief ( 1952 ) Les Vacances de Monsieur Hulot ( 1953 ) The Naked Island ( 1960 ) Le Bal ( 1983 ) The Bear ( 1988 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) In the City of Sylvia ( 2007 ) Le quattro volte ( 2010 ) All Is Lost ( 2013 ) Moebius ( 2013 ) The Tribe ( 2014 ) The Red Turtle ( 2016 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Place ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Parent National Amusements Voices Support for Leslie Moonves Amid Rumors of Pending Shakeup '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Production of Paramount Pictures ' A Quiet Place Contributed Over $21 Million to the New York Economy '' . Motion Picture Association of America . April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Quiet Place and Blockers Are Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Matt ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` A Quiet Place : John Krasinski Discusses Directing Silent Terror , Plus Exclusive Photo Gallery '' . IGN . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Film Review : ' A Quiet Place ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Gets Loud On Social Media Post SXSW Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mulcahey , Matt ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' How Do You Communicate Backstory , Motivation and Theme Without Dialogue ? ' A Quiet Place Screenwriters Bryan Woods and Scott Beck at SXSW 2018 '' . Filmmaker . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Place Writers Considered Making It A Cloverfield Movie '' . April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Jonathan ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Q-C filmmakers sell screenplay to Paramount '' . The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( February 2018 ) . `` Emily Blunt : World , Meet Your New Mary Poppins '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` John Krasinski to Write , Direct and Star With Emily Blunt in ' Quiet ' Thriller '' . Variety . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldberg , Isaac ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski indulges his parental paranoia in ' A Quiet Place ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barry , John W. ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Krasinski 's ' A Quiet Place ' leaves sweeping impact on Dutchess and Ulster '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry , John W. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Office ' star John Krasinski to shoot film in New Paltz '' . Poughkeepsie Journal . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorrell - White , Stephanie ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' transforms Little Falls '' . Times Telegram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Quiet Place : John Krasinski and Emily Blunt on the Challenges of Making an Almost Silent Movie '' . IGN . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James , Daron ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Leans on Sound Team to Deliver Maximum Chills '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Making the Sound of Silence in ' A Quiet Place ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crow , David ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` A Quiet Place and the Thrill of Making an Original Horror Movie '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski on the Importance of Casting Deaf Actress Millicent Simmonds in ' A Quiet Place ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ' The Office ' Helped John Krasinski Direct ' A Quiet Place ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Chris ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski talks about his new horror movie ' A Quiet Place ' '' . Indiana Daily Student . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarissa ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski interview : From The Office to horror sensation A Quiet Place -- what inspired his surprising career '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Millicent Simmonds made John Krasinski cry with her integral change to the end of ' A Quiet Place ' '' . Metro . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` The Scene That Convinced A Quiet Place Producers To Use Subtitles For Its Sign Language '' . CinemaBlend . Gateway Blend . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gross It Up ' : How the Freaky Monsters of A Quiet Place Were Created '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emily Blunt , John Krasinski Stay Silent to Survive in Creepy ' A Quiet Place ' Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers ' and ' Jurassic World ' Trailers Go Head To Head At The Super Bowl '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` New A Quiet Place trailer sheds light on film 's dystopian setting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski and Emily Blunt supernatural thriller A Quiet Place to open SXSW Film Festival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Amanda ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Bettendorf natives ' screenplay , ' A Quiet Place , ' will premiere opening night of SXSW '' . Quad - City Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Review Roundup : John Krasinski 's SXSW Thriller Is Leaving Critics Speechless '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Crucchiola , Jordan ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` A Quiet Place , The Endless , and More Horror Movies We Ca n't Wait to Watch This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . The movie premiered at SXSW in Austin , Texas , and advance reviews have been outstanding ... Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Highlights : Ready Player One Delivers , A Quiet Place Surprises and Blockers Scores '' . The Tracking Board . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Rubin , Rebecca ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blockers , ' ' A Quiet Place ' Bet SXSW Buzz Equals Big Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Looks to Make Noise at Weekend Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Blockers ' & ' A Quiet Place ' Could Mark Positive Start to April Box Office '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Life of the Party ' & ' Breaking In ' ; ' A Quiet Place ' & ' Ready Player One ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Looks to Make Noise at Weekend Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . McNary , Dave ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Makes Loud Thursday Debut With $4.3 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) . `` A Quiet Place Has Second Biggest Domestic Opening of the Year '' . IGN . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 15 April 2018 ) . `` Box Office : John Krasinski And Emily Blunt 's ' A Quiet Place ' Makes Horror Movie History '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Conquering ' Force Awakens ' With Record $248 M - $250 M Opening ; Posts Record $82 M Saturday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Rocks Up $114 M Offshore Bow ; ' Quiet Place ' Screams To $52 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Rounds $217 M Overseas ; ' A Quiet Place ' Cranks WW Volume To $207 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 2018 - 05 - 06 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $200 M China Bow To Cross $1 B Overseas ; # 5 WW Release Ever On $1.6 B+ -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Quiet Place Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Review : ' Stay Silent , Stay Alive ' Says This New Horror Classic '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' : Film Review SXSW 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' review : Hush , little family , do n't say a word or the monsters will get you '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ John Krasinski was blown away by Stephen King 's reaction to ' A Quiet Place ' , Boston News Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Why John Krasinski Is n't a Surprising Director for A Quiet Place '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Real , Evan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` John Krasinski , Emily Blunt on Political Undertones of Horror Movie ' A Quiet Place ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Manning , Sean ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Playboy Interview : John Krasinski is Breaking Into Horror , and the World is Watching '' . Playboy . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Monagle , Matthew ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' A Quiet Place ' Prove Filmmakers Are Moving Towards , Not Away From , the Horror Genre ? '' . Film School Rejects . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tenreyro , Tatiana ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Is ' A Quiet Place ' A Silent Movie ? The Horror Film Is Unlike Anything You 've Seen '' . Bustle . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barron , Robert ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Bishop Barron on ' A Quiet Place ' : The most unexpectedly religious film of the year '' . Aleteia . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Sonny ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Opinion - ' A Quiet Place ' is n't just pro-life . It makes us understand what being pro-life truly means '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pattillo , Mia ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) . `` A conversation with John Krasinski ' 01 '' . Brown Daily Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Quiet Place ' is a Metaphor for the Modern , Anxious Family Shrink Tank '' . www.shrinktank.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place 2 ' Is `` In The Works '' , Paramount Boss Says -- CinemaCon `` . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Could A Quiet Place 2 Happen ? Here 's What The Writers Say '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` 10 great films with little or no dialogue '' . bfi.org.uk . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Quiet Place on IMDb A Quiet Place at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by John Krasinski Brief Interviews with Hideous Men ( 2009 ) The Hollars ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) Platinum Dunes Company founders Michael Bay Brad Fuller Andrew Form Films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Amityville Horror ( 2005 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) The Hitcher ( 2007 ) The Unborn ( 2009 ) Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Horsemen ( 2009 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) The Purge ( 2013 ) The Purge : Anarchy ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Ouija ( 2014 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) The First Purge ( 2018 ) Television series Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Last Ship ( 2014 -- present ) Billion Dollar Wreck ( 2016 ) Jack Ryan ( 2018 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Quiet_Place_(film)&oldid=843582303 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s monster movies 2018 horror films American disaster films American films American horror thriller films American monster movies American science fiction horror films American Sign Language films English - language films Films about deaf people Films about families Films directed by John Krasinski Films produced by Andrew Form Films produced by Bradley Fuller Films produced by Michael Bay Films set in 2020 Films set in 2021 Paramount Pictures films Platinum Dunes films Post-apocalyptic films Pregnancy films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the music for a quiet place	[ "Supervising sound editors Erik Aadahl and Ethan Van der Ryn worked on A Quiet Place. For scenes from the perspective of the deaf daughter, sound was removed to put greater focus on the visual. They also advised on organizing shots to reflect the creatures' perspective, like showing them notice a sound, then showing what was causing the sound. Composer Marco Beltrami provided the sound editors music to work with in a way that would not interfere with the sound design throughout the film.[19]" ]	[ "Marco Beltrami" ]
-4290984136059689708	Lily Was Here	Lily Was Here - wikipedia Lily Was Here `` Lily Was Here '' Single by David A. Stewart featuring Candy Dulfer from the album Lily Was Here and Saxuality Released November 1989 ( 1989 - 11 ) ( Netherlands ) 12 February 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 12 ) ( UK ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Recorded 1989 Genre Smooth jazz Length 4 : 19 Label Anxious Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart `` Lily Was Here '' is a single , released in November 1989 in the Netherlands , on 12 February 1990 in the UK and in mid-1991 in North America , from the David A. Stewart soundtrack of the same name , for the Dutch movie De Kassière . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Track listings 4 Personnel 5 Certifications 6 Charts 7 References Background ( edit ) David A. Stewart invited Candy Dulfer , who had not previously released any of her material , to play the saxophone on this instrumental . The single became a major hit and stayed at the number one position for five weeks in the Netherlands . Because of this success , the single was also released in the United Kingdom , Europe and the United States where it became a hit as well , reaching number six in the UK and even rising to number 11 in the tough U.S. market . The success of this instrumental encouraged Dulfer to compose music for her own album , which she titled Saxuality . Recording ( edit ) According to Candy 's father Hans Dulfer on Dutch radio , the recording was done in just one take , actually a jam session , and at that time not meant to be released . This jam session was done at the end of a day of recording for the movie De Kassière , and Dave Stewart later decided to release this as a single . Track listings ( edit ) CD maxi `` Lily Was Here '' -- 4 : 19 `` Lily Was Here '' ( Space Centre Medical Unit Hum ) -- 8 : 10 `` Lily Robs the Bank '' -- 2 : 33 CD maxi `` Lily Was Here '' -- 4 : 19 `` Lily Robs the Bank '' -- 2 : 33 `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' -- 6 : 00 7 '' single `` Lily Was Here '' -- 4 : 19 `` Lily Robs the Bank '' -- 2 : 33 3 '' single `` Lily Was Here '' -- 4 : 19 `` Lily Robs the Bank '' -- 2 : 33 12 '' maxi `` Lily Was Here '' ( Space Centre Medical Unit Hum ) -- 8 : 10 `` Lily Was Here '' ( Orbital Space Lab Mix ) -- 6 : 57 `` Lily Robs the Bank '' -- 2 : 33 Personnel ( edit ) General Guitar by David A. Stewart Saxophone by Candy Dulfer Artwork by The Leisure Company `` Lily Was Here '' Engineered by Stephen McLaughlin Remixed by Gary Bradshaw `` Lily Was Here '' ( Space Centre Medical Unit Hum ) Engineered by Steve McLaughlin Remixed by The Orb Lily Was Here ( Orbital Space Lab Mix ) Remixed by The Orb Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Physical sales Australia Gold 35,000 France Silver 1991 125,000 135,000 Netherlands Platinum 1989 60,000 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 91 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) France ( SNEP ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dutch radion station Radio 2 , Gijs 2.0 Jump up ^ Australian certifications ( 1 ) ( Retrieved August 5 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ French certifications Chartsinfrance.net ( Retrieved January 10 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Stewart & Dulfer 's certifications and sales in France See : `` Toutes les certifications depuis 1973 '' = > `` STEWART A Dave & DULFER Candy '' Infodisc.fr Archived 2012 - 03 - 07 at WebCite ( Retrieved January 10 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Dutch certifications nvpi.nl Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at WebCite ( Retrieved January 10 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved January 10 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- David A. Stewart feat . Candy Dulfer -- Lily Was Here '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved January 10 , 2009 ) Candy Dulfer Studio albums Saxuality ( 1990 ) Sax - a-Go - Go ( 1993 ) Big Girl ( 1995 ) Candy Store ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Live in Amsterdam ( 2001 ) Songs `` Lily Was Here '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_Was_Here&oldid=859940160 '' Categories : 1989 singles 1990 singles Candy Dulfer songs David A. Stewart songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Instrumental duets 1989 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 08 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-2282778097531938104	Limbic system	Limbic system - wikipedia Limbic system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Limbic system Cross section of the human brain showing parts of the limbic system from below . Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie ( 1786 ) The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the limbic lobe . Details Identifiers Latin Systema limbicum NeuroNames ancil - 247 Dorlands / Elsevier s_33 / 12787580 FMA 242000 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus , immediately beneath the cerebrum . It has also been referred to as the paleomammalian cortex . It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon , diencephalon , and mesencephalon . It includes the olfactory bulbs , hippocampus , hypothalamus , amygdala , anterior thalamic nuclei , fornix , columns of fornix , mammillary body , septum pellucidum , habenular commissure , cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus , entorhinal cortex , and limbic midbrain areas . The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion , behavior , motivation , long - term memory , and olfaction . Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system , and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories . Although the term only originated in the 1940s , some neuroscientists , including Joseph LeDoux , have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Hippocampus 2.1. 1 Spatial memory 2.1. 2 Learning 2.1. 3 Hippocampus damage 2.2 Amygdala 2.2. 1 Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks 2.2. 2 Attentional and emotional processes 2.2. 3 Social processing 3 Evolution 4 Clinical significance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Etymology and history 5.2 Academic dispute 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Anatomical components of the limbic system The limbic system was originally defined by Paul Broca as a series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem : the border , or limbus , of the brain . These structures were known together as the limbic lobe . Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were grouped into the limbic system . The existence of such a system as an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion has gone into disuse and currently it is considered as one of the many parts of the brain that regulate visceral , autonomic processes . Therefore , the definition of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is a controversial subject . The following structures are , or have been considered , part of the limbic system : Cortical areas : Limbic lobe Orbitofrontal cortex , a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision - making . Piriform cortex , part of the olfactory system . Entorhinal cortex , related with memory and associative components . Hippocampus and associated structures , which play a central role in the consolidation of new memories . Fornix , a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures , particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei Subcortical areas : Septal nuclei , a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis , considered a pleasure zone . Amygdala , located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes . Nucleus accumbens : involved in reward , pleasure , and addiction . Diencephalic structures : Hypothalamus : a center for the limbic system , connected with the frontal lobes , septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle , with the hippocampus via the fornix , and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus . It regulates a great number of autonomic processes . Mammillary bodies , part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus . Anterior nuclei of thalamus receive input from the mammillary bodies . Involved in memory processing . Function ( edit ) The structures of the limbic system are involved in motivation , emotion , learning , and memory . The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex . The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system . It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the `` high '' derived from certain recreational drugs . These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system . In 1954 , Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens , as well as their septal nuclei , repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region , and did so in preference to eating and drinking , eventually dying of exhaustion . The limbic system also includes the basal ganglia . The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements . The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus . They receive input from the cerebral cortex , which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem . A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement . Recent studies indicate that , if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine , the striatum is affected , which can lead to visible behavioral symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex . Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems . To cure severe emotional disorders , this connection was sometimes surgically severed , a procedure of psychosurgery , called a prefrontal lobotomy ( this is actually a misnomer ) . Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation . The limbic system is often classified as a `` cerebral structure '' . This structure is closely linked to olfaction , emotions , drives , autonomic regulation , memory , and pathologically to encephalopathy , epilepsy , psychotic symptoms , cognitive defects . The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects / emotions , memory , sensory processing , time perception , attention , consciousness , instincts , autonomic / vegetative control , and actions / motor behavior . Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system are epilepsy and schizophrenia . Hippocampus ( edit ) Various processes of cognition involve the hippocampus . Spatial memory ( edit ) The first and most widely researched area concerns memory , spatial memory in particular . Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus , such as the dentate gyrus ( DG ) in the dorsal hippocampus , the left hippocampus , and the parahippocampal region . The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons , called adult - born granules ( GC ) , in adolescence and adulthood . These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory , increasing the firing in cell networks , and overall causing stronger memory formations . While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation , the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories . Eichenbaum and his team found , when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats , that the left hippocampus is `` critical for effectively combining the ' what , ' when , ' and ' where ' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory . '' This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory . However , Spreng found that the left hippocampus is , in fact , a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus , but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time . Eichenbaum 's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus . Learning ( edit ) The hippocampus , over the decades , has also been found to have a huge impact in learning . Curlik and Shors examined the effects of neurogenesis in the hippocampus and its effects on learning . This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects , and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks . Thus , they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits in the hippocampus as a result of the training , causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task . This neurogenesis contributes to the creation of adult - born granules cells ( GC ) , cells also described by Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning . The creation of these cells exhibited `` enhanced excitability '' in the dentate gyrus ( DG ) of the dorsal hippocampus , impacting the hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process . Hippocampus damage ( edit ) Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning , particularly memory such as spatial memory . As previously mentioned , spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus . While damage to the hippocampus may be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort , researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type . In particular , in a study performed by Parkard , rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze . In the first condition , rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal . When completing the maze task , these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal - dependent memory when compared to the control group . Then , in a second condition , a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs . Like the former these results reported similar outcomes , in that hippocampal - memory was also impaired . Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing , in particular the recall function of spatial memory . Furthermore , impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as Glucocorticoids ( GCs ) , which target the hippocampus and cause disruption in explicit memory . In an attempt to curtail life - threatening kepileptic seizures , 27 - year - old Henry Gustav Molaison underwent bilateral removal of almost all of his hippocampus in 1953 . Over the course of fifty years he participated in thousands of tests and research projects that provided specific information on exactly what he had lost . Semantic and episodic events faded within minutes , having never reached his long term memory , yet emotions , unconnected from the details of causation , were often retained . Dr. Suzanne Corkin who worked with him for 46 years until his death described the contribution of this tragic `` experiment '' in her 2013 book . Amygdala ( edit ) Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks ( edit ) Another integrative part of the limbic system , the amygdala is involved in many cognitive processes . Like the hippocampus , processes in the amygdala seem to impact memory ; however , it is not spatial memory as in the hippocampus but episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks . Markowitsch 's amygdala research shows it encodes , stores , and retrieves EAM memories . To delve deeper into these types of processes by the amygdala , Markowitsch and his team provided extensive evidence through investigations that the `` amygdala 's main function is to charge cues so that mnemonic events of a specific emotional significance can be successfully searched within the appropriate neural nets and re-activated . '' These cues for emotional events created by the amygdala encompass the EAM networks previously mentioned . Attentional and emotional processes ( edit ) Besides memory , the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes . First , to define attention in cognitive terms , attention is the ability to home in on some stimuli while ignoring others . Thus , the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability . Foremost , however , this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear , allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear . However , as time has gone by , researchers such as Pessoa , generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings , and concluded that the amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly . However , when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear , this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes . Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes , in particular the ventral hippocampus . He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult - born granule cells ( GC ) . These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component in the amygdala . A deficit of these cells , as Pessoa ( 2009 ) predicted in his studies , would result in low emotional functioning , leading to high retention rate of mental diseases , such as anxiety disorders . Social processing ( edit ) Social processing , specifically the evaluation of faces in social processing , is an area of cognition specific to the amygdala . In a study done by Todorov , fMRI tasks were performed with participants to evaluate whether the amygdala was involved in the general evaluation of faces . After the study , Todorov concluded from his fMRI results that the amygdala did indeed play a key role in the general evaluation of faces . However , in a study performed by researchers Koscik and his team , the trait of trustworthiness was particularly examined in the evaluation of faces . Koscik and his team demonstrated that the amygdala was involved in evaluating the trustworthiness of an individual . They investigated how brain damage to the amygdala played a role in trustworthiness , and found that individuals that suffered damage tended to confuse trust and betrayal , and thus placed trust in those having done them wrong . Furthermore , Rule , along with his colleagues , expanded on the idea of the amygdala in its critique of trustworthiness in others by performing a study in 2009 in which he examined the amygdala 's role in evaluating general first impressions and relating them to real - world outcomes . Their study involved first impressions of CEOs . Rule demonstrated that while the amygdala did play a role in the evaluation of trustworthiness , as observed by Koscik in his own research two years later in 2011 , the amygdala also played a generalized role in the overall evaluation of first impression of faces . This latter conclusion , along with Todorov 's study on the amygdala 's role in general evaluations of faces and Koscik 's research on trustworthiness and the amygdala , further solidified evidence that the amygdala plays a role in overall social processing . Evolution ( edit ) Paul D. MacLean , as part of his triune brain theory , hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the forebrain , and that it developed to manage circuitry attributed to the fight or flight first identified by Hans Selye in his report of the General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936 . It may be considered a part of survival adaptation , leading to what describes evolution adaptation throughout the history of species differentiation in reptiles as well as mammals ( including humans ) . MacLean postulated that the human brain has evolved three components , that evolved successively , with more recent components developing at the top / front . These components are , respectively : 1 - The archipallium or primitive ( `` reptilian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the brain stem - medulla , pons , cerebellum , mesencephalon , the oldest basal nuclei - the globus pallidus and the olfactory bulbs . 2 - The paleopallium or intermediate ( `` old mammalian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the limbic system . 3 - The neopallium , also known as the superior or rational ( `` new mammalian '' ) brain , comprises almost the whole of the hemispheres ( made up of a more recent type of cortex , called neocortex ) and some subcortical neuronal groups . It corresponds to the brain of the superior mammals , thus including the primates and , as a consequence , the human species . It should be noted that similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species unrelated to humans and primates has also occurred , for example in cetaceans and elephants ; thus the designation of ' superior mammals ' is not an evolutionary one , as it has occurred independently in different species . The evolution of higher degrees of intelligence is an example of convergent evolution , and is also seen in non-mammals such as birds . According to Maclean , each of the components , although connected with the others , retained `` their peculiar types of intelligence , subjectivity , sense of time and space , memory , mobility and other less specific functions '' . However , while the categorization into structures is reasonable , the recent studies of the limbic system of tetrapods , both living and extinct , have challenged several aspects of this hypothesis , notably the accuracy of the terms `` reptilian '' and `` old mammalian '' . The common ancestors of reptiles and mammals had a well - developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established . Further , birds , which evolved from the dinosaurs , which in turn evolved separately but around the same time as the mammals , have a well - developed limbic system . While the anatomic structures of the limbic system are different in birds and mammals , there are functional equivalents . Clinical significance ( edit ) Damage to the structures of limbic system results in conditions like Alzheimer 's disease , anterograde amnesia , retrograde amnesia , and Klüver - Bucy syndrome . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology and history ( edit ) The term limbic comes from the Latin limbus , for `` border '' or `` edge '' , or , particularly in medical terminology , a border of an anatomical component . Paul Broca coined the term based on its physical location in the brain , sandwiched between two functionally different components . The limbic system is a term that was introduced in 1949 by the American physician and neuroscientist , Paul D. MacLean . The French physician Paul Broca first called this part of the brain le grand lobe limbique in 1878 . He examined the differentiation between deeply recessed cortical tissue and underlying , subcortical nuclei . However , most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the American physician James Papez described his anatomical model of emotion , the Papez circuit . The first evidence that the limbic system was responsible for the cortical representation of emotions was discovered in 1939 , by Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy . Kluver and Bucy , after much research , demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys created an extreme behavioral syndrome . After performing a temporal lobectomy , the monkeys showed a decrease in aggression . The animals revealed a reduced threshold to visual stimuli , and were thus unable to recognize objects that were once familiar . MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed `` limbic system , '' more on the lines of the system described above . MacLean developed the intriguing theory of the `` triune brain '' to explain its evolution and to try to reconcile rational human behavior with its more primal and violent side . He became interested in the brain 's control of emotion and behavior . After initial studies of brain activity in epileptic patients , he turned to cats , monkeys , and other models , using electrodes to stimulate different parts of the brain in conscious animals recording their responses . In the 1950s , he began to trace individual behaviors like aggression and sexual arousal to their physiological sources . He analyzed the brain 's center of emotions , the limbic system , and described an area that includes structures called the hippocampus and amygdala . Developing observations made by Papez , he determined that the limbic system had evolved in early mammals to control fight - or - flight responses and react to both emotionally pleasurable and painful sensations . The concept is now broadly accepted in neuroscience . Additionally , MacLean said that the idea of the limbic system leads to a recognition that its presence `` represents the history of the evolution of mammals and their distinctive family way of life . '' In the 1960s , Dr. MacLean enlarged his theory to address the human brain 's overall structure and divided its evolution into three parts , an idea that he termed the triune brain . In addition to identifying the limbic system , he pointed to a more primitive brain called the R - complex , related to reptiles , which controls basic functions like muscle movement and breathing . The third part , the neocortex , controls speech and reasoning and is the most recent evolutionary arrival . The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by Walle Nauta , Lennart Heimer and others . Academic dispute ( edit ) There is controversy over the use of the term limbic system , with scientists such as LeDoux arguing that the term be considered obsolete and abandoned . Originally , the limbic system was believed to be the emotional center of the brain , with cognition being the business of the neocortex . However , cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories , in which the hippocampus , a primary limbic structure , is involved : hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive ( memory ) deficits . More important , the `` boundaries '' of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience . Therefore , while it is true that limbic structures are more closely related to emotion , the brain can be thought of as an integrated whole . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limbic system . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Limbic - hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( LHPA axis ) Emotional memory Fundamentals of Neuroscience at Wikiversity Paralimbic cortex Triune brain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L. 2012 . Psychology. sec . 3.20 Jump up ^ Princeton Review ( 29 July 2003 ) . Anatomy Coloring Workbook , Second Edition . The Princeton Review . pp. 120 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76342 - 7 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Reference needed Jump up ^ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Ledoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 ^ Jump up to : Broca , P ( 1878 ) . `` Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales : Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères . '' . Revue d'Anthropologie. 1 : 385 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Morgane PJ , Galler JR , Mokler DJ ( 2005 ) . `` A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain / limbic midbrain '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 75 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 60 . PMID 15784304 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2005.01. 001 . Jump up ^ Blessing WW ( 1997 ) . `` Inadequate frameworks for understanding bodily homeostasis '' . Trends in Neuroscience. 20 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 239 . PMID 9185301 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 96 ) 01029 - 6 . Jump up ^ Swenson , Rand . `` Chapter 9 - Limbic System '' . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . : Jump up ^ Rajmohan V , Mohandas E ( 2007 ) . `` The limbic system '' . Indian Journal of Psychiatry . 49 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 139 . PMC 2917081 . PMID 20711399 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5545.33264 . Jump up ^ Olds , J. ; Milner , P. ( 1954 ) . `` Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain '' . J. Comp . Physiolo . Psycholo. 47 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 427 . PMID 13233369 . doi : 10.1037 / h0058775 . Jump up ^ Adams , R.D. and Victor , M. , Principles of Neurology , 3rd edn. , MacGraw - Hill , New York , 1985 . Jump up ^ lversen , S.D. , Recent advances in the anatomy and chemistry of the limbic system . In M.R. Trimble and E. Zarifian ( Eds . ) , Psychophannacology of the Lhnbic System , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1984 , pp. 1 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kheirbeck , M.A. ; Hen , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Dorsal vs ventral hippocampal neurogenensis : Implications for cognition and mood '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 36 ( 1 ) : 373 -- 374 . PMC 3055508 . PMID 21116266 . doi : 10.1038 / npp. 2010.148 . ^ Jump up to : Eichenbaum , H. ( 2007 ) . `` Comparative cognition , hippocampal function , and recollection '' . Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews . 2 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 66 . doi : 10.3819 / ccbr. 2008.20003 . Jump up ^ Spreng , R.N. ; Mar , R.A. ( 2012 ) . `` I remember you : A role for memory in social cognition and the functional neuroanatomy of their interaction '' . Brain Research . 1428 : 43 -- 50 . PMC 3085056 . PMID 21172325 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2010.12. 024 . Jump up ^ CurlikShors , D. ; Shors , T.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Training your brain : Do mental and physical ( map ) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus ? '' . Neuropharmacology. 64 ( 1 ) : 506 -- 14 . PMC 3445739 . PMID 22898496 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2012.07. 027 . Jump up ^ Parkard , M.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Anxiety , cognition , and habit : A multiple memory systems perspective '' . Brain Research . 1293 : 121 -- 128 . PMID 19328775 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2009.03. 029 . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , Robert M. ( 2003 ) . `` Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System '' . Neurochemical Research . 28 ( 11 ) : 1735 -- 1742 . ISSN 0364 - 3190 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026021307833 . Jump up ^ http://suzannecorkin.com/permanent-present-tense/ ^ Jump up to : Markowitsch , H.J. ; Staniloiu , A ( 2011 ) . `` Amygdala in action : Relaying biological and social significance to autobiographical memory '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 718 -- 733 . PMID 20933525 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.10. 007 . Jump up ^ Pessoa , L. ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion and cognition and the amygdale : From `` what is it ? '' to `` what 's to be done ? '' `` . Neuropsychologia. 48 ( 12 ) : 3416 -- 3429 . PMC 2949460 . PMID 20619280 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.06. 038 . Jump up ^ Todorov , A. ; Engell , A.D. ( 2008 ) . `` ) . The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 3 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 312 . PMC 2607057 . PMID 19015082 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsn033 . Jump up ^ Koscik , T.R. ; Tranel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 602 -- 611 . PMC 3056169 . PMID 20920512 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.09. 023 . Jump up ^ Rule , N.O. ; Moran , J.M. ; Freeman , J.B. ; Whitfield - Gabrieli , S. ; Gabrieli , J.D.E. ; Ambady , N. ( 2011 ) . `` Face value : Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions '' . NeuroImage. 54 ( 1 ) : 734 -- 741 . PMID 20633663 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.07. 007 . Jump up ^ `` The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress . '' . APA PsycNET. 1 January 1950 . Jump up ^ Bruce LL , Neary TJ ( 1995 ) . `` The limbic system of tetrapods : a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations '' . Brain Behav . Evol. 46 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 224 -- 34 . PMID 8564465 . doi : 10.1159 / 000113276 . Jump up ^ MacLEAN PD ( 1949 ) . `` Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain ; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion '' . Psychosom Med. 11 ( 6 ) : 338 -- 53 . PMID 15410445 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006842 - 194911000 - 00003 . ^ Jump up to : P.D. MacLean ( 1952 ) . `` Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system ( visceral brain ) '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 4 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 418 . PMID 12998590 . doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 4694 ( 52 ) 90073 - 4 . Jump up ^ Binder , Marc D ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Springer . p. 2592 . Jump up ^ Papez , JW. ( 1995 ) . `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 '' . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 12 . PMID 7711480 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . Jump up ^ Kluver , H. ; Bucy , P.C. ( 1937 ) . `` Psychic blindness '' and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy `` . American Journal of Physiology. 119 : 254 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Robert L , Isaacson ( 31 December 1992 ) . `` A fuzzy limbic system '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 52 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 131 . PMID 1294191 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 4328 ( 05 ) 80222 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , J.A. ( November 1973 ) . `` The Limbic System '' ( PDF ) . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 39 ( 11 ) : 1138 -- 1138 . PMC 1083320 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 39.11. 1138 - a . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Fulton , John ( November 1953 ) . `` The Limbic System '' . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 118 . PMC 2599366 . PMID 13123136 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 External links ( edit ) http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbic_system&oldid=800975316 '' Categories : Limbic system Mood disorders Memory Motivation History of neuroscience Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays	[]	[]
-8988357895473102774	Single-precision floating-point format	Single - precision floating - point format - wikipedia Single - precision floating - point format Jump to : navigation , search Single - precision floating - point format is a computer number format that occupies 4 bytes ( 32 bits ) in computer memory and represents a wide dynamic range of values by using a floating point . In IEEE 754 - 2008 the 32 - bit base - 2 format is officially referred to as binary32 . It was called single in IEEE 754 - 1985 . In older computers , different floating - point formats of 4 bytes were used , e.g. , GW - BASIC 's single - precision data type was the 32 - bit MBF floating - point format . One of the first programming languages to provide single - and double - precision floating - point data types was Fortran . Before the widespread adoption of IEEE 754 - 1985 , the representation and properties of the double float data type depended on the computer manufacturer and computer model . Single - precision binary floating - point is used due to its wider range over fixed point ( of the same bit - width ) , even if at the cost of precision . A signed 32 - bit integer can have a maximum value of 2 − 1 = 2,147,483,647 , whereas the maximum representable IEEE 754 floating - point value is ( 2 − 2 ) × 2 ≈ 3.402823 × 10 . All integers with 6 or fewer significant decimal digits can be converted to an IEEE 754 floating - point value without loss of precision , and any number that can be written as 2 such that n is a whole number from - 126 to 127 can be converted to an IEEE 754 floating - point number without a loss of precision . Single precision is termed REAL in Fortran , SINGLE - FLOAT in Common Lisp , float in C , C++ , C# , Java , Float in Haskell , and Single in Object Pascal ( Delphi ) , Visual Basic , and MATLAB . However , float in Python , Ruby , PHP , and OCaml and single in versions of Octave before 3.2 refer to double - precision numbers . In most implementations of PostScript , the only real precision is single . Floating point precisions IEEE 754 16 - bit : Half ( binary16 ) 32 - bit : Single ( binary32 ) , decimal32 64 - bit : Double ( binary64 ) , decimal64 128 - bit : Quadruple ( binary128 ) , decimal128 256 - bit : Octuple ( binary256 ) Extended precision formats ( 40 - bit or 80 - bit ) Other Minifloat Microsoft Binary Format IBM Floating Point Architecture Arbitrary precision Contents ( hide ) 1 IEEE 754 single - precision binary floating - point format : binary32 1.1 Exponent encoding 1.2 Converting from decimal representation to binary32 format 1.3 Single - precision examples 1.4 Converting from single - precision binary to decimal 1.5 Precision limits on integer values 1.6 Optimizations 2 See also 3 References 4 External links IEEE 754 single - precision binary floating - point format : binary32 ( edit ) The IEEE 754 standard specifies a binary32 as having : Sign bit : 1 bit Exponent width : 8 bits Significand precision : 24 bits ( 23 explicitly stored ) This gives from 6 to 9 significant decimal digits precision . If a decimal string with at most 6 significant digits is converted to IEEE 754 single - precision representation , and then converted back to a decimal string with the same number of digits , the final result should match the original string . If an IEEE 754 single - precision number is converted to a decimal string with at least 9 significant digits , and then converted back to single - precision representation , the final result must match the original number . Sign bit determines the sign of the number , which is the sign of the significand as well . Exponent is either an 8 - bit signed integer from − 128 to 127 ( 2 's complement ) or an 8 - bit unsigned integer from 0 to 255 , which is the accepted biased form in IEEE 754 binary32 definition . If the unsigned integer format is used , the exponent value used in the arithmetic is the exponent shifted by a bias -- for the IEEE 754 binary32 case , an exponent value of 127 represents the actual zero ( i.e. for 2 to be one , e must be 127 ) . Exponents range from − 126 to + 127 because exponents of − 127 ( all 0s ) and + 128 ( all 1s ) are reserved for special numbers . The true significand includes 23 fraction bits to the right of the binary point and an implicit leading bit ( to the left of the binary point ) with value 1 , unless the exponent is stored with all zeros . Thus only 23 fraction bits of the significand appear in the memory format , but the total precision is 24 bits ( equivalent to log ( 2 ) ≈ 7.225 decimal digits ) . The bits are laid out as follows : The real value assumed by a given 32 - bit binary32 data with a given biased sign , exponent e ( the 8 - bit unsigned integer ) , and a 23 - bit fraction is ( − 1 ) b 31 × ( 1 . b 22 b 21 ... b 0 ) 2 × 2 ( b 30 b 29 ... b 23 ) 2 − 127 , ( \ displaystyle ( - 1 ) ^ ( b_ ( 31 ) ) \ times ( 1. b_ ( 22 ) b_ ( 21 ) \ dots b_ ( 0 ) ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( ( b_ ( 30 ) b_ ( 29 ) \ dots b_ ( 23 ) ) _ ( 2 ) - 127 ) , ) which in decimal yields value = ( − 1 ) sign × ( 1 + ∑ i = 1 23 b 23 − i 2 − i ) × 2 ( e − 127 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( value ) ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( \ text ( sign ) ) \ times \ left ( 1 + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( 23 ) b_ ( 23 - i ) 2 ^ ( - i ) \ right ) \ times 2 ^ ( ( e-127 ) ) . ) In this example : sign = b 31 = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( sign ) ) = b_ ( 31 ) = 0 ) , ( − 1 ) sign = ( − 1 ) 0 = + 1 ∈ ( − 1 , + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 1 ) ^ ( \ text ( sign ) ) = ( - 1 ) ^ ( 0 ) = + 1 \ in \ ( - 1 , + 1 \ ) ) , e = b 30 b 29 ... b 23 = ∑ i = 0 7 b 23 + i 2 + i = 124 ∈ ( 1 , ... , ( 2 8 − 1 ) − 1 ) = ( 1 , ... , 254 ) ( \ displaystyle e = b_ ( 30 ) b_ ( 29 ) \ dots b_ ( 23 ) = \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( 7 ) b_ ( 23 + i ) 2 ^ ( + i ) = 124 \ in \ ( 1 , \ ldots , ( 2 ^ ( 8 ) - 1 ) - 1 \ ) = \ ( 1 , \ ldots , 254 \ ) ) , 2 ( e − 127 ) = 2 124 − 127 = 2 − 3 ∈ ( 2 − 126 , ... , 2 127 ) ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( ( e-127 ) ) = 2 ^ ( 124 - 127 ) = 2 ^ ( - 3 ) \ in \ ( 2 ^ ( - 126 ) , \ ldots , 2 ^ ( 127 ) \ ) ) , 1 . b 22 b 21 ... b 0 = 1 + ∑ i = 1 23 b 23 − i 2 − i = 1 + 1 ⋅ 2 − 2 = 1.25 ∈ ( 1 , 1 + 2 − 23 , ... , 2 − 2 − 23 ) ⊂ ( 1 ; 2 − 2 − 23 ) ⊂ ( 1 ; 2 ) ( \ displaystyle 1. b_ ( 22 ) b_ ( 21 ) ... b_ ( 0 ) = 1 + \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( 23 ) b_ ( 23 - i ) 2 ^ ( - i ) = 1 + 1 \ cdot 2 ^ ( - 2 ) = 1.25 \ in \ ( 1 , 1 + 2 ^ ( - 23 ) , \ ldots , 2 - 2 ^ ( - 23 ) \ ) \ subset ( 1 ; 2 - 2 ^ ( - 23 ) ) \ subset ( 1 ; 2 ) ) . thus : value = ( + 1 ) × 1.25 × 2 − 3 = + 0.15625 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( value ) ) = ( + 1 ) \ times 1.25 \ times 2 ^ ( - 3 ) = + 0.15625 ) . Note : 1 + 2 − 23 ≈ 1.000 000 119 ( \ displaystyle 1 + 2 ^ ( - 23 ) \ approx 1.000 \ , 000 \ , 119 ) , 2 − 2 − 23 ≈ 1.999 999 881 ( \ displaystyle 2 - 2 ^ ( - 23 ) \ approx 1.999 \ , 999 \ , 881 ) , 2 − 126 ≈ 1.175 494 35 × 10 − 38 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( - 126 ) \ approx 1.175 \ , 494 \ , 35 \ times 10 ^ ( - 38 ) ) , 2 + 127 ≈ 1.701 411 83 × 10 + 38 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( + 127 ) \ approx 1.701 \ , 411 \ , 83 \ times 10 ^ ( + 38 ) ) . Exponent encoding ( edit ) The single - precision binary floating - point exponent is encoded using an offset - binary representation , with the zero offset being 127 ; also known as exponent bias in the IEEE 754 standard . E = 01 − 7F = − 126 E = FE − 7F = 127 Exponent bias = 7F = 127 Thus , in order to get the true exponent as defined by the offset - binary representation , the offset of 127 has to be subtracted from the stored exponent . The stored exponents 00 and FF are interpreted specially . Exponent Significand zero Significand non-zero Equation 00 zero , − 0 denormal numbers ( − 1 ) × 2 × 0. significandbits 01 , ... , FE normalized value ( − 1 ) × 2 × 1. significandbits FF ± infinity NaN ( quiet , signalling ) The minimum positive normal value is 2 ≈ 1.18 × 10 and the minimum positive ( denormal ) value is 2 ≈ 1.4 × 10 . Converting from decimal representation to binary32 format ( edit ) In general , refer to the IEEE 754 standard itself for the strict conversion ( including the rounding behaviour ) of a real number into its equivalent binary32 format . Here we can show how to convert a base 10 real number into an IEEE 754 binary32 format using the following outline : consider a real number with an integer and a fraction part such as 12.375 convert and normalize the integer part into binary convert the fraction part using the following technique as shown here add the two results and adjust them to produce a proper final conversion Conversion of the fractional part : consider 0.375 , the fractional part of 12.375 . To convert it into a binary fraction , multiply the fraction by 2 , take the integer part and re-multiply new fraction by 2 until a fraction of zero is found or until the precision limit is reached which is 23 fraction digits for IEEE 754 binary32 format . 0.375 x 2 = 0.750 = 0 + 0.750 = > b = 0 , the integer part represents the binary fraction digit . Re-multiply 0.750 by 2 to proceed 0.750 x 2 = 1.500 = 1 + 0.500 = > b = 1 0.500 x 2 = 1.000 = 1 + 0.000 = > b = 1 , fraction = 0.000 , terminate We see that ( 0.375 ) can be exactly represented in binary as ( 0.011 ) . Not all decimal fractions can be represented in a finite digit binary fraction . For example , decimal 0.1 can not be represented in binary exactly . So it is only approximated . Therefore , ( 12.375 ) = ( 12 ) + ( 0.375 ) = ( 1100 ) + ( 0.011 ) = ( 1100.011 ) Since IEEE 754 binary32 format requires real values to be represented in ( 1 . x 1 x 2 ... x 23 ) 2 × 2 e ( \ displaystyle ( 1. x_ ( 1 ) x_ ( 2 ) ... x_ ( 23 ) ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( e ) ) format ( see Normalized number , Denormalized number ) , 1100.011 is shifted to the right by 3 digits to become ( 1.100011 ) 2 × 2 3 ( \ displaystyle ( 1.100011 ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( 3 ) ) Finally we can see that : ( 12.375 ) 10 = ( 1.100011 ) 2 × 2 3 ( \ displaystyle ( 12.375 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( 1.100011 ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( 3 ) ) From which we deduce : The exponent is 3 ( and in the biased form it is therefore 130 = 1000 0010 ) The fraction is 100011 ( looking to the right of the binary point ) From these we can form the resulting 32 bit IEEE 754 binary32 format representation of 12.375 as : 0 - 10000010 - 10001100000000000000000 = 41460000 Note : consider converting 68.123 into IEEE 754 binary32 format : Using the above procedure you expect to get 42883EF9 with the last 4 bits being 1001 . However , due to the default rounding behaviour of IEEE 754 format , what you get is 42883EFA , whose last 4 bits are 1010 . Ex 1 : Consider decimal 1 . We can see that : ( 1 ) 10 = ( 1.0 ) 2 × 2 0 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( 1.0 ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( 0 ) ) From which we deduce : The exponent is 0 ( and in the biased form it is therefore 127 = 0111 1111 ) The fraction is 0 ( looking to the right of the binary point in 1.0 is all 0 = 000 ... 0 ) From these we can form the resulting 32 bit IEEE 754 binary32 format representation of real number 1 as : 0 - 01111111 - 00000000000000000000000 = 3f800000 Ex 2 : Consider a value 0.25 . We can see that : ( 0.25 ) 10 = ( 1.0 ) 2 × 2 − 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 0.25 ) _ ( 10 ) = ( 1.0 ) _ ( 2 ) \ times 2 ^ ( - 2 ) ) From which we deduce : The exponent is − 2 ( and in the biased form it is 127 + ( − 2 ) = 125 = 0111 1101 ) The fraction is 0 ( looking to the right of binary point in 1.0 is all zeros ) From these we can form the resulting 32 bit IEEE 754 binary32 format representation of real number 0.25 as : 0 - 01111101 - 00000000000000000000000 = 3e800000 Ex 3 : Consider a value of 0.375 . We saw that 0.375 = ( 1.1 ) 2 × 2 − 2 ( \ displaystyle 0.375 = ( ( 1.1 ) _ ( 2 ) ) \ times 2 ^ ( - 2 ) ) Hence after determining a representation of 0.375 as ( 1.1 ) 2 × 2 − 2 ( \ displaystyle ( ( 1.1 ) _ ( 2 ) ) \ times 2 ^ ( - 2 ) ) we can proceed as above : The exponent is − 2 ( and in the biased form it is 127 + ( − 2 ) = 125 = 0111 1101 ) The fraction is 1 ( looking to the right of binary point in 1.1 is a single 1 = x ) From these we can form the resulting 32 bit IEEE 754 binary32 format representation of real number 0.375 as : 0 - 01111101 - 10000000000000000000000 = 3ec00000 Single - precision examples ( edit ) These examples are given in bit representation , in hexadecimal and binary , of the floating - point value . This includes the sign , ( biased ) exponent , and significand . 3f80 0000 = 0 01111111 00000000000000000000000 = 1 c000 0000 = 1 10000000 00000000000000000000000 = − 2 7f7f ffff = 0 11111110 11111111111111111111111 = ( 1 − 2 ) × 2 ≈ 3.402823466 × 10 ( max finite positive value in single precision ) 0080 0000 = 0 00000001 00000000000000000000000 = 2 ≈ 1.175494351 × 10 ( min normalized positive value in single precision ) 0000 0000 = 0 00000000 00000000000000000000000 = 0 8000 0000 = 1 00000000 00000000000000000000000 = − 0 7f80 0000 = 0 11111111 00000000000000000000000 = infinity ff80 0000 = 1 11111111 00000000000000000000000 = − infinity 4049 0fdb = 0 10000000 10010010000111111011011 = 3.1415927410 ≈ π ( pi ) 3eaa aaab = 0 01111101 01010101010101010101011 ≈ 1 / 3 By default , 1 / 3 rounds up , instead of down like double precision , because of the even number of bits in the significand . The bits of 1 / 3 beyond the rounding point are 1010 ... which is more than 1 / 2 of a unit in the last place . Converting from single - precision binary to decimal ( edit ) We start with the hexadecimal representation of the value , 41c80000 , in this example , and convert it to binary : 41c8 0000 = 0100 0001 1100 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 then we break it down into three parts : sign bit , exponent , and significand . Sign bit : 0 Exponent : 1000 0011 = 83 = 131 Significand : 100 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = 480000 We then add the implicit 24th bit to the significand : Significand : 1100 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = C80000 and decode the exponent value by subtracting 127 : Raw exponent : 83 = 131 Decoded exponent : 131 − 127 = 4 Each of the 24 bits of the significand ( including the implicit 24th bit ) , bit 23 to bit 0 , represents a value , starting at 1 and halves for each bit , as follows : bit 24 = 1 bit 23 = 0.5 bit 22 = 0.25 bit 21 = 0.125 bit 20 = 0.0625 bit 19 = 0.03125 ... bit 0 = 0.00000011920928955078125 The significand in this example has three bits set : bit 23 , bit 22 , and bit 19 . We can now decode the significand by adding the values represented by these bits . Decoded significand : 1 + 0.5 + 0.0625 = 1.5625 = C80000 / 2 Then we need to multiply with the base , 2 , to the power of the exponent , to get the final result : 1.5625 × 2 = 25 Thus 41c8 0000 = 25 This is equivalent to : n = ( − 1 ) s × ( 1 + m ∗ 2 − 23 ) × 2 x − 127 ( \ displaystyle n = ( - 1 ) ^ ( s ) \ times ( 1 + m * 2 ^ ( - 23 ) ) \ times 2 ^ ( x-127 ) ) where s is the sign bit , x is the exponent , and m is the significand . Precision limits on integer values ( edit ) Integers in ( − 16777216 , 16777216 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 16777216 , 16777216 ) ) can be exactly represented Integers in ( − 33554432 , − 16777217 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 33554432 , - 16777217 ) ) or in ( 16777217 , 33554432 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 16777217 , 33554432 ) ) round to a multiple of 2 Integers in ( − 2 26 , − 2 25 − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 2 ^ ( 26 ) , - 2 ^ ( 25 ) - 1 ) ) or in ( 2 25 + 1 , 2 26 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 2 ^ ( 25 ) + 1 , 2 ^ ( 26 ) ) ) round to a multiple of 4 ... Integers in ( − 2 127 , − 2 126 − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 2 ^ ( 127 ) , - 2 ^ ( 126 ) - 1 ) ) or in ( 2 126 + 1 , 2 127 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 2 ^ ( 126 ) + 1 , 2 ^ ( 127 ) ) ) round to a multiple of 2 103 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 103 ) ) Integers in ( − 2 128 + 2 104 , − 2 127 − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( - 2 ^ ( 128 ) + 2 ^ ( 104 ) , - 2 ^ ( 127 ) - 1 ) ) or in ( 2 127 + 1 , 2 128 − 2 104 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 2 ^ ( 127 ) + 1 , 2 ^ ( 128 ) - 2 ^ ( 104 ) ) ) round to a multiple of 2 127 − 23 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 127 - 23 ) ) Integers larger than or equal to 2 128 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( 128 ) ) or smaller than or equal to − 2 128 ( \ displaystyle - 2 ^ ( 128 ) ) are rounded to `` infinity '' . Optimizations ( edit ) The design of floating - point format allows various optimisations , resulting from the easy generation of a base - 2 logarithm approximation from an integer view of the raw bit pattern . Integer arithmetic and bit - shifting can yield an approximation to reciprocal square root ( fast inverse square root ) , commonly required in computer graphics ) . See also ( edit ) IEEE Standard for Floating - Point Arithmetic ( IEEE 754 ) ISO / IEC 10967 , language independent arithmetic Primitive data type Numerical stability References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` REAL Statement '' . scc.ustc.edu.cn . Jump up ^ `` CLHS : Type SHORT - FLOAT , SINGLE - FLOAT , DOUBLE - FLOAT ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Primitive Data Types '' . Java Documentation . Jump up ^ `` 6 Predefined Types and Classes '' . haskell.org. 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ William Kahan ( 1 October 1997 ) . `` Lecture Notes on the Status of IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating - Point Arithmetic '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Live floating - point bit pattern editor Online calculator Online converter for IEEE 754 numbers with single precision C source code to convert between IEEE double , single , and half precision ( hide ) Data types Uninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary - precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Double precision Extended precision Half precision Long double Minifloat Octuple precision Quadruple precision Single precision Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null - terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive List Object metaobject Option type Product Record Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Top type Type class Unit type Void Related topics Abstract data type Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Protocol interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system See also platform - dependent and independent units of information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single-precision_floating-point_format&oldid=803243424 '' Categories : Binary arithmetic Computer arithmetic Floating point types Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本語 Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ieee single precision floating point number in binary	[ "In IEEE 754-2008 the 32-bit base-2 format is officially referred to as binary32. It was called single in IEEE 754-1985. In older computers, different floating-point formats of 4 bytes were used, e.g., GW-BASIC's single-precision data type was the 32-bit MBF floating-point format." ]	[ "binary32" ]
-4227499572792467374	Internment of Japanese Americans	Internment of Japanese Americans - wikipedia Internment of Japanese Americans Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals in the United States during World War II . For the contemporary internment of German Americans and German nationals , see Internment of German Americans . For the contemporary internment of Italian Americans and Italian nationals , see Internment of Italian Americans . Internment of Japanese Americans Institutions of the War Relocation Authority in the Midwestern , Southern , and Western United States Date February 19 , 1942 -- March 20 , 1946 Location Western United States , and parts of Midwestern and Southern United States ( show ) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Idaho Iowa Kansas Louisiana Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas Utah Washington Wyoming The internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II was the forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the western interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry , most of whom lived on the Pacific coast . Sixty - two percent of the internees were United States citizens . These actions were ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt shortly after Imperial Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . Japanese Americans were incarcerated based on local population concentrations and regional politics . More than 110,000 Japanese Americans in the mainland U.S. , who mostly lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps . However , in Hawaii , where 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned . The internment is considered to have resulted more from racism than from any security risk posed by Japanese Americans . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese and orphaned infants with `` one drop of Japanese blood '' were placed in internment camps . Roosevelt authorized the deportation and incarceration with Executive Order 9066 , issued on February 19 , 1942 , which allowed regional military commanders to designate `` military areas '' from which `` any or all persons may be excluded '' . This authority was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the West Coast , including all of California and parts of Oregon , Washington , and Arizona , except for those in government camps . Approximately 5,000 Japanese Americans relocated outside the exclusion zone before March 1942 , while some 5,500 community leaders had been arrested immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack and thus were already in custody . The majority of nearly 130,000 Japanese Americans living in the U.S. mainland were forcibly relocated from their West Coast homes during the spring of 1942 . The United States Census Bureau assisted the internment efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on Japanese Americans . The Bureau denied its role for decades , but it became public in 2007 . In 1944 , the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the removal by ruling against Fred Korematsu 's appeal for violating an exclusion order . The Court limited its decision to the validity of the exclusion orders , avoiding the issue of the incarceration of U.S. citizens without due process . In 1980 , under mounting pressure from the Japanese American Citizens League and redress organizations , President Jimmy Carter opened an investigation to determine whether the decision to put Japanese Americans into internment camps had been justified by the government . He appointed the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians ( CWRIC ) to investigate the camps . The Commission 's report , titled Personal Justice Denied , found little evidence of Japanese disloyalty at the time and concluded that the incarceration had been the product of racism . It recommended that the government pay reparations to the internees . In 1988 , President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which apologized for the internment on behalf of the U.S. government and authorized a payment of $20,000 ( equivalent to $41,000 in 2017 ) to each camp survivor . The legislation admitted that government actions were based on `` race prejudice , war hysteria , and a failure of political leadership '' . The U.S. government eventually disbursed more than $1.6 billion ( equivalent to $3,310,000,000 in 2017 ) in reparations to 82,219 Japanese Americans who had been interned and their heirs . Of 127,000 Japanese Americans living in the continental United States at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack , 112,000 resided on the West Coast . About 80,000 were Nisei ( literal translation : `` second generation '' ; American - born Japanese with U.S. citizenship ) and Sansei ( `` third generation '' ; the children of Nisei ) . The rest were Issei ( `` first generation '' ) immigrants born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship under U.S. law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Japanese Americans before World War II 2 After Pearl Harbor 2.1 Executive Order 9066 and related actions 2.2 Non-military advocates for exclusion , removal , and detention 2.3 Non-military advocates against exclusion , removal , and detention 3 Statement of military necessity as justification for internment 3.1 Niihau Incident 3.2 Cryptography 3.3 United States District Court opinions 3.4 The Ringle Report 4 Newspaper editorials 5 Facilities 5.1 DOJ and Army internment camps 5.2 WCCA Civilian Assembly Centers 5.3 WRA Relocation Centers 5.4 List of camps 5.4. 1 Civilian Assembly Centers 5.4. 2 Relocation Centers 5.4. 3 Justice Department detention camps 5.4. 4 Citizen Isolation Centers 5.4. 5 Federal Bureau of Prisons 5.4. 6 U.S. Army facilities 5.4. 7 Immigration and Naturalization Service facilities 6 Exclusion , removal , and detention 6.1 Curfew and exclusion 6.2 Conditions in the camps 6.2. 1 Medical care 6.3 Education in the internment camps 6.4 Sports in the internment camps 6.5 Student leave to attend Eastern colleges 6.6 Loyalty questions and segregation 6.7 Proving commitment to the United States 6.8 Other concentration camps 6.9 Hawaii 6.10 Japanese Latin Americans 6.11 Internment ends 7 Hardship and material loss 8 Reparations and redress 9 Legal legacy 10 Terminology debate 11 Comparisons 12 Exhibitions and collections 13 Notable individuals 14 In popular culture 14.1 Electronic 14.2 Literature 14.3 Motion pictures 14.4 Music 14.5 Spoken word 14.6 Theater 15 See also 16 References and notes 17 Further reading 18 External links 18.1 Archival sources of documents , photos , and other materials 18.2 Other sources Japanese Americans before World War II ( edit ) Further information : Japanese American history and Japanese - American life before World War II Due in large part to socio - political changes stemming from the Meiji Restoration -- and a recession caused by the abrupt opening of Japan 's economy to the world market -- people began emigrating from the Empire of Japan in 1868 to find work to survive . From 1869 to 1924 approximately 200,000 immigrated to the islands of Hawaii , mostly laborers expecting to work on the islands ' sugar plantations . Some 180,000 went to the U.S. mainland , with the majority settling on the West Coast and establishing farms or small businesses . Most arrived before 1908 , when the Gentlemen 's Agreement between Japan and the United States banned the immigration of unskilled laborers . A loophole allowed the wives of men already in the US to join their husbands . The practice of women marrying by proxy and immigrating to the U.S. resulted in a large increase in the number of `` picture brides '' . As the Japanese - American population continued to grow , European Americans on the West Coast resisted the new group , fearing competition and exaggerating the idea of hordes of Asians keen to take over white - owned farmland and businesses . Groups such as the Asiatic Exclusion League , the California Joint Immigration Committee , and the Native Sons of the Golden West organized in response to this `` Yellow Peril . '' They lobbied successfully to restrict the property and citizenship rights of Japanese immigrants , as similar groups had previously organized against Chinese immigrants . Several laws and treaties attempting to slow immigration from Japan were introduced beginning in the late 19th century . The Immigration Act of 1924 , following the example of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , effectively banned all immigration from Japan and other `` undesirable '' Asian countries . The 1924 ban on immigration produced unusually well - defined generational groups within the Japanese - American community . The Issei were exclusively those who had immigrated before 1924 ; some desired to return to their homeland . Because no new immigration was permitted , all Japanese Americans born after 1924 were , by definition , born in the U.S. and automatically U.S. citizens . This Nisei generation were a distinct cohort from their parents . In addition to the usual generational differences , Issei men had been typically ten to fifteen years older than their wives , making them significantly older than the younger children of their often large families . U.S. law prohibited Japanese immigrants from becoming naturalized citizens , making them dependent on their children to rent or purchase property . Communication between English - speaking children and parents who spoke mostly or completely in Japanese was often difficult . A significant number of older Nisei , many of whom were born prior to the immigration ban , had married and already started families of their own by the time the US joined World War II . Despite racist legislation that prevented Issei from becoming naturalized citizens ( and therefore from owning property , voting , or running for political office ) , these Japanese immigrants established communities in their new hometowns . Japanese Americans contributed to the agriculture of California and other Western states , by introducing irrigation methods that enabled the cultivation of fruits , vegetables , and flowers on previously inhospitable land . In both rural and urban areas , kenjinkai , community groups for immigrants from the same Japanese prefecture , and fujinkai , Buddhist women 's associations , organized community events and charitable work , provided loans and financial assistance , and built Japanese language schools for their children . Excluded from setting up shop in white neighborhoods , nikkei - owned small businesses thrived in the Nihonmachi , or Japantowns of urban centers such as Los Angeles , San Francisco , and Seattle . In the 1930s the Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI ) , concerned by Imperial Japan 's rising military power in Asia , began conducting surveillance on Japanese - American communities in Hawaii . From 1936 , at the behest of President Roosevelt , the ONI began compiling a `` special list of those who would be the first to be placed in a concentration camp in the event of trouble '' between Japan and the United States . In 1939 , again by order of the President , the ONI , Military Intelligence Division , and FBI began working together to compile a larger Custodial Detention Index . Early in 1941 , Roosevelt commissioned Curtis Munson to conduct an investigation on Japanese Americans living on the West Coast and in Hawaii . After working with FBI and ONI officials and interviewing Japanese Americans and those familiar with them , Munson determined that the `` Japanese problem '' was nonexistent . His final report to the President , submitted November 7 , 1941 , `` certified a remarkable , even extraordinary degree of loyalty among this generally suspect ethnic group . '' A subsequent report by Kenneth Ringle , delivered to the President in January 1942 , also found little evidence to support claims of Japanese - American disloyalty and argued against mass incarceration . After Pearl Harbor ( edit ) San Francisco Examiner , February 1942 A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack . This Dorothea Lange photograph was taken in March 1942 , just prior to the man 's internment . Children at the Weill public school in San Francisco pledge allegiance to the American flag in April 1942 , prior to the internment of Japanese Americans . A child is `` Tagged for evacuation , '' Salinas , California , May 1942 . Photo by Russell Lee The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , led military and political leaders to suspect that Imperial Japan was preparing a full - scale attack on the West Coast of the United States . Due to Japan 's rapid military conquest of a large portion of Asia and the Pacific between 1936 and 1942 , some Americans feared that its military forces were unstoppable . American public opinion initially stood by the large population of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast , with the Los Angeles Times characterizing them as `` good Americans , born and educated as such . '' Many Americans believed that their loyalty to the United States was unquestionable . But , six weeks after the attack , public opinion along the Pacific began to turn against Japanese Americans living on the West Coast , as the press and other Americans became nervous about the potential for fifth column activity . Though the administration ( including the President Franklin D. Roosevelt and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover ) dismissed all rumors of Japanese - American espionage on behalf of the Japanese War effort , pressure mounted upon the Administration as the tide of public opinion turned against Japanese Americans . Civilian and military officials had serious concerns about the loyalty of the ethnic Japanese after the Niihau Incident which immediately followed the attack on Pearl Harbor , when a civilian Japanese national and two Hawaiian - born ethnic Japanese on the island of Ni'ihau violently freed a downed and captured Japanese naval airman , attacking their fellow Ni'ihau islanders in the process . Several concerns over the loyalty of ethnic Japanese seemed to stem from racial prejudice rather than any evidence of malfeasance . Major Karl Bendetsen and Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt , head of the Western Command , each questioned Japanese - American loyalty . DeWitt , who administered the internment program , repeatedly told newspapers that `` A Jap 's a Jap '' and testified to Congress , I do n't want any of them ( persons of Japanese ancestry ) here . They are a dangerous element . There is no way to determine their loyalty ... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen , he is still a Japanese . American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty ... But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map . DeWitt also sought approval to conduct search and seizure operations aimed at preventing alien Japanese from making radio transmissions to Japanese ships . The Justice Department declined , stating that there was no probable cause to support DeWitt 's assertion , as the FBI concluded that there was no security threat . On January 2 , the Joint Immigration Committee of the California Legislature sent a manifesto to California newspapers which attacked `` the ethnic Japanese , '' who it alleged were `` totally unassimilable . '' This manifesto further argued that all people of Japanese heritage were loyal subjects of the Emperor of Japan ; the manifesto contended that Japanese language schools were bastions of racism which advanced doctrines of Japanese racial superiority . The manifesto was backed by the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West and the California Department of the American Legion , which in January demanded that all Japanese with dual citizenship be placed in concentration camps . Internment was not limited to those who had been to Japan , but included a very small number of German and Italian enemy aliens . By February , Earl Warren , the Attorney General of California , had begun his efforts to persuade the federal government to remove all people of Japanese ethnicity from the West Coast . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese could be placed in internment camps . There is evidence supporting the argument that the measures were racially motivated , rather than a military necessity . Bendetsen , promoted to colonel , said in 1942 `` I am determined that if they have one drop of Japanese blood in them , they must go to camp . '' Upon the bombing of Pearl Harbor and pursuant to the Alien Enemies Act , Presidential Proclamations 2525 , 2526 and 2527 were issued designating Japanese , German and Italian nationals as enemy aliens . Information from the CDI was used to locate and incarcerate foreign nationals from Japan , Germany and Italy ( although Germany and Italy did not declare war on the U.S. until December 11 ) . Presidential Proclamation 2537 was issued on January 14 , 1942 , requiring aliens to report any change of address , employment or name to the FBI . Enemy aliens were not allowed to enter restricted areas . Violators of these regulations were subject to `` arrest , detention and internment for the duration of the war . '' Executive Order 9066 and related actions ( edit ) Executive Order 9066 , signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19 , 1942 , authorized military commanders to designate `` military areas '' at their discretion , `` from which any or all persons may be excluded . '' These `` exclusion zones , '' unlike the `` alien enemy '' roundups , were applicable to anyone that an authorized military commander might choose , whether citizen or non-citizen . Eventually such zones would include parts of both the East and West Coasts , totaling about 1 / 3 of the country by area . Unlike the subsequent deportation and incarceration programs that would come to be applied to large numbers of Japanese Americans , detentions and restrictions directly under this Individual Exclusion Program were placed primarily on individuals of German or Italian ancestry , including American citizens . March 2 , 1942 : Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. 1 , declaring that `` such person or classes of persons as the situation may require '' would , at some later point , be subject to exclusion orders from `` Military Area No. 1 '' ( essentially , the entire Pacific coast to about 100.2 miles ( 161.3 km ) inland ) , and requiring anyone who had `` enemy '' ancestry to file a Change of Residence Notice if they planned to move . A second exclusion zone was designated several months later , which included the areas chosen by most of the Japanese Americans who had managed to leave the first zone . March 11 , 1942 : Executive Order 9095 created the Office of the Alien Property Custodian , and gave it discretionary , plenary authority over all alien property interests . Many assets were frozen , creating immediate financial difficulty for the affected aliens , preventing most from moving out of the exclusion zones . March 24 , 1942 : Public Proclamation No. 3 declares an 8 : 00 pm to 6 : 00 am curfew for `` all enemy aliens and all persons of Japanese ancestry '' within the military areas . A Group of young evacuees wave from the window of a special train as it leaves Seattle with Bainbridge Island evacuees , March 30 , 1942 . March 24 , 1942 : General DeWitt began to issue Civilian Exclusion Orders for specific areas within `` Military Area No. 1 . '' Japanese Americans on Bainbridge Island , Washington were the first in the country to be subject to such an order , due to the island 's proximity to naval bases ; they were given until March 30 to prepare for removal from the island , an event commemorated by the Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial . March 27 , 1942 : General DeWitt 's Proclamation No. 4 prohibited all those of Japanese ancestry from leaving `` Military Area No. 1 '' for `` any purpose until and to the extent that a future proclamation or order of this headquarters shall so permit or direct . '' May 3 , 1942 : General DeWitt issued Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 , ordering all people of Japanese ancestry , whether citizens or non-citizens , who were still living in `` Military Area No. 1 '' to report to assembly centers , where they would live until being moved to permanent `` Relocation Centers . '' These edicts included persons of part - Japanese ancestry as well . Anyone with at least one - sixteenth ( equivalent to having one great - great grandparent ) Japanese ancestry was eligible . Korean Americans and Taiwanese , classified as ethnically Japanese because both Korea and Taiwan were Japanese colonies at the time , were also included . Non-military advocates for exclusion , removal , and detention ( edit ) The deportation and incarceration were popular among many white farmers who resented the Japanese American farmers . `` White American farmers admitted that their self - interest required removal of the Japanese . '' These individuals saw internment as a convenient means of uprooting their Japanese - American competitors . Austin E. Anson , managing secretary of the Salinas Vegetable Grower - Shipper Association , told the Saturday Evening Post in 1942 : We 're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons . We do . It 's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the brown men . They came into this valley to work , and they stayed to take over ... If all the Japs were removed tomorrow , we 'd never miss them in two weeks , because the white farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows . And we do not want them back when the war ends , either . The Roberts Commission Report , prepared at President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's request , has been cited as an example of the fear and prejudice informing the thinking behind the internment program . The Report sought to link Japanese Americans with espionage activity , and to associate them with the bombing of Pearl Harbor . Columnist Henry McLemore , who wrote for the Hearst newspapers , reflected the growing public sentiment that was fueled by this report : I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior . I do n't mean a nice part of the interior either . Herd ' em up , pack ' em off and give ' em the inside room in the badlands ... Personally , I hate the Japanese . And that goes for all of them . Other California newspapers also embraced this view . According to a Los Angeles Times editorial , A viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched ... So , a Japanese American born of Japanese parents , nurtured upon Japanese traditions , living in a transplanted Japanese atmosphere ... notwithstanding his nominal brand of accidental citizenship almost inevitably and with the rarest exceptions grows up to be a Japanese , and not an American ... Thus , while it might cause injustice to a few to treat them all as potential enemies , I can not escape the conclusion ... that such treatment ... should be accorded to each and all of them while we are at war with their race . State politicians joined the bandwagon that was embraced by Leland Ford of Los Angeles , who demanded that `` all Japanese , whether citizens or not , be placed in ( inland ) concentration camps . '' Incarceration of Japanese Americans , who provided critical agricultural labor on the West Coast , created a labor shortage , which was exacerbated by the induction of many American laborers into the Armed Forces . This vacuum precipitated a mass immigration of Mexican workers into the United States to fill these jobs , under the banner of what became known as the Bracero Program . Many Japanese internees were temporarily released from their camps -- for instance , to harvest Western beet crops -- to address this wartime labor shortage . Non-military advocates against exclusion , removal , and detention ( edit ) Like many white American farmers , the white businessmen of Hawaii had their own motives for determining how to deal with the Japanese Americans , but they opposed internment . Instead , these individuals gained passage of legislation to retain in freedom the nearly 150,000 Japanese Americans who would have been otherwise sent to internment camps within Hawaii . As a result , only 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese Americans in Hawaii were interned . The powerful businessmen of Hawaii concluded that imprisonment of such a large proportion of the islands ' population would adversely affect the economic prosperity of the island state . The Japanese represented `` over 90 percent of the carpenters , nearly all of the transportation workers , and a significant portion of the agricultural laborers '' on the island . General Delos Carleton Emmons , the military governor of Hawaii , also argued that Japanese labor was `` ' absolutely essential ' for rebuilding the defenses destroyed at Pearl Harbor '' . Recognizing the Japanese - American community 's contribution to the affluence of the Hawaiian economy , General Emmons fought against the internment of the Japanese Americans and had the support of most of the businessmen of Hawaii . Coming to different conclusions about how to deal with the Japanese - American community , both the white farmers of the United States and the white businessmen of Hawaii placed priority on protecting their own economic interests . Though internment was a generally popular policy in California , support was not universal . R.C. Hoiles , publisher of the Orange County Register , argued during the war that the internment was unethical and unconstitutional : It would seem that convicting people of disloyalty to our country without having specific evidence against them is too foreign to our way of life and too close akin to the kind of government we are fighting ... . We must realize , as Henry Emerson Fosdick so wisely said , ' Liberty is always dangerous but it is the safest thing we have . ' Statement of military necessity as justification for internment ( edit ) Play media A Challenge to Democracy was a twenty - minute film produced in 1944 by the War Relocation Authority . Niihau Incident ( edit ) Main article : Niihau Incident The Niihau Incident occurred in December 1941 , just after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Three Japanese Americans on the Hawaiian island of Niihau assisted a Japanese pilot , Shigenori Nishikaichi , who crashed there . Despite the incident , the Territorial Governor of Hawaii rejected calls for the mass internment of the Japanese Americans living there . Shigenori Nishikaichi is buried in his hometown , Hashihama , Japan . On his grave stone is written , ' His meritorious deed will live forever . ' Cryptography ( edit ) Main article : Magic ( cryptography ) In Magic : The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents From the West Coast During World War II , David Lowman , a former National Security Agency ( NSA ) operative , argues that Magic ( `` Magic '' was the code - name for American code - breaking efforts ) intercepts posed `` frightening specter of massive espionage nets , '' thus justifying internment . Lowman contended that incarceration served to ensure the secrecy of U.S. code - breaking efforts , because effective prosecution of Japanese Americans might necessitate disclosure of secret information . If U.S. code - breaking technology was revealed in the context of trials of individual spies , the Japanese Imperial Navy would change its codes , thus undermining U.S. strategic wartime advantage . Some scholars have criticized or dismissed Lowman 's reasoning that `` disloyalty '' among some individual Japanese Americans could legitimize `` incarcerating 120,000 people , including infants , the elderly , and the mentally ill '' . Lowman 's reading of the contents of the Magic cables has also been challenged , as some scholars contend that the cables demonstrate that Japanese Americans were not heeding the overtures of Imperial Japan to spy against the United States . According to one critic , Lowman 's book has long since been `` refuted and discredited '' . The controversial conclusions drawn by Lowman were defended by conservative commentator Michelle Malkin in her book In Defense of Internment ; The Case for ' Racial Profiling ' in World War II and the War on Terror ( 2004 ) . Malkin 's defense of Japanese internment was due in part to reaction to what she describes as the `` constant alarmism from Bush - bashers who argue that every counter-terror measure in America is tantamount to the internment '' . She criticized academia 's treatment of the subject , and suggested that academics critical of Japanese internment had ulterior motives . Her book was widely criticized , particularly with regard to her reading of the `` Magic '' cables . Daniel Pipes , also drawing on Lowman , has defended Malkin , and said that Japanese American internment was `` a good idea '' which offers `` lessons for today '' . United States district Court opinions ( edit ) Official notice of exclusion and removal A letter by General DeWitt and Colonel Bendetsen expressing racist bias against Japanese Americans was circulated and then hastily redacted in 1943 -- 1944 . DeWitt 's final report stated that , because of their race , it was impossible to determine the loyalty of Japanese Americans , thus necessitating internment . The original version was so offensive -- even in the atmosphere of the wartime 1940s -- that Bendetsen ordered all copies to be destroyed . In 1980 , a copy of the original Final Report : Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast -- 1942 was found in the National Archives , along with notes showing the numerous differences between the original and redacted versions . This earlier , racist and inflammatory version , as well as the FBI and Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI ) reports , led to the coram nobis retrials which overturned the convictions of Fred Korematsu , Gordon Hirabayashi and Minoru Yasui on all charges related to their refusal to submit to exclusion and internment . The courts found that the government had intentionally withheld these reports and other critical evidence , at trials all the way up to the Supreme Court , which proved that there was no military necessity for the exclusion and internment of Japanese Americans . In the words of Department of Justice officials writing during the war , the justifications were based on `` willful historical inaccuracies and intentional falsehoods . '' The Ringle report ( edit ) In May 2011 , U.S. Solicitor General Neal Katyal , after a year of investigation , found Charles Fahy had intentionally withheld The Ringle Report drafted by the Office of Naval Intelligence , in order to justify the Roosevelt administration 's actions in the cases of Hirabayashi v. United States and Korematsu v. United States . The report would have undermined the administration 's position of the military necessity for such action , as it concluded that most Japanese Americans were not a national security threat , and that allegations of communication espionage had been found to be without basis by the FBI and Federal Communications Commission . Newspaper editorials ( edit ) Editorials from major newspapers at the time were generally supportive of the internment of the Japanese by the United States . A Los Angeles Times editorial dated February 19 , 1942 , stated that : `` Since Dec. 7 there has existed an obvious menace to the safety of this region in the presence of potential saboteurs and fifth columnists close to oil refineries and storage tanks , airplane factories , Army posts , Navy facilities , ports and communications systems . Under normal sensible procedure not one day would have elapsed after Pearl Harbor before the government had proceeded to round up and send to interior points all Japanese aliens and their immediate descendants for classification and possible internment . '' An Atlanta Constitution editorial dated February 20 , 1942 , stated that : The time to stop taking chances with Japanese aliens and Japanese - Americans has come ... While Americans have an inate distaste for stringent measures , every one must realize this is a total war , that there are no Americans running loose in Japan or Germany or Italy and there is absolutely no sense in this country running even the slightest risk of a major disaster from enemy groups within the nation . A Washington Post editorial dated February 22 , 1942 , stated that : There is but one way in which to regard the Presidential order empowering the Army to establish `` military areas '' from which citizens or aliens may be excluded . That is to accept the order as a necessary accompaniment of total defense . A Los Angeles Times editorial dated February 28 , 1942 , stated that : As to a considerable number of Japanese , no matter where born , there is unfortunately no doubt whatever . They are for Japan ; they will aid Japan in every way possible by espionage , sabotage and other activity ; and they need to be restrained for the safety of California and the United States . And since there is no sure test for loyalty to the United States , all must be restrained . Those truly loyal will understand and make no objection . A Los Angeles Times editorial dated December 8 , 1942 , stated that : The Japs in these centers in the United States have been afforded the very best of treatment , together with food and living quarters far better than many of them ever knew before , and a minimum amount of restraint . They have been as well fed as the Army and as well as or better housed ... The American people can go without milk and butter , but the Japs will be supplied . A Los Angeles Times editorial dated April 22 , 1943 , stated that : As a race , the Japanese have made for themselves a record for conscienceless treachery unsurpassed in history . Whatever small theoretical advantages there might be in releasing those under restraint in this country would be enormously outweighed by the risks involved . Facilities ( edit ) Hayward , California . `` Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus . Identification tags are used to aid in keeping the family unit intact during all phases of evacuation . Mochida operated a nursery and five greenhouses on a two - acre site in Eden Township . He raised snapdragons and sweet peas . '' While this event is most commonly called the internment of Japanese Americans , the government operated several different types of camps holding Japanese Americans . The best known facilities were the military - run Wartime Civil Control Administration ( WCCA ) Assembly Centers and the civilian - run War Relocation Authority ( WRA ) Relocation Centers , which are generally ( but unofficially ) referred to as `` internment camps . '' Scholars have urged dropping such euphemisms and refer to them as concentration camps and the people as incarcerated . The Department of Justice ( DOJ ) operated camps officially called Internment Camps , which were used to detain those suspected of crimes or of `` enemy sympathies . '' The government also operated camps for a limited number of German Americans and Italian Americans , who sometimes were assigned to share facilities with the Japanese Americans . The WCCA and WRA facilities were the largest and the most public . The WCCA Assembly Centers were temporary facilities that were first set up in horse racing tracks , fairgrounds , and other large public meeting places to assemble and organize internees before they were transported to WRA Relocation Centers by truck , bus , or train . The WRA Relocation Centers were semi-permanent camps that housed persons removed from the exclusion zone after March 1942 , or until they were able to relocate elsewhere in the United States outside the exclusion zone . DOJ and Army internment camps ( edit ) Eight U.S. Department of Justice Camps ( in Texas , Idaho , North Dakota , New Mexico , and Montana ) held Japanese Americans , primarily non-citizens and their families . The camps were run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service , under the umbrella of the DOJ , and guarded by Border Patrol agents rather than military police . The population of these camps included approximately 3,800 of the 5,500 Buddhist and Christian ministers , Japanese - language school instructors , newspaper workers , fishermen , and community leaders who had been accused of fifth column activity and arrested by the FBI after Pearl Harbor . ( The remaining 1,700 were released to WRA relocation centers . ) Immigrants and nationals of German and Italian ancestry were also held in these facilities , often in the same camps as Japanese Americans . Approximately 7,000 German Americans and 3,000 Italian Americans from Hawai'i and the U.S. mainland were interned in DOJ camps , along with 500 German seamen already in custody after being rescued from the SS Columbus in 1938 . In addition 2,264 ethnic Japanese , 4,058 ethnic Germans , and 288 ethnic Italians were deported from 19 Latin American countries for a later - abandoned hostage exchange program with Axis countries or confinement in DOJ camps . Friends say good - bye as family of Japanese ancestry await evacuation bus . Hayward , California , May 8 , 1942 Several U.S. Army internment camps held Japanese , Italian , and German American men considered `` potentially dangerous . '' Camp Lordsburg , in New Mexico , was the only site built specifically to confine Japanese Americans . In May 1943 , the Army was given responsibility for the detention of prisoners of war and all civilian internees were transferred to DOJ camps . WCCA civilian assembly centers ( edit ) Executive Order 9066 authorized the removal of all persons of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast ; however , it was signed before there were any facilities completed to house the displaced Japanese Americans . After the voluntary evacuation program failed to result in many families leaving the exclusion zone , the military took charge of the now - mandatory evacuation . On April 9 , 1942 , the Wartime Civilian Control Administration ( WCCA ) was established by the Western Defense Command to coordinate the forced removal of Japanese Americans to inland concentration camps . The relocation centers faced opposition from inland communities near the proposed sites who disliked the idea of their new `` Jap '' neighbors . In addition , government forces were struggling to build what would essentially be self - sufficient towns in very isolated , undeveloped , and harsh regions of the country ; they were not prepared to house the influx of over 110,000 evacuees . Since Japanese Americans living in the restricted zone were considered too dangerous to conduct their daily business , the military decided it had to house them in temporary centers until the relocation centers were completed . Under the direction of Colonel Karl Bendetsen , existing facilities had been designated for conversion to WCCA use in March 1942 , and the Army Corps of Engineers finished construction on these sites on April 21 , 1942 . All but four of the 15 confinement sites ( 12 in California , and one each in Washington , Oregon , and Arizona ) had previously been racetracks or fairgrounds . The stables and livestock areas were cleaned out and hastily converted to living quarters for families of up to six , while wood and tarpaper barracks were constructed for additional housing , as well as communal latrines , laundry facilities , and mess halls . A total of 92,193 Japanese Americans were transferred to these temporary detention centers from March to August 1942 . ( 18,026 more had been taken directly to two `` reception centers '' that were developed as the Manzanar and Poston WRA camps . ) The WCCA was dissolved on March 15 , 1943 , when it became the War Relocation Authority and turned its attentions to the more permanent relocation centers . WRA Relocation Centers Name State Opened Max . Pop'n Manzanar California March 1942 10,046 Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789 Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814 Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348 Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318 Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767 Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397 Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130 Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475 Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497 WRA Relocation centers ( edit ) The War Relocation Authority ( WRA ) was the U.S. civilian agency responsible for the relocation and detention . The WRA was created by President Roosevelt on March 18 , 1942 , with Executive Order 9102 and officially ceased to exist June 30 , 1946 . Milton S. Eisenhower , then an official of the Department of Agriculture , was chosen to head the WRA . In the 1943 US Government film Japanese Relocation he said , `` This picture tells how the mass migration was accomplished . Neither the Army , not the War Relocation Authority relish the idea of taking men , women and children from their homes , their shops and their farms . So , the military and civilian agencies alike , determined to do the job as a democracy should - with real consideration for the people involved . '' Dillon S. Myer replaced Eisenhower three months later on June 17 , 1942 . Myer served as Director of the WRA until the centers were closed . Within nine months , the WRA had opened ten facilities in seven states , and transferred over 100,000 people from the WCCA facilities . The WRA camp at Tule Lake , though initially like the other camps , eventually was used as a detention center for people believed to pose a security risk . Tule Lake also served as a `` segregation center '' for individuals and families who were deemed `` disloyal , '' and for those who were to be deported to Japan . List of camps ( edit ) There were three types of camps . Civilian Assembly Centers were temporary camps , frequently located at horse tracks , where Japanese Americans were sent as they were removed from their communities . Eventually , most were sent to Relocation Centers , also known as internment camps . Detention camps housed Nikkei considered to be disruptive or of special interest to the government . Civilian Assembly Centers ( edit ) Arcadia , California ( Santa Anita Racetrack , stables ) Fresno , California ( Fresno Fairgrounds , racetrack , stables ) Marysville / Arboga , California ( migrant workers ' camp ) Mayer , Arizona ( Civilian Conservation Corps camp ) Merced , California ( county fairgrounds ) Eleanor Roosevelt at the Gila River Relocation Center , April 23 , 1943 Owens Valley , California Parker Dam , Arizona Pinedale , California ( Pinedale Assembly Center , warehouses ) Pomona , California ( Los Angeles County Fairgrounds , racetrack , stables ) Portland , Oregon ( Pacific International Livestock Exposition , including 3,800 housed in the main pavilion building ) Puyallup , Washington ( fairgrounds racetrack stables , Informally known as `` Camp Harmony '' ) Sacramento , California Camp Kohler ( Site of Present - Day Walerga Park ) ( migrant workers ' camp ) Salinas , California ( fairgrounds , racetrack , stables ) San Bruno , California ( Tanforan racetrack , stables ) Stockton , California ( San Joaquin County Fairgrounds , racetrack , stables ) Tulare , California ( fairgrounds , racetrack , stables ) Turlock , California ( Stanislaus County Fairgrounds ) Woodland , California Relocation Centers ( edit ) Heart Mountain Relocation Center , January 10 , 1943 Ruins of the buildings in the Gila River War Relocation Center of Camp Butte Harvesting spinach . Tule Lake Relocation Center , September 8 , 1942 Gila River War Relocation Center , Arizona Granada War Relocation Center , Colorado ( AKA `` Amache '' ) Heart Mountain War Relocation Center , Wyoming Jerome War Relocation Center , Arkansas Manzanar War Relocation Center , California Minidoka War Relocation Center , Idaho Poston War Relocation Center , Arizona Rohwer War Relocation Center , Arkansas Topaz War Relocation Center , Utah Tule Lake War Relocation Center , California Justice Department detention camps ( edit ) These camps often held German - American and Italian - American detainees in addition to Japanese Americans : Crystal City , Texas Fort Lincoln Internment Camp Fort Missoula , Montana Fort Stanton , New Mexico Kenedy , Texas Kooskia , Idaho Santa Fe , New Mexico Seagoville , Texas Forest Park , Georgia Citizen Isolation centers ( edit ) The Citizen Isolation Centers were for those considered to be problem inmates . Leupp , Arizona Moab , Utah ( AKA Dalton Wells ) Fort Stanton , New Mexico ( AKA Old Raton Ranch ) Federal Bureau of prisons ( edit ) Detainees convicted of crimes , usually draft resistance , were sent to these sites , mostly federal prisons : Catalina , Arizona Fort Leavenworth , Kansas McNeil Island , Washington U.S. Army facilities ( edit ) These camps often held German and Italian detainees in addition to Japanese Americans : Fort McDowell / Angel Island , California Camp Blanding , Florida Camp Forrest , Tennessee Camp Livingston , Louisiana Camp Lordsburg , New Mexico Camp McCoy , Wisconsin Florence , Arizona Fort Bliss , New Mexico and Texas Fort Howard , Maryland Fort Lewis , Washington Fort Meade , Maryland Fort Richardson , Alaska Fort Sam Houston , Texas Fort Sill , Oklahoma Griffith Park , California Honouliuli Internment Camp , Hawaiʻi Sand Island , Hawaiʻi Stringtown , Oklahoma Immigration and Naturalization Service facilities ( edit ) These immigration detention stations held the roughly 5,500 men arrested immediately after Pearl Harbor , in addition to several thousand German and Italian detainees , and served as processing centers from which the men were transferred to DOJ or Army camps : East Boston Immigration Station Ellis Island Cincinnati , Ohio San Pedro , Los Angeles Seattle , Washington Sharp Park , California Tuna Canyon , Los Angeles Exclusion , removal , and detention ( edit ) Field laborers of Japanese ancestry stand in front of a Wartime Civil Control Administration site , where they are seeking instruction in regards to their `` evacuation '' . Somewhere between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry were subject to this mass exclusion program , of whom about two - thirds were U.S. citizens . The remaining one - third were non-citizens subject to internment under the Alien Enemies Act ; many of these `` resident aliens '' had been inhabitants of the United States for decades , but had been deprived by law of being able to become naturalized citizens . Also part of the West Coast removal were 101 children of Japanese descent taken from orphanages and foster homes within the exclusion zone . Internees of Japanese descent were first sent to one of 17 temporary `` Civilian Assembly Centers , '' where most awaited transfer to more permanent relocation centers being constructed by the newly formed War Relocation Authority ( WRA ) . Some of those who reported to the civilian assembly centers were not sent to relocation centers , but were released under the condition that they remain outside the prohibited zone until the military orders were modified or lifted . Almost 120,000 Japanese Americans and resident Japanese aliens were eventually removed from their homes in California , the western halves of Oregon and Washington and southern Arizona as part of the single largest forced relocation in U.S. history . Most of these camps / residences , gardens , and stock areas were placed on Native American reservations , for which the Native Americans were formally compensated . The Native American councils disputed the amounts negotiated in absentia by US government authorities . They later sued to gain relief and additional compensation for some items of dispute . Under the National Student Council Relocation Program ( supported primarily by the American Friends Service Committee ) , students of college age were permitted to leave the camps to attend institutions willing to accept students of Japanese ancestry . Although the program initially granted leave permits to a very small number of students , this eventually included 2,263 students by December 31 , 1943 . The baggage of Japanese Americans from the west coast , at a makeshift reception center located at a racetrack An evacuee with family belongings en route to an `` assembly center '' , Spring 1942 Curfew and exclusion ( edit ) On March 2 , 1942 , General John DeWitt , commanding general of the Western Defense Command , publicly announced the creation of two military restricted zones . Military Area No. 1 consisted of the southern half of Arizona and the western half of California , Oregon , and Washington , as well as all of California south of Los Angeles . Military Area No. 2 covered the rest of those states . DeWitt 's proclamation informed Japanese Americans they would be required to leave Military Area 1 , but stated that they could remain in the second restricted zone . Removal from Military Area No. 1 initially occurred through `` voluntary evacuation . '' Japanese Americans were free to go anywhere outside of the exclusion zone or inside Area 2 , with arrangements and costs of relocation to be borne by the individuals . The policy was short - lived ; DeWitt issued another proclamation on March 27 that prohibited Japanese Americans from leaving Area 1 . A night - time curfew , also initiated on March 27 , 1942 , placed further restrictions on the movements and daily lives of Japanese Americans . Eviction from the West Coast began on March 24 , 1942 , with Civilian Exclusion Order No. 1 , which gave the 227 Japanese American residents of Bainbridge Island , Washington six days to prepare for their `` evacuation '' directly to Manzanar . Colorado governor Ralph Lawrence Carr was the only elected official to publicly denounce the internment of American citizens ( an act that cost his reelection , but gained him the gratitude of the Japanese American community , such that a statue of him was erected in the Denver Japantown 's Sakura Square ) . A total of 108 exclusion orders issued by the Western Defense Command over the next five months completed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast in August 1942 . Conditions in the camps ( edit ) In 1943 , Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes wrote `` the situation in at least some of the Japanese internment camps is bad and is becoming worse rapidly . '' The quality of life in the camps was heavily influenced by which government entity was responsible for them . INS Camps were regulated by international treaty . The legal difference between interned and relocated had significant effects on those locked up . INS camps were required to provide food quality and housing at the minimum equal to that experienced by the lowest ranked person in the military . According to a 1943 War Relocation Authority report , internees were housed in `` tar paper - covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind . '' The spartan facilities met international laws , but left much to be desired . Many camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on designs for military barracks , making the buildings poorly equipped for cramped family living . Throughout many camps , twenty - five people were forced to live in space built to contain four , leaving no room for privacy . Dust storm at Manzanar War Relocation Center Trudging through the mud during rainy weather at the Jerome Relocation Center The Heart Mountain War Relocation Center in northwestern Wyoming was a barbed - wire - surrounded enclave with unpartitioned toilets , cots for beds , and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations . Armed guards were posted at the camps , which were all in remote , desolate areas far from population centers . Internees were typically allowed to stay with their families , and were treated decently unless they violated the rules . There are documented instances of guards shooting internees who reportedly attempted to walk outside the fences . One such shooting , that of James Wakasa at Topaz , led to a re-evaluation of the security measures in the camps . Some camp administrations eventually allowed relatively free movement outside the marked boundaries of the camps . Nearly a quarter of the internees left the camps to live and work elsewhere in the United States , outside the exclusion zone . Eventually , some were authorized to return to their hometowns in the exclusion zone under supervision of a sponsoring American family or agency whose loyalty had been assured . The phrase `` shikata ga nai '' ( loosely translated as `` it can not be helped '' ) was commonly used to summarize the interned families ' resignation to their helplessness throughout these conditions . This was noticed by their children , as mentioned in the well - known memoir Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston . Further , it is noted that parents may have internalized these emotions to withhold their disappointment and anguish from affecting their children . Nevertheless , children still were cognizant of this emotional repression . Medical care ( edit ) Before the war , 87 physicians and surgeons , 137 nurses , 105 dentists , 132 pharmacists , 35 optometrists , and 92 lab technicians provided healthcare to the Japanese American population , with most practicing in urban centers like Los Angeles , San Francisco , and Seattle . As the eviction from the West Coast was carried out , the Wartime Civilian Control Administration worked with the United States Public Health Service ( USPHS ) and many of these professionals to establish infirmaries within the temporary assembly centers . An Issei doctor was appointed to manage each facility , and additional healthcare staff worked under his supervision , although the USPHS recommendation of one physician for every 1,000 inmates and one nurse to 200 inmates was not met . Overcrowded and unsanitary conditions forced assembly center infirmaries to prioritize inoculations over general care , obstetrics , and surgeries ; at Manzanar , for example , hospital staff performed over 40,000 immunizations against typhoid and smallpox . Food poisoning was common and also demanded significant attention . Those who were interned in Topaz , Minidoka , and Jerome experienced outbreaks of dysentery . Facilities in the more permanent `` relocation centers '' eventually surpassed the makeshift assembly center infirmaries , but in many cases these hospitals were incomplete when inmates began to arrive and were not fully functional for several months . Additionally , vital medical supplies such as medications and surgical and sterilization equipment were limited . The staff shortages suffered in the assembly centers continued in the WRA camps . The administration 's decision to invert the management structure and demote Japanese American medical workers to positions below white employees , while capping their pay rate at a $20 / month , further exacerbated this problem . ( At Heart Mountain , for example , Japanese American doctors received $19 / month compared to white nurses ' $150 / month . ) The war had caused a shortage of healthcare professionals across the country , and the camps often lost potential recruits to outside hospitals that offered better pay and living conditions . When the WRA began to allow some Japanese Americans to leave camp , many Nikkei medical professionals resettled outside camp . Those who remained had little authority in administration of the hospitals . Combined with the inequitable payment of salaries between white and Japanese American employees , conflicts arose at several hospitals , and there were two Japanese American walk - outs at Heart Mountain in 1943 . Despite a shortage of healthcare workers , limited access to equipment , and tension between white administrators and Japanese American staff , these hospitals provided much needed medical care in camp . The extreme climates of the remote incarceration sites were hard on infants and elderly inmates . The frequent dust storms of the high desert locations led to increased cases of asthma and coccidioidomycosis , while the swampy , mosquito - infested Arkansas camps exposed residents to malaria , all of which were treated in camp . Almost 6,000 live deliveries were performed in these hospitals , and all mothers received pre - and postnatal care . The WRA recorded 1,862 deaths across the ten camps , with cancer , heart disease , tuberculosis , and vascular disease accounting for the majority . Education in the internment camps ( edit ) Flag of allegiance pledge at Raphael Weill Public School , Geary and Buchanan Streets , San Francisco , April 20 , 1942 Of the 110,000 Japanese Americans detained by the United States government during World War II , 30,000 were children . Most were school - age children , so educational facilities were set up in the camps . Allowing them to continue their education , however , did not erase the potential for traumatic experiences during their overall time in the camps . The government had not adequately planned for the camps , and no real budget or plan was set aside for the new camp educational facilities . Camp schoolhouses were crowded and had insufficient materials , books , notebooks , and desks for students . Not only that the education / instruction was all in English , the schools in Japanese Internment Camps also did n't have any books or supplies to go on as they opened . The state decided to issue a few books only a month after the opening . Wood stoves were used to heat the buildings , and instead of using separate rooms for different kinds of activities only partitions were used to accomplish that . Japanese Internment Camps also did not have any libraries ( and consequently no library books ) , writing arm chairs or desks , and no science equipment . These ' schoolhouses ' were essentially prison blocks that contained few windows . In the Southwest , when temperatures rose and the schoolhouse filled , the rooms would be sweltering and unbearable . Class sizes were immense . At the height of its attendance , the Rohwer Camp of Arkansas reached 2,339 , with only 45 certified teachers . The student to teacher ratio in the camps was 48 : 1 in elementary schools and 35 : 1 for secondary schools , compared to the national average of 28 : 1 . This was due to a few things . One of them was that there was a general teacher shortage in the US at the moment , and the fact that the teachers were required to live in those poor conditions in the camps themselves . `` There was persistent mud or dust , heat , mosquitoes , poor food and living conditions , inadequate instructional supplies , and a half mile or more walk each day just to and from the school block '' . Despite the triple salary increase in the internment camps , they were still unable to fill in all the needed teacher positions with certified personnel , and so in the end they had to hire non-certified teacher detainees to help out the teachers as assistants . The rhetorical curriculum of the schools was based mostly on the study of `` the democratic ideal and to discover its many implications . '' English compositions researched at the Jerome and Rohwer camps in Arkansas focused on these ' American ideals ' , and many of the compositions pertained to the camps . Responses were varied , as schoolchildren of the Topaz camp were patriotic and believed in the war effort , but could not ignore the fact of their incarceration . To build patriotism , the Japanese language was banned in the camps , forcing the children to learn English and then go home and teach their parents . Sports in the internment camps ( edit ) A baseball game at Manzanar . Picture by Ansel Adams c. 1943 . Smithsonian photo of softball from Heart Mountain Relocation Center Although life in the camps was very difficult , Japanese Americans formed many different sports teams , including baseball and football teams . In January 1942 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued what came to be known as the `` Green Light Letter , '' to MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis , which urged him to continue playing Major League Baseball games despite the ongoing war . In it Roosevelt said that `` baseball provides a recreation , '' and this was true for Japanese American incarcerees as well . Over 100 baseball teams were formed in the Manzanar camp so that Japanese Americans could have some recreation , and some of the team names were carry - overs from teams formed before the incarceration . Both men and women participated in the sports . In some cases , the Japanese American baseball teams from the camps traveled to outside communities to play other teams . Incarcerees from Idaho competed in the state tournament in 1943 , and there were games between the prison guards and the Japanese American teams . Branch Rickey , who would be responsible for bringing Jackie Robinson into Major League Baseball in 1947 , sent a letter to all of the WRA camps expressing interest in scouting some of the Nisei players . In the fall of 1943 , three players tried out for the Brooklyn Dodgers in front of MLB scout George Sisler , however , none of them made the team . Student leave to attend Eastern colleges ( edit ) Although most Nisei college students followed their families into camp , a small number tried to arrange for transfers to schools outside the exclusion zone in order to continue their education . Their initial efforts expanded as sympathetic college administrators and the American Friends Service Committee began to coordinate a larger student relocation program . The Friends petitioned WRA Director Milton Eisenhower to place college students in Eastern and Midwestern academic institutions . The National Japanese American Student Relocation Council was formed on May 29 , 1942 , and the AFSC administered the program . By September 1942 , after the initial roundup of Japanese Americans , 250 students from assembly centers and WRA camps were back at school . Their tuition , book costs , and living expenses were absorbed by the U.S. government , private foundations , and church scholarships , in addition to significant fundraising efforts led by Issei parents in camp . Outside camp , the students took on the role of `` ambassadors of good will , '' and the NJASRC and WRA promoted this image to soften anti-Japanese prejudice and prepare the public for the resettlement of Japanese Americans in their communities . At Earlham College , President William Dennis helped institute a program that enrolled several dozen Japanese - American students in order to spare them from incarceration . While this action was controversial in Richmond , Indiana , it helped strengthen the college 's ties to Japan and the Japanese - American community . At Oberlin College , about 40 evacuated Nisei students were enrolled . One of them , Kenji Okuda , was elected as student council president . In total , over 600 institutions east of the exclusion zone opened their doors to more than 4,000 college - age youth who had been placed behind barbed wire , many of whom were enrolled in West Coast schools prior to their removal . The NJASRC ceased operations on June 7 , 1946 . Loyalty questions and segregation ( edit ) In early 1943 , War Relocation Authority officials , working with the War Department and the Office of Naval Intelligence , circulated a questionnaire in an attempt to determine the loyalty of incarcerated Nisei men they hoped to recruit into military service . The `` Statement of United States Citizen of Japanese Ancestry '' was initially given only to Nisei who were eligible for service ( or would have been , but for the 4 - C classification imposed on them at the start of the war ) . Authorities soon revised the questionnaire and required all adults in camp to complete the form . Most of the 28 questions were designed to assess the `` Americanness '' of the respondent -- had they been educated in Japan or the U.S. ? were they Buddhist or Christian ? did they practice judo or play on a baseball team ? The final two questions on the form , which soon came to be known as the `` loyalty questionnaire , '' were more direct : Question 27 : Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty , wherever ordered ? Question 28 : Will you swear unqualified allegiances to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any and all attack by foreign or domestic forces , and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor , or other foreign government , power or organization ? Across the camps , persons who answered No to both questions became known as `` No Nos . '' While most camp inmates simply answered `` yes '' to both questions , several thousand -- 17 percent of the total respondents , 20 percent of the Nisei -- gave negative or qualified replies out of confusion , fear or anger at the wording and implications of the questionnaire . In regard to Question 27 , many worried that expressing a willingness to serve would be equated with volunteering for combat , while others felt insulted at being asked to risk their lives for a country that had imprisoned them and their families . An affirmative answer to Question 28 brought up other issues . Some believed that renouncing their loyalty to Japan would suggest that they had at some point been loyal to Japan and disloyal to the United States . Many believed they were to be deported to Japan no matter how they answered ; they feared an explicit disavowal of the Emperor would become known and make such resettlement extremely difficult . On July 15 , 1943 , Tule Lake , the site with the highest number of `` no '' responses to the questionnaire , was designated to house inmates whose answers suggested they were `` disloyal '' . During the remainder of 1943 and into early 1944 , more than 12,000 men , women and children were transferred from other camps to the maximum - security Tule Lake Segregation Center . After these insults , the government passed the Renunciation Act of 1944 , a law that made it possible for Nisei and Kibei to renounce their American citizenship . A total of 5,589 internees opted to do so ; 5,461 of these were sent to Tule Lake . Of those who renounced US citizenship , 1,327 were repatriated to Japan . Those persons who stayed in the US faced discrimination from the Japanese - American community , both during and after the war , for having made that choice of renunciation . At the time , they feared what their futures held were they to remain American , and remain interned . These renunciations of American citizenship have been highly controversial , for a number of reasons . Some apologists for internment have cited the renunciations as evidence that `` disloyalty '' or anti-Americanism was well represented among the interned peoples , thereby justifying the internment . Many historians have dismissed the latter argument , for its failure to consider that the small number of individuals in question had been mistreated and persecuted by their own government at the time of the `` renunciation '' : ( T ) he renunciations had little to do with `` loyalty '' or `` disloyalty '' to the United States , but were instead the result of a series of complex conditions and factors that were beyond the control of those involved . Prior to discarding citizenship , most or all of the renunciants had experienced the following misfortunes : forced removal from homes ; loss of jobs ; government and public assumption of disloyalty to the land of their birth based on race alone ; and incarceration in a `` segregation center '' for `` disloyal '' ISSEI or NISEI ... Minoru Kiyota , who was among those who renounced his citizenship and soon came to regret the decision , has said that he wanted only `` to express my fury toward the government of the United States , '' for his internment and for the mental and physical duress , as well as the intimidation , he was made to face . ( M ) y renunciation had been an expression of momentary emotional defiance in reaction to years of persecution suffered by myself and other Japanese Americans and , in particular , to the degrading interrogation by the FBI agent at Topaz and being terrorized by the guards and gangs at Tule Lake . Civil rights attorney Wayne M. Collins successfully challenged most of these renunciations as invalid , owing to the conditions of duress and intimidation under which the government obtained them . Many of the deportees were Issei ( first generation ) or Kibei , who often had difficulty with English and often did not understand the questions they were asked . Even among those Issei who had a clear understanding , Question 28 posed an awkward dilemma : Japanese immigrants were denied U.S. citizenship at the time , so when asked to renounce their Japanese citizenship , answering `` Yes '' would have made them stateless persons . When the government began seeking army volunteers from among the camps , only 6 % of military - aged male inmates volunteered to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces . Most of those who refused tempered that refusal with statements of willingness to fight if they were restored their rights as American citizens . Eventually 20,000 Japanese - American men and many Japanese - American women served in the U.S. Army during World War II . The 442nd Regimental Combat Team , which was composed primarily of Japanese Americans , served with uncommon distinction in the European Theatre of World War II . Many of the U.S. soldiers serving in the unit had families who were held in concentration camps in the United States while they fought abroad . The 442nd Regimental Combat Team , which fought in Europe , was formed from those Japanese Americans who agreed to serve . This unit was the most highly decorated U.S. military unit of its size and duration . The 442nd 's Nisei segregated field artillery battalion , then on detached service within the U.S. Army in Bavaria , liberated at least one of the satellite labor camps of the Nazis ' original concentration camp at Dachau on April 29 , 1945 , and only days later , on May 2 , halted a death march in southern Bavaria . Proving commitment to the United States ( edit ) Many Nisei worked to prove themselves as loyal American citizens . Of the 20,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Army during World War II , `` many Japanese - American soldiers had gone to war to fight racism at home '' and they were `` proving with their blood , their limbs , and their bodies that they were truly American '' . It was not only men either , some one hundred Nisei women volunteered for the WAC ( Women 's Army Corps ) , where , after undergoing rigorous basic training , they had assignments as typists , clerks , and drivers . Satoshi Ito , an internment camp internee , reinforces the idea of the immigrants ' children striving to demonstrate their patriotism to the United States . He notes that his mother would tell him , `` ' you 're here in the United States , you need to do well in school , you need to prepare yourself to get a good job when you get out into the larger society ' '' . He said she would tell him , `` ' do n't be a dumb farmer like me , like us ' '' to encourage Ito to successfully assimilate into American society . As a result , he worked exceptionally hard to excel in school and later became a professor at the College of William & Mary . His story , along with the countless Japanese Americans willing to risk their lives in war , demonstrate the lengths many in their community went to prove their American patriotism . Other concentration camps ( edit ) As early as 1939 , when war broke out in Europe and while armed conflict began to rage in East Asia , the FBI and branches of the Department of Justice and the armed forces began to collect information and surveil influential members of the Japanese community in the United States . These data were included in the Custodial Detention index ( CDI ) . Agents in the Department of Justice 's Special Defense Unit classified the subjects into three groups : A , B , and C , with A being `` most dangerous , '' and C being `` possibly dangerous . '' After the Pearl Harbor attack , Roosevelt authorized his attorney general to put into motion a plan for the arrest of individuals on the potential enemy alien lists . Armed with a blanket arrest warrant , the FBI seized these men on the eve of December 8 , 1941 . These men were held in municipal jails and prisons until they were moved to Department of Justice detention camps , separate from those of the Wartime Relocation Authority ( WRA ) . These camps operated under far more stringent conditions and were subject to heightened criminal - style guards , despite the absence of criminal proceedings . Crystal City , Texas , was one such camp where Japanese Americans , German Americans , Italian Americans , and a large number of U.S. - seized , Axis - descended nationals from several Latin - American countries were interned . The Canadian government also confined citizens with Japanese ancestry during World War II ( see Japanese Canadian internment ) , for much the same reasons of fear and prejudice . Some Latin American countries of the Pacific Coast , such as Peru , interned ethnic Japanese or sent them to the United States for internment . Brazil also restricted its Japanese Brazilian population . Hawaii ( edit ) Although Japanese Americans in Hawaii comprised more than one third of the population , businessmen resisted their being interned or deported to mainland concentration camps , as they recognized their contributions to the economy . In the hysteria of the time , some mainland Congressmen ( Hawaii was only a U.S. territory at the time , and did not have a voting representative or senator in Congress ) promoted that all Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants should be removed from Hawaii but were unsuccessful . An estimated 1,200 to 1,800 Japanese nationals and American - born Japanese from Hawaii were interned , either in five camps on the islands or in one of the mainland internment camps , but this represented well under two percent of the total Japanese American residents in the islands . `` No serious explanations were offered as to why ... the internment of individuals of Japanese descent was necessary on the mainland , but not in Hawaii , where the large Japanese - Hawaiian population went largely unmolested . '' The vast majority of Japanese Americans and their immigrant parents in Hawaii were not interned because the government had already declared martial law in Hawaii and this allowed it to significantly reduce the supposed risk of espionage and sabotage by residents of Japanese ancestry . Also , Japanese Americans comprised over 35 % of the territory 's population , with 157,905 of Hawaii 's 423,330 inhabitants at the time of the 1940 census , making them the largest ethnic group at that time ; detaining so many people would have been enormously challenging in terms of logistics . Additionally , the whole of Hawaiian society was dependent on their productivity . According to intelligence reports at the time , `` the Japanese , through a concentration of effort in select industries , had achieved a virtual stranglehold on several key sectors of the economy in Hawaii , '' and they `` had access to virtually all jobs in the economy , including high - status , high - paying jobs ( e.g. , professional and managerial jobs ) . '' To imprison such a large percentage of the islands ' work force would have crippled the Hawaiian economy . Thus , the unfounded fear of Japanese Americans turning against the United States was overcome by the reality - based fear of massive economic loss . Lieutenant General Delos C. Emmons , commander of the Hawaii Department , promised the local Japanese - American community that they would be treated fairly so long as they remained loyal to the United States . He succeeded in blocking efforts to relocate them to the outer islands or mainland by pointing out the logistical difficulties . Among the small number interned were community leaders and prominent politicians , including territorial legislators Thomas Sakakihara and Sanji Abe . A total of five internment camps operated in the territory of Hawaii , referred to as the `` Hawaiian Island Detention Camps '' . One camp was located at Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu Harbor . This camp was prepared in advance of the war 's outbreak . All prisoners held here were `` detained under military custody ... because of the imposition of martial law throughout the Islands '' . Another Hawaiian camp was the Honouliuli Internment Camp , near Ewa , on the southwestern shore of Oahu ; it was opened in 1943 to replace the Sand Island camp . Another was located on the island of Maui in the town of Haiku , in addition to the Kilauea Detention Center on Hawaii and Camp Kalaheo on Kauai . Japanese Latin Americans ( edit ) During World War II , over 2,200 Japanese from Latin America were held in internment camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service , part of the Department of Justice . Beginning in 1942 , Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry were rounded up and transported to American internment camps run by the INS and the U.S. Justice Department . The majority of these internees , approximately 1,800 , came from Peru . An additional 250 were from Panama , Bolivia , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Ecuador , El Salvador , Mexico , Nicaragua , and Venezuela . The first group of Japanese Latin Americans arrived in San Francisco on April 20 , 1942 , on board the Etolin along with 360 ethnic Germans and 14 ethnic Italians from Peru , Ecuador , and Colombia . The 151 men -- ten from Ecuador , the rest from Peru -- had volunteered for deportation believing they were to be repatriated to Japan . They were denied visas by U.S. Immigration authorities and then detained on the grounds they had tried to enter the country illegally , without a visa or passport . Subsequent transports brought additional `` volunteers , '' including the wives and children of men who had been deported earlier . A total of 2,264 Japanese Latin Americans , about two - thirds of them from Peru , were interned in facilities on the U.S. mainland during the war . The United States originally intended to trade these Latin American internees as part of a hostage exchange program with Japan and other Axis nations . A thorough examination of the documents shows at least one trade occurred . Over 1,300 persons of Japanese ancestry were exchanged for a like number of non-official Americans in October 1943 , at the port of Marmagao , India . Over half were Japanese Latin Americans ( the rest being ethnic Germans and Italians ) and of that number one - third were Japanese Peruvians . On September 2 , 1943 , the Swedish ship MS Gripsholm departed the U.S. with just over 1,300 Japanese nationals ( including nearly a hundred from Canada and Mexico ) en route for the exchange location , Marmagao , the main port of the Portuguese colony of Goa on the west coast of India . After two more stops in South America to take on additional Japanese nationals , the passenger manifest reached 1,340 . Of that number , Latin American Japanese numbered 55 percent of the Gripsholm 's travelers , 30 percent of whom were Japanese Peruvian . Arriving in Marmagao on October 16 , 1943 , the Gripsholm 's passengers disembarked and then boarded the Japanese ship Teia Maru . In return , `` non-official '' Americans ( secretaries , butlers , cooks , embassy staff workers , etc . ) previously held by the Japanese Army boarded the Gripsholm while the Teia Maru headed for Tokyo . Because this exchange was done with those of Japanese ancestry officially described as `` volunteering '' to return to Japan , no legal challenges were encountered . The U.S. Department of State was pleased with the first trade and immediately began to arrange a second exchange of non-officials for February 1944 . This exchange would involve 1,500 non-volunteer Japanese who were to be exchanged for 1,500 Americans . The US was busy with Pacific Naval activity and future trading plans stalled . Further slowing the program were legal and political `` turf '' battles between the State Department , the Roosevelt administration , and the DOJ , whose officials were not convinced of the legality of the program . The completed October 1943 trade took place at the height of the Enemy Alien Deportation Program . Japanese Peruvians were still being `` rounded up '' for shipment to the U.S. in previously unseen numbers . Despite logistical challenges facing the floundering prisoner exchange program , deportation plans were moving ahead . This is partly explained by an early - in - the - war revelation of the overall goal for Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry under the Enemy Alien Deportation Program . The goal : that the hemisphere was to be free of Japanese . Secretary of State Cordell Hull wrote an agreeing President Roosevelt , `` ( that the US must ) continue our efforts to remove all the Japanese from these American Republics for internment in the United States . '' `` Native '' Peruvians expressed extreme animosity toward their Japanese citizens and expatriates , and Peru refused to accept the post-war return of Japanese Peruvians from the US . Although a small number asserting special circumstances , such as marriage to a non-Japanese Peruvian , did return , the majority were trapped . Their home country refused to take them back ( a political stance Peru would maintain until 1950 ) , they were generally Spanish speakers in the Anglo US , and in the postwar U.S. , the Department of State started expatriating them to Japan . ACLU lawyer Wayne Collins filed injunctions on behalf of the remaining internees , helping them obtain `` parole '' relocation to the labor - starved Seabrook Farms in New Jersey . He started a legal battle that would not be resolved until 1953 , when , after working as undocumented immigrants for almost ten years , those Japanese Peruvians remaining in the U.S. were finally offered citizenship . Internment ends ( edit ) On December 18 , 1944 , the Supreme Court handed down two decisions on the legality of the incarceration under Executive Order 9066 . Korematsu v. United States , a 6 -- 3 decision upholding a Nisei 's conviction for violating the military exclusion order , stated that , in general , the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast was constitutional . However , Ex parte Endo unanimously declared that loyal citizens of the United States , regardless of cultural descent , could not be detained without cause . In effect , the two rulings held that , while the eviction of U.S. citizens in the name of military necessity was legal , the subsequent incarceration was not -- thus paving the way for their release . Although WRA Director Dillon Myer and others had pushed for an earlier end to the incarceration , the exclusion order was not rescinded until January 2 , 1945 ( postponed until after the November 1944 election , so as not to impede Roosevelt 's reelection campaign ) . Many younger internees had already `` resettled '' in Midwest or Eastern cities to pursue work or educational opportunities . ( For example , 20,000 were sent to Lake View in Chicago . ) The remaining population began to leave the camps to try to rebuild their lives at home . Former inmates were given $25 and a train ticket to their pre-war places of residence , but many had little or nothing to return to , having lost their homes and businesses . Some emigrated to Japan , although many of these individuals were `` repatriated '' against their will . The camps remained open for residents who were not ready to return ( mostly elderly Issei and families with young children ) , but the WRA pressured stragglers to leave by gradually eliminating services in camp . Those who had not left by each camp 's close date were forcibly removed and sent back to the West Coast . Nine of the ten WRA camps were shut down by the end of 1945 , although Tule Lake , which held `` renunciants '' slated for deportation to Japan , was not closed until March 20 , 1946 . Japanese Latin Americans brought to the U.S. from Peru and other countries , who were still being held in the DOJ camps at Santa Fe and Crystal City , took legal action in April 1946 in an attempt to avoid deportation to Japan . Following recognition of the injustices done to Japanese Americans , in 1992 Manzanar camp was designated a National Historic Site to `` provide for the protection and interpretation of historic , cultural , and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II '' ( Public Law 102 - 248 ) . In 2001 , the site of the Minidoka War Relocation Center in Idaho was designated the Minidoka National Historic Site . Hardship and material loss ( edit ) Graveyard at Granada Relocation Center , in Amache , Colorado A monument at Manzanar , `` to console the souls of the dead '' Many internees lost irreplaceable personal property due to restrictions that prohibited them from taking more than they could carry into the camps . These losses were compounded by theft and destruction of items placed in governmental storage . Leading up to their incarceration , Nikkei were prohibited from leaving the Military Zones or traveling more than 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from home , forcing those who had to travel for work , like truck farmers and residents of rural towns , to quit their jobs . Many others were simply fired for their `` Jap '' heritage . Alien land laws in the West Coast states barred the Issei from owning their pre-war homes and farms . Many had cultivated land for decades as tenant farmers , but they lost their rights to farm those lands when they were forced to leave . Other Issei ( and Nisei who were renting or had not completed payments on their property ) had found families willing to occupy their homes or tend their farms during their incarceration . However , those unable to strike a deal with caretakers had to sell their property , often in a matter of days and at great financial loss to predatory land speculators , who made huge profits . In addition to these monetary and property losses , a number of persons died or suffered for lack of medical care in camp . Seven were shot and killed by sentries : Kanesaburo Oshima , 58 , during an escape attempt from Fort Sill , Oklahoma ; Toshio Kobata , 58 , and Hirota Isomura , 59 , during transfer to Lordsburg , New Mexico ; James Ito , 17 , and Katsuji James Kanegawa , 21 , during the December 1942 Manzanar Riot ; James Hatsuaki Wakasa , 65 , while walking near the perimeter wire of Topaz ; and Shoichi James Okamoto , 30 , during a verbal altercation with a sentry at the Tule Lake Segregation Center . Psychological injury was observed by Dillon S. Myer , director of the WRA camps . In June 1945 , Myer described how the Japanese Americans had grown increasingly depressed , and overcome with feelings of helplessness and personal insecurity . Author Betty Furuta explains that the Japanese used gaman , loosely meaning `` perseverance '' , to overcome hardships ; this was mistaken by non-Japanese as being introverted and lacking initiative . Japanese Americans also encountered hostility and even violence when they returned to the West Coast . Concentrated largely in rural areas of Central California , there were dozens of reports of gun shots , fires , and explosions aimed at Japanese American homes , businesses , and places of worship , in addition to non-violent crimes like vandalism and the defacing of Japanese graves . In one of the only cases to go to trial , four men were accused of attacking the Doi family of Placer County , California , setting off an explosion , and starting a fire on the family 's farm in January 1945 . Despite a confession from one of the men that implicated the others , the jury accepted their defense attorney 's framing of the attack as a justifiable attempt to keep California `` a white man 's country '' and acquitted all four defendants . To compensate former internees for their property losses , the US Congress , on July 2 , 1948 , passed the `` American Japanese Claims Act , '' allowing Japanese Americans to apply for compensation for property losses which occurred as `` a reasonable and natural consequence of the evacuation or exclusion . '' By the time the Act was passed , the IRS had already destroyed most of the internees ' 1939 -- 42 tax records . Due to the time pressure and strict limits on how much they could take to the camps , few were able to preserve detailed tax and financial records during the evacuation process . Therefore , it was extremely difficult for claimants to establish that their claims were valid . Under the Act , Japanese American families filed 26,568 claims totaling $148 million in requests ; about $37 million was approved and disbursed . The different placement for the interned had significant consequences for their lifetime outcomes . A 2016 study finds , using the random dispersal of internees into camps in seven different states , that the people assigned to richer locations did better in terms of income , education , socioeconomic status , house prices , and housing quality roughly fifty years later . Reparations and redress ( edit ) See also : Japanese American redress and court cases Beginning in the 1960s , a younger generation of Japanese Americans , inspired by the Civil Rights Movement , began what is known as the `` Redress Movement , '' an effort to obtain an official apology and reparations from the federal government for incarcerating their parents and grandparents during the war . They focused not on documented property losses but on the broader injustice and mental suffering caused by the internment . The movement 's first success was in 1976 , when President Gerald Ford proclaimed that the internment was `` wrong , '' and a `` national mistake '' which `` shall never again be repeated '' . The campaign for redress was launched by Japanese Americans in 1978 . The Japanese American Citizens League ( JACL ) , which had cooperated with the administration during the war , became part of the movement . It asked for three measures : $25,000 to be awarded to each person who was detained , an apology from Congress acknowledging publicly that the U.S. government had been wrong , and the release of funds to set up an educational foundation for the children of Japanese - American families . In 1980 , Congress established the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians ( CWRIC ) to study the matter . On February 24 , 1983 , the commission issued a report entitled Personal Justice Denied , condemning the internment as unjust and motivated by racism and xenophobic ideas rather than factual military necessity . Internment camp survivors sued the federal government for $24 million in property loss , but lost the case . However , the Commission recommended that $20,000 in reparations be paid to those Japanese Americans who had suffered internment . The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 exemplified the Japanese American redress movement that impacted the large debate about the reparation bill . Whether or not it was going to pass during the 1980s due to the poor state of the federal budget and the low support of Japanese Americans covering 1 % of the United States ; However , with the support of Democratic congressmen Barney Frank and four powerful Japanese American Democrats and Republicans whom had war experience saw the bill and enlisted it as their top priority and making sure it passed Congress . U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 in August 1988 , which granted reparations for the internment of Japanese Americans . On August 10 , 1988 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 , which had been sponsored by Representative Norman Mineta and Senator Alan K. Simpson , who had met while Mineta was interned at Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming . It provided financial redress of $20,000 for each surviving detainee , totaling $1.2 billion . The question of to whom reparations should be given , how much , and even whether monetary reparations were appropriate were subjects of sometimes contentious debate within the Japanese American community and Congress . On September 27 , 1992 , the Civil Liberties Act Amendments of 1992 , appropriating an additional $400 million to ensure all remaining internees received their $20,000 redress payments , was signed into law by President George H.W. Bush . He issued another formal apology from the U.S. government on December 7 , 1991 , on the 50th Anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack , saying : In remembering , it is important to come to grips with the past . No nation can fully understand itself or find its place in the world if it does not look with clear eyes at all the glories and disgraces of its past . We in the United States acknowledge such an injustice in our history . The internment of Americans of Japanese ancestry was a great injustice , and it will never be repeated . Over 81,800 people qualified by 1998 and $1.6 billion was distributed among them . Under the 2001 budget of the United States , Congress authorized that the ten detention sites are to be preserved as historical landmarks : `` places like Manzanar , Tule Lake , Heart Mountain , Topaz , Amache , Jerome , and Rohwer will forever stand as reminders that this nation failed in its most sacred duty to protect its citizens against prejudice , greed , and political expediency '' . On January 30 , 2011 , California first observed an annual `` Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution '' , the first such commemoration for an Asian American in the U.S. On June 14 , 2011 , Peruvian president Alan García apologized for his country 's internment of Japanese immigrants during World War II , most of whom were transferred to the United States . Legal Legacy ( edit ) Grandfather and grandson at Manzanar , July 2 , 1942 Several significant legal decisions arose out of Japanese - American internment , relating to the powers of the government to detain citizens in wartime . Among the cases which reached the US Supreme Court were Ozawa v. United States ( 1922 ) , Yasui v. United States ( 1943 ) , Hirabayashi v. United States ( 1943 ) , ex parte Endo ( 1944 ) , and Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) . In Ozawa , the court established that peoples defined as ' white ' were specifically of Caucasian descent ; In Yasui and Hirabayashi , the court upheld the constitutionality of curfews based on Japanese ancestry ; in Korematsu , the court upheld the constitutionality of the exclusion order . In Endo , the court accepted a petition for a writ of habeas corpus and ruled that the WRA had no authority to subject a loyal citizen to its procedures . Korematsu 's and Hirabayashi 's convictions were vacated in a series of coram nobis cases in the early 1980s . In the coram nobis cases , federal district and appellate courts ruled that newly uncovered evidence revealed an unfairness which , had it been known at the time , would likely have changed the Supreme Court 's decisions in the Yasui , Hirabayashi , and Korematsu cases . These new court decisions rested on a series of documents recovered from the National Archives showing that the government had altered , suppressed , and withheld important and relevant information from the Supreme Court , including the Final Report by General DeWitt justifying the internment program . The Army had destroyed documents in an effort to hide alterations that had been made to the report to reduce their racist content . The coram nobis cases vacated the convictions of Korematsu and Hirabayashi ( Yasui died before his case was heard , rendering it moot ) , and are regarded as part of the impetus to gain passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 . The rulings of the US Supreme Court in the Korematsu and Hirabayashi cases , specifically in its expansive interpretation of government powers in wartime , have yet to be overturned . They are still the law of the land because a lower court can not overturn a ruling by the US Supreme Court . The coram nobis cases totally undermined the factual underpinnings of the 1944 cases , leaving the original decisions without much logical basis . As these 1944 decisions prevail , a number of legal scholars have expressed the opinion that the original Korematsu and Hirabayashi decisions have taken on renewed relevance in the context of the War on Terror . Former Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark , who represented the US Department of Justice in the `` relocation , '' writes in the epilogue to the 1992 book Executive Order 9066 : The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans : The truth is -- as this deplorable experience proves -- that constitutions and laws are not sufficient of themselves ... Despite the unequivocal language of the Constitution of the United States that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , and despite the Fifth Amendment 's command that no person shall be deprived of life , liberty or property without due process of law , both of these constitutional safeguards were denied by military action under Executive Order 9066 . Terminology debate ( edit ) Since the end of World War II , there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents , were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war . These camps have been referred to as `` War Relocation Centers , '' `` relocation camps , '' `` relocation centers , '' `` internment camps , '' and `` concentration camps , '' and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues . James Hirabayashi , professor emeritus and former dean of ethnic studies at San Francisco State University , wrote an article in 1994 in which he stated that he wonders why euphemistic terms are still used to describe these camps . In 1998 , use of the term `` concentration camps '' gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island . Initially , the American Jewish Committee ( AJC ) and the National Park Service , which manages Ellis Island , objected to the use of the term in the exhibit . However , during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City , leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term . The New York Times published an editorial supporting the use of `` concentration camp '' in the exhibit . An article quoted Jonathan Mark , a columnist for The Jewish Week , who wrote , `` Can no one else speak of slavery , gas , trains , camps ? It 's Jewish malpractice to monopolize pain and minimize victims . '' AJC Executive Director David A. Harris stated during the controversy , `` We have not claimed Jewish exclusivity for the term ' concentration camps . ' '' Comparisons ( edit ) Main articles : World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfers in the Soviet Union The internment of Japanese Americans has been compared to the persecutions , expulsions , and dislocations of other ethnic minorities during World War II in Europe and Asia . Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) The Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History has more than 800 artifacts from its A More Perfect Union collection available online . Archival photography , publications , original manuscripts , artworks , and handmade objects comprise the collection of items related to the Japanese American experience . On October 1 , 1987 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History opened an exhibition called , `` A More Perfect Union : Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution . '' The exhibition examined the Constitutional process by considering the experiences of Americans of Japanese ancestry before , during , and after World War II . On view were more than 1,000 artifacts and photographs relating to the experiences of Japanese Americans during World War II . The exhibition closed on January 11 , 2004 . On November 8 , 2011 , the National Museum of American History launched an online exhibition of the same name with shared content . The elementary school at Poston Camp Unit 1 , the only surviving school complex at one of the camps and the only major surviving element of the Poston camp , was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2012 . On April 16 , 2013 , the Japanese American Internment Museum was opened in McGehee , Arkansas regarding the history of two internment camps . In January 2015 , the Topaz Museum opened in Delta , Utah . Its stated mission is `` to preserve the Topaz site and the history of the internment experience during World War II ; to interpret its impact on the internees , their families , and the citizens of Millard County ; and to educate the public in order to prevent a recurrence of a similar denial of American civil rights '' . On June 29 , 2017 , in Chicago , Illinois , the Alphawood Gallery , in partnership with the Japanese American Service Committee , opened `` Then They Came for Me , '' the largest exhibition on Japanese American incarceration and postwar resettlement ever to open in the Midwest . This exhibit was scheduled to run until November 19 , 2017 . Notable individuals ( edit ) Main category : Japanese - American internees In popular culture ( edit ) Electronic ( edit ) The December 2013 Hawaii Five - 0 Episode 81 , `` Honor thy father '' , is dedicated to solving a cold case murder at the Honouliuli Internment Camp , some 70 years earlier . Literature ( edit ) John Okada 's novel No - No Boy ( 1956 ) features a protagonist from Seattle , who was interned with his family and imprisoned for answering `` no '' to the last two questions on the loyalty questionnaire . It explores the postwar environment in the Pacific Northwest . Both the 1994 novel Snow Falling on Cedars and its 1999 film adaptation refer to the internment of the Imada family in Manzanar . The 2002 novel When the Emperor was Divine by Julie Otsuka tells the story of an unnamed Japanese family incarcerated at the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah . The novel is based on Otsuka 's own family 's experiences . Jamie Ford 's novel Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet ( 2009 ) tells of a Chinese man 's search for an Oscar Holden jazz record bought in his childhood with a Japanese friend in Seattle , and left behind during World War II when she and her family were sent to a Japanese American internment camp . The 2011 Novel The Buddha in the Attic by Julie Otsuka , winner of the PEN / Faulkner Award for Fiction , tells the story of Japanese female immigrants in California , and ends on the story of the internment camps and the reaction of neighbors left behind . The 2011 film Looking for Jiro by visual studies scholar and performance artist Tina Takemoto explores queerness and homosexual desire in internment camps , focusing on Jiro Onuma , a gay bachelor from San Francisco interned at the Topaz War Relocation Center . The 2013 novel Camp Nine by Vivienne Schiffer set in and near the Rohwer Japanese American internment camp in Arkansas . The 2015 historical novel Allegiance by Kermit Roosevelt takes readers inside the US government and Supreme Court to examine the legal and moral debates and the little - known facts surrounding the detention of Japanese Americans . A Harper Lee Prize finalist , the novel is based on a true story . The 2017 novel `` The Japanese Lover '' by Isabel Allende presents the lifelong love affair between two immigrants , one of whom is Japanese - American , and who is sent along with his whole family to an internment camp . Motion pictures ( edit ) In the 1984 movie The Karate Kid , Ralph Macchio 's character , Daniel , discovers a box containing references to the death of Mr. Miyagi 's wife and child in the Manzanar camp , and to Mr. Miyagi , Pat Morita 's character , being awarded the Medal of Honor while serving with the 442nd Infantry Regiment . The 1990 movie Come See The Paradise written and directed by Alan Parker tells the story of an American man who elopes with a Japanese - American woman and their subsequent internment following the outbreak of war . The 2014 documentary , The Legacy of Heart Mountain , explores the experience of life at the Heart Mountain internment camp in Cody , Wyoming . The 2014 documentary film , To Be Takei chronicles the early life of actor George Takei , who spent several years in an internment camp . The 2014 feature film , Under the Blood Red Sun by Japanese - American director Tim Savage and based on Graham Salisbury 's novel of the same name , examines the life of a 13 - year - old Japanese - American boy living in Hawaii whose father is interned after the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor . The 2015 documentary film Relocation , Arkansas by Vivienne Schiffer which explores the aftermath of incarceration in the Rohwer and Jerome internment camps in Arkansas . Music ( edit ) The 2005 song Kenji by Fort Minor tells the story of Mike Shinoda 's grandfather , and his experience in the camps . Jake Shimabukuro 's 2011 solo album Peace Love Ukulele includes a song titled Go For Broke inspired by the World War II all - Japanese American 442nd US Army unit . Spoken word ( edit ) George Carlin , during his monologues on individual rights and criticism towards the American government , spoke about the relocation of Japanese American citizens to the designated camps . Theater ( edit ) The musical Allegiance ( 2013 ) , which premiered in San Diego , California , was inspired by the camp experiences of George Takei ( who stars ) . See also ( edit ) Discrimination portal World War II portal Asian Americans portal Japan portal United States portal Day of Remembrance ( Japanese Americans ) German American internment Italian American internment List of World War II prisoner - of - war camps in the United States German prisoners of war in the United States American propaganda during World War II Arizona during World War II List of documentary films about the Japanese American internment Population transfer Propaganda for Japanese - American internment Korematsu v. United States Bad Day at Black Rock ( film about the wartime bias against Japanese Americans ) Days of Waiting : The Life & Art of Estelle Ishigo ( 1990 ) Japanese American service in World War II 442nd Infantry Regiment 100th Infantry Battalion Varsity Victory Volunteers Military Intelligence Service Lost Battalion List of Japanese American Servicemen and Servicewomen in World War II References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burton , J. ; Farrell , M. ; Lord , F. ; Lord , R. `` Confinement and Ethnicity ( Chapter 3 ) '' . www.nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese American Confinement '' Tule Lake `` . njahs.org . National Japanese American Historical Society . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weik , Taylor ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behind Barbed Wire : Remembering America 's Largest Internment Camp '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2012 ) . Wyatt , Barbara , ed . `` Japanese Americans in World War II : National historic landmarks theme study '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Various primary and secondary sources list counts between persons . Jump up ^ Semiannual Report of the War Relocation Authority , for the period January 1 to June 30 , 1946 , not dated . Papers of Dillon S. Myer . Scanned image at trumanlibrary.org . Retrieved September 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The War Relocation Authority and The Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II : 1948 Chronology , '' Web page at www.trumanlibrary.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ National Park Service . Manzanar National Historic Site ^ Jump up to : Ogawa , Dennis M. and Fox , Jr. , Evarts C. Japanese Americans , from Relocation to Redress. 1991 , page 135 . Jump up ^ Commission on Wartime Relocation of Civilians ( 1997 ) . Personal Justice Denied . Washington , D.C. : Civil Liberties Public Education Fund . p. 459 . Jump up ^ `` WWII Propaganda : The Influence of Racism -- Artifacts Journal - University of Missouri '' . artifactsjournal.missouri.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Short History of Amache Japanese Internment '' . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Removal process , A More Perfect Union : Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution , Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 9066 dated February 19 , 1942 , in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt Authorizes the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas '' . National Archives Catalog . National Archives and Records Administration . February 19 , 1942 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Korematsu v. United States dissent by Justice Owen Josephus Roberts , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Niiya . `` Voluntary evacuation , '' Densho Encyclopedia . 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DeWitt , April 13 , 1943 , House Naval Affairs Subcommittee to Investigate Congested Areas , Part 3 , pp. 739 -- 40 ( 78th Cong . , 1st Sess . ) , cited in Korematsu v. United States ( Murphy , J. , dissenting ) , footnote 2 , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew E. Taslitz , `` Stories of Fourth Amendment Disrespect : From Elian to the Internment , '' 70 Fordham Law Review . 2257 , 2306 -- 07 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Brief Overview of the World War II Enemy Alien Control Program '' . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt ushers in Japanese - American internment - Jan 14 , 1942 - HISTORY.com '' . Jump up ^ WWII Enemy Alien Control Overview Archived September 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . from archives.gov Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hirabayashi v. United States , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ho , Vanessa ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Bainbridge Island breaks ground for Japanese - American internment memorial '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` A Wall to Remember an Era 's First Exiles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Ellen Clare ( October 2006 ) . `` The Japanese - American Renunciants : Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear '' . Japan Policy Research Institute . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kublin , Hyman . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 1st ed . Vol. 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Korematsu v. United States dissent by Justice Frank Murphy , footnote 12 , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neiwert , David . The Eliminationists : How Hate Talk Radicalized the American Right . 2009 , page 195 Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian . Japanese American History . 1993 , page 54 Jump up ^ Berberoglu , Berch . Labor and Capital in the Age of Globalization. 2002 , page 90 Jump up ^ Hanel , Rachael . The Japanese American Internment. 2008 , page 20 Jump up ^ Takaki , Ronald T. `` A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America '' . Boston : Little , Brown & , 1993 . Print , page 378 . ^ Jump up to : Takaki , Ronald T. `` A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America '' . Boston : Little , Brown & , 1993 . Print , page 379 . Jump up ^ Hoiles , R.C. ( October 14 , 1942 ) . `` In his own words : R.C. Hoiles on the WWII Japanese internment '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hallstead , William ( November 12 , 2000 ) . `` HistoryNet '' . The Niihau Incident . HistoryNet . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maki , Mitchell Takeshi and Kitano , Harry H.L. and Berthold , Sarah Megan . Achieving the Impossible Dream. 1999 , page 143 Jump up ^ Leslie T. Hatamiya . Righting a Wrong. 1994 , page 106 Jump up ^ Hayashi , Brian Masaru . Democratizing the enemy : the Japanese American internment. 2004 , page 6 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . ( 1993 ) . Justice At War : The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases . University of Washington Press . pp. 374 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Brian Niiya . Japanese American history . 1993 , page 222 Jump up ^ `` Book defends WWII internment of Japanese Americans , racial profiling '' . Seattle Post Intelligencer . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle . In Defense of Internment. 2004 , pages 128 ; 135 ; 275 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` In Defense Of Internment '' . Michelle Malkin . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Muller . `` So Let Me Get This Straight : Michelle Malkin Claims to Have Rewritten the History of Japanese Internment in Just 16 Months ? '' . History Network . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . 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Masking Selves , Making Subjects. 1999 , page 284 ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese American women in World World II '' . Jump up ^ `` President Clinton Approves Medal of Honor for Asian Pacific American World War II Heroes '' . US Army . May 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Central Europe Campaign -- ( 522nd Field Artillery Battalion ) '' . Go For Broke National Education Center . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Central Europe Campaign -- 522nd Field Artillery Battalion '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . In fact , the brutal death marches south had already begun on April 24 . Jewish prisoners from the outer Dachau camps were marched to Dachau , and then 70 miles south . Many of the Jewish marchers weighed less than 80 pounds . Shivering in their tattered striped uniforms , the `` skeletons '' marched 10 to 15 hours a day , passing more than a dozen Bavarian towns . If they stopped or fell behind , the SS guards shot them and left their corpses along the road . Thousands died from exposure , exhaustion , and starvation . On May 2 , the death march was outside Waakirchen , Germany , near the Austrian border , when the 522nd came across the marchers . That day , soldiers from the 522nd were patrolling near Waakirchen . The Nisei saw an open field with several hundred `` lumps in the snow . '' When the soldiers looked closer they realized the `` lumps '' were people . Some were shot . Some were dead from exposure . Hundreds were alive . But barely . The 522nd discovered hundreds of prisoners with black and white prison garb , shaven heads , sunken eyes , and hollowed cheeks . Some roamed aimlessly around the countryside . Some were too weak to move . All were severely malnourished . One soldier gave a starving Jewish prisoner a candy bar , but his system could n't handle solid food . Then the Americans were told not to give food to the prisoners because it could do them more harm than good . For the next three days , the Nisei helped the prisoners to shelter and tended to their needs as best as they could . They carried the survivors into warm houses and barns . The soldiers gave them blankets , water and tiny bits of food to ease them back from starvation . The soldiers left Waakirchen on May 4 , still deeply disturbed by the harrowing scenes of the Jewish prisoners . Jump up ^ `` Search Results '' . www.ushmm.org . Jump up ^ Takaki , Ronald T. `` A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America '' . Boston : Little , Brown & , 1993 . Print , page 384 . Jump up ^ Takaki , Ronald T. `` A Different Mirror : A History of Multicultural America '' . Boston : Little , Brown & , 1993 . Print , page 385 . Jump up ^ Ito , Satoshi Interview. 01. MP3 , `` Ito Interview Interview Part 1 '' , ( 3 ) , time 11 : 35 . Jump up ^ Ito , Satoshi Interview. 01. MP3 , `` Ito Interview Interview Part 1 '' , ( 4 ) , time 10 : 36 . ^ Jump up to : Densho , The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University . `` Japanese Latin Americans , '' c. 2003 , accessed April 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Agence France - Presse / Jiji Press , `` Peru sorry for WWII internments '' , Japan Times , June 16 , 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The territorial governor of Hawaii , Joseph B. Poindexter , was more measured . He provided statistics indicating that 34 percent of the islands ' population was aliens , or citizens of Japanese descent . '' Frank , Richard B. `` Zero Hour on Niihau , '' World War II , 24 : 2 ( July 2009 ) p54 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Internment Camps In Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Behind the Wire Jump up ^ Jane L. Scheiber , Harry N. Scheiber . `` Martial law in Hawaii , '' Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell and Kay , Jung . Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 Jump up ^ Okihiro , Gary . Cane Fires : The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii , 1865 -- 1945 . Temple University Press , 1st edition ( January 8 , 1992 ) p117 . Jump up ^ Chin , Aimee . `` Long - Run Labor Market Effects of Japanese American Internment During World War II on Working - Age Male Internees , '' Journal of Labor Economics , University of Houston ( 2004 ) p10 . Jump up ^ Stetson Conn ; Rose C. Engelman ; Byron Fairchild ( May 1961 ) . `` Guarding the United States and Its Outposts '' . United States Army in World War II . United States Army Center of Military History . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dye , Bob ( September 16 , 2001 ) . `` How bigots ' cleansed ' Legislature in 1942 '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Mike ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` Wartime stain in history retraced in O'ahu's brush '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Mike ( February 5 , 2006 ) . `` Under Honouliuli brush , dark history '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greg Mebel , Anthony Pignataro ( August 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Camp '' . Maui time . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Star - Bulletin , Honolulu . `` Hawaii News Archive - Starbulletin.com '' . archives.starbulletin.com . ^ Jump up to : Connell , Thomas . ( 2002 ) . America 's Japanese Hostages : The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere. ( 5 ) Westport : Praeger - Greenwood . ISBN 9780275975357 ; OCLC 606835431 Jump up ^ Robinson , Greg . ( 2001 ) . By Order of the President : FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans , p. 264n2 citing C. Harvey Gardiner , Pawns in a Triangle of Hate ( Seattle : University of Washington Press , 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Nanami , Masaharu ( Kyodo News ) , `` Japanese - Peruvians still angry over wartime internment in U.S. camps , '' Japan Times , September 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Mak . `` Japanese Latin Americans , '' Densho Encyclopedia ( accessed March 5 , 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : C. Harvey Gardiner . Pawns in a Triangle of Hate : The Peruvian Japanese and the United States ( University of Washington Press : Seattle , 1981 ) , 25 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Connel , Thomas . America 's Japanese Hostages : 2002 , pp 145 -- 8 Jump up ^ `` Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities '' , U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Connell , Thomas . America 's Japanese Hostages : The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere : 2002 , Table 13 - 1 ( 6 ) Westport : Praeger - Greenwood . ISBN 9780275975357 ; OCLC 606835431 Jump up ^ Elleman , Bruce . ( 2006 ) Japanese - American Civilian Prisoner Exchanges and Detention Camps , 1941 -- 45 https://www.amazon.com/Japanese-American-Civilian-Exchanges-Detention-Routledge/dp/0415331889/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1372958677&sr=1-1&keywords=Japanese-American+Civilian+Prisoner+Exchanges+and+Detention+Camps%2C+1941-45 ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33188 - 3 ; ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Correspondence , Secretary of State to President Roosevelt , 740.00115 European War 1939 / 4476 , PS / THH , August 27 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Americans , the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Higashide , Seiichi. ( 2000 ). Adios to Tears , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nagasawa , Katherine ( 13 August 2017 ) . `` What happened to Chicago 's Japanese neighborhood ? '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Investigations of the Tule Lake Camp . Retrieved August 24 , 2007 '' . Jump up ^ Tule Lake Committee , `` History . '' Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Greg . `` War Relocation Authority '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Americans Internment Camps During World War II , '' Library web page at Utah.edu . Retrieved October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Connell , Thomas ( 2002 ) . America 's Japanese Hostages : The World War II Plan for a Japanese Free Latin America . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97535 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Enemy Alien Curfew Friday : German , Japs , Italians in New Restrictions '' ( March 24 , 1942 ) , The San Francisco News . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Priscilla . `` Seattle School Board accepts the forced resignation of Japanese American teachers on February 27 , 1942 '' ( November 25 , 2001 ) , HistoryLink.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Carla . `` Japanese Fired in WWII Win Redress '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirai , Tomo . `` State Legislature passes resolution apologizing to fired employees '' ( September 5 , 2013 ) Nichi Bei Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kashima , Tetsuden . `` Homicide in Camp , '' Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The WRA says Thirty , '' New Republic 112 , pp. 867 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian ( 1993 ) . Japanese American history : an A-to - Z reference from 1868 to the present . New York , NY : Facts On File . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2680 - 7 . Jump up ^ Niiya , Brian . `` Terrorist incidents against West Coast returnees , '' Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment , Personal Justice Denied , Chapter 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The Causal Effect of Place : Evidence from Japanese - American Internment '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. Perilous Times . 2004 , page 305 Jump up ^ `` Personal Justice Denied , www.nps.gov '' . Nps.gov . January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barth , Gunther . `` Japanese Americans . '' The New Encyclopedia of the American West , edited by Howard R. Lamar , Yale University Press , 1st edition , 1998 . Credo Reference , http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/americanwest/japanese_americans/0 Accessed 29 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Roy L. `` Japanese American Internment and Relocation . '' Encyclopedia of Race and Racism , edited by Patrick L. Mason , Gale , 2nd edition , 2013 . Credo Reference , http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/japanese_american_internment_and_relocation/0 Accessed 29 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatamiya , Leslie T. Righting a Wrong. 1994 , page 108 - 9 Jump up ^ Kashima , Tetsuden . `` Internment Camps . '' Encyclopedia of American Studies , edited by Simon Bronner , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1st edition , 2016 . Credo Reference , http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/jhueas/internment_camps/0 Accessed 29 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ Tateishi and Yoshino 2000 Jump up ^ Liu , Ling Woo ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` California Marks the First Fred Korematsu Day '' . TIME . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Irons , Peter . ( 1996 ) ( 1976 ) . Justice At War : The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08312 - 1 . Jump up ^ Conrat , Maisie and Conrat , Richard . Executive Order 9066 : The Internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans . Jump up ^ `` Asian American Books.com , quote from back cover '' . Asianamericanbooks.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Manzanar Controversy '' . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Roger ( May 2002 ) . `` Incarceration of the Japanese Americans : A Sixty - Year Perspective '' . The History Teacher. 35 ( 3 ) : 4 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 3054440 . JSTOR 3054440 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2002 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ito , Robert ( September 15 , 1998 ) . `` Concentration Camp Or Summer Camp ? '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Densho : Terminology & Glossary : A Note On Terminology '' . Densho. 1997 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hirabayashi , Ph. D. , James ( 1994 ) . `` '' Concentration Camp '' or `` Relocation Center '' -- What 's in a Name ? `` . Japanese American National Museum Quarterly . 9 ( 3 ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( March 8 , 1998 ) . `` What Is a Concentration Camp ? Ellis Island Exhibit Prompts a Debate '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Sheryl ( July -- August 1999 ) . `` Suffering Is n't One Group 's Exclusive Privilege '' . HumanQuest . Jump up ^ `` Words for Suffering '' . New York Times . March 10 , 1998 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( March 13 , 1998 ) . `` NYC ; Defending Jews ' Lexicon Of Anguish '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris , David A ( March 13 , 1998 ) . `` Exhibition on Camps '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxim Shrayer ( 2007 ) . `` Waiting for America : a story of emigration '' . Syracuse University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0893 - 4 Jump up ^ Michael Rywkin ( 1994 ) . `` Moscow 's lost empire '' . M.E. Sharpe . p. 66 . ISBN 1 - 56324 - 237 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mohit Kumar Ray , Rama Kundu , Pradip Kumar Dey ( 2005 ) . `` Widening horizons : essays in honour of Professor Mohit K. Ray '' . Sarup & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 81 - 7625 - 598 - X Jump up ^ Michael Mann ( 2005 ) . `` The dark side of democracy : explaining ethnic cleansing '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 328 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53854 - 8 Jump up ^ `` A More Perfect Union Collection Search '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A More Perfect Union Online Exhibition '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NHL nomination for Poston Elementary School , Unit 1 , Colorado River Relocation Center '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Significant Milestones of the Topaz Museum '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topaz Museum Mission Statement '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Then They Came For Me '' . Alphawood Gallery . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamamoto , J.K. ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Five - 0 Flashes Back to WWII '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Washington Press - Books - No - No Boy '' . www.washington.edu . Jump up ^ `` Random House for High School Teachers - Catalog - Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson '' . www.randomhouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Snow Falling on Cedars '' . January 7 , 2000 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` When the Emperor Was Divine '' . www.julieotsuka.com . Jump up ^ Ford , Jamie ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet : A Novel '' . Random House Publishing Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Julie Otsuka : : author of The Buddha In The Attic and When The Emperor Was Divine '' . www.julieotsuka.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Takemoto , Tina ( 2014 ) . `` Looking for Jiro Onuma : A Queer Meditation on the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II '' . GLQ. 20 : 241 -- 275 . Jump up ^ `` Book Review : Camp Nine by Vivienne Schiffer '' . Jump up ^ `` Kermit Roosevelt Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School & Award - Winning Author Read , watch & learn about today 's politics , the US Supreme Court , law and justice , ethics and American ideals , and gain a better understanding of the historical context . Peruse the bookshelf for works of fiction and nonfiction '' . Kermit Roosevelt . Jump up ^ `` The Karate Kid '' . June 22 , 1984 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Come See the Paradise '' . January 1 , 1991 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Heart Mountain Documentary Film -- The Legacy of Heart Mountain '' . www.heartmountainfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` George Takei '' . August 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To Be Takei : Sundance Review '' Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . underthebloodredsun.com . Jump up ^ `` Under the Blood Red Sun : IMDB '' Jump up ^ `` Relocation , Arkansas : Aftermath of Incarceration '' . October 1 , 2016 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ It 's Time to Applaud Luke virtuoso Shimabukuro , review of Peace Love Ukulele , by Wayne Harada , January 12 , 2011 , Honolulu Star Advertiser , accessed 12 October 2015 Jump up ^ Mother Jones Magazine -- May -- Jun 1997 84 pages Vol. 22 , No. 3 I SSN 0362 - 8841 Jump up ^ `` Allegiance '' . Allegiance Musical . Allegiance Musical . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Connell , Thomas . ( 2002 ) . America 's Japanese Hostages : The US Plan For A Japanese Free Hemisphere . Westport : Praeger - Greenwood . ISBN 9780275975357 . Conn , Stetson ( 2000 ) ( 1960 ) . `` 5 . The Decision to Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast '' . In Kent Roberts Greenfield . Command Decisions . United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 70 - 7 . De Nevers , Klancy Clark . The Colonel and the Pacifist : Karl Bendetsen , Perry Saito , and the Incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 789 - 9 Drinnon , Richard . Keeper of Concentration Camps : Dillon S. Meyer and American Racism . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1989 . Elleman , Bruce ( 2006 ) . Japanese - American civilian prisoner exchanges and detention camps , 1941 -- 45 . Routledge . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33188 - 3 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Gardiner , Clinton Harvey . ( 1981 ) . Pawns in a Triangle of Hate : The Peruvian Japanese and the United States . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 95855 - 2 Gordon , Linda and Gary Y . Okihiro ( eds . ) , Impounded : Dorothea Lange and the Censored Images of Japanese American Internment . New York : W.W. Norton , 2006 . Harth , Erica. ( 2001 ) . Last Witnesses : Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans . Palgrave , New York . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22199 - 1 . Havey , Lily Yuriko Nakai , Gasa Gasa Girl Goes to Camp : A Nisei Youth behind a World War II Fence . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 343 - 9 Higashide , Seiichi. ( 2000 ) . Adios to Tears : The Memoirs of a Japanese - Peruvian Internee in U.S. Concentration Camps . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 97914 - 4 Hirabayashi , Lane Ryo . The Politics of Fieldwork : Research in an American Concentration Camp . Tucson : The University of Arizona Press , 1999 . Inouye , Karen M. The Long Afterlife of Nikkei Wartime Incarceration . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 2016 . Lyon , Cherstin M. Prisons and Patriots : Japanese American Wartime Citizenship , Civil Disobedience , and Historical Memory . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , 2012 . Mackey , Mackey , ed . Remembering Heart Mountain : Essays on Japanese American Internment in Wyoming . Wyoming : Western History Publications , 1998 . Miyakawa , Edward T. Tule Lake . Trafford Publishing , 2006 . Robinson , Greg . By Order of the President : FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans . Cambridge and others : Harvard University Press , 2001 . Robinson , Greg ( 2009 ) . A Tragedy of Democracy : Japanese Confinement in North America . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12922 - 0 . Sato , Kiyo , Kiyo 's Story , A Japanese - American Family 's Quest for the American Dream . New York : Soho Press , 2009 . Weglyn , Michi. ( 1996 ) ( 1976 ) . Years Of Infamy : The Untold Story Of America 's Concentration Camps . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97484 - 2 . Civil Liberties Public Education Fund . ( 1997 ) . Personal Justice Denied : Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians . Civil Liberties Public Education Fund and University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97558 - X . External links ( edit ) Internment of Japanese Americans . Library resources about Internment of Japanese Americans Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Archival sources of documents , photos , and other materials ( edit ) Japanese American Internment : Fear Itself -- Lesson plans and photographs at U.S. Library of Congress . Society and Culture Collection -- at the University of Washington Library consisting of historical images from Washington State Japanese American Internment Records available at the National Archives and Records Administration Densho : The Japanese American Legacy Project , Free digital archive containing hundreds of video oral histories and 10,000 historical photographs and documents `` Japanese Americans In World War II '' , National Park Service , stories , photographs and documents . `` Japanese American Relocation Digital Archives '' , University of California , contains personal & official photographs , letters , diaries , transcribed oral histories , etc . Large number of documents -- Official documents , including official court opinions on the Yasui , Hirabayashi , and Korematsu Supreme Court cases Ansel Adams , `` Photographs of Japanese American Internment at Manzanar '' , American Memory Collection , Library of Congress `` Letters from the Japanese American Internment '' , Correspondence between librarian Clara Breed and young internees , Smithsonian Institution `` Alien Enemy Detention Facility , Crystal City , Texas '' , film produced by the INS about Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility , c. 1943 JapaneseRelocation.org -- World War II Japanese Relocation Camp Internee Records index Evacuation War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese - American Evacuation and Resettlement , 1942 -- 1945 , Japanese American Relocation Collection , and Inventory of the Japanese American Evacuation and Resettlement Records , 1930 -- 1974 ( bulk 1942 -- 1946 ) at The Bancroft Library University of Oregon Office of the Dean of Personnel Administration . National Japanese American Student Relocation Council records . Housed at the University of Oregon Libraries , the collection includes correspondence , newsletters , speeches , minutes of meetings , and ephemera . National Japanese Student Relocation Council Records housed at the Hoover Institution Library and Archives at Stanford University . Other sources ( edit ) Amy Kasai pictorial works depicting life in Japanese American internment camps ( graphic ) , The Bancroft Library Letters by two Japanese - American schoolgirls from internment centers during World War II , 1942 - 1943 , The Bancroft Library Japanese American relocation center views ( graphic ) , The Bancroft Library Pamphlet boxes of materials on the Japanese in the United States during and after World War II . 1930 - 1946 , The Bancroft Library Japanese American family photograph album from the World War Two era , The Bancroft Library Tom Hirashima letter : Summerland , Calif. , to Burr E. Yarick , Tuolomne , Calif. , 1942 April 6 , The Bancroft Library World War II Internment Camps from the Handbook of Texas Online `` Campaign For Justice : Redress Now For Japanese American Internees ! '' . A website with information about the lesser known internment of Japanese Latin Americans A More Perfect Union : Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution Online exhibition from the National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution California Office of the Attorney General collection of material on the pre-evacuation location of Japanese Americans in California , 1942 , The Bancroft Library Japanese - American youth photograph album , The Bancroft Library National Park Service ; Confinement and Ethnicity : An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites . Kenji Sayama letters , The Bancroft Library Yamada family papers , The Bancroft Library Friends of Minidoka Ikeda family papers , The Bancroft Library Gerda Isenberg papers on Japanese American Internment , 1931 - 1990 , The Bancroft Library Sharp Park Enemy Alien Detention Center views , Pacifica , Calif , The Bancroft Library 60 years after his landmark Supreme Court battle , Fred Korematsu is fighting racial profiling of Arabs Tule Lake Relocation Center by I. Fujimoto and D. Sunada Photographs of Japanese Americans in Los Angeles during the Second World War , The Bancroft Library Files from the National Japanese American Student Relocation Council , 1942 - 1943 , The Bancroft Library International House records concerning Japanese Americans evacuation and relocation , 1942 - 1947 , The Bancroft Library The short film `` Japanese Relocation with Milton Eisenhower '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` Challenge to Democracy ( Japanese Internment ) ( 1942 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film `` Barriers And Passes , ca . 1939 -- ca . 1945 '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive CSPAN program `` Japanese Americans During World War II '' with George Takei , moderated by Kermit Roosevelt . Jerome T. Light papers , 1942 - 1948 , The Bancroft Library Mark Sweeting , `` A Lesson on the Japanese American Internment '' , 4 - page lesson plan for high school students , 2004 , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools The National Constitution Center presents `` Civil Liberties in Times of Crisis : Japanese American Internment and America Today '' with Karen Korematsu and Kermit Roosevelt , moderated by permanent dead link ) Jess Bravin . Zoe Wyllie letters , 1942 - 1947 , The Bancroft Library Prejudice , War , and the Constitution , by Jacobus tenBroek , Edward N. Barnhart , and Floyd W. Matsen ; 1954 ; University of California Press . A must read for anyone seeking insight to the treatment of those who should have been , but were not , protected by our Constitution . Files relating to the evacuation of Japanese and Japanese Americans : Berkeley , Calif. , 1942 - 1975 , The Bancroft Library ( hide ) Internment of Japanese Americans Key topics Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9102 Korematsu v. United States Ex parte Endo Lordsburg Killings War Relocation Authority History of Japanese Americans Propaganda for Japanese - American internment Concentration camps Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Poston Rohwer Topaz Tule Lake Assembly centers Arboga Assembly Center Fresno Assembly Center Mayer Assembly Center Merced Assembly Center Owens Valley Reception Center Parker Dam Reception Center Pinedale Assembly Center Pomona Assembly Center Portland Assembly Center Puyallup Assembly Center Sacramento Assembly center Salinas Assembly Center Santa Anita Assembly Center Stockton Assembly Center Tanforan Assembly Center Tulare Assembly Center Turlock Assembly Center Woodland Civil Control Station Citizen Isolation centers Leupp Isolation Center Moab Isolation Center Old Raton Ranch Camp Camp Tulelake Detention facilities Catalina Federal Honor Camp Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility Tuna Canyon Detention Station Army facilities Camp Blanding Camp Forrest Camp Livingston Camp McCoy Camp Florence Fort Bliss Internment Camp Fort Howard Internment Camp Fort McDowell Internment Camp Fort Meade Internment Camp Fort Lewis Internment Camp Fort Richardson Internment Camp Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp Fort Sill Internment Camp Griffith Park Detention Camp Haiku Internment Camp Honouliuli Internment Camp Kalaheo Stockade Kilauea Military Camp Lordsburg Internment Camp Sand Island Internment Camp Stringtown Internment Camp Notable incarcerees See : Category : Japanese - American internees In the arts Allegiance Born Free and Equal Farewell to Manzanar No - No Boy The Invisible Thread Under the Blood Red Sun When the Emperor was Divine List of documentaries List of feature films Legacy Japanese American redress and court cases Renunciation Act of 1944 Japanese - American Claims Act Day of Remembrance Fred Korematsu Day CWRIC Civil Liberties Act of 1988 Japanese American National Museum Densho Long Journey Home Japanese American Exclusion Memorial Japanese American Internment Museum Sakura Square This article incorporates public domain material from the National Archives and Records Administration website https://www.archives.gov/ . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internment_of_Japanese_Americans&oldid=843485668 '' Categories : Internment of Japanese Americans Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States Internments in the United States Japanese - American history Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Racism in the United States United States home front during World War II World War II sites in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from February 2017 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2014 Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Archives and Records Administration Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 10 . 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-2401823016599594295	Tourist attractions in the United States	Tourist attractions in the United States - wikipedia Tourist attractions in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Times Square is the most visited public ( not privately owned ) tourist site in the United States , with over 41 million visitors in 2011 . This is a list of the most popular individual tourist attractions in the United States , lists of tourist attractions organized by subject region , and a selection of other notable tourist attractions and destinations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top tourist attractions 1.1 Landmarks 1.2 Natural monuments 1.3 Sports 2 Hotels 3 Lists of tourist attractions in the United States 3.1 Lists by type of attraction 3.2 Lists by city or region 3.3 Other tourist attractions and destinations 4 Former tourist attractions 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Top tourist attractions ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in the United States In 2011 , the most visited tourist attractions in the U.S. were : Place Location Visitors ( millions ) Times Square New York , New York 41.9 Central Park New York , New York 40 Union Station Washington , D.C. 36.5 Las Vegas Strip Las Vegas , Nevada 29.5 Grand Central Terminal New York , New York 21.6 Magic Kingdom , Walt Disney World Orlando , Florida 17.1 Disneyland Resort Anaheim , California 16.1 Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco Bay Area , California 15 Faneuil Hall Marketplace Boston , Massachusetts 15 Golden Gate Park San Francisco , California 13 Balboa Park San Diego , California 13 Epcot , Walt Disney World Orlando , Florida 10.8 Pike Place Market Seattle , Washington 10 Disney 's Animal Kingdom , Walt Disney World Orlando , Florida 10.4 Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Walt Disney World Orlando , Florida 9.7 Great Smoky Mountains National Park North Carolina and Tennessee 9 South Street Seaport New York , New York 9 Mackinac Bridge St. Ignace and Mackinaw City , Michigan 9 Navy Pier Chicago , Illinois 8.7 Pier 39 , Fisherman 's Wharf San Francisco , California 8.1 Landmarks ( edit ) As of 2007 , there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks ( NHL ) recognized by the United States government . Each major US city has thousands of landmarks . For example , New York City has 23,000 landmarks designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission . These landmarks include various individual buildings , interiors , historic districts , and scenic sites which help define the culture and character of New York City . Natural monuments ( edit ) There are many natural monuments in the United States and they are a large tourist venue . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in the United States Sporting events and their associated venues make up a significant percentage of tourist dollars in the US . Estimates of the US sports industry 's size vary from $213 billion to $410 billion . In 1997 , 25 % of tourism receipts in the United States were related to sports tourism ; this would have valued the market at approximately $350 billion annually . Many US sporting events routinely attract international visitors . The 1997 New York City Marathon attracted 12,000 participants from outside the US , out of 28,000 participants . Hotels ( edit ) Main article : List of hotels in the United States Hotels can be both housing for tourists visiting a particular region or city , and destinations themselves , with many hotels having historic and cultural status . Lists of tourist attractions in the United States ( edit ) Lists by type of attraction ( edit ) Art museums List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States Amusement parks List of aquaria in the United States Beaches List of casinos in the United States List of castles in the United States List of festivals in the United States Mexican fiestas in the United States List of heritage railroads in the United States List of museums in the United States List of areas in the National Park System : National Battlefield Parks National Historic Parks National Lakeshores National Military Parks National Monuments National Parks National Recreation Areas National Seashores List of National Wildlife Refuges of the United States List of nature centers in the United States List of open - air and living history museums in the United States List of Renaissance fairs List of shopping malls in the United States List of ski areas and resorts in the United States List of auto racing tracks in the United States List of indoor arenas in the United States List of NASCAR tracks Seaside resorts List of U.S. stadiums by capacity Tennis venues reenactment sites List of U.S. National Forests List of U.S. state parks List of zoos in the United States Wine festivals Lists by city or region ( edit ) Tourist attractions by city , see : Category : Tourist attractions in the United States by city . List of attractions and events in Indianapolis List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area List of Orlando , Florida attractions Attractions in Silicon Valley , California List of Wilderness Areas in the Adirondack Park List of lands at Disney theme parks List of attractions and events in Jacksonville , Florida Other tourist attractions and destinations ( edit ) Myrtle Beach , South Carolina Charleston , South Carolina Hilton Head Island , South Carolina Atlantic City , New Jersey , and the Boardwalk California 's Wine Country Richmond Strip , Houston , Texas The French Quarter , New Orleans , Louisiana New Orleans Mardi Gras , Louisiana Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco Hollywood , California Outer Banks of North Carolina Pennsylvania Dutch Country Pocono Mountains , Pennsylvania Salem , Massachusetts Alamo Mission in San Antonio , Texas Hanauma Bay , Hawaii Key West , Florida Aspen , Colorado Miami , Florida Former tourist attractions ( edit ) Borscht Belt , New York Salton Sea , California World Trade Center , New York See also ( edit ) Lists of tourist attractions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orcutt , April ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` America 's Most Visited Tourist Attractions '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( June 2010 ) . `` National Historic Landmarks Program : List of National Historic Landmarks by State '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ text by Andrew S. Dolkart ; Matthew A. Postal . ( 2003 ) , Guide to New York City Landmarks , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 36900 - 4 Jump up ^ `` The Sports Industry '' , SportsBusiness Journal , Street & Smith 's , 2008 , retrieved May 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Sports Statistics '' , Plunkett 's Sports Industry Almanac , Plunkett Research , 2007 , retrieved May 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Standeven & De Knop 1999 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Standeven & De Knop 1999 , p. vii References ( edit ) Standeven , Joy ; De Knop , Paul ( 1999 ) . Sport Tourism . Champaign , Ill : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 87322 - 853 - 7 . Tourism Types Accessible Adventure Agritourism Alternative Atomic Birth Business Culinary Enotourism Cultural Archaeological Bookstore Heritage Militarism heritage Literary Tolkien Music Pop - culture Dark Holocaust Disaster Domestic Drug Ecotourism Shark Extreme Factory Tourism Garden Genealogy Geotourism Honeymoon Jihadi Jungle Justice LGBT Medical Dental Moon Nautical Rail Religious Christian Halal Kosher Rural Sacred Safaris Sex Child sex Female sex Slum Space Sports Stag party Suicide Sustainable Vacation Volunteer travel War Water Wellness Wildlife Hospitality industry Bed and breakfast Boutique hotel Conference and resort hotels Convention center Destination spa Front desk General manager Homestay Hospitality management studies Hospitality services Hostel Hotel Hotel manager Inn Island resort Motel Referral chain Resort Resort town Restaurant Seaside resort Ski resort Terminology Campus tour Convention ( meeting ) Gift shop Grand Tour Holiday ( vacation ) Hypermobility Package tour Passport Perpetual traveler Road trip Roadside attraction Souvenir Staycation Sunday drive Tour guide Tour operator Tourism geography Tourism minister Tourism region Tourist attraction Tourist gateway Tourist trap Touron Transport Travel Travel agency Travel behavior Travel document Travel insurance Travel literature Travel medicine Travel survey Travel technology Travel warning Travel website Trip planner Visa Visitor center Industry organizations , rankings and events American Bus Association American Hotel and Lodging Association American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute BEST Education Network Caribbean Tourism Organization Destination marketing organization European Travel Commission Historical archive on tourism South - East Asian Tourism Organisation Tourism Radio Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report Wikivoyage World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers World Tourism Day World Tourism Organization World Tourism rankings World Travel and Tourism Council World Travel Monitor Lists Adjectival tourisms Attractions Bibliography Casino hotels Casinos Convention and exhibition centers Hotels Largest hotels in the world Motels Travel magazines UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists World Heritage Sites by country Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourist_attractions_in_the_United_States&oldid=840063956 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in the United States Lists of tourist attractions in the United States Tourism in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 14 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most popular tourist destinations in the united states	[]	[]
140556237549070987	Thymus	Thymus - wikipedia Thymus This article is about a human organ . For culinary use of animal thymus , see Sweetbread . For the plant genus Thymus , see Thymus ( plant ) . For other uses , see Thymus ( disambiguation ) . Thymus Thymus Details System Immune system ( Lymphatic system ) Lymph tracheobronchial , parasternal Identifiers Latin Thymus MeSH D013950 TA A13. 1.02. 001 FMA 9609 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system . Within the thymus , T cells mature . T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system , where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders . The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum , in front of the heart and behind the sternum . Histologically , each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule . The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells . Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin ( derived from bone marrow resident hematopoietic stem cells ) . Developing T cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin . Stromal cells include epithelial cells of the thymic cortex and medulla , and dendritic cells . The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells . In addition , thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self - tolerant T cell repertoire . Therefore , one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance . The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods . By the early teens , the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose ( fat ) tissue . Nevertheless , residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Microanatomy 1.2 Blood and nerve supply 1.3 Variation 2 Development 2.1 Involution 3 Function 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Hypersensitivity 4.2 Immunodeficiency 4.2. 1 DiGeorge syndrome 4.2. 2 SCID 4.2. 3 HIV / AIDS 4.3 Autoimmune disease 4.3. 1 APECED 4.3. 2 Thymoma - associated multiorgan autoimmunity ( TAMA ) 4.3. 3 Myasthenia gravis 4.4 Cancer 4.4. 1 Thymomas 4.4. 2 Lymphomas 4.4. 3 Cervical thymic cyst 4.5 Surgical removal 5 Research 5.1 Thymus transplantation 5.2 Thymus tissue engineering 6 Society and culture 7 History 8 Other animals 9 Additional images 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) The chest of an adult , showing the location and size of the adult thymus In children , the thymus is pinkish - gray , soft , and lobulated on its surfaces . At birth it is about 4 -- 6 cm long , 2.5 -- 5 cm wide , and about 1 cm thick . It is made up of two lobes that meet in upper midline , that stretch from below the thyroid in the neck to as low as the cartilage of the fourth rib . It lies beneath the sternum , rests on the pericardium , and is separated from the aortic arch and great vessels by a layer of fascia . The left brachiocephalic vein may even be embedded within the thymus . In the neck , it lies on the front and sides of the trachea , behind the sternohyoidei and sternothyreoidei . The thymus enlarges during childhood , and atrophies at puberty . Unlike many other organs , the thymus is at its largest in childhood . The thymus reaches maximum weight ( 20 to 37 grams ) by the time of puberty . The thymus of older people is scarcely distinguishable from surrounding fatty tissue . With aging the thymus slowly shrinks , eventually degenerating into tiny islands of fatty tissue . By the age of 75 years , the thymus weighs only 6 grams . In children the thymus is grayish - pink in colour and in adults it is yellow . Microanatomy ( edit ) The thymus consists of two lobes , merged in the middle , surrounded by a capsule that extends with blood vessels into the interior . The lobes consists of a dense outer cortex and an inner less dense medulla . The lobes are divided into smaller lobules 0.5 - 2mm diameter , between which extrude radiating insertions from the capsule along ( septa ) . The cortex is mainly made up of thymocytes , supported by a network of finely - branched epithelial reticular cells , which is continuous with a similar network in the medulla . This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels , which enter the cortex via septa near the junction with the medulla . The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development , where T - cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place . In the medulla , the network of reticular cells is coarser than in the cortex , the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number , and there are concentric , nest - like bodies called Hassall 's corpuscles . These are concentric , layered whorls of epithelial cells that increase in number throughout life . They are the remains of the epithelial tubes , which grow out from the third pharyngeal pouches of the embryo to form the thymus . In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels , and they are of minute size . The medulla is the location of the latter events in thymocyte development . Thymocytes that reach the medulla have already successfully undergone T - cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection , and have been exposed to a limited degree of negative selection . The medulla is specialized to allow thymocytes to undergo additional rounds of negative selection to remove auto - reactive T cells from the mature repertoire . Transcriptional regulators AIRE and FEZ2 are expressed by the thymic medullary epithelium , and drives the transcription of organ - specific genes such as insulin to allow maturing thymocytes to be exposed to a more complex set of self - antigens than is present in the cortex . Micrograph of the thymus Structure of the thymus . Micrograph showing a Hassall 's corpuscle , found within the medulla of the thymus . Blood and nerve supply ( edit ) The arteries supplying the thymus are branches of the internal thoracic , and inferior thyroid arteries , with branches from the superior thyroid artery sometimes seen . The branches reach the thymus and travel with the septa of the capsule into the area between the cortex and medulla , where they enter the thymus itself . The veins end in the left brachiocephalic vein , internal thoracic vein , and in the inferior thyroid veins . Lymphatic vessels travel only away from the thymus , accompanying the arteries and veins . These drain into the brachiocephalic , tracheobronchial and parasternal l lymph nodes . The nerves supplying the thymus arise from the vagus nerve and the cervical sympathetic chain . Branches from the phrenic nerves reach the investing capsule , but do not enter into the thymus itself . Although present , the exact role of the nerve supply of the thymus is little understood . Variation ( edit ) The two lobes differ slightly in size and may be united or separated . Thymic tissue sometimes be found scattered on or around the gland . Development ( edit ) Scheme showing development of branchial epithelial bodies . I , II , III , IV . Branchial pouches . : Thoracic cavity of foetus The thyomocytes and the epithelium of the thymus have different developmental origins . The epithelium of the thymus develops first , appearing as two flask - shape endodermal diverticula , which arise one on either side , from the third pharyngeal pouch , and extend outward and backward into the surrounding mesoderm and neural crest - derived mesenchyme in front of the ventral aorta . Here the thymocytes and epithelium meet and join with connective tissue . The pharyngeal opening of each diverticulum is soon obliterated , but the neck of the flask persists for some time as a cellular cord . By further proliferation of the cells lining the flask , buds of cells are formed , which become surrounded and isolated by the invading mesoderm . Additional portions of thymus tissue are sometimes developed from the fourth pharyngeal pouch . The epithelium forms fine lobules , and develops into a sponge - like structure . During this stage , hematopoietic bone - marrow precursors migrate into the thymus . Normal development is dependent on the interaction between the epithelium and the hematopoietic thymocytes . Iodine is also necessary for thymus development and activity . Involution ( edit ) Main article : Thymic involution The thymus continues to grow between birth and puberty and then begins to atrophy , called thymic involution . The process accelerates after puberty , thymus decreases both in size and activity , and the tissue of the thymus is primarily replaced with fat ( a phenomenon known as `` organ involution '' ) . The atrophy is due to the increased circulating level of sex hormones , and chemical or physical castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity . Fat cells are first visible in the walls between lobules , and then slowly spread throughout the cortex and then medulla . Function ( edit ) In the two lobes , hematopoietic precursors from the bone - marrow , referred to as thymocytes , mature into T cells . Once mature , T cells emigrate from the thymus and make up the peripheral T cells responsible for directing many parts of the adaptive immune system . Loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation ( as in DiGeorge Syndrome ) results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection . Each T cell attacks a specific substance which it identifies with its receptor . T cells have receptors which are generated by randomly shuffling gene segments . Each T cell attacks a different antigen . T cells that attack the body 's own proteins are eliminated in the thymus . Thymic epithelial cells express major proteins from elsewhere in the body . First , T cells undergo `` Positive Selection '' , whereby the cell comes in contact with self - MHC , expressed by thymic epithelial cells ; those with no interaction die by a lack of stimulatory signal . Second , the T cell undergoes `` Negative Selection '' by interacting with thymic dendritic cells , whereby T cells with a strong interaction with self - MHC and / or self - antigen die by induced apoptosis or are induced to become a regulatory T cell , to avoid autoimmunity . Those with intermediate affinity survive . The stock of T - lymphocytes is built up in early life , so the function of the thymus is diminished in adults . It is largely degenerated in elderly adults and is barely identifiable , consisting mostly of fatty tissue . Involution of the thymus has been linked to loss of immune function in the elderly , susceptibility to infection and to cancer . The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is mediated by the T - cell receptor . The T - cell receptor undergoes genetic rearrangement during thymocyte maturation , resulting in each T cell bearing a unique T - cell receptor , specific to a limited set of peptide : MHC combinations . The random nature of the genetic rearrangement results in a requirement of central tolerance mechanisms to remove or inactivate those T cells which bear a T - cell receptor with the ability to recognise self - peptides . A rare population of hematopoietic progenitor cells enter the thymus from the blood , and expands by cell division to generate a large population of immature thymocytes . Immature thymocytes each make distinct T - cell receptors by a process of gene rearrangement . This process is error - prone , and some thymocytes fail to make functional T - cell receptors , whereas other thymocytes make T - cell receptors that are autoreactive . Immature thymocytes undergo a process of selection , based on the specificity of their T - cell receptors . This involves selection of T cells that are functional ( positive selection ) , and elimination of T cells that are autoreactive ( negative selection ) . The medulla of the thymus is the site of T Cell maturation . type : functional ( positive selection ) autoreactive ( negative selection ) location : cortex medulla In order to be positively - selected , thymocytes will have to interact with several cell surface molecules , MHC / HLA , to ensure reactivity and specificity . Positive selection eliminates ( by apoptosis ) weakly - binding cells and only takes strongly - or medium - binding cells . ( Binding refers to the ability of the T - cell receptors to bind to either MHC class I / II or peptide molecules . ) Negative selection is not 100 % complete . Some autoreactive T cells escape thymic censorship , and are released into the circulation . Additional mechanisms of tolerance active in the periphery exist to silence these cells such as anergy , deletion , and regulatory T cells . If these peripheral tolerance mechanisms also fail , autoimmunity may arise . Cells that pass both levels of selection are released into the bloodstream to perform vital immune functions . The thymus also secretes hormones and cytokines that regulate the maturation of T cells , including thymulin , thymopoietin , and thymosins . Clinical significance ( edit ) The immune system is a multicomponent interactive system . It effectively protects the host from various infections . An improperly functioning immune system can cause discomfort , disease or even death . The type of malfunction falls into one or more of the following major groups : hypersensitivity or allergy , auto - immune disease , or immunodeficiency . Hypersensitivity ( edit ) Allergy results from an inappropriate and excessive immune response to common antigens . Substances that trigger an allergic response are called allergens . Allergies involve mainly IgE , antibodies , and histamine . Mast cells release the histamine . Sometimes an allergen may cause a sudden and severe , possibly fatal reaction in a sensitive individual ; this is called anaphylaxis . Immunodeficiency ( edit ) As the thymus is the organ of T - cell development , any congenital defect in thymic genesis or a defect in thymocyte development can lead to a profound T cell deficiency in primary immunodeficiency disease . Defects that affect both the T cell and B cell lymphocyte lineages result in severe combined immunodeficiency ( SCID ) . Acquired T cell deficiencies can also affect thymocyte development in the thymus . DiGeorge syndrome ( edit ) DiGeorge syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small section of chromosome 22 . This results in a midline congenital defect including thymic aplasia , or congenital deficiency of a thymus . Patients may present with a profound immunodeficiency disease , due to the lack of T cells . No other immune cell lineages are affected by the congenital absence of the thymus . DiGeorge syndrome is the most common congenital cause of thymic aplasia in humans . In mice , the nude mouse strain are congenitally thymic deficient . These mice are an important model of primary T cell deficiency . SCID ( edit ) Severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes ( SCID ) are group of rare congenital genetic diseases that result in combined T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte deficiencies . These syndromes are caused by defective hematopoietic progenitor cells which are the precursors of both B - and T cells . This results in a severe reduction in developing thymocytes in the thymus and consequently thymic atrophy . A number of genetic defects can cause SCID , including IL - 7 receptor deficiency , common gamma chain deficiency , and recombination activating gene deficiency . The gene that codes for the enzyme called ADA ( adenine deaminase ) , is located on chromosomes 20 . HIV / AIDS ( edit ) The HIV virus causes an acquired T - cell immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) by specifically killing CD4 T cells . Whereas the major effect of the virus is on mature peripheral T cells , HIV can also infect developing thymocytes in the thymus , most of which express CD4 . Autoimmune disease ( edit ) Autoimmune diseases are caused by a hyperactive immune system that instead of attacking pathogens reacts against the host organism ( self ) causing disease . One of the primary functions of the thymus is to prevent autoimmunity through the process of central tolerance , immunologic tolerance to self antigens . APECED ( edit ) Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy - candidiasis - ectodermal dystrophy ( APECED ) is an extremely rare genetic autoimmune syndrome . However , this disease highlights the importance of the thymus in prevention of autoimmunity . This disease is caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator ( AIRE ) gene . AIRE allows for the ectopic expression of tissue - specific proteins in the thymus medulla , such as proteins that would normally only be expressed in the eye or pancreas . This expression in the thymus , allows for the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes by exposing them to self - antigens during their development , a mechanism of central tolerance . Patients with APECED develop an autoimmune disease that affects multiple endocrine tissues . Thymoma - associated multiorgan autoimmunity ( TAMA ) ( edit ) A GVHD - like disease called thymoma - associated multiorgan autoimmunity ( TAMA ) can occur in patients with thymoma . In these patients rather than a donor being a source of pathogenic T cells , the patient 's own malignant thymus produces self - directed T cells . This is because the malignant thymus is incapable of appropriately educating developing thymocytes to eliminate self - reactive T cells . The end result is a disease virtually indistinguishable from GVHD . Myasthenia gravis ( edit ) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors . Myasthenia gravis is often associated with thymic hyperplasia . Thymectomy may be necessary to treat the disease . Patients with the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis commonly ( 70 % ) are found to have thymic hyperplasia or malignancy . Cancer ( edit ) Two primary forms of tumours originate in the thymus . Thymomas ( edit ) Tumours originating from the thymic epithelial cells are called thymomas , and are found in about 10 - 15 % of patients with myasthenia gravis . Symptoms are sometimes confused with bronchitis or a strong cough because the tumour presses on the recurrent laryngeal nerve . All thymomas are potentially cancerous , but they can vary a great deal . Some grow very slowly . Others grow rapidly and can spread to surrounding tissues . Treatment of thymomas often requires surgery to remove the entire thymus . Lymphomas ( edit ) Tumours originating from the thymocytes are called thymic lymphomas . Lymphomas or leukemias of thymocyte origin are classified as Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma ( T - ALL ) . People with an enlarged thymus , particularly children , were treated with intense radiation in the years before 1950 . There is an elevated incidence of thyroid cancer and leukemia in treated individuals . Cervical thymic cyst ( edit ) Cervical thymus is a rare malformation . Thymic tissue containing cysts is rarely described in the literature , ectopic glandular tissue included in the wall of cystic formation can trigger a series of problems similar to those of thymus . Thymic cysts are uncommon lesions , about 150 cases being found . While thymic cyst and ectopic cervical thymus are identified most frequently in childhood , the mean age at which thymoma is diagnosed is 45 years . However , studies have shown the existence of necrotic thymic tissue masses in the neck ( asymptomatic intravital ) more frequently , the incidence reaching nearly 30 % . These observations may mean absence of clinical observation . Surgical removal ( edit ) Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the thymus . The usual reason for a thymectomy is to gain access to the heart for surgery to correct congenital heart defects in the neonatal period . In neonates , but not older children or adults , the relative size of the thymus obstructs surgical access to the heart . Removal of the thymus in infancy results in immunodeficiency by some measures , although T cells develop compensating function and it remains unknown whether disease incidence in later life is significantly greater . This is because sufficient T cells are generated during fetal life prior to birth . These T cells are long - lived and can proliferate by homeostatic proliferation throughout the lifetime of the patient . However , there is evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood . Other indications for thymectomy include the removal of thymomas and the treatment of myasthenia gravis . Thymectomy is not indicated for the treatment of primary thymic lymphomas . However , a thymic biopsy may be necessary to make the pathologic diagnosis . Research ( edit ) Thymus transplantation ( edit ) Main article : Thymus transplantation A thymus may be transplanted , however , this approach is problematic due to donor requirements and matching tissue with the patient . Thymus tissue engineering ( edit ) A fully functional thymus derived from reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts has been grown in the kidney capsule of mice . The newly formed organ resembled a normal thymus histologically and molecularly , and upon transplantation it was able to restore immune function in immunocompromised mice . The mouse embryonic fibroblasts were reprogrammed into thymic epithelial cells ( TECs ) by enforcing the expression of one transcription factor , FOXN1 . Society and culture ( edit ) When used as food for humans , animal thymic tissue is known as ( one of the kinds of ) sweetbread . History ( edit ) The thymus was known to the ancient Greeks , and its name comes from the Greek word θυμός ( thumos ) , meaning `` anger '' , or `` heart , soul , desire , life '' , possibly because of its location in the chest , near where emotions are subjectively felt ; or else the name comes from the herb thyme ( also in Greek θύμος or θυμάρι ) , which became the name for a `` warty excrescence '' , possibly due to its resemblance to a bunch of thyme . Galen was the first to note that the size of the organ changed over the duration of a person 's life . In the nineteenth century , a condition was identified as status thymicolymphaticus defined by an increase in lymphoid tissue and an enlarged thymus . It was thought to be a cause of sudden infant death syndrome but is now an obsolete term . Due to the large numbers of apoptotic lymphocytes , the thymus was originally dismissed as a `` lymphocyte graveyard '' , without functional importance . The importance of the thymus in the immune system was discovered in 1961 by Jacques Miller , by surgically removing the thymus from one day old mice , and observing the subsequent deficiency in a lymphocyte population , subsequently named T cells after the organ of their origin . Recently , advances in immunology have allowed the function of the thymus in T - cell maturation to be more fully understood . Other animals ( edit ) A sheep thymus , several times enlarged , in Peste des petits ruminants The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates , where it undergoes the same shrinkage with age and plays the same immunological function as in human beings . Recently , a discrete thymus - like lympho - epithelial structure , termed the thymoid , was discovered in the gills of larval lampreys . Hagfish possess a protothymus associated with the pharyngeal velar muscles , which is responsible for a variety of immune responses . Little is known about the immune mechanisms of tunicates or of Amphioxus . The thymus is also present in most vertebrates , with similar structure and function as the human thymus . Some animals have multiple secondary ( smaller ) thymi in the neck ; this phenomenon has been reported for mice and also occurs in 5 out of 6 human fetuses . As in humans , the Guinea pig 's thymus naturally atrophies as the animal reaches adulthood , but the athymic hairless guinea pig ( which arose from a spontaneous laboratory mutation ) possesses no thymic tissue whatsoever , and the organ cavity is replaced with cystic spaces . Additional images ( edit ) Thymus of a fetus On chest X-ray , the thymus appears as a radiodense ( brighter in this image ) mass by the upper lobe of the child 's right ( left in image ) lung . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1273 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : display - authors ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( ) ; drawings by Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 215 -- 7 . ISBN 9780443068508 . CS1 maint : display - authors ( link ) Jump up ^ Larsen , W ( 2001 ) . Human Embryology ( 3rd ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 366 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06583 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gray , H. ( 1918 ) . `` 4c . The Thymus '' . Anatomy of the Human Body . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . Jump up ^ Swiss embryology ( from UL , UB , and UF ) qblood / lymphat03 Jump up ^ Venturi , S , Venturi . M ( 2009 ) . `` Iodine , thymus , and immunity '' . Nutrition. 25 ( 9 ) : 977 -- 979 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2009.06. 002 / ( inactive 2018 - 06 - 15 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sutherland , J.S. ( 2005 ) . `` Activation of thymic regeneration in mice and humans following androgen blockade '' . J Immunol. 175 ( 4 ) : 2741 -- 53 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 175.4. 2741 . PMID 16081852 . Jump up ^ Hussain , I. , P.H. Win and S. Guduri ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` DiGeorge Syndrome '' . eMedicine . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 29 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Miller , J.F. ( 2002 ) . `` The discovery of thymus function and of thymus - derived lymphocytes '' . Immunol Rev. 185 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2002.18502. x . PMID 12190917 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , B.A. ; Bhandoola , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Trafficking from the bone marrow to the thymus : a prerequisite for thymopoiesis '' . Immunol Rev. 209 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 57 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0105 - 2896.2006. 00350. x . PMID 16448533 . Jump up ^ Sleckman , B.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Lymphocyte antigen receptor gene assembly : multiple layers of regulation '' . Immunol Res. 32 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 253 -- 258 . doi : 10.1385 / IR : 32 : 1 - 3 : 253 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , T.A. ; Hogquist , K.A. ; Jameson , S.C. ( 2004 ) . `` The fourth way ? Harnessing aggressive tendencies in the thymus '' . J Immunol. 173 ( 11 ) : 6515 -- 20 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 173.11. 6515 . PMID 15557139 . Jump up ^ Peterson , P.R. ; Org , T.N. ; Rebane , A. ( 2008 ) . `` Transcriptional regulation by AIRE : Molecular mechanisms of central tolerance '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 8 ( 12 ) : 948 -- 957 . doi : 10.1038 / nri2450 . PMC 2785478 . PMID 19008896 . Jump up ^ Wadhera A , Maverakis E , Mitsiades N , Lara PN , Fung MA , Lynch PJ ( Oct 2007 ) . `` Thymoma - associated multiorgan autoimmunity : a graft - versus - host - like disease '' . J Am Acad Dermatol. 57 ( 4 ) : 683 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2007.02. 027 . PMID 17433850 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Parveen J. ; Clark , Michael L. ( 2002 ) . Clinical Medicine ( 5th ed . ) . Saunders . p. 1222 . ISBN 0 - 7020 - 2606 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Huete - Garin , A. ; S.S. Sagel ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 6 : `` Mediastinum '' , Thymic Neoplasm `` . In J.K.T. Lee ; S.S. Sagel ; R.J. Stanley ; J.P. Heiken . Computed Body Tomography with MRI Correlation . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 311 -- 324 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 4526 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shore , R.E. ; Woodward , E. ; Hildreth , N. ; et al. ( 1985 ) . `` Thyroid Tumors Following Thymus Irradiation '' . J Natl Cancer Inst. 74 ( 6 ) : 1177 -- 1184 . doi : 10.1093 / jnci / 74.6. 1177 . PMID 3858590 . ^ Jump up to : Octavian Dincă ; Cristina Pădurariu ; Alexandru Bucur ( Oct 2011 ) . `` A rare entity -- cervical thymic cyst '' . Rev. chir . oro - maxilo - fac . implantol. ( in Romanian ) . 2 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 5 . ISSN 2069 - 3850 . 38 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . ( webpage has a translation button ) Jump up ^ Sauce , D. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood '' . J Clin Invest . 119 ( 10 ) : 3070 -- 3078 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI39269 . PMC 2752077 . PMID 19770514 . Jump up ^ Torfadottir , H. ; Freysdottir , J. ; Skaftadottir , I. ; Haraldsson , A. ; Sigfusson , G. ; Ogmundsdottir , H.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for extrathymic T cell maturation after thymectomy in infancy '' . Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 145 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 412 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2249.2006. 03139. x . PMC 1809694 . PMID 16907907 . Jump up ^ Eysteinsdottir , J.H. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The influence of partial or total thymectomy during open heart surgery in infants on the immune function later in life '' . Clin Exp Immunol. 136 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 355 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2249.2004. 02437. x . PMC 1809033 . PMID 15086401 . Jump up ^ Gerli , R. ; Paganelli , R. ; Cossarizza , A. ; Muscat , C. ; Piccolo , G. ; Barbieri , D. ; Mariotti , S. ; Monti , D. ; Bistoni , O. ( 1999 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Long - term immunologic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis '' . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 103 ( 5 Pt 1 ) : 865 -- 872 . doi : 10.1016 / S0091 - 6749 ( 99 ) 70431 - 8 . ISSN 0091 - 6749 . PMID 10329821 . ^ Jump up to : Journal of Clinical Investigation . `` Evidence of premature immune aging in patients thymectomized during early childhood '' . JCI . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bredenkamp , Nicholas ; Ulyanchenko , Svetlana ; O'Neill , Kathy Emma ; Manley , Nancy Ruth ; Vaidya , Harsh Jayesh ; Blackburn , Catherine Clare ( 2014 ) . `` An organized and functional thymus generated from FOXN1 - reprogrammed fibroblasts '' . Nature Cell Biology . 16 ( 9 ) : 902 -- 908 . doi : 10.1038 / ncb3023 . PMC 4153409 . PMID 25150981 . Jump up ^ MRC , Medical Research Council , ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Fully functional immune organ grown in mice from lab - created cells '' . www.mrc.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Translation of Greek word `` θυμός '' in English `` . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ θυμός , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Nishino M , Ashiku SK , Kocher ON , Thurer RL , Boiselle PM , Hatabu H ( 2006 ) . `` The thymus : a comprehensive review '' . Radiographics. 26 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 48 . doi : 10.1148 / rg. 262045213 . PMID 16549602 . Jump up ^ `` Status thymicolymphaticus '' . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , Robert M. ( 2004 ) . Why zebras do n't get ulcers ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Hold and Co. / Owl Books . pp. 182 -- 185 . ISBN 0805073698 . Jump up ^ Miller JF ( 2002 ) . `` The discovery of thymus function and of thymus - derived lymphocytes '' . Immunol. Rev. 185 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2002.18502. x . PMID 12190917 . Jump up ^ Miller JF ( 2004 ) . `` Events that led to the discovery of T - cell development and function -- a personal recollection '' . Tissue Antigens. 63 ( 6 ) : 509 -- 17 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0001 - 2815.2004. 00255. x . PMID 15140026 . Jump up ^ http://www.thymusfunctions.com Jump up ^ Bajoghli ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` A thymus candidate in lampreys '' . Nature . 470 ( 7332 ) : 90 -- 94 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09655 . PMID 21293377 . Jump up ^ Riviere ; et al. ( 1975 ) . `` In Search of the Hagfish Thymus '' ( PDF ) . American Zoologist. 15 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 15.1. 39 . JSTOR 3882269 . Jump up ^ Sawada ( 1992 ) . `` Tunicates and Their Immune Mechanism '' ( PDF ) . Bull . Yamaguchi Med . Sch. 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 83 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Terszowski , G ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for a Functional Second Thymus in Mice '' . Science . 312 ( 5771 ) : 284 -- 7 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1123497 . PMID 16513945 . Jump up ^ Surprise organ discovered in mice , Nature News , 2 March 2006 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thymus ( organ ) . Virtual Slidebox at Univ . Iowa Slide 287 T cell development in the thymus . Video by Janice Yau , describing stromal signaling and tolerance . Department of Immunology and Biomedical Communications , University of Toronto . Masters Research Project , Master of Science in Biomedical Communications . 2011 . hide Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans hide Organs of the lymphatic system Primary organs Bone marrow Hematopoietic stem cell Thymus Hassall 's corpuscles Secondary organs Spleen Structure Hilum Trabeculae Red pulp Cords of Billroth Marginal zone White pulp Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths Germinal center Blood flow Trabecular arteries Trabecular veins Tonsils Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal Tonsillar crypts Waldeyer 's tonsillar ring Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessel T cells High endothelial venules B cells Germinal center Mantle zone Marginal zone MALT GALT Peyer 's patch Germinal center Anatomy portal NDL : 00567278 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thymus&oldid=845970240 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Thymus Immune system Lymphatic system Lymphatics of the torso Lymphoid organ Mammal anatomy Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : display - authors Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 11 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the thymus located on the body	[ "The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. Histologically, each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin (derived from bone marrow resident hematopoietic stem cells). Developing T cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin. Stromal cells include epithelial cells of the thymic cortex and medulla, and dendritic cells." ]	[ "in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum" ]
5286781923804938690	Sartorius muscle	Sartorius muscle - wikipedia Sartorius muscle Jump to : navigation , search Sartorius muscle Muscles of lower thigh . ( Rectus femoris removed to reveal the vastus intermedius . ) Details Origin Anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvic bone Insertion anteromedial surface of the upper tibia in the pes anserinus Artery femoral artery Nerve femoral nerve ( sometimes from the intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh ) Actions Flexion , abduction , and lateral rotation of the hip , flexion of the knee Identifiers Latin musculus sartorius Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12547605 TA A04. 7.02. 016 FMA 22353 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The sartorius muscle ( / sɑːrˈtɔːriəs / ) is the longest muscle in the human body . It is a long , thin , superficial muscle that runs down the length of the thigh in the anterior compartment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Nerve supply 1.2 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Etymology 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The sartorius muscle originates from the anterior superior iliac spine and part of the notch between the anterior superior iliac spine and anterior inferior iliac spine . It runs obliquely across the upper and anterior part of the thigh in an inferomedial direction . It passes behind the medial condyle of the femur to end in a tendon . This tendon curves anteriorly to join the tendons of the gracilis and semitendinosus muscles in the pes anserinus , where it inserts into the superomedial surface of the tibia . Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle , and the point where it crosses adductor longus marks the apex of the triangle . Deep to sartorius and its fascia is the adductor canal , through which the saphenous nerve , femoral artery and vein , and nerve to vastus medialis pass . Nerve supply ( edit ) Like the other muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh , sartorius is innervated by the femoral nerve . Variation ( edit ) It may originate from the outer end of the inguinal ligament , the notch of the ilium , the ilio - pectineal line or the pubis . The muscle may be split into two parts , and one part may be inserted into the fascia lata , the femur , the ligament of the patella or the tendon of the semitendinosus . The tendon of insertion may end in the fascia lata , the capsule of the knee - joint , or the fascia of the leg . The muscle may be absent in some people . Function ( edit ) The sartorius muscle can move the hip joint and the knee joint , but all of its actions are weak , making it a synergist muscle . At the hip , it can flex , weakly abduct , and laterally rotate the thigh . At the knee , it can flex the leg ; when the knee is flexed , sartorius medially rotates the leg . Turning the foot to look at the sole or sitting cross-legged demonstrates all four actions of the sartorius . Clinical significance ( edit ) One of the many conditions that can disrupt the use of the sartorius is pes anserine bursitis , an inflammatory condition of the medial portion of the knee . This condition usually occurs in athletes from overuse and is characterized by pain , swelling and tenderness . The pes anserinus is made up from the tendons of the gracilis , semitendinosus , and sartorius muscles ; these tendons attach onto the anteromedial proximal tibia . When inflammation of the bursa underlying the tendons occurs they separate from the head of the tibia . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Sartorius comes from the Latin word sartor , meaning tailor , and it is sometimes called the tailor 's muscle . This name was chosen in reference to the cross-legged position in which tailors once sat . In french , the muscle name itself `` couturier '' comes from this specific position which is referred to as `` sitting as a tailor '' ( in french : `` s'asseoir en tailleur '' ) . There are other hypotheses as to the genesis of the name . One is that it refers to the location of the inferior portion of the muscle being the `` inseam '' or area of the inner thigh that tailors commonly measure when fitting trousers . Another is that the muscle closely resembles a tailor 's ribbon . Additionally , antique sewing machines required continuous cross body pedaling . This combination of lateral rotation and flexion of the hip and flexion of the knee gave tailors particularly enlarged sartorius muscles . Sartorius is also called as honeymoon muscle . Additional images ( edit ) Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions . Cross-section through the middle of the thigh . The left femoral triangle . Front and medial aspect of right thigh . Sartorius muscle Sartorius muscle Sartorius muscle Sartorius muscle Sartorius muscle Sartorius muscle Muscles of thigh . Cross section . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith ; Anne Agur ( 2007 ) . Essential Clinical Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 334 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6274 - X . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ; Agur , A.M.R. ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 545 -- 546 . ISBN 9781451119459 . Jump up ^ Scott - Conner , Carol E.H. ; David L. Dawson ( 2003 ) . Operative Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 606 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3529 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's Medical , Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary , Fourth Edition , Mosby - Year Book Inc. , 1994 , p. 1394 External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 14 : st - 0407 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Cross section image : pembody / body15a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna Cross section image : pelvis / pelvis - e12 - 15 -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna ( hide ) Muscles of the hip and human leg Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major / psoas minor iliacus Buttocks Gluteal muscles maximus medius minimus tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group : quadratus femoris inferior gemellus superior gemellus internal obturator external obturator piriformis Thigh / compartments Anterior sartorius quadriceps rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus intermedius vastus medialis articularis genus Posterior hamstring biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus Medial pectineus external obturator gracilis adductor longus brevis magnus minimus Fascia Femoral sheath Femoral canal Femoral ring Adductor canal Adductor hiatus Muscular lacuna fascia lata Iliotibial tract Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh Medial intermuscular septum of thigh Cribriform fascia Leg / compartments Anterior tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus peroneus tertius Posterior superficial triceps surae gastrocnemius soleus accessory soleus Achilles tendon plantaris deep tarsal tunnel flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior popliteus Lateral peroneus muscles longus brevis Fascia Pes anserinus Intermuscular septa anterior posterior transverse Foot Dorsal extensor hallucis brevis extensor digitorum brevis Plantar 1st layer abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis abductor digiti minimi 2nd layer quadratus plantae lumbrical muscle 3rd layer flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis 4th layer dorsal interossei plantar interossei Fascia Plantar fascia retinacula Peroneal Inferior extensor Superior extensor Flexor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sartorius_muscle&oldid=816466418 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Hip abductors Hip flexors Hip lateral rotators Knee flexors Thigh muscles Anterior compartment of thigh Muscles of the lower limb Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many heads does the sartorius muscle have	[]	[]
6136310841813217989	Mr. Olympia	Mr. Olympia - wikipedia Mr. Olympia Jump to : navigation , search For the professional wrestler , see Jerry Stubbs . Mr. Olympia is the title awarded to the winner of the professional men 's bodybuilding contest at Joe Weider 's Olympia Fitness & Performance Weekend -- an international bodybuilding competition that is held annually by the International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness ( IFBB ) . Joe Weider created the contest to enable the Mr. Universe winners to continue competing and to earn money . The first Mr. Olympia was held on September 18 , 1965 , at the Brooklyn Academy of Music , New York City , with Larry Scott winning his first of two straight titles . The record number of wins is eight , held by Lee Haney ( 1984 -- 1991 ) , and Ronnie Coleman ( 1998 -- 2005 ) . Phil Heath currently holds the title . The film Pumping Iron ( 1977 ) featured the buildup to the 1975 Mr. Olympia in Pretoria South Africa and helped launch the acting careers of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno . There is also a female bodybuilder crowned , Ms. Olympia , as well as winners of Fitness Olympia and Figure Olympia for fitness and figure competitors . All four contests occur during the same weekend . From 1994 to 2003 and again in 2012 , a Masters Olympia was also crowned . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000s 1.6 2010s 2 Qualifying 3 Winners 3.1 Demographics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) 1960s ( edit ) The 1965 and 1966 Mr. Olympia were won by Larry Scott , a famous bodybuilder of the time . Scott subsequently retired after his 1966 victory . Harold Poole holds two Mr. Olympia distinctions . One is that he is the youngest ever competitor to have participated in the Olympia . In 1965 he competed in the first Mr. Olympia at the age of 21 . The other is that he was the only man to compete in all three of the initial Mr. Olympia contests . He was runner - up in the 1965 and 1966 shows . Arnold Schwarzenegger The 1967 Mr. Olympia , won by Sergio Oliva , heralded a new era in bodybuilding competition . At 5 ft 10 ins and 240 lbs Oliva , nicknamed `` The Myth '' , displayed a level of muscle mass and definition , including a `` V '' shape of a large and a well - formed upper - body that tapered down to a narrow waist , unlike anything seen in prior competitions . His upper arms measured nearly 22 inches and his chest measured at 55 inches , which tapered down to a reportedly 28 inch waist and two 31 inch legs . Oliva would go on to win the Mr. Olympia competition in 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 -- where he would defeat Arnold Schwarzenegger four to three , marking Schwarzenegger 's first and only loss in a Mr. Olympia competition . 1970s ( edit ) Schwarzenegger defeated Oliva at the 1970 Mr. Olympia after finishing second the year before . At 6 ′ 2 '' and 240 lbs , he was able to match Sergio Oliva for size in his upper arms , chest , and back . However , contest judges deemed that Schwarzenegger 's extra definition and muscularity over Sergio Oliva were substantial enough to award him the title . Schwarzenegger successfully defeated Oliva again in 1972 . Schwarzenegger went on to win the next three Mr. Olympia competitions , including the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition , which was highlighted in the 1977 docudrama Pumping Iron and featured other notable bodybuilders such as Lou Ferrigno , Serge Nubret , and Franco Columbu , who would go on to win the 1976 and 1981 competitions . From 1974 until 1979 , a dual weight division system was used , splitting competitors into two categories : `` Heavyweights '' ( over 200lbs ) and `` Lightweights '' ( under 200lbs ) . The winners of each division would then compete against each other to decide an overall champion . After winning the 1975 competition , Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from competitive bodybuilding ; this was also depicted in Pumping Iron . Frank Zane Frank Zane won the 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 competitions . While not as physically massive as previous competitors such as Schwarzenegger , Oliva , or Ferrigno , Zane developed his physique to highlight symmetry aesthetics and definition . As such , Zane was able to defeat opponents who exceeded his own muscle - mass but lacked his level of muscular definition . 1977 was the first year the Sandow trophy was awarded . 1980s ( edit ) In 1980 , Schwarzenegger came out of retirement to win the Olympia yet again . Schwarzenegger had been a late entry into the competition , and his competitors did not know of his intentions to compete . The following year , Franco Columbu was victorious . Chris Dickerson won the 1982 competition , Samir Bannout won the 1983 competition , and Lee Haney won the 1984 competition . This was the start of 8 straight titles by Lee Haney . 1990s ( edit ) Haney retired from competitive bodybuilding after his last Mr. Olympia victory in 1991 . Having placed second to Haney the previous year , Dorian Yates won the competition six straight times from 1992 until 1997 . He retired after his final Olympia victory . Dorian is given credit for revolutionizing the sport during his reign as Mr. Olympia by combining larger mass than seen before with what was dubbed `` granite hardness '' . The 90s were given the nickname `` The Growth Hormone era '' . Dorian was the first Mr. Olympian to experiment with the hormone , which had succeeding bodybuilders packed with size . Subsequently , judging in professional bodybuilding competitions started placing greater emphasis on muscle mass , with many bodybuilding traditionalists commenting that muscle mass had now become the most important factor to winning , even greater than that of symmetry , aesthetics , and proportion . Yates retired from competitive bodybuilding after his 1997 victory . Flex Wheeler seemed to be the heir apparent but Ronnie Coleman surprised everyone with a new improved physique in 1998 , winning 8 consecutive titles . In 1994 Joe Weider decided to add a separate Masters Olympia competition for professional bodybuilders to continue to compete at the highest levels in their later years . 2000s ( edit ) Ronnie Coleman Ronnie Coleman won the Mr. Olympia competition eight consecutive times , tying the record set by Lee Haney . Coleman returned in 2006 to defend his title but instead placed second to Jay Cutler , who won his first title after four consecutive years of finishing second to Coleman . Cutler successfully defended his title again in 2007 . Coleman came in fourth place and announced his retirement from competition . In 2008 , Dexter Jackson defeated Jay Cutler and became Mr. Olympia . In 2009 , Jay Cutler became the third Mr. Olympia in history ( the others being Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu ) to reclaim the title and the only Mr. Olympia in history to reclaim the title after having lost it , by returning on stage and defeating the reigning champion Dexter Jackson who placed third in 2009 . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Cutler returned to claim his 4th Mr. Olympia title , becoming just the fifth competitor in Olympia history to win the title more than 3 times . In 2011 , Phil Heath defeated Cutler for the title , beginning a winning streak that would last through the present day . From 2012 to 2014 , the Olympia was dominated by the rivalry between Kai Greene and Heath , with Greene taking 2nd place and Heath 1st three years in a row . In 2016 , Heath won his sixth straight title , while Greene did not compete in either the 2015 or 2016 Olympia . The 2008 Mr. Olympia winner Dexter Jackson took the 2nd place in 2015 while Shawn Rhoden was runner up in 2016 . Qualifying ( edit ) In 2011 , days after the conclusion of the 2011 Olympia Weekend , Chairman of the IFBB Professional League Jim Manion amended the qualifying rules as follows : Top five in each division at the Olympia . Top three in each division at the Arnold Classic / International . Top two in each division at the New York Pro . 1st place at all other competitions , even the Amateurs World Championship Competition . The IFBB Professional League and Mr. Olympia 2016 , LLC may offer special invites . Winners ( edit ) Year Award Overall Heavyweight Lightweight Venue 1965 Larry Scott Heavyweight category not held . Lightweight category not held . New York , United States 1966 $1,000 1967 $1,000 Sergio Oliva 1968 1969 1970 Arnold Schwarzenegger 1971 Paris , France 1972 Essen , West Germany 1973 New York , United States Arnold Schwarzenegger Franco Columbu $2,500 Pretoria , South Africa 1976 $5,000 Franco Columbu Ken Waller Columbus , United States 1977 $5,000 Frank Zane Robby Robinson Frank Zane 1978 $15,000 1979 $25,000 Mike Mentzer 1980 $25,000 Arnold Schwarzenegger Heavyweight category not held . Lightweight category not held . Sydney , Australia 1981 Franco Columbu Columbus , United States 1982 Chris Dickerson London , United Kingdom Samir Bannout Munich , West Germany 1984 $50,000 Lee Haney New York , United States 1985 Brussels , Belgium 1986 $55,000 Columbus , United States Gothenburg , Sweden 1988 Unknown Los Angeles , United States 1989 Rimini , Italy 1990 $100,000 Chicago , United States 1991 Orlando , United States 1992 Dorian Yates Helsinki , Finland 1993 Atlanta , United States 1994 1995 $110,000 Chicago , Illinois , United States 1997 Los Angeles , United States 1998 Ronnie Coleman New York , United States 1999 Las Vegas , United States 2000 2001 2002 2003 $120,000 2005 $150,000 2006 $155,000 Jay Cutler 2007 2008 Dexter Jackson 2009 $200,000 Jay Cutler 2011 Phil Heath 2012 $250,000 2013 2014 $275,000 2015 $400,000 2016 2017 Ranking Mr. Olympia champion Year ( s ) Number of wins Overall Heavyweight Lightweight 1st Ronnie Coleman 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 8 0 0 1st Lee Haney 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , and 1991 8 0 0 3rd Arnold Schwarzenegger 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 ( overall & heavyweight ) , 1975 ( overall & heavyweight ) , and 1980 7 0 0 3rd Phil Heath 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 7 0 5th Dorian Yates 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 6 0 0 6th Jay Cutler 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 0 0 7th Frank Zane 1977 ( overall & lightweight ) , 1978 ( overall & lightweight ) , 1979 ( overall & lightweight ) 0 7th Sergio Oliva 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 0 0 9th Franco Columbu 1974 ( lightweight ) , 1975 ( lightweight ) , 1976 ( overall & lightweight ) , and 1981 0 9th Larry Scott 1965 and 1966 0 0 11th Chris Dickerson 1982 0 0 11th Samir Bannout 0 0 11th Dexter Jackson 2008 0 0 14th Robby Robinson 1977 ( heavyweight ) and 1978 ( heavyweight ) 0 0 15th Kenny Waller 1976 ( heavyweight ) 0 0 15th Mike Mentzer 1979 ( heavyweight ) 0 0 Ranking Mr. Olympia champion Years Number of consecutive wins Overall Heavyweight Lightweight 1st Lee Haney 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , and 1991 8 0 0 1st Ronnie Coleman 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 8 0 0 3rd Arnold Schwarzenegger 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 ( overall & heavyweight ) , 1975 ( overall & heavyweight ) , and 1980 7 0 3rd Phil Heath 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 7 0 0 5th Dorian Yates 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 6 0 0 6th Frank Zane 1977 ( overall & lightweight ) , 1978 ( overall & lightweight ) , 1979 ( overall & lightweight ) 0 6th Sergio Oliva 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 0 0 8th Jay Cutler 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 2 ( twice ) 0 0 9th Larry Scott 1965 and 1966 0 0 10th Franco Columbu 1974 ( lightweight ) , 1975 ( lightweight ) , 1976 ( overall & lightweight ) , and 1981 0 10th Dexter Jackson 2008 0 0 Demographics ( edit ) The following Mr. Olympia winners are irreligious : Frank Zane Mike Mentzer The following Mr. Olympia winners are atheists : Mike Mentzer The following Mr. Olympia winners are Mormons : Larry Scott The following Mr. Olympia winners are Christians : Sergio Oliva Arnold Schwarzenegger Franco Columbu Lee Haney Ronnie Coleman Jay Cutler Dexter Jackson Phil Heath The following Mr. Olympia winners are Roman Catholics : Arnold Schwarzenegger Franco Columbu The following Mr. Olympia winners are Muslims : Samir Bannout The following Mr. Olympia winners are openly gay : Chris Dickerson See also ( edit ) Ms. Olympia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.ifbb.com/contestresults/mrolympia/ Jump up ^ `` Mr Olympia : Through the Years '' . Protein Hunter . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.muscleandfitness.com/athletes-celebrities/news/mr-olympia-prize-money-hits-record-high-1mm Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2205393-mr-olympia-2014-results-winner-highlights-prize-money-and-twitter-reaction Jump up ^ Seminar med FRANK ZANE ^ Jump up to : Mike Mentzer 's Last Interview Jump up ^ Larry Scott , bodybuilding star to Utah and world , dies at 75 Jump up ^ An Interview With The Myth : The One And Only Sergio Oliva ! ^ Jump up to : Schwarzenegger says his Catholic faith does n't affect his political decisions ^ Jump up to : Religion Franco columbu is catholic Jump up ^ Bodybuilding Champion Lee Haney Uses Churches to Battle Obesity Jump up ^ Ronnie Coleman 's Religion and Political Views Jump up ^ Bodybuilder Jay Cutler Height Weight Body Measurements Jump up ^ Dexter Jackson Height Weight Body Statistics Jump up ^ Bodybuilder Phil Heath Height Weight Body Statistics Jump up ^ https://www.greatestphysiques.com/samir-bannout/ Jump up ^ Chris Dickerson -- `` Profile in ( Fierce ) Courage '' Wayne , Rick ( 1985 ) . Muscle Wars : The Behind - the - Scenes Story of Competitive Bodybuilding . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 93 , 95 , 250 , 257 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 55353 - 6 . OCLC 12107650 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mr. Olympia -- Site with pictures and results ( in Bulgarian ) Mr. Olympia competitions 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 sik am got 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Mr. Olympia winners 1965 : Scott 1966 : Scott 1967 : Oliva 1968 : Oliva 1969 : Oliva 1970 : Schwarzenegger 1971 : Schwarzenegger 1972 : Schwarzenegger 1973 : Schwarzenegger 1974 : ( Overall : Schwarzenegger ) ( LW : Columbu ) ( HW : Schwarzenegger ) 1975 : ( Overall : Schwarzenegger ) ( LW : Columbu ) ( HW : Schwarzenegger ) 1976 : ( Overall : Columbu ) ( LW : Columbu ) ( HW : Waller ) 1977 : ( Overall : Zane ) ( HW : Robinson ) ( LW : Zane ) 1978 : ( Overall : Zane ) ( HW : Robinson ) ( LW : Zane ) 1979 : ( Overall : Zane ) ( HW : Mentzer ) ( LW : Zane ) 1980 : Schwarzenegger 1981 : Columbu 1982 : Dickerson 1983 : Bannout 1984 : Haney 1985 : Haney 1986 : Haney 1987 : Haney 1988 : Haney 1989 : Haney 1990 : Haney 1991 : Haney 1992 : Yates 1993 : Yates 1994 : Yates 1995 : Yates 1996 : Yates 1997 : Yates 1998 : Coleman 1999 : Coleman 2000 : Coleman 2001 : Coleman 2002 : Coleman 2003 : Coleman 2004 : Coleman 2005 : Coleman 2006 : Cutler 2007 : Cutler 2008 : Jackson 2009 : Cutler 2010 : Cutler 2011 : Heath 2012 : Heath 2013 : Heath 2014 : Heath 2015 : Heath 2016 : Heath 2017 : Heath Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Olympia&oldid=821654286 '' Categories : Mr. Olympia Professional bodybuilding competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1965 Olympia Weekend Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with Bulgarian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 20 : 40 . 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-1848096761263963786	FIFA (video game series)	FIFA ( video game series ) - Wikipedia FIFA ( video game series ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) FIFA Genres Sports , simulation Developer ( s ) EA Sports Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Platforms Amiga , DOS , N - Gage , 32X , Mega-CD / Sega CD , Master System , Game Gear , Mega Drive / Sega Genesis , Sega Saturn , GameCube , Gizmondo , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Nintendo 64 , Nintendo DS , Nintendo 3DS , Wii , Wii U , Nintendo Switch , Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance , 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , Microsoft Windows , iOS , Java Platform , Micro Edition , Android , Xbox 360 , Xbox , Xbox One , Windows Phone , macOS , Zeebo Platform of origin 3DO , Amiga , MS - DOS , Game Boy , Sega Game Gear , Sega Genesis , Sega CD , Sega Master System , Super NES Year of inception 1993 Original release Annually , 1993 -- present First release FIFA International Soccer July 15 , 1993 Latest release FIFA 18 September 29 , 2017 FIFA , also known as FIFA Football or FIFA Soccer , is a series of association football video games or football simulator , released annually by Electronic Arts under the EA Sports label . Football video games such as Sensible Soccer , Kick Off and Match Day had been developed since the late 1980s and already competitive in the games market when EA Sports announced a football game as the next addition to their EA Sports label . When the series began in late 1993 , it was notable for being the first to have an official licence from FIFA , the world governing body of football . The latest installments in the series contain many exclusively licensed leagues including leagues and teams from around the world , including the German Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga , English Premier League and Football League , Italian Serie A and Serie B , Spanish La Liga and Segunda División , Portuguese Primeira Liga , French Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 , Turkish Süper Lig , Dutch Eredivisie , Mexican Liga MX , American Major League Soccer , South Korean K - League , Saudi Professional League , Australian A-League , Chilean Primera División , Brazilian Campeonato Série A and Argentine Superliga Argentina , allowing the use of real leagues , clubs and player names and likenesses within the games . In addition , internationally popular clubs from around the world , including some teams from Greece and South Africa , without those nations ' entire leagues . The main series has been complemented by additional installments based on single major tournaments , such as the FIFA World Cup , UEFA European Football Championship and UEFA Champions League , as well as a series of football management titles . As of FIFA 18 , Cristiano Ronaldo of Real Madrid is the face of the franchise , appearing on the front cover of the series and in promotional campaigns and advertisements . Lionel Messi appeared on four straight covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16 . Since the release of FIFA Mobile , Chelsea playmaker Eden Hazard appears on the cover . As of 2011 , the FIFA franchise has been localised into 18 languages and available in 51 countries . By 2010 the series had sold more than 100 million copies worldwide , making it the best - selling sports video game franchise in the world , and one of the best - selling video game franchises . Also , FIFA 12 holds the record for the `` fastest selling sports game ever '' with over 3.2 million games sold and over $186 million generated at retail in its first week of release . The franchise 's latest release , FIFA 18 , was released worldwide on September 29 , 2017 . It is available for multiple gaming systems , including the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch and among many other systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Games in the series 2.1 1990s 2.1. 1 FIFA International Soccer 2.1. 2 FIFA 95 2.1. 3 FIFA 96 2.1. 4 FIFA 97 2.1. 5 FIFA : Road to World Cup 98 2.1. 6 FIFA 99 2.2 2000s 2.2. 1 FIFA 2000 2.2. 2 FIFA 2001 2.2. 3 FIFA Football 2002 2.2. 4 FIFA Football 2003 2.2. 5 FIFA Football 2004 2.2. 6 FIFA Football 2005 2.2. 7 FIFA 06 2.2. 8 FIFA 07 2.2. 9 FIFA 08 2.2. 10 FIFA 09 2.3 2010s 2.3. 1 FIFA 10 2.3. 2 FIFA 11 2.3. 3 FIFA 12 2.3. 4 FIFA 13 2.3. 5 FIFA 14 2.3. 6 FIFA 15 2.3. 7 FIFA 16 2.3. 8 FIFA 17 2.3. 9 FIFA Mobile 2.3. 10 FIFA 18 3 Other titles 3.1 FIFA Online games 3.2 FIFA World Cup licensed games 3.3 UEFA European Championship licensed games 3.4 UEFA Champions League licensed games 3.5 Street football games 3.6 Management games 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Timeline of release years 1993 FIFA International Soccer FIFA Soccer 95 1995 FIFA Soccer 96 FIFA 97 FIFA 98 1998 FIFA World Cup 98 FIFA 99 1999 FIFA 2000 2000 FIFA 2001 FIFA Football 2002 2002 FIFA Football 2003 2003 FIFA Football 2004 FIFA Football 2005 2005 FIFA Street ( 2005 ) FIFA 06 2006 FIFA Street 2 FIFA World Cup : Germany 2006 FIFA 07 2007 FIFA 08 2008 FIFA Street 3 FIFA 09 2009 FIFA 10 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa FIFA 11 2011 FIFA 12 2012 FIFA 13 2013 FIFA 14 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil FIFA 15 2015 FIFA 16 2016 FIFA 17 FIFA Mobile 2017 FIFA 18 While FIFA 95 did not add much other than the ability to play with club teams , FIFA 96 pushed the boundaries . For the first time with real player names by obtaining the FIFPro license , the PlayStation , PC , 32X and Sega Saturn versions used EA 's `` Virtual Stadium '' engine , with 2D sprite players moving around a real - time 3D stadium . FIFA 97 improved on this with polygonal models for players and added an indoor soccer mode , but an early pinnacle was reached with FIFA : Road to World Cup 98 . This version featured much improved graphics , a complete World Cup with qualifying rounds ( including all national teams ) and refined gameplay . Months later , World Cup 98 , was EA 's first officially licensed tournament game . FIFA games have been met with some minor criticism ; such as improvements each game features over its predecessor . As the console market is expanding , FIFA is being challenged directly by other titles such as Konami 's Pro Evolution Soccer series . Both FIFA and Pro Evolution Soccer have a large following but FIFA sales is rising as much as 23 percent year - on - year . In 2010 , the FIFA series had sold over 100 million copies , making it the best - selling sports video game franchise in the world and the most profitable EA Sports title . With FIFA 12 selling 3.2 million copies in the first week after its September 27 North American debut in 2011 , EA Sports dubbed it `` the most successful launch in EA Sports history '' . In 2012 , EA Sports signed Lionel Messi to the FIFA franchise , luring him away from the competitor Pro Evolution Soccer . Messi 's likeness was then immediately placed on the cover of FIFA Street . In 2013 , the Spanish professional women 's footballer Vero Boquete started a petition on Change.org , which called upon Electronic Arts to introduce female players in the FIFA series . The petition attracted 20,000 signatures in 24 hours . FIFA 16 , released on September 25 , 2015 , included female national teams . Games in the series ( edit ) 1990s ( edit ) FIFA International Soccer ( edit ) Main article : FIFA International Soccer Cover athlete : David Platt and Piotr Świerczewski ( Packie Bonner and Ruud Gullit in some versions ) Released for : PC , DOS , Amiga , Sega CD ( as FIFA International Soccer Championship Edition ) , 3DO , SNES , Mega Drive / Genesis , Master System , Sega Game Gear , Game Boy Release date : July 15 , 1993 Known as EA Soccer during development and sometimes subsequently also known as FIFA ' 94 , the first game in the series was released in the weeks leading up to Christmas 1993 . This greatly hyped football title broke with traditional 16 - bit era games by presenting an isometric view rather than the more usual top - down view ( Kick Off ) , side view ( European Club Soccer ) , or bird 's - eye view ( Sensible Soccer ) . It only includes national teams , and real player names are not used . A notorious bug allows the player to score by standing in front of the goalkeeper so that the ball rebounds off him into the net . The game was number one in the UK charts , replacing Street Fighter II Special Champion Edition , and staying there for a full six months . Mega placed the game at # 11 in their Top 50 Mega Drive Games of All Time . The Sega Mega CD version was released under the title `` FIFA International Soccer Championship Edition '' it includes some features used in the next title , and is a highly polished version of the original . This version was ranked # 7 on the Mega list of the Top 10 Mega CD Games of All Time . The game on the 3DO console sported pseudo-3D cameras and it was the most graphically advanced version . Also , the game is playable on the PlayStation 2 version of FIFA 06 . It was made in celebration for the 1994 FIFA World Cup held in the United States -- especially noticeable in the Super NES version which , despite having a smaller team selection than the Genesis version , had three exclusive teams which qualified for the real - life tournament : Bolivia , Saudi Arabia and South Korea . The game was called International Soccer so EA could sell the game successfully in Europe , after assuming Americans would have no interest in the game . FIFA 95 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Soccer 95 Cover athlete : Erik Thorstvedt ( Alexi Lalas in some versions ) Released for : Mega Drive / Genesis Release date : July 8 , 1994 Using the same engine with only minor touch - ups , FIFA 95 introduced club teams to the series within eight national leagues : Brazil , Germany 's Bundesliga , Italy 's Serie A , Spain 's La Liga , England 's Premier League , France 's Ligue 1 , Netherlands ' Eredivisie and the United States . Most of the leagues have team lineups based on the 1993 -- 94 season , and the teams , although recognisably real , all still have generic players , many of them even returning from the previous game . The USA League consists of teams and players from the A-League , the country 's second division -- subsequent editions would feature `` artificial '' division one leagues , a feature not corrected until the 2000 edition , when Major League Soccer was included for the first time . In addition , the Brazilian league contained only teams from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states , with the exception of Internacional , from Rio Grande do Sul -- it would not be until FIFA 07 that Campeonato Brasileiro represented the country . The game eliminates the one - touch passing seen in the original FIFA International Soccer . This was also the only game in the main series not to be released in more than one platform ( counting spin - offs , only FIFA 64 and certain versions of the FIFA Manager series share this distinction ) . FIFA 96 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Soccer 96 Cover athlete : Frank de Boer and Jason McAteer ( European version ) Released for : DOS / Windows , PlayStation , Sega Saturn , Sega 32X , SNES , Mega Drive / Genesis , Sega Game Gear , Game Boy Release date : July 1 , 1995 This is the first FIFA game to feature real - time 3D graphics on the Sega Saturn , PlayStation and PC versions , using technology called `` Virtual Stadium '' . It is also the first in the series to present players with real player names and positions , with ranking , transfer and team customisation tools . However , the Brazilian teams had mostly inaccurate rosters , some of them even featuring long - retired players ( this would only be corrected in FIFA 99 ) , and the American league consisted of entirely fictitious teams and rosters ( Major League Soccer had been inaugurated for only a few months as of the game 's release , but it would only start to appear in the games as of FIFA 2000 ) . The SNES and Mega Drive versions use an updated version of FIFA 95 's engine with new teams and graphics . It is also the first FIFA game to contain a player / team editor ( in the Mega Drive and fifth - generation versions only ) . Also , in addition to the eight national leagues of the previous game , three leagues debuted in the game : Scottish Premier League , Allsvenskan and Super League Malaysia , a lineup that would stay for the next two editions as well . This was also the first FIFA game to have a proper introduction . FIFA 97 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 97 Cover athlete : David Ginola ( European version ) ; Bebeto ( rest of the world ) Released for : DOS / Windows , PlayStation , Sega Saturn , Mega Drive / Genesis , SNES , Game Boy Release date : June 24 , 1996 The biggest change in FIFA ' 97 was the inclusion of 6 - a-side indoor soccer mode and polygonal players , with motion capture provided by David Ginola . The game features a much higher number of playable leagues from England , Spain , France , Italy , the Netherlands , Germany and Malaysia . These versions also feature commentary by John Motson , partnered by Andy Gray , with Des Lynam introducing the matches . FIFA : Road to World Cup 98 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA : Road to World Cup 98 Cover athlete : Roy Lassiter ( USA ) ; David Beckham ( UK ) ; Paolo Maldini ( Italy ) ; David Ginola ( France ) ; Andreas Möller ( Germany ) ; Raúl ( Spain ) Title song : `` Song 2 '' by Blur Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation , Nintendo 64 , Sega Saturn , SNES , Mega Drive / Genesis , Game Boy Release date : June 17 , 1997 This game marks the start of an upward trend in the series . It boasts a refined graphics engine , team and player customisation options , 16 stadia , improved artificial intelligence , a `` Road to World Cup '' mode with all FIFA - registered national teams , and a licensed soundtrack featuring popular musical artists of the time . The game features many accurate team squads for national call up when playing in the round robin qualification modes . Another new feature was the ability to manually change the referee 's strictness , allowing some fouls to go un-noticed or without punishment . Additionally , for the first time in a FIFA game , the offside rule is properly implemented . In previous games , when a player was in an offside position doing anything except running , that player was penalised for offside even when the ball was passed backwards . The 32 - bit version of FIFA 98 corrects this so that the game would only award a free kick for offside if the ball was passed roughly to where the player in the offside position was . FIFA 98 was also the first of the series to feature a licensed soundtrack , with `` Song 2 '' by Blur used as the intro track for the game . It was the last FIFA game to be released on the 16 - bit consoles that the series had originated on . FIFA 99 ( edit ) Cover athlete : Dennis Bergkamp ( World ) , Kasey Keller ( USA ) , Fabien Barthez ( France ) , Hidetoshi Nakata ( Japan ) ; Olaf Thon ( Germany ) ; Rui Costa ( Portugal ) ; Christian Vieri ( Italy ) ; Ahn Jung - hwan ( South Korea ) ; Fernando Morientes ( Spain ) ; Jason Kreis ( USA beta ) Title song : `` The Rockafeller Skank ( Remix ) '' by Fatboy Slim Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation , Nintendo 64 Release date : June 10 , 1998 While the indoor mode was no longer featured , the gameplay 's fluidity and responsiveness was increased . The increasing number of websites dedicated to the game and a larger number of leagues ( the Malaysian league was removed , and on its stead came two new leagues : the Belgian First Division and the Portuguese Primeira Liga ; this came to be a problem when the owners of the rights to the Primeira Liga tried to pull the game from the shelves locally ) . Graphically , it is a major improvement over FIFA ' 98 , with the inclusion of basic facial animations and different players ' heights as well as certain other cosmetic features such as improved kits and emblems , although they are unlicensed . Gamers may also create their own custom cups and leagues and select the teams they wish to participate . FIFA 99 also features an elite league called the `` European Dream League '' in which 20 top teams from across Europe battle it out in a league format . It was also the first game to feature a block containing teams which did not pertain to any of the main leagues ( back then , it was known as `` Rest of Europe '' since all teams were European , the vast majority of them featured either in the 1998 -- 99 season of the Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup or Champions League ) . The game was a bestseller in the UK , replacing Tomb Raider III . 2000s ( edit ) FIFA 2000 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 2000 Title song : `` It 's Only Us '' by Robbie Williams Cover athlete : Sol Campbell ( UK ) ; Vincenzo Montella ( Italy ) ; Pep Guardiola ( Spain ) ; Emmanuel Petit ( France ) ; Jaap Stam ( Netherlands ) ; Vassilios Tsiartas ( Greece ) ; Mehmet Scholl ( Germany ) ; Simão ( Portugal ) ; Eddie Pope ( US ) ; Raí ( Brazil ) ; Par Zetterberg ( Sweden ) ; Kim Byung - ji ( South Korea ) ; Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation , Game Boy Color Release date : October 26 , 1999 This version of the FIFA series contained over 40 `` classic '' teams , so that gamers could play as retired football legends . It marked the introduction of Major League Soccer , replacing the fictitious `` American '' league previously included , as well as national leagues from Denmark , Greece , Israel , Norway and Turkey ( though Galatasaray is not present in the game ) . The game features over 40 national sides , fully integrated seasons , set piece selections , increased physical contact , new facial animations , shielding ability and tougher tackling . The game received mixed reviews due to its cartoonish graphic engine and shallow gameplay , a brand new engine was implemented in an attempt to give more `` emotion '' to the 3D player models . The game was generally considered to be much inferior than its rival . The opening video for FIFA 2000 features Sol Campbell performing motion capture duties for the game , then having his likeness computer - generated to play against a retro side from 1904 , the year of the inauguration of FIFA . The game also included Port Vale , the club supported by Williams , in the `` Rest of the World '' section ( they were in the Football League First Division at the time , and while the concept of post-season promotion and relegation was introduced in this edition , teams from lower league tiers were only selectable starting with FIFA 2004 ) . A Nintendo 64 beta version of FIFA 2000 exists though the game was not officially released for this platform . FIFA 2001 ( edit ) Main Article FIFA 2001 Title song : `` Bodyrock '' by Moby Cover athlete : Edgar Davids ( Netherlands ) ; Paul Scholes ( UK ) ; Gheorghe Hagi ( Romania ) ; Ben Olsen ( US ) ; Ricardo Sá Pinto ( Portugal ) ; Gaizka Mendieta ( Spain ) ; Filippo Inzaghi ( Italy ) ; Lothar Matthäus ( Germany ) ; Thierry Henry ( France ) ; Leonardo ( Brazil ) ; Shimon Gershon ( Israel ) ; Ko Jong - soo ( South Korea ) Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Release date : November 8 , 2000 This title had a new graphics engine from FIFA Soccer World Championship which allows each team to have its own detailed kit , and for some players , their own unique faces . Doing away with ordinary coloured pennants as club emblems , the license includes official club emblems for the first time , although certain leagues , like the Dutch league , are unlicensed . Slightly tweakable physics made the game a modding favorite for its fan community . The game also includes the entire Austrian Bundesliga as a playable league for the first time , albeit removing the Portuguese Liga and the Turkish Premier League . A `` hack '' feature is included , where the player can press R1 to attempt an intentional foul , such a high sliding tackle . This title was the first game of the series with a power bar for shooting ( such a feature already existed in the Super NES version of the first game , but it was not in all versions of the game ) . FIFA 2001 was the first version ( for the PC ) that could be played online , which was revolutionary , and the first game in the franchise on a 6th generation video game console in USA and Europe . The PlayStation version of FIFA 2001 received a `` Gold '' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association ( ELSPA ) , indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom . FIFA Football 2002 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Football 2002 Title song : `` 19 - 2000 ( Soulchild Remix ) '' by Gorillaz Cover athlete : Hidetoshi Nakata ( Japan ) ; Thierry Henry ( France , UK ) ; Zlatan Ibrahimović ( Sweden ) ; Nuno Gomes ( Portugal ) ; Francesco Totti ( Italy ) ; Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Netherlands ) ; İlhan Mansız ( Turkey ) ; Gerald Asamoah ( Germany ) ; Lampros Choutos ( Greece ) ; Hong Myung - bo ( South Korea ) ; Sibusiso Zuma ( South Africa ) ; Nawaf Al - Temyat ( Saudi Arabia ) ; Tomasz Radzinski ( US ) ; Roberto Carlos ( Brazil ) ; Iker Casillas ( Spain ) ; Tomasz Frankowski ( Poland ) ; Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , GameCube , PlayStation Release date : November 1 , 2001 For FIFA Football 2002 , power bars for passes were introduced , and dribbling reduced in order to attain a higher challenge level . The power bar can also be customised to suit the gamer 's preference . The game also includes club emblems for many more European clubs as well as for major Dutch clubs such as PSV , Ajax and Feyenoord , although there was no Dutch league of any kind ( they were under the `` Rest of World '' header ) . This game also features , for the first time , the Swiss Super League , at the cost of excluding the Greek League . A card reward system licensed from Panini was also introduced where , after winning a particular competition , a star player card is unlocked . There is also a bonus game with the nations that had automatically qualified for the 2002 World Cup ( France , Japan and South Korea ) , in which the player tries to improve the FIFA ranking of their chosen team by participating in international friendlies . Playing with other national teams will allow the player to play through their respective zones ' qualifying rounds ( except for Oceania and Africa , whose confederations are not represented in full ) . FIFA Football 2002 was the final game in the main series to feature the Japanese national team , as the Japan Football Association would sell its exclusive rights to Konami during 2002 , thereby depriving not only FIFA , but all other football games in the market ( with the exception of EA 's World Cup spin - offs ) , from using its lineup and likeness ( Japanese players in foreign markets continued to be featured in the series , though ) until FIFA 17 . FIFA Football 2003 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Football 2003 Cover athlete : Roberto Carlos , Ryan Giggs , and Edgar Davids ( in the United States , only Landon Donovan appeared ) Title song : `` To Get Down ( Fatboy Slim remix ) '' by Timo Maas Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , PlayStation , Game Boy Advance , Mobile phone Release date : October 25 , 2002 FIFA Football 2003 added features completely new gameplay from the previous titles . EA revamped the outdated DirectX 7 graphics used in FIFA 2001 and 2002 , and introduced new graphics featuring more detailed stadia , players , and kits . Club Championship Mode was introduced with the feature of playing against 17 of Europe 's top clubs in their own stadia and the fans singing their unique chants and songs . A TV - style broadcast package gave highlights at half - time and full - time , as well as comprehensive analysis . One of the most anticipated new features was EA Sport 's `` Freestyle Control '' which allows the user to flick the ball on and lay it off to teammates . Other additions include greater likenesses of players such as Thierry Henry and Ronaldinho , as well as realistic player responses . An Xbox version was added to the Windows and PlayStation 2 , whereas the original PlayStation version was dropped . FIFA Football 2003 was also the first game in the series to use the EA Trax . EA Trax is the exclusive music menu system that has been used ever since in all FIFA titles . FIFA Football 2004 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Football 2004 Cover athlete : Thierry Henry , Alessandro Del Piero and Ronaldinho Title song : `` Red Morning Light '' by Kings of Leon Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , PlayStation , Game Boy Advance , Nokia N - Gage , Mobile phone Release date : October 18 , 2003 While not adding much to the game engine , the biggest new inclusion in FIFA Football 2004 is secondary divisions , which allow the player to take lower ranked teams into the top leagues and competitions ( a promotion / relegation system was present since the 2000 edition , but none up until this one featured second - tier leagues ) . A new gameplay feature dubbed `` off the ball '' was introduced , which is the ability to simultaneously control two players , in order , for example , to move a second player into the box in anticipation of a pass . The online mode was touted as the main feature . Another key feature is `` Football Fusion '' , which allows owners of both FIFA 2004 and Total Club Manager 2004 to play games from TCM in FIFA 2004 . This is also the first FIFA game to feature Latin American club teams aside from those of the Brazilian League ; there are four from Mexico ( América , Toluca , Monterrey and UNAM ; a fif / ref > Mega placed the game at # 11 in their Top 50 Mega Drive Games of All Time.th team , Tigres UANL , is present only in the Game Boy Advance version ) and two from Argentina ( Boca Juniors and River Plate ) . The title sequence , featuring Ronaldinho , Thierry Henry and Alessandro Del Piero , was filmed at St James ' Park , the home ground of Newcastle United . FIFA Football 2005 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Football 2005 Title song : `` Surfing on a Rocket '' by Air Cover athlete : Patrick Vieira , Fernando Morientes and Andriy Shevchenko ( in North America , Oswaldo Sánchez replaced Patrick Vieira ) Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , PlayStation , PlayStation Portable ( America only ) , Game Boy Advance , Nokia N - Gage , Gizmondo , Mobile phone Release date : October 11 , 2004 FIFA Football 2005 was released much earlier than the usual late October date to obtain a head start over Pro Evolution Soccer 4 and avoid clashing with EA Sports ' own FIFA Street . The game features the return of the create - a-player mode , as well as an improved Career mode . The biggest difference compared to previous titles in the series is the inclusion of first - touch gameplay which provides gamers with the ability to perform `` real - life '' tricks and passes . It is also the first version to feature the full Mexican League . The game has no opening video , but its soundtrack is headlined by British DJ Paul Oakenfold , who composed the FIFA Theme especially for the game , using some sounds from the game such as crowd noises and commentary . This was the last title released for the original PlayStation in the US . The game also features authentic crowd chants edited by producer Dan Motut . FIFA 06 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 06 Cover athlete : Wayne Rooney and Ronaldinho ( in North America , Omar Bravo and Freddy Adu joined Ronaldinho on the cover ) Title song : `` Helicopter '' by Bloc Party Released for : GameCube , Microsoft Windows , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , PlayStation Portable , Xbox 360 Release date : October 4 , 2005 FIFA 's developers made a complete overhaul of the game engine for this installment of FIFA , claiming a dramatic increase in the control of play , having rewritten more than half the game 's code . In addition to a renovation of the engine , which discards the `` off the ball '' system , the developers boasted a significantly more involved Career mode and the introduction of `` team chemistry '' which determines how well team members play together . This installment breaks with the long tradition of commentary from Match of the Day 's John Motson and ( more recently ) Ally McCoist , who are replaced by ITV 's Clive Tyldesley and former Sky Sports pundit Andy Gray , who had already worked in the series as guest commentator . One of the new features in FIFA 06 was a special `` retro '' which features nostalgia of the game . Inside it includes an unlockable classic biographies section , a memorable moments video compilation , which features ten of the most memorable moments as judged by the FIFA 06 developers , a video compilation with a retrospective view of every game in the FIFA series and the chance to play the first ever game in the FIFA series which was titled as `` FIFA 94 '' . The game also features for the first time a Classic XI team consisting of great football legends and a World XI team consisting of current great superstars . Both teams have the Cardiff Millennium Stadium as their primary ground . These clubs must be unlocked in the `` Fan Shop '' . FIFA 07 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 07 Cover athlete : Wayne Rooney and Ronaldinho ( worldwide ) ; Ronaldinho and Lukas Podolski ( Germany ) ; Ronaldinho , Landon Donovan and Francisco Fonseca ( North America ) ; Ronaldinho and Juninho Pernambucano ( France ) ; Ronaldinho and David Villa ( Spain ) Title Song : `` Ca n't Get Enough ( Mekon Remix ) '' by The Infadels Released for : Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , Game Boy Advance , Java ME Release date : September 27 , 2006 The main differences from the previous game are a new `` Interactive Leagues '' function , new stadia such as the new Wembley Stadium and Emirates Stadium , and the ability to create custom teams and Turkcell Super League returns after seven years of absence from the series . The game 's front - end and graphics engine remain largely the same . The Xbox 360 version uses a completely new game engine which was created from scratch for the system . This Xbox 360 version also features a much reduced team line - up , completely removing all lower division teams and focusing on the four main European leagues , plus the Mexican Clausura and national teams . This was the last title released for the Nintendo Gamecube . FIFA 08 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 08 Cover athlete : Wayne Rooney and Ronaldinho ( worldwide ) ; Ronaldinho and Miroslav Klose ( Germany ) ; Ronaldinho and Sergio Ramos ( Spain ) ; Ronaldinho , Jozy Altidore and Guillermo Ochoa ( North America ) ; Ronaldinho and Euzebiusz Smolarek ( Poland ) ; Title Song : `` Sketches ( 20 Something Life ) '' by La Rocca Released for : Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , Java ME Release date : September 20 , 2007 FIFA 08 introduced a new game mode called `` Be a Pro '' , in which the player controls only a single player on the field . This version also introduced a larger club section including the League of Ireland , and the Hyundai A-League of Australia , for the first time . Unlike FIFA 06 and 07 however , FIFA 08 does not include any memorable moments or season highlights . FIFA 08 does not have a version for the original Xbox , which means that FIFA 07 was the last game of the series to feature on the console . The Xbox 360 has taken over permanently since FIFA 08 . It was the first game in the franchise for PlayStation 3 . The debut version for the Wii introduced motion controls for shooting , as well as three mini-games that make use of the Wii Remote . FIFA 09 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 09 Cover athlete : Wayne Rooney and Ronaldinho ( worldwide ) ; Wayne Rooney and Sergio Ramos ( Spain ) ; Ronaldinho and Kevin Kuranyi ( Germany ) ; Ronaldinho and Balázs Dzsudzsák ( Hungary ) ; Ronaldinho and Daniele De Rossi ( Italy ) ; Ronaldinho , Maurice Edu and Guillermo Ochoa ( North America ) Title Song : `` Let U Know '' by Plastilina Mosh Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , Java ME Release date : October 3 , 2008 FIFA 09 features a revamped collision system and an option for 10 versus 10 `` Be a Pro '' online matches , and the new `` Adidas Live Season '' feature , which updates all the players ' stats in a particular league based on the player 's form in real life . Although the feature is activated through microtransactions , gamers have access to one free league of their choice from the moment they activate the service to the end of the 2008 -- 09 season . Online play has also been improved in FIFA 09 , with a feature called `` FIFA 09 Clubs '' allowing players to form or join clubs and field their strongest team online . The game has met with generally positive reception from reviewers . Clive Tyldesley and Andy Gray again provide the commentary in the English version . However , in the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game , Tyldesley is replaced by Martin Tyler . For the first time , users can also purchase extra commentator voices in different languages from the PlayStation Store ( PlayStation 3 ) and Xbox Live Marketplace ( Xbox 360 ) . Another option for the English language is Tyldesley and Andy Townsend . 2010s ( edit ) FIFA 10 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 10 Cover athlete : Theo Walcott , Frank Lampard and Wayne Rooney ( UK ) ; Wayne Rooney and Tim Cahill ( Australia ) ; Wayne Rooney and Andreas Ivanschitz ( Austria ) ; Wayne Rooney and Balázs Dzsudzsák ( Hungary ) , Wayne Rooney and Robert Lewandowski ( Poland ) ; Ronaldinho and Giorgio Chiellini ( Italy ) ; Karim Benzema , Steve Mandanda and Guillaume Hoarau ( France ) ; Wayne Rooney and Bastian Schweinsteiger ( Germany ) ; Frank Lampard and Simão ( Portugal ) ; Karim Benzema and Xavi ( Spain ) ; Frank Lampard ; Sacha Kljestan and Cuauhtémoc Blanco ( North America ) ; Sergei Semak ( Russia ) Title song : `` Nothing to Worry About '' by Peter Bjorn and John Released for : Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , iOS , Android , Java ME , Wii Release date : October 2 , 2009 ( Europe ) , October 20 , 2009 ( USA ) FIFA 10 has an extended Manager Mode which includes a new Assistant Manager that can be used to take care of the team 's line - up and to rotate the squad based on importance of the upcoming match and improved finances . The `` Player Experience and Growth System '' has changed . Player growth will now be determined by in - game performance , demands placed on the player , and achievements based on the player 's particular position . The games also features 50 stadia and 31 leagues , among which the Russian Premier League is introduced to the series ( except for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions ) . It also includes 360 degrees player control instead of the 8 - direction control in previous games . FIFA 11 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 11 Cover athlete : Kaká ( World ) , Wayne Rooney ( United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland & Australia ) , Mesut Özil & René Adler ( Germany ) , Tim Cahill ( Australia ) , Jakub Błaszczykowski ( Poland ) ; Released for : Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS , iOS , BlackBerry OS , Java ME Release date : September 28 , 2010 ( USA ) , October 1 , 2010 ( Europe ) FIFA 11 was released September 28 , 2010 in North America and October 1 , 2010 in Europe . It features a new replacement to Manager Mode called Career Mode ; the player is able to play a career as a Manager , Player or a new feature as a Player Manager . Other new features include an improved passing system , improved player likenesses , the ability to play as a Goalkeeper for the first time , and other various other tweaks and additions . The English commentary is provided for the fourth time by Martin Tyler and Andy Gray . Landon Donovan , Kaká and Carlos Vela feature on the cover of the North American version of the game , while Kaká and Wayne Rooney feature on the cover of the UK and Irish version . Aside from Kaká and Rooney , Petr Čech and Andrés Iniesta are also prominently featured in the game , appearing in in - game screens like the menus of the PC version . FIFA 12 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 12 Cover athlete : Wayne Rooney and Jack Wilshere ( UK and Republic of Ireland ) , Landon Donovan and Rafael Márquez ( North America ) , Jakub Błaszczykowski ( Poland ) ; Title song : `` Kids '' by Sleigh Bells Released for : Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , iOS , Java ME Release date : September 27 , 2011 ( USA ) , September 30 , 2011 ( Europe ) David Rutter , the line producer for FIFA 12 , has promised `` a revolutionary year for FIFA ... especially in the gameplay department . '' The first screenshot was revealed on April 11 , featuring Brazilian midfielder Kaká running through the field . FIFA 12 is the first edition of the series to feature Arabic commentary . The Czech First League and Turkish Süper Lig are removed from the game ( though Turkish side Galatasaray is still featured ) and a third Argentine team , Racing Club de Avellaneda , is added to the Rest of World bracket . The Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3 were the main consoles for the game , and for the first time , the PC version was feature - identical . In May , EA announced that a Nintendo 3DS version would be available , including career mode , 11 vs 11 , street mode and Be a Pro , but excluding any online mode . On 27 May , it was confirmed that FIFA 12 would be released on PlayStation 2 . On June 7 , it was confirmed that the iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch will also be included and others are to come in the next few months . On July 11 , photos of the Career Mode were released . During the demo launch on September 13 , 2011 , both FIFA 12 and Xbox Live were trending on social networking site Twitter . For the first time in the series , the game has been officially ported to the Mac OS X operating system by TransGaming . In March 2012 , FIFA Football was released as a launch title for the PS Vita , which despite the different name was a port of FIFA 12 . New features include : Player Impact Engine -- a physics engine built to deliver real - world physicality in every interaction on the pitch Precision Dribbling -- delivers a higher fidelity of touch on the ball for attacking players Tactical Defending -- places equal importance on positioning , intercepting passes and tackling Pro Player Intelligence ( only for CPU players ) FIFA 13 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 13 Cover athlete : Lionel Messi ( Joe Hart and Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain also feature in the UK version ) , Jakub Błaszczykowski ( Poland ) ; Title song : `` Club Foot '' by Kasabian Released for : Microsoft Windows , Wii U , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , iOS , Windows Phone , Android , Java ME Release date : September 25 , 2012 ( USA ) , September 27 , 2012 ( Australia ) , September 28 , 2012 ( Europe ) Bundesliga clubs Borussia Dortmund against Bayern Munich in FIFA 13 . On Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , the game is the first of the series compatible with Kinect and PlayStation Move , respectively . The game also features the Saudi Professional League , the first time Arabic football is represented in the series ( while FIFA 2000 did include club teams from the Arab world , it was generic teams with non-distinctive uniforms ) . New features include : Attacking Intelligence -- Players automatically analyse space and think ahead making it potentially easier to break down the defence . Goalkeeping Intelligence has also been improved in similar ways . Complete Dribbling -- Precise 360 - degree mobility with the ball allowing players to be more dangerous and creative during 1 - on - 1 confrontations . 1st Touch Control -- Eliminates near - perfect touches for all players and allowing defenders to take advantage of the loss of focus and poor touches to win back possession . EA SPORTS Football Club -- Earn rewards , level - up , enjoy live challenges and connect with friends . Unlock rewards and items from EA SPORTS Catalogue and climb up to 100 levels . Support Your Club in every area of the game and play through the real - world season . The new EA SPORTS Football Club app will allow fans to connect to Ultimate Team and EA SPORTS Football Club on the game . FIFA 14 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 14 Cover athlete : Lionel Messi ( World ) , Javier Hernández ( North America ) , Stephan El Shaarawy ( Italy ) , Arturo Vidal and Radamel Falcao ( Argentina , Chile , Panama , Venezuela ) , Gareth Bale ( United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland ) , Michal Kadlec ( Czech Republic ) , Robert Lewandowski ( Poland ) , Balázs Dzsudzsák ( Hungary ) , Xherdan Shaqiri ( Switzerland ) , David Alaba ( Austria ) , Tim Cahill ( Australia ) , Maya Yoshida and Makoto Hasebe ( Japan ) , Mustafa Al - Bassas ( Middle East ) Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Portable , iOS , Windows Phone , Android , Java ME . Release date : September 24 , 2013 ( USA ) , September 26 , 2013 ( Europe ) For the newest generation of video game consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , the game showcases a new engine , Ignite , which allows not only for graphical enhancements , like shifting weather conditions and dynamic environment , but also for changes in gameplay , with features like Human Intelligence ( which brings the AI closer to real player behavior ) and True Player Motion ( which gives the players more realistic animations ) . Also , all versions have an all - new Co-op Seasons online mode , in which two players can play a season for the same team . As for the team selection , the game features , for the first time , the top leagues from Argentina , Chile and Colombia , the first time South American leagues other than the Brazilian one are featured in a FIFA game . The PC version does not feature the Ignite engine ( which will be exclusive to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One releases ) ; rather than that , they will feature the Impact engine , same as used in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions ( which the PC versions have been using since 11 ) , with minor improvements . This is reportedly due to Electronic Arts ' claims that most PC players do not own a machine powerful enough for the Ignite engine , therefore it would only be featured in the next edition . This is the last FIFA game to be released for the PlayStation Portable and FIFA 14 would eventually become the last PlayStation 2 game produced and released in South America . The game features new signature goal celebrations from a number of players including Cristiano Ronaldo , Gareth Bale and Lionel Messi , among others . FIFA 15 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 15 Cover athlete : Lionel Messi ( World ) , Eden Hazard ( United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland , France , Belgium , Netherlands ) , Gonzalo Higuaín ( Italy ) , Clint Dempsey ( USA ) , Tim Cahill ( Australia ) , Robert Lewandowski ( Poland ) , David Alaba ( Austria ) , Xherdan Shaqiri ( Switzerland ) , Javier Hernández ( Mexico ) , Arturo Vidal ( South America ) , Michal Kadlec ( Czech Republic ) , Arda Turan ( Turkey ) , Atsuto Uchida ( Japan ) , Yahya Al - Shehri ( Arabian Peninsula ) . Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , Wii , iOS , Android , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Windows 8.1 , Windows Phone 8.1 Release date : September 23 , 2014 ( USA ) , September 25 , 2014 ( Europe ) , September 26 , 2014 ( UK ) The last edition for PlayStation Vita , Wii and Nintendo 3DS . The Windows version used the new engine ( Ignite Engine ) for the first time , which is the same as PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Due to licensing troubles with the Brazilian clubs , this was the first game in the main series that did not feature a Brazilian league in any form . FIFA 16 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 16 Cover athlete : Lionel Messi ( World ) , Jordan Henderson ( UK and Republic of Ireland ) , Shinji Kagawa ( Japan ) , David Alaba ( Austria ) , Oscar ( Brazil ) , Antoine Griezmann ( France ) , Eden Hazard ( Belgium ) , Yann Sommer ( Switzerland ) , Juan Cuadrado ( Latin America ) , Marco Fabián ( Mexico ) , Steph Catley & Tim Cahill ( Australia ) , Alex Morgan ( USA ) , Christine Sinclair ( Canada ) , Mauro Icardi ( Italy ) , Arkadiusz Milik ( Poland ) , Arda Turan ( Turkey ) , Omar Hawsawi ( Arab world ) , Sebastian Giovinco ( USA ; MLS edition ) Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , iOS , Android Release date : September 22 , 2015 ( North America ) , September 24 , 2015 ( Europe ) , October 1 , 2015 ( Brazil ) , October 8 , 2015 ( Japan ) FIFA 16 was the first title in the series to include female athletes and national teams . After the complications in the previous edition , some Brazilian teams agreed to lend their visual identities ( badges , names and kits ) to the game , but no such agreement was reached with players due to the decentralization of player image rights in Brazil ; as a result , the Brazilian teams are placed in the Rest of World block ( being given their own incomplete league slot in subsequent editions ) , with their rosters comprised completely by fictional players , unlike all other clubs and most national teams . FIFA 17 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 17 Cover athlete : Marco Reus ( World , chosen by popular vote over Anthony Martial , Eden Hazard and James Rodríguez ) Released for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One Release date : September 27 , 2016 ( North America ) , September 29 , 2016 ( worldwide ) FIFA 17 is the first time the FIFA video game series to use the Frostbite game engine and also the first to implement a story mode namely , `` The Journey '' . It also features the J1 League for the first time , the first time ever a football game for the international market features the league . FIFA Mobile ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Mobile Cover Athlete : Marco Reus ( October 11 , 2016 -- December 23 , 2016 ) ; Eden Hazard ( December 24 , 2016 -- October 31 , 2017 ) ; Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 1 , 2017 - present ) Released for : iOS , Android , Windows 10 Mobile Release date : October 11 , 2016 FIFA Mobile is the first mobile game of FIFA to use the new attack mode , live events , leagues , player plans , and program packs . It features seasonal programs for players to obtain different packs and players by completing different plans , live events , and achievements . FIFA later reworked attack mode to VS Attack on their 6.0. 1 update on May 19 , 2017 . Beginning November 1 , 2017 , a new mode called `` campaign '' was introduced , where players face different teams from around the world , from tiny amateur clubs to the best professional clubs in the world . The ability to improve players by `` training '' them was also introduced . FIFA 18 ( edit ) Main article : FIFA 18 Cover athlete : Cristiano Ronaldo ( World ) & Ronaldo ( Icon Edition ) Release for : Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Release date : September 29 , 2017 FIFA 18 is the first title to feature Ultimate team ICONS on all systems including PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch , and PC . Other titles ( edit ) Outside the series , also from EA Sports : FIFA 64 The first FIFA game on the Nintendo 64 console , released in early 1997 . It was similar to the 32 - bit versions of FIFA 97 . FA Premier League Stars series Two games , in 2000 and 2001 , FIFA was based primarily around the Premier League , though localised versions of the second game were released in Germany , France , Spain and South Korea . FIFA Soccer World Championship ( FIFA サッカーワールドチャンピオンシップ ) Released only in Japan on May 25 , 2000 , this PlayStation 2 exclusive , a prototype of FIFA 2001 , was the first installment of the series on a 6th generation video game console . The game contains under - 23 national teams like Australia national under - 23 soccer team , and Japan national under - 23 football team , due to Japan U-23 having qualified to the quarter - finals at the Sydney Olympics , just like a Japanese version of ISS Pro Evolution 2 , but it sold only in Japan by Electronic Arts Square . UEFA Champions League series Two games were released in the series : UEFA Champions League 2004 -- 2005 and UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 2007 . FIFA Total Football ( FIFA トータルフットボール ) Released in Japan in March 2004 on the PlayStation 2 , it was based on FIFA 2004 . FIFA Superstars This is a Facebook game developed for EA Sports by Playfish . The game operates on a similar premise to the `` Ultimate Team '' mode that appears in the main FIFA games . Users collect trading cards that represent different players ; each card has a statistical rating of the player 's skills , contributing to an average team skill rating . The skill rating is augmented by a `` training '' rating , and the combination of the two ratings gives the overall team rating . These ratings determine the outcomes of matches played by the team ; a team must win a certain number of matches to progress through a series of leagues , culminating with the `` Superstars '' league . Users may purchase new player cards with in - game `` coins '' , which are acquired through playing matches , winning leagues and as gifts from friends ; the cards come in bronze , silver and gold packs , with bronze containing low - rated players and gold containing the best players in the game , although gold packs cost more coins . Coins may also be used to purchase training and stadium upgrades , such as training cones and seating . The game requires match credits , which can be earned by playfish cash , penalty shootouts , playing against your friends or simply waiting over time . The game was released in February 2010 . The game has gone offline at the end of March 2013 , with very lousy services and lots of user complaints on the forum . FIFA World A free - to - play massive multiplayer online FIFA game , this time distributed by EA Sports themselves . Based on FIFA 14 , the game offers both match and FIFA Ultimate Team gameplay . Announced on August 9 , 2013 , an open beta was released on November 12 , 2013 in Brazil and Russia , before being made globally available on May 20 , 2014 . The game went offline on July 14 , 2015 . FIFA online games ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Online video games In 2006 , Electronic Arts released an online version of game specifically for the Asian market . FIFA Online FIFA Online 2 FIFA Online ( western version ) FIFA Online 3 FIFA Online 4 FIFA World Cup licensed games ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup video games In 1997 , Electronic Arts purchased the license from FIFA to publish official FIFA World Cup video games prior to each tournament and is still the current holder . World Cup 98 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil World - class Soccer ( A collectible card game for Android and iOS which is released in Japan and mainland China only . ) UEFA European Championship licensed games ( edit ) Main article : UEFA European Championship video games Similar to FIFA World Cup games , in 2000 , EA purchased the license from UEFA to publish official European Championship video games prior to each tournament . UEFA Euro 2000 UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA Euro 2008 UEFA Euro 2012 ( not a standalone game , but an expansion pack for FIFA 12 ) UEFA Champions League licensed games ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Champions League video games In 2002 , EA acquired the license for the UEFA Champions League . Two games were released , in 2005 and 2007 when EA were n't due to release an international title , before Konami bought the license in 2008 . UEFA Champions League 2004 -- 2005 UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 2007 Street Football games ( edit ) FIFA Street is a spin - off franchise introduced in 2005 which focuses on flair , style and trickery , reflecting the cultures of street football and freestyle football played on the streets and backlots across the world . FIFA Street ( 2005 ) FIFA Street 2 ( 2006 ) FIFA Street 3 ( 2008 ) FIFA Street ( 2012 ) Management games ( edit ) Since 1997 , EA Sports have regularly released football management games , most of which have made use of their FIFA or FA Premier League licenses in their titles . The majority of these games were developed by EA themselves , though some have been developed by third parties such as Krisalis Software and Bright Future GmbH . FIFA Manager series FIFA Soccer Manager ( 1997 ) The FA Premier League Football Manager 99 The FA Premier League Football Manager 2000 The FA Premier League Football Manager 2001 The FA Premier League Football Manager 2002 Total Club Manager 2003 Total Club Manager 2004 Total Club Manager 2005 FIFA Manager 06 FIFA Manager 07 FIFA Manager 08 FIFA Manager 09 FIFA Manager 10 FIFA Manager 11 FIFA Manager 12 FIFA Manager 13 FIFA Manager 14 See also ( edit ) Pro Evolution Soccer Electronic Arts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA 07 '' . Electronic Arts . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rooney ' continues to represent EA Sports , ' says EA Video Gamer , September 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` EA SPORTS FIFA Soccer 11 in Stores Now Throughout North America , Available in Europe and Asia Beginning September 30 '' . Montreal Gazette . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` EA SPORTS FIFA Soccer Franchise Sales Top 100 Million Units Lifetime '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Brendan ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Publisher estimates football simulation 's sell - through as `` the most successful launch in EA Sports history , '' calls it the biggest launch of 2011 so far `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gómez , Pablo ; Antelo , Iván ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Vero busca el gol de videojuego '' . La Voz de Galicia ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 16 : Where do the world 's best female players rank against their male counterparts ? '' . Jump up ^ mobygames.com . `` FIFA International Soccer '' . Jump up ^ Official Gallup UK Mega Drive sales chart , February -- July 1994 , published in Mega issues 17 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Mega magazine issue 26 , page 74 , Maverick Magazines , November 1994 Jump up ^ vgmuseum.com . `` 3DO screenshots of FIFA International Soccer ( 1994 ) '' . Jump up ^ Good , Owen . `` How Times Change : ' EA Did n't Give a S -- t About FIFA ' 20 Years Ago '' . Kotaku . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA ' 95 Is the World Champ ! '' . GamePro ( 66 ) . IDG . January 1995 . p. 118 . Jump up ^ UK PlayStation sales chart , March 1999 , published in Official UK PlayStation Magazine issue 43 Jump up ^ `` ELSPA Sales Awards : Gold '' . Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` ELSPA : Wii Fit , Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA soccer 09 Free download - 14 Commentator 's Pack Archived December 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Zimbio Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary . `` FIFA 12 will be a Revolution '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Harman , Stace . `` FIFA 12 : first image released '' . VG247 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 12 Career Mode '' . Facebook . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TransGaming Helps Bring FIFA Soccer 12 to Mac '' . TransGaming Technologies . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EA SPORTS FIFA 12 '' . EA . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 12 : Pro Player Intelligence '' . David Bryant . May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 13 release date & Ultimate Edition bonuses revealed - FIFA 13 for PS3 News '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ EA SPORTS Football World ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Team to feature in future FIFA titles . EA SPORTS Football '' . Ea.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA 14 - Products - EA SPORTS '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 UK Cover Star is Mikkel Sørensen - IGN '' . IGN . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 - NORTH AMERICA COVER REVEAL '' . EA Sports . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 , Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 Confirmed for PS4 '' . GamingBolt.com . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 Next - Gen for Xbox One '' . FIFPlay . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 confirmed for PC , PS2 , Wii , iOS , Android , everything but Wii U '' . Eurogamer . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA PC players have low spec machines , EA Sports boss says '' . VG247.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 14 celebrations : How to do Gareth Bale , Ronaldo , and Lionel Messi 's signature moves '' . The Mirror . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` FIFA 17 will be made on Battlefield 's Frostbite Engine '' . digitalspy.com . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Mobile 's VS Attack '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 - release date , trailer , The Journey 2 details and everything you need to know '' . gamesradar . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 ICONS - Ultimate Team - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . www.easports.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SBG : 新機能が充実「 FIFA トータルフットボール」紹介 UP '' . Gamez.itmedia.co.jp . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Superstars Online Service Update '' . Playfish Forum . January 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Announced for Brazil and Russia - Gaming Illustrated '' . gamingillustrated.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Open Beta going global '' . IGN . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David . `` FIFA World Cup game in development for PS4 & Xbox One '' . VideoGamer.com . Jump up ^ `` 『 EA SPORTS TM 2014 FIFA WORLD CUP BRAZIL TM ワールドクラスサッカー』 App Store SM / Google Play TM でオフィシャルリリース ! 唯一の公認ゲームを今すぐ無料でダウンロードしよう ! '' ( Press release ) . EA Mobile . May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 《 FIFA 2014 巴西世界杯》 EA 新款手游正式登陆中国 ! '' ( Press release ) . PTBUS . June 12 , 2014 . 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-6205870459548911331	It (character)	It ( character ) - wikipedia It ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pennywise Stephen King character Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise in the 2017 film First appearance It ( 1986 ) Created by Stephen King Portrayed by 1990 miniseries : Tim Curry ( Pennywise ) Florence Paterson ( Mrs. Kersh ) 2017 film adaptation : Bill Skarsgård ( Pennywise ) Tatum Lee ( Judith ) Javier Botet ( The Leper ) Carter Musselman ( Headless Boy ) Information Aliases Pennywise the Dancing Clown Pennywise Bob Gray The Leper The Giant Spider The Deadlights Judith The Teen Werewolf It , also known as Pennywise the Dancing Clown or Bob Gray , is the title character of Stephen King 's 1986 horror novel It . The character is a monster which preys upon the children of Derry , Maine , roughly every twenty - seven years , using a variety of powers that include the ability to shapeshift , manipulate , and go unnoticed by adults . King stated in a 2013 interview that he came up with the idea for Pennywise after asking himself what scared children `` more than anything else in the world '' . He felt that the answer was clowns . King has also acknowledged on his website that he originally wanted the title character of It to be a troll like the one in the children 's tale `` Three Billy Goats Gruff '' , but who inhabited the local sewer system rather than just the area beneath one bridge . The character has been described as one of the scariest clowns in popular culture . The character was portrayed by Tim Curry in the 1990 television adaptation and by Bill Skarsgård in the 2017 film adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Literature 1.2 Film and television 2 Reception and legacy 2.1 2016 clown sightings 3 References 4 External links Appearances ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) In the novel , It is an eternal entity . After arriving on Earth , It would sleep for approximately 27 to 30 years at a time , then awaken to wreak chaos and feed ( primarily on children 's fear ) . It is able to take many more forms than the film adaptations depict , including werewolves , bats , leeches , and sharks . It could embody any of a child 's worst fears . It apparently originated in a void containing and surrounding the Universe , a place referred to in the novel as the `` Macroverse '' ( a concept similar to the later established `` Todash Darkness '' of the Dark Tower novels ) . At several points in the novel , It claims its true name is `` Robert Gray '' , and is named `` It '' by the group of children who later confront it . Throughout the book , It is generally referred to as male ; however , late in the book , the children come to believe It may be female ( due to It 's manifestation as a large female spider ) . In addition , upon seeing its true form Audra Denbrough says `` Oh dear Jesus , It is female . '' Despite this , the true form of It is never truly known . The final physical form It takes is that of an enormous spider , but this is the closest the human mind can understand . It 's actual form is not precisely what the children actually see . Instead , the natural form of It exists in an inter-dimensional realm referred to by It as the `` deadlights '' . Bill Denbrough comes dangerously close to seeing the deadlights , but successfully defeats It before this happens . The deadlights are never seen , and their true form outside the physical realm is never revealed , only described as writhing , destroying orange lights . Coming face to face with the deadlights drives any living being instantly insane ( a common Lovecraftian device ) . The only known person to face the deadlights and survive is Bill 's wife Audra Phillips , although she is rendered catatonic by the experience . It 's natural enemy is the `` Turtle '' , another ancient dweller of King 's `` Macroverse '' who , eons ago , created our universe and possibly others . The Turtle shows up again in King 's series The Dark Tower . The book suggests that It , along with the Turtle , are themselves creations of a separate , omnipotent creator referred to as `` The Other '' . The Turtle and It are eternal enemies ( creation versus consumption ) . It may , in fact be either a `` twinner '' of , or the actual one of the six greater demon elementals mentioned by Mia in The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah , as the Spider is not one of the Beam Guardians . It arrived in our world during prehistoric times in a massive , cataclysmic event similar to an asteroid impact , in the place that would , in time , become Derry , Maine . Throughout the novel It , some events are described through It 's point of view , through which It describes itself as the `` superior '' being , with the Turtle as someone `` close to his superiority '' and humans as mere `` toys '' . It explains it prefers to kill and devour children , not by nature , but rather because children 's fears are easier to interpret in a physical form and thus children are easier to fill with terror . It says this is akin to `` salting the meat . '' It is continually surprised by the children 's victories over It , and near the end , It begins to question if It is not as superior as It had once thought . However , It never feels that the individual children are strong enough to defeat It , only through `` the Other '' working through them as a group . In the novel , It begins terrorizing a group of children in Derry , Maine , taking the form of a demonic clown called Pennywise . It intends to devour all of them one by one , but the children finally stand up to it and drive it back into its hiding place . It reappears 27 years later to confront the now - grown children , who face It in a final battle that results in It revealing It 's true form : a giant , monstrous spider . In the novel 's climax , the group finally confronts their fears and destroy It . Film and television ( edit ) The 1990 adaptation of the character portrayed by Tim Curry In the 1990 miniseries , Pennywise is portrayed by English actor Tim Curry , whose performance was praised by critics . In the 2017 film adaptation , Pennywise is portrayed by Swedish actor Bill Skarsgård . Will Poulter was originally cast as Pennywise , with Curry describing the role as a `` wonderful part '' and wishing Poulter the best of luck . Poulter later dropped out of the production due to scheduling conflicts , as well as original director Cary Fukunaga leaving the project . On June 3 , 2016 , it was announced the role had been recast with Skarsgård . Spanish actor Javier Botet was cast as the Leper . Two original guises are made for the film : the Headless Boy , a burnt victim of the Kitchener Ironworks incident ( played by Carter Musselman ) , and the Amedeo Modigliani - based painting Judith ( played by Tatum Lee ) . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Several media outlets such as The Guardian have spoken of the character , ranking it as one of the scariest clowns in film or pop culture . The Atlantic said of the character ; `` the scariest thing about Pennywise , though , is how he preys on children 's deepest fears , manifesting the monsters they 're most petrified by ( something J.K. Rowling would later emulate with boggarts ) . '' British scholar Mikita Brottman has also said of Pennywise ; `` one of the most frightening of evil clowns to appear on the small screen '' and that it `` reflects every social and familial horror known to contemporary America '' . Critics such as Mark Dery have drawn connections between the character of Pennywise and serial killer John Wayne Gacy , who would dress up at community children 's parties as `` Pogo the Clown '' ; Dery has stated that the character `` ( embodied ) our primal fears in a sociopathic Ronald McDonald who oozes honeyed guile '' . On his website , however , King makes no mention of Gacy in discussing his inspiration . The American punk rock band Pennywise took its name from the character . 2016 clown sightings ( edit ) `` I suspect it 's a kind of low - level hysteria , like Slender Man , or the so - called Bunny Man , who purportedly lurked in Fairfax County , Virginia , wearing a white hood with long ears and attacking people with a hatchet or an axe . The clown furor will pass , as these things do , but it will come back , because under the right circumstances , clowns really can be terrifying . '' -- Writer Stephen King 's reaction to the recurring clown scare phenomenon . The character has also been cited as a possible inspiration for two separate incidents of people dressing up as creepy clowns in Northampton , England and Staten Island , New York . In 2016 , several reports of random appearances by `` evil clowns '' were reported by the media , including seven people in Alabama charged with `` clown - related activity '' . Several newspaper reports cited the character of Pennywise as an influence for the outbreak , which led to King commenting that people should lower hysteria caused by the sightings and not take his work seriously . The first reported sighting of people dressed as evil clowns was in Greenville , South Carolina , where a small boy spoke to his mother of a pair of clowns that had attempted to lure him away . After such an incident , a number of clowns have since been spotted in various American states including Florida , New York , Wisconsin and Kentucky , and subsequently in other Western countries , from August 2016 . By October 2016 , in the wake of hundreds of `` clown sightings '' across the United States and Canada , the phenomenon had spread from North America to Europe , Australasia and Latin America . Some explanations for the 2016 clown sightings phenomenon hypothesize that at least some of the sightings are part of a viral marketing campaign , possibly for the Rob Zombie film 31 ( 2016 ) . Greenville police chief Ken Miller claimed to reporters that investigators are unsure as to whether the sightings have any connection with Zombie 's 31 , whether it was one or more people looking for `` kicks '' , or something more sinister . A spokesperson for New Line Cinema ( distributor of the 2017 film adaptation ) released a statement claiming that `` New Line is absolutely not involved in the rash of clown sightings . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Radford , Benjamin ( 2016 ) . Bad Clowns . UNM Press . pp. 29 , 36 , 67 -- 69 , 99 -- 103 . ISBN 9780826356673 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` StephenKing.com - IT Inspiration '' . stephenking.com . Jump up ^ Paquette , Jenifer ( 2012 ) . Respecting The Stand : A Critical Analysis of Stephen King 's Apocalyptic Novel . McFarland . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0786470011 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Reboot Taps ' Hemlock Grove ' Star Bill Skarsgard to Play Pennywise the Clown '' . Variety . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) . `` The 10 most terrifying clowns '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Terrifying Clowns in Horror Movies '' . Screen Rant. 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Scariest Clowns in Pop Culture '' . Nerdist. 2015 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Sophie. `` 25 Years of Pennywise the Clown '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Brottman , Mikita ( 2004 ) . Funny Peculiar : Gershon Legman and the Psychopathology of Humor . Routledge . p. 1 . ISBN 0881634042 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J ( 2001 ) . The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror . Macmillan . p. 363 . ISBN 9780571199969 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` It '' . public.wsu.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` 11 Creepy Facts About Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Jump up ^ Dery , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Pyrotechnic Insanitarium : American Culture on the Brink . Grove Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9780802136701 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` StephenKing.com - IT Inspiration '' . stephenking.com . Jump up ^ Frasier , David K. ( 2005 ) . Suicide in the Entertainment Industry . McFarland . p. 314 . ISBN 9780786423330 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King weighs in on those creepy Carolina clown sightings '' . Bangor Daily News . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stableford , Dylan ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Pennywise , the clown foolish ? '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` At least 9 ' clown ' arrests so far in Alabama : What charges do they face ? '' . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` Everything You Need to Know About the ' Clown Attack ' Craze '' . Time . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` Stephen King tells US to ' cool the clown hysteria ' after wave of sightings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Teague , Matthew ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` Clown sightings : the day the craze began '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King tells US to ' cool the clown hysteria ' after wave of sightings '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNNwire ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Creepy clown sightings reported in more communities in South Carolina '' . WJW . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Creepy Clown Sightings in South Carolina Cause a Frenzy '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Clown sightings spook South Carolina , perplex police '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` South Carolina Police Chief to Creepy Clowns : ' The Clowning Around Needs to Stop ' '' . People . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuppello , Suzanne ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Killer Clowns ' : Inside the Terrifying Hoax Sweeping America '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khomami , Nadia ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Creepy clown sightings spread to Britain '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC Editors ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Clown sightings : Australia police ' wo n't tolerate ' antics '' . BBC . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ BBC Editors ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Creepy clowns : Professionals condemn scary sightings craze '' . BBC . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Guarino , Ben ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Clown sightings have spread to North Carolina . Now police are concerned about creepy copycats '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Anna ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Police chief says clowns ' terrorizing public ' will be arrested '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` South Carolina clown sightings could be part of film marketing stunt '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Movie Producer Denies Creepy Clown Sightings Are Marketing Stunt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) It on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(character)&oldid=804983692 '' Categories : Characters in American novels of the 20th century Drama television characters Fictional androgynes Fictional characters introduced in 1986 Fictional characters who have mental powers Fictional clowns Fictional deities Fictional demons and devils Fictional extraterrestrial characters Fictional mass murderers Fictional serial killers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional spiders Fictional telepaths Horror film characters Horror television characters Stephen King characters Literary villains Fictional child killers Fictional characters who can manipulate probability Fictional torturers Fictional characters with immortality Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the clown in the first it	[ "The character was portrayed by Tim Curry in the 1990 television adaptation[3] and by Bill Skarsgård in the 2017 film adaptation." ]	[ "Tim Curry" ]
-7105473320760642532	Digital citizen	Digital citizen - wikipedia Digital citizen A digital citizen refers to a person utilizing information technology ( IT ) in order to engage in society , politics and government . K. Mossberger , et al. Define digital citizens as `` those who use the Internet regularly and effectively '' . People characterizing themselves as digital citizens often use IT extensively , creating blogs , using social networks , and participating in online journalism . Although digital citizenship potentially begins when any child , teen , and / or adult signs up for an email address , posts pictures online , uses e-commerce to buy merchandise online , and / or participates in any electronic function that is B2C or B2B , the process of becoming a digital citizen goes beyond simple Internet activity . In the framework of T.H. Marshall 's perspective on citizenship 's three traditions ( liberalism , republicanism , and ascriptive hierarchy ) , digital citizenry can occur alongside the promotion of equal economic opportunity , as well as increased political participation and civic duty . Digital technology can lower the barriers to entry for participation as a citizen within society . Highly developed states possess the capacity to link their respective governments with digital sites . Such sites function in ways such as illuminating recent legislation , educating current and future policy objectives , lending agency toward political candidates , and / or allowing citizens to voice themselves in a political way . Likewise , the generation of these sites has been linked to increased voting advocacy . Lack of access toward becoming a digital citizen can be a serious drawback , since many elementary procedures such as tax report filing , birth registration , and use of Web sites to support candidates in political campaigns ( E-democracy ) etc. have been transferred to only be available via the Internet . Furthermore , many cultural and commercial entities only publicize information on web pages . Non-digital citizens will not be able to retrieve this information and this may lead to social isolation or economic stagnation . The gap between digital citizens and non-digital citizens is often referred to as the digital divide . Currently , the digital divide is a subject of academic debate as access to the Internet has increased , but the place in which the Internet is accessed ( work , home , public library , etc . ) has a significant effect on how such access will be utilized , if even in a manner related to citizenry . Recent scholarship has correlated the desire to be technologically proficient with greater belief in computer access equity , and thus , digital citizenship ( Shelley , et al . ) . In developing countries digital citizens are more sparse . They consist of the people in such countries who utilize technology to overcome their localized obstacles including development issues , corruption , and even military conflict . Examples of such citizens include users of Ushahidi during the 2007 disputed Kenyan election , and protesters in the Arab Spring movements who used media to document repression of protests . Contents 1 Participation 2 Engagement of youth 3 Limits on the use of data 4 The nine elements of digital citizenship 5 The Overlapping Goals of Digital Citizenship Education 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Participation ( edit ) The development of digital citizen participation can be divided into two main stages : information dissemination and citizen deliberation . Digital citizenship , or the ability to participate in society online , promotes social inclusion . Digital Citizenship examines three aspects of participation in society online : economic opportunity , democratic participation and inclusion in prevailing forms of communication . Engagement of youth ( edit ) A recent survey revealed that teenagers and young adults spend more time on the Internet than watching TV . This has raised a number of concerns about how Internet use could impact cognitive abilities . According to a study by Wartella et al. , the first of its kind , teens are concerned about how digital technologies may have an impact on their health . Digital youth can be generally viewed as the test market for the next generation 's digital content and services . Sites such as Myspace and Facebook have come to the fore in sites where youth participate and engage with others on the Internet . However , due to the lack of popularity with MySpace in particular , more young people are turning to websites such as SnapChat , Instagram , and YouTube . In fact , in 2015 , it was reported that teenagers spend up to 9 hours a day on the internet , with the vast majority of that time being spent on social media websites from mobile devices , contributing to the ease of access and availability to young people . Vast amounts of money are spent annually to research the demographic by hiring psychologists , sociologists and anthropologists in order to discover habits , values and fields of interest Particularly in the United States , `` Social media use has become so pervasive in the lives of American teens that having a presence on a social network is almost synonymous with being online ; 95 % of all teens ages 12 - 17 are now online and 80 % of those online teens are users of social media sites '' . However , movements such as these appear to benefit strictly those wishing to advocate for their business towards youth . The critical time when young people are developing their civic identities is between the ages 15 -- 22 . During this time they develop three attributes : civic literacy , civic skills and civic attachment that comprise civic engagement later reflected in political actions of their adult lives . An open Internet as delegated by a state 's government is necessary to instill a sense of trust , legitimacy , and participation in the state 's citizenry . WikiLeaks represents an occurrence where particular political actors have criticized and taken citizen action toward revealing the government 's unnecessary clandestine activity online . `` The benefit of transparency is n't just catching red - handed bastards . It 's also about collaborating and coming together with a more engaged citizenry . '' The Internet is a reading - intensive medium that may challenge full access and participation to youth . For youth to fully participate and realize their presence on the Internet , a quality level of reading comprehension is required . `` The average government Web site , for examples , requires an eleventh - grade level of reading comprehension , even though about half of the U.S. population reads at an eighth - grade level or lower '' . So despite the Internet being a place irrespective of certain factors such as race , religion , and class , education plays a large part in a person 's capacity to present themselves online in a formal manner conducive towards their citizenry . Concurrently , education also affects people 's motivation to participate online . Students in school should be encouraged to utilize technology with responsibility and Ethical Digital Citizenship strongly promoted . Education on harmful viruses , Trojans , and worms must be emphasized to protect resources . A student can be a successful Digital Citizen with the help of educators , parents , and school counselors . Limits on the use of data ( edit ) International OECD Guidelines state that `` personal data should be relevant to the purposes for which they are to be used , and to the extent necessary for those purposes should be accurate , complete , and kept up to date '' . Also Article 8 prevents subjects to certain exceptions . Meaning that certain things can not be published online revealing race , ethnicity , religion , political stance , health , and sex life . This is enforced generally by the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) - but very generally . For example , the FTC did bring an action against Microsoft for preventing to properly protect their customers ' personal information . The FTC does play a significant role in protecting the digital citizen . However , individuals ' public records are increasingly useful to the government and highly sought after . This is because this material can help the government detect a variety of crime such as fraud , drug distribution rings , terrorist cells , and so forth . This allows for an easier ability to properly profile a suspected criminal and keep an eye on them . Although there are a variety of ways to gather information on an individual through credit card history , employment history , and so on - the internet is becoming the most desirable information gatherer . The two aspects that have caused the internet to be a greater collector of information is the façade of security and amount of information that can be stored on the internet . Anonymity is proven to be very rare online as ISPs can keep track of an individual , account information , web surfing durations , and so forth . The nine elements of digital citizenship ( edit ) According to digitalcitizenship.net , the nine elements ( or themes ) of digital citizenship are : Digital access : This is perhaps one of the most fundamental blocks to being a digital citizen . However , due to socioeconomic status , location , and other disabilities - some individuals may not have digital access . Recently , schools have been becoming more connected with the internet , often offering computers , and other forms of access . This can be offered through kiosks , community centers , and open labs . This most often is associated with the digital divide and factors associated with such . Digital access is available in many remote countries via cyber cafés and small coffee shops . Digital commerce : This is the ability for users to recognize that much of the economy is regulated online . It also deals with the understanding of the dangers and benefits of online buying , using credit cards online , and so forth . As with the advantages and legal activities - there is also dangerous activities such as illegal downloads , gambling , drug deals , pornography , plagiarism , and so forth . Digital communication : This element deals with understanding the variety of online communication mediums such as email , instant messaging , Facebook messenger , the variety of apps , and so forth . There is a standard of etiquette associated with each medium . Digital literacy : This deals with the understanding of how to use various digital devices . For example , how to properly search for something on a search engine versus a database . How to use various online logs . Oftentimes many educational institutions will help form an individual 's digital literacy . Digital etiquette : As discussed in the third element , digital communication , this is the expectation that various mediums require a variety of etiquette . Certain mediums demand more appropriate behavior and language than others . Digital law : This is where enforcement occurs for illegal downloads , plagiarizing , hacking , creating viruses , sending spams , identity theft , cyberbullying , and so forth . Digital rights and responsibilities : This is the set of rights digital citizens have such as privacy , speech , and so forth . Digital health : Digital citizens must be aware of the physical stress placed on their bodies by internet usage . They must be aware to not become overly dependent on the internet causing eye strain , headaches , stress problems , and so on . Digital security : This simply means that citizens must take measures to be safe by practicing using difficult passwords , virus protection , backing up data , and so forth . The overlapping goals of digital citizenship education ( edit ) According to DigCit.us , the overlapping goals of digital citizenship education include : Digital Footprint Digital Literacy Information Literacy Copyright , Intellectual Property Respect , Attribution Health and Wellness Empowering Student Voice , Agency , Advocacy Safety , Security and Privacy Character Education and Ethics Parenting See also ( edit ) Civic technology E-government Open government Service design References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mossberger , Karen . `` Digital Citizenship - The Internet , Society & Participation '' By Karen Mossberger , Caroline J. Tolbert , and Ramona S. McNeal . '' 23 Nov. 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0819456069 Jump up ^ The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering . p. 742 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 37270 - 4 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ohler , Jason B. Digital Community , Digital Citizen . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1412971447 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Have Your Say - Are you a digital citizen ? '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ 8 . Marshall , T.H. 1992 . The Problem Stated with the Assistance of Alfred Marshall ( originally delivered in 1949 ) . In Citizenship and Social Class , T.H. Marshall and T. Bottomore , 3 -- 51 . London : Pluto Perspectives . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's cell phone boom creates a base for low - cost banking '' . usatoday.com . Jump up ^ Restoring Trust in Government : The Potential of Digital Citizen Participation Jump up ^ `` Youth Spend More Time on Web than TV : Study '' , Reuters , 24 July 2003 , Retrieved 4 Dec. 2003 Jump up ^ Mills , Kathryn . `` Possible Effects of Internet Use on Cognitive Development in Adolescence '' . Media and Communication . 4 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.17645 / mac. v4i3. 516 . Jump up ^ Wartella , Ellen ; Rideout , Vicky ; Montague , Heather ; Beaudoin - Ryan , Leanne ; Lauricella , Alexis . `` Teens , Health and Technology : A National Survey '' . Media and Communication . 4 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.17645 / mac. v4i3. 515 . Jump up ^ CNN , Kelly Wallace , . `` Teens spend 9 hours a day using media , report says - CNN '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Time Do People Spend on Social Media ? ( Infographic ) '' . Social Media Today . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Youth as E-Citizens : Engaging the Digital Generation Jump up ^ `` How American Teens Navigate the New World of ' digital Citizenship ' '' . Pew Research Center 's Internet & American Life Project . Web . 23 Nov. 2011 . Jump up ^ Delli Carpini , The Youth Engagement Initiative Strategy Paper , 10 Educational leaders today are preparing the educational system `` American education from pre-K to 12 and beyond to better prepare students to thrive in the global economy . '' Today 's youth needs to be exposed and prepared for the world they will be living in . Jump up ^ `` How to Bring Our Schools Out of the 20th Century '' . TIME.com. 10 December 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 7 . Mossberger , Karen . `` Digital Citizenship - The Internet , Society and Participation '' By Karen Mossberger , Caroline J. Tolbert , and Ramona S. McNeal . '' 23 Nov. 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0819456069 Jump up ^ `` Help Kids Become Responsible Digital Citizens '' . educationworld.com . Jump up ^ The Digital Person - Technology and Privacy in the Information Age - Chapter 1 Jump up ^ The Digital Person - Technology and Privacy in the Information Age - Chapter 9 Jump up ^ Nine Themes of Digital Citizenship , digitalcitizenship.net Jump up ^ Digital Citizenship in Schools - Excerpt Jump up ^ About Digital Citizenship Conversations , digcit.us External links ( edit ) Take the Safe Online Surfing Internet Challenge ( FBI ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_citizen&oldid=865235120 '' Categories : Technology in society Digital technology Internet governance Information revolution Digital divide Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Español Français Íslenska Italiano မြန်မာဘာသာ Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does it mean to be a digital citizenship	[]	[]
-678078377183727285	The Voice (U.S. TV series)	The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other versions of the series , see The Voice ( TV series ) . For the current season , see The Voice ( U.S. season 14 ) . The Voice Genre Reality competition Created by John de Mol Directed by Alan Carter Presented by Carson Daly Alison Haislip Christina Milian Judges Christina Aguilera CeeLo Green Adam Levine Blake Shelton Shakira Usher Gwen Stefani Pharrell Williams Miley Cyrus Alicia Keys Jennifer Hudson Kelly Clarkson Composer ( s ) Martijn Schimmer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 362 Production Executive producer ( s ) John de Mol Mark Burnett Audrey Morrissey Stijn Bakkers Marc Jansen Jay Bienstock Lee Metzger Producer ( s ) Ashley Baumann Amanda Borden Carson Daly Keith Dinielli May Johnson Bart Kimball Michael Matsumoto David Offenheiser Dan Paschen Kyley Tucker Teddy Valenti Location ( s ) Universal Studios Hollywood , Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) Mark Burnett Productions ( 2011 -- 12 ) One Three Media ( 2012 -- 14 ) United Artists Media Group ( 2014 -- 15 ) MGM Television ( 2016 -- ) Talpa Media Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Related shows The Voice ( franchise ) External links Official website The Voice is an American reality television singing competition broadcast on NBC . Based on the original The Voice of Holland , the concept of the series is to find currently unsigned singing talent ( solo or duets , professional and amateur ) contested by aspiring singers , age 15 or over ( reduced to 13 since season 12 ) , drawn from public auditions . The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone , internet , SMS text , and iTunes Store purchases of the audio - recorded artists ' vocal performances . They receive US $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition . The winners of the fourteen seasons have been : Javier Colon , Jermaine Paul , Cassadee Pope , Danielle Bradbery , Tessanne Chin , Josh Kaufman , Craig Wayne Boyd , Sawyer Fredericks , Jordan Smith , Alisan Porter , Sundance Head , Chris Blue , Chloe Kohanski , and Brynn Cartelli . The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists ' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season . They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition , thus making them the winning coach . Members of the coaching panel include Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , Christina Aguilera ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 ) , CeeLo Green ( seasons 1 -- 3 , and 5 ) , Shakira ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Usher ( seasons 4 and 6 ) , Gwen Stefani ( seasons 7 , 9 , and 12 ) , Pharrell Williams ( seasons 7 -- 10 ) , Miley Cyrus ( seasons 11 and 13 ) , Alicia Keys ( seasons 11 -- 12 , and 14 ) , Jennifer Hudson ( season 13 ) , and Kelly Clarkson ( season 14 ) . The Voice began airing on April 26 , 2011 , as a spring TV season program . The show proved to be a hit for NBC and was subsequently expanded into the fall cycle when season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 . The fourteenth season premiered on February 26 , 2018 . On May 10 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a fifteenth season with Clarkson and Hudson returning as coaches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Selection process and format 2.1 Voting system 3 Coaches and hosts 3.1 Coaches 3.2 Hosts 4 Coaches ' advisors 5 Series overview 6 Season synopses 6.1 Season 1 6.2 Season 2 6.3 Season 3 6.4 Season 4 6.5 Season 5 6.6 Season 6 6.7 Season 7 6.8 Season 8 6.9 Season 9 6.10 Season 10 6.11 Season 11 6.12 Season 12 6.13 Season 13 6.14 Season 14 7 La Voz Kids 7.1 Series overview 8 Reception 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 Ratings 9 The Voice Live on Tour 10 Video game 11 Broadcast 12 References 13 External links Conception An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland , NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010 ; its name was soon shortened to The Voice . In each season , the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records ( seasons 1 & 2 ) or later Universal Music Group ( season 3 -- present ) . Selection process and Format Each season begins with the `` Blind Auditions , '' where coaches form their team of artists ( 8 in season 1 , 12 in season 2 and seasons 4 - 14 , and 16 in season 3 ) whom they mentor through the remainder of the season . The coaches ' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists ' performances ; those interested in an artist press their button , which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read `` I want you . '' At the conclusion of the performance , an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around , or selects his or her coach if more than one coach expresses interest . In the 14th season , a new twist called `` Block '' is featured , which allows one coach to block another coach from getting a contestants . In the `` Battle Rounds , '' each coach pairs two of his or her team members to perform together , then chooses one to advance in the competition . In each season , coaches are assisted by celebrity advisors that are different each season . In the first season , coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage . However , starting with the second season , the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage . A new element was added in season three ; coaches were given two `` steals '' , allowing each coach to select two individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach . The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three . A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession . They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is . The artists get to choose their own songs in this round , although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches . At the conclusion of the performances , coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round . Just like in the battle rounds , the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five . The `` Battles , Round 2 '' were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six . Similar to the Knockout Rounds , each singer is paired randomly within their team . One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds . Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing . Each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round . The coaches are also allowed one steal . However , the Knockouts were brought back in season seven . In the final live performance phase of the competition , artists perform in weekly shows , where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner . The coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public 's vote that week . As of season two , these artists would give a last chance performance to win their coach 's save . However , in deciding who moves on to the final four phase , the television audience and the coaches have equal say . With one team member remaining for each coach , the contestants compete against each other in the finale , where the outcome is decided solely by public vote . In the first two seasons , one contestant from each team would advance to the final four . Due to the possibility of having multiple potential winners on the same team , eliminations were adjusted in season three to eliminate contestants who earned the lowest number of votes , thus not guaranteeing a coach and a contestant in the ( reduced ) final three ( having reverted to four since season seven ) . Voting system See also : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) discography In a first for a music competition series , NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store . Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll - free phone calls ( until season 8 ) , text messaging , the show 's app , and through online votes via NBC.com and Facebook . Each method is limited to ten votes per user . Voting lasts until noon EST the next day . As of the top 12 results show of season three , producers made changes in the voting system with regards to iTunes singles purchases . Previous voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances had previously only counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern . If a competitor 's performance charts within the Top 10 of the iTunes `` Top 200 Singles Chart '' during this window , it will be given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten . Starting in season five , the iTunes bonus multiplier is now five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors . The finale 's vote count will include a ' Cumulative iTunes Vote Total ' of all singles ( from top 12 onwards ) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows , with iTunes bonuses previously earned . Only the studio recording of the contestants ' performances , not the live performance , are available on iTunes . In the first season , the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing . However , from season two on , only the winner 's version of the song from the battle round is released . Season seven reverted to the old style of both artists . With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three , where each contestant sang a separate song , only the winner 's single is released . The `` Instant Save '' was introduced in season five . During the live elimination episodes , viewers are given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show , starting with the Top 12 . Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice . Coaches and hosts Coaches First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden record social media videos with Adam Levine and Blake Shelton prior to the kick - off of the 5th anniversary of their Joining Forces initiative , May 2016 CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011 , followed by Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton in March . Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher as substitute coaches . Aguilera and Green then returned for season five , while Shakira and Usher returned for season six . In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014 , Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice . On March 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green 's replacement . On April 19 , 2014 , it was announced that No Doubt 's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy . On May 20 , 2014 , Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six , they would focus on their music . On March 25 , 2016 , Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach , replacing Christina Aguilera . That same day , Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season . On October 18 , 2016 , it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches ' panel for the series ' twelfth season , alongside returning coaches Keys , Levine and Shelton ; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season . On April 27 , 2017 , in an interview published by TV Insider , Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last . She stated , `` Who knows what the future holds , but I know this one is my final season . '' On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series ' thirteenth season . On May 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018 . On October 18 , 2017 , NBC announced that Alicia Keys would return to the series for the 14th season . On May 10 , 2018 , it was announced that Clarkson and Hudson would return for the series ' fifteenth season . Adam Levine CeeLo Green ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Christina Aguilera ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Blake Shelton Shakira ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Usher ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2014 -- 2015 , 2017 ) Pharrell Williams ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Miley Cyrus ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Alicia Keys ( 2016 -- ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2017 ) Kelly Clarkson ( 2018 ) Hosts Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season . Alison Haislip served as the original `` backstage , online and social media correspondent '' and was replaced by Christina Milian . Milian did not return for season five , at which point Daly assumed her duties as the social media correspondent . Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( 2011 ) Christina Milian ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Coaches ' advisors Battle round advisors are first listed ; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts . Season 1 Team Adam -- Adam Blackstone Team Blake -- Reba McEntire Team CeeLo -- Monica Team Christina -- Sia Season 2 Team Adam -- Alanis Morissette , Robin Thicke Team Blake -- Kelly Clarkson , Miranda Lambert Team CeeLo -- Babyface , Ne - Yo Team Christina -- Jewel , Lionel Richie Season 3 Team Adam -- Mary J. Blige Team Blake -- Michael Bublé , Scott Hendricks Team CeeLo -- Rob Thomas , Jennifer Hudson , Bill Withers , Pat Monahan Team Christina -- Billie Joe Armstrong , Ron Fair Season 4 Team Adam -- Hillary Scott Team Blake -- Sheryl Crow Team Shakira -- Joel Madden , CeeLo Green Team Usher -- Pharrell Williams , Aakomon Jones , Taylor Swift Season 5 Team Adam -- Ryan Tedder Team Blake -- Cher Team CeeLo -- Miguel Team Christina -- Ed Sheeran Season 6 Team Adam -- Aloe Blacc , Graham Nash , James Valentine Team Blake -- The Band Perry , Scott Hendricks , Gwen Sebastian Team Shakira -- Miranda Lambert , busbee Team Usher -- Jill Scott , Natural Chris Martin ( all coaches ) Season 7 Team Adam -- Stevie Nicks , Patrick Stump Team Blake -- Little Big Town , Colbie Caillat Team Gwen -- Gavin Rossdale , Christina Aguilera Team Pharrell -- Alicia Keys , Diana Ross Taylor Swift ( all coaches ) Season 8 Team Adam -- Ellie Goulding , Dave Stewart , Usher Team Blake -- Meghan Trainor , Scott Hendricks , CeeLo Green Team Pharrell -- Lionel Richie , Ryan Tedder , Gwen Stefani Team Christina -- Nick Jonas , Mark Ronson , Gwen Stefani Nate Ruess ( all coaches ) Reba McEntire ( all coaches ) Season 9 Team Adam -- John Fogerty Team Blake -- Brad Paisley Team Gwen -- Selena Gomez Team Pharrell -- Missy Elliott Rihanna ( all coaches ) Dolly Parton ( all coaches ) Season 10 Team Adam -- Tori Kelly Team Blake -- Gwen Stefani Team Pharrell -- Diddy Team Christina -- Patti LaBelle Miley Cyrus ( all coaches ) Pink ( all coaches ) Season 11 Team Adam -- Sammy Hagar Team Blake -- Bette Midler Team Miley -- Joan Jett Team Alicia -- Charlie Puth Tim McGraw and Faith Hill ( all coaches ) Garth Brooks ( all coaches ) Season 12 Team Adam -- John Legend Team Blake -- Luke Bryan Team Gwen -- Celine Dion Team Alicia -- DJ Khaled Shania Twain ( all coaches ) Season 13 Team Adam -- Joe Jonas Team Blake -- Rascal Flatts Team Miley -- Billy Ray Cyrus Team Jennifer -- Kelly Rowland Kelly Clarkson ( all coaches ) Season 14 Team Adam -- Julia Michaels , Jordan Smith Team Blake -- Trace Adkins , Chloe Kohanski Team Alicia -- Shawn Mendes , Chris Blue Team Kelly -- Hailee Steinfeld , Cassadee Pope ( show ) Notes ^ 1 During the week of the Top 10 performances , Cee Lo Green , Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton brought in Jennifer Hudson , Ron Fair and Scott Hendricks respectively to help them coach their teams . ^ 2 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Bill Withers to help coach his contestant Nicholas David on his performance of `` Lean on Me '' . ^ 3 Due to being sick during the rehearsals of the Top 6 performances , Cee Lo Green brought in Pat Monahan to coach his team for the week . Green did however pick the songs which his team members would sing that week and kept in touch with them by phone . ^ 4 The mentors of the Battle Rounds reprised their roles during the week of the Top 10 performances except Joel Madden who was working on The Voice in Australia . Shakira instead brought in Cee Lo Green to help coach her team that week . ^ 5 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Usher brought in his choreographer Aakomon Jones to help coach his team . ^ 6 During the week of the Top 6 performances , Taylor Swift attended Michelle Chamuel 's rehearsal of `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' . ^ 7 With the replacement of the Knockout Rounds with the `` Battles , Round 2 '' in season 6 , Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 8 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Graham Nash helped Team Adam , busbee helped Team Shakira , Natural helped Team Usher , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 9 During the week of the Top 8 performances , Adam Levine brought in fellow band member James Valentine , and Blake Shelton brought in season two contestant Gwen Sebastian to help coach their teams . ^ 10 With the return of the Knockout Rounds in season seven , Taylor Swift served as the sole advisor for every team . ^ 11 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Patrick Stump helped Team Adam , Christina Aguilera helped Team Gwen , Diana Ross helped Team Pharrell , and Colbie Caillat helped Team Blake . ^ 12 During the week of the Top 12 performances , Reba McEntire helped all four coaches coaching the teams . ^ 13 During the week of the Top 10 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Dave Stewart helped Team Adam , Ryan Tedder helped Team Pharrell , Mark Ronson helped Team Christina , and Scott Hendricks helped Team Blake . ^ 14 During the week of the Top 8 performances , all four coaches brought advisors to help coach their teams . Usher helped Team Adam , Gwen Stefani helped Teams Pharrell and Christina , and CeeLo Green helped Team Blake . ^ 15 During the week of the semi-final performances , Dolly Parton helped all four coaches coaching the teams . Series overview Team Adam Team Blake Team Christina Team CeeLo Team Shakira Team Usher Team Pharrell Team Gwen Team Miley Team Alicia Team Jennifer Team Kelly Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalist ( s ) Winning coach Host ( s ) Coaches ( chair 's order ) Main Correspondent April 26 , 2011 June 29 , 2011 Javier Colon Dia Frampton Vicci Martinez Adam Levine Carson Daly Alison Haislip ( backstage ) Adam CeeLo Christina Blake Beverly McClellan February 5 , 2012 May 8 , 2012 Jermaine Paul Juliet Simms Tony Lucca Blake Shelton Christina Milian ( backstage ) Chris Mann September 10 , 2012 December 18 , 2012 Cassadee Pope Terry McDermott Nicholas David March 25 , 2013 June 18 , 2013 Danielle Bradbery Michelle Chamuel The Swon Brothers Shakira Usher 5 September 23 , 2013 December 17 , 2013 Tessanne Chin Jacquie Lee Will Champlin Adam Levine Carson Daly CeeLo Christina 6 February 24 , 2014 May 20 , 2014 Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Christina Grimmie Usher Shakira Usher 7 September 22 , 2014 December 16 , 2014 Craig Wayne Boyd Matt McAndrew Chris Jamison Blake Shelton Gwen Pharrell Damien 8 February 23 , 2015 May 19 , 2015 Sawyer Fredericks Meghan Linsey Joshua Davis Pharrell Williams Pharrell Christina Koryn Hawthorne 9 September 21 , 2015 December 15 , 2015 Jordan Smith Emily Ann Roberts Barrett Baber Adam Levine Gwen Pharrell Jeffery Austin 10 February 29 , 2016 May 24 , 2016 Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Hannah Huston Christina Aguilera Pharrell Christina Laith Al - Saadi 11 September 19 , 2016 December 13 , 2016 Sundance Head Billy Gilman Wé McDonald Blake Shelton Miley Alicia Josh Gallagher 12 February 27 , 2017 May 23 , 2017 Chris Blue Lauren Duski Aliyah Moulden Alicia Keys Gwen Jesse Larson 13 September 25 , 2017 December 19 , 2017 Chloe Kohanski Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Blake Shelton Miley Jennifer Red Marlow 14 February 26 , 2018 May 22 , 2018 Brynn Cartelli Britton Buchanan Kyla Jade Kelly Clarkson Alicia Kelly Spensha Baker Season synopses Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season . Season 1 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season of The Voice premiered on April 26 , 2011 , and concluded on June 29 . The coaching panel consisted of Christina Aguilera , Cee Lo Green , Adam Levine , and Blake Shelton . Carson Daly and Alison Haislip respectively appeared as the host and social media correspondent . Contestant auditions were held in Chicago , New York , Miami , Nashville , Minneapolis , Austin , Los Angeles , and Seattle during January and February . It delivered the highest 18 -- 49 rating for a series premiere on a major broadcast network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010 . It became the first new primetime series of the season ( from ABC , CBS , NBC , or Fox ) to increase in adults 18 -- 49 and total viewers from its first week to its second . Owing to the strong performance of the show , NBC offered expanded two - hour live episodes beginning June 7 , following America 's Got Talent , with an additional results show . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Javier Colon Vicci Martinez Beverly McClellan Dia Frampton Casey Weston Nakia Frenchie Davis Xenia Jeff Jenkins Curtis Grimes Lily Elise Jared Blake Devon Barley The Thompson Sisters Raquel Castro Patrick Thomas Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Javier Colon was announced as the winner of the season , while Dia Frampton was declared the runner - up . Third and fourth places were a draw between Vicci Martinez and Beverly McClellan . Season 2 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) Season two premiered on February 5 , 2012 as the lead - out program after Super Bowl XLVI ; it concluded on May 8 . The original coaching panel remained intact , while Haislip was replaced by Christina Milian as the social media correspondent . Its regular time slot held a 6.7 rating , 17 share in adults 18 -- 49 , 17.8 million viewers overall and winning every half - hour in adults 18 -- 49 , adults 18 -- 34 , adults 25 -- 54 and total viewers versus first - run competition on ABC , CBS , Fox and CW . The shows ' continued premiere on Monday delivered NBC 's highest 18 -- 49 rating in this time period , excluding Olympics , in nearly eight years ( since February 16 , 2004 ) and the network 's biggest overall non-Olympic viewership in the slot since January 15 , 2007 . That season , Kia Motors , Sprint and Starbucks became the official sponsors of The Voice . Each coach was allowed to advance six top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tony Lucca Juliet Simms Chris Mann Jermaine Paul Katrina Parker Jamar Rogers Lindsey Pavao Erin Willett Mathai Cheesa Ashley de La Rosa RaeLynn Pip James Massone Jesse Campbell Jordis Unga Karla Davis Erin Martin Moses Stone Charlotte Sometimes Kim Yarbrough Tony Vincent Sera Hill Naia Kete Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jermaine Paul was announced as the winner of the season , while Juliet Simms , Tony Lucca , and Chris Mann placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 3 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 3 ) Season three premiered on September 10 , 2012 , and concluded on December 18 . All personnel returned from the previous season . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Amanda Brown Nicholas David Dez Duron Cassadee Pope Melanie Martinez Trevin Hunte Sylvia Yacoub Terry McDermott Bryan Keith Cody Belew Adriana Louise Michaela Paige Loren Allred MacKenzie Bourg De'Borah Julio Cesar Castillo Joselyn Rivera Diego Val Devyn DeLoera Liz Davis Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Cassadee Pope was announced as the winner of the season , while Terry McDermott and Nicholas David placed second and third , respectively . Season 4 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 4 ) Season four premiered on March 25 , 2013 , and concluded on June 18 . The coaching panel was modified for the first time in the series ' history , with Shakira and Usher replacing Aguilera and Green during their hiatuses from the program . Daly and Milian continued appearing for their respective positions . 13.64 million viewers tuned in , up from last season by 1.36 million viewers . Each coach was allowed to advance four top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Amber Carrington Sasha Allen Michelle Chamuel Danielle Bradbery Judith Hill Kris Thomas Josiah Hawley The Swon Brothers Sarah Simmons Garrett Gardner VEDO Holly Tucker Caroline Glaser Karina Iglesias Cáthia Justin Rivers Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Danielle Bradbery was announced as the winner of the season , while Michelle Chamuel and The Swon Brothers placed second and third , respectively . Season 5 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 5 ) Season five premiered on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on December 18 . The original coaching panel was reinstated with the returns of Green and Aguilera which was promoted with an advertisement featuring the coaches ' cover version of `` Reunited '' by Peaches & Herb . However , Milian left her position as the social media correspondent before production began , at which point Daly assumed her former duties . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team CeeLo Team Christina Team Blake Tessanne Chin Caroline Pennell Jacquie Lee Cole Vosbury Will Champlin Kat Robichaud Matthew Schuler Ray Boundreaux James Wolpert Jonny Gray Josh Logan Austin Jenckes Grey Tamara Chauniece Olivia Henken Nic Hawk Preston Pohl Amber Nicole Stephanie Anne Johnson Shelbie Z Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Tessanne Chin was announced as the winner of the season , while Jacquie Lee and Will Champlin placed second and third , respectively . This is also the first series in which Shelton did not have an act in the final . Season 6 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 6 ) Season six premiered on February 24 , 2014 , and concluded on May 20 , 2014 . After four seasons , Green departed the show and Aguilera took a hiatus . Shakira and Usher then returned to join Levine and Shelton as coaches , and Daly returned as host . Each coach was allowed to advance three top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Shakira Team Usher Team Blake Christina Grimmie Kristen Merlin Josh Kaufman Jake Worthington Kat Perkins Tess Boyer Bria Kelly Sisaundra Lewis Delvin Choice Dani Moz T.J. Wilkins Audra McLaughlin Three finalists were advanced to the final round . Josh Kaufman was announced as the winner of the season , while Jake Worthington and Christina Grimmie placed second and third , respectively . Season 7 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 7 ) Season seven premiered on September 22 , 2014 , and concluded on December 16 , 2014 . Levine and Shelton returned as coaches , with Pharrell Williams and Gwen Stefani completing the panel . Later that season Nissan became the official sponsor of The Voice , replacing Kia Motors . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Matt McAndrew Taylor John Williams DaNica Shirey Craig Wayne Boyd Chris Jamison Ryan Sill Luke Wade Reagan James Damien Anita Antoinette Sugar Joans Jessie Pitts Mia Pfirrman Ricky Manning Jean Kelley Taylor Brashears Taylor Phelan Bryana Salaz Elyjuh René James David Carter Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Craig Wayne Boyd was announced as the winner of the season , while Matt McAndrew , Chris Jamison , and Damien placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 8 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 8 ) Season eight premiered on February 23 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2015 . Levine and Shelton return as coaches for their eighth season , along with Williams and Aguilera who returns after a two - season break . Each coach was allowed to advance five top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Joshua Davis Sawyer Fredericks India Carney Meghan Linsey Deanna Johnson Koryn Hawthorne Kimberly Nichole Hannah Kirby Brian Johnson Mia Z Rob Taylor Corey Kent White Tonya Boyd - Cannon Caitlin Caporale Lexi Dávila Brooke Adee Nathan Hermida Lowell Oakley Sonic Sarah Potenza Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sawyer Fredericks was announced as the winner of the season , while Meghan Linsey , Joshua Davis , and Koryn Hawthorne placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 9 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 9 ) Season nine premiered on September 21 , 2015 and concluded on December 15 , 2015 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Stefani . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . For the first time in the show history , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 : Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Pharrell Team Blake Jordan Smith Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Emily Ann Roberts Shelby Brown Braiden Sunshine Evan McKeel Barrett Baber Amy Vachal Korin Bukowski Mark Hood Zach Seabaugh Blaine Mitchell Viktor Király Celeste Betton Ivonne Acero Chance Peña Ellie Lawrence Riley Biederer Morgan Frazier Keith Semple Regina Love Darius Scott Nadjah Nicole Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Jordan Smith was announced as the winner of the season , while Emily Ann Roberts , Barrett Baber , and Jeffery Austin placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 10 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 10 ) Season ten premiered on February 29 , 2016 and concluded on May 24 , 2016 , with coaches Levine , Shelton , Williams and Aguilera . Each coach was allowed to advance five artists to the live shows . Like the previous season , the coaches had the chance to bring back four artists who were previously eliminated in the battles or the knockouts rounds . The four bring back artists performed in the live playoffs with the top 20 and had a chance to move on to the live shows along with the top 12 . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Pharrell Team Christina Team Blake Laith Al - Saadi Hannah Huston Alisan Porter Adam Wakefield Shalyah Fearing Daniel Passino Bryan Bautista Mary Sarah Owen Danoff Emily Keener Nick Hagelin Paxton Ingram Caroline Burns Lacy Mandigo Ryan Quinn Katie Basden Nate Butler Moushumi Kata Hay Joe Maye Brian Nhira Caity Peters Tamar Davis Justin Whisnant Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Alisan Porter was announced as the winner of the season , while Adam Wakefield , Hannah Huston , and Laith Al - Saadi placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 11 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 11 ) Season eleven premiered on September 19 , 2016 and concluded on December 13 , 2016 with coaches Levine , Shelton , and new coaches Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys . Each coach was allowed to advance five to the live shows : Team Adam Team Miley Team Alicia Team Blake Billy Gilman Ali Caldwell Wé McDonald Sundance Head Josh Gallagher Aaron Gibson Christian Cuevas Austin Allsup Brendan Fletcher Darby Walker Sa'Rayah Courtney Harrell Riley Elmore Sophia Urista Kylie Rothfield Dana Harper Simone Gundy Belle Jewel Josh Halverson Jason Warrior Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Sundance Head was announced as the winner of the season , while Billy Gilman , Wé McDonald , and Josh Gallagher placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 12 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 12 ) Season twelve premiered on February 27 , 2017 and concluded on May 23 , with Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys returning as coaches alongside Levine and Shelton . Cyrus will be taking a break from the show ; however , she will return as coach on the show 's thirteenth season . Each coach was allowed to advance five plus one top to the live shows : Team Adam Team Gwen Team Alicia Team Blake Jesse Larson Brennley Brown Chris Blue Lauren Duski Mark Isaiah Hunter Plake Vanessa Ferguson Aliyah Moulden Lilli Passero Troy Ramey Stephanie Rice TSoul Hanna Eyre Johnny Gates Jack Cassidy Casi Joy Johnny Hayes JChosen Ashley Levin Aaliyah Rose Josh West Quizz Swanigan Anatalia Villaranda Felicia Temple Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chris Blue was announced as the winner of the season , while Lauren Duski , Aliyah Moulden , and Jesse Larson placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 13 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 13 ) The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , with new coach Jennifer Hudson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Cyrus . Each coach was allowed to advance three to the live shows : Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Addison Agen Brooke Simpson Noah Mac Chloe Kohanski Adam Cunningham Ashland Craft Davon Fleming Red Marlow Jon Mero Janice Freeman Shi'Ann Jones Keisha Renee Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season , while Addison Agen , Brooke Simpson , and Red Marlow placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . Season 14 Main article : The Voice ( U.S. season 14 ) The fourteenth season premiered on February 26 , 2018 , with new coach Kelly Clarkson , alongside Levine and Shelton , and returning coach Keys . Each coach was allowed to advance six to the live shows : Team Adam Team Alicia Team Kelly Team Blake Rayshun LaMarr Britton Buchanan Brynn Cartelli Kyla Jade Jackie Verna Jackie Foster Kaleb Lee Spensha Baker Sharane Callister Christiana Danielle D.R. King Pryor Baird Mia Boostrom Johnny Bliss Tish Haynes Keys Austin Giorgio Drew Cole Terrence Cunningham Dylan Hartigan Gary Edwards Reid Umstattd Kelsea Johnson Alexa Cappelli WILKES Four finalists were advanced to the final round . Brynn Cartelli was announced as the winner of the season , while Britton Buchanan , Kyla Jade , and Spensha Baker placed second , third , and fourth , respectively . La Voz Kids In 2013 , American Spanish - language network Telemundo ( a subsidiary of NBCUniversal Television Group ) introduced a children 's version of The Voice in Spanish called La Voz Kids . It featured Spanish - speaking American children from 7 to 15 years of age . Prizes include $50,000 cash for their education and a recording contract with Universal Music Group . The show debuted on May 5 , 2013 , and is hosted by Jorge Bernal ( from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! ) and Daisy Fuentes . The coaches in season one were Prince Royce , Paulina Rubio , and Roberto Tapia . The first season aired 13 episodes with the season finale airing on July 28 , 2013 . Season two saw Natalia Jiménez replace Paulina Rubio as one of the coaches . The other coaches and hosts remained the same . For the show 's third season , Daddy Yankee and Pedro Fernandez took Tapia and Royce 's place as the new coaches along with season two veteran Natalia Jiménez . At their 2015 Upfronts , Telemundo announced that La Voz Kids would return for a fourth season , with all three Season 3 coaches returning . Series overview Team Royce Team Paulina Team Tapia Team Natalia Team Yankee Team Pedro Series Premiere Finale Winner Runners - up Winning coach Hosts Coaches ( chair 's order ) May 5 , 2013 July 28 , 2013 Paola Guanche Alanis Gonzáles Prince Royce Jorge Bernal Daisy Fuentes Prince Royce Paulina Tapia Alan Ponce March 16 , 2014 June 8 , 2014 Amanda Mena Leslie Mendoza Natalia Natalia Loya March 15 , 2015 June 7 , 2015 Jonael Santiago Shanty Zumaya Natalia Jiménez Yankee Pedro Franser Pazos April 17 , 2016 July 10 , 2016 Christopher Rivera Alejandra Gallardo Axel Cabrera Reception In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice `` is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York . It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N ' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters '' . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) Ratings The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers , and actually grew upon that audience through its first season . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , the show constantly found itself in the top 5 . For its average season rating , the show landed itself as No. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers . In the 18 -- 49 rankings , the show was No. 4 at a 5.4 ranking . The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday , February 5 , 2012 , and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic and 17 million viewers . Partnering The Voice with Smash ( NBC 's musical drama ) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings . However , by Monday , April 9 , the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18 -- 49 demographic . The third season premiered on Monday , September 10 , 2012 to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic and has since then grown to a season high 4.8 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic on October 8 , October 15 and 29 , 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale . The Voice , along with NBC 's new drama , Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far , just like it did last season . On Tuesdays , comedies Go On and The New Normal have been successful thanks to The Voice , leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season . The fourth season premiered on Monday , March 25 , 2013 to a 13.64 million viewer audience , scoring a 4.8 in the 18 -- 49 demographic but fell back to a 12.41 million viewer audience . In the 18 -- 49 demographic , this first episode had a 4.1 score . The fifth season premiered on Monday , September 23 , 2013 scoring 14.98 million viewers and a 5.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The sixth season premiered on February 24 , 2014 and was watched by 15.74 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 76 million viewers . The seventh season premiered on September 22 , 2014 and was watched by 12.95 million viewers with a 3.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last season 's premiere by 2.91 million viewers . The eighth season premiered on February 23 , 2015 , and was watched by 13.97 million viewers with a 4.1 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by 1.02 million viewers . The ninth season premiered on September 21 , 2015 , and was watched by 12.37 million viewers with a 3.5 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was down from last falls premiere by . 48 million viewers . The tenth season premiered on February 29 , 2016 , and was watched by 13.33 million viewers with a 3.4 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 96 million viewers . The eleventh season premiered on September 19 , 2016 , and was watched by 12.10 million viewers with a 3.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 1.23 million viewers . The twelfth season premiered on February 27 , 2017 , and was watched by 13.03 million viewers with a 3.1 in the 18 -- 49 demographic . It was up from last season 's premiere by . 93 million viewers . The thirteenth season premiered on September 25 , 2017 , and was watched by 10.57 million viewers with a 2.6 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is down from last season 's premiere by 2.46 million viewers . The fourteenth season premiered on February 26 , 2018 , and was watched by 12.31 million viewers with a 2.8 in the 18 - 49 demographic . It is up from last season 's premiere by 1.74 million viewers . Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 1 -- 2 , 7 -- 9 , 11 ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( eps. 3 -- 6 ) Wednesday 8 : 15 pm ( ep. 10 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( finale ) 12 April 26 , 2011 11.78 June 29 , 2011 11.05 2010 -- 11 20 12.33 Sunday 10 : 21 pm Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 21 February 5 , 2012 37.61 May 8 , 2012 11.90 2011 -- 12 9 15.76 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 20 ) 32 September 10 , 2012 12.28 December 18 , 2012 14.13 2012 -- 13 10 14.24 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 March 25 , 2013 13.64 June 18 , 2013 15.59 5 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( ep. 15 ) 27 September 23 , 2013 14.98 December 17 , 2013 14.01 2013 -- 14 7 14.57 6 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 26 February 24 , 2014 15.86 May 20 , 2014 11.69 7 27 September 22 , 2014 12.95 December 16 , 2014 12.88 2014 -- 15 12 13.80 8 28 February 23 , 2015 13.97 May 19 , 2015 11.56 9 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( eps. 2 , 4 , 6 , 16 -- 27 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( eps. 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 ) 27 September 21 , 2015 12.37 December 15 , 2015 12.69 2015 -- 16 9 13.33 10 Monday 8 : 00 pm Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 28 February 29 , 2016 13.33 May 24 , 2016 10.59 11 26 September 19 , 2016 12.10 December 13 , 2016 12.14 2016 -- 17 13 12.40 12 28 February 27 , 2017 13.03 May 23 , 2017 9.35 13 27 September 25 , 2017 10.57 December 19 , 2017 10.91 2017 -- 18 14 11.85 14 28 February 26 , 2018 12.31 May 22 , 2018 8.77 † Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl : 10 : 19 -- 10 : 30 = 46.786 million viewers ( retention : 76.68 % -- football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers ) 10 : 30 -- 10 : 45 = 39.494 million viewers 10 : 45 -- 11 : 00 = 36.310 million viewers 11 : 00 -- 11 : 15 = 32.630 million viewers 11 : 15 -- 11 : 21 = 31.792 million viewers The Voice live on tour This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the final episode of the first season , Carson Daly announced a summer concert tour . This tour had six stops across the United States , including Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Chicago , Boston , Wallingford , and New York . The tour featured the top two finalists from each team , including Javier Colon , Dia Frampton , Vicci Martinez , Beverly McClellan , Xenia , Frenchie Davis , Nakia , and Casey Weston . Out of the six dates , the New York show was a sell - out . However , as overall ticket sales were lackluster , the tour was canceled in subsequent seasons . In 2014 , the tour was resumed from June 21 , 2014 to August 2 , 2014 , including the contestants of seasons five and six , and season one contestant Dia Frampton . Video game The Voice : I Want You is a video game based on the television show releasing on PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii and Wii U on October 21 , 2014 published by Activision . The game includes a microphone and it has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches . Broadcast The show premiered in Canada on April 26 , 2011 on CTV . In Asia , the series aired on August 21 , 2011 on AXN , but later transferred to Star World ( now Fox Life ) starting Season 11 . It premiered in New Zealand on July 16 , 2011 on TV2 , in Australia on August 9 , 2011 on Go ! , in South Africa on October 5 , 2011 on SABC 3 , and on March 31 , 2012 in the Philippines on Studio 23 ( now S + A ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` About ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for ' The Voice ' '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for 2016 - 17 Season '' . Variety . 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Get the Latest Scoop ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/exclusive-shakira-opens-up-about-why-she-wouldnt-return-to-the-voice-again/ar-BBBz7p7 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Joining The Voice as a Coach '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iannucci , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Voice : Miley Cyrus , Alicia Keys Confirmed as Season 11 Coaches '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice As Coach For Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back In Season 13 '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Coaches on Their Soaring Season 12 : ' They 're Killing Right Now ! ' '' . TV Insider . 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Jump up ^ Cristina Arreola ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Paulina Rubio Sues Telemundo Over ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Leila Cobo ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Ranchera Star Pedro Fernandez to Coach ' La Voz Kids ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO Announces Over 900 Hours of New Original Programming '' . Broadway World . 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily . `` NBC 's ' Idol ' rival ' The Voice ' debuts huge ; highest rated premiere of the season Inside TV EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Zap2it . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2010 -- 11 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : The ' Super Bowl , ' ' The Voice ' & All The Repeats '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Ratings Down '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Voice Sets Season 3 Finale Date , Paired With 1600 Penn Sneak Peek in December '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' The Voice ' Finale , ' Happy Endings ' , or ' Do n't Trust the B ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Television - TV Ratings for Primetime : 2012 - 13 Season - to - Date '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' The Voice ' Up From Last Fall 's Premiere , ' Revolution ' Dips , + ' Dancing With The Stars ' Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Hostages ' or ' The Blacklist ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 - 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Almost Human ' or ' Star Crossed ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final TV Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Person of Interest ' or ' MasterChef Junior ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS : New Orleans ' adjusts up , ' Voice ' finale holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts down , ' Voice ' finale holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' finale , ' The Year ' and everything else hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` AXN hits the high note with The Voice '' . The Philippine Star . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hear ' The Voice ' on Studio 23 '' . Lopez Group of Companies . March 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . 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-3106583445953806975	Grey's Anatomy	Grey 's Anatomy - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the textbook , see Gray 's Anatomy . For other uses , see Grey 's Anatomy ( disambiguation ) . `` Grey 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Greys ( disambiguation ) . Grey 's Anatomy Genre Medical drama Romantic drama Created by Shonda Rhimes Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Brooke Smith Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Caterina Scorsone Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Narrated by Ellen Pompeo Theme music composer Psapp Opening theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 14 ) Ending theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Danny Lux Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 311 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shonda Rhimes Allan Heinberg Betsy Beers Debbie Allen James D. Parriott Jeannine Renshaw Jeff Rafner Joan Rater Kent Hodder Krista Vernoff Mark Gordon Mark Wilding Marti Noxon Nancy Bordson Peter Horton Rob Corn Stacy McKee Steve Mulholland Tony Phelan William Harper Zoanne Clack Producer ( s ) Ann Kindberg Austin Guzman Ellen Pompeo Elisabeth R. Finch Gabrielle G. Stanton Harry Werksman Jeff Rafner Linda Klein Lisa Taylor Mark Foreman Meg Marinis Mimi Schmir Peter Nowalk Sara E. White Stacy McKee Tammy Ann Casper Tia Napolitano William Harper Zoanne Clack Cinematography Herbert Davis Editor ( s ) Susan Vaill David Greenspan Edward Ornelas Justin Chinn Briana London Sarah Boyd Stacy Katzman Brandi Bradburn Bjorn Myrholt Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shondaland ( 2005 - present ) ( season 2 - present ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 - 2007 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 - present ) ( season 4 - present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by Private Practice Station 19 External links Official website The cover of the book after which Grey 's Anatomy was named . Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending physicians , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace , later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series was designed to be racially diverse and used color - blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star - billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T.R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its twelfth season , the show had a large ensemble of sixteen actors , including four characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . On February 10 , 2017 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourteenth season , which premiered on September 28 , 2017 . The series ' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013 . While the show 's ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest - rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television . The series was the highest revenue - earning show on television , in terms of advertising , in the 2007 - 08 season ; in 2017 , it was ranked tenth on the list . Grey 's Anatomy ranks as ABC 's highest - rated drama in its fourteenth season . Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics ' year - end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut '' , owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant effect on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received thirty - eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . The cast members have also received several accolades for their respective performances . Grey 's Anatomy is the longest - running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , the second - longest scripted primetime ABC show ever , and the second - longest primetime medical drama , after ER . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 2.1 Conception 2.2 Production team 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming locations and technique 3 Series synopsis 3.1 Overview 4 Cast 4.1 Main characters 4.2 Recurring characters 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Impact 5.3 U.S. television ratings 5.4 Awards and accolades 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Spin - offs 6.1. 1 Private Practice 6.1. 2 Station 19 6.1. 3 Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team 7 Distribution 8 Merchandise 9 International adaptation 10 Footnotes 11 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , the daughter of an esteemed general surgeon named Ellis Grey , following her acceptance into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . During her time as a resident , Grey works alongside her fellow doctors Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , who each struggle to balance personal lives with the hectic work and training schedules . They are overseen during their internship by Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , a senior resident who works for attending Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , the head of neurosurgery and Meredith 's love interest ; Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , the head of cardio , who becomes Yang 's fiancé ; and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery and attending general surgeon , and lover of Ellis Grey decades before . In the sixth season , these residents are joined by Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , former Mercy - West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger . During the first six seasons , Burke , O'Malley and Stevens all depart the series . In addition to Webber , Burke , and Shepherd , the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , as head of OB / GYN , neonatal , and fetal surgery ; Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , a resident who later becomes head of orthopedic surgery , who left Seattle at the end of the twelfth season ; Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , as head of plastics ; Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , as head of trauma ; Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , as head of pediatric surgery , and later head of fetal surgery ; Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as head of cardio ; Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , as head of cardio ; and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) , Derek 's sister , who is hired to replace him as head of neuro . New young doctors in the residency program include Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . She is killed with Mark Sloan in the season eight finale . Other additions include Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) , who departs near the end of the tenth season , but returns during the thirteenth ; Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , who departs with Yang in the tenth - season finale ; Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , who resigns during season thirteen ; Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , a doctor who begins a romantic relationship with Karev ; Andrew Deluca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) , the love - interest of Meredith 's half - sister Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) , who also serves as head of cardio ; and Benjamin Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist - turned - resident , who has to balance his own desire to succeed with his wife Miranda Bailey 's new role as Chief of Surgery . In Season twelve attending cardio surgeon Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) joins the show . In season thirteen , the hospital sees a shakeup when attending sports medicine / orthopedic surgeon Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) is hired as an educational consultant to revamp the residency program . She is fired following an explosion at the hospital . Production and development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes wanted to make a show that she would enjoy watching , and thought it would be interesting to create a show about `` smart women competing against one another '' . When asked how she decided to develop a medical drama , Rhimes responded : `` I was obsessed with the surgery channels . ( ... ) My sisters and I would call each other up and talk about operations we 'd seen on the Discovery Channel . There 's something fascinating about the medical world -- you see things you 'd never imagine , like the fact that doctors talk about their boyfriends or their day while they 're cutting somebody open . So when ABC asked me to write another pilot , the ( operating room ) seemed like the natural setting . '' The series was pitched to ABC Entertainment , who gave the green light . The show was picked up as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal in the 2005 television season . Francie Calfo , executive vice president of development at ABC Entertainment , commented that ABC was looking for a medical show that was unlike the others airing at the time . She pointed out that `` ( m ) edical shows are hard , and it was hard trying to figure out where ours could be different . But where everybody else is speeding up their medical shows , ( Rhimes ) found a way to slow it down , so you get to know the characters . There 's definitely a strong female appeal to it . '' `` ER is high - speed medicine . The camera flies around , adrenaline is rushing . My show is more personal . The idea for the series began when a doctor told me it was incredibly hard to shave her legs in the hospital shower . At first that seemed like a silly detail . But then I thought about the fact that it was the only time and place this woman might have to shave her legs . That 's how hard the work is . '' -- Rhimes on the creation of Grey 's Anatomy Rhimes initially conceived Grey 's Anatomy as a statement against racism . She worked to create a show featuring a racially diverse cast that allowed viewers to relate to characters regardless of race . While creating characters , as well as writing the first script , the series ' writers had no character descriptions in mind , and hoped to cast the best actor available for each part . Rhimes has said that if the network had not allowed to create characters this way , she would have been hesitant about moving forward with the series . Female roles in particular were developed as multi-faceted characters . Rhimes offered her insight on this , `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' The show 's title , Grey 's Anatomy , was devised as a play on words : a reference to both Henry Gray 's classic English medical textbook , Gray 's Anatomy ( first published in 1858 and still in print ) , and the title character Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Before the series debuted on March 27 , 2005 , a few early releases were shown to close friends and family of the producers and actors . The show was scheduled to run in the Boston Legal time slot for four weeks . But its high ratings and viewership resulted in ABC keeping it in that slot for the remainder of the season . ABC Entertainment President , Steve McPherson , commented on the scheduling change : `` Ultimately we decided that , without having adequate lead time or marketing dollars to devote to moving either show so late in the season , we 'd continue to let ( Grey 's Anatomy ) build on its tremendous momentum through May . '' Prior to broadcast , it was announced that the show 's title would be changed from Grey 's Anatomy to Complications , although this did not take place . Production team ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy is produced by ShondaLand , in association with The Mark Gordon Company , and ABC Studios ( formerly Touchstone Television ) . Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Krista Vernoff , Mark Gordon , Rob Corn , and Mark Wilding have all served as executive producers throughout the course of the series . In subsequent seasons , Steve Mulholland , Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson , James D. Parriott , and Peter Horton have also been executive producers , with Allan Heinberg joining the show in 2006 in this role . As of season eight , the executive producers were Rhimes , Beers , Gordon , Vernoff , Corn , Wilding , and Heinberg . Rhimes is the series head writer , or its most prolific writer . She often promotes the show by answering fan questions on her Twitter account . Other members of the writing staff are Vernoff , Wilding , Peter Nowalk , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Zoanne Clack , Tony Phelan , Joan Rater , and Debora Cahn . From the second through seventh seasons , the writers maintained a blog entitled Grey Matter , where the writer of an episode discussed background of the writing . Directors vary by episode , with Rob Corn directing most frequently , followed by Tom Verica . Horton , Edward Ornelas , and Jessica Yu have also directed a substantial number of episodes . Cast members Chandra Wilson and Kevin McKidd have both directed multiple episodes . Grey 's Anatomy has been edited by Susan Vaill since the show 's inception , and David Greenspan was named an editor in 2006 . Casting directors Linda Lowy and John Brace have been a part of the production team since 2005 . Production design is led by Donald Lee Harris , assisted by art director Brian Harms , and costume design is led by Mimi Melgaard . Working alongside Melgaard , Thomas Houchins supervises costumes , Ellen Vieira is the makeup artist , and Jerilynn Stevens serves as a hair stylist . The Director of Photography is Herbert Davis . The music coordinator is Danny Lux . Karen Lisa Pike , M.D. is the on - set medical consultant , alongside Linda Klein , an RN . The production staff is part of a Grey 's Anatomy softball team that competes against other television shows , such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . Casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members `` She brought this energy that felt very fresh . From the beginning , I 've been shaping Cristina around Sandra a little bit . One of my favorite things to do is take as much of her dialogue out of a scene as possible because she does so much nonverbally . Then I just watch what she manages to do without having a word to say . '' -- Rhimes on Oh 's audition Grey 's Anatomy used a color - blind casting technique , resulting in a racially diverse ensemble . Each role was cast without the character 's race being pre-determined , keeping Rhimes ' vision of diversity . The production staff began casting with the program 's title character , Meredith Grey , which Rhimes said was a difficult role to cast . `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , '' said Rhimes , `` and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . '' The next to be cast , Sandra Oh ( Dr. Cristina Yang ) , was initially invited to audition for the character of Bailey , but pressed to read for the role of Cristina instead . Many actors read for the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd , but when Patrick Dempsey read for the part , `` he was just perfect '' , according to Rhimes . The only character developed with a racial description in mind was Dr. Miranda Bailey , who is portrayed by Chandra Wilson . Her character was first described as a tiny blonde with curly hair , but when Wilson began speaking , Rhimes reported : `` ( Wilson ) is exactly who Miranda is . '' James Pickens Jr. was selected to appear as Dr. Richard Webber in the series ' pilot and first season . Katherine Heigl wanted to portray Dr. Izzie Stevens as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blonde for the part . Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Dr. Preston Burke , initially read for the role of Shepherd , but was cast as Burke , because the original actor to play Burke had to withdraw . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as Dr. George O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . Rounding out the season one cast was Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev . Eric Dane originally auditioned for the pilot episode of Grey 's Anatomy , but did not receive a role . The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . They were initially cast as recurring characters , but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season . Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice ; Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode . Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) also joined the show in season two , after making a guest appearance in season one . In October 2006 , Washington allegedly insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an on - set altercation with Dempsey , and ABC terminated Washington 's contract at the end of the third season . Washington returned for a guest appearance in season 10 . At the conclusion of the third season , Walsh departed the show to pursue the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , Private Practice , but continues to make guest appearances . Chyler Leigh joined the cast as a main character in the fourth season as Dr. Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . Leigh had appeared as a guest star in the final two episodes of the third season . On the selection of Leigh for the role of Lexie , Rhimes said : `` Chyler stood out ... It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who first appeared on Grey 's Anatomy in the second season , returned as a series regular in the fourth season . Shortly after the announcement that Smith would be a regular member of the cast , Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello , reported that her character , Hahn , would depart from Grey 's Anatomy on November 6 , 2008 . E ! Online 's Kristin Dos Santos asserted that Smith 's dismissal from the show had been forced by the ABC network , as part of an attempt to `` de-gay '' Grey 's Anatomy . Rhimes countered these claims , saying that `` we did not find that the magic and chemistry with Brooke 's character would sustain in the long run '' . Season five introduced actor Kevin McKidd ( Dr. Owen Hunt ) , who was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc . In addition , Jessica Capshaw ( Dr. Arizona Robbins ) was originally introduced for a three - episode arc , but received a contract extension until the end of the season ; and then was made a series regular in the sixth season . Knight departed the show at the conclusion of season five , citing an unhappiness with the development and lack of screen time for his character . Directly following Knight 's departure , Entertainment Weekly reported that Heigl had not returned to the set as scheduled after her maternity leave . It was later confirmed that Heigl would not return to the show at all . Kim Raver , who was cast as recurring character Dr. Teddy Altman in the sixth season , was given star billing later in the season . Sarah Drew ( Dr. April Kepner ) and Jesse Williams ( Dr. Jackson Avery ) , who both made their series debuts as recurring characters in the sixth season , and received star billing in the seventh . The six original actors ' contracts expired after season eight , but in May 2012 , Pompeo , Oh , Dempsey , Chambers , Wilson , and Pickens renewed their contracts with the show for another two years . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Leigh 's character Lexie Grey departed from the show at Leigh 's request , and with Rhimes ' agreement . Raver 's character Teddy Altman was also written out of the show during the season eight finale . Rhimes said that Raver had been offered a contract renewal , but declined . In July 2012 , Dane ( Sloan ) confirmed that he was departing the show to pursue other projects ; he made his final appearances in the first two episodes of the ninth season . With the start of season 10 , Camilla Luddington , Jerrika Hinton , Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were introduced to the show as series regulars . They were first introduced to the show in season 9 as new interns . On August 13 , 2013 , Oh ( Cristina ) announced that the show 's tenth season would be her final one . In March 2014 it was announced that Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Preston Burke in the first three seasons of the show , would make a guest appearance to coincide with the departure of series regular Sandra Oh , his former on - screen love interest . Neither Charles ' nor Ferrer 's contracts were renewed for season 11 . On May 2 , 2014 it was announced that , in addition to Pompeo and Dempsey , all original remaining cast members -- aside from Sandra Oh -- signed two - year deals , extending their contracts through seasons 11 and 12 . Despite joining the series in its second season , Sara Ramirez is on the same negotiation schedule as the first - season cast and also signed a new two - year deal . On Wednesday , January 17 , 2018 , it was announced by ABC that Ellen Pompeo 's contract had been renewed through season 16 . Not only does the contract renewal insure that Pompeo will return as Meredith Grey , but it makes her a producer of Grey 's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of Station 19 . The deal will make Pompeo the highest paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series , with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly . Filming locations and technique ( edit ) The Space Needle , in Seattle , is the background to many exterior shots . Rhimes considered setting the medical drama in her hometown , Chicago , but eventually decided to go with Seattle , to distinguish Grey 's Anatomy from the Chicago -- based ER . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building of the former Fisher Communications ( since merged into Sinclair Broadcasting Group ) and SBG 's ABC affiliated KOMO radio and television stations in Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital . In particular , air ambulances land on the KOMO - TV newscopter 's helipad . This suggests the hospital is close to the Space Needle ( which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza ) , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . But , the hospital used for most other exterior and a few interior shots is not in Seattle ; these scenes are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California , and occasional shots from an interior walkway above the lobby show dry California mountains in the distance . The exterior of Meredith Grey 's house , also known as the Intern House , is real . In the show , the address of Grey 's home is 613 Harper Lane , but this is not an actual address . The physical house is located at 303 W. Comstock St. , on Queen Anne Hill , Seattle , Washington . Most scenes are taped at Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , just east of Hollywood , where the Grey 's Anatomy set occupies six sound stages . Some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are working medical equipment , including the MRI machine . When asked about operating room scenes , Sarah Drew offered this : We work with Bovine organs , which is cow 's organs . The smell is repulsive and makes us all gag . And we use an actual soldering tool to solder the organs . It smells like burning flesh . There 's also a lot of silicone and blood matter , red jello mixed with blood and chicken fat . It 's pretty gross . Costumes are used to differentiate between attending surgeons , who wear navy blue scrubs , and residents , who wear light blue scrubs . The series is filmed with a single - camera setup , as are many dramas . Grey 's Anatomy is often filmed using the `` walk and talk '' filming technique , popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere , ER , and The West Wing . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Title screen Grey 's Anatomy follows the lives of surgical interns and residents at the fictional Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace Hospital , Season 1 -- 6 , Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , Season 6 -- 9 , and then Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital , Season 9 -- present ) , as they gradually develop as seasoned doctors , with the help of their competent attending mentors and chief of surgery . Each installment , typically , begins with a voice - over narrative from Meredith Grey or a season regular , foreshadowing the theme of the episode . Each season tends to represent the physicians ' academic year , with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field . The season will always end with a finale , typically related to a dramatic event such as a death or character departure . Most installments revolve around the doctors ' everyday lives as surgeons , but the show also emphasizes their personal , rather than professional , lives . The series sets aside medical ethic concerns to focus on character development and relationships . Although the physicians treat the illnesses of their patients , often through complex surgeries , they display competitive spirit and seek praise . After arriving at the hospital each morning , residents may argue over who gets the challenge of a certain patient who has arrived that day . A hospital superior assigns cases , often generating tension between the residents and their superiors . Within each episode are shifts from the doctors interacting with their patients , to scenes with their co-workers . Once assigned a case , each doctor diagnoses the patient , with the help of his or her attending physician , which usually leads to surgery . The surgeons tend to form personal connections with their patients , with a patient often conveying a message to his or her doctor , which unintentionally relates to the doctor 's private life . The show displays the growth of relationships between the doctors , either friendly or sexual , which may produce conflicts between their personal and professional lives . Emotional scenes are often accompanied by an indie rock background song , something that has become a hallmark of the series . At the conclusion of each episode , one of the characters delivers another voice - over , typically contrasting or following up on the initial one . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Main Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Main Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Main Justin Chambers Alex Karev Main T.R. Knight George O'Malley Main Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey Main James Pickens , Jr . Richard Webber Main Isaiah Washington Preston Burke Main Guest Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Main Kate Walsh Addison Montgomery Guest Main Special Guest Eric Dane Mark Sloan Guest Main Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Recurring Main Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Recurring Guest Main Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Guest Main Kevin McKidd Owen Hunt Main Jessica Capshaw Arizona Robbins Recurring Main Kim Raver Teddy Altman Main Recurring Sarah Drew April Kepner Recurring Main Jesse Williams Jackson Avery Recurring Main Camilla Luddington Jo Wilson Recurring Main Gaius Charles Shane Ross Recurring Main Jerrika Hinton Stephanie Edwards Recurring Main Tessa Ferrer Leah Murphy Recurring Main Recurring Caterina Scorsone Amelia Shepherd Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Kelly McCreary Maggie Pierce Guest Main Jason George Benjamin Warren Recurring Guest Recurring Main Giacomo Gianniotti Andrew DeLuca Guest Main Martin Henderson Nathan Riggs Main Cast notes * ^ 1 Katherine Heigl is credited as a main cast member from 1x01 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 2 In Season 9 , Eric Dane only appears in 9x01 and 9x02 . From 9x03 , he is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 3 Brooke Smith is credited as a main cast member from 4x05 to 5x07 . From 5x08 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 4 In season 5 , Kevin McKidd is credited as a recurring cast member from 5x01 to 5x13 . From 5x14 , he is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 5 In season 6 , Kim Raver is credited as a recurring cast member from 6x09 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 6 In season 14 , Martin Henderson only appears from 14x01 to 14x05 . From 14x06 , he is no longer credited as a main cast member and does not appear . The five characters who are first introduced in the series premiere , as surgical interns , are Grey , Karev , O'Malley , Stevens , and Yang . They are initially mentored by Bailey , a senior resident who becomes the hospital 's Chief Resident , and later an attending general surgeon , in season six . The surgical program is initially headed by the Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has a pre-existing personal relationship with Meredith , having had an affair with her mother when Meredith was a child . In Webber 's employ are attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , dubbed ' McDreamy ' by the residents , and attending cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke . Shepherd is introduced as Meredith 's love interest , while Burke begins a relationship with Yang . Introduced in the show 's second season are obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , Addison Montgomery , plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( nicknamed ' McSteamy ' by the interns ) , from New York , and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres . Montgomery is Shepherd 's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him , Sloan is Shepherd 's former best friend , who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery , while Torres is introduced as a love - interest , and eventual wife for O'Malley . The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother 's sudden death , and begins an on - again , off - again relationship with Sloan . Burke and Yang , having been engaged , endeavor to plan their wedding , while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season , relocating to California , seeking a new life . The season three finale shows Burke 's exit from the show , after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day . The original lead characters of Grey 's Anatomy Grey , Yang , Karev , and Stevens are all promoted to residents , in the season four premiere , while O'Malley is forced to repeat his internship year , following his failing of the intern exam . Subsequently , Torres and O'Malley divorce one another , due to him having a sexual affair with Stevens , initially concealing it from Torres . Early in the fourth season , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn becomes Torres ' love interest . During the fifth season , Hahn departs from the series , and O'Malley retakes his intern exam , passing , joining his fellow physicians as a resident . Two new characters are introduced , former United States Army trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt , and pediatric surgeon Dr. Arizona Robbins . Hunt becomes a love - interest for Yang , while Robbins becomes a love - interest for Torres . When Stevens is diagnosed with stage four metastatic melanoma , she and Karev get married at the conclusion of the fifth season . In addition , Meredith and Shepherd marry , with their vows written on a post-it note . O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season , due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus , and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West . Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West . Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West , and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey , until she reunites with Mark Sloan . Subsequently , Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . In the season six finale , a deceased patient 's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , injuring Karev , Shepherd , and Hunt , and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson . In the shooting 's emotional reverberations , Hunt and Yang abruptly marry , not wanting to risk separation . Torres and Robbins eventually wed , officiated by Bailey . In season eight , Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt . As the final year of residency for Meredith , Yang , Karev , Avery , and Kepner is coming to a close , the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers . However , all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash , which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith , Shepherd , Yang , Robbins , and Sloan . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) . In the season nine premiere , Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health ( the surge ) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins ' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane . The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital , Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit . The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit , but the pay out bankrupts the hospital . They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West , with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation , and they become the Board of Directors , once being called the `` Grey - Sloan 7 '' . One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon . Grey 's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players , Cristina Yang , played by Sandra Oh . Towards the end of the eleventh season , Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured , but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene . He later dies at another hospital following the doctors ' mishandling of his injuries . The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show 's longest running characters , Callie Torres , played by Sara Ramirez . Recurring characters ( edit ) With the drama 's setting being a hospital , numerous medical personnel appear regularly on the show , as well as several other recurring characters . Joe ( Steven W. Bailey ) , is first shown as the owner of the Emerald City Bar and Grill , across the street from the hospital , which is a common relaxation area for the physicians . Also introduced in the pilot , is the legendary former surgeon , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , who appeared on the show until her death in season three . In the first season , Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , a nurse who appeared on the show occasionally until getting laid off in the merger with Mercy West , engages in sexual activity with O'Malley , giving him syphilis . Serving as an assistant and secretary to the Chief of Surgery , former nurse Patricia ( Robin Pearson Rose ) , has appeared on the show since its debut . Tyler Christian ( Moe Irvin ) , a hospital nurse , makes occasional appearances throughout the series . Within the second season , Bailey becomes pregnant by her husband , Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) , who makes frequent appearances on Grey 's Anatomy , until their divorce in season five . While Bailey takes a sabbatical , due to her pregnancy , the cheerful Dr. Sydney Heron ( Kali Rocha ) , fills her position as the resident supervising Grey , Yang , Karev , O'Malley , and Stevens , and makes occasional appearances until the fifth season . Thatcher and Susan Grey ( Jeff Perry and Mare Winningham ) , Meredith 's estranged father and step - mother , are introduced in season two , with Susan making appearances until her death in season three , and Thatcher continuing to appear on the series . Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , is introduced as Richard 's wife , who eventually acquires Alzheimer 's , in the seventh season , and continued to make appearances until her death in season nine . Introduced as Preston 's mother , Jane Burke ( Diahann Carroll ) makes occasional appearances until the fourth season . Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , a patient suffering from congestive heart failure , originates as one of Burke 's patients , who goes on to propose to Stevens , after weeks of bonding between the two . Facing death , Stevens cuts Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) , to elevate his position on the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) transplant list . This ultimately ends in his death , marking his initial departure from the show , and placing Stevens on disciplinary probation . Initially conceived as a veterinarian hired for Shepherd 's dog , Doc , Dr. Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) soon becomes a love interest for Meredith , while Shepherd is with Montgomery . Dandridge is included in a multi-episode story arc , consisting of nine episodes , ending when Meredith reunites with Shepherd . Chyler Leigh 's character was introduced in the third season finale and was promoted to series regular in season four . In season three , George 's father , Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) , is diagnosed with cancer and dies , with his wife Louise ( Debra Monk ) and George 's brothers Jerry ( Greg Pitts ) and Ronny ( Tim Griffin ) by his side . Louise goes on to appear occasionally , and was last seen in season eight . A ferryboat accident brings along Rebecca Pope ( Elizabeth Reaser ) , who is initially introduced as a pregnant Jane Doe victim , suffering from amnesia . Pope eventually embarks on a relationship with Karev , until she is diagnosed with a personality disorder in season four , and makes her final departure . Amidst the crisis of the ferryboat crash , Meredith falls into the water at the disaster site . Although rescued , she goes into cardiac arrest , waking up in what appears to be limbo . Within the limbo , Meredith is entertained by deceased acquaintances Duquette and Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) , who was killed during a bomb crisis in the second season , until eventually being resuscitated . Seeking a cure to her depression , Meredith undergoes therapy sessions with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Katharine Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , who in addition , serves as a psychiatrist to Hunt . The season four premiere introduces several new interns , to be trained under Meredith , Yang , Karev , Stevens , and eventually O'Malley . Among them are Dr. Steve Mostow ( Mark Saul ) who continues to make appearances , and Dr. Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) who formed a friendship with Meredith while the two were in college . Harris is fired in the fifth season , due to not actually having a medical degree , and departs the show immediately after . Meredith and Shepherd 's relationship reaches a toll , and the two separate , leading Shepherd to entertaining a relationship with Rose ( Lauren Stamile ) , a nurse . Rose appears frequently until season five , when Derek and Meredith decide to rekindle their flame . Throughout the fifth season , Stevens experiences full - out hallucinations of Duquette , signaling that she is ill , and once she is lucid , he departs , marking his final appearance . Following the announcement of her relationship with Robbins , Callie 's father Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) initially contests his daughter 's concurrence in homosexuality , but eventually accepts it , and he reappears several times throughout the series . The hospital 's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents : Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) and Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) , but the two are both murdered in the season six finale . Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey , as well as Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , Dr. Mark Sloan 's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him . Dr. Lucy Fields ( Rachael Taylor ) , an obstetrician - gynecologist , is introduced in the seventh season , and serves as a love interest for Dr. Alex Karev , until eventually relocating to pursue a career in Africa . Robbins receives a grant to aid children in Malawi , which leads to a falling out between her and Torres . While in Malawi , Robbins is replaced by Dr. Robert Stark ( Peter MacNicol ) , a pediatric surgeon with an interest in Dr. April Kepner , who appears occasionally until season eight . Following the breakdown of Dr. Torres ' relationship with Dr. Robbins , Dr. Sloan and Dr. Torres unite , and she becomes pregnant . Torres ' relationship with Robbins is subsequently mended , and the couple endeavors to raise their new daughter , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , with the help of Dr. Sloan . Shepherd and Meredith also become new parents , with their adoption of Zola , a baby girl from Malawi . Conceived as a patient with a tumor condition who later develops diabetes , Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) befriends Dr. Altman and eventually joins her in marriage only to get treated using her medical insurance , until he dies while undergoing heart surgery . In the season nine premiere , interns Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Dr. Heather Brooks ( Tina Majorino ) , Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , and Dr. Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) are introduced . Steven Culp and William Daniels play Dr. Parker and Dr. Craig Thomas , respectively . Dr. Parker is Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) is an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Mayo Clinic , where Cristina worked temporarily . Dr. Alana Cahill ( Constance Zimmer ) introduced in the ninth season is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer until the four crash survivors and Torres on the behalf of Sloan to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves . Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew . Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one - night stand with her . Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten . She goes to search for Dr. Webber and finds him lying in the basement of the hospital . Trying to save Dr. Webber , she accidentally steps into a puddle and electrocutes herself while hitting her head as she falls . Bailey moves a cancer patient in Webber 's room to force some perspective and make him take the treatment . Also introduced in the tenth season was Dr. Karev 's estranged father Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) who tries to form a relationship with his son but fails repeatedly . He dies in a botched surgery . The conclusion of season 10 has Cristina leaving Grey Sloan for Dr. Burke 's job as head of a hospital in Zurich , while Dr. Ross makes a last - minute decision to follow her in order to study under her . Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) unknowingly drops a bombshell that she is the child of Dr. Webber and the late Dr. Grey , and given up at birth for adoption . Dr. Meredith Grey has to accommodate another half sister . Also , Dr. Yang privately gives her shares in the hospital to Dr. Karev , also giving him her seat on the board . But Dr. Webber all but promises the seat to Dr. Bailey , so the board has to decide between them . Introduced in season eleven is Dr. Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who is Chief of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial . Dr. Herman selects Arizona Robbins in a fetal surgery fellowship and becomes her mentor . Herman plays in a twelve - episode arc before departing after episode fourteen . Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital . Maggie Pierce is head of cardio , and she and her half - sister Meredith start to build a relationship , as she also does with her father Dr. Webber . Callie and Arizona 's relationship falls through after they realized they want different things . April and Jackson learn that their baby has a lethal birth defect , but April decides that she will carry the baby to term . There is considerable discussion of and questioning of faith . She bears a boy , Samuel , who dies shortly after birth . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy offers a different and perhaps more valuable idea of what it means to be strong : the capacity to suffer terribly , break down completely , and then get up again , confident that you 're bigger than the sum of the tragedies you 've suffered -- because everyone else is , too . The layers of history have grown pretty dense and rich , and the friendships that form around them as the characters suffer and survive is the glue of the series , and what -- despite a few inevitable hit - or - miss patches -- elevates it to something special . '' - Laura Hudson of Wired Grey 's Anatomy has been well received among critics . The show holds an average of 72 % positive score on Rotten Tomatoes . The A.V. Club gave an insight on both the overwhelming success and lows in the quality of the hit medical drama saying , `` The quality arc for the show is all over the place , starting with a steady build in the first season , then skyrocketing into phenomenon in season two , then leveling off and dipping in season three , before having some seriously bumpy moments in seasons four ( interrupted by the writers ' strike ) and five . The climb begins again in season six '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly in a review wrote , `` I believe the show 's best season to date is season 2 . Let me make it clear that I 'm not saying seasons 3 through 9 were bad . In my opinion , there have only been a few lulls in the show 's history , and most of them did n't last a full season . '' adding , `` I still enjoy the show , and I 'll honestly never stop watching . By any standards , Grey 's Anatomy has been successful television , ranking highly in the ratings for nine seasons and entering the cultural lexicon via phrases as cloying yet catchy as `` McDreamy . '' , the show has had its periods of being intensely irritating , and it has had its periods when it seems as if Shonda Rhimes has taken leave of her faculties , but it 's also got an amazingly high batting average , particularly with every solid season that passes along in this second act of its run . '' The site lauded the show saying , `` On average , it 's been very good TV , filled with interesting , driven characters who run the gamut of professions within the show 's hospital setting . It 's been , by turns , a good soap , a good romantic comedy , a good medical drama , and a good interpersonal show about an unexpected workplace family . '' The first season received positive reviews which steadily built up , with Gary Levin of USA Today calling Grey 's Anatomy one of the top shows on television . New York Daily News named Grey 's Anatomy a `` winner '' , whereas Newsday expressed a positive opinion by stating `` You simply ca n't stop watching . '' The Washington Post 's Tom Shales was critical of season one , finding it reminiscent of ER and commenting that : `` The show is much more a matter of commercial calculation than an honest attempt to try something fresh and different . '' Shortly after its initial airing , the Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called Grey 's Anatomy the new Friends ; a concluded National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) sitcom following the lives of a group of young adults , that all of its ten - year run in the top - five for viewer ratings . The second season received critical acclaim , top critics like Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club called the show a `` phenomenon '' , adding the show was , `` one of the best TV shows around '' , Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly later during the tenth season called the second `` the show 's best season to date '' however , Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures opined that Grey 's Anatomy is a mere combination of Scrubs , ER , Sex and the City , and The Love Boat . It further garnered positive reviews , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment added : `` The second season of this medical drama expertly wove its signature elements of complex relationships , whimsical banter and challenging life - lessons ; all to a montage - fetish , indie - rock soundtrack . '' Todd Gilchrist also from IGN called the season `` terrific '' adding , `` Indeed , one of the best currently on television . While it remains to be seen what the creators do with it , now that it 's become an outright event program , the season demonstrates that Rhimes and co . know what to do with the opportunities presented them . whether you 're male or female , this is the kind of entertainment that small - screen devotees and folks fed up with television need to see . '' Ellen Pompeo has failed to garner a nomination at the Emmy Awards on multiple occasions . The title character of Grey 's Anatomy , Meredith , has received both overwhelmingly positive and weary feedback by critics along the course of the show , with the development of the character garnering praise from majority critics . Earlier reactions for Meredith were mixed ; in a 2006 review , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times dubbed to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . A reviewer for BuddyTV praised the distinct uniqueness in the character calling Meredith an `` unconventional heroine '' adding that the character was , `` Neither black nor white but always ... wait for it ... many shades of grey . The reviewer and to add that even in her lighter moments , she has still been `` dark and twisty . '' The sentiment was shared by Glenn Diaz who remarked , `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' When Pompeo did not receive a nomination 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , for her work as Meredith , Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` has worked very hard ( ... ) to make Meredith Grey an interesting character '' , and should have received a nomination . IGN 's Monfette , less impressed by the character , criticized her storyline as `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Robert Rorke of the New York Post was critical of Meredith 's relationship with Derek Shepherd , writing : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless ' McDreamy ' soliloquies . '' The development of the character has received praise from critics . Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Rick Porter reviewing the episode How to Save a Life from the eleventh season for Zap2it wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Ellen Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' Janalen Samson of BuddyTV lauded the Meredith 's development throughout the series saying , `` When one considers how this character has grown over eleven seasons , it really is amazing . Kudos to Ellen Pompeo for her fine work . She 's actually done the impossible , because I actually care what happens to Meredith Grey . '' Reviewing the season 12 premiere , `` Sledgehammer '' , critics including Alex Hawkins of the Western Gazette again highlighted Pompeo 's being due for an Emmy Award . The majority of the supporting cast of Grey 's Anatomy have been well received as well , with the New York Post 's Rorke deeming Stevens to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy , whereas Eyder Peralta of the Houston Chronicle was critical of her character development , stating : `` ( She 's ) the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy anymore . '' Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang `` the best damn character '' and deemed `` the Meredith / Yang relationship the most true friendship on network television . '' Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is `` the only one of these five ( residents ) that regularly acts like an actual doctor '' . Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated '' , and she pointed out that his personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today said Dempsey has a `` seemingly effortless way of humanizing Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . His friendship with Mark Sloan has been well received . Victor Balta said `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital . '' Addison Montgomery was deemed `` sassy and bright and interesting . '' TV Guide said of Walsh 's stint on Grey 's Anatomy that she `` adds spice to an already hot show . '' Callie Torres , after having previously received mixed views , was praised for her bisexual storyline . Critics added that the character was anchored by stellar performances by Sara Ramirez . Lexie Grey , having initially been criticized , became a critics ' favorite in the series . Keen of The Trades wrote that Chyler Leigh `` does a fantastic job of making the progression feel seamless . Lexie steals the show as one of the best characters on the series . '' With the departure of several cast members throughout the seasons , many new characters were added to the drama 's ensemble . McKidd and Capshaw were referred to as `` fresh additions '' to the series , by Monfette of IGN . Matt Roush of TV Guide commented : `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' Matt Mitovich of TV Guide noted that Robbins `` quickly established herself as a fan favorite '' , describing her as `` a breath of fresh air in the often angsty halls of Seattle Grace . On April Kepner and Jackson Avery Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote , `` April has grown since her character was introduced ... she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' He described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . Speaking of the new cast members , in addition to the remaining original ones , Robert Bianco from USA Today called them the show 's `` best ensemble in years '' . Regarding season three , Bill Carter of The New York Times called Grey 's Anatomy `` television 's hottest show '' , adding : `` ( No show ) is expected to challenge Grey 's Anatomy for prime - time pre-eminence . '' Contrasting with Carter 's view , Monfette of IGN said that it speedily found itself `` mired in the annoying and absurd '' , adding : `` This third season may very well represent a case of over-writing a concept that has , perhaps tragically , run bone - dry on narrative fuel . '' At the conclusion of season three , Entertainment Weekly 's Gregory Kirschling said `` the show lacked a defining happy , warm - gooseflesh moment '' , adding that the season `` did n't leave you dying for the ( next ) season premiere '' . Speaking of the fourth season , Laura Burrows of IGN said the series became `` a little more than mediocre , but less than fantastic '' , adding : `` This season proved that even strong chemistry and good acting can not save a show that suffers from the inevitable recycled plot . '' In contrast to the moderately negative feedback the third and fourth seasons received , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger said of the fifth season : `` Overall , it feels more like the good old days than Grey 's Anatomy has in a long time . '' Misha Davenport from the Chicago Sun - Times said season five `` hits on all the things the show does so well '' , adding : `` There is romance , heartbreak , humor and a few moments that will move fans to tears . '' Brian Lowry of Variety , less impressed , opinionated that the season five displayed the show running out of storylines . Speaking of the sixth season , Bianco of USA Today wrote : `` Grey 's has always loved grand gestures . You like them or you do n't ; the only real question is whether the show pulls them off or it does n't . This year , it did . '' The series has a score of 66 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on five reviews for season seven . In response to the season , Bianco from USA Today commented : `` Happily , it now seems to have landed on solid ground . '' Also of the seventh season , Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Armstrong said : `` It 's in the shooting 's emotional reverberations that the show is regenerating after the past few hit - and - miss seasons , '' whereas Verne Gay of Newsday commented : `` Unfortunately , they 've settled on far - too - easy and facile answers for the most part . '' HitFix gave a positive review saying that , `` season 7 overall has been one of the show 's strongest ever . '' and added , `` There was a time when Grey 's Anatomy was this show where I suffered through a lot of stuff that made me cringe to get to those genius melodrama moments it could do so well . Over the last couple of years , it 's evolved into a show that 's much more consistent in tone , where it may not move me as often as it did in the early years but also very rarely makes me question my reasons for watching . '' Speaking of season eight , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly called it a `` so - so season '' , and Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` emotional '' . Also acknowledging the fan base Verne Gay of Newsday wrote `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' regarding the 8th season . The ninth season received more positive reviews , Rob Salem of Toronto Star called it `` a solid return to form . '' Brad Williams writing for What Culture praised the show 's development over the season saying , `` Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose . '' calling it `` something almost anyone can watch and enjoy . '' Praising the friendship between Cristina and Meredith of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` There 's still one good reason to keep watching : Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers '' . The tenth season was also marked with praise , Annie Barrett for Entertainment Weekly wrote `` There 's true sorrow here along with the passion , which keeps their dynamic so intriguing to me . '' Caroline Siede from The A.V. Club wrote in her review for the 10th season `` At its best , Grey 's Anatomy is about everyday bravery , sacrifice , and courage . At its worst , it 's a melodramatic , moralizing soap opera . Both sides are on display as the show heads confidently into its 10th season . '' Many sources , including Rachel Simon of Bustle and Nicole Pomarico of Wetpaint , claimed that Sandra Oh 's performance during her final season on Grey 's Anatomy is worthy of an Emmy nomination . Bryce Olin of Netflix ranked Grey 's 9th among the 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix stating , `` It 's a tough call , but based on Grey 's casting choices and revolutionary portrayals of female doctors in the series , I 'm willing to argue that Grey 's Anatomy is the best medical drama of all time . Obviously , Shonda Rhimes did n't reinvent the wheel with the series , but there 's no denying its popularity . '' adding , `` I understand its significance in the pop culture sphere . '' He also stated that the show could go higher in the ranks with the upcoming season stating , `` Apparently , Grey 's Anatomy fans are passionate about their show , although it seems like they 've been closeted for the last few years . I 'd love to move Grey 's Anatomy even higher on the ranking , but I 'll have wait until the 11th season comes to Netflix . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) Critics included Grey 's Anatomy in top ten lists for five of its twelve seasons ; these are listed below in order of rank . ( hide ) 2005 No. 4 USA Today No. 6 The New York Times No. 7 The Boston Globe No. 9 San Jose Mercury News -- Chicago Tribune ( hide ) 2006 No. 2 USA Today No. 2 San Jose Mercury News No. 4 TV Guide No. 9 Orlando Sentinel ( hide ) 2007 No. 6 USA Today ( hide ) 2010 No. 10 Movieline ( hide ) 2015 No. 7 NPR Impact ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy makes an impact on how people 's perception of the world is created . '' -- Brian Quick , University of Illinois Grey 's Anatomy introduced the `` mc - labeling '' surge when it dubbed Patrick Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Grey 's Anatomy has been considered an impact on culture by Entertainment Weekly 's executive editor , Lori Majewski , with her writing : `` Grey 's Anatomy is n't just a show , it 's a phenomenon . When ( the ) final shows air , every place in New York City is empty . You could get a table at the best restaurants . '' The Daily Beast 's Jace Lacob also considered the show an impact , comparing its success to that of Friends , and calling it a `` cultural phenomenon '' . Steve Sternberg , a media analyst with Magna Global USA explained that the show appeals to a broad audience , writing : `` Roughly 80 percent of households during prime time only have one TV set on . People are looking for shows they can watch with other household members . '' Grey 's Anatomy introduced a `` mc - labeling '' surge , ever since it dubbed Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Canadian newspaper the National Post considers this trend a `` phenomenon '' . Analyzing the show 's impact on culture , Dessylyn Arnold of Yahoo ! Voices noted that the `` mc - labeling '' trend has been parodied on other shows including ER and Degrassi : The Next Generation . Mark Lawson of The Guardian has credited Grey 's Anatomy with popularizing the `` songtage '' , or musical montage segments . Parodying this , MADtv created a spoof on the show in 2006 , making fun of the series ' emotional scenes including those accompanied by a musical montage . Grey 's has also been credited to helping redefine `` good '' television ; The A.V. Club writes , `` Since The Sopranos burst onto the scene , we 've too often classified a show as `` good '' based on how closely it adhered to the dark , violent , male - centric template set out by that particular show . It 's time for that to end . At its best , Grey 's has been among the very best shows on TV , and at its worst , it 's been at least fascinating to watch . To write it off is to unnecessarily narrow the definition of what good TV can be , to limit what the medium is capable of . TV is at its best when it emotionally connects , and even when it seems to be otherwise merrily hurtling off a cliff , Grey 's Anatomy is nothing but emotional connection , which is more than other , more consistently better shows can say . '' The series placed at No. 66 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list , and was declared the third highest rated show for the first ten years of the Internet Movie Database ( 2002 -- 2012 ) . The show 's premise has inspired the creation of A Corazón Abierto , a Colombian adaptation of Grey 's Anatomy , which in turn spawned a Mexican version of the same name . A study conducted by the University of Western Sydney revealed that 94 % of 400 polled medical students are regular viewers of Grey 's Anatomy . An additional study conducted by Brian Quick of the University of Illinois indicated that the show 's portrayal of doctors being `` smart , good looking , capable , and interesting '' , leads viewers to associating real - world doctors to be that way . Surgical resident Karen Zink , M.D. , deemed the show 's portrayal of interns inaccurate , adding : `` None of ( the characters ) have bags under their eyes . They all leave the hospital dressed cute , with their hair done and makeup on . That is so far away from the reality of interns . You are just dragging your butt , trying to stay alive . You do n't have time to do your hair . You do n't have time to put on makeup . Every surgical intern has bags under their eyes . '' In 2011 , a woman residing in Sheboygan , Wisconsin became unresponsive due to an asthma attack . Unable to wait for an ambulance , her daughter and a friend performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) on her , which they learned from Grey 's Anatomy . In 2017 an Israeli woman saved her husband by performing cardiac massage she learned from Grey 's Anatomy , The woman performed cardiac massage for 20 minutes before medical personal arrived and transferred the husband to Shaare Zedek Medical Center . The mid-season premiere of the fourteenth season was entitled `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' , the National Domestic Violence Hotline ; upon release on January 18 , 2018 , the move was received favourably and viewers variously changed their Twitter usernames to the same and used the platform to bring awareness to both the hotline and the issue of domestic abuse . US television Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy has received high viewership and ratings since its debut . The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers , reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season , attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode , and ranking at fifth place overall . Following the show 's time - slot being relocated , overall rankings steadily declined , dropping below the top ten in its fifth season . Grey 's Anatomy made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season , slipping from seventeenth place to thirty - first . The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings , yet Grey 's Anatomy still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder ( DVR ) . It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011 , based on cumulative totals , and has been for several years in a row . The most - watched episode of the series is `` It 's the End of the World '' , with 37.88 million viewers , aided by a lead - in from Super Bowl XL . Grey 's Anatomy was the most expensive program on television in the 2007 - 08 season measured by advertising revenue , with earnings of US $400,000 per thirty seconds . The show was named the fourth ( behind Desperate Housewives , Two and a Half Men , and American Idol ) , and the fifth - highest ( behind Glee , Two and a Half Men , The X Factor ( U.S. ) and American Idol ) revenue earning show , with the earnings of US $2.67 million and US $2.75 million per half hour in 2011 and 2012 respectively . While Grey 's Anatomy is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings , the show 's ranking in the key 18 -- 49 demographic has remained high . As of season eight , the series is the highest - rated drama on television in the target demographic . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Grey 's Anatomy was `` most popular in a swath of the middle of the country , particularly in areas with a lower percentage of college graduates '' . Below is a table of Grey 's Anatomy 's seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market , based on average total viewers per episode . Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . U.S. television ratings for Grey 's Anatomy Season Timeslot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank 18 -- 49 rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. 9 March 27 , 2005 16.25 May 22 , 2005 22.22 2004 -- 05 No. 9 No. 5 18.46 27 September 25 , 2005 18.98 May 15 , 2006 22.50 2005 -- 06 No. 5 No. 4 19.44 Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 25 September 21 , 2006 25.41 May 17 , 2007 22.57 2006 -- 07 No. 8 No. 3 19.17 17 September 27 , 2007 20.93 May 22 , 2008 18.09 2007 -- 08 No. 10 No. 3 15.92 5 24 September 25 , 2008 18.29 May 14 , 2009 17.12 2008 -- 09 No. 12 No. 3 14.52 6 24 September 24 , 2009 17.03 May 20 , 2010 16.13 2009 -- 10 No. 16 No. 6 13.55 7 22 September 23 , 2010 14.32 May 19 , 2011 9.89 2010 -- 11 No. 31 No. 9 11.41 8 24 September 22 , 2011 10.38 May 17 , 2012 11.44 2011 -- 12 No. 32 No. 10 10.92 9 24 September 27 , 2012 11.73 May 16 , 2013 8.99 2012 -- 13 No. 26 No. 10 11.07 10 24 September 26 , 2013 9.27 May 15 , 2014 8.92 2013 -- 14 No. 15 No. 5 12.12 11 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 25 September 25 , 2014 9.81 May 14 , 2015 8.33 2014 -- 15 No. 31 No. 13 11.57 12 24 September 24 , 2015 9.55 May 19 , 2016 8.19 2015 -- 16 No. 21 No. 8 11.20 13 24 September 22 , 2016 8.75 May 18 , 2017 7.92 2016 -- 17 No. 19 No. 9 10.88 14 24 September 28 , 2017 8.07 2017 -- 18 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy has won a number of awards . As of July 2012 , the show has been nominated for twenty - five Primetime Emmy Awards , having been nominated for at least one every year , except in 2010 . At the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 , Oh was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Horton was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . The following year , at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series , which they were nominated for again in 2007 . Also in 2006 , Wilson was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Kyle Chandler was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The 58th Ceremony also honored Rhimes and Vernoff , who were both nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Rhimes , whose career kicked off in 1995 , has since produced yet another ABC series , Scandal , which began on air in 2012 and is continuing into the third season . Beginning in 2005 , Rhimes has been continually nominated for numerous awards , including three Emmy Awards : first in 2006 for a dramatic series and a separate nomination for writing a dramatic series , followed by a third nomination in 2007 for a dramatic series . Katherine Heigl is the only star - billed cast member to have received a Primetime Emmy Award In 2007 , at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Heigl won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , while Knight was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Numerous guest actresses have been nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , including Burton in 2006 and 2007 , Christina Ricci in 2006 , Reaser in 2007 , Diahann Carroll in 2008 , and Sharon Lawrence in 2009 , but the only actress to have won the award is Devine in 2011 , who was nominated again in 2012 . The show has also been nominated for thirteen Creative Arts Emmy Awards , having won three of them : Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . The show has received ten Golden Globe Award nominations since its premiere . At the 63rd Golden Globe Awards , in 2006 , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series , Dempsey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series , which he was nominated for again in 2007 , and Oh won the award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . The following year , at the 64th Golden Globe Awards , in 2007 , Pompeo was nominated for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and the show won the award for Best Drama Series . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , in 2008 , Heigl was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film , while the series in whole was nominated for Best Drama Series . The series has won People 's Choice Awards for Best Drama five times in 2007 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 and has been nominated for several other People 's Choice Awards , with nominations received by Oh as well as multiple wins from Dempsey , Pompeo winning in recent years 2013 and 2015 , Heigl , Wilson , Demi Lovato , for guest starring , and the drama in whole for Favorite TV Drama . In 2007 , Rhimes and the female cast were the recipient of the Women in Film Lucy Award , in recognition of the excellence and innovation in the show as a creative work that has enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television . The series has been honored with numerous NAACP Image Award nominations , many having been won , including five awards for Outstanding Drama Series . Grey 's Anatomy has also received several Screen Actors Guild Awards , with nominations received by Dempsey , as well as wins from Oh , Wilson , and the main cast for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 25 September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 17 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 5 24 September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6 24 September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 7 22 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 8 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 9 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 10 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 11 25 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 12 24 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 13 24 September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 14 24 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Sara Ramirez served as the lead vocalist for the musical episode . Grey 's Anatomy 's first season commenced airing as a mid-season replacement to Boston Legal on March 27 , 2005 and concluded on May 22 , 2005 . The nine - episode season aired on Sundays in the 10 : 00pm EST time slot , following Desperate Housewives . The show was renewed by ABC for a second season , that aired in the same time slot as season one . Premiering on September 25 , 2005 and concluding on May 15 , 2006 , the season consisted of twenty - seven episodes . The first five episodes of the second season were originally scheduled to air during the first , but the network decided to close the first season of Grey 's Anatomy on the same night as Desperate Housewives ' finale . During the second season , Grey 's Anatomy produced two specials recapping the events of recent episodes , narrated by Bailey , entitled `` Straight to the Heart '' and `` Under Pressure '' . The show was renewed for a third season , which was relocated to the coveted Thursday 9 : 00pm EST time slot -- a slot that the series has held onto since then . Commencing on September 21 , 2006 and ending on May 17 , 2007 , season three consisted of twenty - five episodes . Two more specials were produced during the show 's third season , entitled `` Complications of the Heart '' and `` Every Moment Counts '' , which were narrated by Bailey and Morgan , respectively . ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourth season , which aired from September 27 , 2007 to May 22 , 2008 , and ultimately consisted of seventeen episodes . The fourth season had a reduced number of episodes , due to the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , which caused production to cease from February to April , leaving the show with no writing staff during that time . At the beginning of the fourth season , the show aired its final special entitled `` Come Rain or Shine '' , created to transition viewers from Grey 's Anatomy to Private Practice , which was narrated by the editors of People magazine . The show received a renewal for a fifth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on May 14 , 2009 , consisting of twenty - four episodes . The series was renewed for a sixth season consisting of twenty - four episodes , which commenced on September 24 , 2009 and ended on May 20 , 2010 . During its sixth season , Grey 's Anatomy aired a series of webisodes entitled Seattle Grace : On Call at ABC.com . ABC renewed the show for a seventh season , which premiered on September 23 , 2010 and concluded on May 19 , 2011 , consisting of twenty - two episodes . This was followed up with Seattle Grace : On Call , Seattle Grace : Message of Hope , aired during the beginning of the seventh season . Also during the seventh season , the series produced a musical episode entitled `` Song Beneath the Song '' , featuring songs that became famous through their use in Grey 's Anatomy . The show received a twenty - four episode eighth season renewal , which commenced on September 22 , 2011 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 17 , 2012 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a ninth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 and ended on May 16 , 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a tenth season on May 10 , 2013 and premiered on September 27 , 2013 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 15 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC renewed the series for an eleventh season that aired from September 2014 to May 2015 . In addition , the show was relocated to the Thursday 8 : 00pm EST time slot . After four seasons outside the top 25 rated shows , Grey 's Anatomy was the number 15 show in the 2013 -- 2014 season , the show 's tenth . The show also re-entered the top five shows in the 18 -- 49 viewer demographic . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC renewed the series for a twelfth season that premiered on September 24 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2016 . The thirteenth season to aired from 2016 to 2017 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Private Practice ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was displeased with the network 's decision to center the spin - off on Kate Walsh 's character . On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for Grey 's Anatomy featuring Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Stevens . The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 sees Montgomery take a leave of absence from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett ( Merrin Dungey , later Audra McDonald ) , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center . The two - hour broadcast entitled `` The Other Side of This Life '' served as the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell , and Merrin Dungey . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was McDonald , due to her character , Naomi Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The drama was titled Private Practice , and its premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series ended its run in January 2013 after six seasons . Grey 's Anatomy had five crossover storylines with Private Practice . `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' , the series premiere , starts with Addison and Richard talking about her resignation at Seattle Grace Hospital . `` Before and After '' / `` Ex-Life '' / `` An Honest Mistake '' -- Addison 's brother Archer is brought to Seattle Grace for surgery , after which Derek asks for help with a pregnant neuro patient . `` Invasion '' / `` Right Here , Right Now '' -- After Izzie makes a mistake , causing the patient to lose out on a kidney transplant , Bailey travels to Los Angeles with her patient for the transplant . `` Blink '' / `` Another Second Chance '' -- Addison helps Mark perform an operation on his pregnant daughter . `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' / `` You Break My Heart '' -- Derek 's sister Amelia asks him to perform a risky gliosarcoma surgery on Erica Warner , the mother of Cooper 's son Mason . There have also been several instances where Addison or Amelia travel to Seattle without there being a storyline involving both shows . Station 19 ( edit ) Main article : Station 19 On May 16 , 2017 , Channing Dungey announced at the ABC Upfronts that the network ordered another Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , this one focusing on firefighters in Seattle . The series is set to premiere mid-season in 2018 . Stacy McKee , long - term Grey 's writer and executive producer , will serve as the spin - off 's showrunner . The new show was introduced Season 14 , Episode 13 , when a house fire brings the firefighters to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . In July 2017 , it was announced that Jaina Lee Ortiz was the first actress cast in the spin - off series . In September 2017 it was announced that Jason George , who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 , would be leaving Grey 's Anatomy to move to the spin - off . He 's expected to be a series regular on Grey 's Anatomy until the spin - off begins production . In October 2017 it was announced that five new series regulars for the spin off had been cast being Grey Damon , Jay Hayden , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre and Barrett Doss . It was also announced that the spin - off had a 10 episode order for the first season . Later in October 2017 , it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse . Grey 's Anatomy : B - team ( edit ) On January 9 , 2018 , it was announced by Sarah Drew on her Instagram page that a six - episode spin - off series following the new interns of Grey Sloan Memorial would be released for streaming on the ABC app and abc.com on Thursday , January 11 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team stars Sophia Taylor Ali ( Dahlia Qadri ) , Jake Borelli ( Levi Schmitt ) , Alex Blue Davis ( Casey Parker ) , Jaicy Elliot ( Taryn Helm ) , Rushi Kota ( Vik Roy ) and Jeanine Mason ( Samantha `` Sam '' Bello ) with special guest appearances made by Justin Chambers ( Alex Karev ) , Kelly McCreary ( Maggie Pierce ) , Kevin McKidd ( Owen Hunt ) and James Pickens Jr . ( Richard Webber ) . The six episodes in this series were written by Barbra Kaye Friend with Grey 's Anatomy series regular Sarah Drew ( April Kepner ) making her directorial debut directing each of them . Distribution ( edit ) An interview with Justin Chambers is on the season four DVD . Grey 's Anatomy episodes appear regularly on ABC in the United States . All episodes are approximately forty - three minutes , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard . The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high - definition qualities , and Amazon Video . ABC Video on demand also releases recent episodes of the show for temporary viewing . Recent episodes are also available at ABC 's official Grey 's Anatomy website , and on Hulu and Xfinity . In 2009 , ABC signed a deal allowing Grey 's Anatomy episodes to be streamed on Netflix . Grey 's Anatomy is syndicated on Lifetime , with one hour blocks weekdays at 1 : 00 pm , 2 : 00 pm , and 3 : 00 pm EST . Since its debut , Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released the first eight seasons on DVD to regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . The first season 's DVD , released on February 14 , 2006 , features an alternate title sequence , bloopers , behind - the - scenes footage , audio commentaries , and an extended edition of the pilot episode . Season two 's DVD , released on September 12 , 2006 , which includes extended episodes , an interview with Wilson , deleted scenes , a set tour , a `` Q&A '' with the cast , and a segment on the creating of special effects . The DVD for the third season was released on September 11 , 2007 , with bonus features including extended episodes , an interview with star Dempsey , audio commentaries , and bloopers . The fourth season 's DVD released on September 9 , 2008 , features an interview with Heigl and Chambers , extended episodes , bloopers , and deleted scenes . Season five 's DVD was released on September 15 , 2009 , and includes unaired scenes , bloopers , and extended episodes . The DVD for season six , released on September 14 , 2010 , features deleted scenes , an extended finale , and bloopers . The seventh season 's DVD , released on September 13 , 2011 , includes an extended edition of and a behind - the - scenes featurette on the musical episode , bloopers , as well as deleted scenes . In addition , the eighth season 's DVD was released on September 4 , 2012 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The ninth season 's DVD released on August 27 , 2013 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The tenth season 's DVD was released on September 2 , 2014 with new several bonus features and deleted scenes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season -- Live For The Moments on September 2 , 2014 . In view of the departure of the character of Cristina Yang in the season finale , the DVD set featured an extended episode Do You Know ? and a special feature from Sandra Oh titled `` An Immeasurable Gift '' . The eleventh released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 18 , 2015 with interviews with new series regular Caterina Scorsone and a special feature for Dempsey 's departure , `` How To Say Goodbye Dr. Derek Shepherd '' . The twelfth released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 30 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company has partnered with J Larson CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide the series ' branded merchandise through an online store . The products available include shirts , sweatshirts , kitchen - ware , home - ware , and bags , with the Grey 's Anatomy logo on it . Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes , designed by Barco . The merchandise released by the company is available for purchase at the Grey 's Anatomy official website , and US $1 from every purchase is donated to Barco 's Nightingales Foundation . Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game includes a plot focused around Sandra Oh 's character . Five volumes of the Grey 's Anatomy Original Soundtrack have been released as of 2011 . For the first two seasons , the show 's main title theme was an excerpt from `` Cosy in the Rocket '' , by British duo Psapp ; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC 's corporate cousin , Hollywood Records , on September 27 , 2005 . The second soundtrack , featuring songs from the series ' second season , was released on September 12 , 2006 , followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season . Following the seventh season musical episode `` Song Beneath the Song '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' soundtrack was released , with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently . In January 2009 , Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on Grey 's Anatomy . Designed for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and PC , Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game was released on March 10 , 2009 . The game lets the player assume the role of one of the main characters , making decisions for the character 's personal and professional life , and competing in a number of minigames . It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series , with Jason Ocampo of IGN giving it a 6.0 / 10 overall rating . The Wii release received mixed reviews , and the Windows release received generally unfavorable reviews . ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a Grey 's Anatomy application for Apple 's iPad . The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode . It uses Nielsen 's Media - Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses . The creators of the show set up a real online wedding registry to mark the wedding of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd . Instead of buying gifts fans were encouraged to donate money to the American Academy of Neurology Foundation . International adaptation ( edit ) An adaptation named as Doktorlar ( `` Doctors '' ) was aired on December 28 , 2006 , in a Turkish Network , Show TV , and it lasted four seasons . In 2010 , A Corazón Abierto , an adaptation of the series , was made by the Colombian network RCN TV . Footnotes ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal Pompeo starred as the leading role in Moonlight Mile , which explains the significance of her being cast as Meredith . The character of O'Malley failed his intern test , which is why he was not initially a resident along with Meredith , Yang , Karev , and Stevens . Shepherd and Meredith had decided to adopt , due to Meredith 's infertility , which was diagnosed in season seven . The Chicago Tribune list is not ranked -- it consists of ten shows in alphabetical order . The Grey 's Anatomy logo can be seen in the infobox , above . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie . ( June 28 , 2016 ) ABC Fall 2016 Premiere Dates -- Today 's News : Our Take Archived June 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVGuide.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` How Much Does The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast Make ? Being A TV Doctor Has Its Benefits '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Which TV Stars Pull in the Most Dollars Per Episode ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Renewed '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Grey 's Anatomy TV Show '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes , creator of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and a Chicagoan of the Year '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Thriving Ratings for a New Patient on ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Aldore ( October 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes : the force behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Business Library . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Springer , Sarah ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator , actress discuss media diversity '' . InAmerica . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` In Case You Did n't Know , This Is How Grey 's Anatomy Got Its Title '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... PopSugar . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( November 2005 ) . `` Gray 's Anatomy , 39th Edition : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Journal of Neuroradiology. 26 ( 10 ) 2703 - 2704 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( January 5 , 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at thte Real Lives of Surgical Residents Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... `` Introduction '' . Penguin . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Horbury , Alison ( July 28 , 2015 ) . Post-feminist Impasses in Popular Heroine Television : The Persephone Complex Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... Palgrave Macmillan . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Keeps Sunday Time Slot '' . Fox News . News Corporation . April 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Updates : February 4 '' . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda . `` Shonda Rhimes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Matter : From the Writers of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kevin McKidd , Chandra Wilson to Direct Again ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Seattle Grace : Message of Hope '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , David . `` David Greenspan '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` How Grey 's Anatomy Keeps it Real '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Krista Vernoff on ' Good Mourning ' and ' Goodbye ' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oakley , Colleen ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Shonda Rhimes '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 05 -- 0 : 15 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Location : Oprah on the Set of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 21 . November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) Bio '' . Private Practice . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` Well - Known Secret : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff for ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On New Season Of ' Grey 's Anatomy ; ' Chyler Leigh Joins The Cast '' . StarPulse . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keeps , David A. ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Smith ' Did n't Really Think ' Grey 's Anatomy Stint Would ' Work Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Dr. Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's De-Gayed : Brooke Smith Axed ; Melissa George 's Role Rewritten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . November 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Jessica Capshaw '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : A Grey 's Anatomy Goner '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Exclusive : Katherine Heigl is ( Almost ) Outta There ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . March 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sources Confirm : Katherine Heigl is Leaving `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh And Justin Chambers Close Deals To Return '' . Deadline . PMC . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Washington set for Grey 's Anatomy return '' . BBC . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Leah And Shane To Leave Hospital Along With Cristina ? ( VIDEO ) '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . ( August 13 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renew contracts Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... EW.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . ( May 2 , 2014 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 : Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez Sign New Contracts Archived May 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Star Sara Ramirez Talks Expiring Contract and Potential Departure Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Wetpaint.com ( November 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/ellen-pompeo-tvs-20-million-woman-reveals-her-behind-scenes-fight-what-i-deserve-1074978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy star signals more laughs '' . RTÉ ten . September 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Tanen , Brian . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Dane and Patrick Dempsey ( 2008 ) . Grey 's Anatomy Season Four DVD : On Set With Patrick and Eric Additional Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Walk the Talk '' . David Bordwell 's Website on Cinema `` . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Santucci , Pieracarla . `` Grey 's Anatomy Made Simple '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy of the Narrative Analysis Media and Cultural Analysis , Spring 2014 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Karanovic.org ( March 5 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Each season , with the exception of one and two , show the doctors ' residency year ( first year , second year , etc . ) being one older than the previous season . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a hit '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe Electronic Publishing Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Winning a Battle , Losing the War '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Robinson , Julie Ann ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Each episode typically features scenes of a surgery , towards the center of the episode . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Deitch , Donna ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Mark ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top of the docs '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Forever Young '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Ornelas , Ed ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Good Mourning '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Hamilton , Ann . Director : Coles , John David ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Stanton , Gabrielle and Werksman , Harry . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Horton , Peter ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krisa . Director : Davidson , Adam ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` Make Me Lose Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Misiano , Christopher ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Testing 1 -- 2 -- 3 '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Buchman , Eric . Director : Grossman , Michael ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Frawley , James ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scars and Souvenirs '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Vernoff , Krista . Directors : Grossman , Michael and Yu , Jessica ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` Crash Into Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Freedom ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Kerns , Joanna ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rise Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 11 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 2 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Zisk , Randy ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Bans , Jenna . Director : Corn , Rob ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Pressman , Michael ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Phelan , Tony ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Take the Lead '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Wilding , Mark and Bans , Jenna . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Migration '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Nothing Says ' I Love You ' Like Asking for a Divorce Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : ' There 's Something Great ' About Cristina and Owen 's Struggle Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Reporter ( May 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : How to Buy a Hospital Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( February 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Avery 's In Charge Now -- Season 9 Episode 16 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Life ( February 21 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy . ( March 14 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Recap -- Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Archived February 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Paymer , David ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` Break on Through '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Robe , Blythe . Director : Mann , Seith ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Grossman , Michael ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Robin , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Tinker , Mark ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` This Is How We Do It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Underwood , Ron ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Girl With No Name '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Koenig , Kip . Director : Yu , Jessica ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Begin the Begin '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 26 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Minahan , Dan ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` 17 Seconds '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Damage Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Lerner , Dan ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` What I Am '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Yaitaines , Greg ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Heart - Shaped Box '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Walk on Water '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drowning on Dry Land '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` As We Know It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Noxon , Marti . Director : Arkin , Adam ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Some Kind of Miracle '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Corn , Rob ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : D'Elia , Bill ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Here 's to Future Days '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` These Ties That Bind '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Liddi Brown , Allison ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Washington , Sonay . Director : Phelan , Tony ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Sweet Surrender '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( March 11 , 2012 ) . `` Push '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Phelan , Tony ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Song Beneath the Song '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Phelan , Tony ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` That 's Me Trying '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Szwarc , Jeannot ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Something 's Gotta Give '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Allen , Debbie ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Not Responsible '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Krinsky , Natalie . Director : Jackson , Mark ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Start Me Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : McKidd , Kevin ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Robin , Steve ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` It 's a Long Way Back '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Adrift and at Peace '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : True Blood , Veronica Mars Alum Tina Majorino Lands a Grey 's Gig '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Exclusive Fringe First Look ! Plus Scoop on Grey 's , Glee , Covert and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Newcomer Tessa Ferrer for Recurring Role '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Desperate Housewives ' Steven Culp to Play Doctor '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Doctors Must Pick Up The Pieces After a Tragic Plane Crash on The Season 9 Premiere of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constance Zimmer Talks Shaking Up ' Grey 's , ' Playing The Bitch & More '' . Huffington Post . February 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Entourage 's Constance Zimmer Checks In to Seattle Grace '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spoilers Justin Bruening for Recurring Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Grey 's Anatomy Wedding and More Scoop on Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Preview -- Hilarie Burton on Arizona , Lauren , Callie -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Hilarie Burton Returns to Ruin Callie & Arizona 's Marriage ? '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Hilarie Burton on Lauren and Arizona 's Growing Flirtation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Patrick . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Heather Brooks Dies In Season 10 Premiere -- Recap -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season 10 : James Remar to play a surgeon 's father '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 : James Remar reveals his top - secret character '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter ' Star Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . Huffington Post . August 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` On this week 's ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Kelly McCreary gets sucker punched -- and she enjoys it ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Kelly McCreary Upped To Regular On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Joins Season 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Raftery ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Was Dr. Herman 's Operation a Success ? '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lauren Cox . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Amelia Saves Dr. Herman In Surgery -- Season 11 , Episode 14 -- Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 - ) '' Archived November 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sure , Grey 's Anatomy was a big hit , but was it good TV ? '' . avclub.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : What season 10 could learn from season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` ABC seeks to build on momentum '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( March 26 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : No Heart , No Brain '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . June 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 Uncut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 Snubs : ' Outlander , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Daredevil ' And More Overlooked For Nominations Archived September 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.com ( July 16 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : Men In Trees '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 Finale Recap : Shiny , Happy People '' . buddytv.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb -- Grey 's Anatomy 's Katherine Heigl on Sex Love , and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo totally saved ' How to Save a Life ' '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Catana , Kelli ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Sucks Me in Again '' . Huffington post . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` y 's Anatomy 's Alex Karev Is Totally Underrated '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor ( 2013 ) . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Grey 's Anatomy Needs Addison Back -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I would like first to clarify ... '' TV Guide . September 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Matt : Will Big Bang Make an Emmy Splash ? What 's Next for Ghost Whisperer and More ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Status Report : Knight 's Fate Revealed , and More '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` These TV series are back , but are they better than ever ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` In TV Land This Season , a Few Happy Surprises but No Breakthrough Hits '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirschling , Gregory ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Yanging Our Chain Recap '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . May 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 5 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ends season with a bang '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 Critic Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season finale review : Greys Anatomy -- Unaccompanied Minor : All come crashing down '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Who Met Their Maker in the Deadly Season Finale ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale review '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Elementary ' and ' Last Resort ' : Thursday night TV reviews '' . The Star . Toronto . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Muted Genius of Grey 's Anatomy '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Melissa ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy season premiere recap : After the Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` '' Seal Our Fate '' Grey 's Anatomy TV Review The A.V. Club `` . avclub.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Could Grey 's Anatomy Season 10 Earn Sandra Oh an Emmy ? '' . Wetpaint , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix Right Now Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . ( April 24 , 2015 ) 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix : Grey 's Anatomy Moves Up Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Netflixlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . 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Jump up ^ Majewski , Lori ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Tops Entertainment Weekly Year - End List '' . KLTV . WorldNow . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacob , Jace ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's 7th Year Surge '' . The Daily Beast . The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The McDreamy phenomenon '' . National Post . Postmedia Network . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dessylyn ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` A Look at the Pop Culture Behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarious MADtv Grey 's Anatomy Parody ! '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie A. ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , ' The Dark Knight , ' ' Lost ' Named to IMDb 's Top 10 of the Last Decade '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Press Release : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Adaptation `` A Corazón Abierto '' Premieres to Huge Ratings In Colombia `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Corazón Abierto Premieres in Mexico '' . ttvMediaNews . Print. Division . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ van den Berg , Lucie ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV drama Grey 's Anatomy scrubs up well for students '' . Herald Sun . News Corporation . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - The - Scenes Look at the Real Lives of Surgical Residents . Penguin . p. 2 . ISBN 0425232115 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Credited for Saving Life '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` saved her husband by what she have learned from Gray 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fans Are Changing Their Twitter Names To The Domestic Violence Hotline To Raise Awareness '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 1 , 2011 ) . > m / 2011 / 09 / 01 / top - 10-most - tivoed - shows / `` The most Tivo'ed show on TV is ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 1 / 30 / 06 - 2 / 05 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poggi , Jeanine . `` TV Ad Pricing Chart : A Show in Its 13th Season Returns to the Top 10 Most Expensive Buys '' . Advertisement Age . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` In Pictures : TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Season Rankings : Sunday Night Football Ends Idol 's Streak ; Once , POI and Rob Score Wins '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 3 / 21 / 05 - 3 / 27 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 16 / 05 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 20 / 04 - 5 / 22 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 24 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 9 / 25 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 15 / 06 - 5 / 21 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 19 / 05 - 5 / 28 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 9 / 24 / 06 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 14 / 07 - 5 / 20 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 22 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 18 / 06 - 5 / 27 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 9 / 30 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 19 / 08 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Performance -- 2008 May Sweep / 2007 -- 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 22 / 08 - 5 / 17 / 09 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2009 May Sweep / TV Season Ratings '' . Medianet . TheFutonCritic . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for FlashForward '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Rules Finale Thursday ; Bones , FlashForward , CSI , Parks , 30 Rock , Ref Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Zap2it . May 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' $ # * ! My Dad Says , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' The Mentalist , ' and ' Outsourced ' All Rise ; Private Practice Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 50 TV shows 2014 -- 2015 Highest Rated Winners and Losers '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2008 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees -- People 's Choice '' . peopleschoice.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2007 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards . Women in Film and Television International . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards -- Television '' . NAACP Image Awards . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` ABC 's Sales for the Fall Nearly Done '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator , Executive Producer and writer of ' Bring the Pain ' '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Can ' Grey 's ' rise to challenge of Thursdays ? '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 3 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 2007 -- 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 4 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Writers strike could pull plug on TV favorites '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Reups Nine for ' 09 '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 5 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Ugly Betty ' leads a dozen ABC renewals '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 6 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC.com to Premiere ' Seattle Grace : On Call ' , a New Original Webisode Series Featuring Characters from ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Futon Critic . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Unveils 2010 -- 11 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 7 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Song Beneath The Song '' . '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Castle ' Plus Three More ABC Shows Get Early Renewals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 8 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Renewed Along With ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' And More By ABC '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . May 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates -- Which Launches Are Being Held for October ? '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Renewed Shows 2013 -- Scandal , Grey 's , Nashville and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Scandal , Grey 's Anatomy , Revenge and 2 More Shows '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Renews Castle , Secrets and Lies , Nashville , Galavant , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Agent Carter and 16 Other Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . Today . MSNBC . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 , Episode Recap : ' The Other Side of This Life ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice Season 6 Catch Up '' . Private Practice Show Page . ABC.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Private Practice ' Finale : Weddings , Books And Happy Endings For Everyone ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Aol , Inc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff Lands Straight to Series Order From ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff Casts Rosewood 's Jaina Lee Ortiz '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jason George Jumps to Firefighter Spinoff as Series Regular '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff : Grey Damon , The Catch Star Among Five New Hires '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff : Grey Damon , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre & Barrett Doss Cast In Shondaland Series '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Spinoff : Miguel Sandoval Joins Firefighter Drama as Captain '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Full Season 8 Available Online at ABC.com/GreysAnatomy Through October 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Season 8 '' . iTunes . Apple . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Ep. 3 ' Superfreak ' '' . Amazon Video . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Watch ' Grey 's Anatomy ' When You Want , Just Do n't Skip Ads '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Video and Full Episodes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Full Episodes and Clips streaming online '' . Hulu . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Adds More ABC , Disney Shows For Instant Streaming '' . Time . Time Warner Inc . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Anna ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` And the Grey 's Anatomy reruns go to . '' The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete First Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Seventh Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco Uniforms and CafePress '' . The Futon Critic . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters Corporation . February 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' . iTunes . Apple . March 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Ubisoft Announces Grey 's Anatomy Video Game '' . Shacknews . GameFly , Inc . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason . `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for Wii Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for PC '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' gets a real - time iPad app '' . CNN Tech . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Nature Medicine . 15 : 590 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight Mile : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Further reading ( edit ) Burkhead , Cynthia ; Robson , Hillary ( 2008 ) . Grace under Pressure : Grey 's Anatomy Uncovered . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1847185347 . Van Dusen , Chris ; McKee , Stacy ( 2006 ) . Grey 's Anatomy : Overheard at the Emerald City Bar . Hyperion Books . ISBN 1401308821 . Wilson , Leah ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy 101 : Seattle Grace , Unauthorized . BenBella Books . ISBN 1933771143 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGrey 's Anatomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at TV.com Grey 's Anatomy on Hotstar - Star India 's Official Streaming Website Grey 's Anatomy at Yahoo ! TV Preceded by The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Super Bowl lead - out program 2006 Succeeded by Criminal Minds 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A corazón abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Related Shondaland Awards for Greys Anatomy Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the grey's anatomy set located	[ "But, the hospital used for most other exterior and a few interior shots is not in Seattle; these scenes are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills, California, and occasional shots from an interior walkway above the lobby show dry California mountains in the distance.[67] The exterior of Meredith Grey's house, also known as the Intern House, is real. In the show, the address of Grey's home is 613 Harper Lane, but this is not an actual address. The physical house is located at 303 W. Comstock St., on Queen Anne Hill, Seattle, Washington. Most scenes are taped at Prospect Studios in Los Feliz, just east of Hollywood, where the Grey's Anatomy set occupies six sound stages. Some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle. Several props used are working medical equipment, including the MRI machine.[68]" ]	[ "Prospect Studios in Los Feliz, just east of Hollywood" ]
-4961952659485511828	You're the One That I Want	You 're the One That I Want - wikipedia You 're the One That I Want For the 2007 American reality TV competition show , see Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! `` You 're the One That I Want '' Single by John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John from the album Grease : The Original Soundtrack from the Motion Picture B - side `` Alone At The Drive - In Movie ( Instrumental ) '' Released 17 May 1978 Genre Pop , disco Length 2 : 49 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) John Farrar Producer ( s ) John Farrar Olivia Newton - John single singles chronology `` Jolene '' ( 1978 ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' ( 1978 ) `` Summer Nights '' ( 1978 ) John Travolta singles chronology `` Razzamatazz '' ( 1977 ) Razzamatazz1977 `` You 're the One That I Want '' ( 1978 ) You 're the One That I Want1978 `` Summer Nights '' ( 1978 ) Summer Nights 1978 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Favorable `` You 're the One That I Want '' is a song written by John Farrar for the 1978 film version of the musical Grease . It was performed by John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John . It is one of the best - selling singles of all time , having sold over 6 million copies among the United States , the United Kingdom , and France alone , with estimates of more than 15 million copies sold overall . `` You 're the One That I Want '' was one of the two singles Farrar wrote specifically for Newton - John 's appearance in the film that had not been in the original stage musical , the other being `` Hopelessly Devoted to You . '' Randal Kleiser , the film 's director , was not fond of this song because he felt that it did not mesh well with the rest of the Warren Casey - Jim Jacobs score . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Chart history 3 The 1998 ' re-release ' 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 Lo - Fang version 6 Cover versions 7 See also 8 References Synopsis ( edit ) Danny Zuko ( Travolta ) , leader of the T - Birds , has recently lettered in cross-country running in an effort to win back his estranged girlfriend Sandy ( Newton - John ) ; unbeknownst to him , Sandy , who has been conflicted about her upright and proper etiquette in a school full of brash greasers , has herself transformed into a greaser queen to win Danny back . In the song , Danny expresses pleasant shock and arousal at Sandy 's transformation , with Sandy responding that Danny must `` shape up '' to prove himself capable of treating Sandy the right way . The song originally written at this point in the original musical , `` All Choked Up , '' was similar in theme , but different in style , written as a pastiche of Elvis Presley 's `` All Shook Up '' and with Sandy being more provocative . `` All Choked Up '' was one of two songs from the Jacobs / Casey score that was excised completely from both the film and the film 's soundtrack . Most 21st - century performances of the musical also include `` You 're the One That I Want '' instead of `` All Choked Up . '' Chart History ( edit ) Upon its release in conjunction with the film ( and its status as a potential blockbuster worldwide ) , the single became a huge international hit , reaching number 1 in several countries . In the U.S. the single reached # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and on July 18 was certified Platinum for shipments exceeding 2 million copies . ( It was already Gold by April 12 . ) It also topped the UK Singles Chart for nine weeks in the summer of 1978 , some months before the film had even been released in that country . As of 2018 , it is still the fifth best - selling single of all time in the U.K. , where it has sold 2 million copies . The 1998 ' re-release ' ( edit ) A re-released dance version of the single by Almighty Records reached # 4 in the UK and # 27 in Australia in 1998 , the twentieth anniversary of the film 's debut . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) European Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland Italy Japan Oricon Singles Chart 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 23 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia 32 Ireland 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Australia Canada 14 New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 U.S. Cash Box 9 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,800,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 2,050,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Lo - Fang version ( edit ) In 2013 , a synthpop cover version by Lo - Fang reached no . 38 in France & no . 194 in the UK . It also reached no . 12 on the UK Indie chart . `` You 're The One That I Want '' Single by Lo - Fang from the album Blue Film Released 2014 Format 7 '' Single Genre Synthpop Length 3 : 25 Label 4AD Songwriter ( s ) John Farrar Producer ( s ) Francois Tetaz Lo - Fang singles chronology `` '' # 88 `` '' ( 2013 ) `` You 're The One That I Want '' ( 2014 ) Lo - Fang 's version was created for the Chanel No. 5 commercial featuring Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bundchen . Cover versions ( edit ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' Single by Craig McLachlan and Debbie Gibson from the album Grease - Original London Cast Recording Released 1993 Length 3 : 27 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) John Farrar Debbie Gibson single singles chronology `` Free Me '' ( 1993 ) `` You 're the One That I Want '' ( 1993 ) `` For Better or Worse '' ( 1995 ) Craig McLachlan singles chronology `` Time Warp '' ( 1992 ) Time Warp 1992 `` You 're the One That I Want '' ( 1993 ) You 're the One That I Want1993 `` Grease '' ( 1993 ) Grease 1993 In 1984 , Kids Incorporated covered `` You 're the One That I Want '' in the Season 1 episode `` Civic Day Parade '' . Kids Incorporated covered `` You 're the One That I Want '' again in 1985 in the Season 2 episode `` Decade of Hits '' . In 1993 , Epic Records released the London cast recording , Grease - Original London Cast Recording , and `` You 're the One That I Want '' was issued as the lead single by Craig McLachlan and Deborah Gibson ( Epic UK 659 522 , released July 1993 ) . It peaked at number thirteen in the UK . British comedians Arthur Mullard and Hylda Baker also released a version of the song in 1978 . Their version reached No. 22 in the UK . In 1978 , the German comedians Dieter Hallervorden and Helga Feddersen released a parody version under the title Du , die Wanne ist voll . The song reached position number four in the German charts . The song serves as the source of the title of the American reality TV show Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! . In 2012 , a cover version by Angus & Julia Stone was used in commercials for Sky ( UK and Ireland ) . In 2013 , a synthpop cover version by Lo - Fang reached no . 38 in France & no . 194 in the UK . The song was covered for the video game Just Dance 2016 , as the song appears in - game . In 2017 , a cover version by Stephanie Tarling was used in commercials for the Microsoft Surface Laptop . In 2018 , the Foo Fighters performed the cover three times , Lexington KY , Tampa , FL and another at the festival Welcome to Rockville featuring John Travolta coming on stage . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in France List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom Grease : You 're the One that I Want ! -- a reality game show where contestants competed to star on a Broadway - style revival of the musical List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joe Viglione . `` You 're the One That I Want - Olivia Newton - John , John Travolta - Song Info '' . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( August 26 , 1978 ) . `` Billboard Vol. 90 , No. 34 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 08 . `` You 're the One That I Want '' and `` Shadow Dancing '' each did 2.5 million `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John ; ' You 're The One That I Want ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Record Breakers and Trivia : Singles : Individual Hits : Sales '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les 45 T. / Singles les plus vendus en France '' . Infodisc.fr ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D-B Dramahawks performing Broadway giant `` Grease '' `` . The Loafer Online . 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gibb Songs : 1978 '' . www.columbia.edu . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 484 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . ^ Jump up to : `` You 're the One That I Want - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sedghi , Ami ( 4 November 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton - John / ? type = single Musicline.de -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John -- You 're The One That I Want '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Travolta Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton - John Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Newton - John '' . wweb.uta.edu . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You '' . wweb.uta.edu . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1978 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1978 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1970s Singles Chart Archive '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( John Travolta / Olivia Newton - John ; ' You 're the One That I Want ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British certifications -- Olivia Newton - John & John Travolta -- You 're the One That I Want '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter You 're the One That I Want in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Naughty Boy and Sam Smith smash 1 million UK sales with La La La '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Newton - John , Olivia and John Travolta -- You 're the One That I Want '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Kids Incorporated ( 4 July 2006 ) . `` Kids Incorporated - You 're The One That I Want '' . Retrieved 9 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Kornel Kovats ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Kids Incorporated - Decade of Hits # Full Episode '' . Retrieved 9 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 29 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Grease Adaptations Grease Grease 2 Grease : Live Songs `` Grease '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' `` Greased Lightnin ' '' `` Beauty School Dropout '' `` Sandy '' `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' `` You 're the One That I Want '' `` The Grease Megamix '' Soundtracks / albums Grease ( film ) soundtrack Grease 2 soundtrack 2007 Broadway cast recording TV series Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! 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-1968961456792867021	Giant squid	Giant squid - wikipedia Giant squid This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Colossal squid . For other uses , see Giant squid ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Giant squid Giant squid , Architeuthis sp. , modified from an illustration by A.E. Verrill , 1880 Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Cephalopoda Order : Oegopsida Family : Architeuthidae Pfeffer , 1900 Genus : Architeuthis Steenstrup in Harting , 1860 Species : A. dux Binomial name Architeuthis dux Steenstrup , 1857 Worldwide giant squid distribution based on recovered specimens Synonyms Architeuthus Steenstrup , 1857 Dinoteuthis More , 1875 Dubioteuthis Joubin , 1900 Megaloteuthis Kent , 1874 Megateuthis Hilgendorf in Carus , 1880 Megateuthus Hilgendorf , 1880 Mouchezis Vélain , 1877 Plectoteuthis Owen , 1881 Steenstrupia Kirk , 1882 The giant squid ( genus Architeuthis ) is a deep - ocean dwelling squid in the family Architeuthidae . Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size due to deep - sea gigantism : recent estimates put the maximum size at 13 m ( 43 ft ) for females and 10 m ( 33 ft ) for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles ( second only to the colossal squid at an estimated 14 m ( 46 ft ) , one of the largest living organisms ) . The mantle is about 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) long ( more for females , less for males ) , and the length of the squid excluding its tentacles ( but including head and arms ) rarely exceeds 5 m ( 16 ft ) . Claims of specimens measuring 20 m ( 66 ft ) or more have not been scientifically documented . The number of different giant squid species has been debated , but recent genetic research suggests that only one species exists . In 2004 , Japanese researchers took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat , and in July 2012 , a live adult was first filmed in its natural habitat off Chichijima . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology and anatomy 2 Size 3 Reproductive cycle 4 Genetics 5 Ecology 5.1 Feeding 5.2 Predators and potential cannibalism 5.3 Range and habitat 6 Species 7 Timeline 7.1 Images and video of live animals 7.1. 1 First images of live adult 7.1. 2 First observations in the wild 7.1. 3 First video of live adult 8 Cultural depictions 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Morphology and anatomy ( edit ) See also : Squid and Cephalopod Like all squid , a giant squid has a mantle ( torso ) , eight arms , and two longer tentacles ( the longest known tentacles of any cephalopod ) . The arms and tentacles account for much of the squid 's great length , making it much lighter than its chief predator , the sperm whale . Scientifically documented specimens have masses of hundreds , rather than thousands , of kilograms ( 100 kg is approximately 220 lb ) . Tentacular club of Architeuthis The inside surfaces of the arms and tentacles are lined with hundreds of subspherical suction cups , 2 to 5 cm ( 0.79 to 1.97 in ) in diameter , each mounted on a stalk . The circumference of these suckers is lined with sharp , finely serrated rings of chitin . The perforation of these teeth and the suction of the cups serve to attach the squid to its prey . It is common to find circular scars from the suckers on or close to the head of sperm whales that have attacked giant squid . Each tentacular club is divided into three regions -- the carpus ( `` wrist '' ) , manus ( `` hand '' ) and dactylus ( `` finger '' ) . The carpus has a dense cluster of cups , in six or seven irregular , transverse rows . The manus is broader , closer to the end of the club , and has enlarged suckers in two medial rows . The dactylus is the tip . The bases of all the arms and tentacles are arranged in a circle surrounding the animal 's single , parrot - like beak , as in other cephalopods . A portion of sperm whale skin with giant squid sucker scars Giant squid have small fins at the rear of their mantles used for locomotion . Like other cephalopods , they are propelled by jet -- by pulling water into the mantle cavity , and pushing it through the siphon , in gentle , rhythmic pulses . They can also move quickly by expanding the cavity to fill it with water , then contracting muscles to jet water through the siphon . Giant squid breathe using two large gills inside the mantle cavity . The circulatory system is closed , which is a distinct characteristic of cephalopods . Like other squid , they contain dark ink used to deter predators . The beak of a giant squid , surrounded by the buccal mass The giant squid has a sophisticated nervous system and complex brain , attracting great interest from scientists . It also has the largest eyes of any living creature except perhaps the colossal squid -- up to at least 27 cm ( 11 in ) in diameter , with a 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) pupil ( only the extinct ichthyosaurs are known to have had larger eyes ) . Large eyes can better detect light ( including bioluminescent light ) , which is scarce in deep water . The giant squid probably can not see colour , but it can probably discern small differences in tone , which is important in the low - light conditions of the deep ocean . Giant squid and some other large squid species maintain neutral buoyancy in seawater through an ammonium chloride solution which is found throughout their bodies and is lighter than seawater . This differs from the method of flotation used by most fish , which involves a gas - filled swim bladder . The solution tastes somewhat like salmiakki and makes giant squid unattractive for general human consumption . Like all cephalopods , giant squid use organs called statocysts to sense their orientation and motion in water . The age of a giant squid can be determined by `` growth rings '' in the statocyst 's statolith , similar to determining the age of a tree by counting its rings . Much of what is known about giant squid age is based on estimates of the growth rings and from undigested beaks found in the stomachs of sperm whales . Size ( edit ) See also : Cephalopod size The giant squid is the second - largest mollusc and one of the largest of all extant invertebrates . It is only exceeded by the colossal squid , Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni , which may have a mantle nearly twice as long . Several extinct cephalopods , such as the Cretaceous vampyromorphid Tusoteuthis , the Cretaceous coleoid Yezoteuthis , and the Ordovician nautiloid Cameroceras may have grown even larger . Giant squid size , particularly total length , has often been exaggerated . Reports of specimens reaching and even exceeding 20 m ( 66 ft ) are widespread , but no specimens approaching this size have been scientifically documented . According to giant squid expert Steve O'Shea , such lengths were likely achieved by greatly stretching the two tentacles like elastic bands . A giant squid specimen measuring over 4 m ( 13 ft ) without its two long feeding tentacles Based on the examination of 130 specimens and of beaks found inside sperm whales , giant squids ' mantles are not known to exceed 2.25 m ( 7 ft 4.6 in ) . Including the head and arms , but excluding the tentacles , the length very rarely exceeds 5 m ( 16 ft ) . Maximum total length , when measured relaxed post mortem , is estimated at 13 m ( 43 ft ) for females and 10 m ( 33 ft ) for males from the posterior fins to the tip of the two long tentacles . Giant squid exhibit sexual dimorphism . Maximum weight is estimated at 275 kg ( 606 lb ) for females and 150 kg ( 330 lb ) for males . Reproductive cycle ( edit ) Little is known about the reproductive cycle of giant squid . They are thought to reach sexual maturity at about three years old ; males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than females . Females produce large quantities of eggs , sometimes more than 5 kg ( 11 lb ) , that average 0.5 to 1.4 mm ( 0.020 to 0.055 in ) long and 0.3 to 0.7 mm ( 0.012 to 0.028 in ) wide . Females have a single median ovary in the rear end of the mantle cavity and paired , convoluted oviducts , where mature eggs pass exiting through the oviducal glands , then through the nidamental glands . As in other squid , these glands produce a gelatinous material used to keep the eggs together once they are laid . In males , as with most other cephalopods , the single , posterior testis produces sperm that move into a complex system of glands that manufacture the spermatophores . These are stored in the elongate sac , or Needham 's sac , that terminates in the penis from which they are expelled during mating . The penis is prehensile , over 90 cm ( 35 in ) long , and extends from inside the mantle . How the sperm is transferred to the egg mass is much debated , as giant squid lack the hectocotylus used for reproduction in many other cephalopods . It may be transferred in sacs of spermatophores , called spermatangia , which the male injects into the female 's arms . This is suggested by a female specimen recently found in Tasmania , having a small subsidiary tendril attached to the base of each arm . Post-larval juveniles have been discovered in surface waters off New Zealand , with plans to capture more and maintain them in an aquarium to learn more about the creature . Young giant squid specimens were found off the coast of southern Japan in 2013 and confirmed through genetic analysis . Genetics ( edit ) Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of giant squid individuals from all over the world has found that there is little variation between individuals across the globe ( just 181 differing genetic base pairs out of 20,331 ) . This suggests that there is but a single species of giant squid in the world . Squid larvae may be dispersed by ocean currents across vast distances . Ecology. ( edit ) Feeding ( edit ) The dramatization of an underwater encounter between the sperm whale and giant squid , from a diorama in the Hall of Ocean Life at the American Museum of Natural History Recent studies have shown giant squid feed on deep - sea fish and other squid species . They catch prey using the two tentacles , gripping it with serrated sucker rings on the ends . Then they bring it toward the powerful beak , and shred it with the radula ( tongue with small , file - like teeth ) before it reaches the esophagus . They are believed to be solitary hunters , as only individual giant squid have been caught in fishing nets . Although the majority of giant squid caught by trawl in New Zealand waters have been associated with the local hoki ( Macruronus novaezelandiae ) fishery , hoki do not feature in the squid 's diet . This suggests giant squid and hoki prey on the same animals . Predators and potential cannibalism ( edit ) The only known predators of adult giant squid are sperm whales , but pilot whales may also feed on them . Juveniles are preyed on by deep - sea sharks and other fish . Because sperm whales are skilled at locating giant squid , scientists have tried to observe them to study the squid . Giant squid have also been recently discovered to presumably steal food from each other ; in mid-to - late October 2016 , a 9 m ( 30 ft ) giant squid washed ashore in Galicia , Spain . The squid had been photographed alive shortly before its death by a tourist named Javier Ondicol , and examination of its corpse by the Coordinators for the Study and Protection of Marine Species ( CEPESMA ) indicates that the squid was attacked and mortally wounded by another giant squid , losing parts of its fins , and receiving damage to its mantle , one of its gills and losing an eye . The intact nature of the specimen indicates that the giant squid managed to escape its rival by slowly retreating to shallow water , where it died of its wounds . The incident is the second to be documented among Architeuthis recorded in Spain , with the other occurring in Villaviciosa . Evidence in the form of giant squid stomach contents containing beak fragments from other giant squid in Tasmania also supports the theory that the species is at least occasionally cannibalistic . Alternatively , such squid - on - squid attacks may be a result of competition for prey . These traits are seen in the Humboldt squid as well , indicating that cannibalism in large squid may be more common than originally thought . Range and habitat ( edit ) Giant squid are widespread , occurring in all of the world 's oceans . They are usually found near continental and island slopes from the North Atlantic Ocean , especially Newfoundland , Norway , the northern British Isles , Spain and the oceanic islands of the Azores and Madeira , to the South Atlantic around southern Africa , the North Pacific around Japan , and the southwestern Pacific around New Zealand and Australia . Specimens are rare in tropical and polar latitudes . The vertical distribution of giant squid is incompletely known , but data from trawled specimens and sperm whale diving behaviour suggest it spans a large range of depths , possibly 300 -- 1,000 metres ( 980 -- 3,280 ft ) . Species ( edit ) The taxonomy of the giant squid , as with many cephalopod genera , has long been debated . Lumpers and splitters may propose as many as eight species or as few as one . The broadest list is : Architeuthis dux , Atlantic giant squid Architeuthis hartingii Architeuthis japonica Architeuthis kirkii Architeuthis martensi , North Pacific giant squid Architeuthis physeteris Architeuthis sanctipauli , southern giant squid Architeuthis stockii Architeuthis sanctipauli was described in 1877 based on a specimen found washed ashore in Île Saint - Paul three years earlier . It is unclear if these are distinct species , as no genetic or physical basis for distinguishing between them has yet been proposed . Some sources on the internet mention a species Architeuthis princeps . In the 1984 FAO Species Catalogue of the Cephalopods of the World , Roper , et al. wrote : Many species have been named in the sole genus of the family Architeuthidae , but they are so inadequately described and poorly understood that the systematics of the group is thoroughly confused . In Cephalopods : A World Guide ( 2000 ) , Mark Norman writes : The number of species of giant squid is not known , although the general consensus amongst researchers is that there are at least three species , one in the Atlantic Ocean ( Architeuthis dux ) , one in the Southern Ocean ( A. sanctipauli ) and at least one in the northern Pacific Ocean ( A. martensi ) . In March 2013 , researchers at the University of Copenhagen suggested that , based on DNA research , there is only one species : ... researchers at the University of Copenhagen leading an international team , have discovered that no matter where in the world they are found , the fabled animals are so closely related at the genetic level that they represent a single , global population , and thus despite previous statements to the contrary , a single species worldwide . Timeline ( edit ) Main article : List of giant squid specimens and sightings Alecton attempts to capture a giant squid in 1861 Aristotle , who lived in the fourth century BC , described a large squid , which he called teuthus , distinguishing it from the smaller squid , the teuthis . He mentions , `` of the calamaries , the so - called teuthus is much bigger than the teuthis ; for teuthi ( plural of teuthus ) have been found as much as five ells long '' . Pliny the Elder , living in the first century AD , also described a gigantic squid in his Natural History , with the head `` as big as a cask '' , arms 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) long , and carcass weighing 700 lb ( 320 kg ) . Tales of giant squid have been common among mariners since ancient times , and may have led to the Norse legend of the kraken , a tentacled sea monster as large as an island capable of engulfing and sinking any ship . Japetus Steenstrup , the describer of Architeuthis , suggested a giant squid was the species described as a sea monk to the Danish king Christian III circa 1550 . The Lusca of the Caribbean and Scylla in Greek mythology may also derive from giant squid sightings . Eyewitness accounts of other sea monsters like the sea serpent are also thought to be mistaken interpretations of giant squid . Steenstrup wrote a number of papers on giant squid in the 1850s . He first used the term `` Architeuthus '' ( this was the spelling he chose ) in a paper in 1857 . A portion of a giant squid was secured by the French corvette Alecton in 1861 , leading to wider recognition of the genus in the scientific community . From 1870 to 1880 , many squid were stranded on the shores of Newfoundland . For example , a specimen washed ashore in Thimble Tickle Bay , Newfoundland on 2 November 1878 ; its mantle was reported to be 6.1 m ( 20 ft ) long , with one tentacle 10.7 m ( 35 ft ) long , and it was estimated as weighing 1 short ton ( 0.9 t ) . In 1873 , a squid `` attacked '' a minister and a young boy in a dory near Bell Island , Newfoundland . Many strandings also occurred in New Zealand during the late 19th century . Giant squid from Logy Bay , Newfoundland in Reverend Moses Harvey 's bathtub , November / December 1873 Although strandings continue to occur sporadically throughout the world , none have been as frequent as those at Newfoundland and New Zealand in the 19th century . It is not known why giant squid become stranded on shore , but it may be because the distribution of deep , cold water where squid live is temporarily altered . Many scientists who have studied squid mass strandings believe they are cyclical and predictable . The length of time between strandings is not known , but was proposed to be 90 years by Architeuthis specialist Frederick Aldrich . Aldrich used this value to correctly predict a relatively small stranding that occurred between 1964 and 1966 . In 2004 , another giant squid , later named `` Archie '' , was caught off the coast of the Falkland Islands by a fishing trawler . It was 8.62 m ( 28.3 ft ) long and was sent to the Natural History Museum in London to be studied and preserved . It was put on display on 1 March 2006 at the Darwin Centre . The find of such a large , complete specimen is very rare , as most specimens are in a poor condition , having washed up dead on beaches or been retrieved from the stomachs of dead sperm whales . Researchers undertook a painstaking process to preserve the body . It was transported to England on ice aboard the trawler ; then it was defrosted , which took about four days . The major difficulty was that thawing the thick mantle took much longer than the tentacles . To prevent the tentacles from rotting , scientists covered them in ice packs , and bathed the mantle in water . Then they injected the squid with a formol - saline solution to prevent rotting . The creature is now on show in a 9 m ( 30 ft ) glass tank at the Darwin Centre of the Natural History Museum . The giant squid specimen preserved in a block of ice at the Melbourne Aquarium In December 2005 , the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia paid A $100,000 for the intact body of a 7 - metre - long ( 23 ft ) giant squid , preserved in a giant block of ice , which had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand 's South Island that year . The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 700 in 2011 , and new ones are reported each year . Around 30 of these specimens are exhibited at museums and aquaria worldwide . The Centro del Calamar Gigante in Luarca , Spain , had by far the largest collection on public display , but many of the museum 's specimens were destroyed during a storm in February 2014 . The search for a live Architeuthis specimen includes attempts to find live young , including larvae . The larvae closely resemble those of Nototodarus and Onykia , but are distinguished by the shape of the mantle attachment to the head , the tentacle suckers , and the beaks . Images and video of live animals ( edit ) By the turn of the 21st century , the giant squid remained one of the few extant megafauna to have never been photographed alive , either in the wild or in captivity . Marine biologist and author Richard Ellis described it as `` the most elusive image in natural history '' . In 1993 , an image purporting to show a diver with a live giant squid ( identified as Architeuthis dux ) was published in the book European Seashells . However , the animal in this photograph was a sick or dying Onykia robusta , not a giant squid . The first footage of live ( larval ) giant squid ever captured on film was in 2001 . The footage was shown on Chasing Giants : On the Trail of the Giant Squid on the Discovery Channel . First images of live adult ( edit ) The specimen from Goshiki beach is seen here tied with a rope , its delicate skin only partially intact . Muscular constriction around the squid 's eye obscures much of its surface in this image . The first image of a live mature giant squid was taken on 15 January 2002 , on Goshiki beach , Amino Cho , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan . The animal , which measured about 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) in mantle length and 4 m ( 13 ft ) in total length , was found near the water 's surface . It was captured and tied to a quay , where it died overnight . The specimen was identified by Koutarou Tsuchiya of the Tokyo University of Fisheries . It is on display at the National Science Museum of Japan . First observations in the wild ( edit ) The first photographs of a live giant squid in its natural habitat were taken on 30 September 2004 , by Tsunemi Kubodera ( National Science Museum of Japan ) and Kyoichi Mori ( Ogasawara Whale Watching Association ) . Their teams had worked together for nearly two years to accomplish this . They used a five - ton fishing boat and only two crew members . The images were created on their third trip to a known sperm whale hunting ground 970 km ( 600 mi ) south of Tokyo , where they had dropped a 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) line baited with squid and shrimp . The line also held a camera and a flash . After over twenty tries that day , an 8 m ( 26 ft ) giant squid attacked the lure and snagged its tentacle . The camera took over 500 photos before the squid managed to break free after four hours . The squid 's 5.5 m ( 18 ft ) tentacle remained attached to the lure . Later DNA tests confirmed the animal as a giant squid . One of the series of images of a live giant squid taken by Kubodera and Mori in 2004 On 27 September 2005 , Kubodera and Mori released the photographs to the world . The photo sequence , taken at a depth of 900 metres ( 3,000 ft ) off Japan 's Ogasawara Islands , shows the squid homing in on the baited line and enveloping it in `` a ball of tentacles '' . The researchers were able to locate the likely general location of giant squid by closely tailing the movements of sperm whales . According to Kubodera , `` we knew that they fed on the squid , and we knew when and how deep they dived , so we used them to lead us to the squid '' . Kubodera and Mori reported their observations in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society . Among other things , the observations demonstrate actual hunting behaviors of adult Architeuthis , a subject on which there had been much speculation . The photographs showed an aggressive hunting pattern by the baited squid , leading to it impaling a tentacle on the bait ball 's hooks . This may disprove the theory that the giant squid is a drifter which eats whatever floats by , rarely moving so as to conserve energy . It seems the species has a much more aggressive feeding technique . First video of live adult ( edit ) In November 2006 , American explorer and diver Scott Cassell led an expedition to the Gulf of California with the aim of filming a giant squid in its natural habitat . The team employed a novel filming method : using a Humboldt squid carrying a specially designed camera clipped to its fin . The camera - bearing squid caught on film what was claimed to be a giant squid , with an estimated length of 40 feet ( 12 m ) , engaging in predatory behavior . The footage aired a year later on a History Channel program , MonsterQuest : Giant Squid Found . Cassell subsequently distanced himself from this documentary , claiming that it contained multiple factual and scientific errors . On 4 December 2006 , an adult giant squid was caught on video near the Ogasawara Islands , 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) south of Tokyo , by researchers from the National Science Museum of Japan led by Tsunemi Kubodera . It was a small female about 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) long and weighing 50 kg ( 110 lb ) . The bait used by the scientists initially attracted a medium - sized squid measuring around 55 cm ( 22 in ) , which in turn attracted the giant squid . It was pulled aboard the research vessel , but died in the process . In July 2012 , a crew from television networks NHK and Discovery Channel captured what they describe as `` the first - ever footage of a live giant squid in its natural habitat '' . The footage was revealed on a NHK Special on 13 January 2013 , and was shown on Discovery Channel 's show Monster Squid : The Giant Is Real on 27 January 2013 , and on Giant Squid : Filming the Impossible -- Natural World Special on BBC Two . The squid was about 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) long and was missing its feeding tentacles , likely from a failed attack by a sperm whale . It was drawn into viewing range by both artificial bioluminescence created to mimic panicking Atolla jellyfish and by using a Thysanoteuthis rhombus ( diamond squid ) as bait . The giant squid was filmed feeding for about 23 minutes by Tsunemi Kubodera until it departed . The technique of using unobtrusive viewing and bioluminescence luring of the squid with quiet unobtrusive platforms was described by Edith Widder , a member of the expedition . On 24 December 2015 , a 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) giant squid ( possibly a sub-adult ) appeared in Toyama Bay , Japan in a local harbor . According to a local diving shop owner , the squid was swimming normally when he dove alongside it , and after a few hours of being filmed in the harbor , the animal was guided back into the open ocean . Cultural depictions ( edit ) An illustration from the original edition of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea depicting a giant squid Main articles : Giant squid in popular culture and Kraken in popular culture The elusive nature of the giant squid and its foreign appearance , often perceived as terrifying , have firmly established its place in the human imagination . Representations of the giant squid have been known from early legends of the kraken through books such as Moby - Dick and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea on to novels such as Ian Fleming 's Dr. No and Peter Benchley 's Beast ( adapted as a film called The Beast ) and modern animated television programs . In particular , the image of a giant squid locked in battle with a sperm whale is a common one , although the squid is , in fact , the whale 's prey , and not an equal combatant . See also ( edit ) Colossal squid , the largest squid species by mass Cthulhu , an alien creature with a cephalopod - like appearance from the H.P. Lovecraft story `` The Call of Cthulhu '' Enteroctopus , a genus whose members are commonly known as giant octopuses Gigantic octopus , a hypothesised species of octopus Humboldt squid , a large species of squid and the only member of the genus Dosidicus Taningia danae , a large squid species of the genus Taningia Watcher in the Water , a colossal , squid - like being in J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Fellowship of the Ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allcock , L. & Barratt , I. ( 2014 ) . `` Architeuthis dux '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2014 : e. T163265A991505 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2014 - 1. RLTS. T163265A991505. en . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , H.J. 2007 . Amazing specimen of world 's largest squid in NZ . New Zealand Government website . ^ Jump up to : Michael Marshall ( March 20 , 2013 ) . World 's giant squid are one big happy family . New Scientist issue 2909 . ^ Jump up to : Kubodera , T. ; Mori , K. ( 2005 ) . `` First - ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 272 ( 1581 ) : 2583 -- 6 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3158 . PMC 1559985 . PMID 16321779 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Giant Squid , Captured on Camera in its Natural Habitat for the First Time Ever ! Revealed on NHK and Discovery Channel '' ( PDF ) . NHK. 9 January 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeleveld , M.A.C. ( 2002 ) . `` Tentacle morphology of the giant squid Architeuthis from the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . 71 ( 2 ) : 725 -- 737 . Jump up ^ Young , R.E. , M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold ( 2001 ) . Tentacular Club Variation in Cephalopods . Tree of Life web project . Jump up ^ Young , R.E. , M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold ( 2000 ) . Cephalopod Tentacle Terminology . Tree of Life web project . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Dan - Eric ; Warrant , Eric J. ; Johnsen , Sönke ; Hanlon , Roger ; Shashar , Nadav ( 2012 ) . `` A Unique Advantage for Giant Eyes in Giant Squid '' . Current Biology . 22 ( 8 ) : 683 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2012.02. 031 . PMID 22425154 . Jump up ^ Piper , R. ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Eyden , P. ( 2004 ) Cretaceous Giant Squid . The Octopus News Magazine Online . Jump up ^ Tanabe , K. ; Hikida , Y . & Iba , Y. ( 2006 ) . `` Two coleoid jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido , Japan '' . Journal of Paleontology. 80 : 138 -- 145 . doi : 10.1666 / 0022 - 3360 ( 2006 ) 080 ( 0138 : TCJFTU ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Teichert , C. ; B. Kümmel ( 1960 ) . `` Size of Endocerid Cephalopods '' . Breviora Mus . Comp . Zool. 128 : 1 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : O'Shea , S. 2003 . `` Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet '' . The Octopus News Magazine Online . Jump up ^ Schrope , M. ( 27 February 2002 ) Giant Squid Babies Captured . Discovery News . Jump up ^ Wada , Toshifumi ; Kubodera , Tsunemi ( 2015 ) . `` First records of small - sized young giant squid Architeuthis dux from the coasts of Kyushu Island and the south - western Sea of Japan '' . Marine Biodiversity Records . 8 : 158 -- 164 . doi : 10.1017 / S175526721500127X . Jump up ^ Jozuka , E. ( 23 october 2015 ) Giant Squid Babies Found for the First Time . `` Motherboard ( Vice ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Bolstad , K.S. ; O'Shea , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Gut contents of a giant squid Architeuthis dux ( Cephalopoda : Oegopsida ) from New Zealand waters '' . New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31 : 15 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014223.2004. 9518354 . Jump up ^ Aguilar de Soto , N. ; Johnson , M.P. ; Madsen , P.T. ; Díaz , F. ; Domínguez , I. ; Brito , A. ; Tyack , P. ( 2008 ) . `` Cheetahs of the deep sea : deep foraging sprints in short - finned pilot whales off Tenerife ( Canary Islands ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Animal Ecology. 77 ( 5 ) : 936 -- 47 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2656.2008. 01393. x . PMID 18444999 . Jump up ^ Whales are ' cheetahs of the deep ' . BBC News , 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Cherel , Yves ; Duhamel , Guy ( 2004 ) . `` Antarctic jaws : cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers. 51 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 31 . Bibcode : 2004DSRI ... 51 ... 17C . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2003.09. 009 . Jump up ^ `` The Bloody Pirate Life of One of the Ocean 's Most Elusive Creatures '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Washed - up giant squid shows signs of fierce deep - sea fight '' . Earth Touch News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Guerra , Á. , Á. F. González , F. Rocha , J. Gracia & L. Laria 2006 . Enigmas de la Ciencia : El Calamar Gigante . CEPESMA , Vigo , Spain . Jump up ^ Roper , C.F.E. ( 1998 ) Architeuthidae Pfeffer 1900 . Tree of Life web project . Jump up ^ `` '' architeuthis princeps '' - Google Search `` . google.co.uk . Jump up ^ Roper C.F.E. , M.J. Sweeney & C.E. Nauen ( 1984 ) Cephalopods of the World . Food and Agriculture Organization , Rome , Italy . ^ Jump up to : Norman , M.D. 2000 . Cephalopods : A World Guide . ConchBooks . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ; Winkelmann , Inger ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Monster from the deep hits the surface '' . University of Copenhagen . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . N.d. Historia animalium . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , R. 1998 . The Search for the Giant Squid . Lyons Press ( London ) . Jump up ^ Pliny . N.d. Naturalis historia . Jump up ^ The Search for the Giant Squid : Chapter One . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Kraken : when myth encounters science '' . Jump up ^ `` Sea Monks , Sea Bishops , and the Mysterious Umibōzu of Japan Mysterious Universe '' . mysteriousuniverse.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Verrill , A.E. ( Addison Emery ) ( 1882 ) . `` Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America ( pg 15 - 16 ) '' . Jump up ^ Jha , Alok ( 1 March 2006 ) . `` Giant sea creature goes on display '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Holroyd , Jane ( 21 December 2005 ) . `` New squid on the ( ice ) block '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Giant squid goes on display . Natural History Museum , 28 February 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Guerra , Á. ; González , Á. F. ; Pascual , S. ; Dawe , E.G. ( 2011 ) . `` The giant squid Architeuthis : an emblematic invertebrate that can represent concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity '' . Biological Conservation. 144 ( 7 ) : 1989 -- 1997 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2011.04. 021 . Jump up ^ El calamar gigante de Gandia se salva del temporal del Cantábrico . Levante - EMV , 4 February 2014 . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Poppe , G.T. and Goto , Y. ( 1993 ) European Seashells . Hemmen . Jump up ^ Chasing Giants : On the Trail of the Giant Squid . niwa.cri.nz ( 28 February 2002 ) Jump up ^ O'Shea , S. ( 4 October 2003 ) Re : Living Architeuthis photo . The Octopus News Magazine Online . Jump up ^ O'Shea , S. ( 4 October 2003 ) Re : Living Architeuthis photo . The Octopus News Magazine Online . ^ Jump up to : ( in Japanese ) ( Anonymous ) 2002 . 巨大イカ現れる ! ! . Kyoto Prefecture Web Site . ( second page ) Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) ( Anonymous ) 2006 . 丹後の海の生き物 ( ダイオウイカ ) . Kyoto Prefecture Web Site , 13 December 2006 . Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) ( Anonymous ) 2008 . ダイオウイカが舞鶴市神崎海岸に漂着しました . Kyoto Prefecture Web Site , January 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) ( Anonymous ) 2008 . ダイオウイカを標本に : 国立科学博物館が制作、舞鶴の砂浜に漂着 . Kyoto Shimbun , 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Undersea Voyager Project -- Board of Directors '' . Undersea Voyager Project . 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Cassell -- EG Bio '' ( PDF ) . Explore Green . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Scott ( 20 November 2007 ) . `` Monster Quest : The Giant Squid - Found / Scott Cassell 's Blog '' . ScubaBoard.com . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant squid caught on video by Japanese scientists '' . Reuters. 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Giant squid filmed in Pacific depths : Japan scientists '' . AFP News . 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Creature '' . NHK Ocean and Planet ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Archived from the original on 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 史上初の快挙深海で泳ぐダイオウイカを世界初放送 ( The first admirable act : The first broadcast of the giant squid which swims in the deep sea ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon. 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Robey , Jason ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Giant Squid Captured on Video for First Time '' . Discovery . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Giant Squid : Filming the Impossible -- Natural World Special . BBC . Jump up ^ Monster Squid : The Giant Is Real . Discovery Channel . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of `` How we found the giant squid '' `` . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Squid Visits Harbor in Japan '' . DNews . Jump up ^ Euan McKirdy ; Junko Ogura ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Giant squid surfaces in Japanese harbor - CNN.com '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Yahoo Travel Editors ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` ANIMALS Amazing ! Rare Giant Squid Caught on Film in Japan '' . YAHOO ! Travel . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hoare , Philip ( 3 June 2013 ) Giant squid eaten by Sperm Whales . independent.co.uk Further reading ( edit ) National Geographic Video : `` Sea Monsters '' Aldrich , F.A. & E.L. Brown 1967 . The Giant Squid in Newfoundland . The Newfoundland Quarterly . Vol . LXV No. 3 . p. 4 -- 8 . `` New giant squid predator found '' . BBC News . 8 January 2004 . Retrieved 6 October 2005 . Holroyd , J. New squid on the ( ice ) block , The Age , 21 December 2005 . Grann , D . The Squid Hunter . New Yorker , 24 May 2004 . Foxnews.com : `` New giant squid predator found '' . Fox News . 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 December 2006 . BBC.co.uk : `` New giant squid predator found '' . BBC News . 15 January 2003 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Architeuthis . Wikispecies has information related to Architeuthis CephBase : Architeuthis Tree of Life Web Project : Architeuthis TONMO. com 's fact sheet for giant and colossal squids TONMO. com 's giant squid reproduction article Giant Squid -- Smithsonian Ocean Portal New Zealand -- 1999 Expedition Journals In Search of Giant Squid Fishermen haul in world 's biggest squid in the Ross Sea , February 2007 . Video Giant Squid Taxon identifiers Wd : Q204646 ADW : Architeuthis EoL : 51388 GBIF : 2290178 iNaturalist : 246411 IRMNG : 1010478 ITIS : 82392 NCBI : 34555 NZOR : 62814a6f - 902a - 4d14 - b513 - 991355714814 WoRMS : 156850 NDL : 001146919 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_squid&oldid=840308650 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Giant squid Molluscs described in 1860 Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 01 : 46 . 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-9042817870426940180	List of Jessica Jones characters	List of Jessica Jones characters - wikipedia List of Jessica Jones characters Main cast members ( L-R ) Ritter , Colter , Taylor , Moss , Traval , Darville , and Moriarty at the 2015 New York Comic Con . Jessica Jones is an American web television series created for Netflix by Melissa Rosenberg , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise , and is the second in a series of shows that will lead up to a Defenders crossover miniseries . The series stars Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones , with Rachael Taylor , Eka Darville , and Carrie - Anne Moss also starring . They were joined by Mike Colter , Wil Traval , Erin Moriarty , and David Tennant for the first season , and J.R. Ramirez , Terry Chen , Leah Gibson and Janet McTeer for the second season . In addition to original characters , several characters from other Marvel Cinematic Universe television series and / or based on various Marvel properties also appear throughout the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Jessica Jones 2.2 Luke Cage 2.3 Trish Walker 2.4 Will Simpson 2.5 Hope Shlottman 2.6 Malcolm Ducasse 2.7 Jeri Hogarth 2.8 Kilgrave 2.9 Oscar Arocho 2.10 Pryce Cheng 2.11 Inez Green 2.12 Alisa Jones 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in season one 3.1. 1 Pam 3.1. 2 Wendy Ross - Hogarth 3.1. 3 Nicole 3.1. 4 Ruben 3.1. 5 Oscar Clemons 3.1. 6 Robyn 3.1. 7 Clair 3.1. 8 Emma 3.1. 9 Jackson 3.1. 10 Donald 3.1. 11 Louise Thompson 3.1. 12 Dorothy Walker 3.1. 13 Albert Thompson 3.2 Introduced in season two 3.2. 1 Griffin Sinclair 3.2. 2 Steven Benowitz 3.2. 3 Vido Arocho 3.2. 4 Eddy Costa 3.2. 5 Ruth Sunday 3.2. 6 Karl Malus 3.2. 7 Shane Ryback 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in other TV series 4.2 Introduced in season one 4.3 Introduced in season two 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Appearances First Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Main characters Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Luke Cage Mike Colter Main Does not appear Trish Walker Rachael Taylor Main Will Simpson Wil Traval `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' Main Guest Does not appear Hope Shlottman Erin Moriarty `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Does not appear Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Main Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Main Kilgrave David Tennant Main Guest Does not appear Oscar Arocho J.R. Ramirez `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Pryce Cheng Terry Chen Does not appear Main Does not appear Inez Green Leah Gibson `` AKA God Help the Hobo '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Alisa Jones Miriam Shor `` AKA WWJD ? '' Guest Does not appear Janet McTeer `` AKA Sole Survivor '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Recurring characters Pam Susie Abromeit `` AKA Ladies Night '' Recurring Does not appear Wendy Ross - Hogarth Robin Weigert Recurring Does not appear Nicole Nichole Yannetty Recurring Guest Does not appear Ruben Kieran Mulcare `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' Recurring Does not appear Oscar Clemons Clarke Peters Recurring Does not appear Robyn Colby Minifie Recurring Does not appear Clair Danielle Ferland `` AKA 99 Friends '' Recurring Does not appear Emma Gillian Glasco Recurring Does not appear Jackson Ryan Farrell Recurring Does not appear Donald Paul Pryce Recurring Does not appear Louise Thompson Lisa Emery Recurring Does not appear Dorothy Walker Rebecca De Mornay `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' Guest Recurring Does not appear Albert Thompson Michael Siberry `` AKA WWJD ? '' Recurring Does not appear Griffin Sinclair Hal Ozsan `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Steven Benowitz Maury Ginsberg Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Vido Arocho Kevin Chacon Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Eddy Costa John Ventimiglia `` AKA Freak Accident '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ruth Sunday Lisa Tharps Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Karl Malus Callum Keith Rennie `` AKA The Octopus '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Shane Ryback Eden Marryshow `` AKA Ai n't We Got Fun '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Main characters ( edit ) Jessica Jones ( edit ) Further information : Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Jessica Jones ( portrayed by Krysten Ritter ) is a former superhero with the abilities of superhuman strength and flight , suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who opens her own detective agency , Alias Investigations . By November 2014 , Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Jessica De Gouw and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones , with Ritter having been auditioning since October and on the top of executive producer and showrunner Melissa Rosenberg 's list for playing Jones , even when Rosenberg was earlier developing the series for ABC . The next month , Ritter was cast in the role . Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates , with both auditioning opposite Mike Colter to test chemistry . Ritter stated that she read through Alias in preparation for the role and expressed delight in working with Rosenberg . On adapting the character from the comics , Jeph Loeb stated , `` Jessica Jones ( i ) s based on a much more adult comic . The source material came that way . She has real problems with a number of things that she abuses ! And we 're not shying away from that . There 's no tidying her up . '' Ritter called playing the character the `` biggest acting challenge '' in her career and praised the character development . She explained that when she was playing the character , she took `` a lot from the comics because she 's so well - drawn . We have some lines that are pulled from the comics , but then the script -- she 's as developed for television as she is in the comics '' . Ritter put on 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of muscle for the role and trained for two months before filming began . Elizabeth Cappuccino portrayed a young Jessica . Series costume designer Stephanie Maslansky was assisted on the first episode by Jenn Rogien , who crafted Jessica Jones ' leather jacket , faded jeans , and boots costume . On Jessica 's costume , Maslansky said she `` considers her clothing to be an armor and a shield and something that helps her maintain a distance from other people and privacy . It keeps her from having to deal with the rest of humanity in a certain sort of way . '' At least 10 versions of Jessica 's jacket were made , which started as an Acne Studios leather motorcycle jacket that had any `` bells and whistles and any additional superfluous design details '' removed , while 20 pairs of jeans were used , with both being aged and distressed . Ritter described the character by saying that `` she goes about things in a very odd way , she 's very rough around the edges , and dry and sarcastic and a total asshole sometimes . But I think at her core she 's a good person . '' Comparing the character to Matt Murdock in Marvel 's Daredevil , Rosenberg said , `` They 're very different kinds of characters . Jessica is about paying rent and getting the next client . She 's dealing with a fairly dark past . She 's trying to get through the day . She 's not really trying to save the city . She 's trying to save her apartment . At her core , she does share something with Matt Murdock , and he 's a little more aware of it , that she wants to do something good . She wants to contribute to the world . But , there are a lot of personality issues for her that can get in the way ... Matt Murdock has been studying martial arts . He has extraordinary fighting skills . Jessica Jones is a brawler . She gets drunk , she gets pissed off and boom , you 're down . She does n't wear a costume . She does n't have a mask . She 's just who she is . She 's an extremely blunt , direct person , and that applies to the action , as well . '' Ritter was nominated for the 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards ' Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Jones . Luke Cage ( edit ) Further information : Luke Cage Mike Colter Luke Cage ( portrayed by Mike Colter ) is a man with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin , with a mysterious past that Jones encounters in the course of an investigation and who changes her life immensely . In November 2014 , Lance Gross , Colter , and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage , which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Marvel 's Luke Cage . Colter was confirmed in the role the next month , having signed on for the series , and others , without reading any scripts , and being drawn to the series because of its opportunity to have character exploration , which he felt was lacking in the MCU films . He put on 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) of muscle for the role . Rosenberg noted that because Cage has his own series to explore who he is , she represents him as `` a man of few words '' rather than trying to say anything about who he is in particular . Colter was pleased and surprised that the audience `` got '' the character , as Luke `` was a man of few words and a lot of subtext , '' which `` was refreshing because we were going for this character in a way that said little but spoke volumes because of their past history together . I felt people got the subtleties . '' When Loeb described the character to Colter , he said `` that Luke does n't have to try hard at anything . It just happens . '' This helped Colter form the character , along with using his opposite personal experience of having to work hard for everything . Colter also credited Rosenberg and S.J. Clarkson with helping him `` get on the right track '' with the character in the early episodes . Maslansky felt that Cage was also someone `` who wears his clothing like an armor , '' with his wardrobe consisting of T - shirts , jeans , leather jackets or an army jacket . Colter described the character as `` a neighborhood hero , very much linked to New York and Jessica Jones . ( He ) is a darker , grittier , more tangible character than Iron Man or Thor . He likes to keep things close to his chest , operate on the hush - hush . He has these abilities but he 's not sure how and when to use them . '' Loeb said the character `` is important to the show , and he is certainly important to the story of Jessica Jones and who she is . It would not be Jessica Jones unless you at least understood how Luke affected her life and where she is . '' He also added that the series sees Luke Cage `` not quite in the middle , but in the early part of the middle '' of his story , and that Luke Cage allows Marvel to `` tell a great deal of story that happens before , and a great deal of story that happens afterwards . '' Trish Walker ( edit ) Further information : Patsy Walker Rachael Taylor Patricia `` Trish '' Walker ( portrayed by Rachael Taylor ) is a former model and child star known as `` Patsy '' who is Jones ' adoptive sister and best friend . She now works as a radio host . Taylor was cast in January 2015 . The role of Jones ' best friend was intended for the character of Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC , but was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and that Danvers would appear in her own film . Rosenberg ultimately found this to be `` much more appropriate ... it was better that ( Jessica 's ) best friend was not someone with powers . It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her . '' Speaking about the character , Loeb said , `` what 's most important is the relationship between her and Jessica , and how these two women who are , in some ways , sisters , in terms of their friendship , could be that different , and yet believe in the same kinds of things . That question of , what is it to be a hero and the responsibilities that you have when you have abilities , is something that brings them together , but also continually pushes them apart . I think we 're very lucky to have Melissa as a writer because she really grasps the insight of what it is to have a friendship with a woman , and the way that two women can actually be competitive and friendly , and love each other and hate each other , and have a history with each other . '' Taylor added that Jessica `` was the first person to not care about the exterior parts of Patsy Walker or Trish Walker . She was the first person to see her for who she really was '' . Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish . To prepare for the role , Taylor `` looked into a bunch of child stars '' and determined `` that the main source of ( their ) damage comes from feeling that they 're loved for what they do and not who they are . The maternal / paternal or familial love or any kind of love is dependent on them being successful , making money , being sparkly , being famous , whatever the thing is . '' On the multiple alias Trish wields in the series , Taylor said , `` Trish has a number of them . I think there is a part of her that is alpha that actually , if she had the kind of abilities that Jessica had , she would probably be President of the United States in that world or the equivalent . She would take it as far as she could because she has that in her . '' Will Simpson ( edit ) Further information : Nuke ( Marvel Comics ) Wil Traval Will Simpson ( portrayed by Wil Traval ) is an NYPD sergeant who is very serious about his job . Traval joined the cast in February 2015 . He felt that Simpson sees everything in `` black and white '' and that `` justice can be served easily , '' an opposite to Jessica , who `` deals in a world of gray '' that causes the two to have friction between them . Traval described the character as `` reinvented '' and `` reshaped '' for the series from the one in the comics , where the character is known as Frank Simpson , as the comic character was `` a little bit too hard to handle . ( H ) e was just a psychotic crazy guy . '' Hope Shlottman ( edit ) Erin Moriarty Hope Shlottman ( portrayed by Erin Moriarty ) is a student - athlete attending New York University who is a client of Alias Investigations upon her parents hiring Jessica . She was later forced by Kilgrave to commit suicide during his fight with Jessica . Moriarty joined the cast in February 2015 . She called her character a `` polar opposite '' to Jessica Jones , describing Hope as `` an all - American girl , ( innocent and ) really earnest '' . Over the course of the series , the two form a bond , with Jessica becoming protective of Hope , due to a shared experience they have with Kilgrave . Malcolm Ducasse ( edit ) Further information : Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Malcolm Ducasse ( portrayed by Eka Darville ) is Jones ' neighbor who struggles with drug addiction , resulting in his personal journey intertwining with hers . Darville joined the cast in February 2015 . He stated that Malcolm was a new character for the series , though inspired by `` seed characters '' from the comics . He also felt playing the character with the drug addiction `` was pretty intense and dark '' and that Malcolm 's relationship with Jessica `` is like a flip - flop between victim and savior ... much more ( sibling - like ) than anything else . '' Jeri Hogarth ( edit ) Further information : Jeryn Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Jeri Hogarth ( portrayed by Carrie - Anne Moss ) is an attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones , who hires Jones for cases . Moss was announced as cast in early February 2015 , with her character revealed in October to be a gender - swapped ( changed from male to female ) version of the comics character Jeryn Hogarth . The character was also made a lesbian . Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts , having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg . Moss described the character by saying that `` she 's fierce , she 's strong , she 's powerful , and she likes that power . '' She worked `` a few days every episode '' , which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series , while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment , which she noted was how real - life is . Moss reprised her role in the second season of Daredevil and in Iron Fist . Comparing those experiences to her much larger role on Jessica Jones , Moss said , `` You want to come in and have something powerful . For Jessica Jones , that 's where I get to have that experience . With the other shows , I 'm having fun . '' Kilgrave ( edit ) Further information : Purple Man David Tennant Kevin Thompson ( portrayed by David Tennant ) is a mysterious man from Jones 's past , who can control minds , and whose reappearance shakes up her life . He was born with a neural disease and was experimented on as a young child , which resulted in him acquiring an airborne virus that gave him his powers , and later changed his name to ' Kilgrave ' . Rosenberg stated that Tennant was the choice for the character when the series was originally developed for ABC , but he was unavailable at that time , so the production made sure to `` jump on him '' when the series moved to Netflix . To pitch Tennant on this version of the series , Rosenberg and Loeb spoke with him , gave him the scripts for the first two episode ( which Kilgrave does not appear in much ) , and drafts of some scenes from later in the series including of the flashback where Kilgrave and Jones first meet . Tennant was cast in January 2015 . Maslansky , who originally was planning to custom - make Kilgrave 's wardrobe , used many suits created by designer Paul Smith from the previous fashion season for him , as Smith `` was all about purple . '' On his outfits , Maslansky added the designers `` wanted to find a place where we could utilize clothing in shades of purple , but not go so over the top that it would look silly and that he would stop feeling ominous or menacing . '' James Freedson - Jackson portrayed a young Kilgrave . Tennant stated that `` Kilgrave is the classic character who is abused and therefore perpetuates abuse . It was just a terrible , horrible cycle . '' Loeb called Kilgrave `` a terrible man who does n't see himself as terrible '' and compared him to Vincent D'Onofrio 's Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , saying `` there are going to be times ( watching Daredevil ) when you 're uncomfortable because you 're not quite rooting for Matt , you 're kind of rooting for Wilson , and it 's the same kind of thing you 're going to find in Jessica . There 's going to be moments where some of the things that she does is pretty questionable . And some of the things that , when you learn about Kilgrave 's character and the way that David Tennant plays that character , it 's really extraordinary . '' Tennant noted that at first the idea of mind control seems `` quite a rather splashy , kind of comic book idea '' but that in reality `` the idea that everyone should bend to your every whim and that no one should ever contradict you , that you can have whatever you want whenever you wanted it ... it 's rather aspirational and rather desirable at first glance , but the fact of it is then rather horrifying , because you could never have a genuine human relationship with anyone ... that starts touching on what kind of personality that would create , what kind of person that would make you , how that would pollute your worldview . '' Oscar Arocho ( edit ) JR Ramirez Oscar Arocho ( portrayed by J.R. Ramirez ) is the new superintendent in Jones ' building , and a single father whose son becomes enamored with Jones and her powers . Ramirez was cast in March 2017 , which was revealed that July after the airing of his character 's death on Power . Pryce Cheng ( edit ) Pryce Cheng ( portrayed by Terry Chen ) is a rival private investigator . Inez Green ( edit ) Leah Gibson Inez Green ( portrayed by Leah Gibson ) is a `` street-wise '' nurse . Gibson was cast as Inez by July 2017 . Alisa Jones ( edit ) Janet McTeer Further information : Alisa Campbell Alisa Jones ( portrayed by Miriam Shor in season one , Janet McTeer in season two ) is Jessica 's mother who was seemingly killed in a car crash when she was young . It was later revealed that Karl Malus of IGH saved her life and has been going around targeting anyone involved with IGH . Recurring characters ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Pam ( edit ) Pam ( portrayed by Susie Abromeit ) is Jeri Hogarth 's assistant and lover . Abromeit worked with her manager , who is gay , to portray Pam as a lesbian , and created her own backstory for the character . This included childhood trauma ( continuing with the series ' penchant for abuse ) and Pam 's realization during college that she is attracted to women . Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( edit ) Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( portrayed by Robin Weigert ) is a doctor and Jeri Hogarth 's wife , whom Hogarth is divorcing . Nicole ( edit ) Nicole ( portrayed by Nichole Yannetty ) is an intern on Trish Walker 's talk show . Ruben ( edit ) Ruben ( portrayed by Kieran Mulcare ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin brother of Robyn . He is later mind - controlled to kill himself by Kilgrave . Oscar Clemons ( edit ) Further information : Oscar Clemons Oscar Clemons ( portrayed by Clarke Peters ) is an NYPD detective at the 15th Precinct . He is later killed by Will Simpson to keep him from getting the police involved in the search for Kilgrave . Robyn ( edit ) Robyn ( portrayed by Colby Minifie ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin sister of Ruben . Clair ( edit ) Clair ( portrayed by Danielle Ferland ) is a cellist and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Emma ( edit ) Emma ( portrayed by Gillian Glasco ) is an actress and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Jackson ( edit ) Jackson ( portrayed by Ryan Farrell ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Donald ( edit ) Donald ( portrayed by Paul Pryce ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Louise Thompson ( edit ) Louise Thompson ( portrayed by Lisa Emery ) is Kilgrave 's mother . She is later forced to commit suicide by Kilgrave . Dorothy Walker ( edit ) Further information : Dorothy Walker ( comics ) Dorothy Walker ( portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay ) is Trish Walker 's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica 's foster mother when she was young . Albert Thompson ( edit ) Albert Thompson ( portrayed by Michael Siberry ) is Kilgrave 's father . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( portrayed by Hal Ozsan ) is Trish 's new boyfriend and a news anchor . Steven Benowitz ( edit ) Steven Benowitz ( portrayed by Maury Ginsberg ) is one of the lead attorneys of Hogarth Chao & Benowitz . Vido Arocho ( edit ) Vido Arocho ( portrayed by Kevin Chacon ) is the son of Oscar Arocho who befriends Jessica . Eddy Costa ( edit ) Eddy Costa ( portrayed by John Ventimiglia ) is a detective investigating the deaths of anyone involved with IGH who has crossed paths with Jessica Jones . Ruth Sunday ( edit ) Ruth Sunday ( portrayed by Lisa Tharps ) is Eddie Costa 's detective partner . Karl Malus ( edit ) Further information : Karl Malus Karl Malus ( portrayed by Callum Keith Rennie ) is a scientist who is one of the leaders of IGH . He was the one who saved the lives of Jessica Jones and Alisa Jones following a car accident . Shane Ryback ( edit ) Shane Ryback ( portrayed by Eden Marryshow ) is a con - artist working with Inez Green . Guest characters ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars that appear in lesser roles or make significant cameo appearances . The characters are listed , in order of appearance on the show , by the other MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in other TV series ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors Brett Mahoney ( portrayed by Royce Johnson ; first appears in season one ) : A sergeant in the NYPD 's 15th Precinct . Claire Temple ( portrayed by Rosario Dawson ; first appears in season one ) : A nurse in Hell 's Kitchen . Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson ( portrayed by Elden Henson ; first appears in season two ) : A lawyer at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Turk Barrett ( portrayed by Rob Morgan ; first appears in season two ) : A common thug who specializes in guns . Thembi Wallace ( portrayed by Tijuana Ricks ; first appears in season two ) : A news reporter . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Roy Healy ( portrayed by Joseph Ragno ) : A bartender working for Cage . Reva Connors ( portrayed by Parisa Fitz - Henley ) : Cage 's wife , who was killed by Jones under Kilgrave 's control . Brian Jones ( portrayed by James Colby ) : Jessica 's father who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Phillip Jones ( portrayed by Billy McFadden ) : Jessica 's younger brother who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Len Sirkes ( portrayed by Brett Azar ) : A loan shark who Jessica and Cage encounter during a case . Miklos Kozlov ( portrayed by Thomas Kopache ) : A doctor and member of IGH who ran the program that gave Simpson his experimental pills . Maury Tuttlebaum ( portrayed by Daniel Marcus ) : A morgue attendant at Riverbank Medical Center . Samantha Reyes ( portrayed by Michelle Hurd ) : A district attorney . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , the same one seen in Daredevil . In Iron Fist , Lee 's character is identified as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Linda Chao ( portrayed by Angel Desai ) : Hogarth and Benowitz 's partner at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Zakarian ( portrayed by Jacqueline Antaramian ) : Hogarth 's doctor . Robert Coleman / Whizzer ( portrayed by Jay Klaitz ) : A subject of IGH who possesses super speed . Ian ( portrayed by Anthony Grasso ) : The head of Walker 's radio station . Maximillian `` Max '' Tatum ( portrayed by James McCaffrey ) : A film director with a terrible past with Walker . Maynard Tiboldt ( portrayed by Ben Van Bergen ) : A hypnotherapist hired by Trish to evaluate Jessica . Sonia Arocho ( portrayed by Victoria Cartagena ) : Oscar 's ex-wife who resorts to kidnapping their son Vido . Stirling Adams ( portrayed by Mat Vairo ) : A former bartender who briefly dates Jessica , but is killed by her mother . Ronald Garcia ( portrayed by Alfredo Narciso ) : The head of the ZCN Broadcasting Center . Dale Holiday ( portrayed by Brian Hutchinson ) : A sadistic prison guard and serial killer . Torres ( portrayed by Myrna Cabello ) : A doctor that cares for Walker . Lee once again makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , on an advertisement for the law firm Forbush and Associates . See also ( edit ) Daredevil cast and characters Luke Cage cast and characters Iron Fist cast and characters The Defenders cast and characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Nabs Lead In Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Krysten Ritter & Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talk ' Jessica Jones ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter , Marvel 's New Jessica Jones , Is Currently `` Devouring '' the Comics `` . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , John ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` We Asked Marvel 's Head of Television About Everything From ' Agent Carter ' to ' Iron Fist ' -- And He Answered '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Strom ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` This Week In Marvel Episode 200.5 With Clark Gregg , Krysten Ritter And More '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . Events occur between 46 : 00 -- 48 : 00 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' GMA ' 40 for 40 : Everything You Need to Know About Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cappuccino , Elizabeth ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` So thrilled so finally announce my participation in @ netflix latest @ marvel series # JessicaJones . I got to play young Jessica Jones before she 's turns into the total bad ass that she is acted by @ therealkrystenritter . So thrilled its a total dream come true '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Soo Hoo , Fawina ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` There Are No Superhero Costumes To Be Found In ' Jessica Jones , ' Netflix 's Latest Marvel Adaptation '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` JESSICA JONES : Melissa Rosenberg and Jeph Loeb Talk Characters , Tone , Action and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Colter to Star as Luke Cage in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Northmore , Henry ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Mike Colter , ' Luke Cage is a darker , grittier , more tangible hero ' '' . The List . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC : `` Jessica Jones '' & `` Daredevil '' Collide at Marvel / Netflix Panel `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk ' Jessica Jones ' and ' Luke Cage ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Colter on `` Jessica Jones '' . AOL Build . November 20 , 2015 . Event occurs at 7 : 25 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Colter Will `` Deal With His Own Demons '' in `` Luke Cage '' Netflix Series `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action AKA JESSICA JONES ( ALIAS ) , THE HULK , CLOAK AND DAGGER , MOCKINGBIRD , Animated HULK AND THE AGENTS OF S.M.A.S.H , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Steve ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Marvel 's Carol Danvers Was Originally on Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Rachael Taylor Deals with Trish Walker 's Inner Demons in ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stars Are `` Just Trying To Survive '' Marvel 's Darkest TV Show Yet `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC 2015 : Marvel 's Nuke Looks To Be Part Of Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Easter Eggs , Marvel Connections , & Comic Nods '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN ( October 11 , 2015 ) . Jessica Jones : Erin Moriarty Interview - NYCC 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Sneider , Jeff ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Joins Marvel - Netflix 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brownfield , Paul ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Details Revealed , Full Pilot Shown -- New York Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk Sex , Character - Building , and More Sex '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss 's Jeri Hogarth is Becoming the Nick Fury of the Marvel Netflix Shows '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant Joins Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Jessica Jones ' made it to Netflix after ABC nixed the show '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Why David Tennant Felt ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' Was ' A Gamble Worth Taking ' '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez Joins ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberley ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Power 's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio 's Ultimate Mistake , Plus : What Marvel Show Is He Headed To ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Pryce Cheng On ' Jessica Jones ' ? Here 's What You Should Know About The New Character '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Latour , Rob ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 Adds ' Twilight ' Actress Leah Gibson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch : Jessica Jones Season 2 Red Carpet '' . Syfy Wire . March 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Where Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' Could Go in Season 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Star Janet McTeer Pulls Back the Curtain on Her Top - Secret Season 2 Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Brianne ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Susie Abromeit of Netflix 's `` Jessica Jones '' ! `` . Viva Glam Magazine . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Trish ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Susie Abromeit on playing Pam in `` Jessica Jones '' and if she ships Jessica and Trish `` . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Hey , it 's that guy ! How you know Jeri Hogarth 's wife on ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , Kevin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones is Marvel 's Most Compelling Series Yet '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` In Marvel 's Jessica Jones , women get stuff done while men just talk about women '' . Vox . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' : All the Season 2 Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Teases a Super Suit for Krysten Ritter , Confirms ' Daredevil ' Crossover '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 's ' Daredevil ' Connection Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones ' penultimate episode has deadly ( and non-deadly ) consequences '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Gorgette ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jamaican - born actress appears in Jessica Jones series '' . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Simon . `` Everything We Know About Marvel 's Jessica Jones So Far '' . Screen Geek . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Daredevil 's brutal second season puts superheroes on trial '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones showcases the best and worst of what a flashback episode can do '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Season 1 Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Ladies Night '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Friedman , Liz ; Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Hicks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 99 Friends '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA The Sandwich Saved Me '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Ricourt , Edward ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA You 're a Winner ! '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reback , Jenna ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA WWJD ? '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Sin Bin '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 1,000 Cuts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ; Friedman , Liz ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA I 've Got the Blues '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . HIcks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Take a Bloody Number '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Reynolds , Scott ; Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Smile '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Jessica Jones at IMDb Jessica Jones Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office records Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor Book Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jessica_Jones_characters&oldid=849014780 '' Categories : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Lists of American television series characters Lists of Marvel Comics television characters Lists of action television characters Lists of drama television characters Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Marvel Cinematic Universe specific characters Superhero television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 22 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the black guy on jessica jones	[]	[]
3839969702648141663	Consequences of the Black Death	Consequences of the Black Death - wikipedia Consequences of the Black Death Jump to : navigation , search Citizens of Tournai bury plague victims . Detail of a miniature from `` The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis '' ( 1272 -- 1352 ) . Bibliothèque royale de Belgique , MS 13076 - 77 , f. 24v . Consequences of the Black Death included a series of religious , social , and economic upheavals , which had profound effects on the course of European history . The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , peaking in Europe between 1347 and 1350 with 30 % to 50 % of the population killed . It reduced world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million . It took 80 and in some areas more than 150 years for Europe 's population to recover . From the perspective of many of the survivors , however , the impact after the plague was more happy , for their labor was in higher demand . Hilton has argued that those English peasants who survived found their situation to be much improved . For English peasants , the 15th century was a golden age of prosperity and new opportunities . The land was plentiful , wages high , and serfdom had all but disappeared . A century later , as population growth resumed , the peasants again faced deprivation and famine . The spread of the `` Black Death '' from 1347 to 1351 through Europe Contents ( hide ) 1 Death toll 1.1 Europe 1.2 Asia 2 Social , environmental , and economic effects 2.1 Impact on peasants 2.2 Impact on urban workers 2.3 Labour - saving innovation 2.4 Persecutions 2.5 Religion 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Medicine 3.2 Architecture 4 References 5 Further reading Death toll ( edit ) See also : Medieval demography Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source as new research and discoveries come to light . It killed an estimated 75 -- 200 million people in the 14th century . Europe ( edit ) Only rough estimates on the total number of deaths from the plague are possible . Modern estimates range between roughly one third to one half of total population during the four - year period of 1347 -- 1351 , and in the most severely affected areas up to 80 % of population . Jean Froissart , incidentally , estimated the toll to be one - third -- less an accurate assessment than an allusion to the Book of Revelation meant to suggest the scope of the plague . Deaths were not evenly distributed across Europe , with some areas affected very little , while others were all but depopulated . The Black Death hit the culture of towns and cities disproportionately hard , although rural areas ( where most of the population lived ) were also significantly affected . Larger cities were the worst off , as population densities and close living quarters made disease transmission easier . Cities were also strikingly filthy , infested with lice , fleas , and rats , and subject to diseases related to malnutrition and poor hygiene . In Italy , Florence 's population was reduced from 110,000 or 120,000 inhabitants in 1338 to 50,000 in 1351 . Between 60 % and 70 % of Hamburg and Bremen 's population died . In Provence , Dauphiné , and Normandy , historians observe a decrease of 60 % of fiscal hearths . In some regions , two thirds of the population was annihilated . In the town of Givry , in the Bourgogne region in France , the friar , who used to note 28 to 29 funerals a year , recorded 649 deaths in 1348 , half of them in September . About half of Perpignan 's population died in several months ( only two of the eight physicians survived the plague ) . Over 60 % of Norway 's population died from 1348 to 1350 . London may have lost two - thirds of its population during the 1348 -- 49 outbreak . England lost 70 % of its population , which declined from 7 million before the plague , to 2 million in 1400 . A few rural areas , especially in Eastern Poland and Lithuania , had such low populations and were so isolated that the plague made little progress . Parts of Hungary and , in modern Belgium , the Brabant region , Hainaut , and Limbourg , as well as Santiago de Compostela , were unaffected for unknown reasons . Some historians have assumed that the presence of resistant blood groups in the local population helped them resist the disease , although these regions would be touched by the second plague outbreak in 1360 -- 63 and later during the numerous resurgences of the plague . Other areas which escaped the plague were isolated mountainous regions ( e.g. the Pyrenees ) . All social classes were affected , although the lower classes , living together in unhealthy places , were most vulnerable . Alfonso XI of Castile was the only European monarch to die of the plague , but Peter IV of Aragon lost his wife , his daughter , and a niece in six months . Joan of England , daughter of Edward III , died in Bordeaux on her way to Castile to marry Alfonso 's son , Pedro . The Byzantine Emperor lost his son , while in the kingdom of France , Joan of Navarre , daughter of Louis X le Hutin and of Margaret of Burgundy , was killed by the plague , as well as Bonne of Luxembourg , the wife of the future John II of France . Furthermore , resurgences of the plague in later years may also be counted : in 1360 -- 62 ( the `` little mortality '' ) , in 1366 -- 69 , 1374 -- 75 , 1400 , 1407 , etc . The plague was not eradicated until the 19th century . Asia ( edit ) Estimates of the demographic impact of the plague in Asia , are based on both population figures during this time and estimates of the disease 's toll on population centers . The initial outbreak of plague in the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334 claimed up to eighty percent of the population . China had several epidemics and famines from 1200 to the 1350s and its population decreased from an estimated 125 million to 65 million in the late 14th century . The precise demographic impact of the disease in the Middle East is very difficult to calculate . Mortality was particularly high in rural areas , including significant areas of Gaza and Syria . Many rural people fled , leaving their fields and crops , and entire rural provinces are recorded as being totally depopulated . Surviving records in some cities reveal a devastating number of deaths . The 1348 outbreak in Gaza left an estimated 10,000 people dead , while Aleppo recorded a death rate of 500 a day during the same year . In Damascus , at the disease 's peak in September and October 1348 , a thousand deaths were recorded every day , with overall mortality estimated at between 25 and 38 percent . Syria lost a total of 400,000 people by the time the epidemic subsided in March 1349 . In contrast to some higher mortality estimates in Asia and Europe , scholars such as John Fields of Trinity College in Dublin believe the mortality rate in the Middle East was less than one - third of the total population , with higher rates in selected areas . Social , environmental , and economic effects ( edit ) Because fourteenth century healers were at a loss to explain the cause , Europeans turned to astrological forces , earthquakes , and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possible reasons for the plague 's emergence . No one in the fourteenth century considered rat control a way to ward off the plague , and people began to believe only God 's anger could produce such horrific displays . Giovanni Boccaccio , an Italian writer and poet of the 14th century , questioned whether it was sent by God for their correction , or that it came through the influence of the heavenly bodies . Christians accused Jews of poisoning public water supplies in an effort to ruin European civilization . The spreading of this rumor led to complete destruction of entire Jewish towns , and was simply caused by suspicion on part of the Christians , who noticed that the Jews had lost fewer lives to the Plague due to their hygienic practices . In February 1349 , 2,000 Jews were murdered in Strasbourg . In August of the same year , the Jewish communities of Mainz and Cologne were exterminated . Where government authorities were concerned , most monarchs instituted measures that prohibited exports of foodstuffs , condemned black market speculators , set price controls on grain , and outlawed large - scale fishing . At best , they proved mostly unenforceable . At worst , they contributed to a continent - wide downward spiral . The hardest hit lands , like England , were unable to buy grain abroad from France because of the prohibition and from most of the rest of the grain producers because of crop failures from shortage of labour . Any grain that could be shipped was eventually taken by pirates or looters to be sold on the black market . Meanwhile , many of the largest countries , most notably England and Scotland , had been at war , using up much of their treasury and exacerbating inflation . In 1337 , on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death , England and France went to war in what would become known as the Hundred Years ' War . Malnutrition , poverty , disease and hunger , coupled with war , growing inflation and other economic concerns made Europe in the mid-fourteenth century ripe for tragedy . Europe had been overpopulated before the plague , and a reduction of 30 % to 50 % of the population could have resulted in higher wages and more available land and food for peasants because of less competition for resources . Historian Walter Scheidel contends that waves of plague following the initial outbreak of the Black Death had a leveling effect that changed the ratio of land to labor , reducing the value of the former while boosting that of the latter , which lowered economic inequality by making landowners and employers less well off while improving the lot of the workers . He states that `` the observed improvement in living standards of the laboring population was rooted in the suffering and premature death of tens of millions over the course of several generations . '' This leveling effect was reversed by a `` demographic recovery that resulted in renewed population pressure . '' In 1357 , a third of property in London was unused due to a severe outbreak in 1348 -- 49 . However , for reasons that are still debated , population levels declined after the Black Death 's first outbreak until around 1420 and did not begin to rise again until 1470 , so the initial Black Death event on its own does not entirely provide a satisfactory explanation to this extended period of decline in prosperity . See Medieval demography for a more complete treatment of this issue and current theories on why improvements in living standards took longer to evolve . Impact on peasants ( edit ) The great population loss brought favourable results to the surviving peasants in England and Western Europe . There was increased social mobility , as depopulation further eroded the peasants ' already weakened obligations to remain on their traditional holdings . Seigneurialism never recovered . Land was plentiful , wages high , and serfdom had all but disappeared . It was possible to move about and rise higher in life . Younger sons and women especially benefited . As population growth resumed , however , the peasants again faced deprivation and famine . In Eastern Europe , by contrast , renewed stringency of laws tied the remaining peasant population more tightly to the land than ever before through serfdom . Sparsely populated Eastern Europe was less affected by the Black Death and so peasant revolts were less common in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , not occurring in the east until the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries . Furthermore , the plague 's great population reduction brought cheaper land prices , more food for the average peasant , and a relatively large increase in per capita income among the peasantry , if not immediately , in the coming century . Since the plague left vast areas of farmland untended , they were made available for pasture and put more meat on the market ; the consumption of meat and dairy products went up , as did the export of beef and butter from the Low Countries , Scandinavia and northern Germany . However , the upper class often attempted to stop these changes , initially in Western Europe , and more forcefully and successfully in Eastern Europe , by instituting sumptuary laws . These regulated what people ( particularly of the peasant class ) could wear , so that nobles could ensure that peasants did not begin to dress and act as a higher class member with their increased wealth . Another tactic was to fix prices and wages so that peasants could not demand more with increasing value . In England , Statute of Labourers 1351 was enforced , meaning no peasant could ask for more wages than in 1346 . This was met with varying success depending on the amount of rebellion it inspired ; such a law was one of the causes of the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt in England . The rapid development of the use was probably one of the consequences of the Black Death , during which many landowning nobility died , leaving their realty to their widows and minor orphans . Impact on urban workers ( edit ) In the wake of the drastic population decline brought on by the plague , wages shot up and laborers could move to new localities in response to wage offers . Local and royal authorities in Western Europe instituted wage controls . These governmental controls sought to freeze wages at the old levels before the Black Death . Within England , for example , the Ordinance of Labourers , enacted in 1349 , and the Statute of Labourers , enacted in 1351 , restricted both wage increases and the relocation of workers . If workers attempted to leave their current post , employers were given the right to have them imprisoned . The Statute was poorly enforced in most areas , and farm wages in England on average doubled between 1350 and 1450 , although they were static thereafter until the end of the 19th century . Cohn , comparing numerous countries , argues that these laws were not primarily designed to freeze wages . Instead , he says the energetic local and royal measures to control labor and artisans ' prices was a response to elite fears of the greed and possible new powers of lesser classes that had gained new freedom . Cohn says the laws reflect the anxiety that followed the Black Death 's new horrors of mass mortality and destruction , and from elite anxiety about manifestations such as the flagellant movement and the persecution of Jews , Catalans , and beggars . Labour - saving innovation ( edit ) By 1200 , virtually all of the Mediterranean basin and most of northern Germany had been deforested and cultivated . Indigenous flora and fauna were replaced by domestic grasses and animals and domestic woodlands were lost . With depopulation , this process was reversed . Much of the primeval vegetation returned , and abandoned fields and pastures were reforested . The Black Death encouraged innovation of labour - saving technologies , leading to higher productivity . There was a shift from grain farming to animal husbandry . Grain farming was very labor - intensive , but animal husbandry needed only a shepherd and a few dogs and pastureland . Plague brought an eventual end of Serfdom in Western Europe . The manorial system was already in trouble , but the Black Death assured its demise throughout much of western and central Europe by 1500 . Severe depopulation and migration of the village to cities caused an acute shortage of agricultural laborers . Many villages were abandoned . In England , more than 1300 villages were deserted between 1350 and 1500 . Wages of labourers were high , but the rise in nominal wages following the Black Death was swamped by post-Plague inflation , so that real wages fell . Labor was in such a short supply that Lords were forced to give better terms of tenure . This resulted in much lower rents in western Europe . By 1500 , a new form of tenure called copyhold became prevalent in Europe . In copyhold , both a Lord and peasant made their best business deal , whereby the peasant got use of the land and the Lord got a fixed annual payment and both possessed a copy of the tenure agreement . Serfdom did not end everywhere . It lingered in parts of Western Europe and was introduced to Eastern Europe after the Black Death . There was change in the inheritance law . Before the plague , only sons and especially the elder son inherited the ancestral property . Post plague all sons as well as daughters started inheriting property . Persecutions ( edit ) See also : Black Death Jewish persecutions Renewed religious fervor and fanaticism came in the wake of the Black Death . Some Europeans targeted `` groups such as Jews , friars , foreigners , beggars , pilgrims '' , lepers and Romani , thinking that they were to blame for the crisis . Differences in cultural and lifestyle practices also led to persecution . As the plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century , annihilating more than half the population , Jews were taken as scapegoats , in part because better hygiene among Jewish communities and isolation in the ghettos meant that Jews were less affected . Accusations spread that Jews had caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells . European mobs attacked Jewish settlements across Europe ; by 1351 , 60 major and 150 smaller Jewish communities had been destroyed , and more than 350 separate massacres had occurred . According to Joseph P. Byrne , women also faced persecution during the Black Death . Muslim women in Cairo became scapegoats when the plague struck . Byrne writes that in 1438 , the sultan of Cairo was informed by his religious lawyers that the arrival of the plague was Allah 's punishment for the sin of fornication and that in accordance with this theory , a law was set in place stating that women were not allowed to make public appearances as they may tempt men into sin . Byrne describes that this law was only lifted when `` the wealthy complained that their female servants could not shop for food . '' Religion ( edit ) The Black Death hit the monasteries very hard because of their proximity with the sick who sought refuge there . This left a severe shortage of clergy after the epidemic cycle . Eventually the losses were replaced by hastily trained and inexperienced clergy members , many of whom knew little of the rigors of their predecessors . New colleges were opened at established universities , and the training process sped up . The shortage of priests opened new opportunities for laywomen to assume more extensive and more important service roles in the local parish . Woodcut of flagellants ( Nuremberg Chronicle , 1493 ) Flagellants practiced self - flogging ( whipping of oneself ) to atone for sins . The movement became popular after the Black Death . It may be that the flagellants ' later involvement in hedonism was an effort to accelerate or absorb God 's wrath , to shorten the time with which others suffered . More likely , the focus of attention and popularity of their cause contributed to a sense that the world itself was ending and that their individual actions were of no consequence . Reformers rarely pointed to failures on the part of the Church in dealing with the catastrophe . Cultural impact ( edit ) Main article : Black Death in medieval culture The Triumph of Death ( 1446 ) The Black Death had a profound impact on art and literature . After 1350 , European culture in general turned very morbid . The general mood was one of pessimism , and contemporary art turned dark with representations of death . The widespread image of the `` dance of death '' showed death ( a skeleton ) choosing victims at random . Many of the most graphic depictions come from writers such as Boccaccio and Petrarch . Peire Lunel de Montech , writing about 1348 in the lyric style long out of fashion , composed the following sorrowful sirventes `` Meravilhar no s devo pas las gens '' during the height of the plague in Toulouse : They died by the hundreds , both day and night , and all were thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth . And as soon as those ditches were filled , more were dug . And I , Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands ... And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world . Boccaccio wrote : How many valiant men , how many fair ladies , breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world ! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold . They sickened by the thousands daily , and died unattended and without help . Many died in the open street , others dying in their houses , made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies . Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies , which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches , like goods in a ships hold and covered with a little earth . Danse Macabre from the Nuremberg Chronicle ( 1493 ) . Medicine ( edit ) Although the Black Death highlighted the shortcomings of medical science in the medieval era , it also led to positive changes in the field of medicine . As described by David Herlihy in The Black Death and the Transformation of the West , more emphasis was placed on `` anatomical investigations '' following the Black Death . How individuals studied the human body notably changed , becoming a process that dealt more directly with the human body in varied states of sickness and health . Further , at this time , the importance of surgeons became more evident . A theory put forth by Stephen O'Brien says the Black Death is likely responsible , through natural selection , for the high frequency of the CCR5 - Δ32 genetic defect in people of European descent . The gene affects T cell function and provides protection against HIV , smallpox , and possibly plague , though for the last , no explanation as to how it would do that exists . This , however , is now challenged , given that the CCR5 - Δ32 gene has been found to be just as common in Bronze Age tissue samples . Architecture ( edit ) The Black Death also inspired European architecture to move in two different directions : ( 1 ) a revival of Greco - Roman styles that , in stone and paint , expressed Petrarch 's love of antiquity , and ( 2 ) a further elaboration of the Gothic style . Late medieval churches had impressive structures centred on verticality , where one 's eye is drawn up towards the high ceiling . The basic Gothic style was revamped with elaborate decoration in the late medieval period . Sculptors in Italian city - states emulated the work of their Roman forefathers while sculptors in northern Europe , no doubt inspired by the devastation they had witnessed , gave way to a heightened expression of emotion and an emphasis on individual differences . A tough realism came forth in architecture as in literature . Images of intense sorrow , decaying corpses , and individuals with faults as well as virtues emerged . North of the Alps , painting reached a pinnacle of precise realism with Early Dutch painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck ( c. 1390 -- by 1441 ) . The natural world was reproduced in these works with meticulous detail whose realism was not unlike photography . References ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Barbara A. Hanawalt , `` Centuries of Transition : England in the Later Middle Ages , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 43 -- 44 , 58 ^ Jump up to : R.H. Hilton , The English Peasantry in the Late Middle Ages ( Oxford : Clarendon , 1974 ) Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 10 : The Black Death '' . The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century . Princeton University Press . pp. 291 -- 313 . ISBN 978 - 0691165028 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Will ( 29 January 2008 ) . `` Black death ' discriminated ' between victims '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` De-coding the Black Death '' . BBC News . 3 October 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Philipkoski , Kristen ( 3 October 2001 ) . `` Black Death 's Gene Code Cracked '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45 % to 50 % of the European population dying during a four - year period . There is a fair amount of geographic variation . In Mediterranean Europe and Italy , the South of France and Spain , where plague ran for about four years consecutively , it was probably closer to 75 % to 80 % of the population . In Germany and England , it was probably closer to 20 % . '' Philip Daileader , The Late Middle Ages , audio / video course produced by The Teaching Company , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59803 - 345 - 8 . Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde , in L'Histoire n ° 310 , June 2006 , pp. 45 -- 46 , say `` between one - third and two - thirds '' ; Robert Gottfried ( 1983 ) . `` Black Death '' in Dictionary of the Middle Ages , volume 2 , pp. 257 -- 67 , says `` between 25 and 45 percent '' . Daileader , as above ; Barry and Gualde , as above , Gottfried , as above . Norwegian historian Ole J. Benedictow ( ' The Black Death : The Greatest Catastrophe Ever ' , History TodayVolume 55 Issue 3 March 2005 ( http://www.historytoday.com/ole-j-benedictow/black-death-greatest-catastrophe-ever ) ; cf . Benedictow , The Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History , Boydell Press ( 7 Dec. 2012 ) , pp. 380ff . ) suggests a death rate as high as 60 % , or 50 million out of 80 million inhabitants . Jump up ^ Jean Froissart , Chronicles ( trans . Geoffrey Brereton , Penguin , 1968 , corrections 1974 ) , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne ( 2004 ) . The Black Death . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32492 - 1 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ According to Kelly ( 2005 ) , `` ( w ) oefully inadequate sanitation made medieval urban Europe so disease - ridden , no city of any size could maintain its population without a constant influx of immigrants from the countryside '' . The influx of new citizens facilitated the movement of the plague between communities , and contributed to the longevity of the plague within larger communities . Kelly , John . The Great Mortality , an Intimate History of the Black Death , the Most Devastating Plague of All Time . NY : HarperCollins , 2005 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Harald Aastorp ( 2004 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt '' . Forskning.no . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Black Death study lets rats off the hook '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry and Gualde 2006 . Jump up ^ Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde , `` The Smallest Thing of History '' ( La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire , in L'Histoire n ° 310 , June 2006 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Spengler , Joseph J. ( October 1962 ) . `` Review ( Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 by Ping - Ti Ho ) '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 5 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 114 . doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500001547 . JSTOR 177771 . Jump up ^ Maguire , Michael ( 22 February 1999 ) . `` Re : How many people recovered from Black Death ( Bubonic Plague ) '' . MadSci Network . ID : 918741314. Mi . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ King , Jonathan ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ) . `` World 's long dance with death '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Judith M. Bennett ; C. Warren Hollister ( 2006 ) . Medieval Europe : A Short History . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 295515 - 5 . OCLC 56615921 . Jump up ^ Boccaccio , Giovanni . `` Boccaccio on the Plague '' . Virginia Tech . Jump up ^ `` Where Did the Black Death Start '' . Jump up ^ Bennett and Hollister , 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ http://voices.yahoo.com/the-devastating-impact-black-death-marriage-376886.html?cat=9 Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2017 ) . The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century . Princeton University Press . pp. 292 -- 293 & 304 . ISBN 978 - 0691165028 . Jump up ^ Jay O'Brien ; William Roseberry ( 1991 ) . Golden Ages , Dark Ages : Imagining the Past in Anthropology and History . U. of California Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07018 - 9 . Jump up ^ Barbara A. Hanawalt , `` centuries of Transition : England in the Later Middle Ages , '' in Richard Schlatter , ed. , Recent Views on British History : Essays on Historical Writing since 1966 ( Rutgers UP , 1984 ) , pp 43 -- 44 , 58 ^ Jump up to : Munro , John H.A. ( 5 March 2005 ) . `` Before and After the Black Death : Money , Prices , and Wages in Fourteenth - Century England '' . ideas.repec.org . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://spartacus-educational.com/YALDstatute.htm ^ Jump up to : Penn , Simon A.C. ; Dyer , Christopher ( 1990 ) . `` Wages and Earnings in Late Medieval England : Evidence from the Enforcement of the Labour Laws '' . The Economic History Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 357 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1990. tb00535. x . Jump up ^ Gregory Clark , `` The long march of history : Farm wages , population , and economic growth , England 1209 -- 1869 , '' Economic History Review 60.1 ( 2007 ) : 97 -- 135 . online , page 36 Jump up ^ Samuel Cohn , `` After the Black Death : Labour Legislation and Attitudes Towards Labour in Late - Medieval Western Europe , '' Economic History Review ( 2007 ) 60 # 3 pp. 457 -- 485 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Gottfried , Robert S. ( 1983 ) . `` 7 '' . The black death : natural and human disaster in Medieval Europe ( 1 . Free Press paperback ed . ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 912630 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Plagued by dear labour '' . London : The Economist. 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Nirenberg , Communities of Violence , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 05889 - X . Jump up ^ R.I. Moore The Formation of a Persecuting Society , Oxford , 1987 ISBN 0 - 631 - 17145 - 2 Jump up ^ Naomi E. Pasachoff , Robert J. Littman A Concise History Of The Jewish People 2005 -- Page 154 `` However , Jews regularly ritually washed and bathed , and their abodes were slightly cleaner than their Christian neighbors ' . Consequently , when the rat and the flea brought the Black Death , Jews , with better hygiene , suffered less severely ... '' Jump up ^ Joseph P Byrne , Encyclopedia of the Black Death Volume 1 2012 -- Page 15 `` Anti -- Semitism and Anti -- Jewish Violence before the Black Death ... Their attention to personal hygiene and diet , their forms of worship , and cycles of holidays were off - puttingly different . '' Jump up ^ Anna Foa The Jews of Europe After the Black Death 2000 Page 146 `` There were several reasons for this , including , it has been suggested , the observance of laws of hygiene tied to ritual practices and a lower incidence of alcoholism and venereal disease '' Jump up ^ Richard S. Levy Antisemitism 2005 Page 763 `` Panic emerged again during the scourge of the Black Death in 1348 , when widespread terror prompted a revival of the well poisoning charge . In areas where Jews appeared to die of the plague in fewer numbers than Christians , possibly because of better hygiene and greater isolation , lower mortality rates provided evidence of Jewish guilt . '' ^ Jump up to : Joseph P. Byrne , The Black Death ( Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2004 ) , 108 . Jump up ^ Steven A. Epstein , An Economic and Social History of Later Medieval Europe , 1000 -- 1500 ( 2009 ) p 182 Jump up ^ Katherine L. French , The Good Women of the Parish : Gender and Religion After the Black Death ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Epstein , p 182 Jump up ^ J.M. Bennett and C.W. Hollister , Medieval Europe : A Short History ( New York : McGraw - Hill , 2006 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Plague readings '' . University of Arizona . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Quotes from the Plague ^ Jump up to : David Herlihy , The Black Death and the Transformation of the West ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1997 ) , 72 . Jump up ^ Jefferys , Richard ; Anne - christine d'Adesky ( March 1999 ) . `` Designer Genes '' . HIV Plus ( 3 ) . ISSN 1522 - 3086 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Hedrick ; Brian C. Verrelli ( June 2006 ) . `` ' Ground truth ' for selection on CCR5 - Δ32 '' . Trends in Genetics . 22 ( 6 ) : 293 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2006.04. 007 . PMID 16678299 . Jump up ^ Bennett and Hollister , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bennett and Hollister , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Bennett and Hollister , p. 376 . Further reading ( edit ) Aberth , John , ed . The Black Death : The Great Mortality of 1348 -- 1350 : A Brief History with Documents ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , with primary sources Benedictow , Ole J. The Black Death 1346 -- 1353 : The Complete History ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Borsch , Stuart J. The Black Death in Egypt and England : A Comparative Study ( U of Texas Press , 2005 ) online Britnell , R.H. `` Feudal Reaction after the Black Death in the Palatinate of Durham , '' Past & Present No. 128 ( Aug. , 1990 ) , pp. 28 -- 47 in JSTOR , in England Byrne , Joseph P. Encyclopedia of the Black Death ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Cantor , Norman . In the Wake of the Plague : The Black Death and the World it Made ( 2001 ) . Carmichael , Ann . The Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence ( 1986 ) . Cohn , Samuel . `` After the Black Death : Labour Legislation and Attitudes Towards Labour in Late - Medieval Western Europe , '' Economic History Review ( 2007 ) 60 # 3 pp. 457 -- 485 in JSTOR Deaux , George . The Black Death , 1347 ( 1969 ) Gottfried , Robert S . The Black Death : Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe ( Simon & Schuster , 2010 ) Hatcher , John . Plague , Population , and the English Economy , 1348 -- 1530 ( 1977 ) . Herlihy , David . The Black Death and the Transformation of the West ( 1997 ) . Hilton , R.H. The English Peasantry in the Late Middle Ages ( Oxford : Clarendon , 1974 ) Horrox , Rosemay , ed . The black death ( Manchester University Press , 1994 . ) MacGregor , Kirk R. A Comparative Study of Adjustments to Social Catastrophes in Christianity and Buddhism . The Black Death in Europe and the Kamakura Takeover in Japan As Causes of Religious Reform ( 2011 ) Meiss , Millard . Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death : the arts , religion , and society in the Mid-fourteenth century ( Princeton University Press , 1978 ) Platt , Colin . King Death : The Black Death and Its Aftermath in Late Medieval England ( 1996 ) . Poos , Larry R. A Rural Society after the Black Death : Essex , 1350 -- 1525 ( 1991 ) . Putnam , Bertha Haven . The enforcement of the statutes of labourers during the first decade after the black death , 1349 -- 1359 ( 1908 ) . Williman , Daniel , ed . The Black Death : The Impact of the Fourteenth - Century Plague ( 1982 ) Ziegler , Philip . 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3081030239203891558	Vedic period	Vedic period - Wikipedia Vedic period Early Vedic period Geographical range Indian subcontinent Period Iron Age Dates c. 1500 -- c. 1100 BCE ( uncertain ) Preceded by Indus Valley Civilisation Followed by Late Vedic period , Kuru Kingdom , Panchala Late Vedic period Geographical range Indian subcontinent Period Iron Age Dates c. 1100 -- c. 500 BCE ( uncertain ) Preceded by Early Vedic culture Followed by Brihadrathas dynasty , Haryanka dynasty , Mahajanapadas Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Anarta tradition ( c. 3950 -- 1900 BC ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1500 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c. 600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . 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It gets its name from the Vedas , which are liturgical texts containing details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period . The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted by speakers of an Old Indo - Aryan language who had migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period . The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until c. 1200 or 1100 BCE and centred in the Punjab . It then spread eastward to the western Ganges Plain , becoming more agricultural and settled , while the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic Indo - Aryan culture . The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes and the coalescence of peoples into Janapada ( monarchical state - level polities ) . The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of Mahajanapada ( large , urbanised states ) as well as śramaṇa movements ( including Jainism and Buddhism ) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy of the Kuru Kingdom . The Vedic society was patriarchal and patrilineal , and early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms . Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of pastoralism and agriculture . Vedic religion developed into Brahmanical orthodoxy , and around the beginning of the Common Era , the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of the so - called `` Hindu synthesis '' . Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture , the Gandhara grave culture , the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Early Vedic Period ( c. 1500 -- c. 1200 BCE ) 1.3 Later Vedic period ( c. 1100 -- c. 500 BCE ) 1.4 Towards urbanisation 2 Culture 2.1 Society 2.2 Political organisation 2.3 Economy 2.4 Religion 2.4. 1 Vedic religion 2.4. 2 Influence on Hinduism 2.5 Literature 3 Archaeology 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) See also : Indo - European migrations , Indo - Aryan peoples , Indo - Aryan migration , and Indigenous Aryans Archaeological cultures associated with Indo - Iranian migrations ( after EIEC ) . The Andronovo , BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo - Iranian migrations . The GGC , Cemetery H , Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo - Aryan movements . The commonly accepted period of earlier Vedic age is dated back to the second millennium BCE . After the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation , which ended c. 1900 BCE , groups of Indo - Aryan peoples migrated into north - western India and started to inhabit the northern Indus Valley . The Indo - Aryans were a branch of the Indo - Iranians , which -- according to the most widespread hypothesis -- have originated in the Andronovo culture in the Bactria - Margiana area , in present northern Afghanistan . Some writers and archaeologists have opposed the notion of a migration of Indo - Aryans into India . Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton used the term `` Indo - Aryan Controversy '' for an oversight of the Indo - Aryan Migration theory , and some of its opponents . These ideas are outside the academic mainstream . Mallory and Adams note that two types of models `` enjoy significant international currency '' as to the Indo - European homeland , namely the Anatolian hypothesis , and a migration out of the Eurasian steppes . According to Upinder Singh , `` The original homeland of the Indo - Europeans and Indo - Aryans is the subject of continuing debate among philologists , linguists , historians , archaeologists and others . The dominant view is that the Indo - Aryans came to the subcontinent as immigrants . Another view , advocated mainly by some Indian scholars , is that they were indigenous to the subcontinent . '' The knowledge about the Aryans comes mostly from the Rigveda - samhita , i . e. the oldest layer of the Vedas , which was composed c. 1500 -- 1200 BCE . They brought with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices . The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto - Indo - European religion , and the Indo - Iranian religion . According to Anthony , the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo - European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River ( present - day Uzbekistan ) and ( present - day ) Iran . It was `` a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo - European elements '' , which borrowed `` distinctive religious beliefs and practices '' from the Bactria -- Margiana culture . Early Vedic period ( c. 1500 -- c. 1200 BCE ) ( edit ) See also : Rigvedic tribes Cremation urn of the Gandhara grave culture ( c. 1200 BCE ) , associated with Vedic material culture The Rigveda contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the Dasas and Dasyus . It describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices ( akratu ) or obey the commandments of gods ( avrata ) . Their speech is described as mridhra which could variously mean soft , uncouth , hostile , scornful or abusive . Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations . However , some modern scholars such as Asko Parpola connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes Dahae and Dahyu and believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo - Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans . Accounts of military conflicts between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the Rigveda . Most notable of such conflicts was the Battle of Ten Kings , which took place on the banks of the river Parushni ( modern day Ravi ) . The battle was fought between the tribe Bharatas , led by their chief Sudas , against a confederation of ten tribes . The Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river Saraswati , while the Purus , their western neighbours , lived along the lower regions of Saraswati . The other tribes dwelt north - west of the Bharatas in the region of Punjab . Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war . The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi , yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings . Purukutsa , the chief of the Purus , was killed in the battle and the Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe , the Kuru , after the war . Later Vedic period ( c. 1100 -- c. 500 BCE ) ( edit ) Pottery of the Painted Grey Ware culture ( c. 1000 - 600 BCE ) , associated with Vedic material culture After the 12th century BCE , as the Rigveda had taken its final form , the Vedic society , which is associated with the Kuru - Pancala region but were not the only Indo - Aryan people in northern India , transitioned from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in north - western India . Possession of horses remained an important priority of Vedic leaders and a remnant of the nomadic lifestyle , resulting in trade routes beyond the Hindu Kush to maintain this supply as horses needed for cavalry and sacrifice could not be bred in India . The Gangetic plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover . After 1000 BCE , the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease . This enabled the Vedic Aryans to extent their settlements into the western area of the Ganga - Yamuna Doab . Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units . The Vedic religion was further developed with the emergence of the Kuru kingdom , systematising its religious literature and developing the Śrauta ritual . It is associated with the Painted Grey Ware culture ( c. 1200 - 600 BCE ) , which did not expand east of the Ganga - Yamnuya Doab . It differed from the related , yet markedly different , culture of the Central Ganges region , which was associated with the Northern Black Polished Ware and the Mahajanapadas of Kosala and Magadha . In this period the varna system emerged , state Kulke and Rothermund , which in this stage of Indian history were a `` hierarchical order of estates which reflected a division of labor among various social classes '' . The Vedic period estates were four : Brahmin priests and warrior nobility stood on top , free peasants and traders were the third , and slaves , labourers and artisans , many belonging to the indigenous people , were the fourth . This was a period where agriculture , metal , and commodity production , as well as trade , greatly expanded , and the Vedic era texts including the early Upanishads and many Sutras important to later Hindu culture were completed . Modern replica of utensils and falcon shaped altar used for Agnicayana , an elaborate ' Srauta ritual originating from the Kuru Kingdom , around 1000 BCE . The Kuru Kingdom , the earliest Vedic `` state '' , was formed by a `` super-tribe '' which joined several tribes in a new unit . To govern this state , Vedic hymns were collected and transcribed , and new rituals were developed , which formed the now orthodox Śrauta rituals . Two key figures in this process of the development of the Kuru state were the king Parikshit and his successor Janamejaya , transforming this realm into the dominant political and cultural power of northern Iron Age India . The most well - known of the new religious sacrifices that arose in this period were the Ashvamedha ( horse sacrifice ) . This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year . The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors . The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged . This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter-state relations in this era . This period saw also the beginning of the social stratification by the use of varna , the division of Vedic society in Kshatriya , Brahmins , Vaishya and Shudra . The Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic Salva tribe , and the political centre of Vedic culture shifted east , into the Panchala kingdom on the Ganges , under King Keśin Dālbhya ( approximately between 900 and 750 BCE ) . Later , in the 8th or 7th century BCE , the kingdom of Videha emerged as a political centre farther to the East , in what is today northern Bihar of India and south eastern Nepal , reaching its prominence under the king Janaka , whose court provided patronage for Brahmin sages and philosophers such as Yajnavalkya , Uddalaka Aruni , and Gargi Vachaknavi ; Panchala also remained prominent during this period , under its king Pravahana Jaivali . Towards urbanisation ( edit ) By the 6th century BCE , the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called Mahajanapadas . The process of urbanisation had begun in these kingdoms , commerce and travel flourished , even regions separated by large distances became easy to aceess . Anga , a small kingdom to the east of Magadha ( on the door step of modern - day West Bengal ) , formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture . Yadavas expanded towards the south and settled in Mathura . To the south of their kingdom was Vatsa which was governed from its capital Kausambi . The Narmada River and parts of North Western Deccan formed the southern limits . The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions . The end of the Vedic period is marked by linguistic , cultural and political changes . The grammar of Pāṇini marks a final apex in the codification of Sutra texts , and at the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit . The invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence , continued in the kingdoms of the Indo - Greeks . Meanwhile , in the Kosala - Magadha region , the shramana movements ( including Jainism and Buddhism ) objected the self - imposed authority and orthodoxy of the intruding Brahmins and their Vedic scriptures and ritual . According to Bronkhorst , the sramana culture arose in `` greater Magadha , '' which was Indo - European , but not Vedic . In this culture , kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins , and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals . Culture ( edit ) Ancient history Preceded by prehistory Near East Sumer Egypt Elam Akkad Assyria Babylonia Mitanni Hittites Minoan Mycenae Sea Peoples Syro - Hittite states Israel and Judah Arabia Urartu Medes Nuragic Phoenicia Phrygia Lydia Greece Persia Hellenism Rome Africa Parthia Sasanian Empire Late antiquity Eurasian Steppe Proto - Indo - Europeans Maykop Yamna Afanasievo Corded Ware Catacomb Sintashta Andronovo Cimmeria Scythia Sarmatia Huns Bulgar East Asia China Korea Japan Mongolia Vietnam South Asia Indus Valley Civilisation Vedic period Mahajanapada Nanda Empire Maurya Empire Sangam period Middle kingdoms of India Gupta Empire Mississippi Adena Hopewell Mississippian Mesoamerica Olmecs Epi - Olmec Zapotec Mixtec Maya Teotihuacan Toltec Empire Andes Norte Chico Sechin Chavín Paracas Nazca Moche Lima Tiwanaku Empire Wari Empire West Africa Dhar Tichitt Oualata Nok Senegambia Djenné - Djenno Bura Bantu expansion Ghana Empire Oceania Kuk Lapita Australia Melanesia Polynesia Nan Madol Tuʻi Tonga Empire See also History of the world Ancient maritime history Protohistory Axial Age Iron Age Historiography Ancient literature Ancient warfare Cradle of civilization Followed by Post-classical history Society ( edit ) While Vedic society was relatively egalitarian in the sense that a distinct hierarchy of socio - economic classes or castes was absent , the Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of social classes . Political hierarchy was determined by rank , where rajan stood at the top and dasi at the bottom . The words Brahamana and Kshatriya occur in various family books of the Rigveda , but they are not associated with the term varna . The words Vaishya and Shudra are absent . Verses of the Rigveda , such as 3.44 - 45 , indicate the absence of strict social hierarchy and the existence of social mobility : O , Indra , fond of soma , would you make me the protector of people , or would you make me a king , would you make me a sage who has drunk soma , would you impart to me endless wealth . The Vedic household was patriarchal and patrilineal . The institution of marriage was important and different types of marriages -- monogamy , polygyny and polyandry are mentioned in the Rigveda . Both women sages and female gods were known to Vedic Aryans . However , hymns attributable to female sages are few and female gods were not as important as male ones . Women could choose their husbands and could remarry if their husbands died or disappeared . While the wife enjoyed a respectable position , she was subordinate to her husband . People consumed milk , milk products , grains , fruits , and vegetables . Meat eating is mentioned , however , cows are labelled aghnya ( not to be killed ) . Clothes of cotton , wool and animal skin were worn . Soma and sura were popular drinks in the Vedic society , of which soma was sanctified by religion . Flute ( vana ) , lute ( vina ) , harp , cymbals , and drums were the musical instruments played and a heptatonic scale was used . Dancing , dramas , chariot racing , and gambling were other popular pastimes . The emergence of monarchical states in the later Vedic age led to a distancing of the rajan from the people and the emergence of a varna hierarchy . The society was divided into four social groups -- Brahmanas , Kshatriyas , Vaishyas and Shudras . The later Vedic texts fixed social boundaries , roles , status and ritual purity for each of the groups . The Shatapatha Brahmana associates the Brahmana with purity of parentage , good conduct , glory , teaching or protecting people ; Kshatriya with strength , fame , ruling , and warfare ; Vaishya with material prosperity and production - related activities such as cattle rearing and agriculture ; Shudras with the service of the higher varnas . The effects of Rajasuya sacrifice depended on the varna of the sacrificer . Rajasuya endowed Brahmana with lustre , Kshatriya with valour , Vaishya with procreative power and Shudra with stability . The hierarchy of the top three varnas is ambiguous in the later Vedic texts . Panchavamsha Brahmana and verse 13.8. 3.11 of the Shatapatha Brahmana place Kshatriya over Brahmana and Vaishya , whereas , verse 1.1. 4.12 places Brahmana and Vaishya over the Kshatriya and Shudra . The Purusha sukta visualised the four varnas as hierarchical , but inter-related parts of an organic whole . Despite the increasing social stratification in the later Vedic times , hymns like Rigveda IX. 112 suggest some amount of social mobility : `` I am a reciter of hymns , my father a physician , and my mother grinds ( corn ) with stones . We desire to obtain wealth in various actions . '' Household became an important unit in the later Vedic age . The variety of households of the Vedic era gave way to an idealised household which was headed by a grihapati . The relations between husband and wife , father and son were hierarchically organised and the women were relegated to subordinate and docile roles . Polygyny was more common than polyandry and texts like Tattiriya Samhita indicate taboos around menstruating women . Various professions women took to are mentioned in the later Vedic texts . Women tended to cattle , milked cows , carded wool ; were weavers , dyers , and corn grinders . Women warriors such as Vishphala , who lost a leg in battle , are mentioned . Two female philosophers are mentioned in the Upanishads . Patrick Olivelle , in his translation of the Upanishads , writes that `` the fact that these women are introduced without any attempt to justify or to explain how women could be engaged in theological matters suggests the relatively high social and religious position of at least women of some social strata during this period . '' Political organisation ( edit ) Vedic weaponry Ancient Indian Antennae sword ; Metalwork , 1500 -- 500 BCE . Ancient Indian Ax Blade , 1500 -- 1000 BCE . Early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms . The chief of a tribe was called a rajan . The autonomy of the rajan was restricted by the tribal councils called sabha and samiti . The two bodies were , in part , responsible for the governance of the tribe . The rajan could not accede to the throne without their approval . The distinction between the two bodies is not clear . Arthur Llewellyn Basham , a noted historian and indologist , theorises that sabha was a meeting of great men in the tribe , whereas , samiti was a meeting of all free tribesmen . Some tribes had no hereditary chiefs and were directly governed by the tribal councils . Rajan had a rudimentary court which was attended by courtiers ( sabhasad ) and chiefs of septs ( gramani ) . The main responsibility of the rajan was to protect the tribe . He was aided by several functionaries , including the purohita ( chaplain ) , the senani ( army chief ) , dutas ( envoys ) and spash ( spies ) . Purohita performed ceremonies and spells for success in war and prosperity in peace . In the later Vedic period , the tribes had consolidated into small kingdoms , which had a capital and a rudimentary administrative system . To aid in governing these new states , the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals ( the now orthodox Śrauta rituals ) to strengthen the emerging social hierarchy . The rajan was seen as the custodian of social order and the protector of rashtra ( polity ) . Hereditary kingship started emerging and competitions like chariot races , cattle raids , and games of dice , which previously decided who was worthy of becoming a king , became nominal . Rituals in this era exalted the status of the king over his people . He was occasionally referred to as samrat ( supreme ruler ) . The rajan 's increasing political power enabled him to gain greater control over the productive resources . The voluntary gift offering ( bali ) became compulsory tribute ; however , there was no organised system of taxation . Sabha and samiti are still mentioned in later Vedic texts , though , with the increasing power of the king , their influence declined . By the end of the later Vedic age , different kinds of political systems such as monarchical states ( rajya ) , oligarchical states ( gana or sangha ) , and tribal principalities had emerged in India . According to Michael Witzel 's analysis of the Kuru Kingdom , it can be characterized as the earliest Vedic `` state '' , during the Middle Vedic Period . However , Robert Bellah observes that it is difficult to `` pin down '' whether the Kurus were a true `` state '' or a complex chiefdom , as the Kuru kings notably never adopted royal titles higher than `` rājan , '' which means `` chief '' rather than `` king '' in the Vedic context . The Middle Vedic Period is also characterized by a lack of cities ; Bellah compares this to early state formation in ancient Hawai'i and `` very early Egypt , '' which were `` territorial states '' rather than `` city - states , '' and thus `` it was the court , not the city , that provided the center , and the court was often peripatetic . '' Romila Thapar characterizes Vedic - era state formation as being in a condition of `` arrested development , '' because local chiefs were relatively autonomous , and because surplus wealth that could have been directed towards state - building was instead used for the increasingly grandiose rituals that also served to structure social relations . The period of the Upanishads , the final phase of the Vedic era , was approximately contemporaneous with a new wave of state formations , linked to the beginning of urbanization in the Ganges Valley : along with the growth of population and trade networks , these social and economic changes put pressure on older ways of life , setting the stage for the Upanishads and the subsequent sramana movements , and the end of the Vedic Period , which was followed by the Mahajanapada period . According to George Erdosy , archaeological data for the period of period from 1000 to 600 BCE shows a two - tiered settlement pattern in the Ganges Valley , with some `` modest central places , '' suggestive of the existence of simple chiefdoms , with the Kurukshetra District itself displaying a more complex ( albeit not yet urbanized ) three - tiered hierarchy . Subsequently , ( after 600 BCE ) there are four tiers of site sizes , including large towns and fortified cities , consistent with an urbanized state - level society . Economy ( edit ) Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli , Malwa , 1300 BCE . Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of pastoralism and agriculture . There are references , in the Rigveda , to the leveling of fields , seed processing , and storage of grains in large jars . War booty was also a major source of wealth . Economic exchanges were conducted by gift giving , particularly to kings ( bali ) and priests ( dana ) , and barter using cattle as a unit of currency . While gold is mentioned in some hymns , there is no indication of the use of coins . Metallurgy is not mentioned in the Rigveda , but the word ayas and instruments made from it such as razors , bangles , axes are mentioned . One verse mentions purification of ayas . Some scholars believe that ayas refers to iron and the words dham and karmara refer to iron - welders . However , philological evidence indicates that ayas in the Rigveda refers only to copper and bronze , while iron or śyāma ayas , literally `` black metal '' , first is mentioned in the post-Rigvedic Atharvaveda , and therefore the Early Vedic Period was a Bronze Age culture whereas the Late Vedic Period was an Iron Age culture . The transition of Vedic society from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in the later Vedic age led to an increase in trade and competition for resources . Agriculture dominated the economic activity along the Ganges valley during this period . Agricultural operations grew in complexity and usage of iron implements ( krishna -- ayas or shyama -- ayas , literally black metal or dark metal ) increased . Crops of wheat , rice , and barley were cultivated . Surplus production helped to support the centralised kingdoms that were emerging at this time . New crafts and occupations such as carpentry , leather work , tanning , pottery , astrology , jewellery , dying , and winemaking arose . Apart from copper , bronze , and gold , later Vedic texts also mention tin , lead , and silver . Panis in some hymns refers to merchants , in others to stingy people who hid their wealth and did not perform Vedic sacrifices . Some scholars suggest that Panis were semitic traders , but the evidence for this is slim . Professions of warriors , priests , cattle - rearers , farmers , hunters , barbers , vintners and crafts of chariot - making , cart - making , carpentry , metal working , tanning , making of bows , sewing , weaving , making mats of grass and reed are mentioned in the hymns of the Rigveda . Some of these might have needed full - time specialists . There are references to boats and oceans . Book X of the Rigveda refers to both eastern and western oceans . Individual property ownership did not exist and clans as a whole enjoyed rights over lands and herds . Enslavement ( dasa , dasi ) in the course of war or as a result of non-payment of debt is mentioned . However , slaves worked in households rather than production - related activities . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Historical Vedic religion A steel engraving from the 1850s , which depicts the creative activities of Prajapati , a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life . Vedic religion ( edit ) Texts considered to date to the Vedic period are mainly the four Vedas , but the Brahmanas , Aranyakas and the older Upanishads as well as the oldest Śrautasutras are also considered to be Vedic . The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 Śrauta priests and the purohitas . The rishis , the composers of the hymns of the Rigveda , were considered inspired poets and seers ( in post-Vedic times understood as `` hearers '' of an eternally existing Veda , Śrauta means `` what is heard '' ) . The mode of worship was the performance of sacrifices ( Yajna ) which included the chanting of Rigvedic verses ( see Vedic chant ) , singing of Samans and ' mumbling ' of sacrificial mantras ( Yajus ) . Yajna involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri ( herbal preparations ) in the fire accompanied by the chanting of the Vedic mantras . The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj , which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities ( devapujana ) , unity ( saògatikaraña ) and charity ( dána ) . An essential element was the sacrificial fire -- the divine Agni -- into which oblations were poured , as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God . People prayed for abundance of rain , cattle , sons , long life and gaining ' heaven ' . Vedic people believed in the transmigration of the soul , and the peepul tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the Atharvaveda . Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like Dharma , Karma etc. trace their root to the Vedas . The main deities of the Vedic pantheon were Indra , Agni ( the sacrificial fire ) , and Soma and some deities of social order such as Mitra -- Varuna , Aryaman , Bhaga and Amsa , further nature deities such as Surya ( the Sun ) , Vayu ( the wind ) , and Prithivi ( the earth ) . Goddesses included Ushas ( the dawn ) , Prithvi , and Aditi ( the mother of the Aditya gods or sometimes the cow ) . Rivers , especially Saraswati , were also considered goddesses . Deities were not viewed as all - powerful . The relationship between humans and the deity was one of transaction , with Agni ( the sacrificial fire ) taking the role of messenger between the two . Strong traces of a common Indo - Iranian religion remain visible , especially in the Soma cult and the fire worship , both of which are preserved in Zoroastrianism . Ethics in the Vedas are based on the concepts of Satya and Rta . Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute . Whereas , Ṛta is the expression of Satya , which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it . Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment . Influence on Hinduism ( edit ) Around the beginning of the Common Era , the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of the so - called `` Hindu synthesis '' . Vedic religion survived in the srayta ritual , whereas ascetic and devotional traditions like Yoga and Vedanta acknowledge the authority of the Vedas , but interpret the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with ' God ' ( Brahman ) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of Ishvara and Brahman . Later texts such as the Upanishads and epics , namely the Gita of Mahabharat , are essential parts of these later developments . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Vedas An early 19th - century manuscript of Rigveda ( padapatha ) in Devanagari . The Vedic accent is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red . The reconstruction of the history of Vedic India is based on text - internal details , but can be correlated to relevant archaeological details . Linguistically , the Vedic texts could be classified in five chronological strata : Rigvedic text : The Rigveda is by far the most archaic of the Vedic texts preserved , and it retains many common Indo - Iranian elements , both in language and in content , that are not present in any other Vedic texts . Its time span likely corresponds to the Late Harappan culture , Gandhara Grave culture and Ochre Coloured Pottery culture . Mantra language texts : This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda ( Paippalada and Shaunmkiya ) , the Rigveda Khilani , the Samaveda Samhita ( containing some 75 mantras not in the Rigveda ) , and the mantras of the Yajurveda . Many of these texts are largely derived from the Rigveda , but have undergone certain changes , both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation . Conspicuous changes include change of vishva `` all '' by sarva , and the spread of the kuru - verbal stem ( for Rigvedic krno - ) . This is the time of the early Iron Age in north - western India , corresponding to the Black and Red Ware ( BRW ) and Painted Grey Ware ( PGW ) cultures , and the early Kuru Kingdom , dating from c. the 12th to 11th century BCE . Samhita prose texts : This period marks the beginning of the collection and codification of a Vedic canon . An important linguistic change is the complete loss of the injunctive . The Brahmana part ( ' commentary ' on mantras and ritual ) of the Black Yajurveda ( MS , KS , TS ) belongs to this period . Archaeologically , the Painted Grey Ware ( PGW ) culture from c. 1000 or 900 BCE corresponds to the Kuru Kingdom and the subsequent eastward shift of the political centre from the Kurus to the Panchalas on the Ganges . Brahmana prose texts : The Brahmanas proper of the four Vedas belong to this period , as well as the Aranyakas , the oldest of the Upanishads ( BAU , ChU , JUB ) and the oldest Śrautasutras ( BSS , VadhSS ) . In the east , Videha ( N. Bihar and Nepal ) is established as the third main political centre of the Vedic period . Sutra language texts : This is the last stratum of Vedic Sanskrit leading up to c. 500 BCE , comprising the bulk of the Śrauta and Grhya Sutras , and some Upanishads ( e.g. KathU , MaitrU ) . Archaeology ( edit ) Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic material culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture , the Gandhara Grave culture , the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture . See also ( edit ) History of India Historical Vedic religion Indus Valley Civilisation Vedanga Indigenous Aryans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The roots of this culture seem to go further back to the Sintashta culture , with funeral sacrifices which show close parallels to the sacrificial funeral rites of the Rigveda . Around 1800 -- 1600 BCE , the Indo - Aryans are believed to have split off from the Iranians whereupon they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians , who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and `` chased them to the extremities of Central Eurasia . '' One of these Indo - Aryan groups would found the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria ( c. 1500 -- 1300 BCE ) . The other group were the Vedic people , who were pursued by the Iranians `` across Iran into India . '' For an overview of the current relevant research , see : Michael Witzel ( 2001 ) , `` Autochthonous Aryans ? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts '' , in Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies ( EJVS ) , vol. 7 -- 3 , pp. 1 -- 93 . Shereen Ratnagar ( 2008 ) , `` The Aryan homeland debate in India '' , in P.L. Kohl , M. Kozelsky and N. Ben - Yehuda ( edd . ) , Selective remembrances : archaeology in the construction , commemoration , and consecration of national pasts , pp. 349 -- 378 . Suraj Bhan ( 2002 ) , `` Aryanization of the Indus Civilization '' in K.N. Panikkar , T.J. Byres and U. Patnaik ( edd . ) , The Making of History , pp. 41 -- 55 . Jump up ^ See : Bryant : `` This does not mean that the Indigenous Aryan position is historically probable . The available evidence by no means denies the normative view -- that of external Aryan origins and , if anything , favors it . '' Michael Witzel : `` The ' revisionist project ' certainly is not guided by the principles of critical theory but takes , time and again , recourse to pre-enlightenment beliefs in the authority of traditional religious texts such as the Purånas . In the end , it belongs , as has been pointed out earlier , to a different ' discourse ' than that of historical and critical scholarship . In other words , it continues the writing of religious literature , under a contemporary , outwardly ' scientific ' guise . Though the ones pursuing this project use dialectic methods quite effectively , they frequently also turn traditional Indian discussion methods and scholastic tricks to their advantage ( ... ) The revisionist and autochthonous project , then , should not be regarded as scholarly in the usual post-enlightenment sense of the word , but as an apologetic , ultimately religious undertaking aiming at proving the ' truth ' of traditional texts and beliefs . Worse , it is , in many cases , not even scholastic scholarship at all but a political undertaking aiming at ' rewriting ' history out of national pride or for the purpose of ' nation building ' . '' In her review of Bryant 's `` The Indo - Aryan Controversy '' Stephanie Jamison , Professor , Department of Asian Languages & Cultures , comments : `` ... the parallels between the Intelligent Design issue and the Indo - Aryan `` controversy '' are distressingly close . The Indo - Aryan controversy is a manufactured one with a non-scholarly agenda , and the tactics of its manufacturers are very close to those of the ID proponents mentioned above . However unwittingly and however high their aims , the two editors have sought to put a gloss of intellectual legitimacy , with a sense that real scientific questions are being debated , on what is essentially a religio - nationalistic attack on a scholarly consensus . '' Jump up ^ At least 383 non-Indo - European words were borrowed from this culture , including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma , which according to Anthony was `` probably borrowed from the BMAC religion . '' `` Many of the qualities of Indo - Iranian god of might / victory , Verethraghna , were transferred to the adopted god Indra , who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture . Indra was the subject of 250 hymns , a quarter of the Rigveda . He was associated more than any other deity with Soma , a stimulant drug ( perhaps derived from Ephedra ) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion . His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers . '' Jump up ^ According to Erdosy , this battle provided a prototype for the epic Mahabharata , Hiltebeitel calls this idea a `` particularly baffling fancy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClish , Mark ; Olivelle , Patrick ( 2012 ) , `` Introduction '' , in M. McClish ; P. Olivelle , The Arthasastra : Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft , Hackett Publishing , p. xxiv , ISBN 1 - 60384 - 903 - 3 : `` Although the Vedas are essentially liturgical documents and increasingly mystical reflections on Vedic ritual , they are sufficiently rich and extensive to give us some understanding of what life was like at the time . The earliest of the Vedas , the Ṛgveda Saṃhitā , contains 1,028 hymns , some of which may be as old as 1500 BCE . Because the Vedic texts are the primary way in which we can understand the period between the fall of the IVC ( ca 1700 ) and the second wave of urbanization ( 600 BCE ) , we call the intervening era of South Asian history the ' Vedic Period . ' '' ^ Jump up to : Witzel 1995 , p. 3 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2010 , p. 49 - 52 . ^ Jump up to : Flood 1996 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltebeitel 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Witzel 1989 . Jump up ^ Pletcher , Kenneth ( 2010 ) . The History of India . Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Witzel 1995 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2010 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Floodl 1995 , p. 30 , 33 - 35 . Jump up ^ Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 410 - 411 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 375 , 408 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , 2009 & 33 , 35 . ^ Jump up to : Beckwith , 2009 & 33 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , 2009 & 34 . Jump up ^ Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 . Jump up ^ Bryant 2001 . Jump up ^ Bryant & Patton 2005 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Edwin ( 2001 ) , The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo - Aryan Migration Debate , Oxford University Press , p. 7 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 513777 - 9 Jump up ^ Witzel , Michael ( 2001 ) , `` Autochthonous Aryans ? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts '' ( PDF ) , Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7 - 3 ( EJVS ) 2001 ( 1 - 115 ) Jump up ^ Jamison , Stephanie W. ( 2006 ) . `` The Indo - Aryan controversy : Evidence and inference in Indian history ( Book review ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Indo - European Studies . 34 : 255 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Mallory & Adams 2006 , p. 460 - 461 . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Witzel 1995 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Flood 1996 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Roger D. ( 18 August 2006 ) . Indo - European Sacred Space : Vedic and Roman Cult . University of Illinois Press . pp. 242 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09295 - 4 . Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 462 . ^ Jump up to : Beckwith 2009 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Anthony , The Horse , the Wheel and Language 2007 , p. 454 f ... ^ Jump up to : & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Erdosy 1995 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 2001 , p. 2 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . Pearson Education India . p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Reddy 2011 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , pp. 37 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2010 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Tignor , Robert L. ( 2014 ) . Worlds together , worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present ( fourth ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393922073 . OCLC 854609153 . Jump up ^ Kaushik , Roy ( 2013 ) . Military manpower , armies and warfare in South Asia . London : Pickering & Chatto . ISBN 9781848932920 . OCLC 827268432 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Witzel 1995 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2010 , p. 48 - 51 , 61 - 93 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel 2007 , p. 8 - 10 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2010 , p. 49 - 50 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Avari , Burjor ( 2016 ) . India : The Ancient Past : A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200 . Routledge . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , pp. 39 - 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Ram Sharan ( 1990 ) , Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600 , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , p. 33 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0706 - 8 Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , pp. 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Witzel 1995 , p. 2 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Samuel 2010 , p. 48 - 56 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ H.C. Raychaudhuri ( 1972 ) , Political History of Ancient India , Calcutta : University of Calcutta , p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Olivelle 1998 , pp. xxviii -- xxix . Jump up ^ Basham 208 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Basham 208 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Majumdar 1998 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Fortson 2011 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Sen 1999 , pp. 117 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Samuel 2010 , p. 48 - 51 ; ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 2007 . Jump up ^ Long 2013 , p. chapter II . Jump up ^ Staal 2008 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , pp. 201 -- 203 . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Olivelle 1998 , p. xxvi . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , pp. 204 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Olivelle 1998 , p. xxxvi . Jump up ^ Majumdar 1977 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Witzel 's study is furthermore cited by Alf Hiltebeitel , Dharma : Its Early History in Law , Religion , and Narrative , Oxford University Press , 2011 , p. 57 ( online ) ; Proferes , Theodore ( 2003 ) , `` Kuru kings , Tura Kavaseya and the - tvaya Gerund '' , in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , vol. 66 ( 2 ) , pp. 210 -- 219 ( online ) . Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert N. Religion in Human Evolution ( Harvard University Press , 2011 ) , p. 491 f. ( online ) . Jump up ^ Bellah 2011 , 697 - 98 : citing the terminology of Bruce Trigger , Understanding Early Civilizations ( online ) . Jump up ^ Cited by Bellah 2011 , p. 698 f. ( online ) . Jump up ^ Bellah 2011 , p. 509 , citing Patrick Olivelle 's introductory remarks to his translation of the Upanishads ( online ) . Jump up ^ Erdosy , George . `` The prelude to urbanization : ethnicity and the rise of Late Vedic chiefdoms , '' in The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia : The Emergence of Cities and States , ed . F.R. Allchin ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , pp. 75 -- 98 ( online ) . Jump up ^ Erdosy , George . `` City states of North India and Pakistan at the time of the Buddha , '' in The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia : The Emergence of Cities and States , ed . F.R. Allchin ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , p. 99 -- 122 ( online ) . ^ Jump up to : & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , 1998 & xxvii . Jump up ^ & Upinder Singh , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Basham , The Wonder that was India 2008 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Nigal , S.G. Axiological Approach to the Vedas . Northern Book Centre , 1986 . P. 81 . ISBN 81 - 85119 - 18 - X . Jump up ^ Singhal , K. C ; Gupta , Roshan . The Ancient History of India , Vedic Period : A New Interpretation . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . ISBN 8126902868 . P. 150 - 151 . Jump up ^ * Day , Terence P. ( 1982 ) . The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature . Ontario : Wilfrid Laurier University Press . P. 42 - 45 . ISBN 0 - 919812 - 15 - 5 . Jump up ^ Krishnananda . Swami . A Short History of Religious and Philosophic Thought in India , Divine Life Society . p. 21 Jump up ^ Holdrege ( 2004 : 215 ) . Panikkar ( 2001 : 350 - 351 ) remarks : `` Ṛta is the ultimate foundation of everything ; it is `` the supreme '' , although this is not to be understood in a static sense . ( ... ) It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything ... '' Jump up ^ Stephanie W. Jamison and Michael Witzel in Arvind Sharma , editor , The Study of Hinduism . University of South Carolina Press , 2003 , page 65 : `` ... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion - at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from mediaeval and modern Christian religion . However , Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism . '' Sources ( edit ) Anthony , David W. ( 2007 ) , The Horse , the Wheel and Language . How Bronze - Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World , Princeton : Princeton University Press Basham , A.L. ( 2008 ) ( first published 1954 by Sidgwick and Jackson ) , The Wonder that was India : A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims , Scholarly Publishing Office , University of Michigan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 599 - 7 Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 2007 ) , Greater Magadha : Studies in the Culture of Early India , BRILL Bryant , Edwin ( 2001 ) , The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo - Aryan Migration Debate , New York : Oxford University Press Bryant , Edwin ; Patton , Laurie , eds. ( 2005 ) , Indo - Aryan Controversy : Evidence and Inference in Indian History , Routledge Erdosy , George ( 1995 ) , The Indo - Aryans of Ancient South Asia : Language , Material Culture and Ethnicity , Walter de Gruyter Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Flood , Gavin ( 2003 ) , The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism , Malden , MA : Blackwell , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3251 - 5 Fortson , Benjamin W. ( 2011 ) , Indo - European Language and Culture : An Introduction , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5968 - 8 Griswold , Hervey De Witt ( 1971 ) , The Religion of the Ṛigveda , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0745 - 7 Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2001 ) , Rethinking the Mahabharata : A Reader 's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King , University of Chicago Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2007 ) , `` Hinduism '' , in Joseph Kitagawa , The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture ( Digital printing ) , Routledge Kak , Subhash ( 2005 ) , `` Vedic astronomy and early Indian chronology '' , in Bryant , Edwin ; Patton , Laurie , Indo - Aryan Controversy : Evidence and Inference in Indian History , Routledge Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 1998 ) , A History of India , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 Long , Jeffrey D. ( 2013 ) , Jainism : An Introduction , I.B. Tauris Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 1977 ) , Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0436 - 4 Mallory , J.P. ; Adams , D.Q. ( 2006 ) , The Oxford Introduction to Proto - Indo - European and the Proto - Indo - European World , Oxford University Press Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Olivelle , Patrick ( 1998 ) , Upanis̥ads , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283576 - 5 Reddy , K. Krishna ( 2011 ) , Indian History , Tata McGraw - Hill Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 132923 - 1 Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Sen , S.N. ( 1999 ) , Ancient Indian History And Civilization , New Age International , ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1198 - 0 Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) , A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century , Pearson Education India , ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1120 - 0 Staal , Frits ( 2008 ) , Discovering the Vedas : Origins , Mantras , Rituals , Insights , Penguin Books India , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 309986 - 4 Winternitz , Moriz ; Sarma , Vuppala Srinivasa ( 1981 ) , A history of Indian literature : Introduction , Veda , epics , purānas and tantras , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0264 - 3 Witzel , Michael ( 1989 ) , `` Tracing the Vedic dialects '' , Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo - Aryennes ed . Caillat , Paris , 97 -- 265 . Witzel , Michael ( 1995 ) , `` Early Sanskritization . Origins and Development of the Kuru State . '' ( PDF ) , Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies , 1 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 26 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 June 2007 , retrieved 20 February 2012 Further reading ( edit ) Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak , The Arctic Home in the Vedas , Messrs Tilak Bros. , 1903 . R.C. Majumdar and A.D. Pusalker , eds . The History and Culture of the Indian People . Volume I , The Vedic age . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , Bombay 1951 . R.C. Majumdar et al. An Advanced History of India , MacMillan , 1967 . 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6156407332340631670	Army of the Potomac	Army of the Potomac - wikipedia Army of the Potomac This article is about the Union army . For the Confederate army of the same name , see Confederate Army of the Potomac . Army of the Potomac Commanders of the Army of the Potomac at Culpeper , Virginia , 1863 . From the left : Gouverneur K. Warren , William H. French , George G. Meade , Henry J. Hunt , Andrew A. Humphreys , George Sykes Active July 26 , 1861 -- June 28 , 1865 Country United States Branch United States Army Type Field army Role Primary Union Army in Eastern Theater Part of Union Army Garrison / HQ Washington , D.C. Engagements American Civil War Commanders Notable commanders George B. McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George G. Meade The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in May 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April . Contents 1 History 2 Famous units 2.1 Corps 3 Commanders 4 Major battles and campaigns 5 Casualties breakdown 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The Army of the Potomac was created in 1861 but was then only the size of a corps ( relative to the size of Union armies later in the war ) . Its nucleus was called the Army of Northeastern Virginia , under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell , and it was the army that fought ( and lost ) the war 's first major battle , the First Battle of Bull Run . The arrival in Washington , D.C. , of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan dramatically changed the makeup of that army . McClellan 's original assignment was to command the Division of the Potomac , which included the Department of Northeast Virginia under McDowell and the Department of Washington under Brig. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield . On July 26 , 1861 , the Department of the Shenandoah , commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks , was merged with McClellan 's departments and on that day , McClellan formed the Army of the Potomac , which was composed of all military forces in the former Departments of Northeastern Virginia , Washington , Pennsylvania , and the Shenandoah . The men under Banks 's command became an infantry division in the Army of the Potomac . The army started with four corps , but these were divided during the Peninsula Campaign to produce two more . After the Second Battle of Bull Run , the Army of the Potomac absorbed the units that had served under Maj. Gen. John Pope . It is a popular , but mistaken , belief that John Pope commanded the Army of the Potomac in the summer of 1862 after McClellan 's unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign . On the contrary , Pope 's army consisted of different units , and was named the Army of Virginia . During the time that the Army of Virginia existed , the Army of the Potomac was headquartered on the Virginia Peninsula , and then outside Washington , D.C. , with McClellan still in command , although three corps of the Army of the Potomac were sent to northern Virginia and were under Pope 's operational control during the Northern Virginia Campaign . The Army of the Potomac -- Our Outlying Picket in the Woods , 1862 The Army of the Potomac underwent many structural changes during its existence . The army was divided by Ambrose Burnside into three grand divisions of two corps each with a Reserve composed of two more . Hooker abolished the grand divisions . Thereafter the individual corps , seven of which remained in Virginia , reported directly to army headquarters . Hooker also created a Cavalry Corps by combining units that previously had served as smaller formations . In late 1863 , two corps were sent West , and -- in 1864 -- the remaining five corps were recombined into three . Burnside 's IX Corps , which accompanied the army at the start of Ulysses S. Grant 's Overland Campaign , rejoined the army later . For more detail , see the section Corps below . The Army of the Potomac fought in most of the Eastern Theater campaigns , primarily in ( Eastern ) Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania . After the end of the war , it was disbanded on June 28 , 1865 , shortly following its participation in the Grand Review of the Armies . The Army of the Potomac was also the name given to General P.G.T. Beauregard 's Confederate army during the early stages of the war ( namely , First Bull Run ; thus , the losing Union Army ended up adopting the name of the winning Confederate army ) . However , the name was eventually changed to the Army of Northern Virginia , which became famous under General Robert E. Lee . In 1869 the Society of the Army of the Potomac was formed as a veterans association . It had its last reunion in 1929 . Famous units ( edit ) Saint Patrick 's Day celebration in the Army of the Potomac , depicting a steeplechase race among the Irish Brigade , March 17 , 1863 , by Edwin Forbes Because of its proximity to the large cities of the North , such as Washington , D.C. , Philadelphia , and New York City , the Army of the Potomac received more contemporary media coverage than the other Union field armies . Such coverage produced fame for a number of this army 's units . Individual brigades , such as the Irish Brigade , the Philadelphia Brigade , the First New Jersey Brigade , the Vermont Brigade , and the Iron Brigade , all became well known to the general public , both during the Civil War and afterward . Corps ( edit ) Scouts and guides , Army of the Potomac , Mathew Brady The army originally consisted of fourteen divisions commanded by Edwin Sumner , William B. Franklin , Louis Blenker , Nathaniel Banks , Frederick W. Lander , Silas Casey , Irvin McDowell , Fitz - John Porter , Samuel Heintzelman , Erasmus Keyes , William F. Smith , Charles P. Stone ( replaced by John Sedgwick in February 1862 ) , and George McCall . Because this arrangement would be too hard to control in battle , President Lincoln issued an order on March 13 , 1862 , dividing the army into six corps headed by Sumner , Banks ( despite being in the Shenandoah Valley and not part of the main army ) , McDowell , Heintzelman , and Keyes , the highest - ranking officers . McClellan was not happy with this , as he had intended to wait until the army had been tested in battle before judging which generals were suitable for corps command . After the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5 , McClellan requested and obtained permission to create two additions corps ; these became the V Corps , headed by Brig. Gen Fitz - John Porter , and the VI Corps , headed by Brig. Gen William B. Franklin , both personal favorites of his . After the Battle of Kernstown in the Valley on March 23 , the administration became paranoid about `` Stonewall '' Jackson 's activities there and the potential danger they posed to Washington D.C. , and to McClellan 's displeasure , detached Blenker 's division from the II Corps and sent it to West Virginia to serve under John C. Fremont 's command . McDowell 's corps was detached as well and stationed in the Rappahannock area . In June 1862 , George McCall 's division from McDowell 's corps ( the Pennsylvania Reserves Division ) was sent down to the Peninsula and temporarily attached to the V Corps . In the Seven Days Battles , the V Corps was heavily engaged . The Pennsylvania Reserves , in particular , suffered heavy losses including its division commander , who was captured by the Confederates , and two of its three brigadiers ( John F. Reynolds , also captured , and George Meade , who was wounded ) . The III Corps fought at Glendale , however , the rest of the army was not heavily engaged in the week - long fight aside from Slocum 's division of the VI Corps , which was sent to reinforce the V Corps at Gaines Mill . The Army of the Potomac remained on the Virginia Peninsula until August , when it was recalled back to Washington D.C. Keyes and one of the two IV Corps divisions were left behind permanently as part of the newly - created Department of the James , while the other division , commanded by Brig. Gen Darius Couch was attached to the VI Corps . During the Second Battle of Bull Run , the III and V Corps were temporarily attached to Pope 's army ; the former suffered major losses and was sent back to Washington to rest and refit afterward , so it did not participate in the Maryland Campaign . The V Corps attracted controversy during the battle when Fitz - John Porter failed to execute Pope 's orders properly and attack Stonewall Jackson 's flank despite his protests that James Longstreet 's troops were blocking the way . Pope blamed the loss at Second Bull Run on Porter , who was court - martialed and spent much of his life attempting to get himself exonerated . Sigel 's command , now redesignated the XI Corps , also spent the Maryland Campaign in Washington resting and refitting . In the Maryland Campaign , the Army of the Potomac had six corps . These were the I Corps , commanded by Joe Hooker after Irvin McDowell was removed from command , the II Corps , commanded by Edwin Sumner , the V Corps , headed by Fitz - John Porter , the VI Corps , headed by William Franklin , the IX Corps , headed by Ambrose Burnside and formerly the Department of North Carolina , and the XII Corps , headed by Nathaniel Banks until September 12 , and given to Joseph K. Mansfield just two days prior to Antietam , where he was killed in action . At Antietam , the I and XII Corps were the first Union outfits to fight and both corps suffered enormous casualties ( plus the loss of their commanders ) so that they were down to near - division strength and their brigades at regimental strength after the battle was over . The II and IX Corps were also heavily engaged but the V and VI Corps largely stayed out of the battle . When Burnside took over command of the army from McClellan in the fall , he formed the army into four Grand Divisions . The Right Grand Division was commanded by Edwin Sumner and comprised the II and V Corps , the Center Grand Division , commanded by Joe Hooker , comprised the IX and III Corps , and the Left Grand Division , commanded by William Franklin , comprised the VI and I Corps . In addition , the Reserve Grand Division , commanded by Franz Sigel , comprised the XI and XII Corps . At Fredericksburg , the I Corps was commanded by John F. Reynolds , the II Corps by Darius Couch , the III Corps by George Stoneman , the V Corps by Daniel Butterfield , the VI Corps by William F. Smith , and the IX Corps by Orlando Willcox . The XI Corps was commanded by Franz Sigel and the XII Corps by Henry Slocum , however , neither corps was present at Fredericksburg , the former not arriving until after the battle was over , and the latter was stationed at Harper 's Ferry . Following Fredericksburg , Burnside was removed from command of the army and replaced by Joe Hooker . Hooker immediately abolished the Grand Divisions and also for the first time organized the cavalry into a proper corps led by George Stoneman instead of having them ineffectually scattered among infantry divisions . Burnside and his old IX Corps departed out to a command in the Western Theater . The I , II , and XII Corps retained the same commanders they had had during the Fredericksburg campaign , but the other corps got new commanders once again . Daniel Butterfield was chosen by Hooker as his new chief of staff and command of the V Corps went to George Meade . Daniel Sickles received command of the III Corps and Oliver Howard the XI Corps after Franz Sigel had resigned , refusing to serve under Hooker , his junior in rank . William Franklin also left the army for the same reason . Edwin Sumner , who was in his 60s and exhausted from campaigning , departed as well and died a few months later . William F. Smith resigned from command of the VI Corps , which was taken over by John Sedgwick . The I and V Corps were not significantly engaged during the Chancellorsville campaign . During the Gettysburg Campaign , the army 's existing organization was largely retained , but a number of brigades composed of short - term nine - month regiments departed as their enlistment terms expired . Darius Couch resigned from command of the II Corps after Chancellorsville , the corps going to Winfield Hancock . The Pennsylvania Reserves Division , having spent several months in Washington D.C. resting and refitting from the 1862 campaigns , returned to the army , but was added to the V Corps rather than rejoining the I Corps . George Stoneman had been removed from command of the cavalry corps by Hooker after a poor performance during the Chancellorsville campaign and replaced by Alfred Pleasanton . George Meade was suddenly appointed the commander of the army on June 28 , a mere three days before the battle of Gettysburg . At the battle , the I , II , and III Corps suffered such severe losses that they were almost nonfunctional as fighting units at the end . One corps commander ( Reynolds ) was killed , another ( Sickles ) lost a leg and was permanently out of the war , and a third ( Hancock ) was badly wounded and never completely recovered from his injuries . The VI Corps had not been significantly engaged and was mostly used to plug up holes in the line during the battle . For the remainder of the war , corps were added and subtracted from the army . IV Corps was broken up after the Peninsula Campaign , with its headquarters and 2nd Division left behind in Yorktown , while its 1st Division moved north , attached to the VI Corps , in the Maryland Campaign . Those parts of the IV Corps that remained on the Peninsula were reassigned to the Department of Virginia and disbanded on October 1 , 1863 . Those added to the Army of the Potomac were IX Corps , XI Corps ( Sigel 's I Corps in the former Army of Virginia ) , XII Corps ( Banks 's II Corps from the Army of Virginia ) , added in 1862 ; and the Cavalry Corps , created in 1863 . Eight of these corps ( seven infantry , one cavalry ) served in the army during 1863 , but due to attrition and transfers , the army was reorganized in March 1864 with only four corps : II , V , VI , and Cavalry . Of the original eight , I and III Corps were disbanded due to heavy casualties and their units combined into other corps . The XI and XII Corps were ordered to the West in late 1863 to support the Chattanooga Campaign , and while there were combined into the XX Corps , never returning to the East . The IX Corps returned to the army in 1864 , after being assigned to the West in 1863 and then served alongside , but not as part of , the Army of the Potomac from March to May 24 , 1864 . On that latter date , IX Corps was formally added to the Army of the Potomac . Two divisions of the Cavalry Corps have transferred in August 1864 to Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's Army of the Shenandoah , and the 2nd Division alone remained under Meade 's command . On March 26 , 1865 , that division was also assigned to Sheridan for the closing campaigns of the war . Commanders ( edit ) Brigadier General Irvin McDowell : Commander of the Army and Department of Northeastern Virginia ( May 27 -- July 25 , 1861 ) Major General George B. McClellan : Commander of the Military Division of the Potomac , and later , the Army and Department of the Potomac ( July 26 , 1861 -- November 9 , 1862 ) Major General Ambrose E. Burnside : Commander of the Army of the Potomac ( November 9 , 1862 -- January 26 , 1863 ) Major General Joseph Hooker : Commander of the Army and Department of the Potomac ( January 26 -- June 28 , 1863 ) Major General George G. Meade : Commander of the Army of the Potomac † ( June 28 , 1863 -- June 28 , 1865 ) † Major General John G. Parke took brief temporary command during Meade 's absences on four occasions during this period ) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , general - in - chief of all Union armies , located his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and provided operational direction to Meade from May 1864 to April 1865 , but Meade retained command of the Army of the Potomac . Major battles and campaigns ( edit ) First Bull Run Campaign or First Manassas : McDowell ( as `` Army of Northeastern Virginia '' ) Peninsula Campaign , including the Seven Days Battles : McClellan Northern Virginia Campaign , including the Second Battle of Bull Run ( I , XI , XII Corps participated under the control of the Army of Virginia ) Maryland Campaign , including the Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg : McClellan Fredericksburg Campaign : Burnside Chancellorsville Campaign : Hooker Gettysburg Campaign : Hooker / Meade ( Meade appointed June 28 , 1863 ) Bristoe Campaign : Meade Mine Run Campaign : Meade Overland Campaign : Meade Richmond - Petersburg Campaign , including the Battle of the Crater : Grant / Meade Appomattox Campaign , including Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Court House : Grant / Meade Casualties breakdown ( edit ) See also : List of costliest American Civil War land battles Below is the grand recapitulation of the losses susteined by the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James , from May 5 , 1864 to April 9 , 1865 , compiled in the Adjutant - General 's Office , Washington : Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beatie , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 361 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 428 , 431 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 536 , 540 . References ( edit ) Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : McClellan Takes Command , September 1861 -- February 1862 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81252 - 5 . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : McClellan 's First Campaign , March -- May 1862 . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 25 - 8 . Eicher , John H. , and Eicher , David J. , Civil War High Commands , Stanford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Chamberlain , Joshua L. The Passing of the Armies : An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac . New York : Bantam Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 29992 - 1 . First published in 1915 by G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Sears , Stephen W. Lincoln 's Lieutenants : The High Command of the Army of the Potomac ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2017 ) , xii , 884 pp . Taaffe , Stephen R. Commanding the Army of the Potomac . Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1451 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of the Potomac . Army Organization during the Civil War Service of the cavalry in the Army of the Potomac ( 1882 ) on the Internet Archive Army of the Potomac : a history of its campaigns , the Peninsula , Maryland , Fredericksburg : the testimony of its three commanders , Maj. - Gen. G.B. McClellan , Maj. - Gen. A.E. Burnside , and Maj. - Gen. Joseph Hooker , before the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War ( 1863 ) on the Internet Archive Formations of the Union Army Independent Departments Department of the East : District of Central New York District of Massachusetts District of Western New York Department of the Pacific : District of Arizona District of Humboldt District of Oregon District of California District of Southern California District of Utah Department of the Potomac Department of the South : District of Florida District of Hilton Head District of North Carolina District of Savannah Northern District ( Charleston ) Department of Virginia and North Carolina : District of Eastern Virginia District of North Carolina Middle Military Division Middle Department : Department of Rappahannock Department of Shenandoah Mountain Department District of Baltimore District of Eastern Shore Department of Pennsylvania : Department of the Monongahela Department of the Susquehanna Department of Washington : District of Alexandria District of Saint Mary 's District of Washington District of Annapolis Department of West Virginia : District of Harper 's Ferry Kanawha District Military Division of the Mississippi Cavalry Corps of the Military Division of the Mississippi Department of the Cumberland : District of the Etowah District of Middle Tennessee District of Northern Alabama District of West Tennessee Department of the Ohio : District of East Tennessee Department of Kentucky District of Cairo District of Western Kentucky Northern Department : District of Indiana District of Illinois District of Michigan Military Division of West Mississippi Department of Arkansas : District of Eastern Arkansas District of the Frontier District of Little Rock Department of the Gulf : District of Baton Rouge and Port Hudson District of Carrollton District of Key West and Tortugas District of La Fourche District of West Florida and South Alabama Department of Kansas : District of Colorado District of Nebraska District of North Kansas District of South Kansas District of Upper Arkansas Department of Missouri : District of Central Missouri District of North Missouri District of Rolla District of Saint Louis District of Southwest Missouri Department of New Mexico : District of Arizona Department of the Northwest : District of Iowa District of Minnesota District of Wisconsin District of Dakota Field Armies Army of Arkansas Army of the Border Army of the Cumberland Army of the Frontier Army of Georgia Army of the Gulf Army of the James Army of Kentucky Army of the Mississippi Army of the Ohio Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Army of the Southwest Army of the Tennessee Army of Virginia Army of West Mississippi Army of West Virginia Army Corps First Army Corps Second Army Corps Third Army Corps Fourth Army Corps Fifth Army Corps Sixth Army Corps Seventh Army Corps Eighth Army Corps Ninth Army Corps 10th Army Corps 11th Army Corps 12th Army Corps 13th Army Corps 14th Army Corps 15th Army Corps 16th Army Corps 17th Army Corps 18th Army Corps 19th Army Corps 20th Army Corps 21st Army Corps 22d Army Corps 23d Army Corps 24th Army Corps 25th Army Corps Cavalry Corps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Potomac&oldid=853107111 '' Categories : Union armies Military units and formations established in 1861 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 Virginia in the American Civil War 1861 establishments in Union Virginia 1865 disestablishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	union generals civil war army of the potomac	[ "Army of the Potomac\nCommanders of the Army of the Potomac at Culpeper, Virginia, 1863. From the left: Gouverneur K. Warren, William H. French, George G. Meade, Henry J. Hunt, Andrew A. Humphreys, George SykesActive\nJuly 26, 1861–June 28, 1865Country\n United StatesBranch\n United States ArmyType\nField armyRole\nPrimary Union Army in Eastern TheaterPart of\nUnion ArmyGarrison/HQ\nWashington, D.C.Engagements\nAmerican Civil WarCommandersNotablecommanders\nGeorge B. McClellanAmbrose BurnsideJoseph HookerGeorge G. Meade", "Army of the Potomac\nCommanders of the Army of the Potomac at Culpeper, Virginia, 1863. From the left: Gouverneur K. Warren, William H. French, George G. Meade, Henry J. Hunt, Andrew A. Humphreys, George SykesActive\nJuly 26, 1861–June 28, 1865Country\n United StatesBranch\n United States ArmyType\nField armyRole\nPrimary Union Army in Eastern TheaterPart of\nUnion ArmyGarrison/HQ\nWashington, D.C.Engagements\nAmerican Civil WarCommandersNotablecommanders\nGeorge B. McClellanAmbrose BurnsideJoseph HookerGeorge G. Meade", "Army of the Potomac\nCommanders of the Army of the Potomac at Culpeper, Virginia, 1863. From the left: Gouverneur K. Warren, William H. French, George G. Meade, Henry J. Hunt, Andrew A. Humphreys, George SykesActive\nJuly 26, 1861–June 28, 1865Country\n United StatesBranch\n United States ArmyType\nField armyRole\nPrimary Union Army in Eastern TheaterPart of\nUnion ArmyGarrison/HQ\nWashington, D.C.Engagements\nAmerican Civil WarCommandersNotablecommanders\nGeorge B. McClellanAmbrose BurnsideJoseph HookerGeorge G. Meade", "Army of the Potomac\nCommanders of the Army of the Potomac at Culpeper, Virginia, 1863. From the left: Gouverneur K. Warren, William H. French, George G. Meade, Henry J. Hunt, Andrew A. Humphreys, George SykesActive\nJuly 26, 1861–June 28, 1865Country\n United StatesBranch\n United States ArmyType\nField armyRole\nPrimary Union Army in Eastern TheaterPart of\nUnion ArmyGarrison/HQ\nWashington, D.C.Engagements\nAmerican Civil WarCommandersNotablecommanders\nGeorge B. McClellanAmbrose BurnsideJoseph HookerGeorge G. Meade" ]	[ "George B. McClellan", "Ambrose Burnside", "Joseph Hooker", "George G. Meade" ]
-6418646766971660352	Flash-gas (refrigeration)	Flash - gas ( refrigeration ) - wikipedia Flash - gas ( refrigeration ) Not to be confused with Muzzle Flash . In refrigeration , flash - gas is refrigerant in gas form produced spontaneously when the condensed liquid is subjected to boiling . The presence of flash - gas in the liquid lines reduces the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle . It can also lead several expansion systems to work improperly , and increase superheating at the evaporator . This is normally perceived as an unwanted condition caused by dissociation between the volume of the system , and the pressures and temperatures that allow the refrigerant to be liquid . Flash - gas must not be confused with lack of condensation , but special gear such as receivers , internal heat exchangers , insulation , and refrigeration cycle optimizers may improve condensation and avoid gas in the liquid lines . Contents 1 Common Causes 1.1 Heat absorption and pressure loss 1.2 Quality and amount of refrigerant 1.3 Gas production after expansion 2 Detection 3 Prevention 3.1 Effects on the rest of the system 4 Effects of Flash - Gas 5 See also 6 References Common causes ( edit ) Heat absorption and pressure loss ( edit ) A small illustration of some of the most usual causes of the production of flash - gas . The most common causes driving the fluid to change its phase when in the liquid line are the excessive length of the pipeline , the small diameter of the pipelines , and the lack of subcooling . These create low pressure loci that may induce the fluid to begin changing its phase , especially if the pipeline is somehow exposed to heat absorption . If subcooling is not generous enough , the refrigerant remains in thermodynamic conditions close to saturation easing flash - gas appearance . The heat may be absorbed not only from high temperature sources , but from diverse energy sources such as friction in the pipeline . On the other hand , pressure in the liquid line may also be upset by artifacts and conditions including vertically rising pipes that reach too high ; gear too small for the size of the piping ; devices pumping refrigerant through the line , and several other strangling obstructions . Eventually , heat absorption and pressure losses in the liquid line modify the saturation conditions of the refrigerant in such manner that the refrigerant may boil and produce flash - gas . Quality and amount of refrigerant ( edit ) Refrigerant may also explain flash - gas occurrence . When a system lacks refrigerant , or has a leakage , it may exhibit flash - gas as the volume in the piping exceeds the capacity of the refrigerant to fill it as liquid . This may force the refrigerant into a phase change . On the other hand , lack of refrigerant can sometimes also produce the opposite effect : an overall increase on the subcooling ( and superheating ) which will depend on the size and design of the system and its piping . If the system 's refrigerant is degenerate , flash - gas may also be produced , as physical properties of the fluid change . This happens because the piping is designed for a specific refrigerant mixture that allows liquid in the liquid line , given certain thermodynamic conditions . If the refrigerant mixture changes its composition considerably , the original designs will not be adequate . Degenerated refrigerant produced by leakage , chemical decomposition or loading with gas when using a glided refrigerant ; will most likely make the system perform very poorly , alter oil 's circulation or composition , and may eventually render gear inoperative . Gas production after expansion ( edit ) It is also common to find that refrigerant begins to evaporate immediately after the expansion valve , before arriving to the evaporator . This may also be considered as flash - gas but normally does n't produce complications in the refrigeration cycle . Many refrigeration systems have the expansion valve set up inside the room being cooled , consequently generating productive refrigeration if absorbing heat from the room , to produce this kind of flash - gas between the expansion and the evaporator . Besides , the expansion valve deregulates its operation if the fluid arriving to it is boiling . In this case , the boiling occurs after the expansion . Detection ( edit ) Flash - gas may be detected in the system by the observation of bubbles or gas presence in the liquid line , or the foamy aspect of the fluid . Depending on the location of the glass : this may also indicate an overwhelmed condenser , and the nonobservance of these at the glass is n't definite of the nonoccurrence of flash - gas in the liquid line . Considering the saturation table for the refrigerant , if it is possible to confirm that a certain amount of condenser subcooling is being produced , and the glass still exhibits gas in the liquid line , one may identify this with flash - gas being produced between the condenser and the glass . The flash - gas phenomena may create a deceiving temperature drop on the liquid line that can be misinterpreted as subcooling . This is due to the fact that the refrigerant may use part of the heat obtained from lowering its temperature , to finish vaporizing itself to be able to occupy the volume of the pipes at those pressures . Prevention ( edit ) Efforts to prevent flash - gas in the liquid line include a cautious design of the cooling system and its piping , but also the incorporation of gear that might help solve this type of difficulty . The inclusion of a refrigerant receiver is a common , cheap and simple way of decreasing the gas ratio in the liquid line . The incorporation of a subcooling stage after the receiver reduces even more the chances to observe flash gas . This subcooling may be done in a reserved portion of the main condenser , or separately with a heat exchanger . Some receivers may incorporate an internal heat exchanger that draws heat form the subcooled liquid to superheat the gas compressors suction . There are also many kinds of independent subcooling displays and applications such as refrigeration cycle optimizers ; these help avoiding flash - gas in the liquid line by lowering the temperature away from the refrigerant 's saturation curves . Some systems deal with flash - gas by separating it from the refrigerant that goes to the evaporator , as that portion of the refrigerant alrealdy evaporated and will only increase superheating . One key feature when preventing flash - gas is the diameter of the piping . If the pipes are too thin and long , loss of pressure and friction tend to occur . If the evaporator is too high above the receiver , the rising pipes produce a small amount of vacuum at the topmost portion , making the fluid to undergo ebullition and produce flash - gas . On the contrary , a refrigerant column that creates weight and pressure may reduce the chances of finding flash - gas . If the evaporator is a plate exchanger placed below the level of the receiver , the pressure will not allow the refrigerant to boil easily . Insulating the liquid line can be helpful if one can determine that heat is being absorbed throughout the piping . On the contrary , if the liquid in the liquid line is hotter than the air outside , insulating the pipes on that section might increase flash - gas as natural subcooling is partially decreased . Effects on the rest of the system ( edit ) When preventing flash gas , one must take into account all the other features of the system and how they are affected . Increasing the pipeline diameter may have incidence on the oil circulation and affect the gas compressor . A column of refrigerant creating weight pressure in the liquid line can be a solution for flash - gas , but may have incidence in the expansion and evaporation . If the evaporator floods and liquid arrives to the gas compressor , serious complications will show up , most likely destroying the compressor ( especially if the compressor is below the level of the receiver ) . Effects of flash - gas ( edit ) The main effect of the presence flash - gas in the liquid piping is the net loss of refrigeration capacity . In general terms this is produced in two ways . First , the expansion valve usually does n't work properly if injecting a gas - liquid mixture such as refrigerant with flash - gas presence . Second , a portion of the heat required for the refrigerant to flash into gaseous form is drawn from mechanical work such as pressure imbued by the gas compressor that moves the refrigerant . Both , lack of evaporation , and untimed transformations of energy from work to heat : increase the pressures and temperatures along the pipes ; decrease the thermodynamic reversibility of the process , and raise the overall magnitude of entropy produced throughout the whole cycle . This means the refrigeration efficiency of the cycle worsens as it moves away from Carnot 's theoretical ideal efficiency . A loss of performance implies that the system uses more energy to produce less refrigeration . Besides , these kinds of efficiency losses not only underutilize gear , but may end up lowering the operative life of the main components , especially the expansion valve and the gas compressor . See also ( edit ) Flash - gas ( petroleum ) Heat transfer Subcooling Superheating Evaporation Condenser Screw compressors Entropy Heat Engine Physics portal Carnot 's Efficiency Thermal expansion valve Refrigeration cycle Vapor - compression refrigeration Evaporator Condensation Thermodynamics Sadi Carnot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Engineering Toolbox , Terminology . Flash - Gas ^ Jump up to : Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology , William Whitman. 2005 New York , Page 37 . ISBN 1 - 4018 - 3765 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : HVAC Information - Troubleshooting . Flash - Gas Jump up ^ Application Note 123 , ACRP Remote Air - Cooled Condenser , Application and Placement , Ozan Tutunoglu. 2007 , Page 1 . Jump up ^ Holdover Plates , Transport Refrigeration Systems . 2009 Hercules Manufacturing Company , Henderson , KY , Page 12 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ SWEP , Refrigeration Systems . Two Stages Thermodynamic cycles External combustion Without phase change ( hot air engines ) Bell Coleman Brayton / Joule Carnot Ericsson Stirling Stirling ( pseudo / adiabatic ) Stoddard With phase change Kalina Hygroscopic Rankine ( Organic Rankine ) Regenerative Internal combustion Atkinson Brayton / Joule Diesel Expander Gas - generator Homogeneous charge compression ignition Lenoir Miller Otto Scuderi Staged combustion Mixed Combined HEHC Mixed / Dual Refrigeration Hampson -- Linde Kleemenko Pulse tube Regenerative cooling Transcritical Vapor absorption Vapor - compression Siemens Vuilleumier Uncategorized Barton Humphrey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash-gas_(refrigeration)&oldid=807472893 '' Categories : Thermodynamic cycles Heat pumps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 04 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how can flash gas in the liquid line be identified	[ "Flash-gas may be detected in the system by the observation of bubbles or gas presence in the liquid line, or the foamy aspect of the fluid. Depending on the location of the glass: this may also indicate an overwhelmed condenser, and the nonobservance of these at the glass isn’t definite of the nonoccurrence of flash-gas in the liquid line.\n", "Flash-gas may be detected in the system by the observation of bubbles or gas presence in the liquid line, or the foamy aspect of the fluid. Depending on the location of the glass: this may also indicate an overwhelmed condenser, and the nonobservance of these at the glass isn’t definite of the nonoccurrence of flash-gas in the liquid line.\n" ]	[ "observation of bubbles or gas presence", "foamy aspect of the fluid" ]
6182133052912542703	Battle of Berlin	Battle of Berlin - wikipedia Battle of Berlin Jump to : navigation , search For the RAF bombing campaign , see Battle of Berlin ( air ) . Battle of Berlin Part of the Eastern Front of World War II Date 16 April -- 2 May 1945 Location Berlin , Germany 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 23 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.383 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.383 Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 23 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.383 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.383 Result Decisive Soviet victory Suicide of Adolf Hitler and deaths of other high - ranking Nazi officials Unconditional surrender of the Berlin city garrison on 2 May . Capitulation of German forces still fighting the battle outside Berlin on 8 / 9 May , following the unconditional surrender of all German forces End of World War II in Europe and the destruction of Nazi Germany Territorial changes Soviets occupy what would become East Germany during the Partition of Germany later that year . Belligerents Soviet Union Poland Germany Commanders and leaders 1st Belorussian Front : Georgy Zhukov 2nd Belorussian Front : Konstantin Rokossovsky 1st Ukrainian Front : Ivan Konev Army Group Vistula : Gotthard Heinrici Kurt von Tippelskirch Army Group Centre : Ferdinand Schörner Berlin Defence Area : Hellmuth Reymann Helmuth Weidling Strength Total strength : 2,500,000 soldiers ( 155,900 -- c. 200,000 Polish People 's Army ) 6,250 tanks and SP guns 7,500 aircraft 41,600 artillery pieces . For the investment and assault on the Berlin Defence Area : about 1,500,000 soldiers Total strength : 36 divisions 766,750 soldiers 1,519 AFVs 2,224 aircraft 9,303 artillery pieces In the Berlin Defence Area : about 45,000 soldiers , supplemented by the police force , Hitler Youth , and 40,000 Volkssturm Casualties and losses Archival research ( operational total ) 81,116 dead or missing 280,251 sick or wounded 1,997 tanks and SPGs destroyed 2,108 artillery pieces 917 aircraft Estimated : 92,000 -- 100,000 killed 220,000 wounded 480,000 captured Inside Berlin Defence Area : about 22,000 military dead 22,000 civilian dead Eastern Front Naval warfare Baltic Sea Black Sea Arctic Ocean 1941 Barbarossa Brest Białystok and Minsk Raseiniai Brody Bessarabia Smolensk Uman Odessa 1st Kiev Tallinn disaster Leningrad Sea of Azov 1st Kharkov Sevastopol Rostov Gorky Moscow Finland Kerch Chechnya 1942 Lyuban Barvenkovo and Lozovaya Rzhev Toropets and Kholm Demyansk Kholm 2nd Kharkov Case Blue Caucasus Sinyavino Stalingrad Velikiye Luki Mars Little Saturn 1943 Iskra Polar Star Tidal Wave 3rd Kharkov Bombing of Gorky Kursk 1st Donbass 2nd Donbass 2nd Smolensk Dnieper 1944 Dnieper -- Carpathian Leningrad -- Novgorod Narva Crimea 1st Jassy -- Kishinev Karelia Bagration Lvov and Sandomierz Doppelkopf 2nd Jassy -- Kishinev Dukla Pass Baltic Belgrade Debrecen Petsamo and Kirkenes Courland Gumbinnen Budapest 1945 Vistula and Oder East Prussia Silesia Solstice East Pomerania Lake Balaton Vienna Bratislava - Brno Berlin Prague German capitulation Berlin Offensive Oder -- Neisse Seelow Heights Encirclement of Berlin Pankow City of Berlin Halbe Bautzen Part of a series on the History of Berlin Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1157 -- 1806 ) Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 -- 1918 ) German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 1933 ) 1920s Berlin Greater Berlin Act Nazi Germany ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Welthauptstadt Germania Bombing of Berlin in World War II Battle of Berlin West Germany and East Germany ( 1945 -- 1990 ) West Berlin and East Berlin Berlin Wall Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Berlin Crisis of 1961 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' ( 1963 ) `` Tear Down This Wall '' ( 1987 ) Federal Republic of Germany ( 1990 -- present ) History of Germany and History of Europe See also Timeline of Berlin The Battle of Berlin , designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union , and also known as the Fall of Berlin , was the final major offensive of the European theatre of World War II . Following the Vistula -- Oder Offensive of January -- February 1945 , the Red Army had temporarily halted on a line 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Berlin . On 9 March , Germany established its defence plan for the city with Operation Clausewitz . The first defensive preparations at the outskirts of Berlin were made on 20 March , under the newly appointed commander of Army Group Vistula , General Gotthard Heinrici . When the Soviet offensive resumed on 16 April , two Soviet fronts ( army groups ) attacked Berlin from the east and south , while a third overran German forces positioned north of Berlin . Before the main battle in Berlin commenced , the Red Army encircled the city after successful battles of the Seelow Heights and Halbe . On 20 April 1945 , Hitler 's birthday , the 1st Belorussian Front led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov , advancing from the east and north , started shelling Berlin 's city centre , while Marshal Ivan Konev 's 1st Ukrainian Front broke through Army Group Centre and advanced towards the southern suburbs of Berlin . On 23 April General Helmuth Weidling assumed command of the forces within Berlin . The garrison consisted of several depleted and disorganised Wehrmacht and Waffen - SS divisions , along with poorly trained Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members . Over the course of the next week , the Red Army gradually took the entire city . Before the battle was over , Hitler and several of his followers killed themselves . The city 's garrison surrendered on 2 May but fighting continued to the north - west , west , and south - west of the city until the end of the war in Europe on 8 May ( 9 May in the Soviet Union ) as some German units fought westward so that they could surrender to the Western Allies rather than to the Soviets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Preparations 3 Battle of the Oder -- Neisse 4 Encirclement of Berlin 5 Battle in Berlin 5.1 Battle for the Reichstag 5.2 Battle for the centre 5.3 Breakout and surrender 6 Battle outside Berlin 6.1 North 6.2 South 6.3 Surrender 7 Aftermath 8 Commemoration 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading Background Main thrusts of the Red Army and its eastern allies . German counter-attacks . Starting on 12 January 1945 , the Red Army began the Vistula -- Oder Offensive across the Narew River ; and , from Warsaw , a three - day operation on a broad front , which incorporated four army Fronts . On the fourth day , the Red Army broke out and started moving west , up to 30 to 40 km ( 19 to 25 mi ) per day , taking East Prussia , Danzig , and Poznań , drawing up on a line 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Berlin along the Oder River . The newly created Army Group Vistula , under the command of Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler , attempted a counter-attack , but this had failed by 24 February . The Red Army then drove on to Pomerania , clearing the right bank of the Oder River , thereby reaching into Silesia . In the south the Siege of Budapest raged . Three German attempts to relieve the encircled Hungarian capital city failed , and Budapest fell to the Soviets on 13 February . Adolf Hitler insisted on a counter-attack to recapture the Drau - Danube triangle . The goal was to secure the oil region of Nagykanizsa and regain the Danube River for future operations , but the depleted German forces had been given an impossible task . By 16 March , the German Lake Balaton Offensive had failed , and a counter-attack by the Red Army took back in 24 hours everything the Germans had taken ten days to gain . On 30 March , the Soviets entered Austria ; and in the Vienna Offensive they captured Vienna on 13 April . Between June and September 1944 , the Wehrmacht had lost more than a million men , and it lacked the fuel and armaments needed to operate effectively . On 12 April 1945 , Hitler , who had earlier decided to remain in the city against the wishes of his advisers , heard the news that the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had died . This briefly raised false hopes in the Führerbunker that there might yet be a falling out among the Allies and that Berlin would be saved at the last moment , as had happened once before when Berlin was threatened ( see the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg ) . No plans were made by the Western Allies to seize the city by a ground operation . The Supreme Commander ( Western ) Allied Expeditionary Force , General Eisenhower lost interest in the race to Berlin and saw no further need to suffer casualties by attacking a city that would be in the Soviet sphere of influence after the war , envisioning excessive friendly fire if both armies attempted to occupy the city at once . The major Western Allied contribution to the battle was the bombing of Berlin during 1945 . During 1945 the United States Army Air Forces launched very large daytime raids on Berlin and for 36 nights in succession , scores of RAF Mosquitos bombed the German capital , ending on the night of 20 / 21 April 1945 just before the Soviets entered the city . Preparations Further information : Order of battle for the Battle of Berlin The Soviet offensive into central Germany , what later became East Germany , had two objectives . Stalin did not believe the Western Allies would hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet zone , so he began the offensive on a broad front and moved rapidly to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible . But the overriding objective was to capture Berlin . The two goals were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin were taken . Another consideration was that Berlin itself held useful post-war strategic assets , including Adolf Hitler and the German atomic bomb programme . On 6 March , Hitler appointed Lieutenant General Helmuth Reymann commander of the Berlin Defence Area , replacing Lieutenant General Bruno Ritter von Hauenschild . On 20 March , General Gotthard Heinrici was appointed Commander - in - Chief of Army Group Vistula replacing Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler . Heinrici was one of the best defensive tacticians in the German army , and he immediately started to lay defensive plans . Heinrici correctly assessed that the main Soviet thrust would be made over the Oder River and along the main east - west Autobahn . He decided not to try to defend the banks of the Oder with anything more than a light skirmishing screen . Instead , Heinrici arranged for engineers to fortify the Seelow Heights , which overlooked the Oder River at the point where the Autobahn crossed them . This was some distance 17 km ( 11 mi ) west of the Oder and 90 km ( 56 mi ) east of Berlin . Heinrici thinned out the line in other areas to increase the manpower available to defend the heights . German engineers turned the Oder 's flood plain , already saturated by the spring thaw , into a swamp by releasing the water from a reservoir upstream . Behind the plain on the plateau , the engineers built three belts of defensive emplacements reaching back towards the outskirts of Berlin ( the lines nearer to Berlin were called the Wotan position ) . These lines consisted of anti-tank ditches , anti-tank gun emplacements , and an extensive network of trenches and bunkers . On 9 April , after a long resistance , Königsberg in East Prussia fell to the Red Army . This freed up Marshal Rokossovsky 's 2nd Belorussian Front to move west to the east bank of the Oder river . Marshal Georgy Zhukov concentrated his 1st Belorussian Front , which had been deployed along the Oder river from Frankfurt in the south to the Baltic , into an area in front of the Seelow Heights . The 2nd Belorussian Front moved into the positions being vacated by the 1st Belorussian Front north of the Seelow Heights . While this redeployment was in progress , gaps were left in the lines ; and the remnants of General Dietrich von Saucken 's German II Army , which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig , managed to escape into the Vistula Delta . To the south , Marshal Konev shifted the main weight of the 1st Ukrainian Front out of Upper Silesia and north - west to the Neisse River . The three Soviet fronts had altogether 2.5 million men ( including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army ) , 6,250 tanks , 7,500 aircraft , 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars , 3,255 truck - mounted Katyusha rocket launchers ( nicknamed ' Stalin 's Pipe Organs ' ) , and 95,383 motor vehicles , many manufactured in the US . Battle of the Oder -- Neisse Main article : Battle of the Oder -- Neisse The sector in which most of the fighting in the overall offensive took place was the Seelow Heights , the last major defensive line outside Berlin . The Battle of the Seelow Heights , fought over four days from 16 April until 19 April , was one of the last pitched battles of World War II : Almost one million Red Army soldiers and more than 20,000 tanks and artillery pieces were deployed to break through the `` Gates to Berlin '' , which were defended by about 100,000 German soldiers and 1,200 tanks and guns . The Soviet forces led by Zhukov broke through the defensive positions , having suffered about 30,000 dead , while 12,000 German personnel were killed . During 19 April , the fourth day , the 1st Belorussian Front broke through the final line of the Seelow Heights ; and nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin . The 1st Ukrainian Front , having captured Forst the day before , was fanning out into open country . One powerful thrust by Gordov 's 3rd Guards Army and Rybalko 's 3rd and Lelyushenko 's 4th Guards Tank Armies were heading north - east towards Berlin while other armies headed west towards a section of the United States Army 's front line south - west of Berlin on the Elbe . With these advances , the Soviet forces drove a wedge between the German Army Group Vistula in the north and Army Group Centre in the south . By the end of the day , the German eastern front line north of Frankfurt around Seelow and to the south around Forst had ceased to exist . These breakthroughs allowed the two Soviet Fronts to envelop the German 9th Army in a large pocket west of Frankfurt . Attempts by the 9th Army to break out to the west resulted in the Battle of Halbe . The cost to the Soviet forces had been very high , with over 2,807 tanks lost between 1 and 19 April , including at least 727 at the Seelow Heights . In the meantime , RAF Mosquitos were conducting large tactical air raids against German positions inside Berlin on the nights of 15 April ( 105 bombers ) , 17 April ( 61 bombers ) , 18 April ( 57 bombers ) , 19 April ( 79 bombers ) , and 20 April ( 78 bombers ) . Encirclement of Berlin March 1945 : Photo of 16 - year - old Willi Hübner being awarded the Iron Cross II Class medal for his defense of Lauban . On 20 April 1945 , Hitler 's 56th birthday , Soviet artillery of the 1st Belorussian Front began shelling Berlin and did not stop until the city surrendered . The weight of ordnance delivered by Soviet artillery during the battle was greater than the total tonnage dropped by Western Allied bombers on the city . While the 1st Belorussian Front advanced towards the east and north - east of the city , the 1st Ukrainian Front pushed through the last formations of the northern wing of Army Group Centre and passed north of Juterbog , well over halfway to the American front line on the river Elbe at Magdeburg . To the north between Stettin and Schwedt , the 2nd Belorussian Front attacked the northern flank of Army Group Vistula , held by Hasso von Manteuffel 's III Panzer Army . The next day , Bogdanov 's 2nd Guards Tank Army advanced nearly 50 km ( 31 mi ) north of Berlin and then attacked south - west of Werneuchen . The Soviet plan was to encircle Berlin first and then envelop the IX Army . April 1945 : a member of the Volkssturm , the German home defence militia , armed with Panzerschreck , outside Berlin . The command of the German V Corps , trapped with the IX Army north of Forst , passed from the IV Panzer Army to the IX Army . The corps was still holding on to the Berlin - Cottbus highway front line . Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner 's Army Group Centre launched a counter-offensive aimed at breaking through to Berlin from the south and making a successful initial incursion ( the Battle of Bautzen ) in the 1st Ukrainian Front region , engaging the 2nd Polish Army and elements of the Red Army 's 52nd Army and 5th Guards Army . When the old southern flank of the IV Panzer Army had some local successes counter-attacking north against the 1st Ukrainian Front , Hitler gave orders that showed his grasp of military reality was completely gone . He ordered the IX Army to hold Cottbus and set up a front facing west . Then they were to attack the Soviet columns advancing north . This would supposedly allow them to form a northern pincer that would meet the IV Panzer Army coming from the south and envelop the 1st Ukrainian Front before destroying it . They were to anticipate a southward attack by the III Panzer Army and be ready to be the southern arm of a pincer attack that would envelop 1st Belorussian Front , which would be destroyed by SS - General Felix Steiner 's Army Detachment advancing from north of Berlin . Later in the day , when Steiner explained that he did not have the divisions to do this , Heinrici made it clear to Hitler 's staff that unless the IX Army retreated immediately , it would be enveloped by the Soviets . He stressed that it was already too late for it to move north - west to Berlin and would have to retreat west . Heinrici went on to say that if Hitler did not allow it to move west , he would ask to be relieved of his command . On 22 April 1945 , at his afternoon situation conference , Hitler fell into a tearful rage ( famously dramatized in the 2004 German film Downfall ) when he realised that his plans , prepared the previous day , could not be achieved . He declared that the war was lost , blaming the generals for the defeat and that he would remain in Berlin until the end and then kill himself . In an attempt to coax Hitler out of his rage , General Alfred Jodl speculated that General Walther Wenck 's XII Army , which was facing the Americans , could move to Berlin because the Americans , already on the Elbe River , were unlikely to move further east . This assumption was based on his viewing of the captured Eclipse documents , which organised the partition of Germany among the Allies . Hitler immediately grasped the idea , and within hours Wenck was ordered to disengage from the Americans and move the XII Army north - east to support Berlin . It was then realised that if the IX Army moved west , it could link up with the XII Army . In the evening Heinrici was given permission to make the link - up . Elsewhere , the 2nd Belorussian Front had established a bridgehead 15 km ( 9 mi ) deep on the west bank of the Oder and was heavily engaged with the III Panzer Army . The IX Army had lost Cottbus and was being pressed from the east . A Soviet tank spearhead was on the Havel River to the east of Berlin , and another had at one point penetrated the inner defensive ring of Berlin . The capital was now within range of field artillery . A Soviet war correspondent , in the style of World War II Soviet journalism , gave the following account of an important event which took place on 22 April 1945 at 08 : 30 local time : On the walls of the houses we saw Goebbels ' appeals , hurriedly scrawled in white paint : ' Every German will defend his capital . We shall stop the Red hordes at the walls of our Berlin . ' Just try and stop them ! Steel pillboxes , barricades , mines , traps , suicide squads with grenades clutched in their hands -- all are swept aside before the tidal wave . Drizzling rain began to fall . Near Bisdorf I saw batteries preparing to open fire . ' What are the targets ? ' I asked the battery commander . ' Centre of Berlin , Spree bridges , and the northern and Stettin railway stations , ' he answered . Then came the tremendous words of command : ' Open fire on the capital of Fascist Germany . ' I noted the time . It was exactly 8 : 30 a.m. on 22 April . Ninety - six shells fell in the centre of Berlin in the course of a few minutes . On 23 April 1945 , the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Front continued to tighten the encirclement , severing the last link between the German IX Army and the city . Elements of the 1st Ukrainian Front continued to move westward and started to engage the German XII Army moving towards Berlin . On this same day , Hitler appointed General Helmuth Weidling as the commander of the Berlin Defence Area , replacing Lieutenant General Reymann . Meanwhile , by 24 April 1945 elements of 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Front had completed the encirclement of the city . Within the next day , 25 April 1945 , the Soviet investment of Berlin was consolidated , with leading Soviet units probing and penetrating the S - Bahn defensive ring . By the end of the day , it was clear that the German defence of the city could not do anything but temporarily delay the capture of the city by the Soviets , since the decisive stages of the battle had already been fought and lost by the Germans outside the city . By that time , Schörner 's offensive , initially successful , had mostly been thwarted , although he did manage to inflict significant casualties on the opposing Polish and Soviet units , slowing down their progress . Battle in Berlin Main article : Battle in Berlin The forces available to General Weidling for the city 's defence included roughly 45,000 soldiers in several severely depleted German Army and Waffen - SS divisions . These divisions were supplemented by the police force , boys in the compulsory Hitler Youth , and the Volkssturm . Many of the 40,000 elderly men of the Volkssturm had been in the army as young men and some were veterans of World War I. Hitler appointed SS Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke the Battle Commander for the central government district that included the Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker . He had over 2,000 men under his command . Weidling organised the defences into eight sectors designated ' A ' through to ' H ' each one commanded by a colonel or a general , but most had no combat experience . To the west of the city was the 20th Infantry Division . To the north of the city was the 9th Parachute Division . To the north - east of the city was the Panzer Division Müncheberg . To the south - east of the city and to the east of Tempelhof Airport was the 11th SS Panzergrenadier Division Nordland . The reserve , 18th Panzergrenadier Division , was in Berlin 's central district . On 23 April , Berzarin 's 5th Shock Army and Katukov 's 1st Guards Tank Army assaulted Berlin from the south - east and , after overcoming a counter-attack by the German LVI Panzer Corps , reached the Berlin S - Bahn ring railway on the north side of the Teltow Canal by the evening of 24 April . During the same period , of all the German forces ordered to reinforce the inner defences of the city by Hitler , only a small contingent of French SS volunteers under the command of SS Brigadeführer Gustav Krukenberg arrived in Berlin . During 25 April , Krukenberg was appointed as the commander of Defence Sector C , the sector under the most pressure from the Soviet assault on the city . On 26 April , Chuikov 's 8th Guards Army and the 1st Guards Tank Army fought their way through the southern suburbs and attacked Tempelhof Airport , just inside the S - Bahn defensive ring , where they met stiff resistance from the Müncheberg Division . But by 27 April , the two understrength divisions ( Müncheberg and Nordland ) that were defending the south - east , now facing five Soviet armies -- from east to west , the 5th Shock Army , the 8th Guards Army , the 1st Guards Tank Army and Rybalko 's 3rd Guards Tank Army ( part of the 1st Ukrainian Front ) -- were forced back towards the centre , taking up new defensive positions around Hermannplatz . Krukenberg informed General Hans Krebs , Chief of the General Staff of ( OKH ) that within 24 hours the Nordland would have to fall back to the centre sector Z ( for Zentrum ) . The Soviet advance to the city centre was along these main axes : from the south - east , along the Frankfurter Allee ( ending and stopped at the Alexanderplatz ) ; from the south along Sonnenallee ending north of the Belle - Alliance - Platz , from the south ending near the Potsdamer Platz and from the north ending near the Reichstag . The Reichstag , the Moltke bridge , Alexanderplatz , and the Havel bridges at Spandau saw the heaviest fighting , with house - to - house and hand - to - hand combat . The foreign contingents of the SS fought particularly hard , because they were ideologically motivated and they believed that they would not live if captured . Battle for the Reichstag See also : Raising a flag over the Reichstag Battle for the Reichstag . In the early hours of 29 April the Soviet 3rd Shock Army crossed the Moltke bridge and started to fan out into the surrounding streets and buildings . The initial assaults on buildings , including the Ministry of the Interior , were hampered by the lack of supporting artillery . It was not until the damaged bridges were repaired that artillery could be moved up in support . At 04 : 00 hours , in the Führerbunker , Hitler signed his last will and testament and , shortly afterwards , married Eva Braun . At dawn the Soviets pressed on with their assault in the south - east . After very heavy fighting they managed to capture Gestapo headquarters on Prinz - Albrechtstrasse , but a Waffen - SS counter-attack forced the Soviets to withdraw from the building . To the south - west the 8th Guards Army attacked north across the Landwehr canal into the Tiergarten . By the next day , 30 April , the Soviets had solved their bridging problems and with artillery support at 06 : 00 they launched an attack on the Reichstag , but because of German entrenchments and support from 12.8 cm guns 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) away on the roof of the Zoo flak tower , in Berlin Zoo , it was not until that evening that the Soviets were able to enter the building . The Reichstag had not been in use since it had burned in February 1933 and its interior resembled a rubble heap more than a government building . The German troops inside made excellent use of this and were heavily entrenched . Fierce room - to - room fighting ensued . At that point there was still a large contingent of German soldiers in the basement who launched counter-attacks against the Red Army . On 2 May 1945 the Red Army controlled the building entirely . The famous photo of the two soldiers planting the flag on the roof of the building is a re-enactment photo taken the day after the building was taken . To the Soviets the event as represented by the photo became symbolic of their victory demonstrating that the Battle of Berlin , as well as the Eastern Front hostilities as a whole , ended with the total Soviet victory . As the 756th Regiment 's commander Zinchenko had stated in his order to Battalion Commander Neustroev `` ... the Supreme High Command ... and the entire Soviet People order you to erect the victory banner on the roof above Berlin '' . Battle for the centre Front lines 1 May ( pink = allied occupied territory ; red = area of fighting ) During the early hours of 30 April , Weidling informed Hitler in person that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition during the night . Hitler gave him the permission to attempt a breakout through the encircling Red Army lines . That afternoon , Hitler and Braun committed suicide and their bodies were cremated not far from the bunker . In accordance with Hitler 's last will and testament , Admiral Karl Dönitz became the `` President of Germany '' ( Reichspräsident ) in the new Flensburg government , and Joseph Goebbels became the new Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) . As the perimeter shrank and the surviving defenders fell back , they became concentrated into a small area in the city centre . By now there were about 10,000 German soldiers in the city centre , which was being assaulted from all sides . One of the other main thrusts was along Wilhelmstrasse on which the Air Ministry , built of reinforced concrete , was pounded by large concentrations of Soviet artillery . The remaining German Tiger tanks of the Hermann von Salza battalion took up positions in the east of the Tiergarten to defend the centre against Kuznetsov 's 3rd Shock Army ( which although heavily engaged around the Reichstag was also flanking the area by advancing through the northern Tiergarten ) and the 8th Guards Army advancing through the south of the Tiergarten . These Soviet forces had effectively cut the sausage - shaped area held by the Germans in half and made any escape attempt to the west for German troops in the centre much more difficult . During the early hours of 1 May , Krebs talked to General Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , informing him of Hitler 's death and a willingness to negotiate a citywide surrender . They could not agree on terms because of Soviet insistence on unconditional surrender and Krebs ' claim that he lacked authorisation to agree to that . Goebbels was against surrender . In the afternoon , Goebbels and his wife killed their children and then themselves . Goebbels 's death removed the last impediment which prevented Weidling from accepting the terms of unconditional surrender of his garrison , but he chose to delay the surrender until the next morning to allow the planned breakout to take place under the cover of darkness . Breakout and surrender On the night of 1 / 2 May , most of the remnants of the Berlin garrison attempted to break out of the city centre in three different directions . Only those that went west through the Tiergarten and crossed the Charlottenbrücke ( a bridge over the Havel ) into Spandau succeeded in breaching Soviet lines . Only a handful of those who survived the initial breakout made it to the lines of the Western Allies -- most were either killed or captured by the Red Army 's outer encirclement forces west of the city . Early in the morning of 2 May , the Soviets captured the Reich Chancellery . General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 06 : 00 hours . He was taken to see General Vasily Chuikov at 08 : 23 , where Weidling ordered the city 's defenders to surrender to the Soviets . The 350 - strong garrison of the Zoo flak tower left the building . There was sporadic fighting in a few isolated buildings where some SS troops still refused to surrender , but the Soviets reduced such buildings to rubble . Battle outside Berlin At some point on 28 April or 29 April , General Gotthard Heinrici , Commander - in - Chief of Army Group Vistula , was relieved of his command after disobeying Hitler 's direct orders to hold Berlin at all costs and never order a retreat , and was replaced by General Kurt Student . General Kurt von Tippelskirch was named as Heinrici 's interim replacement until Student could arrive and assume control . There remains some confusion as to who was in command , as some references say that Student was captured by the British and never arrived . Regardless of whether von Tippelskirch or Student was in command of Army Group Vistula , the rapidly deteriorating situation that the Germans faced meant that Army Group Vistula coordination of the armies under its nominal command during the last few days of the war was of little significance . On the evening of 29 April , Krebs contacted General Alfred Jodl ( Supreme Army Command ) by radio : Request immediate report . Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck 's spearheads . Secondly of time intended to attack . Thirdly of the location of the IX Army . Fourthly of the precise place in which the IX Army will break through . Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead . In the early morning of 30 April , Jodl replied to Krebs : Firstly , Wenck 's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly , the XII Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin . Thirdly , bulk of the IX Army surrounded . Fourthly , Holste 's Corps on the defensive . North While the 1st Belorussian Front and the 1st Ukrainian Front encircled Berlin , and started the battle for the city itself , Rokossovsky 's 2nd Belorussian Front started his offensive to the north of Berlin . On 20 April between Stettin and Schwedt , Rokossovsky 's 2nd Belorussian Front attacked the northern flank of Army Group Vistula , held by the III Panzer Army . By 22 April , the 2nd Belorussian Front had established a bridgehead on the east bank of the Oder that was over 15 km ( 9 mi ) deep and was heavily engaged with the III Panzer Army . On 25 April , the 2nd Belorussian Front broke through III Panzer Army 's line around the bridgehead south of Stettin , crossed the Randowbruch Swamp , and were now free to move west towards Montgomery 's British 21st Army Group and north towards the Baltic port of Stralsund . The German III Panzer Army and the German XXI Army situated to the north of Berlin retreated westwards under relentless pressure from Rokossovsky 's 2nd Belorussian Front , and was eventually pushed into a pocket 32 km ( 20 mi ) wide that stretched from the Elbe to the coast . To their west was the British 21st Army Group ( which on 1 May broke out of its Elbe bridgehead and had raced to the coast capturing Wismar and Lübeck ) , to their east Rokossovsky 's 2nd Belorussian Front and to the south was the United States Ninth Army which had penetrated as far east as Ludwigslust and Schwerin . South See also : Battle of Halbe 2nd Lt. William Robertson , US Army and Lt. Alexander Sylvashko , Red Army , shown in front of sign East Meets West symbolizing the historic meeting of the Soviet and American Armies , near Torgau , Germany . The successes of the 1st Ukrainian Front during the first nine days of the battle meant that by 25 April , they were occupying large swathes of the area south and south - west of Berlin . Their spearheads had met elements of the 1st Belorussian Front west of Berlin , completing the investment of the city . Meanwhile , the 58th Guards Rifle Division of the 5th Guards Army in 1st Ukrainian Front made contact with the 69th Infantry Division ( United States ) of the United States First Army near Torgau , on the Elbe River . These manoeuvres had broken the German forces south of Berlin into three parts . The German IX Army was surrounded in the Halbe pocket . Wenck 's XII Army , obeying Hitler 's command of 22 April , was attempting to force its way into Berlin from the south - west but met stiff resistance from 1st Ukrainian Front around Potsdam . Schörner 's Army Group Centre was forced to withdraw from the Battle of Berlin , along its lines of communications towards Czechoslovakia . Between 24 April and 1 May , the IX Army fought a desperate action to break out of the pocket in an attempt to link up with the XII Army . Hitler assumed that after a successful breakout from the pocket , the IX Army could combine forces with the XII Army and would be able to relieve Berlin . There is no evidence to suggest that Generals Heinrici , Busse , or Wenck thought that this was even remotely strategically feasible , but Hitler 's agreement to allow the IX Army to break through Soviet lines allowed many German soldiers to escape to the west and surrender to the United States Army . At dawn on 28 April , the youth divisions Clausewitz , Scharnhorst , and Theodor Körner , attacked from the south - west toward the direction of Berlin . They were part of Wenck 's XX Corps and were made up of men from the officer training schools , making them some of the best units the Germans had in reserve . They covered a distance of about 24 km ( 15 mi ) , before being halted at the tip of Lake Schwielow , south - west of Potsdam and still 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Berlin . During the night , General Wenck reported to the German Supreme Army Command in Fuerstenberg that his XII Army had been forced back along the entire front . According to Wenck , no attack on Berlin was possible . At that point , support from the IX Army could no longer be expected . In the meantime , about 25,000 German soldiers of the IX Army , along with several thousand civilians , succeeded in reaching the lines of the XII Army after breaking out of the Halbe pocket . The casualties on both sides were very high . Nearly 30,000 Germans were buried after the battle in the cemetery at Halbe . About 20,000 soldiers of the Red Army also died trying to stop the breakout ; most are buried at a cemetery next to the Baruth - Zossen road . These are the known dead , but the remains of more who died in the battle are found every year , so the total of those who died will never be known . Nobody knows how many civilians died but it could have been as high as 10,000 . Having failed to break through to Berlin , Wenck 's XII Army made a fighting retreat back towards the Elbe and American lines after providing the IX Army survivors with surplus transport . By 6 May many German Army units and individuals had crossed the Elbe and surrendered to the US Ninth Army . Meanwhile , the XII Army 's bridgehead , with its headquarters in the park of Schönhausen , came under heavy Soviet artillery bombardment and was compressed into an area eight by two kilometres ( five by one and a quarter miles ) . Surrender On the night of 2 -- 3 May , General Hasso von Manteuffel , commander of the III Panzer Army along with General Kurt von Tippelskirch , commander of the XXI Army , surrendered to the US Army . Von Saucken 's II Army , that had been fighting north - east of Berlin in the Vistula Delta , surrendered to the Soviets on 9 May . On the morning of 7 May , the perimeter of the XII Army 's bridgehead began to collapse . Wenck crossed the Elbe under small arms fire that afternoon and surrendered to the American Ninth Army . Aftermath A devastated street in the city centre just off the Unter den Linden , 3 July 1945 . According to Grigoriy Krivosheev 's work based on declassified archival data , Soviet forces sustained 81,116 dead for the entire operation , which included the battles of Seelow Heights and the Halbe ; Another 280,251 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period The operation also cost the Soviets about 1,997 tanks and SPGs . Krivosheev noted : `` All losses of arms and equipment are counted as irrecoverable losses , i.e. beyond economic repair or no longer serviceable '' . Initial Soviet estimates based on kill claims placed German losses at 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured , but German research puts the number of dead at approximately 92,000 -- 100,000 . The number of civilian casualties is unknown , but 125,000 are estimated to have perished during the entire operation . German women washing clothes at a water hydrant in a Berlin street . A knocked - out German scout car stands beside them , 3 July 1945 . In those areas which the Red Army had captured and before the fighting in the centre of the city had stopped , the Soviet authorities took measures to start restoring essential services . Almost all transport in and out of the city had been rendered inoperative , and bombed - out sewers had contaminated the city 's water supplies . The Soviet authorities appointed local Germans to head each city block , and organised the cleaning - up . The Red Army made a major effort to feed the residents of the city . Most Germans , both soldiers and civilians , were grateful to receive food issued at Red Army soup kitchens which began on Colonel - General Nikolai Berzarin 's orders . After the capitulation the Soviets went house to house , arresting and imprisoning anyone in a uniform including firemen and railwaymen . During , and in the days immediately following the assault , in many areas of the city , vengeful Soviet troops ( often rear echelon units ) engaged in mass rape , pillage and murder . Oleg Budnitskii , historian at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow , told a BBC Radio programme that Red Army soldiers were astounded when they reached Germany . `` For the first time in their lives , eight million Soviet people came abroad , the Soviet Union was a closed country . All they knew about foreign countries was there was unemployment , starvation and exploitation . And when they came to Europe they saw something very different from Stalinist Russia ... especially Germany . They were really furious , they could not understand why being so rich , Germans came to Russia '' . Despite Soviet efforts to supply food and rebuild the city , starvation remained a problem . In June 1945 , one month after the surrender , the average Berliner was getting only 64 percent of a daily ration of 1,240 calories ( 5,200 kJ ) . Across the city over a million people were without homes . Commemoration `` Victory Banner # 5 '' , raised on the roof of the Reichstag . Polish flag raised on the top of Berlin Victory Column on May 2 , 1945 . 1,100,000 Soviet personnel who took part in the capture of Berlin from 22 April to 2 May 1945 were awarded with the Medal `` For the Capture of Berlin '' . The Victory Banner to be used for celebrations of the Soviet Victory Day was defined by a federal law of Russia , on 7 May 2007 , as a copy of the flag was raised on the Reichstag ( with the hammer and sickle , and the inscription ) . Poland 's official Flag Day is held each year on 2 May , the last day of the battle in Berlin , when the Polish Army hoisted its flag on the Berlin Victory Column . See also Siege of Breslau German Instrument of Surrender and Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) German World War II strongholds Mikhail Minin Panzerbär Soviet war crimes Stunde Null Notes Jump up ^ Heinrici was replaced by General Kurt Student on 28 April . General Kurt von Tippelskirch was named as Heinrici 's interim replacement until Student could arrive and assume control . Student was captured by the British and never arrived ( Dollinger 1967 , p. 228 ) . Jump up ^ Weidling replaced Oberstleutnant Ernst Kaether as commander of Berlin who only held the post for one day having taken command from Reymann . Jump up ^ Initial Soviet estimates had placed the total strength at 1 million men , but this was an overestimate ( Glantz 1998 , pp. 258 -- 259 ) . Jump up ^ A large number of the 45,000 were troops of the LVI Panzer Corps that were at the start of the battle part of the German IX Army on the Seelow Heights . Jump up ^ German estimate ( Müller ) based on incomplete archival data : 92,000 for Seelow , Halbe and inside Berlin ; 100,000 for the whole Berlin area . Initial Soviet casualties estimates are 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured , but these were based on kill claims and an incorrect number of total German strength ( Glantz 1998 , pp. 258 -- 259 ) . For information about the genesis of the `` Das Deutsch Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg '' project under the Military History Research Office of the Bundeswehr , refer to Ziemke 1983 , pp. 398 -- 407 . Jump up ^ The last offensive of the European war was the Prague Offensive on 6 -- 11 May 1945 , when the Red Army , with the help of Polish , Romanian , and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of Army Group Centre which continued to resist in Czechoslovakia . There were a number of small battles and skirmishes involving small bodies of men , but no other large scale fighting that resulted in the death of thousands of people . ( See the end of World War II in Europe for details on these final days of the war . ) Jump up ^ The Soviets later estimated the number as 180,000 , but this included many unarmed men in uniform , such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service ( Beevor 2002 , p. 287 ) . Jump up ^ A number of sources cited in this article derive their casualty numbers from Krivosheev 's archival work . They include Hamilton , who uses the figure of 361,367 without further breakdown ( Hamilton 2008 , p. 372 ) . Beevor lists the casualties as 78,291 killed and 274,184 wounded for a total of 352,475 ( Beevor 2002 , p. 424 ) . Max Hastings uses 352,425 Soviet casualties ( 1st Belorussian Front : 179,490 , 2nd Belorussian Front : 59,110 , 1st Ukrainian Front : 113,825 ) , but increases the number killed to over 100,000 ( Hastings 2005 , p. 548 ) . Jump up ^ Captured prisoners included many unarmed men in uniform , such as railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service ( Beevor 2002 , p. 287 ) . Jump up ^ Bellamy states that most of the rapes occurred between 23 April and 8 May , after which the number of rapes gradually subsided ( Bellamy 2007 , p. 670 ) . Due to deprivations suffered by the civilian population , some women secured the necessities of life by engaging in varying degrees of coerced sex ( Ziemke 1969 , pp. 149 , 153 ) . During the months preceding to the battle , as the Red Army began its offensives into Germany proper , the STAVKA recognised the potential for lapses in discipline among vengeful troops as the Red Army began offensives in Germany proper in the months preceding the battle , and were able to check such behaviour to a certain extent . In a 27 January order near the conclusion of the Vistula - Oder Offensive , Marshal Konev supplied a long list of commanders to be reassigned to penal battalions for looting , drunkenness , and excesses against civilians ( Duffy 1991 , p. 275 ) . Although all sources agree that rapes occurred , the numbers put forward are estimates . A frequently quoted number is that 100,000 women in Berlin were raped by soldiers of the Red Army ( Helke Sander & Barbara Johr : BeFreier und Befreite , Fischer , Frankfurt 2005 ) . Russian historians , while not denying that Soviet forces committed rape , question whether the crimes were widespread ( Lavrenov & Popov 2000 , pp. 374 -- 375 ; Rzheshevsky 2002 ; Gareev 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Zaloga 1982 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Glantz 1998 , p. 261 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2000 , p. 482 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Antill 2005 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Glantz 1998 , p. 373 . Jump up ^ Wagner 1974 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Bergstrom 2007 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Krivosheev 1997 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Krivosheev 1997 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Müller 2008 , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Antill 2005 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Duffy 1991 , pp. 24 , 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings 2004 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Duffy 1991 , pp. 176 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Duffy 1991 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Tiemann 1998 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Dollinger 1967 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Williams 2005 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 778 -- 781 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 310 , 311 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1966 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Milward 1980 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ McInnis 1946 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , Preface xxxiv , and pp. 138 , 325 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Williams 2005 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Zuljan 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2005 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Williams 2005 , p. 322 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2003 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Gregory & Gehlen 2009 , pp. 207 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , pp. 217 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Hastings 2005 , p. 468 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , pp. 312 -- 314 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ RAF staff 2006 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255 -- 256 , 262 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Simons 1982 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Komorowski 2009 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , pp. 310 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1966 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2003 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1998 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was on 23 April 1945 ; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states `` officially '' it was the next morning of 24 April 1945 ; Dollinger 1967 , p. 228 gives 26 April for Weidling 's appointment . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 92 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Fischer 2008 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , pp. 259 , 297 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 291 -- 292 , 302 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 304 , states the centre sector was known as Z for Zentrum ; Fischer 2008 , pp. 42 -- 43 , and Tiemann 1998 , p. 336 , quoting General Mohnke directly refers to the smaller centre government quarter / district in this area and under his command as Z - Zitadelle . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , pp. 371 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 377 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2003 , p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton 2008 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , pp. 390 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Sontheimer 2008 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , pp. 663 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799 , 800 . Jump up ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324 , 325 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 385 -- 386 . Jump up ^ Dollinger 1967 , p. 239 , states 3 am , and Beevor 2003 , p. 391 , 4 am , for Krebs ' meeting with Chuikov Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Dollinger 1967 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383 -- 389 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Dollinger 1967 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2003 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Le Tissier 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Le Tissier 2005 , pp. 89 , 90 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2002 , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev 1997 , pp. 157,158 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev 1997 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter 2002 , p. 515 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy 2007 , p. 670 . ^ Jump up to : White 2003 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 388 -- 393 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , pp. 660,670 . Jump up ^ Grossmann 2009 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Beevor & May 2002 . Jump up ^ Budnitskii 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Ketchum 2014 . Jump up ^ rg.ru 2007 . Jump up ^ Kutylowski 2011 . 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Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 41086 - 4 Bergstrom , Christer ( 2007 ) , Bagration to Berlin -- The Final Air Battles in the East : 1944 -- 1945 , Ian Allan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 903223 - 91 - 8 Budnitskii , Oleg ( 3 May 2015 ) , `` Interview '' , The Rape of Berlin ( broadcast ) , by Ash , Lucy , BBC Radio 4 Bullock , Alan ( 1962 ) , Hitler : A Study in Tyranny , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013564 - 0 Clodfelter , Michael ( 2002 ) , Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , McFarland & Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 Dollinger , Hans ( 1967 ) ( 1965 ) , The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , New York : Bonanza Books , ISBN 978 - 0517013137 Duffy , Christopher ( 1991 ) , Red Storm on the Reich , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 03589 - 7 Fischer , Thomas ( 2008 ) , Soldiers of the Leibstandarte , J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 921991 - 91 - 5 Gareev , Makhmut ; Tretiak , Ivan ; Rzheshevsky , Oleg ( 21 July 2005 ) , interview with Sergey Turchenko , `` Насилие над фактами '' ( Abuse of Facts ) , Trud ( in Russian ) Glantz , David M. ( 1998 ) , When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler , University Press of Kansas , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0899 - 7 Glantz , David M. ( 11 October 2001 ) , The Soviet - German War 1941 -- 1945 : Myths and Realities : A Survey Essay , The Strom Thurmond Institute , archived from the original on 18 February 2015 Gregory , Don A. ; Gehlen , William R. ( 2009 ) , Two Soldiers , Two Lost Fronts : German War Diaries of the Stalingrad and North Africa Campaigns ( illustrated ed . ) , Casemate Publishers , pp. 207,208 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 05 - 7 Grossmann , Atina ( 2009 ) , Jews , Germans , and Allies : Close Encounters in Occupied Germany , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14317 - 0 Hamilton , A. Stephan ( 2008 ) , Bloody Streets : The Soviet Assault on Berlin , April 1945 , Helion & Co. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906033 - 12 - 5 Hastings , Max ( 2004 ) , Armageddon : The Battle for Germany , 1944 -- 1945 , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 90836 - 5 Hastings , Max ( 2005 ) , Armageddon : The Battle for Germany , 1944 -- 1945 , Pan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 49062 - 7 Isaev , Aleksey ( 26 July 2010 ) , `` Seelow Heights '' , Price of Victory ( Interview ) ( in Russian ) , interview with Vitaly Dymarsky , Moscow : Echo of Moscow , retrieved December 2012 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ketchum , M. ( 6 December 2014 ) , The WW2 Letters of Private Melvin W. 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( 1980 ) , War , Economy and Society , 1939 -- 1945 , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03942 - 1 Müller , Rolf - Dieter ( 2008 ) , Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg , Band 10 / 1 : Der Zusammenbruch des Deutschen Reiches 1945 und die Folgen des Zweiten Weltkrieges -- Teilbd 1 : Die militärische Niederwerfung der Wehrmacht ( in German ) , Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt , ISBN 978 - 3 - 421 - 06237 - 6 Murray , Williamson ; Millett , Allan Reed ( 2000 ) , A War to be Won , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00680 - 5 RAF staff ( 13 March 2006 ) , RAF History -- Bomber Command 60th Anniversary , RAF , archived from the original on 28 July 2012 , retrieved April 2012 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 7 мая 2007 г . N 68 - ФЗ `` О Знамени Победы '' ( Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated May 7 , 2007 N 68 - FZ `` On the Banner of Victory '' ) ( in Russian ) , rg.ru , 8 May 2007 , archived from the original on 19 May 2011 , retrieved June 2011 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ryan , Cornelius ( 1966 ) , The Last Battle , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 40640 - 0 Rzheshevsky , Oleg A. ( 2002 ) , Берлинская операция 1945 г. : дискуссия продолжается ( The Berlin Operation of 1945 : Discussion Continues ) , Мир истории ( World of History ) ( in Russian ) ( 4 ) Simons , Gerald ( 1982 ) , Victory in Europe , Time - Life Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8094 - 3406 - 0 Sontheimer , Michael ( 7 May 2008 ) , `` Iconic Red Army Reichstag Photo Faked '' , Spiegel Online , archived from the original on 13 September 2008 , retrieved 13 September 2008 Tiemann , Ralf ( 1998 ) , The Leibstandarte IV / 2 , J.J. 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'' , Central European History , 16 ( 4 ) : 398 -- 407 , doi : 10.1017 / S0008938900001266 Zuljan , Ralph ( 1 July 2003 ) , Battle for the Seelow Heights -- Part II , archived from the original on 25 May 2011 Originally published in `` World War II '' at Suite101.com on 1 May 1999 . Revised edition published in `` Articles On War '' at OnWar.com on 1 July 2003 . Further reading Wikisource has original text related to this article : Adolf Hitler 's Order for a Last Stand in the East Antill , P. , Battle for Berlin : April -- May 1945 -- Includes the Order of Battle for the Battle for Berlin ( Le Tissier , T. ( 1988 ) , The Battle of Berlin 1945 , London : Jonathan Cape ) Durie , W. ( 2012 ) , The British Garrison Berlin 1945 -- 1994 : No Where to Go , Berlin : Vergangenheits / Berlin , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86408 - 068 - 5 Erickson , John ( 1983 ) , The Road to Berlin : Continuing the History of Stalin 's War with Germany , Westview Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89158 - 795 - 8 Anonymous ; A Woman in Berlin : Six Weeks in the Conquered City Translated by Anthes Bell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7540 - 3 Kuby , Erich ( 1968 ) , The Russians and Berlin , 1945 , Hill and Wang Moeller , Robert G. ( 1997 ) , West Germany Under Construction , University of Michigan Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06648 - 3 Naimark , Norman M. ( 1995 ) , The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 , Cambridge : Belknap , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 78405 - 5 Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1993 ) , The Fall of Berlin , London : Pimlico , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 0695 - 0 Sanders , Ian J. , Photos of World War 2 Berlin Locations today , archived from the original on 14 October 2007 Shepardson , Donald E. ( 1998 ) , `` The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth '' , The Journal of Military History , 62 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 153 Tilman , Remme , The Battle for Berlin in World War Two , BBC White , Osmar , By the eyes of a war correspondent , archived from the original on 18 March 2007 -- Alternative account of crimes against civilians RT ( TV network ) , ( official channel on YouTube ) . `` Fall of Berlin : Stopping the Nazi Heart '' on YouTube . 27 June 2010 . 26 - minute video . 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6185759658877939448	The Great British Bake Off (series 4)	The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) The Great British Bake Off ( series 4 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 20 August ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) -- 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 3 Next → Series 5 The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 20 August 2013 . Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins again presented the show and Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges . As with series three , the competition was held at Harptree Court in East Harptree , Somerset . 13,000 amateur bakers applied to appear on the programme , and 100 were selected for screen test , with the best 60 advancing to a three - day audition . From these , 13 contestants were chosen this year so the judges could eliminate two people whenever they wanted . The winner of the Great British Bake Off 2013 was Frances Quinn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cakes 3.2 Episode 2 : Bread 3.3 Episode 3 : Desserts 3.4 Episode 4 : Pies and Tarts 3.5 Episode 5 : Biscuits and Traybakes 3.6 Episode 6 : Sweet Dough 3.7 Episode 7 : Pastry 3.8 Episode 8 : Unconventional Ingredients ( Quarter Final ) 3.9 Episode 9 : French Pastry ( Semi-Final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Final 3.11 Masterclasses 3.11. 1 Episode 1 3.11. 2 Episode 2 3.11. 3 Episode 3 3.11. 4 Episode 4 3.11. 5 Christmas Masterclass 4 Controversy 5 Post-show career 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References 8 External links Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Ali Imdad 25 Charity worker Saltley , Birmingham Beca Lyne - Pirkis 31 Military Wives ' Choir Singer Aldershot , Hampshire Christine Wallace 66 Director of an engraving company Didcot , Oxfordshire Deborah Manger 51 Dentist Peterborough Frances Quinn 31 Children 's Clothes Designer Market Harborough , Leicestershire Glenn Cosby 37 English Teacher Teignmouth , Devon Howard Middleton 51 Council Worker Sheffield Kimberley Wilson 30 Psychologist London Lucy Bellamy 38 Horticulturist Grimsby , Lincolnshire Mark Onley 37 Carpenter & Kitchen Fitter Milton Keynes Robert Smart 54 Space Satellite Designer Melbourn , Cambridgeshire Ruby Tandoh 20 History of Art and Philosophy Student Southend , Essex Toby Waterworth 30 Web Programmer Reading , Berkshire Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frances SB WINNER Kimberley SB SB Runner Up Ruby SB SB SB Runner Up Beca OUT Christine SB SB OUT Glenn OUT Howard OUT Robert SB OUT Ali OUT Deborah OUT Mark OUT Lucy OUT Toby OUT Colour key : Baker got through to the next round Baker was eliminated Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but did not win star baker . Baker was the series runner - up Baker was the series winner Episodes ( edit ) Episode 1 : cakes ( edit ) The bakers were given two hours to make a sandwich cake with filling of their choice for the signature challenge . For their first technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake an angel food cake using Mary Berry 's recipe in two and half hours . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a chocolate cake using at least two types of chocolate to decorate the cake . They were given four hours for this bake . Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Baker Signature ( Sandwich Cake ) Technical ( Angel Food Cake ) Showstopper ( Chocolate Cake ) Ali Rose and Pistachio Cake 11th Chocolate , Raspberry and Passion Fruit Engagement Cake Beca Grapefruit Sandwich Cake 8th Chocolate Cherry Indulgence Christine Strawberry , Vanilla and Rosewater Summer Basket 3rd Chocolate and Orange ' Fripperous ' Hat Cake Deborah Pineapple Cake 9th ' Coffee Time ' Frances Giant Jam Sandwich 7th Secret Squirrel Cake Glenn Strawberries and Cream Cake 4th Almond and Espresso Chocolate Cake Howard Passion Fruit and Coconut Cake 6th Black Forest Revisited Kimberley Blood Orange Cake 10th Chocolate , Raspberry & Basil Layer Cake Lucy Timperley Early Cake 2nd Thyme ' Wildwood ' Cake Mark Lemon and Poppy Seed Cake 5th Chocolate Monster Robert Pecan and Apple Cake 1st Raspberry Chocolate Cake Ruby Rhubarb and Custard Sandwich Cake 12th Chocolate and Ginger Night Sky Cake Toby Spiced and Iced Carrot Cake 13th Two Tiered Chocolate Cake Episode 2 : bread ( edit ) The bakers were asked to make in two hours 36 breadsticks , all made using yeast , of at least 25 cm ( 10 inches ) in length , and the breadsticks should be crisp and produce a good snap . For the technical challenge , the bakers have to make eight English muffin using Paul 's recipe in two and three quarter hours . For the final bake , an elaborately decorated loaf was set as the showstopper challenge to be completed in four hours . Baker Signature ( 36 Bread Sticks ) Technical ( 8 English Muffin ) Showstopper ( Decorative Loaf ) Ali Italian Grissini 9th Sweet and Savoury Yin Yang Bread Beca Fennel and Chilli Breadsticks 11th Five Strand Christmas Wreath Christine Mediterranean Breadsticks with Oregano 4th Double Plaited Loaf Deborah Fennel & Chilli Breadsticks 8th Walnut Fleur Loaf Frances Giant Matchsticks 2nd Sailor 's Knot Glenn Rosemary and Parmesan Grissini 7th Harvest Crown Howard Moroccan Breadsticks 10th Picasso Sun Bread Kimberley Nigella Seed and Parmesan Breadsticks 1st Peace Bread Lucy Grissini with Salt 12th Roast Tomato Bread Mark Rosemary & Raisin Breadsticks 6th Sage & Garlic Plait Robert Twisty Rye Bread Sticks 5th Tribute Loaf Ruby Mexican Breadsticks 3rd White Chocolate and Orange Peacock Bread Episode 3 : desserts ( edit ) For the first challenge of the episode the bakers were asked to make a Trifle of their own choice , using Ladyfingers , Sponge or Biscuit for the base and either Jam or Custard for the middle layer . For their second challenge , the bakers were required to bake in an hour and a half Floating Islands using a recipe of Mary Berry . For the show - stopper , the bakers were set the task of making 24 petit fours , twelve biscuit based , twelve sponge based , to be finished in three hours . Baker Signature ( Trifle ) Technical ( Floating Islands ) Showstopper ( 24 Petit Fours - 12 Biscuit Based , 12 Sponge Based ) Ali Coconut , Raspberry and Lemon Meringue Trifle 5th Vanilla Latte Mini Cakes Lime & Mint Shortbread Pops Beca Orange and Ginger Trifle 10th Limoncello and Blueberry Bursts Millionaire Shortbread Christine Caribbean Pina Colada Trifle 4th Ninety - Niners Sachertorte Parcels Deborah Tropical Trifle * 9th Canelé Cherry and Chocolate Cakes Rose Cookies Frances Apple and Blackberry Crumble Trifle 8th ' Ballet Bites ' Ginger Nutcrackers Sugar Plum Fairy Cakes Glenn Raspberry and Almond Trifle 1st Billionaire Bouchées Orange Financiers Howard Caramel and Apple Trifle * 7th Black Coffee and Cardamom Cakes White Stilton and Pear Biscuits Kimberley Peach , Almond and Ginger Trifle 6th Chocolate Pistachio Financiers Lemon Bergamot Biscuits Mark Ginger , Mango and Passion Fruit Trifle 11th Rose and Pistachio Macaroons Chocolate and Raspberry Bites Robert Rhubarb and Orange Trifle 2nd Almond Friand s Turǫn Macaroons Ruby Desert Island Trifle 3rd Lemon Shortbread and White Chocolate Seashells Blackberry and Chocolate Layer Cakes In this challenge , Deborah accidentally used Howard 's custard . As a result , Howard used Deborah 's custard in his trifle , the incident was dubbed Custardgate by the Press . Episode 4 : pies and tarts ( edit ) For the signature challenge the bakers are asked to bake a Double - crusted Fruit Pie with a filling of their choice . For their fourth Technical challenge , the bakers were required to bake a Tart that has almost a 700 - year history ; the Egg Custard Tart . For the showstopper , the challenge was to make a Filo Pie centrepiece using the Filo pastry that they had made from scratch . Baker Signature ( Double - Crusted Fruit Pie ) Technical ( 12 Egg Custard Tarts ) Showstopper ( Filo Pie ) Ali Apple and Ginger Pie with a Pecan and Walnut Shortcrust Pastry 8th Orange , Cardamom and Date M'Hanncha Beca Mamgu 's Cherry - Apple Tart 2nd Moroccan Vegetable Filo Feast Christine Granny Rogers ' Apple , Plum & Cinnamon Country Pie 7th Roasted Vegetable Filo Pie with Feta Cheese Frances Peach Pie In the Sky 1st Cherry Tree Baklava Filo Pie Glenn Apple & Maple Syrup Pie 9th Spanakopita ( Walnut and Feta Cheese ) Howard Apple Pie with Sage Pastry 5th Fresh Fig and Feta Filo Flan Kimberley Pecan and Rosemary Caramel Apple Pie 4th Chicken , Bacon and Butternut Squash Pie Robert Apple and Pear Pie with Thyme 3rd Spanakopita with St George 's Mushrooms Ruby Apple and Marzipan Pie 6th Rose , Almond and Raspberry Filo Pie Episode 5 : biscuits and traybakes ( edit ) For the signature challenge , the bakers were asked to make their favorite traybake in two hours and cut into identical pieces . Everything made as part of the traybake however needed to be made from scratch . In the technical challenge , the bakers needed to make 18 tuiles using Mary 's recipe in one and a half hour . Half of the tuiles needed to be shaped in the traditional manner and piped in a concentric circles , and the other rolled up and dipped in chocolate . In the last challenge , the baker had to make a biscuit tower of at least 30 cm high , to be finished in four hours . Baker Signature ( Traybake ) Technical ( 18 Tuiles - 9 Original , 9 Dipped in Chocolate ) Showstopper ( Biscuit Tower ) Beca Chocolate , Cherry and Hazelnut Brownies 5th Tiered Macaron and Sugar Dough Biscuit Centrepiece Christine Mixed Berry and Almond Crumble Traybake 1st Shortbread Bavarian Clock Tower Frances Millionaire Banoffee Bonus 3rd Biscuit Buttons and Beads Glenn Apricot and Pistachio Tiffin 2nd Shortbread and Macaron Helter - Skelter Howard Breakfast Traybake 8th Japanese Pagoda Tea Tower Kimberley Cherry and Almond Bakewell Florentine Slice 7th Black and White Viennese Biscuit Stack Robert Blueberry & Orange Traybake 4th Dalek Ruby Blackberry and Lemon Bakewell Slice 6th ' Dropped Ice - Cream ' Biscuit Centrepiece Episode 6 : sweet dough ( edit ) In the first challenge , the bakers were required to make a sweet tea loaf using yeast , either in a tin or free form . They were given 3 hours for the task . For the technical challenge , the bakers baked an apricot couronne using Paul 's recipe in two and three - quarter hours . For the showstopper , the bakers needed to make two different varieties of European sweet buns , 12 of each . The bakers were given 30 minutes to start in the first day so that dough may be proofed overnight , to be finished the second day in four hours . Baker Signature ( Tea Loaf ) Technical ( Apricot Couronne ) Showstopper ( 24 Sweet European Buns ) Beca Bara Brith 6th Chocolate and Rum - Soaked Prune Brioches Cardamom Spiced Lemon Iced Buns Christine Oxford Nutty Fruit Loaf 4th Schnecken Buns Vanilla Custard Skolebrød Frances Chai Tea Loaf 2nd Hot Cross Brioches Rhubarb and Custard Kolaches Glenn Devonshire Panettone 5th Almond and Apricot Brioches Sticky Caramel Kanelbullen Howard Date & Hemp Yorkshire Loaf 7th Peachy Buns German Baumschnecken Kimberley Chai Spiced Ginger and Date Tea Loaf 3rd Double Chocolate and Hazelnut Brioches Danish Kanelsnurrer Ruby Citrus Tea Loaf 1st Twisted Swedish Kanelbullar Saffron St. Lucia Buns Episode 7 : pastry ( edit ) The bakers are challenged to bring the old fashioned suet pudding back up to date for the signature challenge . In the technical bake , the bakers are challenged to create eight perfect religieuse ; these are choux buns that are topped with ganache and filled with crème patissiere then carefully balanced one on top of the other . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers have 4 hours to make three different types of puffed pastries ; one must be filled , another has to be iced and the final one is of their choice . Baker Signature ( Suet Pudding ) Technical ( 8 Religieuses ) Showstopper ( 36 Puff Pastry Canapés - 12 Filled , 12 Iced , 12 of Their Own Choice ) Beca Spring Lamb and Vegetable Suet Pudding with Redcurrant Gravy 1st Nectarine and Frangipane Squares Chocolate and Hazelnut Vol - au - vents Strawberries and Cream Mille - feuille Christine Spotted Dick ' With a Kick ' and Vanilla Custard Ice Cream 6th Eccles Cakes Fresh Fruit Baskets Lemon Cream Eton Mess Mille - feuille Frances Figgy Roll - y Poly Pudding with Caramelised Walnut and Honey Ice - Cream 5th French Framboise Cream Horns Sheet Music Mille - feuille Bass Clef Palmiers Glenn Prune and Armagnac Pudding with Boozy Butterscotch Sauce 3rd Caramelised Apple and Marzipan Tartlets Chocolate Elephant Ears Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Kimberley Barberry and Apple Spotted Dick with Maple Syrup and White Chocolate Custard 4th Pear , Malt and Butterscotch Mille - feuille Blackberry and Lemon Verbena Crème Brûle Custard Tarts Fig , Orange and Thyme Galette Ruby Plum Jam Roly - Poly with Ginger Ice cream 2nd Raspberry and Passion Fruit Mille - feuille Caramelised Apple Lattice Portuguese Custard Tarts Episode 8 : unconventional ingredients ( quarter final ) ( edit ) This week in the quarter final , the theme for this week were bakes that were free of something ( e.g. gluten free , dairy free ) . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake a loaf that does not use traditional wheat flours , instead they must use flours such as Spelt , Rye , Potato or Tapioca . The bakers are challenged in the technical bake to make a Dacquoise which consists of 3 layers ; coiled meringue , coffee custard and a hazelnut praline top . For the showstopper , the bakers are pushed out of their comfort zones and asked to create novelty vegetable cakes which must be dairy free . Baker Signature ( Wheat - Free Loaf ) Technical ( Hazelnut Dacquoise ) Showstopper ( Dairy - Free Vegetable Cake ) Beca Potato , Spelt and Rosemary Focaccia 4th Spiced Butternut Squash and Pecan ' Cheese ' Cake Christine Multi-Seeded Loaf with Pumpkin , Sesame and Sunflower Seeds 5th Sweet Potato Guitar with Passion Fruit Icing and Marshmallow Fondant Frances ' Chelsea Flour Show ' Bun Bouquet 3rd Hidden Carrot Cake ( Ground Praline , Beetroot and Walnut ) Kimberley Wild Garlic Pesto and Parma Ham Spelt Loaf 2nd Butternut Squash and Spice Cake Toadstool House Ruby Mango and Nigella Seed Spelt Cob 1st Carrot Cake and Pistachio Garden Plot Episode 9 : French pastry ( semi-final ) ( edit ) This week 's theme was French pastry . In the Signature Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make three different types of savoury canapé ; one must be Choux , another must be Shortcrust or Rough Puff and the third can be anything of their choice . For the Technical bake , the bakers are challenged to make a Charlotte Royal ; made of Swiss roll surrounding a bavarois , it is set with gelatin to form a firm dome when turned out . In the Showstopper Challenge , the bakers are challenged to bake an iconic French Patisserie , the Opera cake . Baker Signature ( 36 Canapés - 12 Choux , 12 Shortcrust / Rough Puff , 12 Any of their Choice ) Technical ( Charlotte Royale ) Showstopper ( Opera Cake ) Beca Stilton and Walnut Macarons Beetroot and Salmon Choux Puffs Welsh Rarebit Tartlets 3rd Banoffee Opera Cake Frances Legume Canapés : Chantenay Carrots Choux Pastry Tomatoes Cauliflower Cheese Scones 2nd Great British Soap Opera Cake Kimberley Pea Purée Tarts Crab and Wasabi Profiteroles Steamed Buns with Barbecue Chicken 1st Passion Fruit and Lime Opera Cake Ruby Beetroot Jelly on Poppy Seed Biscuits Spinach , Parmesan and Egg Tartlets Choux Buns with Goat 's Cheese and Caramelised Onions 4th Chocolate , Almond Praline and Saffron Opera Cake Episode 10 : final ( edit ) In the Signature Challenge , the final three are challenged to create a Picnic Pie . The pie must be savoury , the fillings have to create a creative design and has to be strong enough to be served out of the tin . For the Technical Challenge , the bakers are challenged to make 12 perfectly shaped pretzels ; 6 savoury with rock salt and 6 sweet , flavoured with poppy seeds and topped with sweet orange zest and glaze . For the final Showstopper Challenge of the series , the bakers are asked to bake the ultimate showpiece - a three tiered wedding cake . Baker Signature ( Picnic pie ) Technical ( 12 Pretzel - 6 Savory , 6 Sweet ) Showstopper ( Three Tiered Wedding Cake ) Frances Rainbow Picnic Pie 3rd Midsummer Night 's Dream Wedding Cake Kimberley Chicken and Pig Pie 1st Languages of Love Wedding Cake Ruby Picnic Basket Pie 2nd Raspberry , Lemon and Passion Fruit Wedding Cake Masterclasses ( edit ) Mary and Paul take over the tent and take on the challenges that they set for the bakers , showing what they would have done had they been in the bakers shoes . Episode 1 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Spiced Whole Orange Cake with Orange Mascarpone Icing Angel Food Cake with Lemon Curd Chocolate Creation Showstopper Paul Olive Breadsticks English Muffins Episode 2 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Tipsy Trifle Floating Islands Wobbly Apricot Tart Paul Egg Custard Tarts Spanakopita N / A Episode 3 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Ginger and Treacle Spiced Traybake Tuiles with Chocolate Mousse N / A Paul Iced Tea Loaf Apricot Couronne Brioche Tetes Episode 4 ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Sussex Pond Pudding with Apples Religieuses Opera Cake Paul Rye Bread Pretzels N / A Christmas Masterclass ( edit ) Bake 1 Bake 2 Bake 3 Mary Mincemeat Streusel Tunis Cake Gingerbread House Paul Stollen Black Bun Boxing Day pie Controversy ( edit ) Before the series started , there was speculation Paul Hollywood would not appear in the show after his marriage broke down . Mary Berry , however , was said to have supported Hollywood over rumours of his possible sacking by BBC , and the BBC later denied the rumours and said that his job is safe . During the series , there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show , as well as allegations of Paul Hollywood 's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh , and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc . Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation . Prior to the final , a rash of bets were placed on Frances Quinn to win . Bookmakers were forced to suspend the book after 90 per cent of wagers were placed on Quinn , and led to accusation that show insiders or friends who knew of the result were placing bets on the outcome . This subsequently led to many online media sources speculating Quinn had won , inadvertently leaking the result prematurely . Post-show career ( edit ) Frances Quinn wrote a book , Quinntessential Baking , released on 17 August 2015 . Ruby Tandoh has written a book , Crumb : The Baking Book , published on 25 September 2014 . She took half a year out from the university after the show but has returned to complete her philosophy and history of art course at University College London . She wrote a column on baking for The Guardian . Beca Lyne - Pirkis presented a Welsh language cookery show Becws for S4C starting 11 September 2014 . Glenn Cosby left teaching and launched his own touring stage show Bake it Big . Ali Imdad has set up a bakery business and become a full - time baker . Ratings ( edit ) The show achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two . According to overnight data , the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak , and averaging over 8 million , more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV . This episode is the highest - rated show ever on BBC2 under the ratings system first introduced in 2002 , beating the previous record set by an episode of Top Gear in 2007 . Series 4 had an average of viewing figure of 7.4 million . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels 20 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 6.60 11 27 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 6.65 12 3 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 7.17 13 10 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) 6.82 18 5 17 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 6.95 17 6 24 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 7.32 16 7 1 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) 7.76 13 8 8 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) 7.41 12 9 15 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 15 ) 7.41 18 10 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 9.45 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate Viewers ( millions ) BBC Two weekly ranking The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2012 22 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) 3.69 The Great British Bake Off Masterclass 29 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) 2.73 30 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2.27 10 31 October 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) 2.21 13 1 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 1.69 24 The Great British Bake Off , Christmas Special 17 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) 3.39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Fletcher ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` ' Great British Bake Off ' returns : First look at series four - Watch '' . Digital Spy . ^ Jump up to : Louise Carpenter ( 20 July 2013 ) . `` Behind the scenes at The Great British Bake Off '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Ben O'Brien ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off returns to the screen - and to East Harptree '' . The Somerset Standard and Guardian . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Great British Bake off is back ! '' . The Daily Express . Jump up ^ Sarah Bull ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` A dentist , a psychologist and a satellite designer : Meet the 13 contestants hoping to impress as The Great British Bake Off returns '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` It 's easy as pie for Frances ! Viewers ' shock as outsider whisks her way to Bake Off victory with a rainbow picnic pie and wedding cake inspired by Shakespeare '' . Daily Mail . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Beca Lyne Pirkis . `` Diet Starts Tomorrow ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Christine Bakes '' . Jump up ^ `` Deborah Manger '' . Jump up ^ Francis Quinn , Quinntessential Jump up ^ `` Glenn Cosby '' . Jump up ^ Howard Middleton . `` HoMi Baking '' . Jump up ^ `` butimhungrynow '' . butimhungrynow . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lucy Bellamy . `` Lucy B - Female Gardener '' . Jump up ^ Rob Smart . `` Rob Smart Bakes '' . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh . `` Ruby and the Kitchen '' . Jump up ^ Toby Waterworth , Bakedown Jump up ^ Christopher Stevens ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Christopher Stevens reviews The Great British Bake Off '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Alex Ralph ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Next on menu after marriage break - up : Paul Hollywood puts his name on pants '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Don Kaplan ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Reported affair between judges Paul Hollywood and Marcela Valladolid adds spice to baking show '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Simon Cable ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` Mary Berry ' could quit Bake Off if pastry chef Paul Hollywood gets the axe ' '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Sam Marsden ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood 's job on The Great British Bake Off is safe , BBC says '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Alasdair Glennie and Laura Cox ( 2 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bloke Off ! Show accused of favouritism towards female contestants after last man left is eliminated '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Emma Lowe ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Is Paul sweet on Bake Off model Ruby ? Viewers suggest that TV host , 47 , is flirting on screen with 21 - year - old contestant '' . The Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Paul Hollywood shocks Bake Off fans by setting them straight on train '' . What 's on TV . 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Liam O'Brien ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` Raymond Blanc rows with Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh on Twitter '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Ruby Tandoh ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : why did our show attract so much vitriol ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sarah Ditum ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The Great British Bake - Off : Ruby Tandoh does n't deserve this hostility '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Paul Hollywood denies favouring Great British Bake Off 's Ruby Tandoh : ' I think Kimberley 's far prettier ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off beauty Ruby Tandoh definitely does NOT fancy silver fox Paul Hollywood '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Lucy Crossley ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Did TV insiders bet on Great British Bake Off result ? Bookies claim they were ' burned ' by suspicious backing of winner who was 5 - 2 outsider '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ Georgia Morgan ( 29 August 2015 ) . `` Former Great British Bake Off winner Frances Quinn shares recipes for her yummy treats from new book '' . Jump up ^ Leah Hyslop ( 1 Apr 2014 ) . `` Frances Quinn : ' Bake Off was an endurance test ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off finalist Ruby Tandoh lands book deal after NINE publishers fight to sign her '' . Daily Mail . 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Siân Ranscombe ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Ruby Tandoh on GBBO , Twitter trolls and her new baking book '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Tandoh '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Kate Rees ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` ' I 'm happy about being the only Welshie on the Great British Bake Off , ' says Beca Lyne - Pirkis '' . Wales Online . Jump up ^ Ruth Dawson ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` Bake Off 's Beca is back with new baking show Becws '' . South Wales Evening Post . Jump up ^ `` Bake it Big with Glenn Cosby -- on tour this summer ! '' . Food Heaven . 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off star Glenn Cosby returns to Bake It Big '' . Exeter Express and Echo. 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Roz Laws ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Whatever happened to the Great British Bake Off bakers from the Midlands ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ John Plunkett ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Great British Bake Off final : 9m watch Frances Quinn win '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Georg Szalai . `` BBC 's ' Great British Bake Off ' Ends Season 4 With Record Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Stephen Price ( 22 January 2015 ) . `` BBC1 rises to the challenge '' . Broadcast . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official Site hide The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_4)&oldid=846430533 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off British cooking television programmes BBC Television programmes 2013 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 18 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	great british bake off season 4 episode 9	[]	[]
-3659322368106801038	The Great Outdoors (film)	The Great Outdoors ( film ) - wikipedia The Great Outdoors ( film ) For other uses , see The Great Outdoors . The Great Outdoors Theatrical release poster Directed by Howard Deutch Produced by John Hughes Arne Schmidt Written by John Hughes Starring Dan Aykroyd John Candy Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Ric Waite Edited by Seth Flaum William D. Gordean Tom Rolf Production company Hughes Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 17 , 1988 ( 1988 - 06 - 17 ) Running time 90 minutes Language English Budget $24 million Box office $43.4 million The Great Outdoors is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Howard Deutch , and written and produced by John Hughes . It stars Dan Aykroyd , John Candy , Stephanie Faracy and Annette Bening in her film debut . The film follows two families spending time on vacation in Wisconsin . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Soundtrack 6 Reboot 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Chicagoan Chester `` Chet '' Ripley , his wife , Connie , and their two sons , Buckley `` Buck '' and Ben , are on vacation at a lake resort in Pechoggin , Wisconsin during the summer . All is going as planned until Connie 's sister , Kate , Kate 's investment broker husband , Roman Craig , and their twin daughters , Mara and Cara , crash the vacation . Ghost stories at the family BBQ include one of a man - eating grizzly bear that Chet met face - to - face when he was younger . Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake , he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear . When he fired at it with a shotgun , the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear 's head and from that day on , it was known as the `` Bald - Headed Bear '' of Claire County . After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat , tensions between the families erupt . Chet is ready to pack up and go home , even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl , Cammie . The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat the Old 96'er ( a 96 - ounce steak ) at a family dinner which causes Buck to break their date . Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late , but Cammie refuses to speak to him . Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate 's challenges of being wealthy . Later , just at the peak of tension between families , it emerges that Roman has made a bad investment and is broke . He has not told Kate and was planning to hit up Chet for the cash . Later , during a thunderstorm , the twins wander off and fall into a mine shaft . Chet and Roman find them , but the claustrophobic Roman is reluctant to descend into the tiny mine shaft . After some encouragement from Chet , Roman summons up all his courage , while Chet goes in search of a rope to pull them out . Upon realizing that the mine is stocked with old dynamite , Roman takes his daughters and climbs out of the shaft on his own . When Chet returns with the rope , he is horrified to discover the `` Bald - Headed Bear '' lurking in the mine . It chases him back to his house , smashes through the door , and rampages through the house . Wally , the cabin owner , bursts in with a loaded shotgun while Roman tries to hold off the animal with a fire poker and an oar . Chet takes the gun and shoots the bear , blowing the fur off its backside . Roaring , the bear runs out of the house . The next morning , the two families part on good terms . Unbeknownst to Chet , Connie has invited Roman 's family to stay with them until they can get back on their feet . Cammie and Buck make up and end their summer romance , as Buck and his family head back to Chicago . Cast ( edit ) Dan Aykroyd as Roman Craig John Candy as Chester `` Chet '' Ripley Stephanie Faracy as Connie Ripley Annette Bening as Kate `` Katie '' Craig Robert Prosky as Wally Chris Young as Buckley `` Buck '' Ripley Ian Giatti as Ben `` Benny '' Ripley Hillary and Rebecca Gordon as Cara and Mara Craig Lucy Deakins as Cammie Filming locations ( edit ) The film was shot on location in Bass Lake , California , a small resort town near Yosemite National Park over three weeks in October 1987 . Ducey 's Bass Lake Lodge , a rustic 1940s resort in Bass Lake , was featured as Wally and Juanita 's Perk 's Pine Lodge . The Loon 's Nest vacation cabin , built as a set , was designed to match the style of Ducey 's existing cabins . Reception ( edit ) The Great Outdoors earned a mixed response from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40 % based on 15 reviews . Janet Maslin of The New York Times reported that the film did not have enough collective energy to light a campfire in her review . Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called the film as `` a crass , blah comedy about summer vacation perils '' and said he was surprised the film got made at all . He described the end credits sequence where Aykroyd and Candy dance to Wilson Pickett 's `` Land of a 1,000 Dances '' as the only genuine fun and energy in the entire film . `` Imagine that it 's raining cats and dogs and you 're locked in a north woods cabin for weeks with the people you like least , and you 'll pretty much have a feel for what it 's like to sit through this movie , '' said Hal Hinson of The Washington Post . Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $6,121,115 in its opening weekend and ended up with a North American domestic box office gross of $41,455,230 , and a worldwide gross of $43,455,230 . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack for the film was released by Atlantic Records in 1988 and featured many of the songs used in the film . Reboot ( edit ) On April 27 , 2017 , Universal Pictures has Kevin Hart starring in a reboot of the film with Michael De Luca producing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JOHN McKINNEY ( November 12 , 1995 ) . `` Wandering Around Bass Lake . Hiking : Southern Sierra Nevada '' . Jump up ^ `` Great Outdoors '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1988 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Movie Review - The Great Outdoors - Review / Film ; Country Life For Aykroyd And Candy '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIE REVIEW : Candy , Aykroyd Wasted in ' Great Outdoors ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 1988 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Great Outdoors ' ( PG ) '' . The Washington Post Company . 1988 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : ' Heat , ' ' Outdoors ' Strong ; ' Big ' Still Huge '' . Los Angeles Times . 1988 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Outdoors '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Hart In Reboot Of ' The Great Outdoors ' For Universal , De Luca Productions '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) United States portal Film portal 1980s portal Comedy portal The Great Outdoors on IMDb The Great Outdoors at the TCM Movie Database The Great Outdoors at Rotten Tomatoes The Great Outdoors at AllMovie Films directed by Howard Deutch Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) Article 99 ( 1992 ) Getting Even with Dad ( 1994 ) Grumpier Old Men ( 1995 ) The Odd Couple II ( 1998 ) The Replacements ( 2000 ) Gleason ( 2002 ) The Whole Ten Yards ( 2004 ) My Best Friend 's Girl ( 2008 ) John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Outdoors_(film)&oldid=864864645 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1980s adventure films 1980s comedy films American adventure comedy films American films Films scored by Thomas Newman Films about dysfunctional families Films about vacationing Films directed by Howard Deutch Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films set in Wisconsin Films shot in California Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Universal Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year did the great outdoors come out	[ "The Great Outdoors is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Howard Deutch, and written and produced by John Hughes. It stars Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Stephanie Faracy and Annette Bening in her film debut.\n" ]	[ "1988" ]
-3303451270746933449	Ras Al Khor Industrial Area	Ras Al Khor Industrial Area - Wikipedia Ras Al Khor Industrial Area Jump to : navigation , search Ras Al Khor Industrial Area رأس الخور الصناعية United Arab Emirates community Coordinates : 25 ° 10 ′ 39 '' N 55 ° 20 ′ 56 '' E / 25.17760 ° N 55.34878 ° E / 25.17760 ; 55.34878 Coordinates : 25 ° 10 ′ 39 '' N 55 ° 20 ′ 56 '' E / 25.17760 ° N 55.34878 ° E / 25.17760 ; 55.34878 Country United Arab Emirates Emirate Dubai City Dubai Area Total 12 km ( 5 sq mi ) Population ( 2000 ) Total 10,685 Density 890 / km ( 2,300 / sq mi ) Community number 612 - 614 Ras Al Khor Industrial Area ( Arabic : رأس الخور الصناعية ‎ ) is a locality in Dubai , United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) . Literally meaning Cape of the Creek , Ras Al Khor is part of several industrial areas ( such as Al Aweer ) located in the suburban areas of Dubai . The Ras Al Khor Industrial Area comprises three sub-localities : Ras Al Khor Industrial Area 1 Ras Al Khor Industrial Area 2 Ras Al Khor Industrial Area 3 This is an area which having automobile spare parts sales shops , Automobile service centers , Car wash / clinic , Repairing vehicles only . There are no more business or companies in that Ras Al Khor industrial Areas. All companies are related to the Auto mobile service / clinic / workshop / spare parts. Also this industrial area having few warehouse . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Existing Population and Future Holding Capacities in Dubai Urban Area . Dubai Healthcare City . 2000 Neighbourhoods and communities in Dubai Deira and eastern Dubai Abu Hail Al Baraha Al Buteen Al Dhagaya Al Garhoud Al Hamriya Port Al Karama Al Khabisi Al Mamzar Al Mizhar Al Muraqqabat Al Murar Al Muteena Al Nahda Al Qusais Al Ras Al Rashidiya Al Rigga Al Sabkha Al Twar Al Waheda Al Warqaa Ayal Nasir Dubai International Airport Hor Al Anz Mirdif Muhaisnah Nad Al Hammar Nad Shamma Naif Port Saeed Rigga Al Buteen Umm Ramool Warisan Al Amardhi Bur Dubai and western Dubai Al Bada Al Barsha Al Hamriya Al Hudaiba Al Jaddaf Al Jafilia Al Karama Al Kefaf Al Manara Al Mankhool Al Markada Al Quoz Al Rifa Al Safa Al Satwa Al Shindagha Al Souk Al Kabir Al Sufouh Al Wasl Bu Kadra Business Bay Dubai Marina Emirates Hills Dubai International City Jebel Ali Jumeirah Jumeirah Islands Jumeirah Lake Towers Nad Al Sheba Oud Metha Port Rashid Ras Al Khor Ras Al Khor Industrial Area Trade Centre 1 Trade Centre 2 Umm Al Sheif Umm Hurair Umm Suqeim Zabeel This United Arab Emirates location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ras_Al_Khor_Industrial_Area&oldid=814418014 '' Categories : Communities in Dubai United Arab Emirates geography stubs Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox UAE community with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 18 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of companies in ras al khor industrial area	[]	[]
-4888285660245798751	Standard of care	Standard of care - wikipedia Standard of care Jump to : navigation , search For the English law , see Standard of care in English law . For other uses , see Standard of care ( disambiguation ) . In tort law , the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care . The requirements of the standard are closely dependent on circumstances . Whether the standard of care has been breached is determined by the trier of fact , and is usually phrased in terms of the reasonable person . It was famously described in Vaughn v. Menlove ( 1837 ) as whether the individual `` proceed ( ed ) with such reasonable caution as a prudent man would have exercised under such circumstances '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Professional standard of care 2 Medical standard of care 3 Children 4 Persons with disabilities 5 Duty to inform self of responsibilities 6 Person of below average intelligence 7 Attorney 8 Person subjected to unexpected danger 9 Negligence per se 10 Reasonable person / ordinary care 11 Common Carrier or Innkeeper Standard of Care 12 See also 13 References Professional standard of care ( edit ) In certain industries and professions , the standard of care is determined by the standard that would be exercised by the reasonably prudent manufacturer of a product , or the reasonably prudent professional in that line of work . Such a test ( known as the `` Bolam Test '' ) is used to determine whether a doctor is liable for medical malpractice . The standard of care is important because it determines the level of negligence required to state a valid cause of action . In the business world the standard of care taken can be described as Due Diligence or performing a Channel Check . Medical standard of care ( edit ) A standard of care is a medical or psychological treatment guideline , and can be general or specific . It specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and / or psychological professionals involved in the treatment of a given condition . Some common examples : Treatment standards applied within public hospitals to ensure that all patients receive appropriate care regardless of financial means . Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual , Transgender , and Gender Nonconforming People 1 . Diagnostic and treatment process that a clinician should follow for a certain type of patient , illness , or clinical circumstance . Adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer is `` a new standard of care , but not necessarily the only standard of care '' . ( New England Journal of Medicine , 2004 ) 2 . In legal terms , the level at which an ordinary , prudent professional with the same training and experience in good standing in a same or similar community would practice under the same or similar circumstances . An `` average '' standard would not apply because in that case at least half of any group of practitioners would not qualify . The medical malpractice plaintiff must establish the appropriate standard of care and demonstrate that the standard of care has been breached , with expert testimony . 3 . A physician also has a `` duty to inform '' a patient of any material risks or fiduciary interests of the physician that might cause the patient to reconsider a procedure , and may be liable if injury occurs due to the undisclosed risk , and the patient can prove that if he had been informed he would not have gone through with the procedure , without benefit of hindsight . ( Informed Consent Rule . ) Full disclosure of all material risks incident to treatment must be fully disclosed , unless doing so would impair urgent treatment . As it relates to mental health professionals standard of care , the California Supreme Court , held that these professionals have `` duty to protect '' individuals who are specifically threatened by a patient . ( Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California , 17 Cal . 3d 425 , 551 P. 2d 334 , 131 Cal . Rptr. 14 ( Cal. 1976 ) ) . 4 . A recipient of pro bono ( free ) services ( either legal or medical ) is entitled to expect the same standard of care as a person who pays for the same services , to prevent an indigent person from being entitled to only substandard care . Medical standards of care exist for many conditions , including diabetes , some cancers , and sexual abuse . Children ( edit ) A special standard of care also applies to children , who , in a majority of jurisdictions , are held to the behavior that is reasonable for a child of similar age , experience , and intelligence under like circumstances . ( Restatement ( Second ) of Torts § 283A ; Cleveland Rolling - Mill Co. v. Corrigan , 46 Ohio St. 283 , 20 N.E. 466 ( 1889 ) . ) In some cases it means that more may be required of a child of superior intelligence . ( Compare Jones v. Fireman 's Insurance Co. of Newark , New Jersey , 240 So. 2d 780 ( La. App . 1970 ) with Robinson v. Travis , 393 So. 2d 304 ( La. App . 1980 ) . An exception is for children engaged in `` adult activity . '' Dellwo v. Pearson , 107 N.W. 2d 859 ( Minn 1961 ) Nicholsen v. Brown , 232 Or . 426 , 374 P. 2d 896 ( 1962 ) ( automobile ) ; Daniels v. Evans , 102 N.H. 407 , 224 A. 2d 63 ( 1966 ) ( motor scooter ) ; Neumann . v. Shlansky , 58 Misc . 2d 128 , 294 N.Y.S. 2d 628 ( 1968 ( playing golf ) ) What constitutes an `` adult standard '' may depend on local statute , and some have arbitrary age distinctions . Another exception is if the child is engaged in an `` inherently dangerous activity . '' It is up to the trier of fact to decide if the activity is inherently dangerous . If they find that it is , the child must be held to an adult standard of care . Robinson v. Lindsay , 92 Wash. 2d 410 , 598 P. 2d 2392 ( 1979 ) ( snowmobile ) ; Persons with disabilities ( edit ) A person with a disability is held to the same standard of care that an ordinary reasonable person would observe if he suffered from that same disability . ( Roberts v. State of Louisiana , 396 So. 2d 566 ( 1981 ) ( blind postal employee ) ) However , courts do not recognize a person with a mental disability to be subject to any such special standard , and are held to the `` reasonable prudent person '' standard , except when the onset of mental illness is unforeseeable and sudden ( e.g. , Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co. , 45 Wis. 2d 536 , 173 N.W. 2d 619 ( 1970 ) ( sudden hallucinations while driving ) . ) In some situations , this could work an injustice . Physical handicaps and infirmities , such as blindness , deafness , short stature , or a club foot , or the weaknesses of age or sex , are treated merely as part of the `` circumstances '' under which a reasonable man must act . Duty to inform self of responsibilities ( edit ) A person engaged in a special and potentially dangerous activity must know or inquire of possible hazards or of any special duties and responsibilities inherent in that activity that might affect their ability to exercise reasonable prudent caution ( cf , Delair v. McAdoo , 324 Pa. 392 , 188 A. 181 ( 1936 ) ( driving on worn tires ) . ) Custom and practice of usage may be useful evidence for determining the usual standard , but not determinative of what a reasonable prudent person ought to be required to do or know ( cf. , Trimarco v. Klein , 58 N.Y. 2d 98 ( 1982 ) ( showerdoor glass ) . ) As Justice Holmes classic statement expresses it , `` What usually is done may be evidence of what ought to be done , but what ought to be done is fixed by a standard of reasonable prudence , whether it is complied with or not . '' Person of below average intelligence ( edit ) A person of substandard intelligence is held under common law to the same standard of a reasonable prudent person , to encourage them to exert a decreased effort of responsibility to their community , in light of their handicap , and as a result of the practical difficulty of proving what reduced standard should apply ( Vaughn v. Menlove , 3 Bing . ( N.C. ) 468 , 432 Eng. Rep. 490 ( 1837 ) . ) Restatement ( Second ) of Torts , § 289 cmt . n ( noting that the `` reasonable person '' standard makes allowances for age and physical disability but not `` attention , perception , memory , knowledge of other pertinent matters , intelligence , and judgment . Oliver Wendell Holmes , The Common Law , 108 ( Little , Brown , & Co. 1881 ) : `` The standards of the law are standards of general application . The law takes no account of the infinite varieties of temperament , intellect , and education which make the internal character of a given act so different in different men . '' Attorney ( edit ) An attorney is held to the standard that any reasonable attorney in possession of the same knowledge and skill that an ordinary member of his or her profession possesses , as long as he is acting with reasonable care and diligence , in good faith and honest belief that his advice and acts are well founded at the time . Here , mere errors in judgment are excusable ( Best Judgment Rule ) and can not be judged solely with the gift of hindsight without substantial injustice . He or she is required to exercise ordinary care and caution ( diligence ) in the use of that skill ( Due Care Rule ) , and procedural and technical failures are held to be the most common breaches . ( cf , Hodges v. Carter , 239 N.C. 517 , 80 S.E. 2d 144 ( 1954 ) . ( failed service of process ) . ) Person subjected to unexpected danger ( edit ) In Cordas v. Peerless Taxi Company , 27 N.Y.S. 2d 198 ( 1941 ) , Justice Carlin rainbowly held that a taxicab driver hijacked at gunpoint by a fleeing mugger in New York City may be excused from negligence for jumping out of the moving taxicab to save his own life , leaving the cab on an unguided trajectory towards bystanders . While some persons might choose to be singularly heroic , that standard is not one that is required for an ordinary prudent person . Such a person is held excused from liability , even if such failure might endanger others . An ordinary prudent person is not under any obligation to undertake a heroic duty at the risk of his own life . `` The first duty in an emergency is to one 's own self , as long as that person did not contribute to or cause the emergency . '' ( Emergency Doctrine . ) Negligence per se ( edit ) When a state criminal statute is violated in the course of performing an assertedly negligent act , under certain circumstances a court may adopt the statute as establishing a standard of care for tortious liability as well . This is negligence per se . It follows the reasoning that if a legislature reached findings of public interest in enacting the statute , these same considerations could arguably apply in cases of negligence . There is no negligence per se doctrine in federal law . Four elements are deemed necessary for a statute to apply in a negligence case . First the person harmed must be a member of the class of persons which the law was intended to protect . Second , the danger or harm must be one that the law was intended to prevent . Thirdly , there must be some causal relationship established between the breach of the statute and the harm caused . Fourthly , the criminal statute must be concrete , specific and measurable enough to clearly establish a standard of breach . Courts are reluctant to create new torts out of criminal statutes . ( See Restatement ( Second ) of Torts , sections 297 , 288 . ) However , there are five valid excuses that are available for a defendant to defeat a standard of negligence per se . ( Restatement ( Second ) of Torts section 288.1 ( 2 ) . ) First , the defendant may not know of the breach due to incompetence . Secondly , he might either lack knowledge or reason to know of the breach or duty . Furthermore , for some explainable reason , he may be unable to comply , despite diligence . The breach may be due to a sudden emergency not of one 's own making . And lastly , in special situations it may be safer to not comply than to comply . In cases where these defenses are applied , negligence per se doctrine creates no more than a rebuttable presumption of negligence that shifts the burden of proof from the plaintiff to the defendant . Reasonable person / ordinary care ( edit ) In balancing risks to establish a reasonable person 's standard of ordinary care , the calculus of negligence establishes that the probability of the harm potentially caused ( P ) must be balanced along with the gravity of the harm which could result ( G ) , against the burden of conforming to a new and less dangerous course of action ( B ) along with the utility of maintaining the same course of action as it was ( U ) . This is sometimes noted in shorthand as P + G v. B + U , deriving from a formulation expressed by Judge Learned Hand . ( United States v. Carroll Towing Co. , 159 F. 2d 169 ( 1947 ) . ) Common Carrier or Innkeeper Standard of Care ( edit ) In the Hospitailty industries , the standard of care is higher , as the Innkeeper is expect to seek out potential danger and prevent it . `` Innkeeper / Common Carrier - very high degree of care - liable for slight negligence '' See also ( edit ) National Care Standards ( Scotland ) Care Standards Act 2000 Standard of care in English law General Social Care Council Duty of care Reasonable person References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. Goodman , 275 U.S. 66 '' . United States Reports . Supreme Court of the United States . 275 : 66 . October 31 , 1927 . In an action for negligence , the question of due care is not left to the jury when resolved by a clear standard of conduct which should be laid down by the courts . Jump up ^ Wirth , Stephen . `` Pro Bono : Stay Current on EMS Standards of Care to Avoid Liability Risk '' . Journal of Emergency Medical Services . PennWell Corporation . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes '' . Diabetes Professional Resources Online . American Diabetes Association . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms '' . National Cancer Institute . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Guidelines , Standards & Quality of Care '' . New York State . New York Department of Health . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McHale v Watson ( 1966 ) HCA 13 Jump up ^ Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. ( 1881 ) . `` Lecture III -- D. Liability for unintended Harm is determined by what would be Blameworthy in Average man '' . The Common Law . Little , Brown and Company . p. 108 . The standards of the law are standards of general application . The law takes no account of the infinite varieties of temperament , intellect , and education which make the internal character of a given act so different in different men . Jump up ^ https://cramberry.net/sets/35361-torts-negligence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_of_care&oldid=788179752 '' Categories : Tort law Medical ethics Legal doctrines and principles Nursing ethics Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the standard of care generally used in cases of negligence is the	[]	[]
2544120274824394559	Visible spectrum	Visible spectrum - wikipedia Visible spectrum Jump to : navigation , search `` Color spectrum '' redirects here . For The Dear Hunter album , see The Color Spectrum . White light is dispersed by a prism into the colors of the visible spectrum . The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye . Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light . A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm . In terms of frequency , this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430 -- 770 THz . The spectrum does not , however , contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish . Unsaturated colors such as pink , or purple variations such as magenta , are absent , for example , because they can be made only by a mix of multiple wavelengths . Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors . Visible wavelengths pass through the `` optical window '' , the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that allows wavelengths to pass largely unattenuated through the Earth 's atmosphere . An example of this phenomenon is that clean air scatters blue light more than red wavelengths , and so the midday sky appears blue . The optical window is also referred to as the `` visible window '' because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum . The near infrared ( NIR ) window lies just out of the human vision , as well as the Medium Wavelength IR ( MWIR ) window , and the Long Wavelength or Far Infrared ( LWIR or FIR ) window , although other animals may experience them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Animal color vision 3 Spectral colors 4 Spectroscopy 5 Color display spectrum 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Newton 's color circle , from Opticks of 1704 , showing the colors he associated with musical notes . The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale , starting at D . The circle completes a full octave , from D to D. Newton 's circle places red , at one end of the spectrum , next to violet , at the other . This reflects the fact that non-spectral purple colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed . In the 13th century , Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal . In the 17th century , Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light , and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks . He was the first to use the word spectrum ( Latin for `` appearance '' or `` apparition '' ) in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics . Newton observed that , when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle , some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass , emerging as different - colored bands . Newton hypothesized light to be made up of `` corpuscles '' ( particles ) of different colors , with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter , red light moving more quickly than violet in glass . The result is that red light is bent ( refracted ) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism , creating a spectrum of colors . Newton 's observation of prismatic colors ( David Brewster 1855 ) Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , and violet . He chose seven colors out of a belief , derived from the ancient Greek sophists , of there being a connection between the colors , the musical notes , the known objects in the solar system , and the days of the week . The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo 's frequencies , and some people who have otherwise - good vision can not distinguish indigo from blue and violet . For this reason , some later commentators , including Isaac Asimov , have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet . However , the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by `` indigo '' and `` blue '' does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words . Comparing Newton 's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that `` indigo '' corresponds to what is today called blue , whereas `` blue '' corresponds to cyan . In the 18th century , Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours . Goethe used the word spectrum ( Spektrum ) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage , as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors . Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon . Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon , Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish - yellow and blue - cyan edges with white between them . The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap . In the early 19th century , the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite , as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel ( infrared ) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter ( ultraviolet ) , Thomas Young , Thomas Johann Seebeck , and others . Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light , in 1802 . The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century . Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color . Animal color vision ( edit ) See also : Color vision § Physiology of color perception Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human `` visible spectrum '' . Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light , which helps them find nectar in flowers . Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans . Birds , too , can see into the ultraviolet ( 300 -- 400 nm ) , and some have sex - dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range . Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range , however , can not see red light or any other reddish wavelengths . Bees ' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm , just before the orange wavelengths start . Birds , however , can see some red wavelengths , although not as far into the light spectrum as humans . The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light is incorrect , because goldfish can not see infrared light . Similarly , dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors , though not as many as humans . Spectral colors ( edit ) Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380 -- 450 nm 668 -- 789 THz 2.75 -- 3.26 eV Blue 450 -- 495 nm 606 -- 668 THz 2.50 -- 2.75 eV Green 495 -- 570 nm 526 -- 606 THz 2.17 -- 2.50 eV Yellow 570 -- 590 nm 508 -- 526 THz 2.10 -- 2.17 eV Orange 590 -- 620 nm 484 -- 508 THz 2.00 -- 2.10 eV Red 620 -- 750 nm 400 -- 484 THz 1.65 -- 2.00 eV Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths ( monochromatic light ) are called pure spectral colors . The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation : The spectrum is continuous , with no clear boundaries between one color and the next . Spectroscopy ( edit ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit , absorb or reflect . Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy , where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects . Typically , astronomical spectroscopy uses high - dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions . Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun . Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines . The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift ( red shift or blue shift ) of distant objects . Color display spectrum ( edit ) Approximation of spectral colors on a display results in somewhat distorted chromaticity A rendering of the visible spectrum on a gray background produces non-spectral mixtures of pure spectrum with gray , which fit into the sRGB color space . Color displays ( e.g. computer monitors and televisions ) can not reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye . Colors outside the color gamut of the device , such as most spectral colors , can only be approximated . For color - accurate reproduction , a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field . The resulting mixed colors can have all their R , G , B coordinates non-negative , and so can be reproduced without distortion . This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Definition of the Color Indigo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visible spectrum . High - energy visible light Electromagnetic absorption by water # Visible region , why water is blue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cecie Starr ( 2005 ) . Biology : Concepts and Applications . Thomson Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46226 - X . Jump up ^ Coffey , Peter ( 1912 ) . The Science of Logic : An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought . Longmans . Jump up ^ Isacoff , Stuart ( 16 January 2009 ) . Temperament : How Music Became a Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 56051 - 3 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1975 ) . Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 20716 - 1 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ralph M. ( 1974 ) . The perception of color ( null ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24785 - 2 . Jump up ^ McLaren , K. ( March 2007 ) . `` Newton 's indigo '' . Color Research & Application. 10 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 229 . doi : 10.1002 / col. 5080100411 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Gary ( 2002 ) . Introduction to light : the physics of light , vision , and color ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola : Dover Publications . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42118 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mary Jo Nye ( editor ) ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Science : The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences . 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57199 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John C.D. Brand ( 1995 ) . Lines of light : the sources of dispersive spectroscopy , 1800 -- 1930 . CRC Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88449 - 163 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cuthill , Innes C ( 1997 ) . `` Ultraviolet vision in birds '' . In Peter J.B. Slater . Advances in the Study of Behavior . 29 . Oxford , England : Academic Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 004529 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Barrie G.M. ( 2007 ) . Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds . Charlottesville VA : University of Virginia . p. 128 . ISBN 1 - 57808 - 386 - 9 . Jump up ^ Skorupski , Peter ; Chittka , Lars ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee , Bombus impatiens ( Hymenoptera : Apidae ) '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12049 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512049S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012049 . Jump up ^ Varela , F.J. ; Palacios , A.G. ; Goldsmith T.M. `` Color vision of birds '' in Ziegler & Bischof ( 1993 ) 77 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` True or False ? `` The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infra - red and ultra-violet light . '' -- Skeptive `` . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumeyer , Christa ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Color Vision in Goldfish and Other Vertebrates '' . In Lazareva , Olga ; Shimizu , Toru ; Wasserman , Edward . How Animals See the World : Comparative Behavior , Biology , and Evolution of Vision . Oxford Scholarship Online . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533465 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Colour cues proved to be more informative for dogs than brightness '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Bruno , Paris D.N. Svoronos . CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts . CRC Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reproducing Visible Spectra '' . RepairFAQ.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Physiology of vision Gaze Accommodation Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Monochromacy Dichromacy Trichromacy Tetrachromacy Pentachromacy Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Acute radiation syndrome Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the approximate wavelength range for visible light	[ "The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm.[1] In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770 THz." ]	[ "390 to 700 nm" ]
-8802916781954128634	List of Walt Disney Pictures films	List of Walt Disney Pictures films - wikipedia List of Walt Disney Pictures films Jump to : navigation , search This article is about feature films released under the Disney banner . For a broader list of Disney films , see Lists of films released by Disney . This is a list of films released theatrically under the Walt Disney Pictures banner ( known as that since 1983 , with Never Cry Wolf as its first release ) and films released before that under the former name of the parent company , Walt Disney Productions ( 1929 -- 1983 ) . Most films listed here were distributed in the United States by the company 's distribution division , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( formerly known as Buena Vista Distribution Company ( 1953 -- 1987 ) and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution ( 1987 -- 2007 ) ) . The Disney features produced before Peter Pan ( 1953 ) were originally distributed by RKO Radio Pictures , and are now distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . This list is organized by release date and includes live action feature films , animated feature films ( including films developed and produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios ) , and documentary films ( including titles from the True - Life Adventures series and films produced by the Disneynature label ) . For an exclusive list of animated films released by Walt Disney Pictures and its previous entities see List of Disney theatrical animated features . This list is only for theatrical films released under the main Disney banner . The list does not include films released by other existing , defunct or divested labels or subsidiaries owned by Walt Disney Studios ( i.e. Marvel Studios , Lucasfilm , Touchstone Pictures , Hollywood Pictures , Miramax Films , Dimension Films , ESPN Films etc. ; unless they are credited as co-production partners ) nor any direct - to - video releases , TV films , theatrical re-releases , or films originally released by other non-Disney studios . Contents : 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Future releases Notes See also Further Reading References Feature films by decade Key to the colors used below Type of film Animated feature films ( List ) Hybrid films with live action and animation Live - action films True - Life Adventures / Disneynature documentary films Other documentary films 1930s -- 1940s Title US Release Notes Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs December 21 , 1937 Pinocchio February 7 , 1940 Fantasia November 13 , 1940 Anthology Film The Reluctant Dragon June 20 , 1941 Fictional tour around Disney studio Dumbo October 23 , 1941 Bambi August 13 , 1942 Saludos Amigos February 6 , 1943 Anthology Film Victory Through Air Power July 17 , 1943 Documentary film , with wide use of animation . The Three Caballeros February 3 , 1945 Anthology Film Make Mine Music April 20 , 1946 Anthology Film Song of the South November 12 , 1946 Fun and Fancy Free September 27 , 1947 Anthology Film Melody Time May 27 , 1948 Anthology Film So Dear to My Heart November 29 , 1948 The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad October 5 , 1949 Anthology Film 1950s Title US Release Notes Cinderella February 15 , 1950 Treasure Island July 29 , 1950 Alice in Wonderland July 28 , 1951 The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men June 26 , 1952 Peter Pan February 5 , 1953 The Sword and the Rose July 23 , 1953 The Living Desert November 10 , 1953 Rob Roy , the Highland Rogue February 27 , 1954 The Vanishing Prairie August 16 , 1954 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea December 23 , 1954 Davy Crockett , King of the Wild Frontier May 25 , 1955 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series Lady and the Tramp June 22 , 1955 The African Lion September 14 , 1955 The Littlest Outlaw December 22 , 1955 The Great Locomotive Chase June 8 , 1956 Davy Crockett and the River Pirates July 18 , 1956 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series Secrets of Life November 6 , 1956 Westward Ho the Wagons ! December 20 , 1956 Johnny Tremain June 19 , 1957 Perri August 28 , 1957 Old Yeller December 25 , 1957 The Light in the Forest July 8 , 1958 White Wilderness August 12 , 1958 Tonka December 25 , 1958 Sleeping Beauty January 29 , 1959 The Shaggy Dog March 19 , 1959 Darby O'Gill and the Little People June 26 , 1959 Zorro the Avenger September 10 , 1959 Released in European theaters in 1959 . Third Man on the Mountain November 10 , 1959 1960s Title US Release Notes Toby Tyler January 21 , 1960 Kidnapped February 24 , 1960 Pollyanna May 19 , 1960 The Sign of Zorro June 11 , 1960 Released in European theaters in 1958 . Jungle Cat August 10 , 1960 Ten Who Dared November 1 , 1960 Swiss Family Robinson December 21 , 1960 One Hundred and One Dalmatians January 25 , 1961 The Absent - Minded Professor March 16 , 1961 The Parent Trap June 21 , 1961 Nikki , Wild Dog of the North July 12 , 1961 Greyfriars Bobby July 17 , 1961 Babes in Toyland December 14 , 1961 Moon Pilot April 5 , 1962 Bon Voyage ! May 17 , 1962 Big Red June 6 , 1962 Almost Angels September 26 , 1962 The Legend of Lobo November 7 , 1962 In Search of the Castaways December 21 , 1962 Son of Flubber January 16 , 1963 Miracle of the White Stallions March 29 , 1963 Savage Sam June 1 , 1963 Summer Magic July 7 , 1963 The Incredible Journey November 20 , 1963 The Sword in the Stone December 25 , 1963 A Tiger Walks March 12 , 1964 The Misadventures of Merlin Jones March 25 , 1964 The Three Lives of Thomasina June 4 , 1964 The Moon - Spinners July 8 , 1964 Mary Poppins August 29 , 1964 Emil and the Detectives December 18 , 1964 Those Calloways January 28 , 1965 The Monkey 's Uncle August 18 , 1965 That Darn Cat ! December 2 , 1965 The Ugly Dachshund February 16 , 1966 Lt. Robin Crusoe , U.S.N. July 29 , 1966 The Fighting Prince of Donegal October 1 , 1966 Follow Me , Boys ! December 1 , 1966 Monkeys , Go Home ! February 8 , 1967 The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin March 8 , 1967 The Gnome - Mobile July 19 , 1967 The Jungle Book October 18 , 1967 Charlie , the Lonesome Cougar October 18 , 1967 The Happiest Millionaire November 30 , 1967 This was the last film with personal involvement from Walt Disney , who died during production . Blackbeard 's Ghost February 8 , 1968 The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band March 21 , 1968 Never a Dull Moment June 26 , 1968 The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit December 20 , 1968 The Love Bug December 24 , 1968 Smith ! March 21 , 1969 Rascal June 11 , 1969 The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes December 24 , 1969 1970s Title US Release Notes King of the Grizzlies February 11 , 1970 The Boatniks July 1 , 1970 The Wild Country December 15 , 1970 The Aristocats December 24 , 1970 The Barefoot Executive March 17 , 1971 Scandalous John June 22 , 1971 The Million Dollar Duck June 30 , 1971 Bedknobs and Broomsticks December 13 , 1971 The Biscuit Eater March 22 , 1972 Now You See Him , Now You Do n't July 12 , 1972 Napoleon and Samantha July 19 , 1972 Run , Cougar , Run October 18 , 1972 Snowball Express December 22 , 1972 The World 's Greatest Athlete February 14 , 1973 Charley and the Angel March 23 , 1973 One Little Indian June 20 , 1973 Robin Hood November 8 , 1973 Superdad December 14 , 1973 Herbie Rides Again June 6 , 1974 The Bears and I July 31 , 1974 The Castaway Cowboy August 1 , 1974 The Island at the Top of the World December 20 , 1974 The Strongest Man in the World February 6 , 1975 Escape to Witch Mountain March 21 , 1975 The Apple Dumpling Gang July 1 , 1975 One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing July 9 , 1975 The Best of Walt Disney 's True - Life Adventures October 8 , 1975 Ride a Wild Pony December 25 , 1975 No Deposit , No Return February 5 , 1976 Treasure of Matecumbe July 1 , 1976 Gus July 7 , 1976 The Shaggy D.A. December 17 , 1976 Freaky Friday December 17 , 1976 Escape from the Dark March 11 , 1977 The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh March 11 , 1977 Anthology Film A Tale of Two Critters June 22 , 1977 The Rescuers June 22 , 1977 Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo June 24 , 1977 Pete 's Dragon November 3 , 1977 Candleshoe December 16 , 1977 Return from Witch Mountain March 10 , 1978 The Cat from Outer Space June 9 , 1978 Hot Lead and Cold Feet July 5 , 1978 The North Avenue Irregulars February 9 , 1979 The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again June 27 , 1979 Unidentified Flying Oddball July 26 , 1979 The Black Hole December 21 , 1979 The London Connection December 21 , 1979 1980s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) Midnight Madness February 8 , 1980 The Watcher in the Woods April 17 , 1980 Herbie Goes Bananas June 25 , 1980 The Last Flight of Noah 's Ark June 25 , 1980 Popeye December 12 , 1980 Paramount Pictures The Devil and Max Devlin March 6 , 1981 Amy March 20 , 1981 Dragonslayer June 26 , 1981 Paramount Pictures The Fox and the Hound July 10 , 1981 Walt Disney Feature Animation Condorman August 7 , 1981 Night Crossing February 5 , 1982 Tron July 9 , 1982 Lisberger / Kushner Productions Tex July 30 , 1982 Trenchcoat March 11 , 1983 Something Wicked This Way Comes April 29 , 1983 Bryna Productions Never Cry Wolf October 7 , 1983 Amarok Productions Ltd . Return to Oz June 21 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II The Black Cauldron July 24 , 1985 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II The Journey of Natty Gann September 27 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II One Magic Christmas November 22 , 1985 Silver Screen Partners II and Telefilm Canada The Great Mouse Detective July 2 , 1986 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II Flight of the Navigator July 30 , 1986 Producers Sales Organization and New Star Entertainment Benji the Hunted June 17 , 1987 Silver Screen Partners III and Mulberry Square Productions The Man from Snowy River II : Return to Snowy River April 15 , 1988 Silver Screen Partners III , Burrowes Film Group and Hoyts Film Partnership Oliver & Company November 18 , 1988 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners III Honey , I Shrunk the Kids June 23 , 1989 Silver Screen Partners III Cheetah August 18 , 1989 Silver Screen Partners III The Little Mermaid November 17 , 1989 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV 1990s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp August 3 , 1990 DisneyToon Studios The Rescuers Down Under November 16 , 1990 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV White Fang January 18 , 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Hybrid Productions Inc . Shipwrecked March 1 , 1991 AB Svensk Filmindustri Wild Hearts Ca n't Be Broken May 24 , 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Pegasus Entertainment The Rocketeer June 21 , 1991 Touchstone Pictures , Silver Screen Partners IV and The Gordon Company , only USA and Canada distribution . Beauty and the Beast November 22 , 1991 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV Newsies April 10 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners Honey , I Blew Up the Kid July 17 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners The Mighty Ducks October 2 , 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Avnet -- Kerner Productions Aladdin November 25 , 1992 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Muppet Christmas Carol December 11 , 1992 Jim Henson Productions Homeward Bound : The Incredible Journey February 3 , 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners A Far Off Place March 12 , 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Amblin Entertainment The Adventures of Huck Finn April 2 , 1993 Hocus Pocus July 16 , 1993 Cool Runnings October 1 , 1993 The Three Musketeers November 12 , 1993 Caravan Pictures and Avnet - Kerner Productions Iron Will January 14 , 1994 Blank Check February 11 , 1994 D2 : The Mighty Ducks March 25 , 1994 Avnet -- Kerner Productions White Fang 2 : Myth of the White Wolf April 15 , 1994 The Lion King June 24 , 1994 Walt Disney Feature Animation Angels in the Outfield July 15 , 1994 Caravan Pictures Squanto : A Warrior 's Tale October 28 , 1994 The Santa Clause November 11 , 1994 Hollywood Pictures and Outlaw Productions The Jungle Book December 25 , 1994 Heavyweights February 17 , 1995 Caravan Pictures Man of the House March 3 , 1995 All Girl Productions and Orr & Cruickshank Productions Tall Tale March 24 , 1995 Caravan Pictures A Goofy Movie April 7 , 1995 DisneyToon Studios Pocahontas June 23 , 1995 Walt Disney Feature Animation Operation Dumbo Drop July 28 , 1995 Interscope Communications and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment A Kid in King Arthur 's Court August 11 , 1995 Trimark Pictures and Tapestry Films The Big Green September 29 , 1995 Caravan Pictures Frank and Ollie October 20 , 1995 Toy Story November 22 , 1995 Pixar Animation Studios Tom and Huck December 22 , 1995 Muppet Treasure Island February 16 , 1996 Jim Henson Productions Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco March 8 , 1996 James and the Giant Peach April 12 , 1996 Skellington Productions and Allied Filmmakers The Hunchback of Notre Dame June 21 , 1996 Walt Disney Feature Animation First Kid August 30 , 1996 Caravan Pictures D3 : The Mighty Ducks October 4 , 1996 Avnet -- Kerner Productions 101 Dalmatians November 27 , 1996 Great Oaks That Darn Cat February 14 , 1997 Robert Simonds Productions Jungle 2 Jungle March 7 , 1997 TF1 Hercules June 27 , 1997 Walt Disney Feature Animation George of the Jungle July 16 , 1997 Mandeville Films and Avnet - Kerner Productions Air Bud August 1 , 1997 Keystone Entertainment RocketMan October 10 , 1997 Caravan Pictures and Roger Birnbaum Productions Flubber November 26 , 1997 Great Oaks Mr. Magoo December 25 , 1997 UPA Productions Meet the Deedles March 27 , 1998 DIC Entertainment and Peak Productions Mulan June 19 , 1998 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Parent Trap July 29 , 1998 Air Bud : Golden Receiver August 14 , 1998 Dimension Films and Keystone Entertainment I 'll Be Home for Christmas November 13 , 1998 Mandeville Films A Bug 's Life November 25 , 1998 Pixar Animation Studios Mighty Joe Young December 25 , 1998 RKO Pictures and The Jacobson Company My Favorite Martian February 12 , 1999 Doug 's 1st Movie March 26 , 1999 Walt Disney Television Animation , Jumbo Pictures and A. Film A / S Endurance May 14 , 1999 Tarzan June 18 , 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation Inspector Gadget July 23 , 1999 Caravan Pictures , DIC Entertainment , Avnet -- Kerner Productions and Roger Birnbaum Productions The Straight Story October 15 , 1999 Asymmetrical Productions , Film4 Productions , Ciby 2000 , StudioCanal , Canal+ and Channel Four Films Toy Story 2 November 24 , 1999 Pixar Animation Studios Fantasia 2000 December 17 , 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation 2000s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) The Tigger Movie February 11 , 2000 DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Animation ( Japan ) Inc . Dinosaur May 19 , 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation and The Secret Lab Disney 's The Kid July 7 , 2000 Remember the Titans September 29 , 2000 Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Technical Black Films 102 Dalmatians November 22 , 2000 The Emperor 's New Groove December 15 , 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation Recess : School 's Out February 16 , 2001 Walt Disney Television Animation and Paul & Joe Productions Atlantis : The Lost Empire June 15 , 2001 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Princess Diaries August 3 , 2001 BrownHouse Productions Max Keeble 's Big Move October 5 , 2001 Karz Entertainment Monsters , Inc . November 2 , 2001 Pixar Animation Studios Snow Dogs January 18 , 2002 The Kerner Entertainment Company Return to Never Land February 15 , 2002 DisneyToon Studios and A. Film A / S The Rookie March 29 , 2002 Lilo & Stitch June 21 , 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Country Bears July 26 , 2002 Gunn Films Tuck Everlasting October 11 , 2002 Scholastic Entertainment The Santa Clause 2 November 1 , 2002 Outlaw Productions and Boxing Cat Films Treasure Planet November 27 , 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Jungle Book 2 February 14 , 2003 DisneyToon Studios Piglet 's Big Movie March 21 , 2003 DisneyToon Studios and Munich Animation Ghosts of the Abyss April 11 , 2003 Walden Media , Earthship Productions , Ascot Elite Entertainment Group , Golden Village , Telepool and UGC PH Holes April 18 , 2003 Walden Media , Phoenix Pictures and Chicago Pacific Entertainment The Lizzie McGuire Movie May 2 , 2003 Stan Rogow Productions Finding Nemo May 30 , 2003 Pixar Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Freaky Friday August 6 , 2003 Gunn Films Brother Bear November 1 , 2003 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Haunted Mansion November 26 , 2003 Gunn Films The Young Black Stallion December 25 , 2003 The Kennedy / Marshall Company Teacher 's Pet January 16 , 2004 Walt Disney Television Animation Miracle February 6 , 2004 Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen February 20 , 2004 Home on the Range April 2 , 2004 Walt Disney Feature Animation Sacred Planet April 22 , 2004 Around the World in 80 Days June 16 , 2004 Walden Media , Spanknyce Films , and Mostow / Lieberman Productions America 's Heart and Soul July 2 , 2004 Blacklight Films The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement August 11 , 2004 Shondaland and Martin Chase Productions The Incredibles November 5 , 2004 Pixar Animation Studios National Treasure November 19 , 2004 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films Aliens of the Deep January 28 , 2005 Walden Media and Earthship Productions Pooh 's Heffalump Movie February 11 , 2005 DisneyToon Studios The Pacifier March 4 , 2005 Spyglass Entertainment and Offspring Entertainment Ice Princess March 18 , 2005 Bridget Johnson Films & Skate Away Productions Herbie : Fully Loaded June 22 , 2005 Robert Simonds Productions Sky High July 29 , 2005 Gunn Films Valiant August 19 , 2005 Vanguard Animation and Odyssey Entertainment The Greatest Game Ever Played September 30 , 2005 Fairway Films Chicken Little November 4 , 2005 Walt Disney Feature Animation The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 Walden Media Glory Road January 13 , 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Texas Western Productions and Glory Road Productions Roving Mars January 27 , 2006 The Kennedy / Marshall Company and White Mountain Films Eight Below February 17 , 2006 Spyglass Entertainment , Mandeville Films and The Kennedy / Marshall Company The Shaggy Dog March 10 , 2006 Mandeville Films , Robert Simonds Productions , and Boxing Cat Films The Wild April 14 , 2006 C.O.R.E. Feature Animation , Hoytyboy Pictures , Sir Zip Productions and Contrafilm Cars June 9 , 2006 Pixar Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Invincible August 25 , 2006 Mayhem Pictures The Nightmare Before Christmas 3D October 27 , 2006 Skellington Productions The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause November 3 , 2006 Outlaw Productions & Boxing Cat Productions Bridge to Terabithia February 16 , 2007 Summit Entertainment and Walden Media Meet the Robinsons March 30 , 2007 Walt Disney Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Ratatouille June 29 , 2007 Pixar Animation Studios Underdog August 3 , 2007 Spyglass Entertainment , Classic Media and Maverick Films The Pixar Story August 28 , 2007 Leslie Iwerks Productions The Game Plan September 28 , 2007 Enchanted November 21 , 2007 Right Coast Entertainment and Josephson Entertainment National Treasure : Book of Secrets December 21 , 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert February 1 , 2008 PACE College Road Trip March 7 , 2008 Gunn Films The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 Walden Media WALL - E June 27 , 2008 Pixar Animation Studios Beverly Hills Chihuahua October 3 , 2008 Mandeville Films Morning Light October 17 , 2008 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year October 24 , 2008 Borden and Rosenbush Entertainment Roadside Romeo October 24 , 2008 Yash Raj Films , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Bolt November 21 , 2008 Walt Disney Animation Studios Bedtime Stories December 25 , 2008 Gunn Films , Happy Madison Productions , Offspring Entertainment and Conman & Izzy Productions Jonas Brothers : The 3D Concert Experience February 27 , 2009 Jonas Films Race to Witch Mountain March 13 , 2009 Gunn Films Hannah Montana : The Movie April 10 , 2009 It 's a Laugh Productions and Millar Gough Ink Earth April 22 , 2009 Disneynature , BBC Natural History Unit , BBC Worldwide , Discovery Channel and Greenlight Media ; originally from 2007 Trail of the Panda May 8 , 2009 Disney World Cinema and Castle Hero Pictures Up May 29 , 2009 Pixar Animation Studios Lilly the Witch : The Dragon and the Magic Book June 12 , 2009 G - Force July 24 , 2009 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Walt & El Grupo September 9 , 2009 Walt Disney Family Foundation Films and Theodore Thomas Productions The Book of Masters October 29 , 2009 A Christmas Carol November 6 , 2009 ImageMovers Digital Old Dogs November 25 , 2009 Tapestry Films The Princess and the Frog December 11 , 2009 Walt Disney Animation Studios 2010s Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) Alice in Wonderland March 5 , 2010 The Zanuck Company , Roth Films and Team Todd Waking Sleeping Beauty March 26 , 2010 Stone Circle Pictures Oceans April 22 , 2010 Disneynature , Participant Media , Pathé , Gatetee Films , Canal+ , France 2 Cinema and France 3 Cinema Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time May 28 , 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Toy Story 3 June 18 , 2010 Pixar Animation Studios The Sorcerer 's Apprentice July 14 , 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Saturn Films and Broken Road Productions The Crimson Wing : Mystery of the Flamingos September 7 , 2010 Disneynature , Kudos Pictures and Natural Light Films Secretariat October 8 , 2010 Mayhem Pictures Do Dooni Chaar October 8 , 2010 Planman Motion Pictures , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Tangled November 24 , 2010 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story November 30 , 2010 Crescendo Productions , Red Hour Films and Traveling Light Tron : Legacy December 17 , 2010 Sean Bailey Productions Anaganaga O Dheerudu January 21 , 2011 A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment , Arka Media Works , Disney India and Disney World Cinema Lilly the Witch : The Journey to Mandolan February 17 , 2011 Mars Needs Moms March 11 , 2011 ImageMovers Digital Zokkomon April 22 , 2011 Disney India and Disney World Cinema African Cats April 22 , 2011 Disneynature Prom April 29 , 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Cars 2 June 24 , 2011 Pixar Animation Studios Winnie the Pooh July 15 , 2011 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Muppets November 23 , 2011 Mandeville Films John Carter March 9 , 2012 Chimpanzee April 20 , 2012 Disneynature Arjun : The Warrior Prince May 25 , 2012 Disney India , Disney World Cinema and UTV Motion Pictures Brave June 22 , 2012 Pixar Animation Studios The Odd Life of Timothy Green August 15 , 2012 Monsterfoot Productions and Scott Sanders Productions Frankenweenie October 5 , 2012 Tim Burton Productions Wreck - It Ralph November 2 , 2012 Walt Disney Animation Studios Oz the Great and Powerful March 8 , 2013 Roth Films and Curtis - Donen Productions Wings of Life April 16 , 2013 Disneynature and Blacklight Films Monsters University June 21 , 2013 Pixar Animation Studios The Lone Ranger July 3 , 2013 Jerry Bruckheimer Films , Blind Wink and Infinitum Nihil Planes August 9 , 2013 DisneyToon Studios Frozen November 27 , 2013 Walt Disney Animation Studios Saving Mr. Banks December 13 , 2013 BBC Films , Essential Media and Entertainment , Ruby Films and Hopscotch Features Muppets Most Wanted March 21 , 2014 Mandeville Films Bears April 18 , 2014 Disneynature Million Dollar Arm May 16 , 2014 Roth Films and Mayhem Pictures Maleficent May 30 , 2014 Roth Films Planes : Fire & Rescue July 18 , 2014 DisneyToon Studios Khoobsurat September 19 , 2014 UTV Motion Pictures , Disney India and Anil Kapoor Films Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day October 10 , 2014 21 Laps Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company Big Hero 6 November 7 , 2014 Walt Disney Animation Studios Into the Woods December 25 , 2014 Lucamar Productions and Marc Platt Productions McFarland , USA February 20 , 2015 Mayhem Pictures Cinderella March 13 , 2015 Genre Films Monkey Kingdom April 17 , 2015 Disneynature Tomorrowland May 22 , 2015 A113 Productions Inside Out June 19 , 2015 Pixar Animation Studios ABCD 2 June 19 , 2015 UTV Motion Pictures and Disney India The Good Dinosaur November 25 , 2015 Pixar Animation Studios The Finest Hours January 29 , 2016 Whitaker Entertainment and Red Hawk Entertainment Zootopia March 4 , 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios The Jungle Book April 15 , 2016 Fairview Entertainment Alice Through the Looking Glass May 27 , 2016 Roth Films , Team Todd and Tim Burton Productions Finding Dory June 17 , 2016 Pixar Animation Studios The BFG July 1 , 2016 Amblin Entertainment , Reliance Entertainment , Walden Media and The Kennedy / Marshall Company Pete 's Dragon August 12 , 2016 Whitaker Entertainment Queen of Katwe September 23 , 2016 ESPN Films , Cine Mosaic and Mirabai Films Moana November 23 , 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios Dangal 000000002016 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2016 Disney India , UTV Motion Pictures and Aamir Khan Productions Beauty and the Beast 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2017 Mandeville Films Born in China 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2017 Disneynature , Shanghai Media Group and Chuan Films Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Cars 3 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2017 Pixar Animation Studios Jagga Jasoos 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Disney India , UTV Motion Pictures , Picture Shuru Entertainment and Ishana Movies Future releases Title US Release Co-production partner ( s ) Coco 000000002017 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2017 Pixar Animation Studios A Wrinkle in Time 000000002018 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2018 Whitaker Entertainment Dolphins 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2018 Disneynature The Incredibles 2 000000002018 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2018 Pixar Animation Studios Christopher Robin 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2018 Roth Films Team Todd The Nutcracker and the Four Realms 000000002018 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2018 The Mark Gordon Company Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 000000002018 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios Mary Poppins Returns 000000002018 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2018 Lucamar Productions and Marc Platt Productions Dumbo 000000002019 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2019 Tim Burton Productions Untitled third Planes film 000000002019 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2019 DisneyToon Studios Aladdin 000000002019 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2019 Lin Pictures and Marc Platt Productions Toy Story 4 000000002019 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2019 Pixar Animation Studios The Lion King 000000002019 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2019 Fairview Entertainment Artemis Fowl 000000002019 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2019 TriBeCa Productions Nicole 000000002019 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2019 Frozen 2 000000002019 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2019 Walt Disney Animation Studios Mulan 000000002019 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2019 Peter Pan 2019 Whitaker Entertainment Untitled Pixar film 000000002020 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2020 Pixar Animation Studios Untitled Pixar film 000000002020 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2020 Pixar Animation Studios Untitled Disney Animation film 000000002020 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2020 Walt Disney Animation Studios Untitled Disney live - action film 000000002021 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2021 Untitled Pixar film 000000002021 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2021 Pixar Animation Studios Untitled Disney Animation film 000000002021 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2021 Walt Disney Animation Studios Pirates of the Caribbean 6 2021 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Beached The Black Hole Bob the Musical Brooklyn Family Robinson Carousel Productions and Mandeville Films Captain Nemo Untitled Casey Connor biopic Mandeville Films Castle Hangnail A Very Good Production Untitled Charles Darwin project Untitled Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers film Mandeville Films Untitled Chronicles of Prydain film Cruella Gunn Films and Marc Platt Productions Dashing Through the Snow Will Packer Productions Untitled Delilah Dirk film Vertigo Entertainment Disenchanted Don Quixote Dr. Q Plan B Entertainment Electric Boy Genius Mayhem Pictures Father Figures Panay Films The Flamingo Kid RatPac - Dune Entertainment Floors Gargoyles The Donners ' Company Genies Vinson Films Ghostopolis Gotham Group and Seed Productions Gigantic Walt Disney Animation Studios Goblins Callahan Filmworks Grandma 's Intergalactic Bed & Breakfast Mandeville Films The Graveyard Book Imagine Entertainment Ground Control to Major Tom Underground Films and Michael De Luca Productions Happily Ever After Pacific Standard Happy Birthday The Haunted Mansion DDY Productions Hexum The Hill Brain Farm Cinema Hotfuss Offspring Entertainment Hovercar If You Could See Me Now Seed Productions Imagining Nathan Zucker Productions and Mayhem Pictures In the Land of Imagined Things Inspector Gadget Lin Pictures It 's a Small World Lin Pictures James and the Giant Peach Jungle Cruise Davis Entertainment , Flynn Picture Company and Seven Bucks Productions Kiki 's Delivery Service Angry Pictures and The Mark Gordon Company King of the Elves Walt Disney Animation Studios Kyriakides 1821 Pictures and Mayhem Pictures Labyrinth Whitaker Entertainment Light Speed Jerry Bruckheimer Films Untitled Lin - Manuel Miranda / Byron Howard Disney Animation film Walt Disney Animation Studios The Little Mermaid Marc Platt Productions Magic Camp Team Todd and Gunn Films Magic Kingdom Strike Entertainment Untitled Maleficent sequel Roth Films The Merlin Saga Miss Marple Vandalia Films and Collider Entertainment Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride National Treasure 3 Jerry Bruckheimer Films Nick Ratchet Night on Bald Mountain The Night Stalker Infinitum Nihil Nottingham & Hood Oliver Twist Cube Vision and Marc Platt Productions The One and Only Ivan Alli Shearmur Productions Opposite Day Scott Sanders Productions Overnight at 42nd Street Untitled Oz the Great and Powerful sequel Roth Films Paladin Secret Engine Paul Revere Infinitum Nihil The Pet Scott Rudin Productions Pet Robots Untitled Phineas and Ferb movie Mandeville Films Pinocchio Depth of Field and Neal Street Productions Pool Rats Mayhem Pictures Untitled Prince Charming film Mandeville Films and Vinson Films The Rocketeers Rose Red Vinson Films The Runner Imagine Entertainment , Apparatus and Blacklight Transmedia Ruse Salisbury The Second Jungle Book Fairview Entertainment Sky High 2 Gunn Films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Marc Platt Productions Something Wicked This Way Comes KatzSmith Productions Untitled Splash remake Free Association and Imagine Entertainment The Stuff of Legend Mandeville Films The Sword in the Stone Tiki Monsterfoot Productions and Scott Sanders Productions Time Zones The Mark Gordon Company and Collider Entertainment Timmy Failure Whitaker Entertainment Tink Pacific Standard Tower of Terror Whitaker Entertainment Tribyville Untitled Tron film Tux Viz Productions Unique Heyday Films The Water Man Harpo Films and Plan B Entertainment Wild City Wish List Untitled Witch film Alli Shearmur Productions and Little Stranger Inc . Notes Since 2012 , The Walt Disney Studios began releasing Marvel Studios ' films following The Walt Disney Company 's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 , but those films are distinct as they have only been branded as Marvel and not Disney ( e.g. The Avengers ) , similar to how Touchstone Pictures and Hollywood Pictures titles have been marketed since 1984 and 1989 , respectively . Since 2015 , The Walt Disney Studios began releasing Lucasfilm 's films following Disney 's acquisition of the company in 2012 , but those films are distinct as they have not been branded as Disney ( e.g. Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) . The Rocketeer was released as a Walt Disney Pictures release domestically . However , outside of the United States and Canada , the film was released through the Touchstone Pictures label . Released in conjunction with the Hollywood Pictures label . Released under the Touchstone Pictures label for its original 1993 release , and was rebranded as a Walt Disney Pictures film for the 2006 reissue . The original film , with the English name Little Indian , Big City , was given a limited U.S. theatrical release , with a dubbed version , under the Touchstone Pictures label on March 22 , 1996 . This was a contractual condition , from actor - producer Thierry Lhermitte , that Disney had to make happen in order to gain the remake rights which would ultimately result in Jungle 2 Jungle . See also Disney portal Film in the United States portal In - depth lists by other types List of Disney home entertainment List of Disney television films List of Disney theatrical animated features Disney - branded labels . Operating : Disney Channel ( list ) Disneynature Pixar Animation Studios ( list ) Walt Disney Animation Studios ( list ) DisneyToon Studios Defunct : ImageMovers Digital Skellington Productions Other film labels and / or subsidiaries , that are not Disney - branded . Operating : Marvel Studios ( list ) Marvel Cinematic Universe ( list ) Lucasfilm Ltd . Touchstone Pictures ( list ) ESPN Films UTV Motion Pictures Defunct : Hollywood Pictures ABC Motion Pictures ( list ) ABC Family ( list ) Divested ( once owned but no longer owned by Disney ) : Miramax ( list ) Dimension Films Further reading Maltin , Leonard . The Disney Films . New York : Disney Editions , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 5 . Smith , Dave . Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia ( Third Edition ) . New York : Disney Editions , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 4919 - 2 . List of all films released by Disney regardless of label UltimateDisney.com List of Pre-1980 Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status UltimateDisney.com List of 1980 - Present Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status References Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Josh ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pixar announces Latin - themed feature '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel ' Finding Dory ' Swims Thanksgiving 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Announces Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay to Direct A Wrinkle in Time for Disney '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Valerio , Britt ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Release dates for Frozen 2 , Star Wars : Episode IX , The Lion King , and More Have Been Announced '' . Disney . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins Will be Disneynature 's Earth Day 2018 Release '' . 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Officially Announces The Incredibles 2 and Cars 3 Are in the Works '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Incredibles 2 Release Date Moved Up , Toy Story 4 Delayed '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Disney : ' Ant Man And The Wasp ' A Go , ' Incredibles 2 ' Dated & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Developing Live - Action ' Winnie the Pooh ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster to Direct Live - Action Movie About Winnie the Pooh 's Pal , ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' : Disney Unveils Jaw - Dropping First Footage Of Jon Favreau 's Remake at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph ' sequel from Disney set for 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Announces Release Date for ' Mary Poppins ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Dumbo ' : First Image Revealed as Cast and Release Date Are Confirmed '' . collider . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/887043-walt-disney-studios-sets-release-dates-for-aladdin-artemis-fowl-and-more#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` John Lasseter will direct ' Toy Story 4 ' for 2017 -- BREAKING '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct ' Lion King ' Live - Action Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh Developing ' Artemis Fowl ' Adaptation for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Anna Kendrick Eyeing Female Santa Claus Tale for Disney and Marc Lawrence ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/887043-walt-disney-studios-sets-release-dates-for-aladdin-artemis-fowl-and-more#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - action Mulan , A Wrinkle In Time , and more Disney movies have set release dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Dates ' Lion King , ' ' Frozen 2 , ' Pushes Fifth ' Indiana Jones ' Film to 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Nutcracker and the Four Realms ' Sets Fall 2018 Release , Bumping Live - Action ' Mulan ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Pan Live - Action Movie in the Works at Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russo , Francisco ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Diretor de Peter Pan avisa que nova versão live action será `` bem tradicional '' ( Exclusivo ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . AdoroCinema . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Shelves ' Jack and the Beanstalk ' Film ' Gigantic ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Frozen 2 ' And ' The Lion King ' : Disney Unleashes A Barrage Of Release Dates '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-5-post-credits-scene-davy-jones-return/ Jump up ^ Lyons , Josh ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` '' Captain Marvel '' Scribe Meg LeFauve Revives `` Beached '' Comedy at Disney ( Exclusive ) `` . Tracking Board . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Black Hole ' Remake Lands Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` Michael Chabon to Write Disney 's ' Bob the Musical ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Deadline . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Steve Carell to Star in Disney 's ' Brooklyn Family Robinson ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Helmer James Mangold to Direct Disney 's ' Captain Nemo ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Casey Connor Biopic '' . Movieinsider . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Moving Ahead on ' Castle Hangnail ' with Ellen DeGeneres '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , Stephen Gaghan Plan Adventure Film Around Charles Darwin '' . Deadline . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Reviving ' Chip ' n Dale ' for a Live - Action Feature ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Chronicles of Prydain ' Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Plans The Chronicles of Prydain Movie '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Preps Live - Action Cruella de Vil Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Dashing Through the Snow to Feature Kevin Hart as Santa '' . 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Disney Developing ' Delilah Dirk and the Turkish Lieutenant ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Casts ' Enchanted 2 ′ Spell With ' Smurfs ' Scribes '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Don Quixote Movie in the Works at Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's Plan B , Disney Team for True - Life Immigrant Tale ' Dr. Q ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike . `` ' Blind Side ' Helmer John Lee Hancock Sparks To Disney 's ' Electric Boy Genius ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Mike ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney Nabs Comedy Spec ' Father Figures ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Brett Ratner Backing ' Flamingo Kid ' Remake At Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` Patrick Carman Kids Book ' Floors ' To Disney With Jason Filardi Writing '' . Deadline . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Bill ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Disney Taps G.I. JOE : THE RISE OF COBRA Scribes to Pen GARGOYLES Film '' . Collider . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Aladdin ' Live - Action Prequel in the Works at Disney ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Hugh Jackman to haunt `` Ghostopolis '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets Animation Slate To Infinity And Beyond '' . Deadline . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Peter Segal To Direct Children 's Tale ' Goblins ' For Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ComingSoon Staff . `` Grandma 's Intergalactic Bed & Breakfast '' . ComingSoon . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ; Tatiana Siegel ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Howard in Talks to Direct Disney 's ' Graveyard Book ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Buys Jason Micallef Spec ' Ground Control To Major Tom ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Fairy - Tale Comedy ' Happily Ever After ' for Reese Witherspoon ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Jeremy Miller & Dan Cohn 's ' Happy Birthday ' Pitch '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC2010 : Guillermo del Toro Interview DON 'T BE AFRAID OF THE DARK ; Plus Info on THE HAUNTED MANSION , FRANKENSTEIN and HELLBOY '' . Collider . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Dishes On ' Haunted Mansion ' Remake '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tron Legacy ' Stars Get Comic - Con Crowd Involved In The Movie '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks HAUNTED MANSION and His Love of HARRY POTTER '' . Collider . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Gives Updates on JUSTICE LEAGUE DARK and HAUNTED MANSION ; Confirms He Wo n't Direct HAUNTED MANSION '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Alternative Thinker Malcolm Gladwell Smartens Up Disney Drama ' Hexum ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Writer Boards Disney Mountain Adventure Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Amy Talkington Sells YA Novel ' Liv , Forever ' ; Teams With Offspring For Film '' . Deadline . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Orzeck , Kurt ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Writer Dan Harris Boards Disney 's ' Hovercar ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ B. , Brian . `` Hugh Jackman to Star in If You Could See Me Now '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Liza ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marc Forster Heading for Disney 's ' Imagining Nathan ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Picks Up Fantasy Script ' In the Land of Imagined Things ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inspector Gadget ' live - action reboot in the works '' . Business Standard . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` It 's a Small World Movie Sets Meet the Fockers Scribes '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Mendes In Talks To Develop & Direct Live - Action ' James And The Giant Peach ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson is set to star in a movie version of Disney 's Jungle Cruise ride '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Redo Kiki 's Delivery Service '' . animationmagazine. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser ; Jeff Sneider . `` Disney revives ' King of the Elves ' toon '' . Variety . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` Disney Developing Greek Marathoner Biopic ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyriakides '' . 1821 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Walt Disney Acquires ' Labyrinth ' Pitch '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ComingSoon Staff ( 24 May 2010 ) . `` Disney and Bruckheimer Go for Light Speed '' . Comingsoon.com . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk . `` Disney 's Teaming Lin - Manuel Miranda With Zootopia Co-Director For Secret Animated Film '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Officially Sets Live Action Little Mermaid Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Magic Camp Begins Production , Starring Jeffrey Tambor '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` Jon Favreau Provides an Update on ' Magic Kingdom ' '' . Collider . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . 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7298550080577034180	Varna (Hinduism)	Varna ( Hinduism ) - Wikipedia Varna ( Hinduism ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Hinduism Hindu History Concepts ( show ) God / Highest Reality Brahman Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Life Atman Maya Karma Samsara Purusharthas Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Ethics Niti shastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Asteya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Ārjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Schools ( show ) Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Other schools Pasupata Saiva Pratyabhijña Raseśvara Īśvara Pāṇini Darśana Charvaka Deities ( show ) Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Other major Devis / Devas Vedic Indra Agni Prajapati Rudra Devi Saraswati Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Lakshmi Parvati Radha Rama Shakti Sita Texts ( show ) Scriptures Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishad Upanishads Rigveda : Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda : Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda : Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda : Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Other texts Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyakarana Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Puranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Nāradeya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmānda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Mārkandeya Purana Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras and Sutras Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Divya Prabandha Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Shiva Samhita Gheranda Samhita Panchadasi Stotra Sutras Text classification Śruti Smriti Timeline of Hindu texts Practices ( show ) Worship Puja Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Yajna Homa Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Tirthadana Matha Nritta - Nritya Meditation and Charity Tapa Dhyana Dāna Yoga Sadhu Yogi Asana Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Raja yoga Kundalini Yoga Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus , saints , philosophers ( show ) Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G. Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal Varṇa ( वर्णः ) is a Sanskrit word which means type , order , colour or class . The term refers to social classes in Brahminical books like the Manusmriti . These and other Hindu literature classified the society in principle into four varnas : Brahmins : priests , scholars and teachers . Kshatriyas : rulers , warriors and administrators . Vaishyas : agriculturalists and merchants . Shudras : laborers and service providers . Communities which belong to one of the four varnas or classes are called savarna . In the present - day context , they include all the forward castes . The Dalits and scheduled tribes who do not belong to any varna , are called avarna . This quadruple division is a form of social stratification not to be confused with the much more nuanced Jāti or the European term `` caste '' . The varna system is discussed in Hindu texts , and understood as idealised human callings . The concept is generally traced to the Purusha Sukta verse of the Rig Veda . The commentary on the Varna system in the Manusmriti is oft - cited . Counter to these textual classifications , many Hindu texts and doctrines question and disagree with the Varna system of social classification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and origins 2 The Vedas 3 The Dharmasastras 4 The Epics 5 Varna in Buddhist texts 6 Varna in Jaina texts 7 Varna in Sikh texts 8 Tantra 9 Varna and jāti 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading Etymology and origins ( edit ) Varna is a Sanskrit term varṇa ( वर्णः ) . It is derived from the root vṛ , meaning `` to cover , to envelop , count , classify consider , describe or choose '' ( compare vṛtra ) . The word appears in the Rigveda , where it means `` colour , outward appearance , exterior , form , figure or shape '' . The word means `` color , tint , dye or pigment '' in the Mahabharata . Varna contextually means `` colour , race , tribe , species , kind , sort , nature , character , quality , property '' of an object or people in some Vedic and medieval texts . Varna refers to four social classes in the Manusmriti . The Vedas ( edit ) The earliest application to the formal division into four social classes ( without using the term varna ) appears in the late Rigvedic Purusha Sukta ( RV 10. 90.11 -- 12 ) , which has the Brahman , Rajanya ( instead of Kshatriya ) , Vaishya and Shudra classes forming the mouth , arms , thighs and feet at the sacrifice of the primordial Purusha , respectively : 11 . When they divided Purusa how many portions did they make ? What do they call his mouth , his arms ? What do they call his thighs and feet ? 12 . The Brahman was his mouth , of both his arms was the Rajanya made . His thighs became the Vaishya , from his feet the Shudra was produced . This Purusha Sukta varna verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text , possibly as a charter myth . Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton , a professor of Sanskrit and Religious studies , state , `` there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate , much - subdivided and overarching caste system '' , and `` the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and , both then and later , a social ideal rather than a social reality '' . Ram Sharan Sharma states that `` the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth ... ( it ) was primarily organised on the basis of kin , tribe and lineage . '' In the post-Vedic period , the varna division is described in the Dharmashastra literature , the Mahabharata and in the Puranas . The Dharmasastras ( edit ) See also : Caste system in India Varna system is extensively discussed in Dharma - sastras . The Varna system in Dharma - sastras divides society into four varnas ( Brahmins , Kshatriyas , Vaishya and Shudras ) . Those who fall out of this system because of their grievous sins are ostracised as outcastes ( untouchables ) and considered outside the varna system . Barbarians and those who are unrighteous or unethical are also considered outcastes . Recent scholarship suggests that the discussion of varna as well as untouchable outcastes , in these texts does not resemble the modern era caste system in India . Patrick Olivelle , a professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions and credited with modern translations of Vedic literature , Dharma - sutras and Dharma - sastras , states that ancient and medieval Indian texts do not support the ritual pollution , purity - impurity as the basis for varna system . According to Olivelle , purity - impurity is discussed in the Dharma - sastra texts , but only in the context of the individual 's moral , ritual and biological pollution ( eating certain kinds of food such as meat , urination and defecation ) . In his review of Dharma - sastras , Olivelle writes , `` we see no instance when a term of pure / impure is used with reference to a group of individuals or a varna or caste '' . The only mention of impurity in the Shastra texts from the 1st millennium is about people who commit grievous sins and thereby fall out of their varna . These , writes Olivelle , are called `` fallen people '' and impure , declaring that they be ostracised . Olivelle adds that the overwhelming focus in matters relating to purity / impurity in the Dharma - sastra texts concerns `` individuals irrespective of their varna affiliation '' and all four varnas could attain purity or impurity by the content of their character , ethical intent , actions , innocence or ignorance , stipulations , and ritualistic behaviours . Olivelle states : Dumont is correct in his assessment that the ideology of varna is not based on purity . If it were we should expect to find at least some comment on the relative purity and impurity of the different vamas . What is even more important is that the ideology of purity and impurity that emerges from the Dharma literature is concerned with the individual and not with groups , with purification and not with purity , and lends little support to a theory which makes relative purity the foundation of social stratification . The first three varnas are described in the Dharmasastras as `` twice born '' and they are allowed to study the Vedas . Such a restriction of who can study Vedas is not found in the Vedic era literature . Manusmriti assigns cattle rearing as Vaishya occupation but historical evidence shows that Brahmins , Kshatriyas and Shudras also owned and reared cattle and that cattle - wealth was mainstay of their households . Ramnarayan Rawat , a professor of History and specialising in social exclusion in the Indian subcontinent , states that 19th century British records show that Chamars , listed as untouchables , also owned land and cattle and were active agriculturalists . The emperors of Kosala and the prince of Kasi are other examples . Tim Ingold , an anthropologist , writes that the Manusmriti is a highly schematic commentary on the varna system , but it too provides `` models rather than descriptions '' . Susan Bayly states that Manusmriti and other scriptures helped elevate Brahmin in the social hierarchy and these were a factor in the making of the varna system , but the ancient texts did not in some way `` create the phenomenon of caste '' in India . The epics ( edit ) The Mahabharata , estimated to have been completed by about the 4th century CE , discusses the Varna system in section 12.181 . The Epic offers two models on Varna . The first model describes Varna as colour - coded system , through a sage named Bhrigu , `` Brahmins Varna was white , Kshtriyas was red , Vaishyas was yellow , and the Shudras ' black '' . This description is questioned by another prominent sage Bharadvaja who says that colours are seen among all the Varnas , that desire , anger , fear , greed , grief , anxiety , hunger and toil prevails over all human beings , that bile and blood flow from all human bodies , so what distinguishes the Varnas , he asks ? The Mahabharata then declares , according to Alf Hiltebeitel , a professor of religion , `` There is no distinction of Varnas . This whole universe is Brahman . It was created formerly by Brahma , came to be classified by acts . '' The Mahabharata thereafter recites a behavioural model for Varna , that those who were inclined to anger , pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya Varna ; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishyas ; those who were fond of violence , covetousness and impurity attained the Shudras . The Brahmin class is modelled in the epic , as the archetype default state of man dedicated to truth , austerity and pure conduct . Indeed , it goes on to assert that all men are children of Brahmins , which does not make sense , unless understood this way.In the Mahabharata and pre-medieval era Hindu texts , according to Hiltebeitel , `` it is important to recognize , in theory , Varna is nongenealogical . The four Varnas are not lineages , but categories . '' The Bhagavad Gita describe the professions , duties and qualities of members of different varnas . There is no entity on earth , or again in heaven among the Devas , that is devoid of these three Gunas , born of Prakriti . Of Brâhmanas and Kshatriyas and Vaishyas , as also of Sudras , O scorcher of foes , the duties are distributed according to the Gunas born of their own nature . The control of the mind and the senses , austerity , purity , forbearance , and also uprightness , knowledge , realisation , belief in a hereafter -- these are the duties of the Brâhmanas , born of ( their own ) nature . Prowess , boldness , fortitude , dexterity , and also not flying from battle , generosity and sovereignty are the duties of the Kshatriyas , born of ( their own ) nature . Agriculture , cattle - rearing and trade are the duties of the Vaishyas , born of ( their own ) nature ; and action consisting of service is the duty of the Sudras , born of ( their own ) nature . Varna in Buddhist texts ( edit ) Ancient Buddhist texts mention Varna system in South Asia , but the details suggest that it was a non-rigid , flexible and with characteristics devoid of features of a social stratification system . Maurice Walshe , a German scholar and translator of Digha Nikaya , provides a discussion between Gotama Buddha and a Hindu Brahmin named Sonadanda who was very learned in the Vedas . Gotama Buddha asks in Digha Nikaya , according to the Theravada Pali text translation by Walshe , `` By how many qualities do Brahmins recognize another Brahmin ? How would one declare truthfully and without falling into falsehood , `` I am a Brahmin ? '' Sonadanda initially lists five qualities as , `` he is of pure descent on both the mother 's and the father 's side , he is well versed in mantras , he is of fair color handsome and pleasing , he is virtuous learned and wise , and he is the first or second to hold the sacrificial ladle '' . Buddha then asks the Brahmin , `` If we omit one of these qualities you just listed , could not one be still a true Brahmin ? '' Sonadanda , one by one , eliminates fair colour and looks , then eliminates Varna in which one was born , and then eliminates the ability to recite mantra and do sacrifices as a requirement of being a Brahmin . Sonadanda asserts that just two qualities are necessary to truthfully and without falling into falsehoold identify a Brahmin ; these two qualities are `` being virtuous and being learned and wise '' . Sonadanda adds , states Walshe , that it is impossible to reduce the requirement for being a Brahmin any further , because `` for wisdom is purified by morality , and morality is purified by wisdom ; where one is , the other is , the moral man has wisdom and the wise man has morality , and the combination of morality and wisdom is called the highest thing in the world '' . Brian Black and Dean Patton state Sonadanda admits after this , `` we ( Brahmins ) only know this much Gotama ; it would be well if Reverend Gotama would explain meaning of the two ( morality , wisdom ) '' . Peter Masefield , a Buddhism scholar and ancient Pali texts translator , states that during the Nikāya texts period of Buddhism ( 3rd century BC to 5th century AD ) , Varna as a class system is attested , but the described Varna was not a caste system . The Pali texts enumerate the four Varnas Brahmin , `` Kshatriya '' , Vessa ( Vaishya ) and Sudda ( Shudra ) . Masefield notes that people in any Varna could in principle perform any profession . The early Buddhist texts , for instance , identify some Brahmins to be farmers and in other professions . The text state that anyone , of any birth , could perform the priestly function , and that the Brahmin took food from anyone , suggesting that strictures of commensality were as yet unknown . The Nikaya texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated in ancient India . Masefield concludes , `` if any form of caste system was known during the Nikaya period - and it is doubtful that it was - this was in all probability restricted to certain non-Aryan groups '' . Varna in Jaina texts ( edit ) Ādi purāṇa , an 8th - century text of Jainism by Jinasena , is the earliest mention of Varna and Jati in Jainism literature . Jinasena does not trace the origin of Varna system to Rigveda or to Purusha Sukta , instead traces varna to the Bharata legend . According to this legend , Bharata performed an `` ahimsa - test '' ( test of non-violence ) , and those members of his community who refused to harm or hurt any living being were called as the priestly varna in ancient India , and Bharata called them dvija , twice born . Jinasena states that those who are committed to ahimsa are deva - Brāhmaṇas , divine Brahmins . The text Adi purana also discusses the relationship between varna and jati . According to Padmanabh Jaini , a professor of Indic studies , Jainism and Buddhism , the Adi purana text states `` there is only one jati called manusyajati or the human caste , but divisions arise account of their different professions '' . The varna of Kshatriya arose when Rishabh procured weapons to serve the society and assumed the powers of a king , while Vaishya and Shudra varna arose from different means of livelihood in which they specialised . Varna in Sikh texts ( edit ) Sikhism is a 15th - century religion that originated in the Punjab region in the Medieval India . Sikh text mention Varna as Varan , and Jati as Zat or Zat - biradari . Eleanor Nesbitt , a professor of Religion and specialising in Christian , Hindu and Sikh studies , states that the Varan is described as a class system in 18th - to 20th - century Sikh literature , while Zat developed into caste system particularly during the British colonial era . In theory , Nesbitt quotes the Sikh dictum to be , A Sikh should be a Brahmin in piety , a Kshatriya in defense of truth and the oppressed , a Vaishya in business acumen and hard work , and a Shudra in serving humanity . A Sikh should be all castes in one person , who should be above caste . Tantra ( edit ) The Tantric movement that developed as a tradition distinct from orthodox Hinduism between the 8th and 11th centuries CE also relaxed many societal strictures regarding class and community distinction . However it would be an over generalisation to say that the Tantrics did away with all social restrictions , as N.N. Bhattacharyya explains : For example , Tantra according to its very nature has nothing to do with the ( class ) system but in the later Tantras ( class ) elements are pronounced . This is because although many of our known Tantric teachers were non-Brāhmaṇas , rather belonging to the lower ranks of society , almost all of the known authors of the Tantric treatises were Brāhmaṇas . Varna and jati ( edit ) Main article : Jāti The terms varna ( theoretical classification based on occupation ) and jāti ( caste ) are two distinct concepts . Jāti ( community ) refers to the thousands of endogamous groups prevalent across the subcontinent . A jati may be divided into exogamous groups based on the same gotras . The classical authors scarcely speak of anything other than the varnas ; even Indologists sometimes confuse the two . See also ( edit ) Adi Dravidar Caste politics in India Classical Hindu law Four occupations -- fourfold Confucian division Hindu law Hindu reform movements Manuvāda Other Backward Class Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Doniger , Wendy ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's encyclopedia of world religions . Springfield , MA , USA : Merriam - Webster . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 044 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Andrea ( 2012 ) . An Encyclopedia of Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . USA : SAGE Publications . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 8176 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Monier - Williams , Monier ( 2005 ) ( 1899 ) . A Sanskrit - English Dictionary : Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo - European Languages ( Reprinted ed . ) . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 924 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 3105 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Malik , Jamal ( 2005 ) . Religious pluralism in South Asia and Europe . Oxford UK : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566975 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . Companion encyclopedia of anthropology . London New York : Routledge . p. 1026 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28604 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kumar , Arun ( 2002 ) . Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Agriculture . Anmol Publications . p. 411 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1316 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chandram , Bipan ( 1989 . India 's Struggle for Independence , 1857 - 1947 , pp. 230 - 231 . Penguin Books India Jump up ^ Yājñika , Acyuta and Sheth , Suchitra ( 2005 ) . The Shaping of Modern Gujarat : Plurality , Hindutva , and Beyond , p. 260 . Penguin Books India Jump up ^ Juergensmeyer , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972761 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Susan ( 2001 ) , Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age , Cambridge University Press , p. 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 Jump up ^ Thapar , Romila ( 2004 ) , Early India : From the Origins to AD 1300 , University of California Press , p. 63 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 Jump up ^ David Lorenzen ( 2006 ) . Who invented Hinduism : essays on religion in History . Yoda Press . pp. 147 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 902272 - 6 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Susan ( 2001 ) , Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age , Cambridge University Press , p. 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 Jump up ^ Krishna Charitra by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . V&S Publishers ^ Jump up to : Basham , Arthur Llewellyn ( 1989 ) . The Origin and Development of Classical Hinduism ( Reprinted ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jamison , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India . Oxford University Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937018 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Ram Sharan ( 1990 ) . Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600 . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . pp. 529 -- 531 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Olivelle , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Caste and Purity : A Study in the Language of the Dharma Literature '' . Contribution to Indian Sociology. 32 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Caste and Purity : A Study in the Language of the Dharma Literature '' . Contribution to Indian Sociology. 32 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Susan ( 2001 ) , Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age , Cambridge University Press , pp. 9 -- 11 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Caste and Purity : A Study in the Language of the Dharma Literature '' . Contribution to Indian Sociology. 32 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 203 . ^ Jump up to : Olivelle , Patrick ( 2008 ) . Chapter 9 . Caste and Purity in Collected essays . Firenze , Italy : Firenze University Press . pp. 240 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 729 - 4 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 2008 ) . Chapter 9 . Caste and Purity in Collected essays . Firenze , Italy : Firenze University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 729 - 4 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 2008 ) . Chapter 9 . Caste and Purity in Collected essays . Firenze , Italy : Firenze University Press . pp. 240 -- 245 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 729 - 4 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Caste and Purity : A Study in the Language of the Dharma Literature '' . Contribution to Indian Sociology. 32 ( 2 ) : 210 . Jump up ^ Juergensmeyer , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972761 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rawat , Ramnarayan ( 2011 ) . Reconsidering untouchability : Chamars and Dalit history in North India . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 53 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22262 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . Companion encyclopedia of anthropology . Routledge . p. 1026 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28604 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Susan ( 2001 ) , Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age , Cambridge University Press , p. 29 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . p. 532 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . p. 594 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . Jump up ^ Swarupananda . `` Srimad - Bhagavad - Gita '' . Internet Sacred Text Archive . John Bruno Hare . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masefield , Peter ( 2008 ) . Divine revelation in Pali Buddhism . Routledge . pp. 146 -- 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 46164 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Walshe , Maurice ( 1995 ) . The long discourses of the Buddha : a translation of the Dīgha Nikāya . Boston : Wisdom Publications . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 103 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : T.W. Rhys Davids . DN4 : To Sonadanda , Digha Nikaya Verses 13 - 21 , Translated from the Pâli . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Black , Brian ; Patton , Dean Laurie ( 2015 ) . Dialogue in early South Asian religions : Hindu , Buddhist , and Jain traditions . Burlington : Ashgate . pp. 245 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 4013 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 294 , 285 -- 295 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected papers on Jaina studies . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . p. 340 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1691 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected papers on Jaina studies . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . pp. 340 -- 341 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1691 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Nesbitt , Eleanor ( 2005 ) . Sikhism a very short introduction . Oxford New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 116 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280601 - 7 . Jump up ^ Flood , Gavin ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , N.N. History of the Tantric Religion . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Dumont , Louis ( 1980 ) , Homo hierarchicus : the caste system and its implications , University of Chicago Press , pp. 66 -- 67 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 16963 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Ambedkar , B.R. ( 1946 ) Who were the Shudras ? Alain Danielou ( 1976 ) . Les Quatre Sens de la Vie , Paris Sri Aurobindo ( 1970 ) , The Human Cycle , The Ideal of Human Unity , War and Self - Determination , ( Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust ) , ISBN 81 - 7058 - 281 - 4 ( hardcover ) , ISBN 81 - 7058 - 014 - 5 ( paperback ) Kane , Pandurang Vaman : History of Dharmasastra : ( ancient and mediaeval , religious and civil law ) -- Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1962 -- 1975 G.S. Ghurye ( 1969 ) . Caste and Race in India , Popular Prakashan , Mumbai 1969 ( Original print : 1932 ) Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar ( 1967 ) Human Society - 2 , Ananda Marga Publications , Anandanagar , P.O. Baglata , Dist . Purulia , West Bengal , India . Ghanshyam Shah , Caste and Democratic Politics in India , 2004 Welzer , Albrecht. 1994 . `` Credo , Quia Occidentale : A Note on Sanskrit varna and its Misinterpretation in Literature on Mamamsa and Vyakarana '' . In : Studies in Mamamsa : Dr Mandan Mishra Felicitation Volume edited by R.C. Dwivedi . Delhi : Motilal Banarasidass . Lal , Vinay ( 2005 ) , Introducing Hinduism , New York : Totem Books , pp. 132 -- 33 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 626 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varna_(Hinduism)&oldid=815870208 '' Categories : Varnas in Hinduism Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Esperanto हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Мокшень Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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7019903869216497122	Time in the United States	Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law , is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions , with most of the United States observing daylight saving time ( DST ) for approximately the spring , summer , and fall months . The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services ( clocks ) are provided by two federal agencies : the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) ( an agency of the Department of Commerce ) ; and its military counterpart , the United States Naval Observatory ( USNO ) . The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations . It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules , along with the timekeeping services , which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment . Map of U.S. time zones between April 2 , 2006 , and March 11 , 2007 . As of November 2007 , 5 counties in Indiana returned to the Eastern time zone . Contents 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern - Central boundary 3.2 Central - Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain - Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States , many towns and cities set their clocks to noon when the sun passed their local meridian , pre-corrected for the equation of time on the date of observation , to form local mean solar time . Noon occurred at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long - distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph . The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved . American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s . Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers . Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train ( sometimes hundreds of miles in a day ) , according to the Library of Congress . Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from . Time zones were therefore a compromise , relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time . Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones , but this was only a partial solution to the problem . Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals . Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18 , 1883 , when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities . In October 1884 , the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) as the world 's time standard . The US time - zone system grew from this , in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian . From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) in 1960 , when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time , abbreviated as UTC . It is , within about 1 second , mean solar time at 0 ° . It does not observe daylight saving time . It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . For most purposes , UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT , but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community . United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260 . The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs , if observed . It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states , to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time . As of August 9 , 2007 , the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15 ° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ) . Only the full - time zone names listed below are official ; abbreviations are by common use conventions , and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones . The United States uses nine standard time zones . As defined by US law they are : The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) HDT ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) Alaska , Hawaii ( no DST ) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC − 09 : 00 ) AKDT ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC − 08 : 00 ) PDT ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC − 07 : 00 ) MDT ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) Arizona ( no DST outside of Navajo Nation ) , Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Wyoming , Idaho Central Time Zone CST ( UTC − 06 : 00 ) CDT ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous US ( edit ) From east to west , the times zones of the contiguous United States are : The Eastern standard time zone : ( Zone R ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : ( Zone S ) , which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : ( Zone T ) , which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : ( Zone U ) , which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous US ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : ( AKST ; UTC − 09 : 00 ; Zone V ) , which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii - Aleutian standard time zone : ( or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time ) ( HST ; UTC − 10 : 00 ; zone W ) , which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain ( west of 169 ° 30 ′ W ) . Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Samoa standard time zone ( SST ; UTC − 11 : 00 ; Zone X ) , which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : ( ChST ; UTC + 10 : 00 ; Zone K ) , which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . The Atlantic standard time zone : ( AST ; UTC - 4 : 00 ; Zone Q ) , which comprises Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice , military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) when on these islands . Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC − 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC + 12 : 00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can , for example , be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island . Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC − 11 : 00 ) ; Johnston Atoll ( UTC − 10 : 00 ) ; and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) . Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also : Time in Antarctica In Antarctica , the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC − 03 : 00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station use UTC + 12 : 00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) ( Described from north to south along each boundary . ) Eastern - Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County , Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone . roughly follows the border between Wisconsin ( to the south and west ) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ( to the north and east ) ; the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties ) observe CT , all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois ( west ) and Indiana ( east ) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville , Kentucky running from northwest to southeast . divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama ( west ) and Georgia ( east ) , although Phenix City , Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time . divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee , Florida . Central - Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties ) from the rest of the state ( three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties -- observe CST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Oklahoma ( east ) ( although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma -- New Mexico state line , Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County , Oklahoma unofficially observes MST ) follows the border between New Mexico ( west ) and Texas ( east ) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain - Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho ( to the west ) and northwestern Montana ( to the east ) turns west at 45 ° 33.46 ′ N 114 ° 33.89 ′ W / 45.55767 ° N 114.56483 ° W / 45.55767 ; - 114.56483 ( just south of Nez Perce Pass ) , and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north . This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone , except for the small loop described next . turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border ( at 45 ° 51.3 ′ N 116 ° 47.5 ′ W / 45.8550 ° N 116.7917 ° W / 45.8550 ; - 116.7917 ) . This loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more - westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River . turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) to the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County , Oregon to its western border , where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45 ° ( 42 ° 27 ′ N ) , where it turns east , and returns to the Oregon / Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon ( west ) and Idaho ( east ) turns east and follows the border between Idaho ( north ) and Nevada ( south ) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W . turns south and follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Utah ( east ) , except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the Mountain Time Zone . Jackpot , Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the time zone south turn , also observes Mountain Time , on an unofficial basis . follows the border between Nevada ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) follows the border between California ( west ) and Arizona ( east ) , mostly defined by the Colorado River , to the border between the U.S. and Mexico . Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article : Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time ( DST ) for an additional month beginning in 2007 . The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November . Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates : Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 , each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory : Most use the standard time for their zone ( or zones , where a state is divided between two zones ) , except for using daylight saving time during the summer months . Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October . Two subsequent amendments , in 1986 and 2005 , have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November . Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year . However : The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory , including the portion that lies in Arizona . But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona , does not observe DST . ( See map inset right . ) In 2005 , Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2 , 2006 , that placed the entire state on daylight saving time ( see Time in Indiana ) . Before then , Indiana officially used standard time year - round , with the following exceptions : The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time . Also , some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time , but did ( unofficially ) observe DST . Time representation ( edit ) Further information : Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States ; see Category : Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Why Do We Have Time Zones ? '' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot , `` Solar time , legal time , time in use '' Metrologica , August 2011 ( volume 48 , issue 4 ) , pages 181 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME '' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110 -- 69 -- America COMPETES Act ( August 9 , 2007 ) . Sec. 3013 ) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 Jump up ^ `` '' What are the time zones in the United States ? `` '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology , U.S. Department of Commerce . May 18 , 2018 . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Hawaii - Aleutian ( HT ) ; HST - 10 ; HDT - 9 ; DST observed in Aleutian Islands , but not Hawaii External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR 's Title 40 - Protection of Environment ( also at wikisource : Code of Federal Regulations / Title 49 / Subtitle A / Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260 - 267 ( also at wikisource : United States Code / Title 15 / Chapter 6 / Subchapter IX ) hide Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands hide Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=854222425 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the time change from new mexico to texas	[]	[]
4767231088495522915	Soil Health Card Scheme	Soil health Card scheme - Wikipedia Soil health Card scheme Soil Health Card Scheme Country India Prime Minister ( s ) Narendra Modi Launched 17 February 2015 ; 3 years ago ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) Budget ₹ 568 crore ( US $85 million ) Status Running Website soilhealth.dac.gov.in Soil Health Card Scheme is a scheme launched by the Government of India in February 2015 . Under the scheme , the government plans to issue soil cards to farmers which will carry crop-wise recommendations of nutrients and fertilisers required for the individual farms to help farmers to improve productivity through judicious use of inputs . All soil samples are to be tested in various soil testing labs across the country . Thereafter the experts will analyse the strength and weaknesses ( micro-nutrients deficiency ) of the soil and suggest measures to deal with it . The result and suggestion will be displayed in the cards . The government plans to issue the cards to 14 crore farmers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scheme 2 Budget 3 Performance 4 Plans 5 References Scheme ( edit ) The scheme aims at promoting soil test based and balanced use of fertilisers to enable farmers to release higher yields at lower cost . also the main objective is to aware growers about the appropriate amount of nutrients for the concerned crop depending on the quality of soil . Budget ( edit ) An amount of ₹ 568 crore ( US $85 million ) was allocated by the government for the scheme . In 2016 Union budget of India , ₹ 100 crore ( US $15 million ) has been allocated to states for making soil health cards and set up labs . Performance ( edit ) As of July 2015 , only 34 lakh Soil Health Cards ( SHC ) were issued to farmers as against a target of 84 lakh for the year 2015 -- 16 . Arunachal Pradesh , Goa , Gujarat , Haryana , Kerala , Mizoram , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu , Uttarakhand and West Bengal were among the states which had not issued a single SHC under the scheme by then . The number grew up to 1.12 crore by February 2016 . As of February 2016 , against the target of 104 lakh soil samples , States reported a collection of 81 lakh soil samples and tested 52 lakh samples.As on 16.05. 2017 , 725 lakh Soil Health Cards have been distributed to the farmers . Plans ( edit ) The target for 2015 -- 16 is to collect 100 lakh soil samples and test these for issue of soil health cards . 2 crore cards are under printing and will be distributed before March 2016 . The government plans to distribute 12 crore soil health cards by 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sood , Jyotika ( 7 October 2015 ) , Unearthing the loopholes in Modi government 's Soil Health Card scheme , Mumbai : Daily News and Analysis Jump up ^ PM Narendra Modi launches ' Soil Health Card ' scheme for farmers in Rajasthan , zeenews.india.com , retrieved 2015 - 03 - 07 ^ Jump up to : `` States governments have distributed 1.12 crore soil health cards '' , The Economic Times , 25 February 2016 Jump up ^ Parsai , Gargi ( 17 July 2015 ) , Soil Health Card scheme takes off gingerly , The Hindu ^ Jump up to : `` 1.12 crore soil health cards distributed so far '' , The Hindu Business Line , 25 February 2016 hide Government schemes in India Active Schemes Antyodaya Anna Yojana Atal Pension Yojana Beti Bachao , Beti Padhao Yojana CGHS DAY DBT DDUGJY DDU - GKY HRIDAY Housing for All ICDS Income declaration scheme , 2016 JAM Yojana KVPY MPLADS Midday Meal Scheme NPS NSAP NSS POPSK PMAGY PMGAY PMGSY PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra PMMVY Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana SAGY SGSY Soil Health Card Scheme UDAY UDAN UJALA Missions AMRUT Mission Indradhanush NICRA National Mission for Manuscripts NRHM ASHA National Translation Mission Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan National Solar Mission Smart Cities Mission TB - Mission 2020 Projects Bharatmala Indian Rivers Inter-link Sagar Mala project Setu Bharatam Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project Campaigns Accessible India Campaign Digital India Make in India Skill India Standup India Startup India Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Unnat Bharat Abhiyan IDs Aadhaar Business identification number Indian passport Permanent account number Ration card ( India ) Unorganised Workers ' Identification Number Voter ID ( India ) State Ahar Yojana Bhamashah Yojana Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana Invest Madhya Pradesh Invest Odisha Jyotigram Yojana Madhu Babu Pension Yojana Make in Odisha Swasth Jeevan Sewa Guarantee Yojana Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Vibrant Gujarat Closed Schemes Bharat Nirman JSY JnNURM Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya NLM NRLM Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme RNTCP RSBY Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme Saakshar Bharat Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana Swabhimaan ( campaign ) Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme This India - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil_Health_Card_Scheme&oldid=848321708 '' Categories : Agricultural soil science 2015 in India Agriculture in India Modi administration initiatives Soil science in India India stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 06 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the kisan credit card scheme for the farmers start in india	[]	[]
8472629469488132495	American Federation of Musicians	American Federation of Musicians - wikipedia American Federation of Musicians Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada Full name American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada Founded October 19 , 1896 ; 120 years ago ( 1896 - 10 - 19 ) Members 75,542 ( 2016 ) Affiliation AFL -- CIO , CLC Key people Raymond M. Hair Jr. , President Office location New York City , United States Country United States , Canada Website www.afm.org The American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada ( AFM / AFofM ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 5 ) labor union representing professional musicians in the United States and Canada . The AFM , which has its headquartered in New York City , is led by president Raymond M. Hair , Jr . Founded in Cincinnati in 1896 as the successor to the `` National League of Musicians , '' the AFM is the largest organization in the world to represent professional musicians . They negotiate fair agreements , protect ownership of recorded music , secure benefits such as health care and pension , and lobby legislators . In the US , it is the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) -- and in Canada , the Canadian Federation of Musicians / Fédération canadienne des musiciens ( CFM / FCM ) . The AFM is affiliated with AFL -- CIO , the largest federation of Unions in the United States ; and the Canadian Labour Congress , the federation of unions in Canada . Among the most famous AFM actions was the 1942 -- 44 musicians ' strike , to pressure record companies to agree to a better arrangement for paying royalties . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The downfall of the 1900s 1.2 Birth to a new generation , 1960s 1.3 20th century , New millennium 1.4 Departments 1.5 Locations 2 Composition 3 Leadership 3.1 Presidents 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) The American Federation of Labor recognized the American Federation of Musicians ( AFM ) in 1896 . In 1900 , the American Federation of Musicians modified its name to `` American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada '' . The downfall of the 1900s ( edit ) In the early 1900s , record companies produced recordings and musicians profited . However , around World War I , general unemployment also affected musicians . Movies displaced some traditional entertainments , and were silent films . Because of that , the declining economy , and other factors , many musicians were laid off . The Musical Mutual Protective Union of New York became Local 301 of the American Federation of Musicians in 1902 . In 1904 , the local had 5,000 members , who were almost entirely German . In 1910 , approximately 300 black musicians were members in the roughly 8,000 - member local . The local lost its charter and was disbanded in 1921 . By the end of the 1920s , many factors had reduced the number of recording companies . As the nation recovered from World War I , technology advanced and there was diversity in recording and producing music . This encouraged the American Federation of Musicians . AFM was motivated to bring music awareness of music to the public . In 1938 , the American Federation of Musicians established signed an agreement with motion pictures companies . Among the most famous AFM actions was the 1942 -- 44 musicians ' strike , to pressure record companies to agree to a royalty system more beneficial to the musicians . This was sometimes called the `` Petrillo ban '' , because James Petrillo was the newly elected head of the union . Petrillo organized a second recording ban in 1948 ( from January 1 to December 14 ) , in response to the Taft -- Hartley Act . Birth to a New generation , 1960s ( edit ) The early 1960s marked a new beginning to the music industry . Rock and roll became mainstream in the 1960s . After the second World War , American culture entered the baby boom era . Rock and roll brought an explosion to the music industry market . It became `` mainstream '' music , proving its popularity through record sales . By 1970s , North American music had divided in into more genres than ever before . As more genres were entered the market , record sales accelerated as well . Earlier genres such as classical , jazz , and rhythm and blues contributed to new sounds such as gospel , rap , and hip hop . 20th century , New millennium ( edit ) At the AFM convention in Las Vegas on June 23 , 2010 , the AFM elected Ray Hair for a three - year term as president . Hair was re-elected for an additional three years in July 2013 . He was elected for a third term in June 2016 . The AFM is active in trying to prevent plagiarism and illegal downloading . The sheer volume of recording industry output contributes to the possibility that songs might overlap in sound , melody , or other details of composition . Also , as Internet and technology advances and becomes easily accessible , it is easier for people to share the music online . Departments ( edit ) There are several AFM departments : Administration offices ( Presidents , Secretary ) Education Symphonic Legislative International Immigration Locations ( edit ) The main American Federation of Musicians headquarters is in New York City . AFM has branches in Los Angeles , Hawaii , Washington , Toronto , and hundreds of small branches in smaller cities throughout the United States and Canada . Composition ( edit ) Total membership ( US records ) Finances ( US records ; × $1000 ) Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements According to the AFM 's Department of Labor records since 2006 , when membership classification was first reported , around 81 % , or three quarters , of the union 's membership are `` regular '' members , who are eligible to vote for the union . In addition to the other voting eligible `` life '' and `` youth '' classifications , the `` inactive '' members have the rights of active union members except that `` they shall not be allowed to vote or hold office '' according to the bylaws in exchange for the rate less than `` life '' members . As of 2016 , this accounts for 63,337 `` regular members '' ( 84 % of total ) , 10,465 `` life '' members ( 14 % ) , 686 `` inactive '' members ( 1 % ) and 1,054 `` youth '' members ( 1 % ) . Leadership ( edit ) As of 2017 , the president of the AFM is Ray Hair . As of 2016 , the executive committee consists of the following AFM members : John Acosta , Tino Gagliardi , Tina Morrison , Joe Parente and Dave Pomeroy . Presidents ( edit ) 1896 -- 1900 Owen Miller 1900 -- 1914 Joseph Weber 1914 -- 1915 Frank Carothers 1915 -- 1940 Joseph Weber 1940 -- 1958 James C. Petrillo 1958 -- 1970 Herman D. Kenin 1970 -- 1978 Hal Davis 1978 -- 1987 Victor Fuentealba 1987 -- 1991 Martin Emerson 1991 -- 1995 Mark Massagli 1995 -- 2001 Steve Young 2001 -- 2010 Tom Lee 2010 -- present Ray Hair References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 207 . Report submitted March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax '' . American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada . Guidestar . December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About AFM '' . American Federation of Musicians . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unions of the AFL - CIO '' . AFL - CIO . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Labour Congress Affiliated Unions '' . Congress of Union Retirees in Canada . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Gray ( June 6 , 1999 ) . `` Streetscapes / Readers ' Questions ; Echoes of a Union Hall ; Artificial Sunlight '' . New York City : New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Koegel ( 2009 ) . Music in German Immigrant Theater : New York City , 1840 -- 1940 . University Rochester Press . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Toff ( 2005 ) . Monarch of the Flute : The Life of Georges Barrere . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jacob ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking the color line Associated Musicians of Greater New York '' . Local802afm.org . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony ( 1997 ) . The Blues : From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray . Dubai : Carlton Books Limited . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 85868 - 255 - X . Jump up ^ `` Ray Hair Elected President of AFM at Vegas Convention '' . Film Music Magazine . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handel , Jonathan ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` American Federation of Musicians ' President Ray Hair Re-Elected '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Hair Re-Elected International President at AFM 's 100th Convention '' . American Federation of Musicians . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : US Department of Labor , Office of Labor - Management Standards . File number 000 - 207 . ( Search ) Jump up ^ `` Our Leaders '' . American Federation of Musicians . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Michael James Roberts , Tell Tchaikovsky the News : Rock ' n ' Roll , the Labor Question , and the Musicians ' Union , 1942 -- 1968 . Durham , NC : Duke University Press , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Musicians ' Association of Seattle Records . 1905 -- 2010 . 5.52 cubic feet ( 7 boxes ) . David Keller manuscript of The Blue Note : Seattle 's Black Musician 's Union , A Pictorial History . 2000 ... 21 cubic ft ( 1 box ) Novak , Matt ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Musicians Wage War Against Evil Robots '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . AFL -- CIO Governance Presidents George Meany ( 1955 -- 1979 ) Lane Kirkland ( 1979 -- 1995 ) Thomas R. Donahue ( 1995 ) John J. Sweeney ( 1995 -- 2009 ) Richard Trumka ( 2009 -- ) Departments Building and Construction Trades Department Maritime Trades Metal Trades Professional Employees Transportation Trades Union Label Constituency groups A. Philip Randolph Institute Alliance for Retired Americans Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance Coalition of Black Trade Unionists Coalition of Labor Union Women Labor Council for Latin American Advancement Pride at Work Allied organizations American Center for International Labor Solidarity International Labor Communications Association Working for America Institute Allied groups American Rights at Work International Rescue Committee Jewish Labor Committee Labor and Working - Class History Association Working America Programs AFL -- CIO Employees Federal Credit Union National Labor College Affiliated unions AAAA AGMA AGVA GIAA AEA ALPA ATU AFGE AFM AFSA AFSCME AFT APWU ARA ATDA BCTGM BRS CSEA CWA FLOC GMPIU IATSE Ironworkers IAFF AWIU IAM Boilermakers IBEW IFPTE ILA Printers & Engravers Novelty and Production Workers BAC IUEC IUOE IUPAT IUPA MEBA NATCA NALC NFLPA / FPA NNU NPMHU OPEIU OPCMIA SAG - AFTRA SIU SMWIA TWU UA UAW UFCW UMWA USW UTU Roofers and Waterproofers UNITE HERE UWUA WGAE State federations Florida Maine Massachusetts Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Washington State West Virginia See also Directly Affiliated Local Union American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations Canadian Labour Congress Provincial federations Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest / Nunavut Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon National affiliates ACTRA BCTF CAUT CFNU COPE CPAA CUPE CUPW ETFO NUPGE OECTA OSSTF PIPSC PSAC Unifor International affiliates AFM ALPA ATU AWIU BAC BCTGM Boilermakers CWA GMP IAFF IAM IATSE IBEW Teamsters Canada IFPTE ILA ILWU IPP IUOE IUPAT OPCMIA SEIU SIU SMWIA UA UAW UBCJA UFCW UMW UNITE HERE USW UTU Presidents Claude Jodoin ( 1956 -- 1966 ) Donald MacDonald ( 1967 -- 1974 ) Joe Morris ( 1974 -- 1978 ) Dennis McDermott ( 1978 -- 1986 ) Shirley Carr ( 1986 -- 1992 ) Bob White ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Ken Georgetti ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Hassan Yussuff ( 2014 -- present ) See also Canadian Congress of Labour International Labor Communications Association One Big Union Trades and Labour Congress Workers ' Unity League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Federation_of_Musicians&oldid=791423523 '' Categories : Trade unions established in 1896 AFL -- CIO Canadian Labour Congress Musicians ' trade unions Music organizations based in the United States American Federation of Musicians Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from May 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 05 : 07 . About Wikipedia	american federation of musicians of the us & canada	[]	[]
-5094329047994983572	Mahoning River	Mahoning river - wikipedia Mahoning river Mahoning River Mahoning river in Warren , Ohio Country United States Physical characteristics Main source Columbiana County , Ohio 367 m ( 1,204 ft ) above sea level River mouth Beaver River 232 m ( 761 ft ) above sea level Length 182 km ( 113 mi ) Discharge Average rate : 54 m / s ( 1,900 cu ft / s ) Basin features Basin size 2,932 km ( 1,132 sq mi ) The Mahoning River is a river located in eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania . Flowing primarily through several Ohio counties , it joins the Shenango River to form the Beaver River and is part of the Ohio River watershed . Contents 1 Physical properties 2 Environmental concerns 3 Floods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Physical properties ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Berlin Lake and Dam on the Mahoning River in Mahoning and Portage Counties . View is upriver to the south - southwest . The Mahoning River below Berlin Lake and Dam in Mahoning and Portage counties . Lake Milton can be seen in the far distance to the north - northeast . The river is formed near Winona in Columbiana County , Ohio , and extends for a length of approximately 113 miles ( 182 km ) , with a watershed area of approximately 1,132 square miles ( 2,932 km2 ) . It joins the Shenango River near New Castle , Pennsylvania to form the Beaver River . The river traverses five Ohio counties , Columbiana , Stark , Portage , Trumbull , and Mahoning , as well as Lawrence County , Pennsylvania . The watershed area also includes parts of Ashtabula and Geauga counties in Ohio . The three main tributaries are Mosquito Creek , West Branch , and Eagle Creek , all in Ohio . There are 15 dams on the river course . The river has a course of 97.1 miles ( 156.3 km ) in Ohio , with the remainder in Pennsylvania . The river supports more than 72 species of fish and 15 species of freshwater mussels . The river is roughly divided into two sections . The `` upper elevation '' extends roughly from Winona to Leavittsburg and is generally rural in nature . The mainstem ( lower elevation ) extends roughly from Leavittsburg to the river 's mouth near New Castle , Pennsylvania ; it is heavily populated and is heavily industrialized . The mainstem area has a population of over 500,000 and has a long history of steel making , coke production , and other industries . Environmental concerns ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The industrial nature of the mainstem area has caused considerable pollution in the river . Much of the pollution has left the ecosystem via the natural river flow . But analysts estimate that 750,000 cubic yards ( 573,416 m3 ) of river bed and shoreline sediment , over a 30 mile ( 48.2 km ) stretch of the mainstem from Leavittsburg to the Pennsylvania border , is so heavily polluted that it will need to be remediated . Approximately 45 % of this material is located in the vicinity of the Girard Dam near Girard , Ohio , which has acted as a trap for much of the contaminated sediment . Petroleum hydrocarbons , benzo ( a ) pyrene ( polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ) , and mercury have all been found in quantities several times the maximum safe levels . Since 1988 , the Ohio Department of Health has maintained an advisory against swimming or wading in the river between Leavittsburg and the Pennsylvania border , and also advises against eating fish caught there . The Corps of Engineers estimates that the remediation will take up to 15 years to complete and cost in excess of US $100 million . If approved , the dredging project will probably begin in the late 2010s . Cities and towns along its course include : Winona , Ohio Alliance , Ohio Sebring , Ohio Newton Falls , Ohio Leavittsburg , Ohio Warren , Ohio Niles , Ohio McDonald , Ohio Girard , Ohio Youngstown , Ohio Campbell , Ohio Struthers , Ohio Lowellville , Ohio Poland , Ohio New Castle , Pennsylvania Floods ( edit ) The Mahoning river is susceptible to frequent flooding during high rain events . One such event started when 3 days of torrential rain fell in July 2003 , resulting in such high volume that the river changed its course in Leavittsburg , Ohio , flooding and destroying nearly 100 homes . The gallery of photos below shows some of the flooded areas in Leavittsburg . July 2003 flood Packard Park lower section Packard Park ball diamonds flooded Packard Park crosswalk Packard Park seagulls escaping the flood Summit Street bridge almost overrun Summit Street old power plant dam engulfed Summit Street closeup of dam engulfed Riverwalk to nowhere See also ( edit ) List of rivers of Ohio List of rivers of Pennsylvania Mahoning Valley References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mahoning River Watershed Action Plan '' ( PDF ) . Youngstown State University . External links ( edit ) Mahoning River Watershed Project Mahoning River Consortium Coordinates : 41 ° 02 ′ 58 '' N 80 ° 34 ′ 18 '' W / 41.04932 ° N 80.57167 ° W / 41.04932 ; - 80.57167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahoning_River&oldid=828363391 '' Categories : Rivers of Ohio Rivers of Pennsylvania Tributaries of the Beaver River Youngstown , Ohio Rivers of Clearfield County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Lawrence County , Pennsylvania Rivers of Mahoning County , Ohio Rivers of Columbiana County , Ohio Rivers of Stark County , Ohio Rivers of Portage County , Ohio Rivers of Trumbull County , Ohio Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the mahoning river start and finish	[]	[]
4004640906655071369	National Assembly of Pakistan	National Assembly of Pakistan - wikipedia National Assembly of Pakistan National Assembly Pakistan قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان ‬ 15th National Assembly of Pakistan Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan Leadership Speaker TBD Since 15 August 2018 Deputy Speaker TBD Since 15 August 2018 Leader of the House TBD Since 17 August 2018 Leader of the Opposition TBD Since 17 August 2018 Structure Seats 342 Political groups PTI ( 158 ) PML -- N ( 82 ) PPP ( 54 ) MMA ( 15 ) MQM - P ( 7 ) PML -- Q ( 5 ) BAP ( 5 ) BNP - M ( 4 ) GDA ( 3 ) AML ( 1 ) JWP ( 1 ) ANP ( 1 ) IND ( 4 ) Postponed ( 2 ) Elections Voting system Mixed member majoritarian ( First past the post for most seats , 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for religious minorities by proportional representation ) Last election 25 July 2018 Meeting place Parliament House , Islamabad Website www.na.gov.pk The National Assembly of Pakistan ( Urdu : قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان ‬ ‎ ) is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis - e-Shura , which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan ( upper house ) . The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad . The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly ( MNAs ) , of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities . A political party must secure 137 seats to obtain and preserve a majority . Members are elected through the first - past - the - post system under universal adult suffrage , representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies . According to the constitution , the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation . Each National Assembly is formed for a five - year term , commencing from the date of the first sitting , after which it is automatically dissolved . Currently the National Assembly can not be dissolved by the President of Pakistan , it is dissolved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Election for 13th National Assembly was held on 18 February 2008 . On 17 - 3 - 2013 13th National Assembly was dissolved on completion of its five - year term under Article 52 of the Constitution . Pakistani general election , 2013 ( for the 14th National Assembly ) was held on May 11 , 2013 . Members of 14th National Assembly took oath on June 1 , 2013 . Contents 1 History 2 Powers 3 Members of National Assembly 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 National Assembly Composition 3.3 Tenure 4 Speaker and Deputy Speaker 5 Sessions 6 Procedure 6.1 Constitutional role 6.2 Legislative procedures 7 Leaders 7.1 Leader of the House 7.2 Leader of the Opposition 8 Committees 9 Composition and elections 10 2013 election 10.1 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 11 Dissolution 12 Seat distribution 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links History ( edit ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Mamnoon Hussain Parliament Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Nasirul Mulk Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Political parties Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas Main article : History of Pakistan National Assembly The first session of the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was held on 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building , Karachi . On 11 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was elected unanimously as the President of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan and the National Flag was formally approved by the Assembly . 12 August 1947 , a resolution was approved regarding officially addressing Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah as `` Quaid - i - Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah '' . On the same day , a special committee called the `` Committee on Fundamental Rights of Citizens and Minorities of Pakistan '' was appointed to look into and advise the Assembly on matters relating to fundamental rights of the citizens , particularly the minorities , with the aim to legislate on these issues appropriately . On 14 August 1947 , the Transfer of Power took place . Lord Mountbatten , Governor General of India , addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan . The Quaid gave a reply to the address in the House , on which the principles of the State of Pakistan were laid . On 15 August 1947 , Quaid - i - Azam was sworn in as the first Governor General of Pakistan . Mian Sir Abdur Rashid , Chief Justice of Pakistan , administered oath of office from him . The Quaid remained in this position till his death i.e. 11 September 1948 . Powers ( edit ) Legislative Process Chart of National Assembly of Pakistan `` ... you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got all the powers . It , therefore , places on you the gravest responsibility as to how you should take your decisions . '' -- Muhammad Ali Jinnah , in his presidential address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11 , 1947 The Constitution which was passed unanimously by the National Assembly in April 1973 , provides a federal parliamentary system of government , with the President as the ceremonial head of the State and an elected Prime Minister as the head of the government . Under Article 50 of the Constitution the federal legislature is the bicameral Majlis - e-Shoora ( Parliament ) , which comprises the President and the two Houses , the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly , Pakistan 's sovereign legislative body , makes laws for the federation under powers spelled out in the Federal Legislative List and also for subjects in the Concurrent List , as given in the fourth schedule of the Constitution . Through debates , adjournment motions , question hour , and Standing Committees , the National Assembly keeps a check on the government . It ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution , and does not violate the people 's fundamental rights . The Parliament scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government through the work of the relevant Standing Committees . The Public Accounts Committee has a special role to review the report of the Auditor General . Senate , the upper house of the Parliament , has equal representation from the federating units balancing the provincial inequality in the National Assembly , where the number of members is based on population of the provinces . The Senate 's role is to promote national cohesion and harmony , and work as a stabilizing factor of the federation . The Senate numbers a total of 104 members who serve six - year terms which are alternated so that half the senators are up for re-election by the electoral college every three years . The National Assembly consists of 342 members . The Constitution does not empower the President to dissolve the National Assembly . The Senate is not subject to dissolution . Only the Parliament can amend the Constitution , by two - thirds majority vote separately in each House . Members of National Assembly ( edit ) See also : List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats Qualifications ( edit ) The Constitution of Pakistan lists a number of requirements for members of the National Assembly in Article 62 . The constitution also details a number of disqualifications in Article 63 , which include mental instability , insolvency , criminal conviction and accepting dual - citizenship or relinquishing their Pakistani nationality , among others . Furthermore , an individual would stand disqualified if he or she is found to have opposed Pakistan 's ideology or worked against the integrity of the country , after its establishment in 1947 . National Assembly Composition ( edit ) The National Assembly has a total of 342 members , including 60 seats reserved for women and 10 for minorities , as per Article 51 . The seats in the National Assembly are allocated to each Province , the Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) and the Federal Capital on the basis of population , as officially published in the last preceding census . The present allocation of seats is as under : Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Balochistan FATA Federal Capital Total General 141 61 39 16 12 272 Women 32 14 10 - - 60 Non-Muslims - - - - - - 10 Total 173 75 49 20 12 342 Tenure ( edit ) The National Assembly is elected for a five - year term on the basis of adult franchise and one person , one vote . The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the House , or sooner , in case the Member dies or resigns . The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the President in his discretion under the Constitution . Under the 1973 Constitution , a member of Parliament may not hold the office of the Prime Minister more than twice . In the 1990s , Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Shareef proposed a bill to amend the 1973 constitution to allow a Member to serve a third term as Prime Minister . Speaker and Deputy Speaker ( edit ) According to The Constitution ( 1 ) After a general election , the National Assembly shall , at its first meeting and to the exclusion of any other business , elect from amongst its members a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and , so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant , the Assembly shall elect another member as Speaker or , as the case may be , Deputy Speaker . ( 2 ) Before entering upon office , a member elected as Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall make before the National Assembly oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule . ( 3 ) When the office of Speaker is vacant , or the Speaker is absent or is unable to perform his functions due to any cause , the Deputy Speaker shall act as Speaker , and if , at that time , the Deputy Speaker is also absent or is unable to act as Speaker due to any cause , such member as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the Assembly shall preside at the meeting of the Assembly . ( 4 ) The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker shall not preside at a meeting of the Assembly when a resolution for his removal from office is being considered . ( 5 ) The Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the President , resign his office . ( 6 ) The Deputy Speaker may , by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker , resign his office . ( 7 ) The office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall become vacant if : ( a ) he resigns his office ; ( b ) he ceases to be a member of the Assembly ; ( c ) he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly , of which not less than seven days ' notice has been given and which is passed by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the Assembly . ( 8 ) When the National Assembly is dissolved the Speaker shall continue in his office till the person elected to fill the office by the next Assembly enters upon his office . The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the National Assembly . The Speaker is assisted by the Deputy Speaker . Both officers are elected from within the ranks of the National Assembly and , by current convention , are usually members of the majority party . The election of the two officers is the first matter an incoming National Assembly deals with , as mandated by the constitution . Apart from presiding over National Assembly debates , the Speaker may also assume the duties of Acting President , if the position is vacant ( in case the President as well as Chairman Senate are not available ) . The current Speaker of the House is Sardar Ayaz Sadiq and the Deputy Speaker is Murtaza Javed Abbasi , both are from the PML - N . Sessions ( edit ) The life of National Assembly is divided into sessions . It had to meet for 130 days before the First Amendment passed on 8 May 1974 in the constitution of 1973 . According to this Amendment , maximum duration between successive sessions was reduced to 90 days from 130 days , and there must be at least three sessions in a year . A session of the National Assembly is summoned by the President of Pakistan under Article 54 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . In the summoning order the President gives the date , time and place ( which is usually the Parliament House ) , for the National Assembly to meet . The date and time for the summoning of the National Assembly is immediately announced over Radio and Television . Generally , a copy of the summon is also sent to the Members at their home address . The National Assembly can also be summoned by the Speaker of National Assembly on a request made by at one - fourth of the total membership of the National Assembly . If the National Assembly is so requisitioned , it must be summoned within 14 days . Procedure ( edit ) Constitutional role ( edit ) Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of President and the two Houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate . The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating exclusively on money matters . With exception to money Bills , however , both the Houses work together to carryout the basic work of the Parliament , i.e. law making . Legislative procedures ( edit ) The Bill relating to the Federal Legislative List can be originated in either House . If the House passed the Bill through majority vote , it shall be transmitted to the other House . If the other House passes it without amendment , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill , transmitted to the other House , is not passed within ninety days or rejected , it shall be considered in a joint sitting to be summoned by the President on the request of the House in which the Bill was originated . If the Bill is passed in the joint sitting , with or without amendments , by the votes of majority of the members of the two Houses , it shall be presented to the President for assent . If the Bill is presented to the President for assent , he shall assent to the Bill in not later than ten days. If it is not a Money Bill , the President may return the Bill to the Majlis - e-Shoora with a message requesting that the Bill be reconsidered and that an amendment specified in the message be considered . The Majlis - e-Shoora shall reconsider the Bill in a joint sitting. If the Bill is passed again , with or without amendment , by vote of the majority of the members present and voting , it shall be presented to the President and the President shall give his assent within ten days ; failing which such assent shall be deemed to have been given . Under the Constitution , the Parliament may also legislate for two or more Provinces by consent and request made by those Provinces . If the Federal Government proclaims State of Emergency in any province , the power to legislate about that province is vested in the Parliament . But the Bills passed by the Parliament during the State of Emergency , shall cease to be in force after the expiration of six months from the date Emergency is lifted . Nevertheless , the steps already taken under these Acts shall remain valid . Leaders ( edit ) Leader of the House ( edit ) The Leader of the House is the highest ranking representative of the majority party in National Assembly usually the Prime Minister . List of All The Prime Ministers Leader of the opposition ( edit ) The Leader of the Opposition is the highest ranking representative of the main opposition party . List of Leaders of the Opposition Committees ( edit ) While recognizing the Committee System , the committees have been empowered to go into all matters of the ministry . A matter can be remitted to a standing committee by the Speaker or the Assembly suo moto and without moving any motion . The committees have also been empowered to invite or summon before it any member or any other person having a special interest in relation to any matter under its consideration and may hear expert evidence and hold public hearing . Composition and elections ( edit ) The composition of the National Assembly is specified in Article 51 of the Constitution of Pakistan . There are a total of 342 seats in the National Assembly . Of these , 272 are filled by direct elections . In addition , the Pakistani Constitution reserves 10 seats for religious minorities and 60 seats for women , to be filled by proportional representation among parties with more than 5 % of the vote . As of 2006 , there are 72 women members in the Assembly . Members of the National Assembly are elected by the people in competitive multi-party elections , to be held at most five years apart on universal adult franchise . To be a member of electoral college , according to Article 62 of the Constitution , candidates must be citizens of Pakistan and not less than 25 years of age . 2013 election ( edit ) Main article : Pakistani general election , 2013 Results of the Pakistani general election , 2013 ( edit ) # Political Party Votes % Elected seats before independents joined Elected seats after independents joined Reserved seats ( Women ) Reserved seats ( Minorities / Non-Muslims ) Total Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 12,874,104 32.77 % 129 147 36 6 189 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,911,218 15.23 % 33 33 8 42 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 7,679,954 16.92 % 28 29 6 36 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 2,456,153 5.41 % 19 19 24 5 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 1,461,371 3.22 % 11 11 15 6 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 1,072,846 2.36 % 5 5 0 6 7 Jamaat - e-Islami 963,909 2.12 % 0 8 Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 214,631 0.47 % 0 9 National Peoples Party 197,829 0.44 % 0 10 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 1,409,905 3.11 % 0 0 11 Awami National Party 453,057 1.00 % 0 0 12 Qaumi Watan Party ( Sherpao ) 46,574 0.10 % 0 0 13 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 128,510 0.28 % 0 0 14 National Party 61,148 0.13 % 0 0 15 Awami Muslim League Pakistan 93,046 0.20 % 0 0 16 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 71,175 0.16 % 0 0 17 Balochistan National Party 63,979 0.14 % 0 0 18 All Pakistan Muslim League 54,231 0.12 % 0 0 19 Independents 5,880,658 12.96 % 27 8 0 0 8 Total 45,388,404 100 % 266 266 60 10 336 Withheld : NA - 103 , NA - 237 ; Postponed : NA - 38 ; Re-poll ordered : NA - 46 ; Terminated : NA - 83 , NA - 254 Source : Detailed Results General Elections - 2013 , Reserve Seats Women , Reserve Seats Minorities Dissolution ( edit ) National Assembly can be dissolved at the initiative of the Prime Minister . If dissolved , new elections are conducted for the Assembly . Article 58 of the Constitution of Pakistan deals with the dissolution of the Assembly : 58 . Dissolution of the National Assembly : ( 1 ) The President shall dissolve the National Assembly if so advised by the Prime Minister ; and the National Assembly shall , unless sooner dissolved , stand dissolved at the expiration of forty - eight hours after the Prime Minister has so advised . Explanation : Reference in this Article to `` Prime Minister '' shall not be construed to include reference to a Prime Minister against whom a notice of a resolution for a note of no - confidence has been given in the National Assembly but has not been voted upon or against whom such a resolution has been passed or who is continuing in office after his resignation or after the dissolution of the National Assembly . ( 2 ) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause ( 2 ) or Article 48 , the President may dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion where , a vote of no - confidence having been passed against the Prime Minister , no other member of the National Assembly commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution , as ascertained in a session of the National Assembly summoned for the purpose . Seat distribution ( edit ) There seat distribution in 14th assembly of Pakistan is as follows : Province General Women Total Punjab 141 33 174 Sindh 61 14 75 KPK 39 9 48 Balochistan 16 20 FATA 12 - 12 Federal Capital - Minorities - - 10 See also ( edit ) Speaker of National Assembly Senate of Pakistan Politics of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan President of Pakistan Supreme Court of Pakistan Pakistan Bar Council Punjab Bar Council Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan List of Pakistan National Assembly Seats List of provincial governments of Pakistan showing provincial assemblies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PTI 's number of seats in NA rises to 158 '' . The Nation . Nawaiwaqt Group . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly of Pakistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly Secretariat . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan PM loses vital coalition partner as MQM quits '' . BBC News . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The News International . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gishkori , Zahid ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` National Assembly Stands Dissolved '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newly elected Members of National Assembly take oath '' . The Express Tribune . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Jinnah 's presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan '' . pakistani.org . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Pakistan '' . www.pakistani.org . Govt of Pakistan . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly of Pakistan '' . www.na.gov.pk . National Assembly Secretariat . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 14th elected National Assembly 's inaugural session today '' . The News International . 1 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official Website of the National Assembly of Pakistan Constitution of Pakistan Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khalji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 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private partnering Redundant Islamic economisation Society and culture Society Crime Culture Education institutions Feudalism Gender discrimination Healthcare hospitals Human rights LGBT Marriage Media Naming Pakistanis ( list ) Prostitution Religion Time Urbanisation Women Demographics Diaspora Ethnicity Immigration Languages Urdu Arts Architecture Cinema films Dance Festivals Folklore Literature Mushaira Music Philosophy Textiles Theatre Lifestyle Clothing Shalwar kameez Mehndi Cuisine Etiquette Gun culture Nationalism flags public holidays songs symbols Sports Athletics Baseball Boxing Cricket Cycling Field hockey Football Gilli - danda Golf Kabaddi Motorsport Marathon ( Lahore ) Olympics Paralympics Polo Rugby Squash Swimming Tennis Places Botanical gardens Cemeteries Churches Forts Gurdwaras Hindu temples Libraries Mausolea and shrines Mosques Museums Parks Stadiums World Heritage Sites Zoos Portal Commons Constituencies of National Assembly of Pakistan National Assembly seats by Province National Assembly constituencies from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( NA - 1 to NA - 51 ) NA - 1 ( Chitral ) NA - 2 ( Swat - I ) NA - 3 ( Swat - II ) NA - 4 ( Swat - III ) NA - 5 ( Upper Dir ) NA - 6 ( Lower Dir - I ) NA - 7 ( Lower Dir - II ) NA - 8 ( Malakand ) NA - 9 ( Buner ) NA - 10 ( Shangla ) NA - 11 ( Kohistan ) NA - 12 ( Battagram ) NA - 13 ( Mansehra - I ) NA - 14 ( Mansehra - cum - Torghar ) NA - 15 ( Abbottabad - I ) NA - 16 ( Abbottabad - II ) NA - 17 ( Haripur ) NA - 18 ( Swabi - I ) NA - 19 ( Swabi - II ) NA - 20 ( Mardan - I ) NA - 21 ( Mardan - II ) NA - 22 ( Mardan - III ) NA - 23 ( Charsadda - I ) NA - 24 ( Charsadda - II ) NA - 25 ( Nowshera - I ) NA - 26 ( Nowshera - II ) NA - 27 ( Peshawar - I ) NA - 28 ( Peshawar - II ) NA - 29 ( Peshawar - III ) NA - 30 ( Peshawar - IV ) NA - 31 ( Peshawar - V ) NA - 32 ( Kohat ) NA - 33 ( Hangu ) NA - 34 ( Karak ) NA - 35 ( Bannu ) NA - 36 ( Lakki Marwat ) NA - 37 ( Tank ) NA - 38 ( Dera Ismail Khan - I ) NA - 39 ( Dera Ismail Khan - II ) NA - 40 ( Tribal Area - I ) NA - 41 ( Tribal Area - II ) NA - 42 ( Tribal Area - III ) NA - 43 ( Tribal Area - IV ) NA - 44 ( Tribal Area - V ) NA - 45 ( Tribal Area - VI ) NA - 46 ( Tribal Area - VII ) NA - 47 ( Tribal Area - VIII ) NA - 48 ( Tribal Area - IX ) NA - 49 ( Tribal Area - X ) NA - 50 ( Tribal Area - XI ) NA - 51 ( Tribal Area - XII ) National Assembly constituencies from Islamabad ( NA - 52 to NA - 54 ) NA - 52 ( Islamabad - I ) NA - 53 ( Islamabad - II ) NA - 54 ( Islamabad - III ) National Assembly constituencies from the Punjab ( NA - 55 to NA - 195 ) NA - 55 ( Attock - I ) NA - 56 ( Attock - II ) NA - 57 ( Rawalpindi - I ) NA - 58 ( Rawalpindi - II ) NA - 59 ( Rawalpindi - III ) NA - 60 ( Rawalpindi - IV ) NA - 61 ( Rawalpindi - V ) NA - 62 ( Rawalpindi - VI ) NA - 63 ( Rawalpindi - VII ) NA - 64 ( Chakwal - I ) NA - 65 ( Chakwal - II ) NA - 66 ( Jehlum - I ) NA - 67 ( Jehlum - II ) NA - 68 ( Gujrat - I ) NA - 69 ( Gujrat - II ) NA - 70 ( Gujrat - III ) NA - 71 ( Gujrat - IV ) NA - 72 ( Sialkot - I ) NA - 73 ( Sialkot - II ) NA - 74 ( Sialkot - III ) NA - 75 ( Sialkot - IV ) NA - 76 ( Sialkot - V ) NA - 77 ( Narowal - I ) NA - 78 ( Narowal - II ) NA - 79 ( Gujranwala - I ) NA - 80 ( Gujranwala - II ) NA - 81 ( Gujranwala - III ) NA - 82 ( Gujranwala - IV ) NA - 83 ( Gujranwala - V ) NA - 84 ( Gujranwala - VI ) NA - 85 ( Mandi Bahauddin - I ) NA - 86 ( Mandi Bahauddin - II ) NA - 87 ( Hafizabad ) NA - 88 ( Sargodha - I ) NA - 89 ( Sargodha - II ) NA - 90 ( Sargodha - III ) NA - 91 ( Sargodha - IV ) NA - 92 ( Sargodha - V ) NA - 93 ( Khushab - I ) NA - 94 ( Khushab - II ) NA - 95 ( Mianwali - I ) NA - 96 ( Mianwali - II ) NA - 97 ( Bhakkar - I ) NA - 98 ( Bhakkar - II ) NA - 99 ( Chiniot - I ) NA - 100 ( Chiniot - II ) NA - 101 ( Faisalabad - I ) NA - 102 ( Faisalabad - II ) NA - 103 ( Faisalabad - III ) NA - 104 ( Faisalabad - IV ) NA - 105 ( Faisalabad - V ) NA - 106 ( Faisalabad - VI ) NA - 107 ( Faisalabad - VII ) NA - 108 ( Faisalabad - VIII ) NA - 109 ( Faisalabad - IX ) NA - 110 ( Faisalabad - X ) NA - 111 ( Toba Tek Singh - I ) NA - 112 ( Toba Tek Singh - II ) NA - 113 ( Toba Tek Singh - III ) NA - 114 ( Jhang - I ) NA - 115 ( Jhang - II ) NA - 116 ( Jhang - III ) NA - 117 ( Nankana Sahib - I ) NA - 118 ( Nankana Sahib - II ) NA - 119 ( Sheikhupura - I ) NA - 120 ( Sheikhupura - II ) NA - 121 ( Sheikhupura - III ) NA - 122 ( Sheikhupura - IV ) NA - 123 ( Lahore - I ) NA - 124 ( Lahore - II ) NA - 125 ( Lahore - III ) NA - 126 ( Lahore - IV ) NA - 127 ( Lahore - V ) NA - 128 ( Lahore - VI ) NA - 129 ( Lahore - VII ) NA - 130 ( Lahore - VIII ) NA - 131 ( Lahore - IX ) NA - 132 ( Lahore - X ) NA - 133 ( Lahore - XI ) NA - 134 ( Lahore - XII ) NA - 135 ( Lahore - XIII ) NA - 136 ( Lahore - XIV ) NA - 137 ( Kasur - I ) NA - 138 ( Kasur - II ) NA - 139 ( Kasur - III ) NA - 140 ( Kasur - IV ) NA - 141 ( Okara - I ) NA - 142 ( Okara - II ) NA - 143 ( Okara - III ) NA - 144 ( Okara - IV ) NA - 145 ( Pakpattan - I ) NA - 146 ( Pakpattan - II ) NA - 147 ( Sahiwal - I ) NA - 148 ( Sahiwal - II ) NA - 149 ( Sahiwal - III ) NA - 150 ( Khanewal - I ) NA - 151 ( Khanewal - II ) NA - 152 ( Khanewal - III ) NA - 153 ( Khanewal - IV ) NA - 154 ( Multan - I ) NA - 155 ( Multan - II ) NA - 156 ( Multan - III ) NA - 157 ( Multan - IV ) NA - 158 ( Multan - V ) NA - 159 ( Multan - VI ) NA - 160 ( Lodhran - I ) NA - 161 ( Lodhran - II ) NA - 162 ( Vehari - I ) NA - 163 ( Vehari - II ) NA - 164 ( Vehari - III ) NA - 165 ( Vehari - IV ) NA - 166 ( Bahawalnagar - I ) NA - 167 ( Bahawalnagar - II ) NA - 168 ( Bahawalnagar - III ) NA - 169 ( Bahawalnagar - IV ) NA - 170 ( Bahawalpur - I ) NA - 171 ( Bahawalpur - II ) NA - 172 ( Bahawalpur - III ) NA - 173 ( Bahawalpur - IV ) NA - 174 ( Bahawalpur - V ) NA - 175 ( Rahim Yar Khan - I ) NA - 176 ( Rahim Yar Khan - II ) NA - 177 ( Rahim Yar Khan - III ) NA - 178 ( Rahim Yar Khan - IV ) NA - 179 ( Rahim Yar Khan - V ) NA - 180 ( Rahim Yar Khan - VI ) NA - 181 ( Muzaffargarh - I ) NA - 182 ( Muzaffargarh - II ) NA - 183 ( Muzaffargarh - III ) NA - 184 ( Muzaffargarh - IV ) NA - 185 ( Muzaffargarh - V ) NA - 186 ( Muzaffargarh - VI ) NA - 187 ( Layyah - I ) NA - 188 ( Layyah - II ) NA - 189 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - I ) NA - 190 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - II ) NA - 191 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - III ) NA - 192 ( Dera Ghazi Khan - IV ) NA - 193 ( Rajanpur - I ) NA - 194 ( Rajanpur - II ) NA - 195 ( Rajanpur - III ) National Assembly constituencies from Sindh ( NA - 196 to NA - 256 ) NA - 196 ( Jacobabad ) NA - 197 ( Kashmore ) NA - 198 ( Shikarpur - I ) NA - 199 ( Shikarpur - II ) NA - 200 ( Larkana - I ) NA - 201 ( Larkana - II ) NA - 202 ( Qambar Shahdadkot - I ) NA - 203 ( Qambar Shahdadkot - II ) NA - 204 ( Ghotki - I ) NA - 205 ( Ghotki - II ) NA - 206 ( Sukkur - I ) NA - 207 ( Sukkur - II ) NA - 208 ( Khairpur - I ) NA - 209 ( Khairpur - II ) NA - 210 ( Khairpur - III ) NA - 211 ( Naushahro Feroze - I ) NA - 212 ( Naushahro Feroze - II ) NA - 213 ( Shaheed Benazirabad - I ) NA - 214 ( Shaheed Benazirabad - II ) NA - 215 ( Sanghar - I ) NA - 216 ( Sanghar - II ) NA - 217 ( Sanghar - III ) NA - 218 ( Mirpur Khas - I ) NA - 219 ( Mirpur Khas - II ) NA - 220 ( Umerkot ) NA - 221 ( Tharparkar - I ) NA - 222 ( Tharparkar - II ) NA - 223 ( Matiari ) NA - 224 ( Tando Allahyar ) NA - 225 ( Hyderabad - I ) NA - 226 ( Hyderabad - II ) NA - 227 ( Hyderabad - III ) NA - 228 ( Tando Muhammad Khan ) NA - 229 ( Badin - I ) NA - 230 ( Badin - II ) NA - 231 ( Sujawal ) NA - 232 ( Thatta ) NA - 233 ( Jamshoro ) NA - 234 ( Dadu - I ) NA - 235 ( Dadu - II ) NA - 236 ( Malir - I ) NA - 237 ( Malir - II ) NA - 238 ( Malir - III ) NA - 239 ( Korangi - I ) NA - 240 ( Korangi - II ) NA - 241 ( Korangi - III ) NA - 242 ( Karachi East - I ) NA - 243 ( Karachi East - II ) NA - 244 ( Karachi East - III ) NA - 245 ( Karachi East - IV ) NA - 246 ( Karachi South - I ) NA - 247 ( Karachi South - II ) NA - 248 ( Karachi West - I ) NA - 249 ( Karachi West - II ) NA - 250 ( Karachi West - III ) NA - 251 ( Karachi West - IV ) NA - 252 ( Karachi West - V ) NA - 253 ( Karachi Central - I ) NA - 254 ( Karachi Central - II ) NA - 255 ( Karachi Central - III ) NA - 256 ( Karachi Central - IV ) National Assembly constituencies from Balochistan ( NA - 257 to NA - 272 ) NA - 257 ( Killa Saifullah - cum - Zhob - cum - Sherani ) NA - 258 ( Loralai - cum - Musakhel - cum - Ziarat - cum - Duki - cum - Harnai ) NA - 259 ( Dera Bugti - cum - Kohlu - cum - Barkhan - cum - Sibbi - cum - Lehri ) NA - 260 ( Nasirabad - cum - Kachhi - cum - Jhal Magsi ) NA - 261 ( Jafarabad - cum - Sohbatpur ) NA - 262 ( Pishin ) NA - 263 ( Killa Abdullah ) NA - 264 ( Quetta - I ) NA - 265 ( Quetta - II ) NA - 266 ( Quetta - III ) NA - 267 ( Mastung - cum - Shaheed Sikandarabad - cum - Kalat ) NA - 268 ( Chagai - cum - Nushki - cum - Kharan ) NA - 269 ( Khuzdar ) NA - 270 ( Panjgur - cum - Washuk - cum - Awaran ) NA - 271 ( Kech ) NA - 272 ( Lasbela - cum - Gwadar ) Election Commission of Pakistan Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures GND : 277192 - 5 ISNI : 0000 0004 0405 353X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Pakistan&oldid=854734140 '' Categories : National Assembly of Pakistan National lower houses Parliament of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles containing Urdu - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Українська اردو 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 12 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	total number of pti seats in national assembly	[ "National Assembly Pakistan قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان‬\n15th National Assembly of Pakistan\nTypeType\nLower house of the Parliament of Pakistan LeadershipSpeaker\nTBD Since 15 August 2018 Deputy Speaker\nTBD Since 15 August 2018 Leader of the House\nTBD Since 17 August 2018 Leader of the Opposition\nTBD Since 17 August 2018 StructureSeats\n342 [2]\nPolitical groups\n PTI (158)[1]\n PML–N (82)\n PPP (54)\n MMA (15)\n MQM-P (7)\n PML–Q (5)\n BAP (5)\n BNP-M (4)\n GDA (3)\n AML (1)\n JWP (1)\n ANP (1)\n IND (4)\n Postponed (2)\nElectionsVoting system\nMixed member majoritarian (First past the post for most seats, 60 seats reserved for women and 10 seats reserved for religious minorities by proportional representation)Last election\n25 July 2018Meeting place\n\nParliament House, IslamabadWebsite\nwww.na.gov.pk" ]	[ "158" ]
4290529150696092553	2017 China Open – Men's Singles	2017 China Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2017 China Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Men 's Singles 2017 China Open Champion Rafael Nadal Runner - up Nick Kyrgios Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Details Draw 32 ( 4 Q / 3 WC ) Seeds 8 Events Singles men women Doubles men women ← 2016 China Open 2018 → Main article : 2017 China Open ( tennis ) Andy Murray was the defending champion but withdrew with a hip injury before the tournament began . Rafael Nadal won the title , defeating Nick Kyrgios in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Draw 2.1 Key 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.4 Bottom half 3 Qualifying 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Qualifiers 3.3 Qualifying draw 3.3. 1 First qualifier 3.3. 2 Second qualifier 3.3. 3 Third qualifier 3.3. 4 Fourth qualifier 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) Rafael Nadal ( Champion ) Alexander Zverev ( Semifinals ) Grigor Dimitrov ( Semifinals ) Pablo Carreño Busta ( First round ) Roberto Bautista Agut ( Quarterfinals ) John Isner ( Quarterfinals ) Tomáš Berdych ( Second round ) Nick Kyrgios ( Final ) Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Rafael Nadal 6 6 Grigor Dimitrov 6 Rafael Nadal 6 6 8 Nick Kyrgios 8 Nick Kyrgios 6 7 Alexander Zverev 5 Top half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals R Nadal 7 7 L Pouille 6 6 5 R Nadal 6 6 WC D Wu K Khachanov K Khachanov 6 6 R Nadal 6 7 L Mayer 7 5 6 6 J Isner 6 P Lorenzi 6 7 L Mayer 0 Q M Jaziri 6 J Isner 6 6 6 J Isner 6 6 R Nadal 6 6 G Dimitrov 6 6 G Dimitrov 6 SE D Džumhur 6 G Dimitrov 7 7 P Cuevas 6 WC JM del Potro 6 5 WC JM del Potro 7 6 G Dimitrov 7 6 Q M Granollers 5 R Bautista Agut 6 6 A Bedene 6 6 A Bedene 0 0 WC Ze Zhang 5 R Bautista Agut 6 5 R Bautista Agut 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 8 N Kyrgios 6 6 N Basilashvili 8 N Kyrgios 6 6 J-L Struff 7 M Zverev 6 M Zverev 5 6 6 8 N Kyrgios 6 F Verdasco 6 Q S Darcis 0 0 Q D Lajović 6 6 Q D Lajović Q S Darcis 6 6 Q S Darcis 6 6 P Carreño Busta 0 8 N Kyrgios 6 7 7 T Berdych 6 0 6 A Zverev 5 J Donaldson 6 7 T Berdych 6 J Sock 6 A Rublev 6 6 A Rublev 6 6 A Rublev R Haase 6 A Zverev 6 6 F Fognini 7 6 F Fognini K Edmund 6 A Zverev 6 6 A Zverev 6 7 Qualifying ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Borna Ćorić ( Qualifying competition ) Rogério Dutra Silva ( Qualifying competition ) Steve Darcis ( Qualified ) Malek Jaziri ( Qualified ) Dušan Lajović ( Qualified ) Jérémy Chardy ( First round ) Sergiy Stakhovsky ( Qualifying competition ) Peter Polansky ( Qualifying competition ) Qualifiers ( edit ) Marcel Granollers Dušan Lajović Steve Darcis Malek Jaziri Qualifying draw ( edit ) First qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Borna Ćorić 6 6 Alt Marcos Giron Borna Ćorić Alt Marcel Granollers 6 6 Alt Marcel Granollers 6 6 6 Jérémy Chardy Second qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Rogério Dutra Silva 6 6 WC Te Rigele 0 Rogério Dutra Silva 7 5 Dušan Lajović 6 5 6 Alessandro Giannessi 6 5 Dušan Lajović 6 6 Third qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Steve Darcis 6 6 WC Sun Fajing Steve Darcis 5 7 6 8 / Alt Peter Polansky 7 6 Alt Ivan Dodig 6 5 0 8 / Alt Peter Polansky 7 0 Fourth qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Malek Jaziri 6 6 WC Zhang Zhizhen Malek Jaziri 6 7 7 Sergiy Stakhovsky 6 Thiago Monteiro 7 5 7 Sergiy Stakhovsky 6 7 6 References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Main Draw Qualifying Draw 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_China_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 808281591 '' Categories : China Open ( tennis ) 2017 China Open ( tennis ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 23 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who won the 2017 china open tennis tournament	[ "Rafael Nadal won the title, defeating Nick Kyrgios in the final, 6–2, 6–1." ]	[ "Rafael Nadal" ]
3855359402577168522	Hammersmith & City line	Hammersmith & City line - wikipedia Hammersmith & City line Hammersmith & City line A Hammersmith & City line train at Hammersmith , the western terminus Overview Type Sub-surface System London Underground Stations 29 Ridership 114.6 million ( 2011 / 12 ) passenger journeys Colour on map Pink Website tfl.gov.uk Operation Opened Infrastructure opened in stages between 1863 and 1902 , shown as a separate line on the tube map from 1990 . Depot ( s ) Hammersmith Rolling stock S7 Stock ( 7 carriages per trainset ) Technical Line length 25.5 km ( 15.8 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Transport for London rail lines London Underground Bakerloo Central Circle District Hammersmith & City Jubilee Metropolitan Northern Piccadilly Victoria Waterloo & City Other lines Docklands Light Railway Tramlink Overground TfL Rail The Hammersmith & City line is a London Underground line that runs between Hammersmith in west London and Barking in east London . Coloured pink on the Tube map , it serves 29 stations over 15.8 miles ( 25.5 km ) . Between Farringdon and Aldgate East it skirts the City of London , the capital 's financial heart , hence the line 's name . Its tunnels are just below the surface and are a similar size to those on British main lines . Most of the track and all stations are shared with either the District , Circle or Metropolitan lines , the other parts of London Underground 's sub-surface railway , and over 114 million passenger journeys are made each year on the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines . In 1863 , the Metropolitan Railway began the world 's first underground railway service between Paddington and Farringdon with wooden carriages and steam locomotives . The following year , a railway west from Paddington to Hammersmith was opened and this soon became operated and owned jointly by the Metropolitan and Great Western Railway companies . The line was then extended to the east , in stages , reaching the East London Railway in 1884 . The line was electrified in 1906 , and , in 1936 , after the Metropolitan Railway had been absorbed by the London Passenger Transport Board , some Hammersmith & City line trains were extended over the former District Railway line to Barking . The Hammersmith & City route was shown on the Tube map as part of the Metropolitan line until 1990 , since when it has appeared as a separate line . The track and signalling systems are being upgraded , and the old six - car C Stock trains have been replaced by new seven - car S Stock trains in a programme to increase capacity by 65 per cent by 2019 . The line runs parallel to the Great Western Main Line between Paddington and Westbourne Park , and parallel to the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway between West Ham and Barking . Contents 1 History 1.1 Metropolitan Railway 1.2 London Transport 1.3 A separate identity 2 Route 3 Services 4 Rolling stock 5 Depot 6 Upgrade programme 7 List of stations 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Metropolitan Railway ( edit ) Main article : Metropolitan Railway Hammersmith & City Line Legend Hammersmith ( Hammersmith ) Hammersmith depot Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market White City Wood Lane ( White City ) West London Line Services to Kensington ( Olympia ) withdrawn 1940 Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Great Western main line to Bristol Westbourne Park Crossrail ( under construction ) Royal Oak Paddington Circle and District lines via Tower Hill Edgware Road Metropolitan line to Harrow Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square Thameslink King 's Cross St. Pancras Clerkenwell Farringdon Thameslink Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Circle line via Tower Hill Aldgate District line via Tower Hill Aldgate East St. Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) St Mary 's Curve ( services withdrawn 1939 ) Whitechapel East London Line Crossrail ( under construction ) Stepney Green Central line via Bank Mile End Central line via Stratford LTS Railway to Fenchurch Street Bow Road ( Bow Church ) Bromley - by - Bow West Ham Plaistow Upton Park East Ham Gospel Oak to Barking line Barking LTS Railway and District line to Upminster and Shoeburyness The first line built by the Metropolitan Railway ( Met ) was from Paddington to near Smithfield , near London 's financial heart in the City ; with gas - lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives opened on 10 January 1863 it was the world 's first underground railway . The line was built mostly under the New Road using the `` cut - and - cover '' method between Paddington and King 's Cross and then in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road . Supported by the Met and the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , the Hammersmith & City Railway ( H&CR ) was built from the GWR 's main line a mile west of Paddington station to the developing suburbs of Shepherd 's Bush and Hammersmith . Built on viaduct largely across open fields , the line opened on 13 June 1864 with a GWR service from Farringdon to Hammersmith , services to Addison Road ( now Kensington ( Olympia ) ) on the West London Railway via a link at Latimer Road starting a few weeks later . From 1865 the Met ran trains to Hammersmith and the GWR trains to Addison Road . In 1867 the line became jointly owned by the two companies . In 1871 two additional tracks parallel to the GWR between Westbourne Park and Paddington were brought into use for the H&CR , and in 1878 the flat crossing at Westbourne Park was replaced by a dive - under . A year earlier some services had been extended via London & South Western Railway 's Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) railway station and their line to Richmond . The railway was extended east of Farringdon and a terminus opened at Aldgate on 18 November 1876 . The Met wished to access the South Eastern Railway via the East London Railway ( ELR ) and jointly with the District Railway built lines from their Mansion House station to the Met 's Aldgate station and east from Aldgate to reach the ELR at Whitechapel . In October 1884 the Met extended some Hammersmith services over the ELR to New Cross . In 1902 the Whitechapel & Bow Railway was opened , linking the District Railway at Whitechapel to the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway ( LT&SR ) at an above - ground junction at Bow , to the west of Bromley - by - Bow station , and some District services were extended from Whitechapel to East Ham . When the line was electrified in 1906 services to Richmond were withdrawn and the western termini became Hammersmith and Kensington ( Addison Road ) , and to the east services were diverted from the ELR to Whitechapel , until the ELR was electrified in 1914 and services ran from Hammersmith to New Cross ( SER ) and New Cross ( LB&SCR ) . The 6 - car electric multiple units were jointly owned by the Met and GWR until 1923 when the GWR sold theirs to the Met . London Transport ( edit ) Main article : Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan Railway was amalgamated with other Underground railways , tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board . To relieve congestion on the District line east of Whitechapel from 1936 some trains from Hammersmith were diverted from the East London line to Barking . Through trains to New Cross and New Cross Gate were withdrawn in November 1939 , the Hammersmith & City line trains terminating at Whitechapel while the longer 8 - car Uxbridge line trains ran to Barking . However , this caused operational problems and from 1941 Barking was again served by trains from Hammersmith . From 1937 new steel O stock trains , with doors remotely operated by the guard , replaced the wooden - bodied trains dating from 1906 . It had been intended to operate the new trains with four or six cars , but after initial problems with the traction current only six - car formations were used . Services to Kensington ( Olympia ) via the curve at Latimer Road were suspended in 1940 after bomb damage to the West London line and not restarted after the war . When the similar trains running on the Circle line were lengthened to six cars in 1959 and 1960 , the stock of the two lines was integrated with maintenance at Hammersmith depot . Aluminium C Stock trains , with public address systems and originally unpainted , replaced these trains from 1970 . One person operation was proposed in 1972 , but due to conflict with the trade unions was not introduced until 1984 . A separate identity ( edit ) The route between Hammersmith and Barking was shown on the tube map as part of the Metropolitan line , but since 1990 has been shown separately , the Metropolitan line becoming the route from Aldgate to Baker Street and northwards through `` Metro - Land '' to Uxbridge , Watford and Amersham . In 2003 , the infrastructure of the Hammersmith & City line was partly privatised in a public -- private partnership , managed by the Metronet consortium . Metronet went into administration in 2007 and the local government body Transport for London took over responsibilities . The reconstruction of Whitechapel station for the new Crossrail underground line required the reversing platforms to be taken out of use and since December 2009 all services have been extended to Plaistow or Barking . The C Stock trains have been replaced by S7 Stock ; the first new train entered service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012 , running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate before operating between Hammersmith and Barking on 9 December 2012 . By March 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains . Route ( edit ) The Hammersmith & City line and the London boroughs served The line is 15.8 miles ( 25.5 km ) long with 29 stations . Almost all of its track is shared with the other London Underground sub-surface lines : from Hammersmith to Baker Street with the Circle line , from Baker Street to Aldgate with the Circle and Metropolitan lines , and from Aldgate East station to Barking with the District line . All its stations are shared with other lines . The line is electrified with a four - rail DC system : a central conductor rail is energised at − 210 V and a rail outside the running rails at + 420 V , giving a potential difference of 630 V. Much of the 2 - mile - 35 - chain ( 3.9 km ) double - track railway from the Hammersmith terminus to Westbourne Park station is on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) high brick viaduct . After Westbourne Park the line passes beneath the Great Western main line re-surfacing at Royal Oak station and running alongside the main lines to Paddington station . The line enters a cutting just west of the station and a cut - and - cover tunnel at the end of the platforms . It meets the Circle line from Bayswater at Praed Street Junction before passing through Edgware Road station in a cutting . After King 's Cross St Pancras the line is in cutting , passing under the Ray Street Gridiron that carries the City Widened Lines used for Thameslink services . There are bay platforms at Moorgate . Just before Aldgate the line diverges from the Circle and Metropolitan lines to Aldgate East . The line passes over the London Overground at Whitechapel station continuing on the 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) former Whitechapel & Bow Railway to Bow Road where it surfaces , and then to Bromley - by - Bow , where it runs alongside the London , Tilbury and Southend line from Fenchurch Street . At the next station , West Ham , there is interchange with the Jubilee line , the Docklands Light Railway and c2c . There is a bay platform at the next station , Plaistow , and the line terminates after two more stations at Barking . Services ( edit ) As of December 2012 off - peak there are six trains per hour , calling at all stations , and requiring 15 trains for the peak - hour service . Together with the Circle line , over 114 million passenger journeys are made each year . The journey from Hammersmith to Barking takes 61 minutes off - peak . The central section from Paddington to Aldgate East is in Fare Zone 1 , to the west to Hammersmith and east to Bromley - by - Bow in Zone 2 . Barking and East Ham are in Zone 4 . Rolling Stock ( edit ) Main article : London Underground S7 and S8 Stock S7 Stock leaving West Ham station Services are provided by seven - car S Stock , part of Bombardier 's Movia family , with air - conditioning as the sub-surface tunnels ( unlike those on the deep - level tube lines ) are able to disperse the exhausted hot air . These trains have regenerative brakes , returning around 20 per cent of their energy to the network . With a top speed of 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) , a 7 - car S Stock train has a capacity of 865 passengers , compared to 739 for the six - car C Stock train it replaced . With a length of 384 feet ( 117 m ) , S Stock trains are 79 feet ( 24 m ) longer than 305 - foot ( 93 m ) long C Stock trains and station platforms have been lengthened . Traction voltage was increased in 2017 , from the present nominal 630 V to 750 V to give better performance and allow the trains to return more energy to the network through their regenerative brakes . Depot ( edit ) The line 's depot is at Hammersmith , close to Hammersmith station , built by the Great Western Railway to be operated by the Metropolitan Railway when the joint railway was electrified in the early 20th century . Sidings at Barking and near High Street Kensington ( Triangle Sidings ) stable trains overnight . Sidings at Farringdon were used during the C stock era ; due to the greater length of the new S stock trains , these are no longer in use . Upgrade programme ( edit ) Together with the introduction of S Stock trains , the track , electrical supply and signalling systems are being upgraded in a programme planned to increase peak - hour capacity on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines by 65 per cent by the end of 2018 . A single control room for the sub-surface railway opened in Hammersmith on 6 May 2018 and an automatic train control ( ATC ) system will replace signalling equipment installed from the 1940s . The cross-London Crossrail line , planned to open in 2018 , is expected to reduce crowding between Paddington and Whitechapel . Automatic operation was planned by TfL to begin in June 2018 but it is yet to start in public service . List of stations ( edit ) Station Image Opened Additional information Position Hammersmith 13 June 1864 Moved to current position 1 December 1868 . 51 ° 29 ′ 39 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 30 '' W / 51.49417 ° N 0.22500 ° W / 51.49417 ; - 0.22500 ( 01 - Hammersmith tube station ) Goldhawk Road 1 April 1914 51 ° 30 ′ 07 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 37 '' W / 51.50194 ° N 0.22694 ° W / 51.50194 ; - 0.22694 ( 02 - Goldhawk Road tube station ) Shepherd 's Bush Market 13 June 1864 Moved to current position 1 April 1914 . Renamed from `` Shepherd 's Bush '' in 2008 . 51 ° 30 ′ 21 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 35 '' W / 51.50583 ° N 0.22639 ° W / 51.50583 ; - 0.22639 ( 03 - Shepherd 's Bush Market tube station ) Wood Lane 12 October 2008 51 ° 30 ′ 35 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 27 '' W / 51.50972 ° N 0.22417 ° W / 51.50972 ; - 0.22417 ( 04 - Wood Lane tube station ) Latimer Road 16 December 1868 Closed between 17 January and 1 August 2011 for refurbishment and extension works 51 ° 30 ′ 50 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 02 '' W / 51.51389 ° N 0.21722 ° W / 51.51389 ; - 0.21722 ( 05 - Latimer Road tube station ) Ladbroke Grove 13 June 1864 Opened as Notting Hill , renamed Notting Hill & Ladbroke Grove in 1880 , Ladbroke Grove ( North Kensington ) in 1919 and Ladbroke Grove in 1938 . 51 ° 31 ′ 02 '' N 000 ° 12 ′ 38 '' W / 51.51722 ° N 0.21056 ° W / 51.51722 ; - 0.21056 ( 06 - Ladbroke Grove tube station ) Westbourne Park 1 February 1866 Moved to current position 1 November 1871 , and a Great Western main - line station until 1992 . 51 ° 31 ′ 16 '' N 000 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W / 51.52111 ° N 0.20111 ° W / 51.52111 ; - 0.20111 ( 07 - Westbourne Park tube station ) Royal Oak 30 October 1871 Also a Great Western main - line station until 1934 . 51 ° 31 ′ 09 '' N 000 ° 11 ′ 17 '' W / 51.51917 ° N 0.18806 ° W / 51.51917 ; - 0.18806 ( 08 - Royal Oak tube station ) Paddington 10 January 1863 Opened as Paddington ( Bishop 's Road ) , renamed in 1948 . Connects with Bakerloo and District lines and Paddington main - line station . 51 ° 31 ′ 07 '' N 000 ° 10 ′ 46 '' W / 51.51861 ° N 0.17944 ° W / 51.51861 ; - 0.17944 ( 09 - Paddington station ( H&C platforms ) ) Edgware Road 10 January 1863 Connects with District and Circle lines . 51 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 000 ° 10 ′ 04 '' W / 51.52000 ° N 0.16778 ° W / 51.52000 ; - 0.16778 ( 10 - Edgware Road tube station ) Baker Street 10 January 1863 Connects with Bakerloo , Jubilee and Metropolitan lines . 51 ° 31 ′ 19 '' N 000 ° 09 ′ 25 '' W / 51.52194 ° N 0.15694 ° W / 51.52194 ; - 0.15694 ( 11 - Baker Street tube station ) Great Portland Street 10 January 1863 Opened as Portland Road , renamed Great Portland Street in 1917 . Named Great Portland Street & Regent 's Park 1923 -- 33 . 51 ° 31 ′ 26 '' N 000 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W / 51.52389 ° N 0.14389 ° W / 51.52389 ; - 0.14389 ( 12 - Great Portland Street tube station ) Euston Square 10 January 1863 Opened as Gower Street and renamed in 1909 . Closest Hammersmith & City line station to Euston main - line station . 51 ° 31 ′ 33 '' N 000 ° 08 ′ 09 '' W / 51.52583 ° N 0.13583 ° W / 51.52583 ; - 0.13583 ( 13 - Euston Square tube station ) King 's Cross St Pancras 10 January 1863 Opened as King 's Cross , renamed King 's Cross & St. Pancras in 1925 and King 's Cross St. Pancras in 1933 . Moved to current position in 1941 . Connects with Northern , Piccadilly and Victoria lines St Pancras and King 's Cross main - line stations . 51 ° 31 ′ 49 '' N 000 ° 07 ′ 27 '' W / 51.53028 ° N 0.12417 ° W / 51.53028 ; - 0.12417 ( 14 - King 's Cross St. Pancras tube station ) Farringdon 10 January 1863 Opened as Farringdon Street , and moved to current position in 1865 . Renamed Farringdon & High Holborn in 1922 and Farringdon in 1936 . Connects with Thameslink services . 51 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 000 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W / 51.52000 ° N 0.10528 ° W / 51.52000 ; - 0.10528 ( 15 - Farringdon station ) Barbican 23 December 1865 Opened as Aldersgate Street , then Aldersgate in 1910 , Aldersgate & Barbican in 1923 and Barbican in 1968 . 51 ° 31 ′ 13 '' N 000 ° 05 ′ 52 '' W / 51.52028 ° N 0.09778 ° W / 51.52028 ; - 0.09778 ( 16 - Barbican tube station ) Moorgate 23 December 1865 Opened as Moorgate Street , renamed in 1924 . Connects with Northern line and the main line . 51 ° 31 ′ 07 '' N 000 ° 05 ′ 19 '' W / 51.51861 ° N 0.08861 ° W / 51.51861 ; - 0.08861 ( 17 - Moorgate station ) Liverpool Street 11 July 1875 From February to July 1875 trains used platforms in the mainline station . Connects with Central and Circle lines and Liverpool Street mainline station . 51 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 000 ° 04 ′ 59 '' W / 51.51778 ° N 0.08306 ° W / 51.51778 ; - 0.08306 ( 18 - Liverpool Street station ) Aldgate East 6 October 1884 Connects with District line . Moved to current position in 1938 . 51 ° 30 ′ 55 '' N 000 ° 04 ′ 20 '' W / 51.51528 ° N 0.07222 ° W / 51.51528 ; - 0.07222 ( 19 - Aldgate East tube station ) Whitechapel 6 October 1884 Connects with London Overground services . Opened as Whitechapel ( Mile End ) , renamed in 1901 . Metropolitan service began in 1906 , and withdrawn 1913 -- 36 . 51 ° 31 ′ 08 '' N 000 ° 03 ′ 40 '' W / 51.51889 ° N 0.06111 ° W / 51.51889 ; - 0.06111 ( 20 - Whitechapel station ) Stepney Green 23 June 1902 Metropolitan service began in 1941 . 51 ° 31 ′ 19 '' N 000 ° 02 ′ 47 '' W / 51.52194 ° N 0.04639 ° W / 51.52194 ; - 0.04639 ( 21 - Stepney Green tube station ) Mile End 2 June 1902 Cross platform interchange with Central line . Metropolitan service began in 1936 . 51 ° 31 ′ 30 '' N 000 ° 01 ′ 59 '' W / 51.52500 ° N 0.03306 ° W / 51.52500 ; - 0.03306 ( 22 - Mile End tube station ) Bow Road 11 June 1902 Main - line station opened in 1876 and moved in 1892 . Metropolitan service began in 1936 , main - line station closed in 1947 . 51 ° 31 ′ 38 '' N 000 ° 01 ′ 29 '' W / 51.52722 ° N 0.02472 ° W / 51.52722 ; - 0.02472 ( 23 - Bow Road tube station ) Bromley - by - Bow 2 June 1902 Opened as main - line station in 1894 . First served as Bromley , Metropolitan service began in 1936 , main - line station closed in 1940 and renamed in 1967 . 51 ° 31 ′ 26 '' N 000 ° 00 ′ 41 '' W / 51.52389 ° N 0.01139 ° W / 51.52389 ; - 0.01139 ( 24 - Bromley - by - Bow tube station ) West Ham 2 June 1902 Connects with Jubilee line , Docklands Light Railway and c2c services . Main - line station opened 1901 , Named West Ham ( Manor Road ) from 1924 -- 69 , Metropolitan service began in 1941 and main - line station closed 1994 . 51 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 000 ° 00 ′ 14 '' E / 51.52806 ° N 0.00389 ° E / 51.52806 ; 0.00389 ( 25 - West Ham station ) Plaistow 2 June 1902 Main - line station opened in 1858 . Metropolitan service began in 1936 . 51 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 000 ° 01 ′ 02 '' E / 51.53139 ° N 0.01722 ° E / 51.53139 ; 0.01722 ( 26 - Plaistow tube station ) Upton Park 2 June 1902 Main - line station opened in 1877 . Metropolitan service began in 1936 . 51 ° 32 ′ 06 '' N 000 ° 02 ′ 04 '' E / 51.53500 ° N 0.03444 ° E / 51.53500 ; 0.03444 ( 27 - Upton Park tube station ) East Ham 2 June 1902 Main - line station opened in 1858 . Metropolitan service began in 1936 . 51 ° 32 ′ 20 '' N 000 ° 03 ′ 06 '' E / 51.53889 ° N 0.05167 ° E / 51.53889 ; 0.05167 ( 28 - East Ham tube station ) Barking 2 June 1902 Connects with c2c , London Overground , and District line services to Upminster . Main - line station opened in 1854 . District Railway service withdrawn 1905 -- 8 . Metropolitan service began in 1936 . 51 ° 32 ′ 21 '' N 000 ° 04 ′ 54 '' E / 51.53917 ° N 0.08167 ° E / 51.53917 ; 0.08167 ( 29 - Barking station ) Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ combined figures for Circle and Hammersmith & City lines Jump up ^ In August 1872 , the Addison Road service became the Middle Circle when extended over the District Railway to Earl 's Court and onto Mansion House . From 1 July 1900 the service was cut back to run from Earl 's Court to Aldgate before being withdrawn in January 1905 . Jump up ^ Position : 51 ° 29 ′ 52 '' N 000 ° 13 ′ 31 '' W / 51.49778 ° N 0.22528 ° W / 51.49778 ; - 0.22528 ( 30 - Hammersmith Depot ) Jump up ^ Leboff ( 1994 , p. 152 ) adds that the station opened as ' Westbourne Park & Kensal Green ' and was served from the outset by the GWR , whereas Butt ( 1995 , p. 244 ) gives the GWR serving from 1871 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Performance : LU Performance Data Almanac '' . Transport for London . 2011 -- 2012 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground Key Facts '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hammersmith & City line : Key Facts '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Green 1987 , pp. 3 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Dennis ; Pigram , Ron ( 1988 ) . The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro - land Dream . Bloomsbury . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 870630 - 11 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wolmar 2004 , pp. 66 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 1986 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 1986 , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 1986 , pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Rose 2007 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1983 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Green 1987 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , pp. 69 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Horne 2006 , pp. 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 1986 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , pp. 224 , 349 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Horne 2003 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1983 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Horne 2006 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1983 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1983 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Croome , Desmond F. ; Jackson , Alan Arthur ( 1993 ) . Rails Through the Clay : A History of London 's Tube Railways . Capital Transport . p. 468 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 151 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground map 1990 '' . The London Tube map archive . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PPP Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 2009 -- 2010 . pp. 7 -- 8 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the new SSR service pattern introduced in December 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 8 February 2011 . pp. 2 , 8 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bull , John ; Moore , George ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` In Pictures : The S7 Stock In Passenger Service '' . London Reconnections . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Marc ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` First S Stock train runs on Hammersmith & City line '' . Rail.co . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hendy , Peter ( December 2013 ) . `` Commissioner 's Report '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . p. 5 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner 's Report '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 26 March 2014 . pp. 3 -- 4 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detailed London Transport Map '' . carto.metro.free.fr . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew ( 26 April 2012 ) . Underground , Overground : A Passenger 's History of the Tube . Profile Books . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84765 - 807 - 4 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` Hammersmith to Barking Hammersmith & City line timetable '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . In the Tube timetable - Tube station box select `` Hammersmith ( H&C Line ) '' and press Get Timetable . Select Hammersmith & City line Barking timetable and then view timetable . Jump up ^ `` Standard Tube Map '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metro -- London , United Kingdom '' . Bombardier . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transforming the Tube '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . July 2008 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stock : C Stock '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 25 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stock : S stock '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 'S ' stock making its mark '' . Modern Railways . London . December 2010 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Upgrade plan ( leaflet ) '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . February 2013 . p. 10 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , James . `` Sub-surface renewal '' . Modern Railways ( January 2013 ) : 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Hammersmith & City line Upgrade Plan '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Rob . `` Cityflo 650 to control the SSR '' . Modern Railways ( January 2013 ) : 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` A World - Class new railway for London and the South - East '' . Crossrail . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crossrail business case - Summary Report '' . Crossrail . July 2010 . p. 6 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modernisation complete as Shepherd 's Bush Tube station re-opens '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Wood Lane Underground station opens '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latimer Road station to close for three months for engineering works '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Leboff 1994 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Leboff 1994 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Butt 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Butt 1995 , p. 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bruce , J Graeme ( 1983 ) . Steam to Silver . A history of London Transport Surface Rolling Stock . Capital Transport . ISBN 0 - 904711 - 45 - 5 . Butt , R.V.J. ( 1995 ) . The Directory of Railway Stations : details every public and private passenger station , halt , platform and stopping place , past and present ( 1st ed . ) . Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85260 - 508 - 1 . Green , Oliver ( 1987 ) . The London Underground : An illustrated history . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1720 - 4 . Horne , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Metropolitan Line . Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 275 - 5 . Horne , Mike ( 2006 ) . The District Line . Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 292 - 5 . Jackson , Alan ( 1986 ) . London 's Metropolitan Railway . David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8839 - 8 . Leboff , David ( 1994 ) . London Underground Stations . Ian Allan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 2226 - 3 . Rose , Douglas ( December 2007 ) ( 1980 ) . The London Underground : A Diagrammatic History ( 8th ed . ) . Capital Transport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 315 - 0 . Wolmar , Christian ( 2004 ) . The Subterranean Railway : how the London Underground was built and how it changed the city forever . Atlantic . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 023 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) London Railway Map . Quail Maps . 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898319 - 54 - 2 . Yonge , John ( November 2008 ) ( 1994 ) . Jacobs , Gerald , ed. 5 : Southern & TfL . Railway Track Diagrams ( 3rd ed . ) . Bradford on Avon : Trackmaps . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9549866 - 4 - 3 . External links ( edit ) London transport portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hammersmith & City Line . Route map : KML file ( edit help ) Template : Attached KML / Hammersmith City Line KML is from Wikidata `` Hammersmith & City Line '' . Clive 's Underground Line Guides. 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . `` Hammersmith & City Line Underground Stations -- Facts , Trivia And Impressions '' . Randomly London . 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Hammersmith & City line on Twitter Hammersmith & City line Stations Hammersmith Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market Wood Lane Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Edgware Road Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square King 's Cross St. Pancras Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Aldgate East Whitechapel Stepney Green Mile End Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow West Ham Plaistow Upton Park East Ham Barking Rolling stock S7 Stock History Former railways Metropolitan Railway District Railway Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) Former rolling stock A and B Class steam locomotives Electric multiple units O and P Stock C Stock See also District line Circle line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammersmith_%26_City_line&oldid=863743741 '' Categories : London Underground lines Transport in the London Borough of Camden Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Transport in the London Borough of Islington Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Transport in the City of Westminster Transport in the City of London Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Transport in the London Borough of Newham Transport in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Railway lines opened in 1864 Standard gauge railways in London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles using KML from Wikidata Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 贛語 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 18 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when was the hammersmith and city line built	[ "Hammersmith & City line\n\nA Hammersmith & City line train at Hammersmith, the western terminusOverviewType\nSub-surfaceSystem\nLondon UndergroundStations\n29Ridership\n114.6 million (2011/12)[a][1] passenger journeysColour on map\nPinkWebsite\ntfl.gov.ukOperationOpened\nInfrastructure opened in stages between 1863 and 1902, shown as a separate line on the tube map from 1990.Depot(s)\nHammersmith[2]Rolling stock\nS7 Stock (7 carriages per trainset)TechnicalLine length\n25.5 km (15.8 mi)[3]Track gauge\n1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge\n\nshowTransport for London rail lines\n\n\n\nLondon Underground\n\n\nBakerloo\n\n\nCentral\n\n\nCircle\n\n\nDistrict\n\n\nHammersmith & City\n\n\nJubilee\n\n\nMetropolitan\n\n\nNorthern\n\n\nPiccadilly\n\n\nVictoria\n\n\nWaterloo & City\n\n\nOther lines\n\n\nDocklands Light Railway\n\n\nTramlink\n\n\nOverground\n\n\nTfL Rail\n\n\nvte\n\n" ]	[ "Infrastructure opened in stages between 1863 and 1902, shown as a separate line on the tube map from 1990" ]
-7136905956671907838	List of Star Wars filming locations	List of Star Wars filming locations - wikipedia List of Star Wars filming locations Map showing Star Wars shooting locations and film studios Scenery left over from the filming of Tatooine scenes in Onk Jmel , Tunisia Multiple global locations were used for filming locations during the production of the Star Wars films to provide the setting for alien planets in the Star Wars Universe . Most locations were used to shoot principal photography with actors ; more recently as digital filmmaking has become more common , some prequel trilogy locations were shot with no actors present and digitally composited into the films to provide a backdrop of a story setting . Listed below are locations used for filming of the following Star Wars films : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1977 ) Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Star Wars Episode VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Star Wars Episode VIII : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) In addition to filming locations , a list of film studios is also included for reference . Contents ( hide ) 1 Maps 2 Location filming 3 Studios 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Maps ( edit ) Death Valley Redwood National Park Yuma Desert Tunisia locations Europe locations UK locations Phang Nga Guilin Tikal Laamu Atoll Iceland locations Wadi Rum Fox Studios Salar de Uyuni Locations around the world Eyjafjallajökull Reynisfjara Mount Etna Palace of Caserta Hardangerjøkulen Seville Grindelwald Balbianello Skellig Michael Dubrovnik Locations in continental Europe Tozeur Nefta Matmata Ksar Ouled Soltane Ksar Hadada Ajim Locations in Tunisia Ealing Studios Leavesden Studios Shepperton Studios Whippendell Woods Studios and locations in the UK Location filming ( edit ) Image Location Country Episode Setting Notes Ksar Hadada , Ghoumrassen Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa slave quarters Ksar Ouled Soltane Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa slave quarters 30 km south of Tataouine Onk Jemal , Tozeur 33 ° 59 ′ 39 '' N 7 ° 50 ′ 34 '' E / 33.994030 ° N 7.842748 ° E / 33.994030 ; 7.842748 Tunisia Tatooine : Mos Espa street set Location of the lightsaber duel between Qui - Gon Jinn & Darth Maul ; Mos Espa ; Palace of Caserta Italy I , II Naboo Royal Palace Whippendell Woods , Cassiobury Park , Watford UK Naboo forest scene First meeting of Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi with Jar Jar Binks . Plaza de España in Seville Spain II Naboo : City of Theed Villa del Balbianello Italy II Naboo lakeside Used for Anakin and Padmé 's wedding scene overlooking Lake Como Matmata Tunisia II , IV Tatooine : Lars Homestead Used for courtyard shots and Lars dinner scene . The homestead also featured in Attack of the Clones Phang Nga Bay , near Phuket Thailand III Kashyyyk Aerial footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the approach over the Battle of Kashyyyk Guilin China III Kashyyyk Footage of limestone karst mountains which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of Kashyyyk Mount Etna Italy III Mustafar The volcano erupted during filming of Episode III and Lucasfilm sent camera crews to shoot several angles of the eruption ; footage was later composited into the background of the scenes set on Mustafar including the lightsaber duel of Obi - Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker . Grindelwald Switzerland III Alderaan Footage of mountain scenery which was later composited into the film for the backdrop of the planet Alderaan Chott el Djerid , near Nefta 33 ° 50 ′ 34 '' N 7 ° 46 ′ 45 '' E / 33.842850 ° N 7.779055 ° E / 33.842850 ; 7.779055 Tunisia IV Tatooine desert and Lars homestead Area west of Nefta : chott used for the Lars homestead La Grande Dune , near Nefta Tunisia IV Tatooine desert Sand dunes west of Nefta used to film the landing area of the escape pod of C - 3PO and R2 - D2 Tikal Guatemala IV Yavin IV Rebel Base Exterior panoramic shots over the Yavin IV jungle towards the Massassi Temple RAF Cardington , Bedfordshire UK IV , R1 Yavin IV Rebel Base Interior of disused WWII airship sheds were used for the Rebel Base hangar scenes inside the Massassi Temple on the Fourth Moon of Yavin IV ; Shed 1 was used in Ep. IV and Shed 2 was used for Rogue One . Death Valley National Park United States IV Tatooine desert Several Tatooine scenes : Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes - scene where R2D2 goes his separate way after he and C3P0 crash their escape pod on Tatooine ( spliced with footage shot in Tunisia ) Artists Palette & Golden Canyon - Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas ( spliced with footage shot at Sidi Bouhlel , Tunisia ) Artist 's Drive - Where the miniature Sandcrawler was filmed for the shot of R2D2 being carried up to it by Jawas Desolation Canyon - Canyon where Tusken Raiders mount Bantha before Luke Skywalker is attacked ( spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage ) Dante 's View - panoramic establishing shot of Mos Eisley ( spliced with Sidi Bouhlel footage of Luke and Obi - Wan standing on rocky outcrop ) Ajim , Island of Djerba Tunisia IV Tatooine : Mos Eisley Spaceport Scenes shot in the town include the exterior of the Mos Eisley Cantina . An old mosque outside the town ( 33 ° 44 ′ 27 '' N 10 ° 44 ′ 05 '' E / 33.740855 ° N 10.734859 ° E / 33.740855 ; 10.734859 ) was used for exterior shots of Obi - Wan Kenobi 's house . Sidi Jemour , Island of Djerba Tunisia IV Tatooine : Tosche Station Location for the deleted exterior scenes with Luke and Biggs Darklighter ; also used as a backdrop in the Special Edition for the scene showing Luke 's landspeeder heading towards Mos Eisley Shubiel Gorge , Sidi Bouhlel ( or Sidi Bou Helal ) , near Tozeur 34 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 8 ° 16 ′ 49 '' E / 34.036255 ° N 8.280333 ° E / 34.036255 ; 8.280333 Tunisia IV Tatooine canyon Several Tatooine scenes : Canyon where R2D2 is abducted by Jawas ( spliced with footage shot at Death Valley , USA ) Canyon where Tusken Raiders attack Luke Skywalker ( spliced with Death Valley footage ) Scene of wrecked Sandcrawler after attack by Imperial stormtroopers Also features in The Phantom Menace . Hardangerjøkulen Glacier Norway V Hoth Exterior scenes during the battle of Hoth Twenty - Mule Team Canyon , Death Valley , California USA VI Tatooine : Road to Jabba 's Palace Two Tatooine scenes : C - 3P0 and R2D2 walk up to the Palace of Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine . `` Lost scene '' of Luke Skywalker working on a new lightsaber in a cave overlooking the Millennium Falcon and his X-wing , followed by R2D2 and C3PO starting their trek to Jabba 's palace . Buttercup Valley , Yuma Desert United States VI Tatooine exteriors Location used for the Great Pit of Carkoon scene Additional footage for the special edition of A New Hope of stormtroopers finding evidence of droids was shot here and cut in with original shots from La Grande Dune , Tunisia Del Norte County , CA USA VI Endor Forest scenes on the moon of Endor Rub ' al Khali UAE VII Jakku Desert scenes on the planet Jakku Derwentwater , Cumbria UK VII Takodana Lakeside setting of Maz Kanata 's Castle on Takodana ; some Lakeland Fells in the background are altered with CGI Thirlmere , Cumbria UK VII Takodana Low - level X-Wing flight sequences over Takodana ; the background was apparently flipped horizontally Puzzlewood , Forest of Dean UK VII Takodana Forest scenes on the surface of Takodana RAF Greenham Common , Berkshire UK VII , VIII D'Qar Disused missile silos formed the backdrop for the Resistance Base Eyjafjallajökull Iceland VII Starkiller Base Snow scenes on the surface of Starkiller Base Skellig Michael Ireland VII , VIII Ahch - To : Luke 's refuge Final scenes : Rey meeting Luke Skywalker for the first time VIII : Scenes of Luke 's hideout and Rey 's Jedi training Canary Wharf UK R1 Imperial Base London 's Canary Wharf tube station was used as the setting for the Imperial security complex on Scarif . The Norman Foster - designed station 's escalators and glass safety doors are particularly noticeable in the film . Laamu Atoll Maldives R1 Planet Scarif The Laamu Atoll makes up 82 of the 1,192 Maldivian islands . The atoll 's Gan , which is one of the Maldives ' largest islands , stood in for planet Scarif . Reynisfjara Iceland R1 Planet Eadu A 20 - minute drive from Vík í Mýrdal , Reynisfjara served as the setting for the planet Eadu . Wadi Rum Jordan R1 Planet Jedha Wadi Rum is a popular desert location , also used in The Martian . This location earned the Royal Film Commission -- Jordan the Location Managers Guild Award for best Film Commission in 2017 . Bovingdon Airfield , Hertfordshire UK R1 Scarif Battle scenes on the surface of Scarif Salar de Uyuni Bolivia VIII Crait This salt flat served as filmed the Battle of Crait Dubrovnik Croatia VIII Cantonica The city served for the city of Canto Bight Studios ( edit ) Image Location Country Episode Setting Notes Ealing Studios UK II Elstree Studios UK II , III , R1 , IV , V , VI The largest Stage 6 was built specifically for The Empire Strikes Back in 1979 ( since demolished ) Leavesden Studios UK Pinewood Studios UK R1 , VII , VIII Shepperton Studios UK III , IV Yavin Stage H was used for the final awards ceremony at the end of Episode IV Fox Studios , Sydney Australia II , III See also ( edit ) Star Wars portal Film portal Behind - the - scenes documentaries : The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Empire of Dreams Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Daniel Jacobs and Peter Morris ( 2001 ) . `` Jedi Stomping Ground '' . Tunisia ( 6th ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 319 . ISBN 9781858287485 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Matt ( 2005 ) . `` Star Wars : The Phantom Menace '' . The science behind the fiction : building sci - fi moviescapes . Burlington , Mass. : Focal Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780240807720 . Jump up ^ `` The Park on TV '' . Cassiobury Park website . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Whippendell Woods - November 2001 '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Symington , Andy ( 2004 ) . `` Sevilla '' . Andalucia ( 4 . ed . ) . Bath : Footprint Handbooks . p. 76 . ISBN 9781903471876 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Film Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Carvin , Andy ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` The real Star Wars ? '' . ASAP . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Phuket : the ultimate movie location '' . The Phuket Observer . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon Foster , Candice Lee ( 2012 ) . `` 12 . Guilin '' . Frommer 's China . John Wiley & Sons . p. 598 . ISBN 9781118223529 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith DVD documentary Within a Minute , ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith press text booklet '' ( PDF ) . Lucasfilm Ltd. 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Thomas . `` Giving Swiss film locations some direction '' . SwissInfo.ch . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn 2005 , p. 116 Jump up ^ `` The Dunes '' . Star Wars locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn 2005 , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Tikal , Guatemala '' . Star Wars Locations. April 2004 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardington Sheds to make a Star Wars comeback '' . Bedfordshire on Sunday . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars trek : Death Valley - April 2001 '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sidi Jemour '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenworthy , Colin . `` Colin 's Canyon Quiz '' . Star Wars Locations . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lundgren , Anthony Ham , Miles Roddis , Kari ( 2008 ) . Norway ( 4th ed . ) . Footscray , Vic. : Lonely Planet . p. 190 . ISBN 9781741045796 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2005 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Duke , Brad ( 2005 ) . `` 18 . Life Among the Aliens '' . Harrison Ford : the films . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 103 . ISBN 9780786420162 . Jump up ^ David West Reynolds and Scott Chernoff ( March 2000 ) . `` Star Wars Insider '' ( 48 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Return of the Jedi Official Collectors Edition '' . Paradise Press . 1983 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ali , Lorraine ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The harsh reality of building a ' Star Wars ' fantasy in Abu Dhabi '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hashim , Shakeel . `` See the real life filming locations of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . News Corp Australia . News.Com.Au . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abbit , Beth ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Watch : Fascinating video pinpointing exactly where Star Wars scenes were filmed in the Lake District '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Puzzlewood ' magical ' location for filming '' . BBC News . 17 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Close up photos of the Star Wars : Episode VII Greenham Common set Making Star Wars '' . makingstarwars.net . Archived from the original on 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carey , Meredith . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Conde Nast Traveller . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RFC bags ' Outstanding Film Commission ' Award '' . Jordan Times . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When Star Wars went to the Maldives - and brought its idyllic beaches back to Britain '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Sources Howard , Marcus Hearn ; foreword by Ron ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Abrams . ISBN 0810949687 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Film locations of Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . 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-7038085670715790833	Princess Leia	Princess Leia - wikipedia Princess Leia `` Leia '' redirects here . For other uses , see Leia ( disambiguation ) . Princess Leia Star Wars character Promotional photo of Fisher as Princess Leia for the original 1977 Star Wars film First appearance Star Wars ( 1977 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Carrie Fisher ( Episodes IV -- IX , Holiday Special ) Aidan Barton ( infant , Episode III ) Ingvild Deila ( Rogue One ; motion capture ) Voiced by Carrie Fisher ( Holiday Special animated sequence , Lego : Episode VII , Rogue One and Star Wars Rebels ; archival audio ) Other : Ann Sachs ( radio dramatizations ) Lisa Fuson ( Shadows of the Empire , Star Wars : Masters of Teräs Käsi , Star Wars : Rebellion , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Lego Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Out ) Patricia Parris ( Read - along storybook CDs ) Grey DeLisle ( Star Wars : Force Commander ) Joyce Kurtz ( Star Wars : Rogue Squadron III : Rebel Strike and Star Wars : Battlefront II ) Catherine Taber ( Star Wars : The Force Unleashed , Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II and Star Wars : Detours ) Heather Doerksen ( Lego Star Wars : The Yoda Chronicles and Lego Star Wars : Droid Tales ) April Winchell ( Phineas and Ferb ) Anna Graves ( Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Julie Dolan ( Star Wars : Uprising , Star Wars Rebels , Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures , Disney Infinity 3.0 ) Misty Lee ( Star Wars Battlefront and Star Wars Battlefront II ) Shelby Young ( Star Wars Forces of Destiny ) Rachel Butera ( Star Wars Resistance ) Information Gender Female Occupation Supreme commander of the Resistance Imperial Senator of Alderaan ( formerly ) Imperial Senate Ambassador ( formerly ) Princess of Alderaan Legends : Chief of State of the New Republic Jedi Affiliation Imperial Senate Rebel Alliance New Republic Resistance Legends : Galactic Alliance Jedi Council Title Princess General Family Anakin Skywalker ( biological father ) Padmé Amidala ( biological mother ) Luke Skywalker ( twin brother ) Bail Organa ( adoptive father ) Breha Organa ( adoptive mother ) Spouse ( s ) Han Solo Children Ben Solo ( son ) Legends : Jaina Solo ( daughter ) Jacen Solo ( son ) Anakin Solo ( son ) Relatives Shmi Skywalker ( paternal grandmother ) Legends : Mara Jade ( sister - in - law ) Ben Skywalker ( nephew ) Allana Solo ( granddaughter ) Winter Celchu ( adoptive sister ) Homeworld Alderaan ( homeworld ) Polis Massa ( birthplace ) Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force . In the Star Wars Legends series of novels , comics and video games ( 1977 -- 2014 ) , which are set in an alternate continuity , Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi , fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy . She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master , and is the mother to three children by Han : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . One of the more popular Star Wars characters , Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines . She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films . Her `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle from Star Wars ( 1977 ) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons . Contents 1 Creation and casting 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 Feature films 3.1. 1 Star Wars 3.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 3.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 3.1. 4 Revenge of the Sith 3.1. 5 The Force Awakens 3.1. 6 The Last Jedi 3.1. 7 Episode IX 3.2 Anthology films 3.2. 1 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 3.3 Novels 3.4 Comics 3.5 Television 3.5. 1 Star Wars Holiday Special 3.5. 2 Star Wars Rebels 3.5. 3 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny 3.5. 4 Star Wars Resistance 3.6 Legends works 3.6. 1 Novels 3.6. 1.1 Post-Return of the Jedi 3.6. 1.2 Works set between films 3.6. 1.3 New Jedi Order 3.6. 1.4 Legacy of the Force 3.6. 2 Comics 3.6. 2.1 Dark Empire 4 Cultural impact 4.1 `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle 4.2 Feminist analysis 4.3 Metal bikini 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Creation and casting ( edit ) Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas . In 1999 , Lucas explained his early development of Leia , Luke and Obi - Wan Kenobi : The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars , Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae , with two brothers , Biggs and Windy ; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke . According to Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( 1999 ) , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was `` the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . '' J.W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as `` Leia Antilles '' , the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major . In the fourth draft it was established that `` Leia Organa '' came instead from Alderaan . Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia , with actresses including Amy Irving , Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role . In 2014 , InkTank reported that the extended list of `` more than two dozen actresses '' who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close , Farrah Fawcett , Jessica Lange , Sissy Spacek , Sigourney Weaver , Cybill Shepherd , Jane Seymour , Anjelica Huston , Kim Basinger , Kathleen Turner , Geena Davis and Meryl Streep . Asked about Streep in 2015 , Fisher said , `` I 've never heard that one . But Jodie Foster was up for it ... that one I knew the most . Amy Irving and Jodie . And I got it . '' The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Fisher explained in 1983 : `` Leia 's real father left her mother when she was pregnant , so her mother married this King Organa . I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess . '' Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga . `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' was recorded as a concert suite ( 4 : 18 length ) for the score of the 1977 film . Character ( edit ) Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a `` diplomat , spy , warrior , undercover agent '' . Mark Edlitz calls her `` a smart , feisty , brave diplomat and warrior '' in The Huffington Post . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 : There are a lot of people who do n't like my character in these movies ; they think I 'm some kind of space bitch . She has no friends , no family ; her planet was blown up in seconds ... so all she has is a cause . From the first film ( Star Wars ) , she was just a soldier , front line and center . The only way they knew to make the character strong was to make her angry . In Return of the Jedi , she gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . She said in 2014 : I would rather have played Han Solo . When I first read the script I thought that 's the part to be , always wry and sardonic . He 's always that . I feel like a lot of the time Leia 's either worried or pissed or , thank God , sort of snarky . But I 'm much more worried and pissed than Han Solo ever was , and those are n't fun things to play ... I had a lot of fun killing Jabba the Hutt . They asked me on the day if I wanted to have a stunt double kill Jabba . No ! That 's the best time I ever had as an actor . And the only reason to go into acting is if you can kill a giant monster . Appearances ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Star Wars ( edit ) Princess Leia 's white gown from Episode IV Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars , Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate . She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV , where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance . Leia has secretly hidden the blueprints for the Death Star , the Empire 's moon - sized battle station , inside the astromech droid R2 - D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi , Obi - Wan Kenobi , on the nearby planet of Tatooine . Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured , but she resists revealing anything . Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base . She provides the location of an old , abandoned base on the planet Dantooine , but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway . Leia is rescued by Luke Skywalker and Han Solo , and they escape aboard Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . After analyzing the Death Star 's schematics , the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station , which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter . In the aftermath of the victory , Leia bestows medals on the heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4 . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post writes of Leia in the film : Leia 's nerves as a revolutionary are clear from the moment she arrives on screen ... She takes shots at the Storm Troopers boarding her ship , gets stunned with a blaster in her hand , then has the audacity to try to make Darth Vader feel ashamed of himself ... She has enough energy left over after a nasty session of torture to insult Grand Moff Tarkin . And while she grieves when her home planet , Alderaan , is destroyed by the Death Star , Leia 's not paralyzed : when her unexpected rescuers show up , she 's ready to go , and to gripe about their operational sloppiness . Rosenberg also notes that , though Han is almost immediately attracted to Leia , they conflict because she insists on asserting command and he automatically resists , even as she proves herself to be worthy of it . And despite her initial disdain for the smuggler , whom she sees as selfish , Leia later acknowledges `` I knew there was more to you than money '' when Han comes through for the Rebellion . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1980 that in the original script , when Luke and Han come to rescue a captured Leia , `` I was hanging upside down with yellow eyes , like in The Exorcist ... Some form of radar torture was done to me and I was in a beam , bruised and beaten up , suspended in midair . The reason it was cut from the film was because I was unconscious and the Wookiee would have had to carry me for , like , the next fifteen minutes . '' The Empire Strikes Back ( edit ) In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia is at the Rebel base on Hoth . She leads its evacuation during an Imperial attack , and then flees with Han , Chewbacca and C - 3PO on Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . They dodge pursuing Imperial TIE fighters by flying into an asteroid field when the Falcon 's hyperdrive breaks down , with Leia piloting the ship at one point . Romance blossoms between Leia and Han during their flight from the Empire ; while hiding in the stomach of a space slug , they finally share a kiss . With his ship needing repairs , Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian in Cloud City , the floating city over Bespin . Though he welcomes them graciously , Lando soon turns them over to a newly arrived Darth Vader , who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke . Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite and then handed over to bounty hunter Boba Fett , who is charged with bringing him to the crime lord Jabba the Hutt . Lando helps Leia , Chewbacca and the two droids escape . Leia senses that Luke is in trouble , and goes back to save him after he is nearly killed during a lightsaber duel and confrontation with Vader . Rosenberg notes : Yes , it 's slightly ridiculous ... that ( Han ) tries to pry a confession of affection out of her on Hoth , as Leia is trying to manage an evacuation with just an ion cannon for defense . But Han 's not wrong that if Leia does n't figure out that she 's a person with needs , she 's going to burn out ... In a way , it 's an early confession of love : Han 's anxious about the bounty hunters who are still pursuing him ... But he would stay and give his love and support to Leia if she could just acknowledge that she needs him . Return of the Jedi ( edit ) Princess Leia 's Boushh disguise and thermal detonator from Episode VI In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia infiltrates Jabba the Hutt 's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh , and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse . She frees Han from the carbonite , but they are recaptured by Jabba . Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave , outfitted in a metal bikini . After Luke arrives and kills Jabba 's Rancor , Jabba sentences Luke , Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc . Lando ( disguised as a guard ) helps them overpower their captors , and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain . Luke and Leia swing to safety , blowing up Jabba 's barge behind them . Later , the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire . There , Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father . Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star . Leia is slightly injured , but the Rebels , with help from the Ewoks , ultimately defeat the forces of the Empire , with the Death Star destroyed once more . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 , `` In Return of the Jedi , ( Leia ) gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . But let 's not forget that these movies are basically boys ' fantasies . So the other way they made her more female in this one was to have her take off her clothes . '' Rosenberg writes of Han and Leia : And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion , keeping it a secret from Leia . In A New Hope , Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han 's done , accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous , Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team . In Star Wars , that 's what love looks like : trusting your partner 's commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement . In the film , Leia says that she has vague memories of her real mother , who she describes as `` kind ... but sad '' . Bouzereau quoted Lucas in 1997 : The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia 's mother . I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts , but it basically did n't survive . When I got to Jedi , I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I 'm writing . But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her . Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker 's twins near the end of the Clone Wars . After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader , Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan . Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava , only to be put together , Frankenstein style , in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving birth to the twins Luke and Leia , a link to genuine feeling is established at last . '' The Force Awakens ( edit ) Carrie Fisher reprised the role of Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 . In March 2013 , Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . In November 2015 , director J.J. Abrams said of Leia , `` She 's referred to as General but ... there 's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her ' Princess . ' '' Commenting on the story he added , `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Asked how Leia is handling things in the film , Fisher said , `` Not easily ... ( she is ) solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' In the film , Leia is the leader of the Resistance , a group formed by the New Republic to fight a proxy war with the First Order ( a group formed by the remnants of the Empire ) and trying to find Luke , who disappeared years earlier . When her forces foil a First Order attack searching for the Resistance astromech droid BB - 8 , Leia is reunited with Han , who has helped the renegade stormtrooper Finn and orphaned scavenger Rey bring the droid this far . Han and Leia have been estranged for many years ; their marriage fell apart after their son , Ben Solo , fell to the dark side and became the First Order commander Kylo Ren . Leia believes Ben can still be brought back to the light side . Han volunteers for a mission to infiltrate the First Order 's Starkiller Base to disable its defensive shields . Confronting Ren , Han tries to convince his son to leave the First Order , but Ren instead impales his father on his lightsaber , although hesitant to do so . Leia senses Han 's death through the Force , and later shares a moment of grief with Rey , who had thought of Han as a mentor . Leia sees Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 - D2 off when they depart to locate Luke , saying , `` may the Force be with you '' . Asked why Leia is not shown to be a Jedi in The Force Awakens ( as she is in the Star Wars expanded universe works ) , Abrams told IGN , `` It was a great question , and one that we talked about quite a bit , even with Carrie ( Fisher ) . Why did she not take advantage of this natural Force strength that this character had . And one of the answers was that it was simply a choice that she made , that her decision to run the Rebellion , and ultimately this Resistance , and consider herself a General , as opposed to a Jedi . It was simply a choice that she took '' . He also added , `` I would like to think that there really is n't much of a ticking clock , and it 's never too late ... clearly we 've seen , and we do again , that she still is Force strong . And it 's something that I think is an intrinsic piece of her character . Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal . The Last Jedi ( edit ) In December 2015 , producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher would reprise the role of Leia in the next installment , then known as Star Wars : Episode VIII , but later named Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Fisher died on December 27 , 2016 , after going into cardiac arrest . It was confirmed that she had completed filming her role in the film shortly before her death . In the film , Leia is among those on the bridge of her flagship , the Raddus , who are expelled into space when the ship is attacked by the First Order . Leia uses the Force to pull herself back to the ship . After recovering , she shoots and stuns Poe Dameron , who has mutinied against her successor , Vice Admiral Holdo . From his solitude on Ahch - To , Luke projects himself through the Force to the Resistance stronghold on Crait and reunites with Leia , apologizing for what happened to Ben . Leia replies that she knows her son is gone , but Luke reassures her that `` no one 's ever really gone '' . While Luke distracts Kylo and his attacking First Order troops , Leia is among the remaining Resistance forces who escape from Crait in the Millennium Falcon . Episode IX ( edit ) Following Fisher 's death , Variety reported that she was slated to appear in Star Wars : Episode IX and speculated that Lucasfilm would need to find a way to address her death and what would become of her character . Filming began on August 1 , 2018 . Lucasfilm announced in January 2017 that they had `` no plans to digitally recreate Carrie Fisher 's performance as Princess or General Leia Organa '' . In April 2017 , Fisher 's family granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in Episode IX . However , Kennedy subsequently said that Fisher would not appear in the film . In July 2018 , it was announced that Fisher will indeed be appearing as Leia in Episode IX , using unseen footage from The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . Anthology films ( edit ) Rogue one : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One , receiving the plans for the Death Star as a lead - up to the beginning of A New Hope . Since this movie takes place prior to the original Star Wars trilogy , a very young Leia was required . To achieve that effect , a computer - generated image of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face ; archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Novels ( edit ) Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars , which was released six months before the film in November 1976 . Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , the novel was based on Lucas ' screenplay . Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn . She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster . Foster 's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low - budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful . In the story , Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat . Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books , introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments . She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure ( 2015 ) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry , which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and Claudia Gray 's novels Star Wars : Bloodline ( 2016 ) and Leia : Princess of Alderaan ( 2017 ) . The former is set six years before The Force Awakens , while the latter features a 16 - year - old Leia before the events of A New Hope . Comics ( edit ) Leia is the lead character in the five - part comic limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia ( 2015 ) , set between Episode IV : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back . She is featured prominently in the four - part comic limited series Star Wars : Shattered Empire ( 2015 ) , set immediately after Return of the Jedi . In Princess Leia # 2 and Shattered Empire , Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past , and in Star Wars # 12 , she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically . Princess Leia reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan , while Shattered Empire also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron 's mother . Television ( edit ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( edit ) Leia and C - 3PO in The Star Wars Holiday Special Leia appears briefly in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special TV film as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base . She and C - 3PO contact Chewbacca 's wife Mallatobuck for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han . Leia also appears in the cartoon segment at a different Rebel Base , located in an asteroid field , and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film . Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18 , 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired one day after the holiday special . The Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine poked fun at this appearance . Star Wars Rebels ( edit ) A teenage version of Princess Leia , voiced by Julie Dolan , appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels , which is set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope . In the episode , Leia is sent on a secret mission to assist the titular rebels . Executive producer Dave Filoni said of the appearance : We thought we had an opportunity to show her learning to be a leader , experimenting with the personality that becomes the stronger more resolute character you see in A New Hope . One of the complex challenges of depicting Leia in Rebels is that we have to remind the audience that at this point she is part of the Empire . She does n't believe in the Empire , but she is acting the part , almost a double agent . Star Wars : forces of Destiny ( edit ) Leia appears in the animated series Star Wars : Forces of Destiny , voiced by Shelby Young . Star Wars Resistance ( edit ) Leia will appear in the animated series Star Wars Resistance , voiced by Rachel Butera . Legends works ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars expanded universe The original three Star Wars films have spawned a large franchise of works that include novels , comic books , video games and animated television series . Leia appears in much of this material . In April 2014 ( with the sequel film The Force Awakens in production ) , Lucasfilm separated the Star Wars expanded universe ( rebranded as Star Wars Legends ) from official Star Wars canon . Novels ( edit ) The 1991 New York Times bestselling novel Heir to the Empire by Timothy Zahn began what would become a large collection of works set before , between and especially after the original films . Post-return of the Jedi ( edit ) The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi . In Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) , Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins . Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn 's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic . In Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) , Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance , and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic . In The Last Command ( 1993 ) , Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn 's siege . Leia , now the Chief of State of the New Republic , is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , set after the Thrawn trilogy . Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy : Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) by Barbara Hambly , Darksaber ( 1995 ) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) by Hambly . In The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) by Vonda McIntyre , young Jacen , Jaina and their three - year - old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire , but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca . Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy ( 1996 ) by Michael P. Kube - McDowell . In The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch , she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller , whom she shoots to death . The Corellian trilogy ( 1995 ) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children . In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn ( 1997 's Specter of the Past and 1998 's Vision of the Future ) , Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other . Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 98 ) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta . The 14 - volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina . In The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) by Kathy Tyers , set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi , Leia establishes New Alderaan , a sanctuary for the destroyed planet 's surviving inhabitants . The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness , but she angrily banishes him . The six - volume Jedi Prince series ( 1992 -- 93 ) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids , later contradicted by other novels , is set within a year after Return of the Jedi . In The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) , the self - proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine , Trioculus , seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor . Entranced by Leia 's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) , Trioculus vows to make her his queen . He captures her in Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) , but Jabba the Hutt 's vengeful father , Zorba , offers to trade his own prisoner Ken -- Palpatine 's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking -- for Leia , his son 's killer . But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba . Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) finds Ken 's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire . Leia , now engaged to Han , is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) . Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her . Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy , which kills Trioculus . In Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) , Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children . Matthew Stover 's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after , as Luke , Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes . A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir ; Luke and Isolder follow , and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj . Defeating him , Han and Leia marry . The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia . The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father . During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost , she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin 's childhood friends . When she learns of Anakin 's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother , Leia learns to forgive her father . Works set between films ( edit ) In Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) by Steve Perry , the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han . She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor using pheromones , but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction . Allegiance ( 2007 ) and Choices of One ( 2011 ) by Timothy Zahn are set between Star Wars : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , and feature Leia and her cohorts seeking new allies for their Rebellion against the Empire . Razor 's Edge ( 2013 ) by Martha Wells and Honor Among Thieves ( 2014 ) by James S.A. Corey take place in the same time period and also chronicle the adventures of Leia and Han . New Jedi Order ( edit ) In the New Jedi Order series ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Leia resigns as Chief of State , and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate , the alien Yuuzhan Vong invade the galaxy . They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles . Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime ( 1999 ) by R.A. Salvatore , which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia . They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers ' Balance Point ( 2000 ) . She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings ' Star By Star ( 2001 ) , and though she manages to evade death , her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned . The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) by James Luceno . In Denning 's The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Leia , Han and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss and the insidious insectoid Killiks , and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek warrior Alema Rar . In The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , Leia asks Saba Sebatyne to train her as a Jedi Knight . R2 - D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman , whom Luke learns is his and Leia 's biological mother , Padmé Amidala . Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin 's in which Padmé dies in childbirth ; later , Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi - Wan Kenobi about Anakin . Tenel Ka , Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium , has a daughter , Allana , secretly fathered by Jacen . In The Swarm War ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother 's death , and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight . Legacy of the Force ( edit ) The bestselling Legacy of the Force series ( 2006 -- 08 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen to the dark side of the Force while the Jedi , Solos and Skywalkers fight against his growing power . In Betrayal ( 2006 ) by Aaron Allston , Jacen turns to the dark side , believing that it is the only way to save the galaxy from the chaos brewing among the member systems of the Galactic Alliance . Jacen realizes in Bloodlines ( 2006 ) by Karen Traviss that the Sith discipline will require him to kill one of his loved ones , which he decides is an acceptable sacrifice to save the galaxy . In Troy Denning 's Tempest ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia thwart the assassination of Tenel Ka and Allana , but become caught up in a Corellian conspiracy . They are almost killed when the Millennium Falcon is attacked by a Star Destroyer controlled by an increasingly powerful Jacen -- who knows that his parents are on board . With Han injured , Leia and Lando further investigate the Corellians in Aaron Allston 's Exile ( 2007 ) , but Alema reappears to exact her vengeance on Leia . Sacrifice ( 2007 ) by Karen Traviss finds Leia and Han on the run , hunted by Jacen as traitors to the Galactic Alliance . He kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as his final sacrifice to become Darth Caedus , the new ruler of the Sith . In Inferno ( 2007 ) by Troy Denning , Han and Leia are faced with the reality that their son , now Joint Chief of State , is the enemy . Leia attempts unsuccessfully to manipulate Jacen in Aaron Allston 's Fury ( 2007 ) so that the Jedi can both thwart him and neutralize Alema . Finally , in Invincible ( 2008 ) by Troy Denning , Jaina kills Jacen in lightsaber duel . At Tenel Ka 's request , Leia and Han adopt Allana , disguised with the name `` Amelia '' to protect her from any future vengeance against Cadeus or the Hapes Consortium . Multiple novels in the series made the New York Times Best Seller list . The nine - volume Fate of the Jedi series ( 2009 -- 12 ) by Aaron Allston , Troy Denning and Christie Golden finds Han and Leia become caught up in the intensifying conflict between the Galactic Alliance and the Jedi . In the wake of Darth Cadeus ' death , the now - peaceful Galactic Alliance harbors a growing mistrust toward the Jedi , and the situation is worsened by a Force - induced psychosis that begins afflicting individual Jedi , sending them on violent rampages . In Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) by James Luceno , set between Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi , a mysterious device hidden inside the eponymous spacecraft sends Han , Leia and Allana on an adventure to investigate the ship 's past before it came into Han 's possession . Troy Denning 's Crucible ( 2013 ) , set after Fate of the Jedi and the last novel to date in the Star Wars Legends chronology , reunites Leia , Han and Luke with Lando as they aid him to thwart a vast criminal enterprise threatening his asteroid mineral refinery in the Chilean Rift nebula . Comics ( edit ) Dark Empire ( edit ) During the events of the comic series Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 92 ) , Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire . A captive Leia , resisting Palpatine 's attempts to turn her as well , escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power , the Jedi Holocron . Luke pursues her , and Leia manages to turn him back . Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force , turning his own Force - generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer . In Dark Empire II ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Leia gives birth to a third child by Han , whom she names Anakin . Palpatine is reborn in an inferior , rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire 's End ( 1995 ) , and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin . Cultural impact ( edit ) Princess Leia cosplay ( Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California , April 2015 ) Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and `` an exemplary personification of female empowerment '' . In 2008 , Leia was selected by Empire magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time , and IGN listed her as their 8th top Star Wars hero . UGO Networks listed Leia as one of their best heroes of all time in 2010 . The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films , and celebrated in cosplay . Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone , and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25 , 1983 issue of Time announcing Return of the Jedi . In 2013 , cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess , a comic strip - style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father - daughter situations . Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp and a 2015 UK stamp . Leia has also been used in a wide range of Star Wars merchandise , including statuettes , action figures and other toys , household items and clothing , office supplies , food products , and bubble bath and shampoo in Leia - shaped bottles with her head as the cap . In her one - woman show Wishful Drinking , Fisher called the Princess Leia Pez dispenser one of the `` merchandising horrors '' of the series . In a 2011 interview , Fisher said : I signed away my likeness for free . In those days , there was no such thing as a `` likeness '' ... There was no merchandising tied to movies . No one could have known the extent of the franchise . Not that I do n't think I 'm cute or anything , but when I looked in the mirror , I did n't think I was signing away anything of value . Lately I feel like I 'm Minnie Mouse -- the identity of Princess Leia so eclipses any other identity that I 've ever had . After the 2012 acquisition of LucasFilm by the Walt Disney Company , the Disney Store stated in May 2014 that the company had `` no plans for Leia products '' . After public criticism , Disney told Time in June 2014 that it would be releasing several Leia products . Funko has since produced several versions of Leia ( at least one for each film ) in their POP ! line of 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style . Hasbro is set to release an action figure of Leia as she appears in the Star Wars Rebels animated series . `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle ( edit ) Hopi girl with `` squash blossom '' hairdo ( Edward S. Curtis , 1922 ) Lady of Elche Leia 's unique hairdo in 1977 's A New Hope has come to be known as the `` doughnut '' or `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle , and is iconic of the character and series . A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine Jackie included step - by - step instructions on how to replicate Leia 's hair buns . In the 1978 short film parody Hardware Wars , Princess Anne - Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head . Miss Piggy of The Muppet Show copied the hairdo in a Star Wars - themed episode of the series in February 1980 . In the 1987 Mel Brooks comedy film Spaceballs , Princess Vespa ( Daphne Zuniga ) appears to have the hairstyle , which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones . In the parody film Thumb Wars , the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead , who has two cinnamon rolls for hair . In 2015 , Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in the horror - comedy TV series Scream Queens , a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3 , wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher 's iconic Leia hairstyle . Lourd also has a cameo in The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) in which she wears Leia 's distinctive hair buns . Asked about his inspiration for the hairstyle , George Lucas told Time in 2008 , `` In the 1977 film , I was working very hard to create something different that was n't fashion , so I went with a kind of Southwestern Pancho Villa woman revolutionary look , which is what that is . The buns are basically from turn - of - the - century Mexico . '' However , in 2015 Linda Rodriguez McRobbie of Mental Floss recounted research suggesting that while female Mexican revolutionaries of that time did not have such elaborate hairstyles , young marriageable Hopi women did , and their `` squash blossom whorls '' superficially resemble Leia 's hair buns . McRobbie also relates Michael Heilemann 's theory that Leia 's hairstyle was likely also inspired by that of two earlier characters : Queen Fria in the 1939 Flash Gordon comic strip `` The Ice Kingdom of Mongo '' , and scientist Barnes Wallis ' wife Molly ( played by Ursula Jeans ) in the 1955 war film The Dam Busters . Lucas was influenced by the Flash Gordon serials , and the Battle of Yavin in Star Wars is an homage to the penultimate bombing sequence in The Dam Busters . Comparisons have also been made to the 4th century BC Iberian sculpture Lady of Elche , as well as the 1920s `` earphones '' hairstyle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Leia has been the subject of feminist analysis . Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that `` Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment . '' David Bushman , television curator at the Paley Center for Media , said in 2012 , `` From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time -- not perfect , but certainly defiant , assertive , and strong . '' Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015 , `` Leia was n't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination . She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen . '' In her 2007 article `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' , Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV . She wrote : Here was a woman who could play like and with the boys , but who did n't have to become one of the boys and who could , if and when she wanted to , show she liked the boys , a woman who is outspoken , unashamed , and , most importantly , unpunished for being so . She is n't a flirty sex - pot , tossing her hair around seductively to distract the enemy ... She does n't play the role of `` Maternal caretaker '' , although she does display caring and compassion , or `` the sweet innocent damsel '' who stands passively by while the men do all the work , but does step aside to let them do what they 're good at when it is wise to do so ... Leia is a hero without losing her gendered status ; she does not have to play the cute , helpless sex kitten or become sexless and androgynous to get what she wants . She can be strong , sassy , outspoken , bossy , and bitchy , and still be respected and seen as feminine . Rosenberg writes that , though at first Luke is an apolitical innocent in search of adventure and Han is a detached opportunist in search of money , both are `` influenced by Leia 's passion ( and ) take their places as full participants in the Rebellion '' . She notes , `` Everyone else eventually comes around to Leia 's view of the world . '' Leia herself , singularly dedicated to her political movement against the Empire , `` finds a partner in Han , acknowledging that personal happiness can help her sustain her commitment to building a better galactic order '' . Rosenberg cites `` Leia 's willingness to see the best in him , and Han 's desire to live up to her belief in him '' as a foundation of their relationship , also pointing out his attempts to make her recognize that she has needs like anyone else and should acknowledge that she needs him . In their 2012 essay `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' , Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers and Dale Arden of Flash Gordon , and the embodiment of `` a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy - tale princess in jeopardy '' . Writing that `` after Leia , no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss , '' they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the Alien franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series Xena : Warrior Princess . A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses . She also foretold the recent , somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself '' . Fisher herself described Leia as a `` huge '' feminist icon , dismissing the suggestion that the character was ever a `` damsel in distress '' . Fisher said of Leia , `` She bossed them around . I do n't know what your idea of distress is , but that was n't it ! And I was n't some babe running through the galaxy with my tits bouncing around . So I was n't threatening to women '' , adding `` I like Princess Leia . I like how she was feisty . I like how she killed Jabba the Hutt '' . Metal bikini ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia 's bikini Princess Leia 's slave costume from Episode VI Actress Olivia Munn cosplaying in the iconic Princess Leia `` metal bikini '' slave outfit from Return of the Jedi Leia 's slave costume when she is held captive by Jabba the Hutt at the beginning of Return of the Jedi -- made of brass and dubbed Leia 's `` Metal Bikini '' or `` Gold Bikini '' -- immediately made the character ( and Fisher ) a `` generational sex symbol '' celebrated by pin - up posters , and later merchandising and cosplay . The outfit has gained a cult following of its own . Rosenberg noted that `` the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit . '' Philip Chien of the website Wired wrote in 2006 , `` There 's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci - fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983 . '' Acknowledging the opinion of some that the `` Slave Leia '' iconography tarnishes the character 's position as `` feminist hero '' , Rosenberg argues : Leia may be captive in these scenes , but she 's not exactly a compliant fantasy . Instead , she 's biding her time for the moment when she can put that fury into action , carrying out a carefully laid plan to rescue her lover . And when that moment comes , the bikini does n't condemn Leia to passivity . She rises , and uses the very chains that bind her to strangle the creature who tried to take away her power by turning her into a sex object . Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs , saying `` Sci - fi has had a long history of strong female characters . Yes , Princess Leia was in a gold bikini , but she was also the one who single - handedly killed Jabba . When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator , Aliens , Battlestar Galactica , and even video games like Metroid , you can see sci - fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre . '' Family tree ( edit ) Main articles : Skywalker family and Solo family hide Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal Television in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Kenner Star Wars action figures Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Star Wars : Episode IX Cast Officially Announced ! '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chatting With Julie Dolan - The New Voice Of Princess Leia ! '' . disneyinfinitycodes.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Dyer ( @ MitchyD ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm trying to avoid spoilers , but @ misty_lee 's Leia was such an important role when we see the Rebellion and she absolutely nailed it . She captures the empathy and heart of the character beautifully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clouzot , Claire ( 1999 ) . `` The Morning of the Magician : George Lucas and Star Wars '' . In Kline , Sally . The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 125 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York City : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 40981 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York City : Da Capo Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film . San Francisco , California : LucasBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars original cast looked ' a little melted ' for Episode VII -- Carrie Fisher '' . The Guardian . London , England : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Star Wars Screen Tests : Meeting Han , Leia and Luke '' . BBC . London , England . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Total Film Interview -- Jodie Foster '' . GamesRadar . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willans , Joel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` 20 things you did n't know about Carrie Fisher and Star Wars '' . InkTank . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Candace ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars actress Carrie Fisher turns 59 ! '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm in a Business Where the Only Things that Matter Are Weight and Appearance '' . Good Housekeeping . New York City : Hearst Communications . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie Fisher 's Crazy Star Wars Ride : Cocaine , the Rolling Stones , and That Slave Bikini '' . The Daily Beast . New York City : IAC . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , Carol ( July 21 , 1983 ) . `` Carrie Fisher : A Few Words on Princess Leia , Fame and Feminism '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Leia 's Return '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Edlitz , Mark ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Fashion by Jabba the Hutt '' . The Huffington Post . New York City : Huffington Post Media Group . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia , political icon '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Timothy ( July 24 , 1980 ) . `` Slaves to the Empire : The Star Wars Kids Talk Back '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Review : Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Confirms She 'll Return as Princess Leia in Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Collider . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` She 's Not Called ' Princess ' Leia Anymore '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` We Need to Talk About Kylo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jason ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : J.J. Abrams on Why Leia Did n't Become a Jedi '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Fisher , who had recently wrapped the filming of Star Wars : Episode VIII ... Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on Star Wars : Episode VIII Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on Star Wars : Episode VIII : What Does Her Death Mean for Episode IX ? '' . 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External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutPrincess Leiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Princess Leia in the StarWars.com Databank Princess Leia on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Leia Organa on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is it revealed that luke and leia are siblings	[ "Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.\n" ]	[ "In Return of the Jedi" ]
-646856895831547364	Midday Meal Scheme	Midday meal scheme - Wikipedia Midday meal scheme Midday Meal Scheme Primary school children receiving Midday Meal in Maharashtra Type of project Government of India Country India Launched 1995 Status Active Website http://mdm.nic.in/ The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme of the Government of India designed to better the nutritional standing of school - age children nationwide . The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government , government aided , local body , Education Guarantee Scheme , and alternate innovative education centres , Madarsa and Maqtabs supported under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan , and National Child Labour Project schools run by the ministry of labour . Serving 120,000,000 children in over 1,265,000 schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres , it is the largest of its kind in the world . Under article 24 , paragraph 2c of the Convention on the Rights of the Child , to which India is a party , India has committed to yielding `` adequate nutritious foods '' for children . The programme has undergone many changes since its launch in 1995 . The Midday Meal Scheme is covered by the National Food Security Act , 2013 . The legal backing to the Indian school meal programme is akin to the legal backing provided in the US through the National School Lunch Act . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence and post-independence initiatives 1.2 Initiatives by the central government 1.3 Supreme court order 1.3. 1 Interim orders 1.4 Entitlements 1.5 Finances 1.6 Implementation models 1.6. 1 Decentralised model 1.6. 2 Centralised model 1.6. 3 International assistance 2 Monitoring and evaluation 2.1 Monitoring mechanism 3 Evaluation of the scheme 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Pre-independence and post-independence initiatives ( edit ) The roots of the programme can be traced back to the pre-independence era , when a mid day meal programme was introduced in 1925 in Madras Corporation by the British administration . A mid day meal programme was introduced in the Union Territory of Puducherry by the French administration in 1930 . Initiatives by state governments to children began with their launch of a mid day meal programme in primary schools in the 1962 -- 63 school year . Tamil Nadu is a pioneer in introducing mid day meal programmes in India to increase the number of kids coming to school ; Thiru K. Kamaraj , then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , introduced it first in Chennai and later extended it to all districts of Tamil Nadu . During 1982 , July 1st onwards , the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , Thiru . M.G. Ramachandran upgraded the existing Mid-day meal scheme in the state to ' Nutritious food scheme ' keeping in the mind that 68 lakh children suffer malnutrition . Gujarat was the second state to introduce an MDM scheme in 1984 , but it was later discontinued . A midday meal scheme was introduced in Kerala in 1984 , and was gradually expanded to include more schools and grades . By 1990 -- 91 , twelve states were funding the scheme to all or most of the students in their area : Goa , Gujarat , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu , Tripura and Uttar Pradesh . Karnataka , Orissa , and West Bengal received international aid to help with implementation of the programme , and in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan the programme was funded entirely using foreign aid . In Karnataka , Children 's LoveCastles Trust started to provide mid-day meals in 1997 . A total of eight schools were adopted and a food bank programme and an Angganwasi milk Programme were started . The food - bank programme was replaced by the State Government midday meal scheme . Initiatives by the central government ( edit ) The government of India initiated the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education ( NP - NSPE ) on 15 August 1995 . The objective of the scheme is to help improve the effectiveness of primary education by improving the nutritional status of primary school children . Initially , the scheme was implemented in 2,408 blocks of the country to provide food to students in classes one through five of government , government - aided and local body run schools . By 1997 -- 98 , the scheme had been implemented across the country . Under this programme , a cooked mid day meal with 300 calories and 12 grams of protein is provided to all children enrolled in classes one to five . In October 2007 , the scheme included students in upper primary classes of six to eight in 3,479 educationally backward blocks , and the name was changed from National Programme for Nutrition Support to Primary Education to National Programme of Mid Day Meals in Schools . Though cooked food was to be provided , most states ( apart from those already providing cooked food ) chose to provide `` dry rations '' to students . `` Dry rations '' refers to the provision of uncooked 3 kg of wheat or rice to children with 80 % attendance . Supreme court order ( edit ) In April 2001 , the People 's Union for Civil Liberties ( PUCL ) initiated the public interest litigation ( Civil ) No. 196 / 2001 , People 's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Others -- popularly known as the `` right to food '' case . The PUCL argued that article 21 -- `` right to life '' of the Indian constitution when read together with articles 39 ( a ) and 47 , makes the right to food a derived fundamental right which is enforceable by virtue of the constitutional remedy provided under article 32 of the constitution . The PUCL argued that excess food stocks with the Food Corporation of India should be fed to hungry citizens . This included providing mid day meals in primary schools . The scheme came into force with the supreme court order dated 28 November 2001 , which requires all government and government - assisted primary schools to provide cooked midday meals . Interim orders ( edit ) The supreme court occasionally issues interim orders regarding midday meals . Some examples are : Order regarding Exact text Order dated Basic entitlement `` Every child in every Government and Government assisted Primary Schools with a prepared mid day meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8 -- 12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days '' 28 November 2001 Charges on conversion cost `` The conversion costs for a cooked meal , under no circumstances , shall be recovered from the children or their parents '' 20 April 2004 Central assistance `` The Central Government ... shall also allocate funds to meet with the conversion costs of food - grains into cooked midday meals '' 20 April 2004 Kitchen sheds `` The Central Government shall make provisions for construction of kitchen sheds '' 20 April 2004 Priority to Dalit cooks `` In appointment of cooks and helpers , preference shall be given to Dalits , Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes '' 20 April 2004 Quality safeguards `` Attempts shall be made for better infrastructure , improved facilities ( safe drinking water etc . ) , closer monitoring ( regular inspection etc . ) and other quality safeguards as also the improvement of the contents of the meal so as to provide nutritious meal to the children of the primary schools '' 20 April 2004 Drought areas `` In drought affected areas , midday meals shall be supplied even during summer vacations '' 20 April 2004 Entitlements ( edit ) The nutritional guidelines for the minimum amount of food and calorie content per child per day are : Entitlement norm per child per day under MDM Item Primary ( class one to five ) Upper primary ( class six to eight ) Calories 450 700 Protein ( in grams ) 12 20 Rice / wheat ( in grams ) 100 150 Dal ( in grams ) 20 30 Vegetables ( in grams ) 50 75 Oil and fat ( in grams ) 5 7.5 In the case of micronutrients ( vitamin A , iron , and folate ) tablets and de-worming medicines , the student is entitled to receive the amount provided for in the school health programme of the National Rural Health Mission . Finances ( edit ) The central and state governments share the cost of the Midday Meal Scheme , with the centre providing 60 percent and the states 40 percent . The central government provides grains and financing for other food . Costs for facilities , transportation , and labour is shared by the federal and state governments . The participating states contribute different amounts of money . While the eleventh five - year plan allocated ₹ 384.9 billion ( US $5.4 billion ) for the scheme , the twelfth five - year plan has allocated ₹ 901.55 billion ( US $13 billion ) , a 134 percent rise . The public expenditure for the Mid Day Meal Programme has gone up from ₹ 73.24 billion ( US $1.0 billion ) in 2007 -- 08 to ₹ 132.15 billion ( US $1.8 billion ) in 2013 -- 14 . The per day cooking cost per child at the primary level has been fixed to ₹ 4.13 ( 5.8 ¢ US ) while at the upper primary level is ₹ 6.18 ( 8.6 ¢ US ) . Implementation models ( edit ) Decentralised model ( edit ) This is the most widespread practice . In the decentralised model , meals are cooked on - site by local cooks and helpers or self - help groups . This system has the advantage of being able to serve local cuisine , providing jobs in the area , and minimising waste . It also allows for better monitoring ( e.g. , by parents and teachers ) . In the absence of adequate infrastructure ( such as kitchen sheds , utensils etc . ) , it can lead to accidents and maintaining hygiene can be difficult . In 2004 , 87 children died when the thatched roof of a classroom was ignited by sparks from a cooking fire , . In 2011 , a child died after succumbing to burn injuries she sustained after accidentally falling into a cooking vessel . Centralised model ( edit ) In the centralised model , an external organisation cooks and delivers the meal to schools , mostly through public - private partnerships . Centralised kitchens are seen more in urban areas , where density of schools is high so that transporting food is a financially viable option . Advantages of centralised kitchens include ensuring better hygienic as large scale cooking is done through largely automated processes . Various NGOs such as the Akshaya Patra Foundation , Ekta Shakti Foundation , Naandi Foundation , and Jay Gee Humanitarian Society & People 's Forum provides mid-day meals . A study of centralised kitchens in Delhi in 2007 found that even with centralised kitchens , the quality of food needed to be improved . The study also found that when the food arrives and is of inadequate quality , even teachers feel helpless and do not know whom to complain to . The Ministry of Human Resource Development reported that 95 % of tested meal samples prepared by NGOs in Delhi did not meet nutritional standards in 2010 -- 12 . In response , the ministry withheld 50 % of the payment for the deficient meals . International assistance ( edit ) International voluntary and charity organisations have assisted . Church World Service has provided milk powder to Delhi and Madras Municipal Corporation ; CARE has provided corn soya meal , Bulgar wheat , and vegetable oils ; and UNICEF has provided high proteins foods and educational support . In 1982 , ' Food for Learning ' was launched with assistance from the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . Initially the programme was aimed at scheduled caste and scheduled tribe girls . In 1983 , the federal Department of Education prepared a scheme under the auspices of the World Food Programme to supply meals to 13.6 million scheduled caste girls and 10.09 million scheduled tribe girls in classes one to five in 15 states and three union territories . The value of the food itself was $163.27 million per year . Labour , facilities , and transportation costs were to be paid by the state governments . The reaction among the states and union territories was mixed . Many states were interested , but some were concerned about their ability to afford it if the FAO support were to be withdrawn . Monitoring and evaluation ( edit ) Monitoring mechanism ( edit ) Committees to monitor the MDM Programme Level Committee Frequency of meeting National The national level steering / monitoring committee Program Approval Board ( PAB ) Quarterly State The state level steering / monitoring committee Quarterly District The district level committee Monthly Municipal The municipal committee Monthly Block The Mandal level committee Fortnightly Village Panchayat level sub-committee Day - to - day functioning of the implementation of the scheme School School management and development committee or Parent Teacher Association . Monthly and as when it is required The government of India Review Missions on Mid Day Meal Scheme , comprising members from the central government , state governments , UNICEF , and the office of the supreme court commissioner was created in 2010 to review the programme and offer suggestions for improvement . The scheme is independently monitored twice a year . Evaluation of the scheme ( edit ) The MDM scheme has many potential benefits : attracting children from disadvantaged sections ( especially girls , Dalits and Adivasis ) to school , improving regularity , nutritional benefits , socialisation benefits and benefits to women are some that have been highlighted . Studies by economists show that some of these benefits have indeed been realised . The positive effect on enrollment of disadvantaged children ( Dreze and Kingdon ) , on attendance ( by Chakraborty , Jayaraman , Pande ) , on learning effort ( by Booruah , Afridi and Somanathan ) , on improving nutritional inputs ( Afridi ) , on improving nutritional outcomes ( by Singh , Dercon and Parker ) , and so on . Caste based discrimination continues to occur in the serving of food , though the government seems unwilling to acknowledge this . Sukhdeo Thorat and Joel Lee found in their 2005 study that caste discrimination was occurring in conjunction with the Mid Day Meals programme . Media reports also document the positive effect of the programme for women , especially working women and its popularity among parents , children and teachers alike . Media reports have also highlighted several implementation issues , including irregularity , corruption , hygiene , caste discrimination , etc . A few such incidents are listed below : - In December 2005 , Delhi police seized eight trucks laden with 2,760 sacks of rice meant for primary school children . The rice was being transported from Food Corporation of India godowns Bulandshahr district to North Delhi . The police stopped the trucks and investigators later discovered that the rice was being stolen by an NGO . - In November 2006 , the residents of Pembong village ( 30 km from Darjeeling ) accused a group of teachers of embezzling midday meals . In a written complaint , the residents claimed that students at the primary school had not received their midday meal for the past year and a half . - In December 2006 , The Times of India reported that school staff were inflating attendance in order to obtain food grains . - Twenty - three children died in Dharma Sati village in Saran District on 16 July 2013 after eating pesticide - contaminated mid day meals . On 31 July 2013 , 55 students at a government middle school fell ill at Kalyuga village in Jamui district after their midday meal provided by an NGO . On the same day , 95 students at Chamandi primary school in Arwal district were ill after their meal . Criticism ( edit ) Despite the success of the program , child hunger as a problem persists in India . According to current statistics , 42.5 % of the children under 5 are underweight . Some simple health measures such as using iodised salt and getting vaccinations are uncommon in India . `` India is home to the world 's largest food insecure population , with more than 500 million people who are hungry '' , India State Hunger Index ( ISHI ) said . Many children do n't get enough to eat , which has far - reaching implications for the performance of the country as a whole . `` Its rates of child malnutrition is higher than most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa , '' it noted . The 2009 Global Hunger Index ranked India at 65 out of 84 countries . More than 200 million went hungry in India that year , more than any other country in the world . The report states that `` improving child nutrition is of utmost urgency in most Indian states '' . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midday Meal Scheme . Free school meals National Food Security Act , 2013 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chettiparambil - Rajan , Angelique ( July 2007 ) . `` India : A Desk Review of the Mid-Day Meals Programme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions on Mid Day Meal Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Mid Day Meal Scheme '' . Mdm.nic.in . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Rights of the Child '' . United Nations . 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India and United Nations -- Human Rights '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Programme of Mid-Day Meals in Schools Annual Work Plan and Budget 2011 -- 12 '' ( PDF ) . Union Territory of Puducherry . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Day Meal Programme '' . National Institute of Health & Family Welfare. 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu : Midday Manna '' . India Today Archive. 15 November 1982 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Work Plan & Budget 2010 -- 11 , Mid-Day Meal Scheme , Gujarat State '' ( PDF ) . Government of Gujarat . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Appraisal Note : State : Kerala '' ( PDF ) . Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mid Day Meal '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons Outside the Classroom '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Garg , Manisha ; Mandal , Kalyan Sankar ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Mid-Day Meal for the Poor , Privatised Education for the Non-Poor '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 48 ( 30 ) : 155 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Agenda note of 5th meeting of National Steering and Moitoring Committee meeting '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Dr. N.C. Saxena . `` Sixth Report Of the Commissioners '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Right to Food Campaign : Mid Day Meals '' . Righttofoodindia.org. 20 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mid Day Meals : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Action : Supreme Court Orders '' . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT ORDER OF NOVEMBER 28 , 2001 '' . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ORDER OF APR 20 , 2004 '' . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines of the School Health Programme '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information bureau , HRD , Govt of India ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Mid-Day Meal Scheme , Nutrition and Corporate Capital '' . Press Information . Ministry of Human Resource Development ( 30 ) . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joyita Ghose ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` the PRS Blog '' The Mid Day Meal Scheme `` . Prsindia.org . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 123 % jump in money allocated for UPA flagship schemes '' . Business Standard . 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargesheet filed in Bihar midday meal tragedy '' . The Hindu . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MHRD increases Cooking cost under mid-day meal scheme '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interrogating ' best practices ' for the Implementation of School Nutrition Programmes in Urban India '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 87 children die in school fire '' . 17 July 2004 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gravy ' mistake : 8 - yr - old girl falls in hot sambar , dies '' . DNA India . 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Towards more advantages from Mid-Day Meals http://www.cordindia.com/images/Midday.pdf Jump up ^ `` Capital 's MCD schools mid-day meal scheme fails nutrition test ! '' . Zeenews . india.com. 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Background '' . Nutrition Support to Education : Report of the Committee on Mid-Day Meals . Department of School Education and Literacy , Government of India . May 1995 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mid Day Meal Scheme , First Review Mission '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monitoring of Mid-Day - Meal Scheme '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Future of Mid-Day Meals http://www.epw.in/special-articles/future-mid-day-meals.html Jump up ^ http://www.epw.in/perspectives/mid-day-meals-primary-schools.html Jump up ^ see also http://indiatogether.org/mmassam-education Jump up ^ `` Caste and Gender Based Discrimination Under MDMS '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . The teams did not come across any discrimination except in one school in district Boudh in Odisha . Jump up ^ Lee , Joel ; Thorat , Sukhdeo ( 24 September 2005 ) . `` Caste Discrimination and Food Security Programmes '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 40 ( 39 ) . JSTOR 4417187 . Jump up ^ see http://indiatogether.org/mdmukhand-poverty Jump up ^ `` Lid off massive scam in Mid-Day Meal Scheme : 2,760 sacks of rice seized '' . The Tribune , Delhi . 20 January 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Scam shadow on meal scheme '' . The Telegraph , Kolkata . 14 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher blows whistle on scam : School Authorities Pocket Money In The Name Of Mid-Day Meal Scheme '' . The Times of India , Bangalore. 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Students fall ill after midday meal in Bihar '' . The Hindu . 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini. ( 12 March 2009 ) Malnutrition of children in India continues . Nytimes.com . Retrieved on 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madhya Pradesh tops India State Hunger list of 17 '' . LiveMint. 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunger in India alarming . BBC News ( 14 October 2008 ) . Retrieved on 18 February 2012 . 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-3023094067249315147	Plymouth Colony	Plymouth Colony - wikipedia Plymouth Colony Jump to : navigation , search Plymouth Colony Colony of England 1620 -- 1686 1689 -- 1691 Seal of Plymouth Colony Map of Plymouth Colony showing town locations Capital Plymouth Languages English Religion Separatist Government Self - government Legislature Plymouth General Court History Established 1620 First Thanksgiving ( 1621 ) Pequot War ( 1637 ) King Philip 's War 1675 -- 1676 Part of the Dominion of New England 1686 -- 1688 Disestablished 1691 Succeeded by Province of Massachusetts Bay Today part of Commonwealth of Massachusetts Plymouth Colony ( sometimes New Plymouth ) was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691 . The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth , a location previously surveyed and named by Captain John Smith . The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the modern town of Plymouth , Massachusetts . At its height , Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern portion of the modern state of Massachusetts . Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of Puritan Separatists initially known as the Brownist Emigration , who came to be known as the Pilgrims . It was one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in North America , along with Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia , and was the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region . The colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success ; in this , they were aided by Squanto , a Native American of the Patuxet people . It played a central role in King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) , one of several Indian Wars . Ultimately , the colony was merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691 to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Despite the colony 's relatively short existence , Plymouth holds a special role in American history . A significant proportion of the citizens of Plymouth were fleeing religious persecution and searching for a place to worship as they saw fit , rather than being entrepreneurs like many of the settlers of Jamestown . The social and legal systems of the colony became closely tied to their religious beliefs , as well as English custom . Many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore , including the North American tradition known as Thanksgiving and the monument known as Plymouth Rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Mayflower voyage 1.3 Prior exploration and settlements 1.4 Landings at Provincetown and Plymouth 1.5 First winter 1.6 `` First Thanksgiving '' 1.7 Early relations with the Native Americans 1.8 Growth of Plymouth 1.9 Military history 1.9. 1 Myles Standish 1.9. 2 Pequot War 1.9. 3 King Philip 's War 1.10 Final years 2 Life 2.1 Religion 2.2 Marriage and family life 2.3 Childhood , adolescence , and education 3 Government and laws 3.1 Organization 3.2 Laws 3.3 Official Seal 4 Geography 4.1 Boundaries 4.2 Counties and towns 5 Demographics 5.1 English 5.2 Native Americans 5.3 Black slaves 6 Economy 7 Legacy 7.1 Art , literature , and film 7.2 Thanksgiving 7.3 Plymouth Rock 7.4 Political legacy 7.5 The Mayflower Society 8 See also 8.1 Locations related to Plymouth Colony 8.2 Monuments and other commemorations 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) See also : Pilgrim Fathers The village of Scrooby , England circa 1911 , home to the `` Saints '' until 1607 Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of English Puritans who later came to be known as the Pilgrims . The core group ( roughly 40 % of the adults and 56 % of the family groupings ) were part of a congregation led by William Bradford . They began to feel the pressures of religious persecution while still in the English village of Scrooby , near East Retford , Nottinghamshire . In 1607 , Archbishop Tobias Matthew raided homes and imprisoned several members of the congregation . The congregation left England in 1609 and emigrated to the Netherlands , settling first in Amsterdam and then in Leiden . In Leiden , the congregation gained the freedom to worship as they chose , but Dutch society was unfamiliar to them . Scrooby had been an agricultural community , whereas Leiden was a thriving industrial center , and the Separatists found the pace of life difficult . The community remained close - knit , but their children began adopting the Dutch language and customs , and some also entered the Dutch Army . The Puritans also were still not free from the persecutions of the English Crown . English authorities came to Leiden to arrest William Brewster in 1618 , after he published comments highly critical of the King of England and the Anglican Church . Brewster escaped arrest , but the events spurred the congregation to move farther from England . The congregation obtained a land patent from the London Virginia Company in June 1619 . They had declined the opportunity to settle south of Cape Cod in New Netherland because of their desire to avoid the Dutch influence . This land patent allowed them to settle at the mouth of the Hudson River . They sought to finance their venture through the Merchant Adventurers , a group of businessmen who principally viewed the colony as a means of making a profit . Upon arriving in America , the Pilgrims began working to repay their debts . Using the financing secured from the Merchant Adventurers , the Colonists bought provisions and obtained passage on two ships : the Mayflower and the Speedwell . They had intended to leave early in 1620 , but they were delayed several months due to difficulties in dealing with the Merchant Adventurers , including several changes in plans for the voyage and in financing . The congregation and the other colonists finally boarded the Speedwell in July 1620 in the Dutch port of Delfshaven . Mayflower voyage ( edit ) See also : List of Mayflower passengers Speedwell was re-rigged with larger masts before leaving Holland and setting out to meet Mayflower in Southampton , England , around the end of July 1620 . The Mayflower was purchased in London . The original captains were Captain Reynolds for Speedwell and Captain Christopher Jones for Mayflower . Other passengers joined the group in Southampton , including William Brewster , who had been in hiding for the better part of a year , and a group of people known to the Leiden congregation as `` The Strangers . '' This group was largely made up of people recruited by the Merchant Adventurers to provide practical assistance to the colony and additional hands to work for the colony 's ventures . The term was also used for many of the indentured servants . Among the Strangers were Myles Standish , who was the colony 's military leader ; Christopher Martin , who had been designated by the Merchant Adventurers to act as shipboard governor during the trans - Atlantic trip ; and Stephen Hopkins , a veteran of a failed colonial venture that may have inspired Shakespeare 's The Tempest . The group who later became the Leiden Leaders after the merging of ships included John Carver , William Bradford , Edward Winslow , William Brewster , and Isaac Alberton . The Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Delfthaven in Holland ( 1844 ) by Robert Walter Weir The departure of the Mayflower and Speedwell for America was beset by delays . Further disagreements with the Merchant Adventurers held up the departure in Southampton . A total of 120 passengers finally departed on August 5 -- 90 on the Mayflower and 30 on the Speedwell . Leaving Southampton , the Speedwell suffered significant leakage , which required the ships to immediately put in at Dartmouth . The leakage was partly caused by being overmasted and being pressed too much with sail . Repairs were completed , and a further delay ensued as they awaited favorable winds . The two ships finally set sail on August 23 ; they traveled only two hundred miles beyond Land 's End before another major leak in the Speedwell forced the expedition to return again to England , this time to the port of Plymouth . The Speedwell was found to be unseaworthy ; some passengers abandoned their attempt to emigrate , while others joined the Mayflower , crowding the already heavily burdened ship . Later , it was speculated that the crew of the Speedwell had intentionally sabotaged the ship to avoid having to make the treacherous trans - Atlantic voyage . The delays had significant consequences ; the cost of the repairs and port fees required that the colonists sell some of their invaluable provisions . More importantly , the delays meant that everyone had to spend the entire winter on board the Mayflower off Cape Cod in what could only be described as squalid conditions . The Mayflower departed Plymouth , England on September 6 , 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in the small , 106 foot - long ship . The seas were not severe during the first month in the Atlantic but , by the second month , the ship was being hit by strong north - Atlantic winter gales , causing it to be badly shaken with water leaks from structural damage . There were many obstacles throughout the trip , including multiple cases of seasickness and the bending and cracking of a main beam of the ship . One death occurred , that of William Button . After two months at sea , land was sighted on November 9 off the coast of Cape Cod . They attempted to sail south to the designated landing site at the mouth of the Hudson but ran into trouble in the region of Pollack Rip , a shallow area of shoals between Cape Cod and Nantucket Island . With winter approaching and provisions running dangerously low , the passengers decided to return north to Cape Cod Bay and abandon their original landing plans . Prior exploration and settlements ( edit ) Title page of Captain John Smith 's 1616 work A Description of New England , the first text to use the name `` New Plymouth '' to describe the site of the future colony The Pilgrims were not the first people in the area . Besides the indigenous tribes , there had been nearly a century of exploration , fishing , and settlement by Europeans . John Cabot 's discovery of Newfoundland in 1497 had laid the foundation for the extensive English claims over the east coast of North America . One of the earliest maps of New England was produced c. 1540 by cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi and erroneously identified Cape Breton with the Narragansett Bay . The resulting map completely omits most of the New England coast . European fishermen had been plying the waters off the New England coast for much of the 16th and 17th centuries . Frenchman Samuel de Champlain had explored the area extensively in 1605 . He had specifically explored Plymouth Harbor , which he called `` Port St. Louis , '' and made an extensive and detailed map of it and the surrounding lands . The native Patuxet village upon which the town of Plymouth was later built was shown by Champlain as a thriving settlement . However , an epidemic wiped out up to 90 % of the Native Americans along the Massachusetts coast in 1617 -- 1619 , including the Patuxet , before the arrival of the Mayflower . The epidemic has traditionally been thought to be smallpox , but a recent analysis has concluded that it may have been a lesser - known disease called leptospirosis . The absence of any serious native opposition to settlement by the Pilgrims may have been a pivotal event to their success and to English colonization in the Americas . Popham Colony , also known as Fort St. George , was organized by the Plymouth Company ( unrelated to Plymouth Colony ) and founded in 1607 . It was settled on the coast of Maine and was beset by internal political struggles , sickness , and weather problems . It was abandoned in 1608 . Captain John Smith of Jamestown fame had explored the area in 1614 and is credited with naming the region of New England . He named many locations using approximations of Native American words . The future site of the Pilgrim 's first settlement was originally named `` Accomack '' by Smith . In consultation with Prince Charles , son of King James , Smith changed `` Accomack '' to New Plymouth . A map published in his 1616 work A Description of New England clearly shows the site of the future Pilgrim settlement named `` New Plimouth . '' In the Mayflower settlers ' first explorations of Cape Cod , they came across evidence that Europeans had previously spent extensive time there . They discovered remains of a European fort and uncovered a grave that contained the remains of both an adult European male and a Native American child . Landings at Provincetown and Plymouth ( edit ) The Mayflower anchored at Provincetown Harbor on November 11 , 1620 . The Pilgrims did not have a patent to settle this area ; thus , some passengers began to question their right to land , complaining that there was no legal authority to establish a colony . In response to this , a group of colonists drafted and ratified the first governing document of the colony , the Mayflower Compact , while still aboard the ship as it lay off - shore . The intent of the compact was to establish a means of governing the colony , though it did little more than confirm that the colony would be governed like any English town . It did , however , serve the purpose of relieving the concerns of many of the settlers . This social contract was written and signed by 41 Separatist men . It was modeled on the church covenants that Congregationalists used to form new congregations . It made clear that the colony should be governed by `` just and equal laws , '' and those who signed it promised to keep these laws . `` Signing of the Mayflower Compact '' ( c. 1900 ) by Edward Percy Moran The group remained on board the ship through the next day , a Sunday , for prayer and worship . The immigrants finally set foot on land at what became Provincetown on November 13 . The first task was to rebuild a shallop , a shallow draft boat that had been built in England and disassembled for transport aboard the Mayflower . It would remain with the Pilgrims while the Mayflower returned to England . On November 15 , Captain Myles Standish led a party of sixteen men on an exploratory mission , during which they disturbed a Native American grave and located a buried cache of Indian corn . The following week , Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine White on the Mayflower . He was the first English child born to the Pilgrims in the New World . The shallop was finished on November 27 , and a second expedition was undertaken using it , under the direction of Mayflower master Christopher Jones . Thirty - four men went , but the expedition was beset by bad weather ; the only positive result was that they found a Native burial ground and corn that had been intended for the dead , taking the corn for future planting . A third expedition along Cape Cod left on December 6 ; it resulted in a skirmish with local Native Americans known as the `` First Encounter '' near modern - day Eastham , Massachusetts . The colonists decided to look elsewhere , having failed to secure a proper site for their settlement , and fearing that they had angered the local Native Americans by robbing their corn stores and firing upon them . The Mayflower left Provincetown Harbor and set sail for Plymouth Harbor . The Mayflower dropped anchor in Plymouth Harbor on December 16 and spent three days looking for a settlement site . They rejected several sites , including one on Clark 's Island and another at the mouth of the Jones River , in favor of the site of a recently abandoned Native American settlement which had been occupied by the Patuxet . The location was chosen largely for its defensive position . The settlement would be centered on two hills : Cole 's Hill , where the village would be built , and Fort Hill , where a defensive cannon would be stationed . Also important in choosing the site was that the prior Native villagers had cleared much of the land making agriculture relatively easy . Fresh water for the colony was provided by Town Brook and Billington Sea . There are no contemporaneous accounts to verify the legend , but Plymouth Rock is often hailed as the point where the colonists first set foot on their new homeland . The area where the colonists settled had been identified as `` New Plymouth '' in maps by John Smith published in 1614 . The colonists elected to retain the name for their own settlement , in honor of their final point of departure from England : Plymouth , Devon . First winter ( edit ) See also : List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 `` The Landing of the Pilgrims '' ( 1877 ) by Henry A. Bacon On December 21 , 1620 , the first landing party arrived at the site of what later became the settlement of Plymouth . Plans to immediately begin building houses , however , were delayed by inclement weather until December 23 . As the building progressed , twenty men always remained ashore for security purposes , while the rest of the work crews returned each night to the Mayflower . Women , children , and the infirm remained on board the Mayflower ; many had not left the ship for six months . The first structure was a `` common house '' of wattle and daub , and took two weeks to complete in the harsh New England winter . In the following weeks , the rest of the settlement slowly took shape . The living and working structures were built on the relatively flat top of Cole 's Hill , and a wooden platform was constructed atop nearby Fort Hill to support the cannon that would defend the settlement . During the winter , the Mayflower colonists suffered greatly from lack of shelter , diseases such as scurvy , and general conditions onboard ship . Many of the able - bodied men were too infirm to work ; 45 out of 102 pilgrims died and were buried on Cole 's Hill . Thus , only seven residences ( of a planned nineteen ) and four common houses were constructed during the first winter . By the end of January , enough of the settlement had been built to begin unloading provisions from the Mayflower . In mid-February , after several tense encounters with local Native Americans , the male residents of the settlement organized themselves into military orders ; Myles Standish was designated as the commanding officer . By the end of the month , five cannons had been defensively positioned on Fort Hill . John Carver was elected governor to replace Governor Martin . On March 16 , 1621 , the first formal contact occurred with the Indians ( or Native Americans ) . A Native American named Samoset , originally from Pemaquid Point in modern Maine , walked boldly into the midst of the settlement and proclaimed , `` Welcome , Englishmen ! '' He had learned some English from interacting with English fishermen and trappers ( most probably from Bristol ) operating in the region . It was during this meeting that the Pilgrims learned how the previous residents of the Native American village of Patuxet had died of an epidemic thought to be smallpox . They also discovered that the supreme leader of the region was a Wampanoag Native American sachem ( chief ) by the name of Massasoit ; and they learned of the existence of Squanto ( also known by his full Massachusett name of Tisquantum ) , a Native American originally from Patuxet . Squanto had spent time in Europe and spoke English quite well . Samoset spent the night in Plymouth and agreed to arrange a meeting with some of Massasoit 's men . Massasoit and Squanto were apprehensive about the Pilgrims . In Massasoit 's first contact with the English , several men of his tribe had been killed in an unprovoked attack by English sailors . He also knew of the Pilgrims ' theft of the corn stores in their landings at Provincetown . Squanto had been abducted in 1614 by English explorer Thomas Hunt and had spent five years in Europe , first as a slave for a group of Spanish monks , then in England . He had returned to New England in 1619 , acting as a guide to explorer Capt . Robert Gorges . Massasoit and his men had massacred the crew of the ship and had taken in Squanto . Samoset returned to Plymouth on March 22 with a delegation from Massasoit that included Squanto ; Massasoit joined them shortly thereafter . After an exchange of gifts , Massasoit and Governor Carver established a formal treaty of peace . This treaty ensured that each people would not bring harm to the other , that Massasoit would send his allies to make peaceful negotiations with Plymouth , and that they would come to each other 's aid in a time of war . On April 5 , 1621 , after being anchored for almost four months in Plymouth Harbor , the Mayflower set sail for England . Nearly half of the original 102 passengers had died during the first winter . As William Bradford wrote , `` of these one hundred persons who came over in this first ship together , the greatest half died in the general mortality , and most of them in two or three months ' time '' . By November 1621 , only 53 pilgrims were alive to celebrate the harvest feast which modern Americans know as `` The First Thanksgiving '' . Of the 18 adult women , 13 died the first winter while another died in May . Only four adult women were left alive for the Thanksgiving . Several of the graves on Cole 's Hill were uncovered in 1855 ; their bodies were disinterred and moved to a site near Plymouth Rock . `` First Thanksgiving '' ( edit ) `` The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth '' ( 1914 ) By Jennie A. Brownscombe The autumn celebration in late 1621 that has become known as `` The First Thanksgiving '' was not known as such to the Pilgrims . The first `` Thanksgiving '' as the Pilgrims would have called it ( referring to solemn ceremony of praise and thanks to God for a congregation 's good fortune ) did not occur until 1623 , in response to the good news of the arrival of additional colonists and supplies . That event probably occurred in July and consisted of a full day of prayer and worship and probably very little revelry . The event now commemorated in the United States at the end of November each year is more properly described as a harvest festival . The original festival was probably held in early October 1621 and was celebrated by the 53 surviving Pilgrims , along with Massasoit and 90 of his men . Three contemporaneous accounts of the event survive : Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford ; Mourt 's Relation probably written by Edward Winslow ; and New England 's Memorial by Plymouth Colony Secretary ( and Bradford 's nephew ) Capt . Nathaniel Morton . The celebration lasted three days and featured a feast that included numerous types of waterfowl , wild turkeys and fish procured by the colonists , and five deer brought by the Native Americans . Early relations with the Native Americans ( edit ) After the departure of Massasoit and his men , Squanto remained in Plymouth to teach the Pilgrims how to survive in New England , for example using dead fish to fertilize the soil . For the first few years of colonial life , the fur trade was the dominant source of income , buying furs from Native Americans and selling to Europeans , beyond subsistence farming . Shortly after the departure of the Mayflower , Governor Carver suddenly died . William Bradford was elected to replace him and went on to lead the colony through much of its formative years . As promised by Massasoit , numerous Native Americans arrived at Plymouth throughout the middle of 1621 with pledges of peace . On July 2 , a party of Pilgrims led by Edward Winslow ( who later became the chief diplomat of the colony ) set out to continue negotiations with the chief . The delegation also included Squanto , who acted as a translator . After traveling for several days , they arrived at Massasoit 's capital , the village of Sowams near Narragansett Bay . After meals and an exchange of gifts , Massasoit agreed to an exclusive trading pact with the English ; thus , the French were no longer welcome , though they were also frequent traders in the area . Squanto remained behind and traveled throughout the area to establish trading relations with several tribes . In late July , a boy named John Billington became lost for some time in the woods around the colony . It was reported that he was found by the Nauset , the same group of Native Americans on Cape Cod from whom the Pilgrims had unwittingly stolen corn seed the prior year upon their first explorations . The English organized a party to return Billington to Plymouth . The Pilgrims agreed to reimburse the Nauset for the corn which they had taken in return for the Billington boy . This negotiation did much to secure further peace with the Native Americans in the area . During their dealings with the Nausets over the release of John Billington , the Pilgrims learned of troubles that Massasoit was experiencing . Massasoit , Squanto , and several other Wampanoags had been captured by Corbitant , sachem of the Narragansett tribe . A party of ten men under the leadership of Myles Standish set out to find and execute Corbitant . While hunting for Corbitant , they learned that Squanto had escaped and Massasoit was back in power . Several Native Americans had been injured by Standish and his men and were offered medical attention in Plymouth . They had failed to capture Corbitant , but the show of force by Standish had garnered respect for the Pilgrims and , as a result , nine of the most powerful sachems in the area signed a treaty in September , including Massasoit and Corbitant , pledging their loyalty to King James . In May 1622 , a vessel named the Sparrow arrived carrying seven men from the Merchant Adventurers whose purpose was to seek out a site for a new settlement in the area . Two ships followed shortly thereafter carrying sixty settlers , all men . They spent July and August in Plymouth before moving north to settle in modern Weymouth , Massachusetts at a settlement which they named Wessagussett . The settlement of Wessagussett was short - lived , but it provided the spark for an event that dramatically changed the political landscape between the local Native American tribes and the English settlers . Reports reached Plymouth of a military threat to Wessagussett , and Myles Standish organized a militia to defend them . However , he found that there had been no attack . He therefore decided on a pre-emptive strike , an event which historian Nathaniel Philbrick calls `` Standish 's raid '' . He lured two prominent Massachusett military leaders into a house at Wessagussett under the pretense of sharing a meal and making negotiations . Standish and his men then stabbed and killed the two unsuspecting Native Americans . The local sachem named Obtakiest was pursued by Standish and his men but escaped with three English prisoners from Wessagussett , whom he then executed . Within a short time , Wessagussett was disbanded , and the survivors were integrated into the town of Plymouth . Word quickly spread among the Native American tribes of Standish 's attack ; many Native Americans abandoned their villages and fled the area . As noted by Philbrick : `` Standish 's raid had irreparably damaged the human ecology of the region ... It was some time before a new equilibrium came to the region . '' Edward Winslow reports in his 1624 memoirs Good News from New England that `` they forsook their houses , running to and fro like men distracted , living in swamps and other desert places , and so brought manifold diseases amongst themselves , whereof very many are dead '' . Lacking the trade in furs provided by the local tribes , the Pilgrims lost their main source of income for paying off their debts to the Merchant Adventurers . Rather than strengthening their position , Standish 's raid had disastrous consequences for the colony , as attested by William Bradford in a letter to the Merchant Adventurers : `` ( W ) e had much damaged our trade , for there where we had ( the ) most skins the Indians are run away from their habitations '' . The only positive effect of Standish 's raid seemed to be the increased power of the Massasoit - led Wampanoag tribe , the Pilgrims ' closest ally in the region . Growth of Plymouth ( edit ) Historical populations Date Pop . December 1620 99 April 1621 50 November 1621 85 July 1623 180 May 1627 156 January 1630 almost 300 1643 approx . 2,000 1691 approx . 7,000 A second ship arrived in November 1621 named the Fortune , sent by the Merchant Adventurers one year after the Pilgrims first set foot in New England . It arrived with 37 new settlers for Plymouth . However , the ship had arrived unexpectedly and also without many supplies , so the additional settlers put a strain on the resources of the colony . Among the passengers of the Fortune were several additional people of the original Leiden congregation , including William Brewster 's son Jonathan , Edward Winslow 's brother John , and Philip Delano ( the family name was earlier `` de la Noye '' ) whose descendants include President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . The Fortune also carried a letter from the Merchant Adventurers chastising the colony for failure to return goods with the Mayflower that had been promised in return for their support . The Fortune began its return to England laden with £ 500 worth of goods ( equivalent to £ 78 thousand in 2010 , or $119 thousand at PPP ) , more than enough to keep the colonists on schedule for repayment of their debt . However , the Fortune was captured by the French before she could deliver her cargo to England , creating an even larger deficit for the colony . In July 1623 , two more ships arrived : the Anne , under the command of Captain `` Master '' William Peirce and Master John Bridges ; and the Little James , under the command of Captain Emanuel Altham . These ships carried 96 new settlers , among them Leideners , including William Bradford 's future wife Alice , and William and Mary Brewster 's daughters Patience and Fear . Some of the passengers who arrived on the Anne were either unprepared for frontier life or undesirable additions to the colony and returned to England the next year . According to Gleason Archer , `` those who remained were not willing to join the colony under the terms of the agreement with the Merchant Adventurers . They had embarked for America upon an understanding with the Adventurers that they might settle in a community of their own , or at least be free from the bonds by which the Plymouth colonists were enslaved . A letter addressed to the colonists and signed by thirteen of the merchants recited these facts and urged acceptance of the new comers on the specified terms . '' The new arrivals were allotted land in the area of the Eel River , known as Hobs Hole , which became Wellingsley , a mile south of Plymouth Rock . In September 1623 , another ship arrived carrying settlers destined to refound the failed colony at Weymouth , and they stayed temporarily in Plymouth . In March 1624 , a ship arrived bearing a few additional settlers and the first cattle . A 1627 division of cattle lists 156 colonists divided into twelve lots of thirteen colonists each . Another ship arrived in August 1629 , also named the Mayflower , with 35 additional members of the Leiden congregation . Ships arrived throughout the period between 1629 and 1630 carrying new settlers , though the exact number is unknown ; contemporaneous documents claimed that , by January 1630 , the colony had almost 300 people . In 1643 , the colony had an estimated 600 males fit for military service , implying a total population of about 2,000 . By 1690 , on the eve of the dissolution of the colony , the estimated total population of Plymouth County , the most populous , was 3,055 people . It is estimated that the entire population of the colony at the point of its dissolution was around 7,000 . For comparison , it is estimated that more than 20,000 settlers had arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1630 and 1640 ( a period known as the Great Migration ) , and the English population of all New England was estimated to be about 60,000 by 1678 . Plymouth was the first colony in the region but , by the time of its annexation , it was much smaller than Massachusetts Bay Colony . Military History ( edit ) Myles Standish ( edit ) Main article : Myles Standish Myles Standish was the military leader of Plymouth Colony from the beginning . He organized and led the first party to set foot in New England , an exploratory expedition of Cape Cod upon arrival in Provincetown Harbor . He also led the third expedition , during which Standish fired the first recorded shot by the Pilgrim settlers in an event known as the First Encounter . Standish had training in military engineering from the University of Leiden , and it was he who decided the defensive layout of the settlement when they finally arrived at Plymouth . Standish also organized the able - bodied men into military orders in February of the first winter . During the second winter , he helped design and organize the construction of a large palisade wall surrounding the settlement . Standish led two early military raids on Indian villages : the raid to find and punish Corbitant for his attempted coup , and the killing at Wessagussett called `` Standish 's raid '' . The former had the desired effect of gaining the respect of the local Indians ; the latter only served to frighten and scatter them , resulting in loss of trade and income . Pequot War ( edit ) Main article : Pequot War The first major war in New England was the Pequot War of 1637 . The war 's roots go back to 1632 , when a dispute arose between Dutch fur traders and Plymouth officials over control of the Connecticut River Valley near modern Hartford , Connecticut . Representatives from the Dutch East India Company and Plymouth Colony both had deeds which claimed that they had rightfully purchased the land from the Pequots . A sort of land rush occurred as settlers from Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies tried to beat the Dutch in settling the area ; the influx of English settlers also threatened the Pequot . Other confederations in the area sided with the English , including the Narragansetts and Mohegans , who were the traditional enemies of the Pequots . The event that sparked formal hostilities was the capture of a boat and the murder of its captain John Oldham in 1636 , an event blamed on allies of the Pequots . In April 1637 , a raid on a Pequot village by John Endicott led to a retaliatory raid by Pequot warriors on the town of Wethersfield , Connecticut , where some 30 English settlers were killed . This led to a further retaliation , where a raid led by Captain John Underhill and Captain John Mason burned a Pequot village to the ground near modern Mystic , Connecticut , killing 300 Pequots . Plymouth Colony had little to do with the actual fighting in the war . When it appeared that the war would resume , four of the New England colonies ( Massachusetts Bay , Connecticut , New Haven , and Plymouth ) formed a defensive compact known as the United Colonies of New England . Edward Winslow was already known for his diplomatic skills , and he was the chief architect of the United Colonies . His experience in the United Provinces of the Netherlands during the Leiden years was key to organizing the confederation . John Adams later considered the United Colonies to be the prototype for the Articles of Confederation , which was the first attempt at a national government . King Philip 's War ( edit ) Main article : King Philip 's War Portrait of King Philip , by Paul Revere , illustration from the 1772 edition of Benjamin Church 's The Entertaining History of King Philip 's War King Philip was the younger son of Massasoit and the heir of Massasoit 's position as sachem of the Pokanoket and supreme leader of the Wampanoag . ( He was also known as Metacomet and other variations on that name . ) He became sachem upon the sudden death of his older brother Wamsutta , also known as Alexander , in 1662 . The cause of the war stems from the increasing numbers of English colonists and their demand for land . As more land was purchased from the Native Americans , they were restricted to smaller territories for themselves . Native American leaders such as King Philip resented the loss of land and looked for a means to slow or reverse it . Of specific concern was the founding of the town of Swansea , which was located only a few miles from the Wampanoag capital at Mount Hope . The General Court of Plymouth began using military force to coerce the sale of Wampanoag land to the settlers of the town . Benjamin Church : Father of American ranging The proximate cause of the conflict was the death of a Praying Indian named John Sassamon in 1675 . Sassamon had been an advisor and friend to King Philip ; however , Sassamon 's conversion to Christianity had driven the two apart . Accused in the murder of Sassamon were some of Philip 's most senior lieutenants . A jury of twelve Englishmen and six Praying Indians found the Native Americans guilty of murder and sentenced them to death . To this day , some debate exists whether King Philip 's men actually committed the murder . Philip had already begun war preparations at his home base near Mount Hope where he started raiding English farms and pillaging their property . In response , Governor Josiah Winslow called out the militia , and they organized and began to move on Philip 's position . King Philip 's men attacked unarmed women and children in order to receive a ransom . One such attack resulted in the capture of Mary Rowlandson . The memoirs of her capture provided historians with much information on Native American culture during this time period . The war continued through the rest of 1675 and into the next year . The English were constantly frustrated by the Native Americans ' refusal to meet them in pitched battle . They employed a form of guerilla warfare that confounded the English . Captain Benjamin Church continuously campaigned to enlist the help of friendly Native Americans to help learn how to fight on an even footing with Philip 's warrior bands , but he was constantly rebuffed by the Plymouth leadership who mistrusted all Native Americans , thinking them potential enemies . Eventually , Governor Winslow and Plymouth military commander Major William Bradford ( son of the late Governor William Bradford ) relented and gave Church permission to organize a combined force of English and Native Americans . After securing the alliance of the Sakonnet , he led his combined force in pursuit of Philip , who had thus far avoided any major battles in the war that bears his name . Throughout July 1676 , Church 's band captured hundreds of Native American warriors , often without much of a fight , though Philip eluded him . Church was given permission to grant amnesty to any captured Native Americans who would agree to join the English side , and his force grew immensely . Philip was killed by a Pocasset Indian , and the war soon ended as an overwhelming English victory . Eight percent of the English adult male population is estimated to have died during the war , a rather large percentage by most standards . The impact on the Native Americans was far higher , however . So many were killed , fled , or shipped off as slaves that the entire Native American population of New England fell by sixty to eighty percent . Final years ( edit ) In 1686 , the entire region was reorganized under a single government known as the Dominion of New England ; this included the colonies of Plymouth , Rhode Island , Massachusetts Bay , Connecticut , and New Hampshire . In 1688 , New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added . The President of the Dominion Edmund Andros was highly unpopular , and the union did not last . The union was dissolved after news of the Glorious Revolution reached Boston in April 1689 , and the citizens of Boston rose up and arrested Andros . When news of these events reached Plymouth , its magistrates reclaimed power . The return of self - rule for Plymouth Colony was short - lived , however . A delegation of New Englanders led by Increase Mather went to England to negotiate a return of the colonial charters that had been nullified during the Dominion years . The situation was particularly problematic for Plymouth Colony , as it had existed without a formal charter since its founding . Plymouth did not get their wish for a formal charter ; instead , a new charter was issued , combining Plymouth Colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and other territories . The official date of the proclamation was October 17 , 1691 , ending the existence of Plymouth Colony , though it was not put into force until the arrival of the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay on May 14 , 1692 , carried by the new royal governor Sir William Phips . The last official meeting of the Plymouth General Court occurred on June 8 , 1692 . Life ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) John Robinson memorial , placed outside of St. Peter 's Church in Leiden The most important religious figure in the colony was John Robinson , an original pastor of the Scrooby congregation and religious leader of the separatists throughout the Leiden years . He never actually set foot in New England , but many of his theological pronouncements shaped the nature and character of the Plymouth church . For example , Robinson stated that women and men have different social roles according to a law of nature , though neither was lesser in the eyes of God . Robinson taught that men and women have distinct but complementary roles in church , home , and society as a whole . He referred to women as the `` weaker vessel '' . In matters of religious understanding , he proclaimed that it was the man 's role to educate and `` guide and go before '' women . He also said that women should be `` subject '' to their husbands . Robinson also dictated the proper methods of child rearing -- he prescribed a strict upbringing with a strong emphasis on corporal punishment . He believed that a child 's natural inclination towards independence was a manifestation of original sin and should thus be repressed . The Pilgrims themselves were a part of the English Separatists ( also known as English Dissenters ) who were Protestant Christians who separated from the Church of England . The movement sought to practice Christianity as was done in the times of the Apostles . Following Martin Luther 's and John Calvin 's Reformation , they believed that the Bible was the only true source of religious teaching and that any additions made to Christianity had no place in Christian practice , especially with regard to church traditions , such as clerical vestments or the use of Latin in church services . In particular , they were strongly opposed to the Anglicans ' episcopal form of church government . They believed that the church was a community of Christians who made a covenant with God and with one another . Their congregations had a democratic structure . Ministers , teachers , and lay church elders were elected by and responsible to the entire congregation ( Calvinist Federalism ) . Each congregation was independent of all the others and directly subject to God 's ( or Christ 's ) government ( theocracy ) , hence the name Congregationalism . The Pilgrims distinguished themselves from the Puritans in that they sought to `` separate '' themselves from the Anglican Church , rather than reform it from within . It was this desire to worship from outside of the Anglican Communion that led them first to the Netherlands and ultimately to New England . Each town in the colony was considered a single church congregation ; in later years , some of the larger towns split into two or three congregations . Church attendance was mandatory for all residents of the colony , while church membership was restricted to those who had converted to the faith . In Plymouth Colony , it seems that a simple profession of faith was all that was required for acceptance . This was a more liberal doctrine than some other New England congregations , such as those of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , where it was common to subject those seeking formal membership to strict and detailed cross-examinations . There was no central governing body for the churches . Each individual congregation was left to determine its own standards of membership , hire its own ministers , and conduct its own business . The church was undoubtedly the most important social institution in the colony . The Bible was the primary religious document of the society , and it also served as the primary legal document . Church attendance was not only mandatory , but membership was socially vital . Education was carried out for almost purely religious purposes . The laws of the colony specifically asked parents to provide for the education of their children , `` at least to be able duly to read the Scriptures '' and to understand `` the main Grounds and Principles of Christian Religion '' . It was expected that the male head of the household would be responsible for the religious well - being of all its members , children and servants alike . Most churches used two acts to sanction its members : censure and excommunication . Censure was a formal reprimand for behavior that did not conform with accepted religious and social norms , while excommunication involved full removal from church membership . Many perceived social evils , from fornication to public drunkenness , were dealt with through church discipline rather than through civil punishment . Church sanctions seldom held official recognition outside church membership and seldom resulted in civil or criminal proceedings . Nevertheless , such sanctions were a powerful tool of social control . The Pilgrims practiced infant baptism . The public baptism ceremony was usually performed within six months of birth . Marriage was considered a civil ceremony , rather than a religious one . Such an arrangement may have been a habit that had developed during the Leiden years , as civil marriage was common in the Netherlands . However , the Pilgrims saw this arrangement as biblical , there being no evidence from Scripture that a minister should preside over a wedding . Besides the theology espoused by their religious leaders , the people of Plymouth Colony had a strong belief in the supernatural . Richard Greenham was a Puritan theologian whose works were known to the Plymouth residents , and he counseled extensively against turning to magic or wizardry to solve problems . The Pilgrims saw Satan 's work in nearly every calamity that befell them ; the dark magical arts were very real and present for them . They believed in the presence of malevolent spirits who brought misfortune to people . For example , in 1660 , a court inquest into the drowning death of Jeremiah Burroughs determined that a possessed canoe was to blame . Massachusetts Bay Colony experienced an outbreak of witchcraft scares in the 17th century , but there is little evidence that Plymouth was engulfed in anything similar . Witchcraft was listed as a capital crime in the 1636 codification of the laws by the Plymouth General Court , but there were no actual convictions of witches in Plymouth Colony . The court records only show two formal accusations of witchcraft . The first , of Goodwife Holmes in 1661 , never went to trial . The second , of Mary Ingram in 1677 , resulted in trial and acquittal . Marriage and family life ( edit ) Edward Winslow and Susanna White both lost their spouses during the harsh winter of 1620 -- 1621 , and the two became the first couple to be married in Plymouth . Governor Bradford presided over the civil ceremony . In Plymouth Colony , `` courtships were usually initiated by the young people themselves , but as a relationship progressed toward something more permanent , the parents became more directly involved . '' Parents were concerned with the moral and religious qualities of the proposed spouse , as well as the financial means of each party 's family . The first step toward marriage was generally a betrothal or pre-contract , a ceremony carried out before two witnesses in which the couple pledged to wed in due time . Several weeks or months after the betrothal was contracted , the couple 's intentions were published . `` A betrothed couple was considered to have a special status , not married but no longer unmarried either . '' Sexual contact was prohibited between a betrothed couple , but the penalty for it was one - fourth of what it was for single persons , and records indicate a relatively high number of babies born less than nine months after a wedding ceremony . Marriage was considered the normal state for all adult residents of the colony . Most men first married in their mid-twenties and women around age 20 . Second marriages were not uncommon , and widows and widowers faced social and economic pressures to remarry . On average , most widows and widowers remarried within six months to a year . Most adults who reached marriageable age lived into their sixties , so effectively two - thirds of a person 's life was spent married . Women in Plymouth Colony had more extensive legal and social rights compared to 17th - century European norms . Women were considered equal to men before God from the perspective of the Church . God 's grace was available equally to all professed Christians . Women were , however , expected to take traditionally feminine roles , such as child - rearing and maintaining the household . Plymouth women enjoyed extensive property and legal rights , unlike in Europe where women had few rights . A wife in Plymouth could not be legally `` written out '' of her husband 's will and was guaranteed a full third of the family 's property upon his death . Women were parties to contracts in Plymouth , most notably prenuptial agreements . It was common for brides - to - be ( and not , notably , their fathers ) to enter into contractual agreements on the consolidation of property upon marriage . In some cases , especially in second marriages , women were given exclusive right to retain control of their property separately from their husbands . Women were also known to occasionally sit on juries in Plymouth , a remarkable circumstance in seventeenth century legal practice . Historians James and Patricia Scott Deetz cite a 1678 inquest into the death of Anne Batson 's child , where the jury was composed of five women and seven men . Family size in the colony was large by modern American standards , though childbirth was often spaced out , with an average of two years between children . Most families averaged five to six children living under the same roof , though it would not be uncommon for one family to have grown children moving out before the mother had finished giving birth . Maternal mortality rates were fairly high ; one birth in thirty resulted in the death of the mother , resulting in one in five women dying in childbirth . However , `` the rate of infant mortality in Plymouth seems to have been relatively low . In the case of a few families for which there are unusually complete records , only about one in five children seems to have died before the age of twenty - one . Furthermore , births in the sample ( of about 90 families ) come for the most part with relatively few ' gaps ' which might indicate a baby who did not survive . All things considered , it appears that the rate of infant and child mortality in Plymouth was no more than 25 per cent '' . Childhood , adolescence , and education ( edit ) Children generally remained in the direct care of their mothers until the age of about eight years old , after which time it was not uncommon for the child to be placed in the foster care of another family . There were any number of reasons for a child to be `` put - out '' in this manner . Some children were placed into households to learn a trade , others to be taught to read and write . It seems that there was a theological reason for fostering children , as with almost every decision in the colony . It was assumed that children 's own parents would love them too much and would not properly discipline them . By placing children in the care of another family , there was little danger of them being spoiled . Adolescence was not a recognized phase of life in Plymouth colony , and there was not a single rite of passage that marked transition from youth to adulthood . Several important transitions occurred at various ages , but none marked a single `` coming of age '' event . As early as eight years old , children were expected to begin learning their adult roles in life by taking on some of the family work or by being placed in foster homes to learn a trade . Most children experienced religious conversion around the age of eight as well , thus becoming church members . Orphaned children were given the right to choose their own guardians at age 14 . At 16 , males became eligible for military duty and were also considered adults for legal purposes , such as standing trial for crimes . Age 21 was the youngest at which a male could become a freeman , though for practical purposes this occurred some time in a man 's mid-twenties . Twenty - one was the assumed age of inheritance , as well , although the law respected the rights of the deceased to name an earlier age in his will . Actual schools were rare in Plymouth colony . The first true school was not founded until 40 years after the foundation of the colony . The General Court first authorized colony - wide funding for formal public schooling in 1673 , but only the town of Plymouth made use of these funds at that time . By 1683 , though , five additional towns had received this funding . Education of the young was never considered to be the primary domain of schools , even after they had become more common . Most education was carried out by a child 's parents or foster parents . Formal apprenticeships were not the norm in Plymouth ; it was expected that a foster family would teach the children whatever trades they themselves practiced . The church also played a central role in a child 's education . As noted above , the primary purpose of teaching children to read was so that they could read the Bible for themselves . Government and laws ( edit ) Organization ( edit ) The Book of the General Laws of the Inhabitants of the Jurisdiction of New - Plimouth . Boston : Samuel Green , 1685 Plymouth Colony did not have a royal charter authorizing it to form a government , yet some means of governance was needed . The Mayflower Compact was the colony 's first governing document , signed by the 41 able - bodied Separatists aboard the Mayflower upon their arrival in Provincetown Harbor on November 21 , 1620 . Formal laws were not codified until 1636 . The colony 's laws were based on a hybrid of English common law and religious law as laid out in the Bible . The colonial authorities were deeply influenced by Calvinist theology , and were convinced that democracy was the form of government mandated by God . The colony offered nearly all adult males potential citizenship . Full citizens , or `` freemen '' , were accorded full rights and privileges in areas such as voting and holding office . To be considered a freeman , adult males had to be sponsored by an existing freeman and accepted by the General Court . Later restrictions established a one - year waiting period between nominating and granting of freeman status , and also placed religious restrictions on the colony 's citizens , specifically preventing Quakers from becoming freemen . Freeman status was also restricted by age ; the official minimum age was 21 , although in practice most men were elevated to freeman status between the ages of 25 and 40 , averaging somewhere in their early thirties . The colony established a disabled veterans ' fund in 1636 to support veterans who returned from service with disabilities . In 1641 , the Body of Liberties developed protections for people who were unable to perform public service . Governors of Plymouth Colony Dates Governor 1620 John Carver 1621 -- 1632 William Bradford 1633 Edward Winslow 1634 Thomas Prence 1635 William Bradford 1636 Edward Winslow 1637 William Bradford 1638 Thomas Prence 1639 -- 1643 William Bradford 1644 Edward Winslow 1645 -- 1656 William Bradford 1657 -- 1672 Thomas Prence 1673 -- 1679 Josiah Winslow 1680 -- 1692 Thomas Hinckley The colony 's most powerful executive was its Governor , who was originally elected by the freemen but was later appointed by the General Court in an annual election . The General Court also elected seven Assistants to form a cabinet to assist the governor . The Governor and Assistants then appointed Constables who served as the chief administrators for the towns , and Messengers who were the main civil servants of the colony . They were responsible for publishing announcements , performing land surveys , carrying out executions , and a host of other duties . The General Court was the chief legislative and judicial body of the colony . It was elected by the freemen from among their own number and met regularly in Plymouth , the capital town of the colony . As part of its judicial duties , it would periodically call a Grand Enquest , which was a grand jury of sorts elected from the freemen , who would hear complaints and swear out indictments for credible accusations . The General Court , and later lesser town and county courts , would preside over trials of accused criminals and over civil matters , but the ultimate decisions were made by a jury of freemen . The General Court , as the legislative and judicial bodies , and the Governor , as the chief executive of the colony , constituted a political system of division of power . It followed a recommendation in John Calvin 's political theory to set up several institutions which complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances in order to minimize the misuse of political power . In 1625 , the settlers had repaid their debts and thus gained complete possession of the colony . The colony was de facto a republic , since neither an English company nor the King and Parliament exerted any influence -- a representative democracy governed on the principles of the Mayflower Compact ( `` self - rule '' ) . Laws ( edit ) As a legislative body , the General Court could make proclamations of law as needed . These laws were not formally compiled anywhere in the early years of the colony ; they were first organized and published in the 1636 Book of Laws . The book was reissued in 1658 , 1672 , and 1685 . These laws included the levying of `` rates '' or taxes and the distribution of colony lands . The General Court established townships as a means of providing local government over settlements , but reserved for itself the right to control specific distribution of land to individuals within those towns . When new land was granted to a freeman , it was directed that only the person to whom the land was granted was allowed to settle it . It was forbidden for individual settlers to purchase land from Native Americans without formal permission from the General Court . The government recognized the precarious peace that existed with the Wampanoag , and wished to avoid antagonizing them by buying up all of their land . The laws also set out crimes and their associated punishment . There were several crimes that carried the death penalty : treason , murder , witchcraft , arson , sodomy , rape , bestiality , adultery , and cursing or smiting one 's parents . The actual exercise of the death penalty was fairly rare ; only one sex - related crime resulted in execution , a 1642 incidence of bestiality by Thomas Granger . Edward Bumpus was sentenced to death for `` striking and abusing his parents '' in 1679 , but his sentence was commuted to a severe whipping by reason of insanity . Perhaps the most notable use of the death penalty was in the execution of the Native Americans convicted of the murder of John Sassamon ; this helped lead to King Philip 's War . Though nominally a capital crime , adultery was usually dealt with by public humiliation only . Convicted adulterers were often forced to wear the letters `` A.D. '' sewn into their garments , much in the manner of Hester Prynne in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's novel The Scarlet Letter . Several laws dealt with indentured servitude , a legal status whereby a person would work off debts or be given training in exchange for a period of unrecompensed service . The law required that all indentured servants had to be registered by the Governor or one of the Assistants , and that no period of indenture could be less than six months . Further laws forbade a master from shortening the length of time of service required for his servant , and also confirmed that any indentured servants whose period of service began in England would still be required to complete their service while in Plymouth . Official seal ( edit ) The seal of the Plymouth Colony was designed in 1629 and is still used by the town of Plymouth . It depicts four figures within a shield bearing St George 's Cross , apparently in Native - American style clothing , each carrying the burning heart symbol of John Calvin . The seal was also used by the County of Plymouth until 1931 . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Massachusetts Boundaries ( edit ) Without a clear land patent for the area , the settlers settled without a charter to form a government and , as a result , it was often unclear in the early years what land was under the colony 's jurisdiction . In 1644 , `` The Old Colony Line '' -- which had been surveyed in 1639 -- was formally accepted as the boundary between Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth . 1677 map of New England by William Hubbard showing the location of Plymouth Colony . The map is oriented with west at the top . The situation was more complicated along the border with Rhode Island . Roger Williams settled in the area of Rehoboth in 1636 , near modern Pawtucket . He was forcibly evicted in order to maintain Plymouth 's claim to the area . Williams moved to the west side of the Pawtucket River to found the settlement of Providence , the nucleus for the colony of Rhode Island , which was formally established with the `` Providence Plantations Patent '' of 1644 . Various settlers from both Rhode Island and Plymouth began to settle along the area , and the exact nature of the western boundary of Plymouth became unclear . The issue was not fully resolved until the 1740s , long after the dissolution of Plymouth Colony itself . Rhode Island had received a patent for the area in 1693 , which had been disputed by Massachusetts Bay Colony . Rhode Island successfully defended the patent , and a royal decree in 1746 transferred the land to Rhode Island along the eastern shore of the Narragansett Bay , including the mainland portion of Newport County and all of modern Bristol County , Rhode Island . The border itself continued to be contested by Massachusetts , first as a colony and later as a state , until as late as 1898 , when the boundary was settled and ratified by both states . Counties and towns ( edit ) 1890 Map of Barnstable County , Massachusetts showing the location and dates of incorporation of towns For most of its history , the town was the primary administrative unit and political division of the colony . Plymouth Colony was not formally divided into counties until June 2 , 1685 , during the reorganization that led to the formation of the Dominion of New England . Three counties were composed of the following towns . Barnstable County on Cape Cod : Barnstable , the shire town ( county seat ) of the county , first settled in 1639 and incorporated 1650 . Eastham , site of the `` First Encounter '' , first settled 1644 and incorporated as the town of Nauset in 1646 , name changed to Eastham in 1651 . Falmouth , first settled in 1661 and incorporated as Succonesset in 1686 . Rochester , settled 1638 , incorporated 1686 . Sandwich , first settled in 1637 and incorporated in 1639 . Yarmouth , incorporated 1639 . Bristol County along the shores of Buzzards Bay and Narragansett Bay ; part of this county was later ceded to Rhode Island : Taunton , the shire town of the county , incorporated 1639 . Bristol , incorporated 1680 and including the former locations of Sowams and Montaup ( Mount Hope ) , which were Massasoit 's and King Philip 's capitals , respectively . Ceded to Rhode Island in 1746 and is now part of Bristol County , Rhode Island . Dartmouth , incorporated 1664 . Dartmouth was the site of a significant massacre by the Indian forces during King Philip 's War . It was also the location of a surrender of a group of some 160 of Philip 's forces who were later sold into slavery . Freetown , incorporated 1683 , originally known as `` Freemen 's Land '' by its first settlers . Little Compton , incorporated as Sakonnet in 1682 , ceded to Rhode Island in 1746 and is now part of Newport County , Rhode Island . Rehoboth , first settled 1644 and incorporated 1645 . Nearby to , but distinct from the Rehoboth settlement of Roger Williams , which is now the town of Pawtucket , Rhode Island . Swansea , founded as the township of Wannamoiset in 1667 , incorporated as town of Swansea in 1668 . It was here that the first English casualty occurred in King Philip 's War . Plymouth County , located along the western shores of Cape Cod Bay : Plymouth , the shire town of the county and capital of the colony . This was the original 1620 settlement of the Mayflower Pilgrims , and continued as the largest and most significant settlement in the colony until its dissolution in 1691 . Bridgewater , purchased from Massasoit by Myles Standish , and originally named Duxburrow New Plantation , it was incorporated as Bridgewater in 1656 . Duxbury , founded by Myles Standish , it was incorporated in 1637 . Other notable residents of Duxbury included John Alden , William Brewster , and Governor Thomas Prence . Marshfield , settled 1632 , incorporated 1640 . Home to Governor Edward Winslow . Also home to Josiah Winslow , who was governor of the colony during King Philip 's War , and to Peregrine White , the first English child born in New England . Middleborough , incorporated 1669 as Middleberry . Named for its location as the halfway point on the journey from Plymouth to Mount Hope , the Wampanoag capital . Scituate , settled 1628 and incorporated 1636 . The town was the site of a major attack by King Philip 's forces in 1676 . Demographics ( edit ) English ( edit ) The English in Plymouth Colony fit broadly into three categories : Pilgrims , Strangers , and Particulars . The Pilgrims were a Protestant group that closely followed the teachings of John Calvin , like the Puritans who later founded Massachusetts Bay Colony to the north . ( The Puritans wished to reform the Anglican church from within , whereas the Pilgrims saw it as a morally defunct organization , and sought to remove themselves from it . ) The name `` Pilgrims '' was actually not used by the separatists themselves . William Bradford used the term `` pilgrims '' to describe the group , but he was using the term generically to define the group as travelers on a religious mission . The Pilgrims referred to themselves as the Saints , First Comers , Ancient Brethren , or Ancient Men . They used such terms to indicate their place as God 's elect , as they subscribed to the Calvinist belief in predestination . `` The First Comers '' was a term more loosely used in their day to refer to any of the Mayflower passengers . There were also a number of indentured servants among the colonists . Indentured servants were mostly poor children whose families were receiving church relief and `` many homeless waifs from the streets of London sent as laborers '' . In addition to the Pilgrims , the Mayflower carried non-Pilgrim settlers ( `` Strangers '' ) . This group included the non-Pilgrim settlers placed on the Mayflower by the Merchant Adventurers , and later settlers who came for other reasons throughout the history of the colony and who did not necessarily adhere to the Pilgrim religious ideals . A third group known as the `` Particulars '' consisted of later settlers who paid their own `` particular '' way to America , and thus were not obliged to pay the colony 's debts . The presence of outsiders such as the Strangers and the Particulars was a considerable annoyance to the Pilgrims . As early as 1623 , a conflict broke out between the Pilgrims and the Strangers over the celebration of Christmas , a day of no particular significance to the Pilgrims . Furthermore , a group of Strangers founded the nearby settlement of Wessagussett and the Pilgrims were highly strained , both emotionally and in terms of resources , by their lack of discipline . They looked at the eventual failure of the Wessagussett settlement as Divine Providence against a sinful people . The residents of Plymouth used terms to distinguish between the earliest settlers of the colony and those that came later . The first generation of settlers , generally thought to be those that arrived before 1627 , called themselves the Old Comers or Planters . Later generations of Plymouth residents referred to this group as the Forefathers . A fairly comprehensive demographic study was done by historian John Demos for his seminal 1970 work on the Pilgrims A Little Commonwealth . He reports that the colony 's average household grew from 7.8 children per family for first - generation families to 8.6 children for second - generation families , and to 9.3 for third - generation families . Child mortality also decreased over this time , with 7.2 children born to first - generation families living until their 21st birthday . That number increased to 7.9 children by the third generation . Life expectancy was higher for men than for women . Of the men who survived until the age of 21 , the average life expectancy was 69.2 years . Over 55 percent of these men lived past 70 ; less than 15 percent died before the age of 50 . For women , the numbers are much lower , owing to the difficulties inherent in childbearing . The average life expectancy of women at the age of 21 was only 62.4 years . Of these women , less than 45 percent lived past 70 , and about 30 percent died before the age of 50 . During King Philip 's War , Plymouth Colony alone lost eight percent of its adult male population . By the end of the war , one - third of New England 's approximately 100 towns had been burned and abandoned . This represented a sizable demographic effect on the English population of New England . Native Americans ( edit ) The Native Americans in New England were organized into loose tribal confederations , sometimes called `` nations '' . Among these confederations were the Nipmucks , the Massachusett , the Narragansett , the Niantics , the Mohegan , and the Wampanoag . Several significant events dramatically altered the demographics of the Native American population in the region . The first was `` Standish 's raid '' on Wessagussett , which frightened Native American leaders to the extent that many abandoned their settlements , resulting in many deaths through starvation and disease . The second , the Pequot War , resulted in the dissolution of the Pequot tribe and a major shift in the local power structure . The third , King Philip 's War , had the most dramatic effect on local populations , resulting in the death or displacement of as much as 80 % of the total number of Native Americans of southern New England and the enslavement and removal of thousands of Native Americans to the Caribbean and other locales . Black slaves ( edit ) See also : History of slavery in Massachusetts and Slavery in the colonial United States Some of the wealthier families in Plymouth Colony owned black slaves which were considered the property of their owners , unlike indentured servants , and passed on to heirs like any other property . Slave ownership was not widespread and very few families possessed the wealth necessary to own slaves . In 1674 , the inventory of Capt . Thomas Willet of Marshfield includes `` 8 Negroes '' at a value of £ 200 . Other inventories of the time also valued slaves at £ 24 -- 25 each ( equivalent to £ 2.81 thousand in 2010 , or $4,300 at PPP ) , well out of the financial ability of most families . A 1689 census of the town of Bristol shows that , of the 70 families that lived there , only one had a black slave . So few were black slaves in the colony that the General Court never saw fit to pass any laws dealing with them . Economy ( edit ) The largest source of wealth for Plymouth Colony was the fur trade . The disruption of this trade caused by Myles Standish 's raid at Wessagussett created great hardship for the colonists for many years to come , and was directly cited by William Bradford as a contributing factor to the colonists ' economic difficulties in their early years . The colonists attempted to supplement their income by fishing ; the waters in Cape Cod bay were known to be excellent fisheries . However , they lacked any skill in this area , and it did little to relieve their economic hardship . The colony traded throughout the region , establishing trading posts as far away as Penobscot , Maine . They were also frequent trading partners with the Dutch at New Amsterdam . The economic situation improved with the arrival of cattle in the colony . It is unknown when the first cattle arrived , but the division of land for the grazing of cattle in 1627 represented one of the first moves towards private land ownership in the colony . Cattle became an important source of wealth in the colony ; the average cow could sell for £ 28 in 1638 ( £ 3,400 in 2010 , or $5,200 at PPP ) . However , the flood of immigrants during the Great Migration drove the price of cattle down . The same cows sold at £ 28 in 1638 were valued in 1640 at only £ 5 ( £ 700.00 in 2010 , or $1,060 at PPP ) . Besides cattle , there were also pigs , sheep , and goats raised in the colony . Agriculture also made up an important part of the Plymouth economy . The colonists adopted Native American agricultural practices and crops . They planted maize , squash , pumpkins , beans , and potatoes . Besides the crops themselves , the Pilgrims learned productive farming techniques from the Native Americans , such as proper crop rotation and the use of dead fish to fertilize the soil . In addition to these native crops , the colonists also successfully planted Old World crops such as turnips , carrots , peas , wheat , barley , and oats . Overall , there was very little cash in Plymouth Colony , so most wealth was accumulated in the form of possessions . Trade goods such as furs , fish , and livestock were subject to fluctuations in price and were unreliable repositories of wealth . Durable goods such as fine wares , clothes , and furnishings represented an important source of economic stability for the residents . Legacy ( edit ) The events surrounding the founding and history of Plymouth Colony have had a lasting effect on the art , traditions , mythology , and politics of the United States of America , despite its short history of fewer than 72 years . Art , literature , and film ( edit ) Front page of William Bradford 's manuscript for Of Plimoth Plantation The earliest artistic depiction of the Pilgrims was actually done before their arrival in America ; Dutch painter Adam Willaerts painted a portrait of their departure from Delfshaven in 1620 . The same scene was repainted by Robert Walter Weir in 1844 , and hangs in the Rotunda of the United States Capitol building . Numerous other paintings have been created memorializing various scenes from the life of Plymouth Colony , including their landing and the `` First Thanksgiving '' , many of which have been collected by Pilgrim Hall , a museum and historical society founded in 1824 to preserve the history of the Colony . New England Landing of the Pilgrims in 1620 on a stamp marking its 350th anniversary in 1970 Several contemporaneous accounts of life in Plymouth Colony have become both vital primary historical documents and literary classics . Of Plimoth Plantation by William Bradford and Mourt 's Relation by Bradford , Edward Winslow , and others are both accounts written by Mayflower passengers that provide much of the information which we have today regarding the trans - Atlantic voyage and early years of the settlement . Benjamin Church wrote several accounts of King Philip 's War , including Entertaining Passages Relating to Philip 's War , which remained popular throughout the 18th century . An edition of the work was illustrated by Paul Revere in 1772 . The Sovereignty and Goodness of God provides an account of King Philip 's War from the perspective of Mary Rowlandson , an Englishwoman who was captured and spent some time in the company of Native Americans during the war . Later works , such as `` The Courtship of Miles Standish '' by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , have provided a romantic and partially fictionalized account of life in Plymouth Colony . There are also numerous films about the Pilgrims , including the several film adaptations of `` The Courtship of Miles Standish '' ; the 1952 film Plymouth Adventure starring Spencer Tracy ; and Desperate Crossings : The True Story of the Mayflower , a 2006 television documentary produced by the History Channel . In 1970 , the United States Postal Service issued a three hundred and fiftieth - year commemorative stamp recognizing the English dissenters first landing at the modern day settlement of Provincetown , Massachusetts in 1620 . Thanksgiving ( edit ) 1863 letter from Sarah Josepha Hale to President Abraham Lincoln discussing the creation of a Thanksgiving holiday Main article : Thanksgiving ( United States ) Each year , the United States celebrates a holiday known as Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November . It is a federal holiday and frequently involves a family gathering with a large feast , traditionally featuring a turkey . Civic recognitions of the holiday typically include parades and football games . The holiday is meant to honor the First Thanksgiving , which was a harvest feast held in Plymouth in 1621 , as first recorded in the book New England 's Memorial by Nathaniel Morton , secretary of Plymouth Colony and nephew of Governor William Bradford . The annual Thanksgiving holiday is a fairly recent creation . Throughout the early 19th century , the U.S. government had declared a particular day as a national day of Thanksgiving , but these were one - time declarations meant to celebrate a significant event , such as victory in a battle . The northeastern states began adopting an annual day of Thanksgiving in November shortly after the end of the War of 1812 . Sarah Josepha Hale , editor of Boston 's Ladies ' Magazine , wrote editorials beginning in 1827 which called for the nationwide expansion of this annual day of thanksgiving to commemorate the Pilgrim 's first harvest feast . After nearly 40 years , Abraham Lincoln declared the first modern Thanksgiving to fall on the last Thursday in November in 1863 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Congress ultimately moved it to the fourth Thursday in November . After some sparring as to the date , the holiday was recognized by Congress as an official federal holiday in 1941 . Some of the modern traditions which have developed alongside the Thanksgiving holiday are the National Football League 's Thanksgiving Day games and the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City . Plymouth Rock ( edit ) Plymouth Rock , inscribed with 1620 , the year of the Pilgrims ' landing in the Mayflower Main article : Plymouth Rock One of the enduring symbols of the landing of the Pilgrims is Plymouth Rock , a large granodiorite boulder that was near their landing site at Plymouth . However , none of the contemporary accounts of the actual landing makes any mention that the Rock was the specific place of landing . The Pilgrims chose the site for their landing , not for the rock , but for a small brook nearby that was a source of fresh water and fish . The first identification of Plymouth Rock as the actual landing site was in 1741 by 90 - year - old Thomas Faunce , whose father had arrived in Plymouth in 1623 , three years after the supposed event . The rock was later covered by a solid - fill pier . In 1774 , an attempt was made to excavate the rock , but it broke in two . The severed piece was placed in the Town Square at the center of Plymouth . In 1880 , the intact half of the rock was excavated from the pier , and the broken piece was reattached to it . Over the years , souvenir hunters have removed chunks from the rock , but the remains are now protected as part of the complex of living museums . These include the Mayflower II , a recreation of the original ship ; Plimoth Plantation , a historical recreation of the original 1620 settlement ; and the Wampanoag Homesite , which recreates a 17th - century Indian village . Political legacy ( edit ) The democratic setup of Plymouth Colony had strong influences on the shaping of democracy in both England and America . William Bradford 's History of Plimoth Plantation was widely read in the motherland . It influenced the political thought of Presbyterian politician and poet John Milton , assistant to Oliver Cromwell , and philosopher John Locke . For example , Locke referred to the Mayflower Compact in his Letters Concerning Toleration . In America , Plymouth Colony initiated a democratic tradition that was soon followed by Massachusetts Bay Colony ( 1628 ) , Connecticut ( 1636 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania ( 1681 ) . In the latter four colonies , founded by Thomas Hooker , Roger Williams , and William Penn , respectively , religious freedom was added to democratic constitutions . These territories became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities . There were strong links between 17th - century Puritanism and the political ideas of the 18th century . On the one hand , there was the congregational democracy practiced now by all Protestant churches , including to a large extent the Anglicans . On the other hand , most of the political concepts of the generation that carried out the Revolution were taken over from the radical Whig party in England ( Commonwealthmen ) , which fed on the liberal political theories of Milton , Locke , and other writers . As children the Revolutionaries had experienced the Great Awakening ( c. 1740 ) . In the words of historian Robert Middlekauff : `` The Awakening recalled a generation to the standards of reformed Protestantism , which had prevailed at the time of the founding of America . ( ... ) Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestant culture that had always verged on Puritanism . That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin . The importance of virtue , frugality , industry , and calling was at the heart of their moral code . ( ... ) Radical Whiggery of the eighteenth century convinced Americans because it had been pervasive in their culture since the seventeenth . '' The Mayflower Society ( edit ) Main article : The Mayflower Society The General Society of Mayflower Descendants , or The Mayflower Society , is a genealogical organization of individuals who have documented their descents from one or more of the 102 passengers who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 . The Society , founded at Plymouth in 1897 , claims that tens of millions of Americans descend from these passengers , and it offers research services to people seeking to document such descents . See also ( edit ) English colonial empire European colonization of the Americas British colonization of the Americas Colonial America Plantation ( settlement or colony ) List of colonial governors of Massachusetts ( includes Plymouth ) Locations related to Plymouth Colony ( edit ) Alexander Standish House Burial Hill , site of the first fort at New Plymouth , originally known as Fort Hill Cole 's Hill , contained the original cemetery at New Plymouth , later moved to Burial Hill First Parish Church in Plymouth , the modern descendant of the Scrooby congregation that founded Plymouth Colony First Parish Church ( Duxbury , Massachusetts ) , another early congregation founded by the Pilgrims Harlow Old Fort House , a private house built in 1677 in Plymouth , partially out of timbers of the original fort built in 1621 Jabez Howland House Jenney Grist Mill John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites Leyden Street , claimed to be the first street in Plymouth Colony Myles Standish Burial Ground contains remains of several important Pilgrims , including Myles Standish Plymouth Village Historic District Town Brook Historic and Archeological District Monuments and other commemorations ( edit ) Myles Standish Monument State Reservation National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Hall Museum Pilgrim Monument Plimoth Plantation Plymouth Antiquarian Society Plymouth Rock Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patricia Scott Deetz ; James F. Deetz ( 2000 ) . `` Passengers on the Mayflower : Ages & Occupations , Origins & Connections '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 7 -- 13 Jump up ^ Addison ( 1911 ) , foreword `` From a Pilgrim Cell '' , pp. xiii -- xiv Jump up ^ Addison ( 1911 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Rothbard , Murray Rothbard ( 1975 ) . `` '' The Founding of Plymouth Colony `` '' . Conceived in Liberty . 1 . Arlington House Publishers . Jump up ^ The debts were paid off by working 6 days a week for the sponsors . It was not paid off until 1648 because of hardships experienced during the early years of the settlement , as well as corruption and mismanagement by their representatives . ( Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 , 169 ) Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 20 -- 23 Jump up ^ Bradford , William . Of Plymouth Plantation . New York : Dover Publications . Jump up ^ Donovan , Frank ( 1968 ) . The Mayflower Compact . New York : Grosset & Dunlap . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , William . Of Plymouth Plantation . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Donovan , Frank ( 1968 ) . The Mayflower Compact . Grosset & Dunlap . Jump up ^ Addison ( 1911 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Eskridge ; R. , Charles . Modern Lessons From Original Steps Towards the American Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Croxton , Derek ( 1991 ) . `` The Cabot Dilemma : John Cabot 's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography '' . Essays in History . Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Edney , Matthew H. `` The Cartographic Creation of New England '' . Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education , University of Southern Maine . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Koplow , David A. ( 2003 ) . `` Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge '' . University of California Press . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marr , JS ; Cathey , JT . `` New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans , New England , 1616 -- 1619 '' . Emerg Infect Dis. 16 ( 2 ) : 281 . doi : 10.3201 / edi1602. 090276 . Jump up ^ `` Popham Colony : The First English Colony in New England '' . www.pophamcolony.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 69 -- 71 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) p. 41 Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel ( 2002 ) , The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower . DK Publishing Inc. , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 55 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , K.E. ( 2012 ) . A Disability History of the United States . Beacon Press . ISBN 9780807022047 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 78 -- 80 ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 1997 ) , p. 37 Jump up ^ See the editorial footnotes in : Bradford , William ( 1856 ) . History of Plymouth Plantation . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown , and Company . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 80 -- 84 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 88 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` Samoset Biography '' . Jump up ^ Massasoit was specifically the sachem of a single tribe of Wampanoag Indians known as the Pokanoket , though he was recognized as the founder and leader of the entire confederation . Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 93 , 155 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 94 -- 96 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ West , Elliot . Squanto in Weinstein and Rubel ( 2002 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 97 -- 99 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Addison ( 1911 ) , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ Patricia Scott Deetz ; James F. Deetz ( 2000 ) . `` Mayflower Passenger Deaths , 1620 -- 1621 '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources for `` The First Thanksgiving '' at Plymouth `` . Pilgrim Hall Museum . 1998 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dorothy , the servant of John Carver , and Priscilla Mullins were both old enough to be married within a year or two of that first winter , although their exact ages are unknown . So the number of adult women surviving to the first Thanksgiving may be as many as 6 ( out of 20 ) . Jump up ^ Addison ( 1911 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Travers , Carolyn Freeman . `` Fast and Thanksgiving Days of Plymouth Colony '' . Plimoth Plantation : Living , Breathing History . Plimoth Plantation . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Sources for `` The First Thanksgiving '' at Plymouth `` . Pilgrim Hall Museum . 1998 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Note : this reference contains partial transcriptions of two documents , Winslow 's Mourt 's Relations and Bradford 's Of Plimoth Plantation , which describe the events of the First Thanksgiving . Jump up ^ Eric Jay Dolin . Fur , Fortune , and Empire . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 104 -- 109 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 110 -- 113 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 113 -- 116 ^ Jump up to : Deetz , Patricia Scott ; James Deetz ( 2000 ) . `` Population of Plymouth Town , County , & Colony , 1620 -- 1690 '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 151 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Winslow , Edward ( 1624 ) . Caleb Johnson , ed . `` Chapter 5 '' . Good Newes From New England . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 123 -- 126 , 134 Jump up ^ Charles Edwards Banks , The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers : who came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620 , the Fortune in 1621 , and the Anne and the Little James in 1623 ( Baltimore , MD. : Genealogical Publishing Co. , 2006 ) pp. 133 , 167 Jump up ^ With Axe and Musket at Plymouth . New York : The American Historical Society , Inc. , 1936 Jump up ^ `` Residents of Plymouth according to the 1627 Division of Cattle '' . Plimoth Plantation : Living , Breathing History . Plimoth Plantation . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Leach , Douglas Edward ( September 1951 ) . `` The Military System of Plymouth Colony '' . The New England Quarterly . 24 ( 3 ) : 342 -- 364 . JSTOR 361908 . doi : 10.2307 / 361908 . Note : login required for access Jump up ^ Taylor , Norris ( 1998 ) . `` The Massachusetts Bay Colony '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 57 -- 58 , 71 , 84 , 90 , 115 , 128 , 155 ^ Jump up to : `` Perspectives : The Pequot War '' . The Descendants of Henry Doude . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 207 -- 208 ^ Jump up to : Aultman , Jennifer L. ( 2001 ) . `` From Thanksgiving to War : Native Americans in Criminal Cases of Plymouth Colony , 1630 -- 1675 '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 221 -- 223 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 229 -- 237 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 288 -- 289 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 311 -- 323 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 331 -- 337 ^ Jump up to : Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 332 , 345 -- 346 ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of Plymouth Colony 1620 -- 1692 '' . Plimoth Plantation. 2007 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Moore , Jacob Bailey ( 1851 ) . Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay . Boston : C.D. Strong . pp. 417 -- 418 . OCLC 11362972 . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Weinstein and Rubel ( 2002 ) , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , foreword p.x. ^ Jump up to : Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) pp. 134 -- 136 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Richard Howland ( 2003 ) . `` Pilgrim and Puritan : A Delicate Distinction '' . Pilgrim Society Note , Series Two . Pilgrim Hall Museum . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved 2003 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Fennell , Christopher ( 1998 ) . `` Plymouth Colony Legal Structure '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Demos 1970 , pp. 104 -- 106 , 140 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 132 ^ Jump up to : Philbrick ( 2006 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz , pp. 87 -- 100 and endnotes Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 92 -- 98 and endnotes ^ Jump up to : Demos , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Demos , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , pp. 272 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Demos , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , p. 273 - 74 . Jump up ^ Demos , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 66 . Demos names the following figures for life expectancy : males who reached 21 years old lived to an average age of 70 ; women who reached this age averaged 63 . ^ Jump up to : Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 82 -- 99 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 66 . Historian John Demos quotes a 1667 contract between John Phillips and Faith Doty which states , `` The said Faith Doty is to enjoy all of her house and land , goods and cattles , that shee is now possessed of , to her owne proper use , to dispose of them att her owne free will '' . Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Whipps , Heather ( September 21 , 2006 ) . `` Census : U.S. household size shrinking '' . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . A study reported by MSNBC found that the modern American household consisted of 2.6 people . Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 192 cites that , by the third generation , the average family had 9.3 births , with 7.9 children living until adulthood . Most families had two parents , so this would extrapolate to an average of 10 people under one roof . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 64 -- 69 Jump up ^ Demos , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , pp. 270 - 71 . ^ Jump up to : Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 71 -- 75 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 146 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 147 -- 149 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 144 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in America . Prentice - Hall Inc. , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , pp. 64 -- 69 . -- M. Schmidt , Pilgerväter . In : Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart , 3rd edition , Tübingen ( Germany ) , Volume V , col. 384 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 148 Jump up ^ `` Governors of Plymouth Colony '' . Pilgrim Hall Museum . 1998 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 214 -- 215 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , p. 133 cite the first eight examples ( treason - adultery ) , Demos ( 1970 ) p. 100 mentions the last Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) p. 102 . Bumpus 's actual sentence was to be `` whipt att the post '' , with the note that `` hee was crasey brained , ortherwise hee had bine put to death '' . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , p. 223 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 1997 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , pp. 96 -- 98 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , p. 143 ^ Jump up to : Galle , Jillian ( 2000 ) . `` Servants and Masters in the Plymouth Colony '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Martucci , David ( 1997 ) . `` The Flag of New England '' . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Payne , Morse ( 2006 ) . `` The Survey System of the Old Colony '' . Slade and Associates . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Border is Where ? Part II '' . The Rhode Islander : A depository of opinion , information , and pictures of the Ocean State . blogspot.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Town of Bristol '' . EDC Profile . Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , endnotes , lists twenty towns as part of Plymouth Colony . In addition to the ones listed here , they include the towns of Edgartown and Tisbury on Martha 's Vineyard , and Nantucket on its namesake island . However , several other sources note that Martha 's Vineyard ( Dukes County ) and Nantucket Island ( Nantucket County ) were part of the Colony of New York prior to the Dominion ( including the 1890 Massachusetts Gazetteer used here ) and were not formally annexed until the 1691 charter that ended Plymouth Colony as an independent entity . Some towns north of the `` Old Colony Line '' may have been founded by Plymouth settlers or were temporarily administered as part of Plymouth Colony before the boundary was established with Massachusetts in 1644 , such as Hull and Wessagussett . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Barnstable County Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Barnstable Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Eastham Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Deyo , Simeon L. ( 1890 ) . `` Chapter XX '' . History of Barnstable County , Massachusetts . republished in 2006 online by CapeCodHistory.us . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester ( MA ) Town History '' . Town of Rochester , Massachusetts . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rochester was later transferred to Plymouth County some time after 1689 ; at the time of incorporation , however , it was part of Barnstable County . See : Freeman , Frederick ( 1860 ) . History of Cape Cod . Vol. 1 . Boston : Geo C. Rand & Avery & Cornhill . p. 312 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Sandwich Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Yarmouth Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Bristol County Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Taunton Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Dartmouth Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Freetown Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Compton Historical Society Home Page '' . The Little Compton Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Rehoboth Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Swansey Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . note : some confusion exists over the correct spelling of Swansea . The modern spelling is used here . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Plymouth County Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Plymouth Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Bridgewater Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Duxbury Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Marshfield Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Middleborough Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nason , Elias ; George G. Varney ( 1890 ) . `` Scituate Massachusetts , 1890 '' . Massachusetts Gazetteer . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : David Lindsay , Mayflower Bastard : A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims ( St. Martins Press , New York , 2002 ) pp. x , xvi . Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris , The Mayflower Descendant ( July 1993 ) , vol. 43 , no . 2 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Morison & Commager , The Growth of the American Republic ( 4th ed. , New York , 1950 ) , vol. 1 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Cline , Duane A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony : 1620 '' . Rootsweb . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 128 , 151 -- 154 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , p. 14 and endnotes ^ Jump up to : Demos ( 1970 ) , Appendices , pp. 192 -- 194 Jump up ^ Demos , pp. 110 -- 111 , also see Demos 's footnote # 10 on p. 110 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 Jump up ^ Deetz and Deetz ( 2000 ) , pp. 77 -- 78 . The first mention of cattle occurs with the arrival of `` three heifers and a bull '' in 1624 , but there is some doubt as to whether this was the first cattle in the colony . Jump up ^ Chartier , Charles S. `` Livestock in Plymouth Colony '' . Plymouth Archaeological Rediscovery Project . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 1997 ) , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Demos ( 1970 ) pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Philbrick 2006 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` History Paintings '' . Pilgrim Hall . 1998 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 75 , 288 , 357 -- 358 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) p. 354 Jump up ^ `` IMDB search : Miles Standish '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Plymouth Adventure ( 1952 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Mayflower ( 2006 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Federal Holidays '' . U.S. Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jerry ( 2001 ) . `` The Thanksgiving Story '' . Holiday Page . Wilstar.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` History of Thanksgiving : A Timeline '' . Twoop.com. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 75 , 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Philbrick ( 2006 ) pp. 351 -- 356 Jump up ^ Jeremy Waldron ( 2002 ) , God , Locke , and Equality . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge , UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89057 - 1 , pp. 223 -- 224 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead , History of Religion in the United States , pp. 74 -- 75 , 102 -- 105 , 114 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and Expanded Edition . Oxford University Press Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ `` The Mayflower Society Home Page '' . General Society of Mayflower Descendants. 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 13 . References ( edit ) Addison , Albert Christopher ( 1911 ) . The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims , and Its Place in the Life of To - day . Boston : L.C. Page & Company . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Deetz , James ; Patricia Scott Deetz ( 2000 ) . The Times of Their Lives : Life , Love , and Death in Plymouth Colony . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3830 - 9 . Demos , John ( 1970 ) . A Little Commonwealth : Family Life in Plymouth Colony . New York : Oxford University Press . Demos , John , Notes on Life in Plymouth Colony , William and Mary Quarterly , Vol. 22 , No. 2 ( April 1965 ) , pp. 264 -- 86 . Johnson , Paul ( 1997 ) . A History of the American People . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016836 - 6 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2006 ) . Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03760 - 5 . Weinstein , Allen ; David Rubel ( 2002 ) . The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower . New York : DK Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel topic for Plymouth Colony . Colonial America : Plymouth Colony 1620 A short history of Plymouth Colony hosted at U-S-History.com , includes a map of all of the New England colonies . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project A collection of primary sources documents and secondary source analysis related to Plymouth Colony . Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name , sailing date and passengers . History of the Town of Plymouth 1620 ... free Google eBook pdf format Coordinates : 41 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 70 ° 44 ′ 19 '' W / 41.8450 ° N 70.7387 ° W / 41.8450 ; - 70.7387 British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Colony&oldid=807266088 '' Categories : Former countries in North America States and territories established in 1620 States and territories disestablished in 1691 Plymouth Colony Colonial United States ( British ) Dominion of New England Former English colonies History of the Thirteen Colonies Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts Plymouth , Massachusetts Massachusetts culture 1620 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies Politically motivated migrations Hidden categories : Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 22 : 56 . 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-5987424984954541048	London fare zones	London fare zones - wikipedia London fare zones Route map of zonal system of the railway services directly managed by Transport for London . Stations only served by National Rail services are not shown in this map . Rail service fares in Greater London and the surrounding area are calculated in accordance with the London fare zones system managed by Transport for London . Within London , all London Underground , National Rail , London Overground , TfL Rail and Docklands Light Railway stations are assigned to nine fare zones . Fare zone 1 covers the central area and fare zones 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 form concentric rings around it . Some National Rail stations and all Transport for London served stations outside Greater London in the counties of Buckinghamshire , Essex , Hertfordshire and Surrey are either included in fare zones 4 , 5 or 6 or in extended zones beyond these . Transport for London fare zones are also known simply as zones or travelcard zones , referring to their use in calculating prices for the travelcard product . Before flat fares were introduced in 2004 , fare zones were used on the London Buses network . London fare zones are also used for calculating the cost of single and return paper tickets , Oyster card pay - as - you - go fares and season tickets . Contents 1 History 2 Principal fare zones 3 Ancillary zones 4 Notes 5 References History ( edit ) Before the introduction of fare zones , tickets for rail travel in Greater London were purchased on a ' point - to - point ' basis between two stations , either as a single , return or season ticket ; and were priced according to distance travelled . During the early 1980s the London Transport Executive of the Greater London Council made a series of revisions to fares which introduced the fare zones . The purpose of creating zones was to simplify fares , in order to speed up the process of buying tickets . On buses this became necessary as the use of a conductor was being eliminated in favour of the driver selling tickets , which was having an impact on the time it took passengers to board the bus and therefore on journey times . The first zones were introduced on 4 October 1981 . The whole of Greater London was divided into bus zones where flat fares applied . On the London Underground the area that is now zone 1 was divided into two overlapping areas called City and West End . On 21 March 1982 fares to all other London Underground stations were graduated at three mile intervals -- effectively creating zones -- although they were not named as such until 1983 when the Travelcard product was launched covering five numbered zones . City and West End became zone 1 and the rest of Greater London was within zones 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 . Further products were launched using the zones : One Day Travelcard ( 1984 ) , Capitalcard ( 1985 ) , One Day Capitalcard ( 1986 ) . In January 1991 Zone 5 was split to create a new Zone 6 . Principal fare zones ( edit ) All of Greater London is within the six principal fare zones numbered 1 to 6 . Inner zone 1 forms a roughly circular area and covers central London . Each of five outer zones forms a concentric ring around it . Zones 4 , 5 and 6 additionally extend into parts of Essex , Hertfordshire and Surrey . List of boroughs in each zone : Zone Inner London Outer London Outside London Central London : City of London , Camden , Hackney , Islington , Kensington & Chelsea , Lambeth , Southwark , Tower Hamlets and Westminster Camden , Greenwich , Hackney , Hammersmith & Fulham , Islington , Kensington & Chelsea , Lambeth , Lewisham , Southwark , Tower Hamlets , Wandsworth and Westminster Brent , Ealing , Hounslow , Newham Camden , Greenwich , Hackney , Islington , Lambeth , Lewisham , Southwark , Wandsworth Barnet , Brent , Croydon , Ealing , Haringey , Hounslow , Merton , Newham , Richmond upon Thames , Waltham Forest Greenwich , Lewisham Barking and Dagenham , Barnet , Bexley , Brent , Bromley , Croydon Ealing , Enfield , Haringey , Hounslow , Merton , Newham , Redbridge , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , Waltham Forest , Kingston upon Thames Epping Forest ( Essex ) 5 Barking and Dagenham , Barnet , Bexley , Bromley , Croydon , Ealing , Enfield , Harrow , Hillingdon , Kingston upon Thames , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , Waltham Forest Epping Forest ( Essex ) , Epsom and Ewell ( Surrey ) 6 Bexley , Bromley , Croydon , Enfield , Harrow , Havering , Hillingdon , Hounslow , Kingston upon Thames , Richmond upon Thames , Elmbridge ( Surrey ) , Epping Forest ( Essex ) , Epsom and Ewell ( Surrey ) , Hertsmere ( Hertfordshire ) , Reigate and Banstead ( Surrey ) , Tandridge ( Surrey ) , Three Rivers ( Hertfordshire ) Ancillary zones ( edit ) Further information : List of stations in London fare zones 7 -- W For some services outside Greater London where fares are set by Transport for London there are three additional zones 7 , 8 and 9 . They extend into Buckinghamshire , Essex and Hertfordshire to include all stations served by TfL services ( except Shenfield , Watford Junction ) and some c2c services that are outside Greater London . Unlike zones 2 -- 6 they do not form complete rings around London . As of January 2013 , there were eight National Rail stations outside the 9 numbered fare zones , where Oyster card pay as you go is permitted and fares are set by the train operating companies . They are located in Essex and Hertfordshire and are organised into additional areas B , C , G and W. On maps these stations are shown as being outside fare zones 1 -- 9 but within the ' special fares ' Oyster pay as you go area . In January 2016 , the Oyster and contactless system was extended to Gatwick Airport in Crawley , West Sussex , and the stations down that line ( Horley , Salfords , Earlswood , Redhill and Merstham ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stations can be assigned to one or two fare zones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ London Rail and Tube services map Jump up ^ Getting to Gatwick Airport with Oyster and contactless London fare zones Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zones 7 -- W Transport in London Companies and organisations Transport for London Air Line Buses East London Transit Night buses Coach station Cycle hire Dial - a-Ride London Rail Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail Tramlink Crossrail ( under construction ) Crossrail 2 ( proposed ) London River Services London Streets London Underground Night Tube Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Abellio Arriva East Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties CT Plus Go - Ahead London London Sovereign London United Metrobus Metroline Quality Line Stagecoach London Tower Transit Uno River operators Bateaux London City Cruises Crown River Cruises Livett 's Launches Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Thames Clippers Thames Executive Charters Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Trains Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick Express Great Northern Southern Thameslink Grand Central Great Western Railway Greater Anglia Stansted Express Heathrow Express Hull Trains London North Eastern Railway London Northwestern Railway South Western Railway Southeastern TfL Rail Virgin Trains Other Global Infrastructure Partners Heathrow Airport Holdings Port of London Authority Airports Within London City Heathrow Private : Biggin Hill Damyns Hall London Heliport Military : Northolt Outside London Gatwick Luton Southend Stansted Proposed : Thames Estuary Major stations Central area Bank / Monument Baker Street Blackfriars Bond Street Cannon Street Charing Cross City Thameslink Euston Farringdon Fenchurch Street King 's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Marylebone Moorgate Oxford Circus Paddington St Pancras International Tottenham Court Road Vauxhall Victoria Waterloo Waterloo East Westminster Other Barking Bromley South Canary Wharf Clapham Junction Ealing Broadway East Croydon Finsbury Park Heathrow Stations Highbury & Islington Ilford Lewisham London City Airport Orpington Putney Richmond Romford Stratford Surbiton Sutton Wimbledon Roads Motorways M1 M4 M11 M25 London Orbital Former : M41 ( West Cross Route ) A40 ( M ) ( Westway ) A102 ( M ) ( East Cross Route ) Ring roads London Inner Ring Road London Ringways North Circular Road South Circular Road Charging Congestion charge Low emission zone Ticketing Freedom Pass Oyster card Travelcard Other History of public transport authorities London Transport Museum Port of London Regent 's Canal Cycle routes Thameslink Trams Trolleybuses Windsor House Former BR sectors British Rail InterCity Network SouthEast Commons WikiProject London transport portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_fare_zones&oldid=847670237 '' Categories : Transport infrastructure in London Fare collection systems in London Transport for London Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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-4559426662375845095	2017 Las Vegas shooting	2017 Las Vegas shooting - Wikipedia 2017 Las Vegas shooting Jump to : navigation , search `` Las Vegas shooting '' redirects here . For other uses , see Las Vegas shooting ( disambiguation ) . 2017 Las Vegas shooting Paddock 's room on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Route 91 Harvest country music festival grounds ( Full screen ) Location Las Vegas Strip , Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 42 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 18 '' W / 36.09500 ° N 115.17167 ° W / 36.09500 ; - 115.17167 Date October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) c. 10 : 05 -- 10 : 15 p.m. ( PDT ; UTC − 07 : 00 ) Target Audience of the Route 91 Harvest music festival Attack type Mass shooting , murder -- suicide Weapons 23 guns including four DDM4 rifles , three FN - 15 rifles , one AR - 15 rifle with forward front grip , one . 308 - caliber AR - 10 rifle , one AK - 47 , at least one made - to - order LMT rifle , and one handgun . Deaths 59 ( including the perpetrator ) Non-fatal injuries 546 Perpetrator Stephen Paddock On the night of October 1 , 2017 , a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , leaving 58 people dead and 546 injured . Between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT , 64 - year - old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite , Nevada , fired hundreds of rifle rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel . About an hour after Paddock fired his last shot into the crowd , he was found dead in his room from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . His motive is unknown . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual and the deadliest mass murder post-9 / 11 in the United States . The shooting reignited the debate about gun laws in the U.S. with attention focused on bump fire stocks , which Paddock used to allow his semi-automatic rifles to fire at a rate similar to that of a fully automatic weapon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Location 1.2 Preparation 2 Shooting 2.1 Misinformation 3 Casualties 4 Perpetrator 5 Aftermath and reactions 5.1 Hoaxes 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Location The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County , Nevada , immediately south of the City of Las Vegas . It is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels , including the 43 - story Mandalay Bay southeast of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road , in the unincorporated town of Paradise . Diagonally across the intersection to the northeast is Las Vegas Village , a 15 - acre ( 6.1 - hectare ) lot used for outdoor performances . The annual Route 91 Harvest country music festival was held there since 2014 ; 2017 's festival ran from September 29 to October 1 . Preparation Paddock may have researched the possibility of attacking other outdoor concerts . He reserved a room that overlooked the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago , but did not use it . He appears to have stayed in Downtown Las Vegas from September 14 until the night of the shooting . Between the 22nd and 24th , he rented rooms at The Ogden , which overlooked the open - air Life Is Beautiful festival . On September 25 , 2017 , Paddock arrived at the Mandalay Bay hotel and booked into a comped room . Three days later , he moved to the 32nd floor suite , which overlooked Las Vegas Village . He placed a `` Do not disturb '' sign on the door , organized the room , and stockpiled an arsenal of weapons . Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo said Paddock carried more than ten suitcases into his hotel suite during his preparation for the shooting . A bump fire stock , showing how the trigger ( red ) is pulled by the trigger finger when the receiver is moved forward . It is reset when the receiver moves back due to recoil . Twenty - three firearms , a large quantity of ammunition , and numerous high - capacity magazines capable of holding up to 100 rounds apiece were found in the suite . The firearms included four DDM4 rifles , three FN - 15 rifles , one AR - 15 rifle with forward front grip , one . 308 - caliber AR - 10 rifle , one Kalashnikov , and at least one made - to - order LMT rifle and one handgun . Two of the rifles were equipped with telescopic sights and mounted on bipods . Bump fire stocks were found on twelve of the guns , which allowed for recoil to actuate their triggers at a rate of 90 bullets in 10 seconds . The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives determined that the firearms found in his hotel room , along with more guns found in his homes , were legal and had been legally purchased in the states of Nevada , California , Texas , and Utah . In the month preceding the shooting , he had attempted to purchase a large quantity of tracer ammunition , but the gun dealer he approached did not have the item in stock . Investigators found hidden surveillance cameras that were placed inside and outside the hotel room , presumably so Paddock could monitor the arrival of others . The cameras were not in record mode . Police said a handwritten note found in the room indicated Paddock had been calculating the distance , wind , and trajectory from his 32nd floor hotel suite to the concertgoers he was targeting on the festival lot . At a press conference on October 4 , Sheriff Lombardo stated there was evidence -- which he declined to discuss -- that Paddock intended to escape the scene , and that he may have had assistance from an accomplice . Investigators searched Paddock 's room and found a bulletproof vest and breathing apparatus , which were survival gear that Paddock never used . During subsequent investigations , ammonium nitrate , which is often used in improvised explosive devices , was found in the trunk of his Hyundai Tucson SUV , along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of Tannerite , a binary explosive used to make explosive targets for gun ranges . Undersheriff Kevin McMahill said that while Paddock had `` nefarious intent '' with the material , he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device . Shooting Schematic of the shooting scene . Paddock fired 490 yards ( 450 m ) from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel towards the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village . The mass shooting occurred between 10 : 05 and 10 : 15 p.m. PDT on October 1 , 2017 , which was the third and final night of the festival . When the shooting began , country music singer Jason Aldean was giving the closing performance before an audience of about 22,000 . Shortly before 10 p.m. , hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open - door alert . He encountered a barricaded door that prevented him from immediately accessing the floor . After arriving on the floor , he heard drilling from Paddock 's room and went to investigate . At approximately 10 : 05 he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 200 bullets which Paddock fired through his suite 's door . After Campos was hit he immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot . At the same time , maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to check out a report about a jammed fire door . Campos , who was already injured , encountered Schuck and told him to take cover . Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio , informed them of the ongoing shooting , and told them to call the police . Neither Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department nor MGM Resorts International , the Mandalay Bay 's owner , have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police . Paddock 's room at Mandalay Bay Main stage of Route 91 Harvest Airport fuel tanks Paddock used a hammer to break two of his suite 's windows and began shooting through them at 10 : 05 p.m. , ultimately firing hundreds of rifle rounds approximately 490 yards ( 450 m ) into the festival audience . Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks . During the shooting , a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15 - acre concrete lot . The gunfire continued , with some momentary pauses , over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10 : 15 p.m. Two of the bullets fired by Paddock struck a large aviation fuel tank at McCarran International Airport 2,000 feet ( 600 m ) away . One of the bullets penetrated the tank , but the fuel did not ignite or explode , and was unlikely to have done so . During the shooting , police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay , the nearby Luxor hotel , or the festival grounds . There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip . Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire in the middle of the Mandalay Bay , on the northern side , and responded to the hotel . At 10 : 12 p.m. , two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them . When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10 : 17 p.m. and encountered Campos a minute later , he directed them to Paddock 's room and helped others evacuate . Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself . Between 10 : 26 and 10 : 30 p.m. , an additional eight officers arrived at the 32nd floor . They could no longer hear gunfire and moved systematically down the hallway , searching and clearing each room , using a master key that was provided by Campos . At 10 : 55 p.m. , the officers finished evacuating guests . At 11 : 20 p.m. , police breached Paddock 's room with explosives . Paddock was found dead , having shot himself in the head before the police entered . While entering the hotel suite , an officer accidentally fired off a round from his weapon , which hit no one . At 11 : 27 p.m. , officers announced over the police radio that one suspect was down . Early on October 2 , Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock . Misinformation There have been several changes in the official account and timeline of Paddock 's shooting of hotel security guard Campos . Police officials described these adjustments as `` minute changes '' that are common in complex investigations . In a first statement about the incident , police officials inaccurately reported that Campos arrived on the scene after Paddock began firing into the crowd . In a second statement , police officials reported , again inaccurately , that Campos was shot six minutes before Paddock began firing into the crowd . That report had been based on a 9 : 59 p.m. notation in a hotel security log , which in a third statement was determined to have been the time when Campos encountered the barricaded door . Sheriff Lombardo dismissed allegations that the changing timeline is the result of some kind of conspiracy between the police department , the FBI , and MGM Resorts International saying `` Nobody is attempting to hide anything in reference to this investigation . The dynamics and the size of this investigation requires us to go through voluminous amounts of information in order to draw an accurate picture . '' Casualties Fifty - eight people ( excluding Paddock ) died as a result of the shooting , most by gunshot wounds . They included 36 women and 22 men . The oldest was 67 , the youngest 20 . Six were from Nevada , 35 from California , 13 from other states , and four from Canada . An additional 546 people were injured . In the aftermath , many victims were sent to area hospitals , which included University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center , and at least one of the six hospitals of Valley Health System . The incident is the deadliest mass shooting committed by an individual in the United States , surpassing the death toll of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , where 49 died , excluding the gunman . Perpetrator Main article : Stephen Paddock Stephen Craig Paddock ( April 9 , 1953 -- October 1 , 2017 ) was a former auditor and real estate businessman , who had been living in a retirement community in Mesquite , Nevada . Paddock was a high - stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable comps -- free benefits such as rooms and meals . He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas , but was not well known among other high - stakes gamblers since he mostly played video poker . He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker . Police said he had made casino transactions in the tens of thousands of dollars prior to the shooting , but did not specify whether these transactions were losses or wins . Sheriff Lombardo said Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years , which might have been a `` determining factor '' in the attack , but added that his motive may never truly be understood . Court records show Paddock married and divorced twice . He had no known children . Paddock 's father was Benjamin Hoskins Paddock , a bank robber who was on the FBI 's most - wanted list between 1969 and 1977 , and whose wanted poster stated he had been `` diagnosed as psychopathic '' and reportedly had `` suicidal tendencies '' . Police believe Paddock acted alone and have not determined his motive , despite following more than a thousand leads . His younger brother and others who were in close contact with him described him as having no apparent religious or political affiliation . Police said they had no investigative information or criminal history indicating that he was dangerous . His only recorded interaction with law enforcement was a minor traffic citation years before the shooting , which he settled in court . Aftermath and reactions The Las Vegas sign adorned with flowers on October 9 , 2017 , a week after the shooting Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed as police SWAT teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses . McCarran International Airport , adjacent to the shooting site , was shut down for several hours . Approximately 300 people entered the airport property as they fled to safety from the shooting . This prompted officials to shut down all four runways . More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire , while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12 : 40 a.m. on October 2 . At approximately 2 : 45 p.m. PDT on October 2 , a state of emergency was declared in Clark County . The morning after the shooting , lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks . Wait times were as much as six hours or more . Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families . Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval called the shooting `` a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family '' . Jason Aldean , who was performing when the shooting started , posted his condolences on Instagram and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack . At a press conference , President Donald Trump described Paddock as `` a very very sick individual '' , and `` a demented man , ( with ) a lot of problems '' . He added , `` the police department has done such an incredible job , and we 'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by '' . A White House official talking points memo , distributed to Trump allies , opposed tightening gun control since `` new laws wo n't stop a mad man '' , but `` will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens '' . On October 2 , Trump issued a proclamation to honor the victims and their families . On October 4 , Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders . On October 7 , Vice President Mike Pence participated in a unity prayer walk and ceremony in Las Vegas in honor of the dead . The terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIS ) claimed that Paddock was their `` soldier '' , and that he had answered Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi 's call to attack coalition countries , but an FBI agent said they had found `` no connection with an international terrorist group . '' ISIS provided no evidence for its claim , and terrorism experts noted that since Mosul liberation in October 2016 , ISIS or Amaq News Agency has on at least two other occasions made false claims of responsibility for attacks with which they had no connection . President Trump meets a Las Vegas shooting victim Stock prices of firearms manufacturers rose the day after the shooting , as has happened after similar incidents . Investors expect gun sales will increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent gun - control legislation and a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks . The shooting prompted support in the U.S. Congress for legislation that would ban bump fire stocks . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations . Some Congressional Republicans have also expressed their support of a prohibition of bump fire stocks . The name `` 1 October '' was declared the official title of the mass shooting for investigators , according to authorities with the Clark County Commissioner . The future of the Las Vegas Village site remains undetermined . Hoaxes In the hours after the shooting , false information about the shooter 's identity and motive went viral on social media . The fake news was circulated in Internet forums such as 4chan . The website The Gateway Pundit misidentified the shooter when they named a different man and described him as a registered Democrat . The 4chan thread on which this misinformation was based was briefly featured in the `` Top Stories '' section of a Google search for the man 's name . The fake news website YourNewsWire spread false information about a second gunman who was shooting from the fourth floor of the hotel . Two of Facebook 's top trending pages were items from Sputnik , a Russian government news agency . These included one story that falsely claimed the FBI had linked the shooter to a terrorist group . The stories were later removed with an apology . Stories linking the shooter to Antifa have also been discredited . Google and Facebook were criticized for displaying such false news stories in some of their search results . The two technology companies were said to have failed in their responsibility of keeping false stories from reaching the public . Facebook later said its algorithms were designed to detect and remove false stories , but failed to work adequately in this instance . An October 2017 article in The Wall Street Journal referenced the shooting and stated , `` After searches on YouTube about the mass shooting this month in Las Vegas surfaced videos peddling conspiracy theories , the site said it was tweaking its search algorithm to promote more authoritative news sources . '' Survivors of the shooting have received death threats on social media , along with accusations of being paid actors . See also Gun laws in Nevada Gun violence in the United States List of disasters in the United States by death toll List of rampage killers List of rampage killers ( Americas ) Notes Jump up ^ For the layout of the festival , see `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For a diagram of Paddock 's hotel suite and connecting room , see : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 ... Jump up ^ For an infographic of what occurred at the venue during the shooting , see the fourth image of : `` Las Vegas Shooting : Chaos at a Concert and a Frantic Search at Mandalay Bay '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 ... References Jump up ^ Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . ^ Jump up to : Google . `` 2017 Las Vegas shooting '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Festival attacked by Las Vegas shooter had been success story in creating outdoor music destination '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' forceful ' with Chicago hotel manager : TMZ '' . Chicago Sun - Times . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Lawsuit filed as new questions raised over timeline '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McKirdy , Euan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` What happened inside the shooter 's suite at the Mandalay Bay hotel '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Chivers , C.J. ; Gibbons - Neff , Thomas ; Griggs , Troy ; Gröndahl , Mika ; Huang , Jon ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Medina , Jennifer ; Singhvi , Anjali ; Watkins , Derek ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the Las Vegas Gunman 's Mandalay Bay Hotel Suite '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Kevin ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` High - capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leefeldt , Ed ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock used a ' bump stock ' to make his guns even deadlier '' . CBS News . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Becket , Stefan ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` More details revealed about Las Vegas shooter 's arsenal of weapons '' . CBS News . At least one of the weapons was a made - to - order firearm made by Lewis Machine & Tool Company ( LMT ) . Jump up ^ Fonrouge , Gabrielle ; Celona , Larry ; Fears , Danika ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' tricked out ' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre '' . The New York Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Alex ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Las Vegas shooter had 23 guns . Here 's what we know about them '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ; Elinson , Zusha ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Delreal , Jose A. ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock , Las Vegas Suspect , Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Larry ; Grothjan , Evan ; Huang , Jon ; Parshina - Kottas , Yuliya ; Pearce , Adam ; Yourish , Karen ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Is a Bump Stock and How Does It Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooter 's girlfriend returns to US as police reveal details of his planning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almaguer , Miguel ; Winter , Tom ; Hunt , Kasie ; Helsel , Phil ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre , ' Why ? ' , Elusive So Far '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Berman , Mark ; Barrett , Devlin ; Zapotosky , Matt ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Police say Las Vegas gunman planned ' extensively , ' used cameras to monitor police as they approached '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slattery , Denis ; Cullen , Terence ; McShane , Larry ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer Stephen Paddock was planning to escape after the mass shooting '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas gunman 's nightstand note contained figures for wind , trajectory and distance : Officials '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Note in Las Vegas gunman 's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory '' . CBS News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Paddock may have planned to escape '' . BBC News . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock fired ' incendiary ' rounds at fuel tank '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas shooter ' disturbed , dangerous ' , stockpiled weapons for decades : police '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chia , Jessica ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Paddock , Richard C. ; Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Mele , Christopher ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : At a Loss on Motive , F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA TODAY . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turkewitz , Julie ; Goldman , Adam ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps Days of Confusion '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mitch ; Turkewitz , Julie ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say there was no six - minute gap between first shots and concert massacre '' . Washington Post . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Worker warned hotel before Las Vegas shooter opened fire on crowd '' . CBS News . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Mounts for Vegas Police to Explain Response Time '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Vegas authorities did not respond to questions about whether hotel security or anyone else in the hotel called 911 to report the gunfire Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ; Medina , Jennifer ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Pressure Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Raises Questions About Police Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . It is not known when and how the hotel security officials informed the police that Mr. Campos had been shot ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas police now say no 6 - minute gap between 1st shots and concert attack '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police defend shifting timeline of shooting , warn it could change again '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . The revelation from Joseph Lombardo , the Las Vegas sheriff , gave way to a new round of questions , including when information about this shooting was relayed to hotel security and when -- or if -- that detail was then given to the local police . So far , neither the police or the hotel have offered any answers Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock kept firing for 10 minutes , police say '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Scott ; Yan , Holly ; Karimi , Faith ; Almasy , Steve ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas killer fired at airport fuel tank '' . CNN . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yablonski , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Only on Boston 25 : Exclusive photos of Las Vegas shooter 's guns '' . WFXT . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Meg ; Rocha , Veronica ; Wills , Amanda ; Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting : Live updates '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Aldean Responds To Route 91 Festival Shooting : ' Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schick , Camilla ; Horn , Dave ; Cirillo , Chris ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting Live Updates : Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman 's Hotel Room '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How police zeroed in on the Las Vegas gunman '' . USA Today . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ho , Sally ; Garcia Cano , Regina ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm going to die ' : fear grips Vegas strip ; gunman kills 59 '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman 's room ? Here 's a new timeline '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 4 , 2017 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ German , Jeff ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Commissioner calls for security review of jet fuel tanks after Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : del Castillo Galvan , Severiano ; Rand , Wesley ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minute - by - minute breakdown of Las Vegas Strip shooting -- TIMELINE '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Christal ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooting : Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman 's Room '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Lynh ; Zapotosky , Matt ; Barrett , Devlin ; Berman , Mark ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` At least 59 killed in Las Vegas shooting rampage , more than 500 others injured '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , James ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Wade ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Officer accidentally fired weapon in Las Vegas gunman 's Mandalay Bay suite -- Las Vegas Review - Journal '' . Reviewjournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lupiani , Joyce ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest news updates on the mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . KTNV . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Zhou , Naaman ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Names of Las Vegas victims emerge as police reveal gun stockpile -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Jennifer ; Smith , Mitch ; Landler , Mark ; Jordan , Miriam ; Bromwich , Jonah Engel ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ; Fink , Sheri ; Haag , Matthew ; Goldman , Russell ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` N.R.A. Supports New Rules on ' Bump Stock ' Devices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bob ; Ramseth , Luke ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Third Utahn dies in wake of Las Vegas massacre '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clark County Coroner Releases Names of Deceased from Oct. 1 Mass Shooting '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saul , John ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Coroner releases names of all 58 Las Vegas shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Rachel ; Brean , Henry ; Hassan , Anita ; Munks , Jamie ; Bekker , Jessie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' It was a horror show ' : Mass shooting leaves at least 59 dead , 527 wounded on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas hospitals swamped with victims after high - rise attack '' . MSN . Associated Press . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Jessie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` 58 still in critical condition after Las Vegas mass shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Susan ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting now tops list of worst mass shootings in U.S. history '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : What we know about Las Vegas mass shooter '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vives , Ruben ; Ryan , Harriet ; Serna , Joseph ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` The mystery of Stephen Paddock -- gambler , real estate investor , mass killer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delkic , Melinda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Motive Unknown : Was a Pilot , Professional Gambler and a Quiet Neighbor '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ; Kovaleski , Serge F. ; Tavernise , Sabrina ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling 's Payouts and Perks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ; Prince , Todd ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Paddock 's game of choice , video poker , allowed him to blend in '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ; Connor , Tracy ; Rosenblatt , Kalhan ; Winter , Tom ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Had Recent Large Gambling Transactions '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Holly ( November 3 , 2017 ) . Portrait of Las Vegas gunman : A narcissist on a losing streak . Yahoo News . Retrieved : November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grinberg , Emanuella ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Something went ' incredibly wrong ' with Las Vegas gunman , brother says '' . CNN . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelbourne , Mallory ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas suspect 's father was bank robber on FBI Most Wanted list '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yan , Holly ; Victor , Philip ; Simon , Darran ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Weapons cache found at Las Vegas shooter 's home '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Filed Lawsuit Against Casino '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Stephen Paddock ? Las Vegas gunman 's father was ' psychopathic ' bank robber on FBI most - wanted list '' . National Post . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tchekmedyian , Alene ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas airport temporary closed by mass shooting ; delays continue '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` McCarran 's fence breached by people fleeing Las Vegas Strip shooting '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mary - Anne ; King , Yolanda T. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Declaration of Emergency '' ( PDF ) . Clark County , Nevada . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ClarkCountyNV ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` An # emergency has been declared in # ClarkCounty as a result of # vegasshooting . It was issued a short time ago . # PrayForVegas '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hauser , Christine ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Donation Lines for Las Vegas Shooting Victims Stretch for Blocks '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Donations for Las Vegas shooting victims are plentiful but disjointed '' . October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Brian ( @ GovSandoval ) ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A tragic & heinous act of violence has shaken the # Nevada family . Our prayers are w / the victims & all affected by this act of cowardice '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Lady Gaga , Jennifer Lopez , Rihanna and More React to Vegas Shooting '' . People . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Lauren ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Gun control : Trump says lawmakers will discuss issue ' as time goes by ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas shooting : Trump dubs killer ' sick and demented ' '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tong , Judy ; Levin , Sam ; Yuhas , Alan ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting suspect 's girlfriend is a ' person of interest ' -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Presidential Proclamation Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' . whitehouse.gov . Washington , D.C. : White House . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Las Vegas , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . October 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horsley , Scott ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Visits Shooting Victims , First Responders in Las Vegas '' . NPR . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ; Montero , David ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Vice President Mike Pence in Las Vegas : ' We are united in our grief ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Paddock : Isis gives Las Vegas gunman jihadi name in new claim amid widespread scepticism over terror links '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` FBI : Las Vegas shooting has no connection with international terrorist group '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Jeff ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ISIS claim of link to Las Vegas shooter is a sign terror group is ' desperate ' to remain relevant , experts say '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jason ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Did some media play into ISIS 's hands ? Some conservative outlets hyped the terror group 's claim that it was responsible for the Las Vegas shooting '' . Politico . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Behind ISIS ' bizarre claim on the Las Vegas massacre '' . CBS News . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilgore , Tomi ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gun - maker stocks rally after mass shooting in Las Vegas '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ; Stock , Kyle ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas Horror Drives All - Too - Predictable Gun Stock Rally '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas shooting highlights wide gaps in gun laws '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain , few answers '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Segall , Eli ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Site of Las Vegas shooting faces a cloudy future '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ De Vynck , Gerrit ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Fake News Fills Information Vacuum in Wake of Las Vegas Shooting '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ohlheiser , Abby ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` How far - right trolls named the wrong man as the Las Vegas shooter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tech giants sorry for false Vegas news '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Palma , Bethania ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Did a Second Gunman Shoot From the Fourth Floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel ? '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elias , Groll ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kremlin 's ' Sputnik ' Newswire Is the BuzzFeed of Propaganda '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , Ben ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sputnik . Propaganda in a New Orbit '' . Center for European Policy Analysis ( CEPA ) . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roose , Kevin ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` After Las Vegas Shooting , Fake News Regains Its Megaphone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , Ben ; Robertson , Derek ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Misinformation Is the New Normal of Mass Shootings '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Saranac Hale ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` No Evidence Linking Vegas Shooter to Antifa '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google promote politicized fake news about Las Vegas shooter '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Pierson , David ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook and Google pledged to stop fake news . So why did they promote Las Vegas - shooting hoaxes ? '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Google and Facebook Failed Us '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Ian ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` PragerU sues YouTube in free - speech case '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' I hope someone truly shoots you ' : online conspiracy theorists harass Vegas victims '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip shooting . Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department : Press Releases , dated : October 2 , 2017 List of victims fatally shot Short tribute to each victim Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area 2010s portal Criminal justice portal Death portal Las Vegas portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Las_Vegas_shooting&oldid=809181833 '' Categories : 2017 in American music 2017 in Nevada 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting 2017 mass shootings in the United States 2017 murders in the United States 21st century in Las Vegas Attacks in the United States in 2017 Attacks on music venues Deaths by firearm in Nevada Filmed killings Las Vegas Strip Mass murder in 2017 Mass murder in the United States Murder in Nevada Murder -- suicides in Nevada October 2017 crimes in the United States Suicides by firearm in Nevada Mandalay Bay Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2017 Use American English from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the shooting in las vegas happen 2017	[ "On the night of October 1, 2017, a gunman opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the Route 91 Harvest music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, leaving 58 people dead and 546 injured. Between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. PDT, 64-year-old Stephen Paddock of Mesquite, Nevada, fired hundreds of rifle rounds from his suite on the 32nd floor of the nearby Mandalay Bay hotel. About an hour after Paddock fired his last shot into the crowd, he was found dead in his room from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive is unknown." ]	[ "October 1" ]
4192114561287182162	Nobel Peace Prize	Nobel Peace Prize - wikipedia Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize Awarded for Outstanding contributions in peace Location Oslo , Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee on behalf of the estate of Alfred Nobel Reward ( s ) 9 million SEK ( 2017 ) First awarded 10 December 1901 ; 116 years ago ( 1901 - 12 - 10 ) Currently held by International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ( 2017 ) Most awards International Committee of the Red Cross ( 3 ) Website Nobelprize.org The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish : Nobels fredspris ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have `` done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses '' . As per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five - member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947 -- 89 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905 -- 46 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901 -- 04 ) . Due to its political ideology and interferences , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of controversies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Nomination and selection 2.1 Nomination 2.2 Selection 3 Awarding the prize 4 Criticism 4.1 Criticism of individual conferments 4.2 Notable omissions 5 List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Alfred Nobel According to Nobel 's will , the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year `` shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses '' . Alfred Nobel 's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament . Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category . As he was a trained chemical engineer , the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices . The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear . According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee , his friendship with Bertha von Suttner , a peace activist and later recipient of the prize , profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category . Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel 's way to compensate for developing destructive forces . His inventions included dynamite and ballistite , both of which were used violently during his lifetime . Ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood , an Irish nationalist organization , carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s . Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company . It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway , which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel 's death . The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize , as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden . It also notes that at the end of the 19th century , the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union 's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration . Nomination and selection ( edit ) The Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo , Norway The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee , which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate . Nomination ( edit ) Each year , the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize . The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize . These nominators are : Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague Members of Institut de Droit International University professors of history , social sciences , philosophy , law , and theology , university presidents , and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes Former recipients , including board members of organizations that have previously received the prize Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu , Nobel Peace Prize laureates Nominations must usually be submitted to the Committee by the beginning of February in the award year . Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline . In 2009 , a record 205 nominations were received , but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations ; in 2011 , the record was broken once again with 241 nominations . The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations , considerations , or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded . Over time , many individuals have become known as `` Nobel Peace Prize Nominees '' , but this designation has no official standing , and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person 's name for consideration . Indeed , in 1939 , Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament , mocking the ( serious but unsuccessful ) nomination of Neville Chamberlain . Nominations from 1901 to 1956 , however , have been released in a database . Selection ( edit ) Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for further review is created . This short list is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute , which consists of the Institute 's Director and the Research Director and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize . Advisers usually have some months to complete reports , which are then considered by the Committee to select the laureate . The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision , but this is not always possible . The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September , but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October . Awarding the Prize ( edit ) Obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933 ; the Imperial War Museum , London The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year ( the anniversary of Nobel 's death ) . The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm . The Nobel laureate receives a diploma , a medal , and a document confirming the prize amount . As of 2013 , the prize was worth 10 million SEK ( about US $1.5 million ) . Since 1990 , the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall . From 1947 to 1989 , the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law , a few hundred metres from Oslo City Hall . Between 1905 and 1946 , the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute . From 1901 to 1904 , the ceremony took place in the Storting ( Parliament ) . Criticism ( edit ) It has been expressed that the Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements , or with the intention of encouraging future achievements . Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous , especially as many of the judges can not themselves be said to be impartial observers . In 2011 , a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds , rather than retired members of parliament ; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize ; and that the adherence to Nobel 's will should be more strict . In the article , Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway 's foreign policy and economic interests . In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article , the grandson of one of Nobel 's two brothers , Michael Nobel , also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award , claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel 's will . Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has criticized the management of the Peace Prize . Criticism of individual conferments ( edit ) Main article : Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left - to - right , Yasser Arafat , Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev , Yitzhak Rabin , Shimon Peres , Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat , Lê Đức Thọ , Henry Kissinger , Jimmy Carter , Al Gore , IPCC , Liu Xiaobo , Aung San Suu Kyi Barack Obama , and the European Union have all been the subject of controversy . The awards given to Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign . Thọ refused to accept the prize , on the grounds that such `` bourgeois sentimentalities '' were not for him and that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam . Kissinger donated his prize money to charity , did not attend the award ceremony and would later offer to return his prize medal after the fall of South Vietnam to North Vietnamese forces 18 months later . Notable Omissions ( edit ) Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi , Eleanor Roosevelt , U Thant , Václav Havel , Ken Saro - Wiwa , Fazle Hasan Abed , and Corazon Aquino as people who `` never won the prize , but should have '' . Many believe that the prize should have gone to Pope John Paul II , Hélder Câmara , , Zilda Arns and Dorothy Day . Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award . The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed , including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee . The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , 1947 , and , finally , a few days before his assassination in January 1948 . The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee . Geir Lundestad , Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said , `` The greatest omission in our 106 - year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize . Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize , whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question '' . In 1948 , following Gandhi 's death , the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that `` there was no suitable living candidate '' that year . Later , when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989 , the chairman of the committee said that this was `` in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi '' . List of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates ( edit ) Main article : List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates As of 2016 , the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations . Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize , more than any other Nobel Prize . Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes : the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times ( 1917 , 1944 , and 1963 ) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice ( 1954 and 1981 ) . Lê Đức Thọ is the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize . See also ( edit ) List of peace prizes List of Nobel laureates Nobel Foundation Nobel Museum Nobel Peace Center Nobel Peace Prize Concert Nobel Prize effect Nobel Women 's Initiative World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates List of peace activists Ramon Magsaysay Award Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Confucius Peace Prize References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 '' . www.nobelprize.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 1901 '' . NobelPrize. 1972 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize '' , The Oxford Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Norway ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Altman , L. ( 2006 ) . Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost did n't happen . New York Times . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC History -- 1916 Easter Rising -- Profiles -- The Irish Republican Brotherhood BBC Jump up ^ `` Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who may submit nominations ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . 8 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize '' . Associated Press on yahoo.com . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Archived from the original on 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who may submit nominations -- Nobels fredspris '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Merelli , Annelise . `` The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize '' . Qz.com . Quartz Media . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination Database -- The Nobel Peace Prize , 1901 -- 1956 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How are Laureates selected ? '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ What the Nobel Laureates Receive Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` Prisutdelingen Nobels fredspris '' . Nobelpeaceprize.org . Archived from the original on 4 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why ? '' . 9 October 2009 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's peace prize did n't have desired effect , former Nobel official says '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Clare ( 10 August 2004 ) . `` The Nobel : Dynamite or damp squib ? '' . BBC online . BBC News . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Aspøy , Arild ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Fredsprisens gråsoner '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . p. 4 . Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn ... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter . Jump up ^ Nobel , Michael ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` I strid med Nobels vilje '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo , Norway . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Fredrik S. Heffermehl ( 2010 ) . The Nobel Peace Prize : What Nobel Really Wanted . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements '' . The New York Times . 16 October 1990 . Jump up ^ Said , Edward ( 1996 ) . Peace and Its Discontents : Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process . Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76725 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gotlieb , Michael ( 24 October 1994 ) . `` Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy '' . The San Diego Union -- Tribune . p . B7 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards '' . The Times . London . 18 October 1973 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brinkley . The Unfinished Presidency : Jimmy Carter 's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` A Nobel Disgrace '' . National Review Online . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Peace Prize nominations show how ' hopelessly politicized ' and ' screwy ' the controversial award has been '' . 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Chinese in Norway Protest Against Nobel Committee 's Wrong Decision '' . English.cri.cn . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Not so noble '' . Frontlineonnet.com. 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Harbors Political Motives behind Prize to Liu Xiaobo '' . English.cri.cn . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Take away Aung San Suu Kyi 's Nobel peace prize . She no longer deserves it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` A Nobel Peace Prize Winner 's Shame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Why Aung San Suu Kyi is unlikely to have her Nobel Peace Prize revoked '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960?post_id=641257059307725_682012315232199 Nobel secretary regrets Obama peace prize Jump up ^ `` Surprised , humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Otterman , Sharon ( 9 October 2009 ) , `` World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise '' , The New York Times , retrieved 9 October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why ? '' . Reuters.com. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award '' . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 29 June 2000 ) . `` Controversies and Criticisms '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Horne , Alistair . Kissinger 's Year : 1973 . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Kenner , David . ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize Also - Rans '' Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Foreign Policy . Retrieved 10 October 2009 Jump up ^ James , Frank ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Nobel Peace Prize 's Notable Omissions '' . NPR . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Paul II deserves the Nobel Peace Prize '' . The Kingdom . 6 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Governo militar destrói sonho do Nobel da Paz -- Sementes do Dom Jump up ^ https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,camara-indica-zilda-arns-para-o-nobel-da-paz,698837 Jump up ^ Roberts , Nancy L. ( 1984 ) . `` Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 938 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tønnesson , Øyvind ( 1 December 1999 ) . `` Mahatma Gandhi , the Missing Laureate '' . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize , 1901 -- 1956 : Gandhi '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century Jump up ^ `` Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik , Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee '' . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily . `` Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize . `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' -- Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee `` The Nobel Peace Prize '' at the official site of the Nobel Prize `` All Nobel Laureates in Peace '' `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates , official site with information on annual summits beginning in 1999 `` National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901 -- 2009 by citizenship ( or home of organization ) at the time of the award . '' -- From J. Schmidhuber ( 2010 ) : Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv : 1009.2634 v1 `` South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world '' , article published in Global Education Magazine , by Mr. Frederik Willem de Klerk , Nobel Peace Prize 1993 , in the special edition of International Day for the Eradication of Poverty ( 17 October 2012 ) Martin Luther King , Jr. 's Nobel Peace Prize , Civil Rights Digital Library The Nobel Peace Prize Watch , the main project of The Lay Down your Arms Association Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Bengali Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . GND : 4130220 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Peace_Prize&oldid=845564789 '' Categories : Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize Norwegian awards 1901 establishments in Norway Awards established in 1901 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 93 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 16 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the nobel peace prize given to	[ "The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since March 1901,[3] it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\".[4]" ]	[ "to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\"" ]
2081986027707510943	North American Plate	North American Plate - wikipedia North American Plate Large tectonic plate including most of North America , Greenland and a bit of Siberia North American Plate Type Major Approximate area 75,900,000 km ( 29,300,000 sq mi ) Movement west Speed 15 -- 25 mm ( 0.59 -- 0.98 in ) / year Features North America , Greenland , Bering Sea , Atlantic Ocean , Arctic Ocean Relative to the African Plate The North American Plate is a tectonic plate covering most of North America , Greenland , Cuba , the Bahamas , extreme northeastern Asia , and parts of Iceland and the Azores . It extends eastward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and westward to the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia . The plate includes both continental and oceanic crust . The interior of the main continental landmass includes an extensive granitic core called a craton . Along most of the edges of this craton are fragments of crustal material called terranes , accreted to the craton by tectonic actions over a long span of time . It is thought that much of North America west of the Rocky Mountains is composed of such terranes . Contents 1 Boundaries 2 Hotspots 3 Plate motion 4 See also 5 References Boundaries ( edit ) The southerly boundary with the Cocos Plate to the west and the Caribbean Plate to the east is a transform fault , represented by the Swan Islands Transform Fault under the Caribbean Sea and the Motagua Fault through Guatemala . The parallel Septentrional and Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden faults , which run through the island of Hispaniola and bound the Gonâve Microplate , are also a part of the boundary . The rest of the southerly margin which extends east to the Mid Atlantic Ridge and marks the boundary between the North American Plate and the South American Plate is vague but located near the Fifteen - Twenty Fracture Zone around 16 ° N . On the northerly boundary is a continuation of the Mid-Atlantic ridge called the Gakkel Ridge . The rest of the boundary in the far northwestern part of the plate extends into Siberia . This boundary continues from the end of the Gakkel Ridge as the Laptev Sea Rift , on to a transitional deformation zone in the Chersky Range , then the Ulakhan Fault between it and the Okhotsk Plate , and finally the Aleutian Trench to the end of the Queen Charlotte Fault system . The westerly boundary is the Queen Charlotte Fault running offshore along the coast of Alaska and the Cascadia subduction zone to the north , the San Andreas Fault through California , the East Pacific Rise in the Gulf of California , and the Middle America Trench to the south . On its western edge , the Farallon Plate has been subducting under the North American Plate since the Jurassic Period . The Farallon Plate has almost completely subducted beneath the western portion of the North American Plate leaving that part of the North American Plate in contact with the Pacific Plate as the San Andreas Fault . The Juan de Fuca , Explorer , Gorda , Rivera , Cocos and Nazca plates are remnants of the Farallon Plate . The boundary along the Gulf of California is complex . The Gulf is underlain by the Gulf of California Rift Zone , a series of rift basins and transform fault segments between the northern end of the East Pacific Rise in the mouth of the gulf to the San Andreas Fault system in the vicinity of the Salton Trough rift / Brawley seismic zone . It is generally accepted that a piece of the North American Plate was broken off and transported north as the East Pacific Rise propagated northward , creating the Gulf of California . However , it is as yet unclear whether the oceanic crust east of the Rise and west of the mainland coast of Mexico is actually a new plate beginning to converge with the North American Plate , consistent with the standard model of rift zone spreading centers generally . Hotspots ( edit ) A few hotspots are thought to exist below the North American Plate . The most notable hotspots are the Yellowstone ( Wyoming ) , Jemez Lineament ( New Mexico ) , and Anahim ( British Columbia ) hotspots . These are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth 's core -- mantle boundary called a mantle plume , although some geologists think that upper - mantle convection is a more likely cause . The Yellowstone and Anahim hotspots are thought to have first arrived during the Miocene period and are still geologically active , creating earthquakes and volcanoes . The Yellowstone hotspot is most notable for the Yellowstone Caldera and the many calderas that lie in the Snake River Plain while the Anahim hotspot is most notable for the Anahim Volcanic Belt , currently found in the Nazko Cone area . Plate motion ( edit ) For the most part , the North American Plate moves in roughly a southwest direction away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The motion of the plate can not be driven by subduction as no part of the North American Plate is being subducted , except for a small section comprising part of the Puerto Rico Trench ; thus other mechanisms continue to be investigated . One recent study suggests that a mantle convective current is propelling the plate . See also ( edit ) Geologic timeline of Western North America New Madrid Seismic Zone , an ancient intraplate fault zone within the North American Plate , notable as early as 1699 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates '' . Geology.about.com. 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ USGS Professional Paper 1515 Jump up ^ USGS Farallon Plate maps Jump up ^ `` Hotspots '' : Mantle thermal plumes Jump up ^ Earth 's interior : Raising hot spots Jump up ^ Upper - mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot Jump up ^ Seismic evidence for convection - driven motion of the North American plate , David W. Eaton & Andrew Frederiksen , Nature , March 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ Feldman , Jay ( 2005 ) . When the Mississippi Ran Backwards : Empire , Intrigue , Murder , and the New Madrid Earthquakes . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4278 - 5 . Tectonic plates Major African Indo - Australian Plate Australian Indian Antarctic Eurasian North American Pacific South American Minor Amurian Arabian Caribbean Caroline Cocos Juan de Fuca Nazca Okhotsk Philippine Scotia Somali Yangtze Other Adriatic Aegean Sea Anatolian Balmoral Reef Banda Sea Bird 's Head Burma Capricorn Coiba Conway Reef Easter Explorer Futuna Galapagos Gonâve Gorda Greenland Halmahera Iberian Iranian Juan Fernández Kerguelen Kermadec Madagascar Malpelo Manus Maoke Mariana Molucca Sea New Hebrides Niuafo'ou North Andes North Bismarck North Galapagos Nubian Okinawa Panama Pelso Philippine Mobile Belt Rivera Sangihe Seychelles Shetland Solomon Sea South Bismarck South Sandwich Sunda Timor Tisza Tonga Woodlark Historical Baltic Bellingshausen Charcot Cimmeria Farallon Insular Intermontane Izanagi Kula Lhasa Malvinas Moa Phoenix List Earth science Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Plate&oldid=864372879 '' Categories : Tectonic plates Geology of North America Geology of Russia Geology of Greenland Geology of California Geology of Iceland Geology of the Atlantic Ocean Geology of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 19 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the north american tectonic plate located	[]	[]
-714875127435630605	Flag of Greece	Flag of Greece - wikipedia Flag of Greece Jump to : navigation , search Greece Names `` I Galanolefki '' ( The Blue and White ) , `` I Kyanolefki '' ( The Azure and White ) Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted December 22 , 1978 ( Naval Ensign 1822 -- 1978 , National Flag 1969 -- 70 ; 1978 to date ) Design Nine horizontal stripes , in turn blue and white ; a white cross on a blue square field in canton . The national flag of Greece ( popularly referred to as the `` sky - blue - white '' or the `` blue - white '' and in Greek : Γαλανόλευκη or Κυανόλευκη ) , officially recognised by Greece as one of its national symbols , is based on nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white . There is a blue canton in the upper hoist - side corner bearing a white cross ; the cross symbolises Eastern Orthodox Christianity , the established religion of the Greek people of Greece and Cyprus . The blazon of the flag is Azure , four bars Argent ; on a canton of the field a Greek cross throughout of the second . The official flag ratio is 2 : 3 . The shade of blue used in the flag has varied throughout its history , from light blue to dark blue , the latter being increasingly used since the late 1960s . It was officially adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus on 13 January 1822 . According to popular tradition , the nine stripes represent the nine syllables of the phrase `` Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος '' ( `` Freedom or Death '' ) , the five blue stripes for the syllables `` Έλευθερία '' and the four white stripes `` ή Θάνατος '' . The nine stripes are also said to represent the letters of the word `` freedom '' ( Greek : ελευθερία ) . There is also a different theory , that the nine stripes symbolise the nine Muses , the goddesses of art and civilisation ( nine has traditionally been one of the numbers of reference for the Greeks ) . Blue and white have been interpreted as symbolising the colours of the famed Greek sky and sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire 1.2 Ottoman period 1.3 War of Independence 1.4 Adoption 1.5 Historical evolution 1.6 Theories regarding the blue and white colours 2 Current flag of Greece 2.1 Protocol 2.2 Colours 2.3 Flag days 3 Military flags 3.1 Army and Air Force War Flag 3.2 Naval and civil ensigns 3.3 Other uniformed services 4 Flag of the Head of State 5 Double - headed eagle 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Greek flags The origins of today 's national flag with its cross-and - stripe pattern are a matter of debate . Every part of it , including the blue and white colors , the cross , as well as the stripe arrangement can be connected to very old historical elements ; however , it is difficult to establish `` continuity '' , especially as there is no record of the exact reasoning behind its official adoption in early 1822 . It has been suggested by some Greek historians that the current flag derived from an older design , the virtually identical flag of the powerful Cretan Kallergis family . This flag was based on their coat of arms , whose pattern is supposed to be derived from the standards of their claimed ancestor , Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas ( 963 -- 969 AD ) . This pattern ( according to not easily verifiable descriptions ) included nine stripes of alternating blue and white , as well as a cross , assumed to be placed on the upper left . Although the use of alternating blue and white - or silver - stripes on ( several centuries - old ) Kallergis ' coats of arms is well documented , no depiction of the above described pattern ( with the nine stripes and the cross ) survives . The stripe - pattern of the Greek flag is visibly similar to that used ( though with different colors ) in several other flags that have appeared over the centuries , most notably that of the British East India Company 's pre-1707 flag or the flag of the United States . However , in such cases of flags derived from much older designs , it is very difficult to prove or trace original influences . Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire ( edit ) This design , from the 14th century during the Palaiologan dynasty , is the only attested flag of the Byzantine Empire . Flags as they are known today did not exist in Antiquity . Instead , a variety of emblems and symbols ( semeion , pl . semeia ) were used to denote each state and were for example painted on the hoplite shields . The closest analogue to a modern flag were the vexillum - like banners used by ancient Greek armies , such as the so - called phoinikis , a cloth of deep red , suspended from the top of a staff or spear . It is not known to have carried any device or decoration though . The Byzantines , like the Romans before them , used a variety of flags and banners , primarily to denote different military units . These were generally square or rectangular , with a number of streamers attached . Most prominent among the early Byzantine flags was the labarum . In the surviving pictorial sources of the middle and later Empire , primarily the illustrated Skylitzes Chronicle , the predominating colours are red and blue in horizontal stripes , with a cross often placed in the centre of the flag . Other common symbols , prominently featuring on seals , were depictions of Christ , the Virgin Mary and saints , but these represent personal rather than family or state symbols . Western European - style heraldry was largely unknown until the last centuries of the Empire . There is no mention of any `` state '' flag until the mid-14th century , when a Spanish atlas , the Conosçimiento de todos los reynos depicts the flag of `` the Empire of Constantinople '' combining the red - on - white Cross of St George with the `` tetragrammatic cross '' of the ruling house of the Palaiologoi , featuring the four betas or pyrekvola ( `` fire - steels '' ) on the flag quarters representing the imperial motto Βασιλεύς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων ( `` King of Kings Reigning over those who Rule '' ) . The tetragrammatic cross flag , as it appears in quarters II and III in this design , is well documented . In the same Spanish atlas this `` plain '' tetragrammatic cross flag is presented as ( among other places in the Empire ) `` the Flag of Salonika '' and `` the real Greece and Empire of the Greeks ( la vera Grecia e el imperio de los griegos ) '' . The ( quartered ) arrangement that includes the Cross of St. George is documented only in the Spanish atlas , and most probably combines the arms of Genoa ( which had occupied Galata ) with those of the Byzantine Empire , and was most probably flown only in Constantinople . Pseudo-Kodinos records the use of the `` tetragrammatic cross '' on the banner ( phlamoulon ) borne by imperial naval vessels , while the megas doux displayed an image of the emperor on horseback . Ottoman period ( edit ) The Greek ship Panagia tis Ydras , built 1793 , flying the Greco - Ottoman flag . During the Ottoman rule several unofficial flags were used by Greeks , usually employing the Byzantine double - headed eagle ( see below ) , the cross , depictions of saints and various mottoes . The Christian Greek sipahi cavalry employed by the Ottoman Sultan were allowed to use their own , clearly Christian flag , when within Epirus and the Peloponnese . It featured the classic blue cross on a white field with the picture of St. George slaying the dragon , and was used from 1431 until 1639 , when this privilege was greatly limited by the Sultan . Similar flags were used by other local leaders . The closest to a Greek `` national '' flag during Ottoman rule was the so - called `` Graeco - Ottoman flag '' ( Γραικοθωμανική παντιέρα ) , a civil ensign Greek Orthodox merchants ( better : merchants from the Greek - dominated Orthodox millet ) were allowed to fly on their ships , combining stripes with red ( for the Ottoman Empire ) and blue ( for Orthodoxy ) colours . After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , Greek - owned merchant ships could also fly the Russian flag . During the uprising of 1769 the historic blue cross on white field was used again by key military leaders who used it all the way to the revolution of 1821 . It became the most popular Revolution flag , and it was argued that it should become the national flag . The `` reverse '' arrangement , white cross on a blue field , also appeared as Greek flag during the uprisings . This design had apparently been used earlier as well , as a local symbol ( a similar 16th or 17th century flag has been found near Chania ) . A military leader , Yiannis Stathas , used a flag with white cross on blue on his ship since 1800 . The first flag featuring the design eventually adopted was created and hoisted in the Evangelistria monastery in Skiathos in 1807 . Several prominent military leaders ( including Theodoros Kolokotronis and Andreas Miaoulis ) had gathered there for consultation concerning an uprising , and they were sworn to this flag by the local bishop . Flag used by the Greek sipahis of the Ottoman army between 1431 and 1619 Civil ensign for merchant ships owned by Ottoman subjects belonging to the Greek Orthodox ( Rum ) millet Civil flag and ensign of the Principality of Samos ( 1835 -- 1912 ) Flag of the Septinsular Republic ( 1800 -- 1807 ) , the first autonomous modern Greek state National flag and ensign of the Cretan State Flag of the Free State of Icaria War of Independence ( edit ) The flag of Greece as drawn by Rigas Feraios in his manuscripts . Bishop Germanos of Patras blessing the flag of the Greek revolutionaries at the Monastery of Agia Lavra , part of a popular legend regarding the start of the revolution of 1821 , although it never actually happened . Prior and during the early days of the Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 1829 ) , a large variety of flags was designed , proposed and used by various Greek intellectuals in Western Europe , local leaders , chieftains and regional councils . Aside from the cross , many of these flags featured saints , the phoenix ( symbolising the rebirth of the Greek nation ) , mottoes such as `` Freedom or Death '' ( Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος ) or the fasces - like emblems of the Philiki Etaireia , the secret society that organised the uprising . The Flag of Greece , as proposed by Rigas Feraios in 1797 Flag of the Sacred Band The flag of Alexander Ypsilantis Flag of the Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece The flag of Andreas Londos Flag of the Filiki Eteria Flag of the Maniots Very widespread flag used from 1769 to the War of Independence The first flag of admiral Andreas Miaoulis Flag of Anthimos Gazis Used in Thessaly , created also by Anthimos Gazis Flag of Hydra island Flag of Spetses island Flag of Chalkidiki Flag of Athanasios Diakos Adoption ( edit ) Because the European monarchies , allied in the so - called `` Concert of Europe '' , were suspicious towards national or social revolutionary movements such as the Etaireia , the First Greek National Assembly , convening in January 1822 , took steps to disassociate itself from the Etaireia 's legacy and portray nascent Greece as a `` conventional '' , ordered nation - state . As such not only were the regional councils abolished in favour of a central administration , but it was decided to abolish all revolutionary flags and adopt a universal national flag . The reasons why the particular arrangement ( white cross on blue ) was selected , instead of the more popular blue cross on a white field , remain unknown . On 15 March 1822 , the Provisional Government , by Decree Nr. 540 , laid down the exact pattern : white cross on blue ( plain ) for the land flag ; nine alternate - coloured stripes with the white cross on a blue field in the canton for the naval ensign ; and blue with a blue cross on a white field in the canton for the civil ensign ( merchant flag ) . On 30 June 1828 , by decree of the Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias , the civil ensign was discontinued , and the cross-and - stripes naval ensign became the national ensign , worn by both naval and merchant ships . This design became immediately very popular with Greeks and in practice was often used simultaneously with the national ( plain cross ) flag . State flag on land , 1822 -- 1969 and 1975 -- 78 National flag for use abroad and as the civil ensign . Since 1978 the sole national flag of Greece Civil ensign used from 1822 to 1828 Historical evolution ( edit ) The first official specifications for the war flag and naval ensign , published 3 June 1833 . After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832 , the new king , Otto , added the royal Coat of Arms ( a shield in his ancestral Bavarian pattern topped by a crown ) in the centre of the cross for military flags ( both land and sea versions ) . Additionally , the ratios of the country 's flags were set to 7 : 10 for the state flag and 18 : 25 for the state and naval ensign by a decree dated 3 June 1833 . After Otto 's abdication in 1862 , the royal coat of arms was removed , only to be replaced by a simple royal crown in 1863 when the new king , George I , arrived in Greece . A square version of the land flag with St. George in the centre was adopted on 9 April 1864 as the Army 's colours . Similar arrangements were made for the royal flags , which featured the coat of arms of the House of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg on a square version of the national flag . The exact shape and usage of the flags was determined by Royal Decree on 26 September 1867 . By a new Royal Decree , on 31 May 1914 , the flag with the crown was adopted for use as a state flag by ministries , embassies and civil services , while the sea flag was allowed for use by private citizens . On 25 March 1924 , with the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic , the crowns were removed from all flags . On 20 February 1930 , the national flag 's proportions were established at a 2 : 3 ratio , with the arms of the cross being `` one fifth of the flag 's width '' . The land version of the national flag was to be used by ministries , embassies , and in general by all civil and military services , while the sea flag was to be used by naval and merchant vessels , consulates and private citizens . With the restoration of the monarchy by Georgios Kondylis on 10 October 1935 , the crown was restored on the flags . The crown was again removed by the military dictatorship in 1967 , following the aborted counter-coup and subsequent self - exile of King Constantine II on 13 December . The sea flag was established as the sole national flag in 1969 , using a very dark shade of blue , and on 18 August 1970 , the flag ratio was changed to 7 : 12 . After the restoration of democracy in August 1974 , the land flag was restored for a while ( Law 48 / 1975 and Presidential Decree 515 / 1975 ) until 1978 . State flag ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Proportions : 7 : 10 Naval ensign ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Proportions : 18 : 25 State flag ( 1858 -- 1862 ) Proportions : 2 : 3 Naval ensign ( 1858 -- 1862 ) Proportions : 2 : 3 State flag ( 1863 -- 1924 and 1935 -- 73 ) Naval ensign ( 1863 -- 1924 and 1935 -- 73 ) National flag ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Theories Regarding the blue and white colours ( edit ) It is widely believed that the colours of the Greek flag come from the blue of the sky and the white of the waves . Several Greek researchers have attempted to establish a continuity of usage and significance of the blue and white colours , throughout Greek history . Usages cited include the pattern of blue and white formations included on the shield of Achilles , the apparent connection of blue with goddess Athena , some of Alexander the Great 's army banners , possible blue and white flags used during Byzantine times , supposed coats of arms of imperial dynasties and noble families , uniforms , emperors ' clothes , patriarchs ' thrones etc. , 15th century versions of the Byzantine Imperial Emblems and , of course , cases of usage during the Ottoman rule and the Greek revolution . Current flag of Greece ( edit ) Construction sheet of the national flag Correct vertical display Incorrect vertical display The flag as used on parade In 1978 the sea flag was adopted as the sole national flag , with a 2 : 3 ratio . The flag is used on both land and sea is also the war and civil ensign , replacing all other designs surviving until that time . No other designs and badges can be shown on the flag . To date , no specification of the exact shade of the blue colour of the flag has been issued . Consequently , in practice hues may vary from very light to very dark . The Greek Flag Day is on October 27 . The old land flag is still flown at the Old Parliament building in Athens , site of the National Historical Museum , and can still be seen displayed unofficially by private citizens . Protocol ( edit ) Flags of Greece and Cyprus being flown on flagpoles with cross finials in front of Agioi Anargyroi Church , Pafos The use of the Greek flag is regulated by Law 851 . More specifically , the law states that : When displayed at the Presidential Palace , the Hellenic Parliament , the ministries , embassies and consulates of Greece , schools , military camps , and public and private ships as well as the navy , the flag must : Fly from 8am until sunset , Be displayed on a white mast topped with a white cross on top of a white sphere , Not be torn or damaged in any way . If the flag is damaged , it should be burned in a respectful manner . The flag can be displayed by civilians on days specified by the ministry of internal affairs , as well as in sporting events and other occasions of the sort . When displayed vertically , the canton must be on the left side of the flag from the point of view of the spectator . The flag should never be : Defaced by means of writing or superimposing any kind of image or symbol upon it , Used to cover a statue . In that case , cloth in the national colours must be used , Hung from windows or balconies without the use of a mast , Used for commercial purposes , Used as a logo for any corporation or organization , even at different proportions . When placed on top of a coffin , the canton must always be on the right of the person 's head . Colours ( edit ) The government has not specified exactly which shade of blue should be used for the flag , and as such flags with many varying shades exist . In the most recent legislation regarding the national flag , the colours mentioned are : The National Flag of Greece is cyan and white , it is made up of nine ( 9 ) stripes equal in width , of which five ( 5 ) are cyan and four ( 4 ) are white so that the upper and lower stripes are cyan and the others inbetween are white . `` '' Law 851 / 1978 , Regarding the National Flag , Article 1 , Clause 1 Because of the use of the word ' cyan ' ( Greek : κυανός , Kyanos ) , which can also mean ' blue ' in Greek , the exact shade of blue remains ambiguous . Although it implies the use of a light shade of blue , such as on the flag of the United Nations , the colours of the Greek flag tend to be darker , especially during the dictatorship and in recent years , with the exception of the years of the rule of King Otto , when a very light shade of blue was used . Consequently , the shade of blue is largely left to the flagmakers to decide , as shown in the table below . Official colour ( White ) Official colour ( Blue ) Colour system Source Year URL White 286 C Pantone Album des Pavillons 2000 0 % - 0 % - 0 % - 0 % 100 % - 60 % - 0 % - 5 % CMYK Album des Pavillons 2000 White 285 Pantone 2008 Summer Olympics Flag Manual 2008 White Reflex Blue Pantone 2012 Summer Olympics Flag Manual 2012 Flag days ( edit ) No Day decorations in Poros . Law 851 / 1978 sets the general outline for when the specific days on which the flag should be raised . Raising the flag on national or local public holidays is mandatory for everyone , from 8am until sunset . For national holidays , this applies country - wide , but on local ones it only applies to those areas where the said holiday is being celebrated . Additionally , the flag may also be flown on days of national mourning , half - mast . The Minister of the Interior has the authority to proclaim flag days if they are not already proclaimed , and proclaiming regional flag days is vested with the elected head of each regional unit ( formerly prefectures ) . Greek flag on the top of Mount Imerovigli , Othonoi Νational flag days in Greece Date Name Reason 25 March 25th of March Anniversary of the traditional start date for the Greek War of Independence . 28 October Ochi Day ( No Day ) Anniversary of the refusal to accept the Italian ultimatum in 1940 . 17 November Polytechnic Day Anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising against the military junta ( school holiday ) . Although November 17 is not an official national holiday , Presidential Decree 201 / 1998 states that respects are to be paid to the flag on that particular day . Military flags ( edit ) Army and Air Force war flag ( edit ) The War flag ( equivalent to regimental colours ) of the Army and the Air Force is of square shape , with a white cross on blue background . On the centre of the cross the image of Saint George is shown on Army war flags and the image of archangel Michael is shown on Air Force war flags . In the Army war flags are normally carried by infantry , tank and special forces regiments and battalions , by the Evelpidon Military Academy , the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy and the Presidential Guard when in battle or in parade . However , flying a war flag in battle is unlikely with current warfare tactics . Army regimental war flag Flag of the Hellenic Army General Staff Air Force and civil air ensign , 1973 -- 1978 Naval and civil ensigns ( edit ) The current naval and civil ensigns are identical to the national flag . The simple white cross on blue field pattern is also used as the Navy 's jack and as the base pattern for naval rank flags . These flags are described in Chapter 21 ( articles 2101 -- 30 ) of the Naval Regulations . A jack is also flown by larger vessels of the Hellenic Coast Guard . Units of Naval or Coast Guard personnel in parade fly the war ensign in place of the war flag . Naval jack of Greece Naval rank flag of the Prime Minister of Greece Naval rank flag for a full Admiral Coast Guard ensign ( 1964 -- 1980 ) Other uniformed services ( edit ) In the past a war flag was assigned to the former semi-military Hellenic Gendarmerie , which was later merged with Cities Police to form the current Hellenic Police . The flag was similar to the Army war flag but showing Saint Irene in place of Saint George . Since the Fire Service and the Hellenic Police are considered civilian agencies , they are not assigned war flags . They use the National Flag instead . Identical rules were applied to the former Cities Police . However , recently the Police Academy has been assigned a war flag , and they paraded for the first titme with this flag on Independence Day , March 25 , 2011 . The flag is similar to the Army war flag , with the image of St George replaced with that of Artemius of Antioch . Flag of the head of state ( edit ) Throughout the history of Greece , various heads of state have used different flags . The designs differ according to the historical era they were used in and in accordance with the political scene in Greece at the time . The first flag to be used by a head of state of Greece was that of King Otto of Greece . The current design , the flag of the President of Greece , was adopted in 1975 . Flag of King Otto of Greece ( 1833 -- 1862 ) The Royal Standard of Greece ( 1863 - 1913 ) Flag of King George I of Greece ( 1863 -- 1913 ) Flag of King Constantine I of Greece in his capacity as a Field Marshal ( 1913 -- 1917 and 1920 -- 1922 ) Royal standard of Greece ( 1935 - 1973 ) Flag of the King of Greece ( 1935 -- 1973 ) Flag of the President of Greece ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Flag of the President of Greece ( 1975 -- present ) Double - headed eagle ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The double - headed eagle was the symbol of the Palaiologoi dynasty . One of the most recognisable ( other than the cross ) and beloved Greek symbols , the double - headed eagle , is not a part of the modern Greek flag or coat of arms ( although it is officially used by the Greek Army , the Church of Greece , the Cypriot National Guard and the Church of Cyprus , and was incorporated in the Greek coat of arms in 1926 ) . One suggested explanation is that , upon independence , an effort was made for political -- and international relations -- reasons to limit expressions implying efforts to recreate the Byzantine Empire . Yet another theory is that this symbol was only connected with a particular period of Greek history ( Byzantine ) and a particular form of rule ( imperial ) . More recent research has justified this view , connecting this symbol only to personal and dynastic emblems of Byzantine Emperors . Some Greek sources have attempted to establish links with ancient symbols : the eagle was a common design representing power in ancient city - states , while there was an implication of a `` dual - eagle '' concept in the tale that Zeus left two eagles fly east and west from the ends of the world , eventually meeting in Delphi , thus proving it to be the centre of the earth . However , there is virtually no doubt that its origin is a blend of Roman and Eastern influences . Indeed , the early Byzantine Empire inherited the Roman eagle as an imperial symbol . During his reign , Emperor Isaac I Comnenus ( 1057 -- 59 ) modified it as double - headed , influenced by traditions about such a beast in his native Paphlagonia in Asia Minor ( in turn reflecting possibly much older local myths ) . Many modifications followed in flag details , often combined with the cross . After the recapture of Constantinople by the Byzantine Greeks in 1261 , two crowns were added ( over each head ) representing -- according to the most prevalent theory -- the newly recaptured capital and the intermediate `` capital '' of the empire of Nicaea . There has been some confusion about the exact use of this symbol by the Byzantines ; it appears that , at least originally , it was more a `` dynastic '' and not a `` state '' symbol ( a term not fully applicable at the time , anyway ) , and for this reason , the colours connected with it were clearly the colours of `` imperial power '' , i.e. , red and yellow / gold . After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire nonetheless , the double - headed eagle remained a strong symbol of reference for the Greeks . Most characteristically , the Orthodox Church continues to use the double - headed eagle extensively as a decorative motif , and has also adopted a black eagle on yellow / gold background as its official flag . After the Ottoman conquest , however , this symbol also found its way to a `` new Constantinople '' ( or Third Rome ) , i.e. Moscow . Russia , deeply influenced by the Byzantine Empire , saw herself as its heir and adopted the double - headed eagle as its imperial symbol . It was also adopted by the Serbs , the Montenegrins , the Albanians and a number of Western rulers , most notably in Germany and Austria . Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church Flag of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus ( 1914 ) Flag of the Republic of the Pontus Flag of the Hellenic Army General Staff See also ( edit ) Greece Hymn to Liberty Byzantine heraldry History of Greece List of Greek flags References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Flag , from the site of the Presidency of the Hellenic Republic ^ Jump up to : Alexander - Michael Hadjilyra : Η καθιέρωση της ελληνικής σημαίας ( `` The adoption of the Greek flag '' ) , Hellenic Army General Staff , 2003 Jump up ^ The Flag Bulletin , Volumes 15 -- 17 , Flag Research Center , 1976 , p. 63 : `` Greeks wanted this color for their flag because they have always looked at the blue sky and the blue ocean . '' ^ Jump up to : L.S. Skartsis , Origin and Evolution of the Greek Flag , Athens 2017 ISBN 978 - 960 - 571 - 242 - 6 ^ Jump up to : N. Zapheiriou , Η Ελληνική Σημαία από τους αρχαίους χρόνους μέχρι σήμερα ( The Greek Flag from Antiquity to Present ) , Eleftheri Skepsis , Athens 1995 ( reprint of original 1947 publication ) ISBN 960 - 7199 - 60 - X Jump up ^ Emperor Maurice , Strategikon , II. 14 Jump up ^ Kazhdan , Alexander , ed. ( 1991 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press . pp. 472 , 999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504652 - 6 . Jump up ^ Byzantine Heraldry , from Heraldica.org Jump up ^ Kazhdan , Alexander , ed. ( 1991 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press . pp. 472 -- 473 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504652 - 6 . Jump up ^ Government of Greece ( 3 June 1833 ) . `` Περί της Πολεμικής και Εμπορικής Σημαίας του Βασιλείου '' ( Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag of the Kingdom ) . Government Gazette . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : V. Tzouras , Η Ελληνική Σημαία , Μελέτη Πρωτότυπος Ιστορική ( The Greek Flag , Original Historic Study ) , A. Lantzas , Kerkyra 1909 ^ Jump up to : E. Kokkoni and G. Tsiveriotis , Ελληνικές Σημαίες , Σήματα - Εμβλήματα ( Greek Flags , Signs and Emblems ) , Athens 1997 ISBN 960 - 7795 - 01 - 6 Jump up ^ Law 851 / 21 - 12 - 1978 On the national Flag , War Flags and the Distinguishing Flag of the President of the Republic , Gazette issue A-233 / 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Law 851 ( in Greek ) Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives . Brest , France : S.H.O.M. ; 2000 . p. 238 . Jump up ^ Flag Manual . Beijing , China : Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad -- Protocol Division ; 2008 . p . B15 . Jump up ^ Flags and Anthems Manual . London , United Kingdom : London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited ; 2012 . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Procedural time limits - Greece ^ Jump up to : Presidential Decree 201 / 1998 Jump up ^ O. Zotiadis ( January 2001 ) . `` Decorations of War Flags ( Greek : Τιμητικές διακρίσεις πολεμικών σημαιών ) '' . Military Review . Hellenic Army General Staff . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Decree 348 / 17 - 4 - 1980 , On the war flags of the Armed Forces and the Gendarmerie Corps , Gazette issue A-98 / 1980 . Jump up ^ Presidential Decree 991 / 7 - 10 - 1980 , Specification of the size of the National Flag born by the Coast Guard , Cities Police and Fire Service and the length of its staff , Gazette issue A-247 / 1980 . Jump up ^ Σχολή Αξιωματικών Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας Further reading ( edit ) I. Nouchakis , Η Σημαία μας ( Our Flag ) , Athens 1908 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Flags of Greece at Wikimedia Commons Flags of Greece at Flags of the World Recent research paper by M. Stamatis about Byzantine coats of arms ( March 2017 ) Recent research on the origin of the Greek Flag , March 2017 ( Open Access eBook ) Presidency of the Hellenic Republic : State Symbols , The Flag Historical Flags of Greece Article on the Greek Flag from the website of the Hellenic Army ( in Greek ) Older article on the Greek Flag from the website of the Hellenic Army ( in Greek ) Greek flags during the Ottoman era ( in Greek ) From the Official Website of Greek Presidential Guard Decrees specifying the design of the flag : Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag of the Kingdom ( 3 June 1833 ) - contains official drawings Regarding the Naval and Commercial Flag ( 13 September 1858 ) Regarding the Flags of the Kingdom of Greece and other distinctive ensigns ( 31 May 1914 ) - contains official drawings Regarding the flag of Greece and other distinctive ensigns ( 25 February 1930 ) Law 48 Regarding the National Flag of Greece , the Emblem of the Hellenic Republic , etc ( 7 June 1975 ) Law 851 Regarding the National Flag , the War Flags and the Emblem of the President of the Republic ( 22 December 1978 ) - current Symbols of Greece National symbols Flag Coat of arms Anthem Hymn to Liberty Motto Elefthería í Thánatos National personifications Athena Greece by Delacroix Grateful Hellas by Vryzakis National holidays 25 March ( 1821 ) 28 October ( 1940 ) Colours Blue and white Other symbols Historical symbols Double - headed eagle Phoenix Drachma Meander Other official symbols Vergina Sun Natural Dolphin Owl Mount Olympus Olive Tree Bay Laurel Monuments Acropolis of Athens Delphi Delos Epidaurus Knossos Meteora Mount Athos Mycenae Mystras Olympia Music Aulos Lyre Tambourine Laouto Bouzouki Rebetiko National poets Ancient : Homer Modern : Dionysios Solomos , Kostis Palamas National epics Ancient : Iliad , Odyssey Modern : Digenis Acritas , Erotokritos Cuisine Taverna Wine Souvlaki Feta Greek salad Pita Olive oil Retsina Ouzo Patron Saints / Religion Theotokos ( Our Lady of Tinos ) Saint Andrew Saint George Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Former national symbols Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece Greek Crown Jewels Related List of cultural icons of Greece Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Greece articles History Chronology Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk , Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Greece&oldid=805298110 '' Categories : 1822 introductions National flags Flags of Greece National symbols of Greece Flags with crosses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is the greek flag blue and white	[]	[]
-3472913959719588785	You're either with us, or against us	You 're either with us , or against us - wikipedia You 're either with us , or against us In political communication , the phrase `` you 're either with us , or against us '' and similar variations are used to depict situations as being polarized and to force witnesses , bystanders , or others unaligned with some form of pre-existing conflict to either become allies of the speaking party or lose favor . The implied consequence of not joining the team effort is to be deemed an enemy . An example is the statement of the former US President George W. Bush , who said after 9 / 11 at the launch of his anti-terrorism campaign in the form `` Every nation , in every region , now has a decision to make . Either you are with us , or you are with the terrorists . '' Contents 1 Background 2 Use of the phrase 2.1 Historical quotations 2.2 In literature and popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Background ( edit ) The statement generally is a descriptive statement identifying the beliefs of the speaker ( s ) , and thus state a basic assumption , not a logical conclusion . It may also be interpreted as a speech act . Sometimes but not always interpreted as a splitting or a false dilemma , which is an informal fallacy . Some see the statement as a way of persuading others to choose sides in a conflict which does not allow the position of neutrality . Only when there are no alternatives like a middle ground does the phrase hold validity as a logical conclusion . The phrases are a form of argumentation . Use of the phrase ( edit ) Historical quotations ( edit ) From the Book of Joshua ( Chap. 5 : 13 ) : `` It happened , when Joshua was by Jericho , that he lifted up his eyes and looked , and behold , a man stood in front of him with his sword drawn in his hand . Joshua went to him , and said to him , ' Are you for us , or for our adversaries ? ' '' The Synoptic Gospels attribute the following quote to Jesus : `` Whoever is not with me is against me , and whoever does not gather with me scatters '' ( Matthew 12 : 30 ) , as well as its contrapositive , `` Whoever is not against us is for us '' ( Luke 9 : 50 ; Mark 9 : 40 ) . Marcus Tullius Cicero , in an oration before Julius Caesar in 46 BCE , published as Pro Ligario , made the following distinction : `` For we heard you say that we looked upon all as enemies that were not with us ; but that you looked upon all as friends that were not against you . '' Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , in a speech discussing the Chief Committee for Political Education , told the assembled delegates that `` It is with absolute frankness that we speak of this struggle of the proletariat ; each man must choose between joining our side or the other side . Any attempt to avoid taking sides in this issue must end in fiasco . '' George Orwell wrote in his 1942 essay `` Pacifism and the War '' , `` If you hamper the war effort of one side you automatically help that of the other . Nor is there any real way of remaining outside such a war as the present one . In practice , ' he that is not with me is against me ' . The idea that you can somehow remain aloof from and superior to the struggle , while living on food which British sailors have to risk their lives to bring you , is a bourgeois illusion bred of money and security . '' Benito Mussolini declared in speeches across fascist Italy : `` O con noi o contro di noi '' -- You 're either with us or against us . János Kádár , in an effort to unite Hungary after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , announced in December 1961 , `` those who are not against us are with us . '' Common form of Cold War terminology . On 30 September 1970 , the Milwaukee Journal quoted a police official of the Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 as saying to his political prisoners : `` You make yourself ridiculous ( sic ) by thinking you can do anything . The word is divided in two . The Russians and the Americans , no one else . What are we ? Americans . Behind me there is the government , behind the government is NATO , behind NATO is the US . You ca n't fight us , we are Americans . '' Hillary Clinton said on September 13 , 2001 : `` Every nation has to either be with us , or against us . Those who harbor terrorists , or who finance them , are going to pay a price . '' President George W. Bush , in an address to a joint session of Congress on September 20 , 2001 said , `` Every nation , in every region , now has a decision to make . Either you are with us , or you are with the terrorists . '' Vic Toews , Canadian Public Safety Minister , said on February 13 , 2012 : `` ... either stand with us or with the child pornographers '' in response to questions from Quebec MP Francis Scarpaleggia ( Lac - Saint - Louis ) regarding extensive Privacy Commission concerns about ' warrant-less access ' to all Canadian Internet and Cell phone accounts under the proposed legislation contained in bill C - 30 `` Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act '' introduced the following day ( February 14 , 2012 ) in the House of Commons of Canada . Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , in a speech after a suicide bomb explosion in Istanbul on January 12 , 2016 , said : `` Pick a side . You are either on the side of the Turkish government , or you 're on the side of the terrorists . '' Sarah Palin , in a speech criticizing Republicans who did n't support Donald Trump 's 2016 election campaign , said : `` You 're either with us or you 're against us . `` That gang , they call themselves Never hashtag , whatever , I just call ' em Republicans Against Trump , or RAT for short , And you know it was really funny , to me , the ' splodey heads keep ' sploding over this movement because it seems so obvious ... '' In literature and popular culture ( edit ) In the movie Beauty and the Beast , Gaston tells fellow citizens of his village that `` If you 're not with us , you 're against us , '' and thereafter locks up Belle and her father so he can hunt the Beast . In the Dirty Harry movie Magnum Force , one of the suspects tells Harry Callahan , `` Either you 're for us or you 're against us . '' In the movie The Matrix , when Morpheus introduces the matrix to Neo using training program , he tells him , regarding to agents , that `` If you are not one of us , you are one of them . '' In the climax of the film Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Anakin Skywalker ( aka Darth Vader ) says to Obi - Wan Kenobi , `` If you 're not with me , then you 're my enemy . '' Obi - Wan responds , `` Only a Sith deals in absolutes . '' His response is an absolute statement , although linguists are divided as to whether the `` deals '' part of the phrase makes this not a contradictory statement . Towards the end of Joseph Heller 's Catch - 22 , Colonels Korn and Cathcart equate fighting for their country with fighting for the benefit of the two of them . Korn tells the protagonist Yossarian : `` You 're either for us or against your country . It 's as simple as that . '' A reviewer of Catch - 22 found this `` flawless '' logical indulgence by the commanding colonels to be comparable to Heller 's parody of Charles Erwin Wilson 's statement , often paraphrased as , `` What 's good for General Motors is good for the country '' . In a 1912 edition of John Bull 's Other Island by George Bernard Shaw , an advertisement for The Clarion , a socialist newspaper , used the phrase to attract those interested in the debate on socialism . In the movie Ben - Hur , the protagonist meets with his childhood friend Messala . He has barely said hello to Ben - Hur when he is dunning him for the names of those Jews who are speaking out against the Roman occupation . Ben - Hur refuses to act as informer , and Messala utters , `` You 're either with me or against me '' . In Act III of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible , Deputy Governor John Danforth states , `` But you must understand , sir , that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it , there is no road between . '' A professional wrestling faction in WWE , called The Nexus , used the slogan `` You 're either Nexus , or you 're against us '' . Stephen Colbert has parodied the sentence on several occasions , for instance with `` Either you are for the war ( in Iraq ) or you hate America '' and `` George W. Bush : great president or the greatest president ? '' , after which he usually adds `` It 's that simple ! '' In the Smallville episode `` Shattered '' , Lex Luthor tells Clark Kent , `` You 're either with me or against me , Clark . Choose right now . '' In the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series episode `` The Shredder Strikes , Part One '' The Shredder tells the Turtles `` Those who are not with me are against me , and I crush anyone who stands against me ! '' right before facing them for the first time . In the film X-Men : First Class , Dr. Klaus Schmidt / Sebastian Shaw tells the X-Men , `` If you are not with us , then by definition , you are against us . '' Futurama makes a parody of this concept , when the character Zapp Brannigan expresses disdain about the members of the Neutral Planet who did n't take side in a conflict by commenting concerns like `` With enemies you know where they stand but with neutrals ? Who knows ? It sickens me '' or `` What makes a man turn neutral ? Lust for gold ? Power ? Or were you just born with a heart full of neutrality ? '' See also ( edit ) False dilemma Informal logic Principle of bivalence Splitting ( psychology ) Thought - terminating cliché References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bush : ' You Are Either With Us , Or With the Terrorists ' - 2001 - 09 - 21 , Voice of America Jump up ^ `` Your logical fallacy is black or white '' . Jump up ^ Orwell , George ( 1968 ) . George Orwell : The Collected Essays , Journalism & Letters Volume 2 - My Country left or right . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Schiappa , Edward ( 1995 ) . Warranting Assent : Case Studies in Argument Evaluation . State University of New York . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2363 - 8 . Jump up ^ New Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ Pro Ligario 11 ( 33 ) , translation from Cicero , Marcus Tullius ; Duncan , William ( 1811 ) . Cicero 's Select Orations , Translated Into English . Sidney 's Press . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Speech Delivered At An All - Russia Conference Of Political Education Workers Of Gubernia and Uyezd Education Departments November 3 , 1920 Jump up ^ `` Il Duce : Benito Mussolini e La Storia del Fascismo - Frasi e Motti '' . Jump up ^ `` Bolstering Tyranny '' . Milwaukee Journal . Journal Company . 30 September 1970 . p. 18 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 -- via Google News Archive . You make yourself ridiculous by thinking you can do anything . The word is divided in two . The Russians and the Americans , no one else . What are we ? Americans . Behind me there is the government , behind the government is NATO , behind NATO is the US . You ca n't fight us , we are Americans . Jump up ^ FreedomAgenda.com Quotes and Facts on Iraq Jump up ^ WhiteHouse.gov Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Hansard , No. 79 of the 41st Parliament ( 1st Session ) of Canada Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Canadian Broadcasting Corp - surveillance critics siding with child porn : Toews Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Bill C30 Jump up ^ Weaver , Matthew ; Yuhas , Alan ; Shaheen , Kareem ; Abdul - Ahad , Ghaith ; Letsch , Constanze ( 12 January 2016 ) . `` Istanbul blast : nine of the 10 killed were German , reports claim - as it happened '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Palin rips Never Trump Republicans : ' You are either with us or against us ' '' . Politico. 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ H. Bruce Franklin ( 1988 ) . War Stars : The Superweapon and the American Imagination . Oxford University Press . pp. 124 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walter Sinnott - Armstrong ; Robert J. Fogelin ( 2009 ) . Understanding Arguments : An Introduction to Informal Logic ( 8th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 60395 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Ajami , Fouad . `` With Us or Against Us , '' New York Times Book Review 156.53817 ( 1 / 7 / 2007 ) : 14 - 15 . Bethune , Brian . `` Are You With Us or Against Us ? '' in Maclean 's 119.45 ( 11 / 13 / 2006 ) : 21 . `` For us , or against us ? '' in Economist 376.8444 ( 9 / 17 / 2005 ) : 44 . Seymour , Richard . `` With us or against us -- Iran talks tough , '' Middle East 364 ( Feb 2006 ) : 18 - 19 . Singh , Anita Inder . `` With Us or Against Us , '' World Today 61.8 / 9 ( Aug / Sep 2005 ) : 25 . `` With us or against us , '' Economist 385.8555 ( 11 / 17 / 2007 ) : 42 . `` You 're Either With Us or Against Us , '' Maclean 's 121.6 ( 3 / 10 / 2008 ) : 23 - 29 . Bially Mattern , Janice . `` Why Soft Power Is n't So Soft : Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics . '' Millennium - Journal of International Studies 33 , no . 3 ( 2005 ) : 583 - 612 . Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_either_with_us,_or_against_us&oldid=854703498 '' Categories : Dichotomies Dilemmas Political catchphrases George W. Bush Propaganda Fanaticism Psychological manipulation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	you either with me or against me win win win	[]	[]
-3512551478359092411	Cultural relativism	Cultural relativism - wikipedia Cultural relativism Jump to : navigation , search Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( show ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Cultural relativism is the idea that a person 's beliefs , values , and practices should be understood based on that person 's own culture , rather than judged against the criteria of another . It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students . Boas first articulated the idea in 1887 : `` civilization is not something absolute , but ... is relative , and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes '' . However , Boas did not coin the term . Neither did the 21st century relativist James Lawrence Wray - Miller . The first use of the term recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924 to describe Robert Lowie 's `` extreme cultural relativism '' , found in the latter 's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology . The term became common among anthropologists after Boas ' death in 1942 , to express their synthesis of a number of ideas Boas had developed . Boas believed that the sweep of cultures , to be found in connection with any sub species , is so vast and pervasive that there can not be a relationship between cultures and races . Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims . Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate . This principle should not be confused with moral relativism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Epistemological origins 2 As a methodological and heuristic device 2.1 As a methodological tool 2.2 As a heuristic tool 3 As a critical device 4 Comparison to moral relativism 4.1 Statement on human rights 5 Current debates 5.1 Post-colonial politics 5.2 Political critique 5.3 Political defense 6 Use by nations 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Epistemological origins ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Herodotus ( Histories 3.38 ) observes on the relativity of mores ( νόμοι ) : If anyone , no matter who , were given the opportunity of choosing from amongst all the nations in the world the set of beliefs which he thought best , he would inevitably -- after careful considerations of their relative merits -- choose that of his own country . Everyone without exception believes his own native customs , and the religion he was brought up in , to be the best ; and that being so , it is unlikely that anyone but a madman would mock at such things . There is abundant evidence that this is the universal feeling about the ancient customs of one 's country . -- tr . Aubrey de Selincourt He mentions an anecdote of Darius the Great who illustrated the principle by inquiring about the funeral customs of the Greeks and the Callatiae , peoples from the extreme western and eastern fringes of his empire , respectively . They practiced cremation and funerary cannibalism , respectively , and were each dismayed and abhorred at the proposition of the other tribe 's practices . The epistemological claims that led to the development of cultural relativism have their origins in the German Enlightenment . The philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that human beings are not capable of direct , unmediated knowledge of the world . All of our experiences of the world are mediated through the human mind , which universally structures perceptions according to a priori concepts of time and space . Although Kant considered these mediating structures universal , his student Johann Gottfried Herder argued that human creativity , evidenced by the great variety in national cultures , revealed that human experience was mediated not only by universal structures , but by particular cultural structures as well . The philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant and Herder 's ideas . Although Herder focused on the positive value of cultural variety , the sociologist William Graham Sumner called attention to the fact that one 's culture can limit one 's perceptions . He called this principle ethnocentrism , the viewpoint that `` one 's own group is the center of everything '' , against which all other groups are judged . As a methodological and heuristic device ( edit ) According to George Marcus , Michael Fischer , and Sam Bohart , 20th century social and cultural anthropology has promised its still largely Western readership enlightenment on two fronts . The one has been the salvaging of distinct cultural forms of life from a process of apparent global Westernization . With both its romantic appeal and its scientific intentions , anthropology has stood for the refusal to accept this conventional perception of homogenization toward a dominant Western model . Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western ethnocentrism . Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms , in which one consciously believes that one 's people 's arts are the most beautiful , values the most virtuous , and beliefs the most truthful . Franz Boas , originally trained in physics and geography , and heavily influenced by the thought of Kant , Herder , and von Humboldt , argued that one 's culture may mediate and thus limit one 's perceptions in less obvious ways . He understood `` culture '' to include not only certain tastes in food , art , and music , or beliefs about religion . He assumed a much broader notion of culture , defined as the totality of the mental and physical reactions and activities that characterize the behavior of the individuals composing a social group collectively and individually in relation to their natural environment , to other groups , to members of the group itself , and of each individual to himself . This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems : first , how to escape the unconscious bonds of one 's own culture , which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world , and second , how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture . The principle of cultural relativism thus forced anthropologists to develop innovative methods and heuristic strategies . As a methodological tool ( edit ) Between World War I and World War II , `` cultural relativism '' was the central tool for American anthropologists in this refusal of Western claims to universality , and salvage of non-Western cultures . It functioned to transform Boas ' epistemology into methodological lessons . This is most obvious in the case of language . Although language is commonly thought of as a means of communication , Boas called attention especially to the idea that it is also a means of categorizing experiences , hypothesizing that the existence of different languages suggests that people categorize , and thus experience , language differently ( this view was more fully developed in the hypothesis of Linguistic relativity ) . Thus , although all people perceive visible radiation the same way , in terms of a continuum of color , people who speak different languages slice up this continuum into discrete colors in different ways . Some languages have no word that corresponds to the English word `` green '' . When people who speak such languages are shown a green chip , some identify it using their word for blue , others identify it using their word for yellow . Thus , Boas 's student Melville Herskovits summed up the principle of cultural relativism thus : `` Judgements are based on experience , and experience is interpreted by each individual in terms of his own enculturation . '' Boas pointed out that scientists grow up and work in a particular culture , and are thus necessarily ethnocentric . He provided an example of this in his 1889 article , `` On Alternating Sounds '' A number of linguists at Boas ' time had observed that speakers of some Native American languages pronounced the same word with different sounds indiscriminately . They thought that this meant that the languages were unorganized and lacked strict rules for pronunciation , and they took it as evidence that the languages were more primitive than their own . Boas however noted that the variant pronunciations were not an effect of lack of organization of sound patterns , but an effect of the fact that these languages organized sounds differently from English . The languages grouped sounds that were considered distinct in English into a single sound , but also having contrasts that did not exist in English . He then argued the case that Native Americans had been pronouncing the word in question the same way , consistently , and the variation was only perceived by someone whose own language distinguishes those two sounds . Boas 's student , the linguist Edward Sapir later noted that also English speakers pronounce sounds differently even when they think they are pronouncing the same sound , for example few English speakers realize that the sounds written with the letter ⟨ t ⟩ in the words `` tick '' and `` stick '' are phonetically different , the first being generally affricated and the other aspirated -- a speaker of a language where this contrast is meaningful would instantly perceive them as different sounds and tend not to see them as different realizations of a single phoneme . Boas 's students drew not only on his engagement with German philosophy . They also engaged the work of contemporary philosophers and scientists , such as Karl Pearson , Ernst Mach , Henri Poincaré , William James and John Dewey in an attempt to move , in the words of Boas 's student Robert Lowie , from `` a naively metaphysical to an epistemological stage '' as a basis for revising the methods and theories of anthropology . Boas and his students realized that if they were to conduct scientific research in other cultures , they would need to employ methods that would help them escape the limits of their own ethnocentrism . One such method is that of ethnography : basically , they advocated living with people of another culture for an extended period of time , so that they could learn the local language and be enculturated , at least partially , into that culture . In this context , cultural relativism is an attitude that is of fundamental methodological importance , because it calls attention to the importance of the local context in understanding the meaning of particular human beliefs and activities . Thus , in 1948 Virginia Heyer wrote , `` Cultural relativity , to phrase it in starkest abstraction , states the relativity of the part to the whole . The part gains its cultural significance by its place in the whole , and can not retain its integrity in a different situation . '' As a heuristic tool ( edit ) Another method was ethnology : to compare and contrast as wide a range of cultures as possible , in a systematic and even - handed manner . In the late nineteenth century , this study occurred primarily through the display of material artifacts in museums . Curators typically assumed that similar causes produce similar effects ; therefore , in order to understand the causes of human action , they grouped similar artifacts together -- regardless of provenance . Their aim was to classify artifacts , like biological organisms , according to families , genera , and species . Thus organized museum displays would illustrate the evolution of civilization from its crudest to its most refined forms . In an article in the journal Science , Boas argued that this approach to cultural evolution ignored one of Charles Darwin 's main contributions to evolutionary theory : It is only since the development of the evolutional theory that it became clear that the object of study is the individual , not abstractions from the individual under observation . We have to study each ethnological specimen individually in its history and in its medium ... By regarding a single implement outside of its surroundings , outside of other inventions of the people to whom it belongs , and outside of other phenomena affecting that people and its productions , we can not understand its meanings ... Our objection ... is , that classification is not explanation . Boas argued that although similar causes produce similar effects , different causes may also produce similar effects . Consequently , similar artifacts found in distinct and distant places may be the products of distinct causes . Against the popular method of drawing analogies in order to reach generalizations , Boas argued in favor of an inductive method . Based on his critique of contemporary museum displays , Boas concluded : It is my opinion that the main object of ethnological collections should be the dissemination of the fact that civilization is not something absolute , but that it is relative , and that our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes . Boas 's student Alfred Kroeber described the rise of the relativist perspective thus : Now while some of the interest in ( so called solial culture science ) anthropology in its earlier stages was in the exotic and the out - of - the - way , yet even this antiquarian motivation ultimately contributed to a broader result . Anthropologists became aware of the diversity of culture . They began to see the tremendous range of its variations . From that , they commenced to envisage it as a totality , as no historian of one period or of a single people was likely to do , nor any analyst of his own type of civilization alone . They became aware of culture as a `` universe '' , or vast field in which we of today and our own civilization occupy only one place of many . The result was a widening of a fundamental point of view , a departure from unconscious ethnocentricity toward relativity . This shift from naive self - centeredness in one 's own time and spot to a broader view based on objective comparison is somewhat like the change from the original geocentric assumption of astronomy to the Copernican interpretation of the solar system and the subsequent still greater widening to a universe of galaxies . This conception of culture , and principle of cultural relativism , were for Kroeber and his colleagues the fundamental contribution of anthropology , and what distinguished anthropology from similar disciplines such as sociology and psychology . Ruth Benedict , another of Boas 's students , also argued that an appreciation of the importance of culture and the problem of ethnocentrism demands that the scientist adopt cultural relativism as a method . Her book , Patterns of Culture , did much to popularize the term in the United States . In it , she explained that : The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been violently opposed . In the first place any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another items in the series it selects for its consideration . In all the less controversial fields like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae , the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions . In this way we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy , or of the habits of the social insects , let us say . It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation , that of Western civilization . Benedict was adamant that she was not romanticizing so - called primitive societies ; she was emphasizing that any understanding of the totality of humanity must be based on as wide and varied a sample of individual cultures as possible . Moreover , it is only by appreciating a culture that is profoundly different from our own , that we can realize the extent to which our own beliefs and activities are culture - bound , rather than natural or universal . In this context , cultural relativism is a heuristic device of fundamental importance because it calls attention to the importance of variation in any sample that is used to derive generalizations about humanity . As a critical device ( edit ) Marcus and Fischer 's attention to anthropology 's refusal to accept Western culture 's claims to universality implies that cultural relativism is a tool not only in cultural understanding , but in cultural critique . This points to the second front on which they believe anthropology offers people enlightenment : The other promise of anthropology , one less fully distinguished and attended to than the first , has been to serve as a form of cultural critique for ourselves . In using portraits of other cultural patterns to reflect self - critically on our own ways , anthropology disrupts common sense and makes us reexamine our taken - for - granted assumptions . The critical function of cultural relativism is widely understood ; philosopher John Cook observed that `` It is aimed at getting people to admit that although it may seem to them that their moral principles are self - evidently true , and hence seem to be grounds for passing judgement on other peoples , in fact , the self - evidence of these principles is a kind of illusion . '' Although Cook is misconstruing cultural relativism to be identical to moral relativism , his point still applies to the broader understanding of the term . Relativism does not mean that one 's views are false , but it does mean that it is false to claim that one 's views are self - evident . The critical function was indeed one of the ends to which Benedict hoped her own work would meet . The most famous use of cultural relativism as a means of cultural critique is Margaret Mead 's dissertation research ( under Boas ) of adolescent female sexuality in Samoa . By contrasting the ease and freedom enjoyed by Samoan teenagers , Mead called into question claims that the stress and rebelliousness that characterize American adolescence is natural and inevitable . As Marcus and Fischer point out , however , this use of relativism can be sustained only if there is ethnographic research in the United States comparable to the research conducted in Samoa . Although every decade has witnessed anthropologists conducting research in the United States , the very principles of relativism have led most anthropologists to conduct research in foreign countries . Comparison to moral relativism ( edit ) According to Marcus and Fischer , when the principle of cultural relativism was popularized after World War II , it came to be understood `` more as a doctrine , or position , than as a method '' . As a consequence , people misinterpreted cultural relativism to mean that all cultures are both separate and equal , and that all value systems , however different , are equally valid . Thus , people came to use the phrase `` cultural relativism '' erroneously to signify `` moral relativism '' . People generally understand moral relativism to mean that there are no absolute or universal moral standards . The nature of anthropological research lends itself to the search for universal standards ( standards found in all societies ) , but not necessarily absolute standards ; nevertheless , people often confuse the two . In 1944 Clyde Kluckhohn ( who studied at Harvard , but who admired and worked with Boas and his students ) attempted to address this issue : The concept of culture , like any other piece of knowledge , can be abused and misinterpreted . Some fear that the principle of cultural relativity will weaken morality . `` If the Bugabuga do it why ca n't we ? It 's all relative anyway . '' But this is exactly what cultural relativity does not mean . The principle of cultural relativity does not mean that because the members of some savage tribe are allowed to behave in a certain way that this fact gives intellectual warrant for such behavior in all groups . Cultural relativity means , on the contrary , that the appropriateness of any positive or negative custom must be evaluated with regard to how this habit fits with other group habits . Having several wives makes economic sense among herders , not among hunters . While breeding a healthy scepticism as to the eternity of any value prized by a particular people , anthropology does not as a matter of theory deny the existence of moral absolutes . Rather , the use of the comparative method provides a scientific means of discovering such absolutes . If all surviving societies have found it necessary to impose some of the same restrictions upon the behavior of their members , this makes a strong argument that these aspects of the moral code are indispensable . Although Kluckholn was using language that was popular at the time ( e.g. `` savage tribe '' ) but which is now considered antiquated and coarse by most anthropologists , his point was that although moral standards are rooted in one 's culture , anthropological research reveals that the fact that people have moral standards is a universal . He was especially interested in deriving specific moral standards that are universal , although few if any anthropologists think that he was successful . There is an ambiguity in Kluckhohn 's formulation that would haunt anthropologists in the years to come . It makes it clear that one 's moral standards make sense in terms of one 's culture . He waffles , however , on whether the moral standards of one society could be applied to another . Four years later American anthropologists had to confront this issue head - on . It was James Lawrence Wray - Miller who provided an additional clarification tool , or caveat as some would call it , of cultural relativism 's theoretical underpinnings by dividing it into two binary , analytical continuums : vertical and horizontal cultural relativism . Ultimately , these two analytical continuums share the same basic conclusion : that human morality and ethics are not static but fluid and vary across cultures depending on the time period and current condition of any particular culture . Vertical relativism describes that cultures , throughout history ( `` vertical '' meaning passage through past and future ) , are products of the prevailing societal norms and conditions of their respective historical periods . Therefore , any moral or ethical judgments , made during the present , regarding past cultures ' belief systems or societal practices must be firmly grounded and informed by these norms and conditions to be intellectually useful . Vertical relativism also accounts for the possibility that cultural values and norms will necessarily change as influencing norms and conditions change in the future . Horizontal relativism describes that cultures in the present ( `` horizontal '' in time -- meaning the present period of the culture ) are products of the prevailing norms and conditions developed as a result of their unique geographies , histories , and environmental influences . Therefore , moral or ethical judgments , made during the present , regarding a current culture 's belief system or societal practices must account for these unique differences to be intellectually useful . Statement on human rights ( edit ) The transformation of cultural relativism as a heuristic tool into the doctrine of moral relativism occurred in the context of the work of the Commission of Human Rights of the United Nations in preparing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Melville Herskovits prepared a draft `` Statement on Human Rights '' which Executive Board of the American Anthropological Association revised , submitted to the Commission on Human Rights , and then published . The statement begins with a fairly straightforward explanation of the relevance of cultural relativism : The problem is thus to formulate a statement of human rights that will do more than phrase respect for the individual as individual . It must also take into full account the individual as a member of a social group of which he is part , whose sanctioned modes of life shape his behavior , and with whose fate his own is thus inextricably bound The bulk of this statement emphasizes concern that the Declaration of Human Rights was being prepared primarily by people from Western societies , and would express values that , far from being universal , are really Western : Today the problem is complicated by the fact that the Declaration must be of world - wide applicability . It must embrace and recognize the validity of many different ways of life . It will not be convincing to the Indonesian , the African , the Chinese , if it lies on the same plane as like documents of an earlier period . The rights of Man in the Twentieth Century can not be circumscribed by the standards of any single culture , or be dictated by the aspirations of any single people . Such a document will lead to frustration , not realization of the personalities of vast numbers of human beings . Although this statement could be read as making a procedural point ( that the Commission must involve people of diverse cultures , especially cultures that had been or are still under European colonial or imperial domination ) , the document ended by making two substantive claims : Even where political systems exist that deny citizens the right of participation in their government , or seek to conquer weaker peoples , underlying cultural values may be called on to bring the peoples of such states to a realization of the consequences of the acts of their governments , and thus enforce a brake upon discrimination and conquest . Worldwide standards of freedom and justice , based on the principle that man is free only when he lives as his society defines freedom , that his rights are those he recognizes as a member of his society , must be basic . These claims provoked an immediate response by a number of anthropologists . Julian Steward ( who , as a student of Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie , and as a professor at Columbia University , was situated firmly in the Boasian lineage ) suggested that the first claim `` may have been a loophole to exclude Germany from the advocated tolerance '' , but that it revealed the fundamental flaw in moral relativism : `` Either we tolerate everything , and keep hands off , or we fight intolerance and conquest -- political and economic as well as military -- in all their forms . '' Similarly , he questioned whether the second principle means that anthropologists `` approve the social caste system of India , the racial caste system of the United States , or many other varieties of social discrimination in the world '' . Steward and others argued that any attempt to apply the principle of cultural relativism to moral problems would only end in contradiction : either a principle that seems to stand for tolerance ends up being used to excuse intolerance , or the principle of tolerance is revealed to be utterly intolerant of any society that seems to lack the ( arguably , Western ) value of tolerance . They concluded that anthropologists must stick to science , and engage in debates over values only as individuals . Current debates ( edit ) The debates over the Statement on Human Rights , then , was not merely over the validity of cultural relativism , or the question of what makes a right universal . It forced anthropologists to confront the question of whether anthropological research is relevant to non-anthropologists . Although Steward and Barnett seemed to be suggesting that anthropology as such should restrict itself to purely academic affairs , people within and without the academy have continued to debate the ways non-anthropologists have used this principle in public policy concerning ethnic minorities or in international relations . Political scientist Alison Dundes Renteln has recently argued that most debates over moral relativism misunderstand the importance of cultural relativism . Most philosophers understand the Benedictine -- Herskovitz formulation of cultural relativism to mean what is right or good for one individual or society is not right or good for another , even if the situations are similar , meaning not merely that what is thought right or good by one is not thought right or good by another ... but that what is really right or good in one case is not so in another . Although this formulation clearly echoes the kinds of example anthropologists used in elaborating cultural relativism , Renteln believes that it misses the spirit of the principle . Accordingly , she supports a different formulation : `` there are or can be no value judgements that are true , that is , objectively justifiable , independent of specific cultures '' . Renteln faults philosophers for disregarding the heuristic and critical functions of cultural relativism . Her main argument is that in order to understand the principle of cultural relativism , one must recognize the extent to which it is based on enculturation : `` the idea that people unconsciously acquire the categories and standards of their culture '' . This observation , which echoes the arguments about culture that originally led Boas to develop the principle , suggests that the use of cultural relativism in debates of rights and morals is not substantive but procedural . That is , it does not require a relativist to sacrifice his or her values . But it does require anyone engaged in a consideration of rights and morals to reflect on how their own enculturation has shaped their views : There is no reason why the relativist should be paralyzed , as critics have often asserted . But a relativist will acknowledge that the criticism is based on his own ethnocentric standards and realizes also that the condemnation may be a form of cultural imperialism . Renteln thus bridges the gap between the anthropologist as scientist ( whom Steward and Barnett felt had nothing to offer debates on rights and morality ) and as private individual ( who has every right to make value judgements ) . The individual keeps this right , but the scientist requires that the individual acknowledge that these judgements are neither self - evident universals , nor entirely personal ( and idiosyncratic ) , but rather took form in relation to the individual 's own culture . Post-colonial Politics ( edit ) Boas and his students understood anthropology to be a historical , or human science , in that it involves subjects ( anthropologists ) studying other subjects ( humans and their activities ) , rather than subjects studying objects ( such as rocks or stars ) . Under such conditions , it is fairly obvious that scientific research may have political consequences , and the Boasians saw no conflict between their scientific attempts to understand other cultures , and the political implications of critiquing their own culture . For anthropologists working in this tradition , the doctrine of cultural relativism as a basis for moral relativism was anathema . For politicians , moralists , and many social scientists ( but few anthropologists ) who saw science and human interests as necessarily independent or even opposed , however , the earlier Boasian principle of cultural relativism was anathema . Thus , cultural relativism came under attack , but from opposing sides and for opposing reasons . Political critique ( edit ) On the one hand , many anthropologists began to criticize the way moral relativism , in the guise of cultural relativism , is used to mask the effects of Western colonialism and imperialism . Thus , Stanley Diamond argued that when the term `` cultural relativism '' entered popular culture , popular culture coopted anthropology in a way that voided the principle of any critical function : Relativism is the bad faith of the conqueror , who has become secure enough to become a tourist . Cultural relativism is a purely intellectual attitude ; it does not inhibit the anthropologist from participating as a professional in his own milieu ; on the contrary , it rationalizes that milieu . Relativism is self - critical only in the abstract . Nor does it lead to engagement . It only converts the anthropologist into a shadowy figure , prone to newsworthy and shallow pronouncements about the cosmic condition of the human race . It has the effect of mystifying the profession , so that the very term anthropologist ( `` student of man '' ) commands the attention of an increasingly `` popular '' audience in search of novelty . But the search for self - knowledge , which Montaigne was the first to link to the annihilation of prejudice , is reduced to the experience of culture shock , a phrase used by both anthropologists and the State Department to account for the disorientation that usually follows an encounter with an alien way of life . But culture shock is a condition one recovers from ; it is not experienced as an authentic redefinition of the personality but as a testing of its tolerance ... The tendency of relativism , which it never quite achieves , is to detach the anthropologist from all particular cultures . Nor does it provide him with a moral center , only a job . George Stocking summarized this view with the observation that `` Cultural relativism , which had buttressed the attack against racialism , ( can ) be perceived as a sort of neo-racialism justifying the backward techno - economic status of once colonized peoples . '' Political defense ( edit ) On the other hand , the most common and popular criticisms of relativism come not from anthropologists like Stanley Diamond , but rather from political conservatives . By the 1980s many anthropologists had absorbed the Boasian critique of moral relativism , and were ready to reevaluate the origins and uses of cultural relativism . In a distinguished lecture before the American Anthropological Association in 1984 , Clifford Geertz pointed out that the conservative critics of cultural relativism did not really understand , and were not really responding to , the ideas of Benedict , Herskovits , Kroeber and Kluckhohn . Consequently , the various critics and proponents of cultural relativism were talking past one another . What these different positions have in common , Geertz argued , is that they are all responding to the same thing : knowledge about other ways of life . The supposed conflict between Benedict 's and Herskovits 's call for tolerance and the untolerant passion with which they called for it turns out not to be the simple contradiction so many amateur logicians have held it to be , but the expression of a perception , caused by thinking a lot about Zunis and Dahomys , that the world being so full of a number of things , rushing to judgement is more than a mistake , it is a crime . Similarly , Kroeber 's and Kluckholn 's verities -- Kroeber 's were mostly about messy creatural matters like delirium and menstruation , Kluckholn 's were mostly about messy social ones like lying and killing within the in - group , turn out not to be just the arbitrary personal obsessions they so much look like , but the expression of a much vaster concern , caused by thinking a lot about anthrōpos in general , that if something is n't anchored everywhere nothing can be anchored anywhere . Theory here -- if that is what these earnest advices about how we must look at things if we are to be accounted as decent should be called -- is more an exchange of warnings than an analytical debate . We are being offered a choice of worries . What the relativists -- so - called -- want us to worry about is provincialism -- the danger that our perceptions will be dulled , our intellects constricted , and our sympathies narrowed by the overlearned and overvalued acceptances of our own society . What the anti-relativists -- self - declared -- want us to worry about , and worry about and worry about , as though our very souls depended on it , is a kind of spiritual entropy , a heat death of the mind , in which everything is as significant , and thus as insignificant , as everything else : anything goes , to each his own , you pays your money and you takes your choice , I know what I like , not in the couth , tout comprendre , c'est tout pardonner . Geertz concludes this discussion by commenting , `` As I have already suggested , I myself find provincialism altogether the more real concern so far as what actually goes on in the world . '' Geertz ' defense of cultural relativism as a concern which should motivate various inquiries , rather than as an explanation or solution , echoed a comment Alfred Kroeber made in reply to earlier critics of cultural relativism , in 1949 : Obviously , relativism poses certain problems when from trying merely to understand the world we pass on to taking action in the world : and right decisions are not always easy to find . However , it is also obvious that authoritarians who know the complete answers beforehand will necessarily be intolerant of relativism : they should be , if there is only one truth and that is theirs . I admit that hatred of the intolerant for relativism does not suffice to make relativism true . But most of us are human enough for our belief in relativism to be somewhat reinforced just by that fact . At any rate , it would seem that the world has come far enough so that it is only by starting from relativism and its tolerations that we may hope to work out a new set of absolute values and standards , if such are attainable at all or prove to be desirable . Use by nations ( edit ) Several nations have used cultural relativism as a justification for limiting the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , despite the World Conference on Human Rights rejecting it as a refugee of human rights violations . A 2011 study by international legal expert Roger Lloret Blackburn , examining the Universal Periodic Reviews , distinguishes several different groups of nations . One group consists of nations where the current regime has been installed by revolution and that deny the need for political plurality : China , Vietnam , Myanmar , Cuba and Iran . Another group are certain Islamic nations that adhere to sharia and certain traditional practices : Yemen , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan . A third possible group is nations that give special rights to specific groups : Malaysia , Mexico , Indonesia , and Colombia . See also ( edit ) Cultural Revolution Emotivism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Global justice Historical particularism Intercultural competence Moral relativism Multiculturalism Relativism Situational ethics Universality ( philosophy ) Xenocentrism Human rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Franz Boas 1887 `` Museums of Ethnology and their classification '' Science 9 : 589 Jump up ^ `` cultural , adj. and n . '' , OED Online , Sept 2009 , Oxford University Press , http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50055630 , citing Locke 's article `` The Concept of Race as Applied to Social Culture '' , Howard Review 1 ( 1924 ) : pp. 290 - 299 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Mark ( December 16 , 1994 ) . `` Cultural Relativism '' . Texas : University of Texas - Pan American . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : George Marcus and Michael M.J. Fischer 1986 Anthropology as Cultural Critique : The Experimental Moment in the Human Sciences Chicago : University of Chicago Press. page 1 Jump up ^ Franz Boas 1963 ( 1911 ) The Mind of Primitive Man New York : Collier Books. page 149 Jump up ^ Franz Boas 1889 `` On Alternating Sounds '' , American Anthropologist 2 : 47 - 53 Jump up ^ Heyer , Virginia 1948 `` In Reply to Elgin Williams '' in American Anthropologist 50 ( 1 ) 163 - 166 ^ Jump up to : Boas , Franz 1974 ( 1887 ) `` The Principles of Ethnological Classification '' , in A Franz Boas reader ed. by George W. Stocking Jr . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06243 - 0 . page 62 , 62 Jump up ^ Boas , Franz 1887 `` Museums of Ethnology and their Classification '' , in Science 9 : 587 - 589 . Jump up ^ Kroeber , Alfred ( 1948 ) `` Anthropology '' p. 11 . Harcourt and Brace , New York . Jump up ^ Ruth Benedict 1959 ( 1934 ) Patterns of Culture Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , page 3 Jump up ^ Cook , John , 1978 . `` Cultural Relativism as an Ethnocentric Notion '' , in The Philosophy of Society ^ Jump up to : Kluckhohn , Clyde 1944 Mirror For Man Jump up ^ Caleb Rosado . `` Cultural Relativism '' . Jump up ^ Executive Board , American Anthropological Association 1947 `` Statement on Human Rights '' in American Anthropologist 49 ( 4 ) 539 - 543 Jump up ^ Steward , Julian 1948 `` Comments on the Statement of Human Rights '' in American Anthropologist 50 ( 2 ) 351 -- 352 Jump up ^ Barnett , H.G. `` On Science and Human Rights '' in American Anthropologist 50 ( 2 ) 352 -- 355 . June 1948 . Jump up ^ Renteln , Alison 1988 `` Relativism and the Search for Human Rights '' in American Anthropologist 90 ( 1 ) 56 -- 72 Jump up ^ Frankena , William 1973 Ethics Jump up ^ Schmidt , Paul 1955 `` Some Criticisms of Cultural Relativism '' in Journal of Philosophy 52 : 780 -- 791 Jump up ^ Hartung , Frank 1954 ' `` Cultural Relativity and Moral Judgements '' in Philosophy of Science 21 : 11 -- 125 Jump up ^ Stanley Diamond 2004 ( 1974 ) In Search of the Primitive New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers page 110 Jump up ^ Stocking , George W. Jr. , 1982 . `` Afterward : A View from the Center '' in Ethnos 47 : 172 -- 286 Jump up ^ Geertz , Clifford , 1984 . `` Anti-Anti - Relativism '' in American Anthropologist 86 ( 2 ) 263 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Kroeber , Alfred , 1949 . `` An Authoritarian Panacea '' in American Anthropologist 51 ( 2 ) 318 -- 320 Jump up ^ Roger Lloret Blackburn , Cultural Relativism in the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council , ICIP Working Papers 2011 / 3 , Institut Català Internacional per la Pau , Barcelona , September 2011 , http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/general-document/pdf/-blackburn_upr_cultural_relativism.09.2011.pdf Further reading ( edit ) Ankerl , Guy . 2000 . Global Communication without Universal Civilization . vol. I : Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations : Arabo - Muslim , Bharati , Chinese , and Western . Geneva : INU PRESS , ISBN 2 - 88155 - 004 - 5 Barzilai , Gad. 2003 . Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Herskovitz , Melville J. 1958 `` Some Further Comments on Cultural Relativism '' in American Anthropologist 60 ( 2 ) 266 - 273 Herskovitz , Melville J. 1956 Man and His Works Jarvie , I.C. 1995 `` Cultural Relativism '' ( a critique ) Mathews , Freya 1994 `` Cultural Relativism and Environmental Ethics '' IUCN Ethics Working Group Report No 5 , August 1994 . Murphy , Robert F. , 1972 Robert Lowie Nissim - Sabat , Charles 1987 `` On Clifford Geertz and His ' Anti Anti-Relativism ' '' in American Anthropologist 89 ( 4 ) : 935 - 939 Rachels , James , 2007 , The Elements of Moral Philosophy , McGraw - Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 282574 - X Sandall , Roger 2001 The Culture Cult : Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3863 - 8 Wong , David , 2006 , Natural Moralities , A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism , Oxford UP , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530539 - 5 Culture Outline Sciences Cultural anthropology Cultural astronomy Cultural ecology Cultural geography Cultural neuroscience Cultural studies Culturology Culture theory Neuroculture Subfields Bioculture Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural leadership Cross-cultural psychiatry Cross-cultural psychology Cultural analytics Cultural economics Cultural entomology Cultural health Cultural history Cultural mapping Cultural mediation Cultural psychology Culturomics Intercultural learning Intercultural relations Philosophy of culture Popular culture studies Semiotics of culture Sociology of culture Sound culture Theology of culture Transcultural nursing Types Constructed culture Dominant culture Folk culture High culture Individualistic culture Legal culture Low culture Microculture Official culture Political culture Civic Popular culture Urban Primitive culture Subculture Alternative culture list Super culture Vernacular culture Culture by location Aspects Acculturation Cultural appropriation Cultural area Cultural artifact Cultural baggage Cultural behavior Cultural bias Cultural capital Cross-cultural Cultural communication Cultural conflict Cultural cringe Cultural dissonance Cultural emphasis Cultural framework Cultural heritage Cultural icon Cultural identity Cultural industry Cultural invention Cultural landscape Cultural learning Cultural leveling Cultural memory Cultural pluralism Cultural practice Cultural property Cultural reproduction Cultural system Cultural technology Cultural universal Cultureme Enculturation High - 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1213125200807865213	Economic equilibrium	Economic equilibrium - wikipedia Economic equilibrium This is the current revision of this page , as edited by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) at 07 : 48 , 11 June 2017 ( Reverting possible vandalism by 2405 : 204 : 2110 : F27D : 0 : 0 : 22E2 : A4 to version by Magic links bot . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3061291 ) ( Bot ) ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 07 : 48 , 11 June 2017 by ClueBot NG ( talk contribs ) ( Reverting possible vandalism by 2405 : 204 : 2110 : F27D : 0 : 0 : 22E2 : A4 to version by Magic links bot . Report False Positive ? Thanks , ClueBot NG. ( 3061291 ) ( Bot ) ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Economics A supply and demand diagram , illustrating the effects of an increase in demand . Index Outline Category History Types Classification History of economics Economic history ( academic study ) Schools of economics Microeconomics Macroeconomics Methodology Heterodox economics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Econometrics Economic growth Economic system Experimental economics Mathematical economics Game theory Post-scarcity Market National accounting By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Computational Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Geography Health Industrial organization Information International Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary / Financial Natural resource Organizational Personnel Public / Welfare economics Regional Rural Service Urban Welfare Lists Economists Publications ( journals ) Business and economics portal In economics , economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the ( equilibrium ) values of economic variables will not change . For example , in the standard textbook model of perfect competition , equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal . Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers . This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes , and the quantity is called `` competitive quantity '' or market clearing quantity . However , the concept of equilibrium in economics also applies to imperfectly competitive markets , where it takes the form of a Nash equilibrium . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties of equilibrium 1.1 Example : The competitive equilibrium 1.2 Example : Nash equilibrium 2 Normative evaluation 3 Interpretations 4 Solving for the competitive equilibrium price 4.1 Influences changing price 5 Dynamic equilibrium 6 Disequilibrium 6.1 Credit markets 6.2 Labour markets 6.3 Spillovers between markets 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Properties of equilibrium ( edit ) Three basic properties of equilibrium in general have been proposed by Huw Dixon . These are : Equilibrium property P1 : The behavior of agents is consistent . Equilibrium property P2 : No agent has an incentive to change its behavior . Equilibrium Property P3 : Equilibrium is the outcome of some dynamic process ( stability ) . Example : the competitive equilibrium ( edit ) Competitive Equilibrium : Price equates supply and demand . − P -- price Q -- quantity demanded and supplied S -- supply curve D -- demand curve P -- equilibrium price A -- excess demand -- when P < P B -- excess supply -- when P > P In a competitive equilibrium , supply equals demand . Property P1 is satisfied , because at the equilibrium price the amount supplied is equal to the amount demanded . Property P2 is also satisfied . Demand is chosen to maximize utility given the market price : no one on the demand side has any incentive to demand more or less at the prevailing price . Likewise supply is determined by firms maximizing their profits at the market price : no firm will want to supply any more or less at the equilibrium price . Hence , agents on neither the demand side nor the supply side will have any incentive to alter their actions . To see whether Property P3 is satisfied , consider what happens when the price is above the equilibrium . In this case there is an excess supply , with the quantity supplied exceeding that demanded . This will tend to put downward pressure on the price to make it return to equilibrium . Likewise where the price is below the equilibrium point there is a shortage in supply leading to an increase in prices back to equilibrium . Not all equilibria are `` stable '' in the sense of Equilibrium property P3 . It is possible to have competitive equilibria that are unstable . However , if an equilibrium is unstable , it raises the question of how you might get there . Even if it satisfies properties P1 and P2 , the absence of P3 means that the market can only be in the unstable equilibrium if it starts off there . In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand a static equilibrium is observed in a market ; however , economic equilibrium can be also dynamic . Equilibrium may also be economy - wide or general , as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market . Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions . For example , an increase in supply will disrupt the equilibrium , leading to lower prices . Eventually , a new equilibrium will be attained in most markets . Then , there will be no change in price or the amount of output bought and sold -- until there is an exogenous shift in supply or demand ( such as changes in technology or tastes ) . That is , there are no endogenous forces leading to the price or the quantity . Example : Nash equilibrium ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Nash equilibrium and Cournot model . Equilibrium quantities as a solution to two reaction functions in Cournot duopoly . Firm 1 's reaction function q1 = R1 ( q2 ) gives its optimal output q1 to a given output q2 of firm 2 . Likewise , firm 2 's reaction function q2 = R2 ( q1 ) . The Cournot - Nash equilibrium occurs where the two reaction functions intersect and both firms are choosing the optimal output given the output of the other firm . The Nash equilibrium is widely used in economics as the main alternative to competitive equilibrium . It is used whenever there is a strategic element to the behavior of agents and the `` price taking '' assumption of competitive equilibrium is inappropriate . The first use of the Nash equilibrium was in the Cournot duopoly as developed by Antoine Augustin Cournot in his 1838 book . Both firms produce a homogenous product : given the total amount supplied by the two firms , the ( single ) industry price is determined using the demand curve . This determines the revenues of each firm ( the industry price times the quantity supplied by the firm ) . The profit of each firm is then this revenue minus the cost of producing the output . Clearly , there is a strategic interdependence between the two firms . If one firm varies its output , this will in turn affect the market price and so the revenue and profits of the other firm . We can define the payoff function which gives the profit of each firm as a function of the two outputs chosen by the firms . Cournot assumed that each firm chooses its own output to maximize its profits given the output of the other firm . The Nash equilibrium occurs when both firms are producing the outputs which maximize their own profit given the output of the other firm . In terms of the equilibrium properties , we can see that P2 is satisfied : in a Nash equilibrium , neither firm has an incentive to deviate from the Nash equilibrium given the output of the other firm . P1 is satisfied since the payoff function ensures that the market price is consistent with the outputs supplied and that each firms profits equal revenue minus cost at this output . Is the equilibrium stable as required by P3 ? Cournot himself argued that it was stable using the stability concept implied by best response dynamics . The reaction function for each firm gives the output which maximizes profits ( best response ) in terms of output for a firm in terms of a given output of the other firm . In the standard Cournot model this is downward sloping : if the other firm produces a higher output , your best response involves producing less . Best response dynamics involves firms starting from some arbitrary position and then adjusting output to their best - response to the previous output of the other firm . So long as the reaction functions have a slope of less than - 1 , this will converge to the Nash equilibrium . However , this stability story is open to much criticism . As Dixon argues : `` The crucial weakness is that , at each step , the firms behave myopically : they choose their output to maximize their current profits given the output of the other firm , but ignore the fact that the process specifies that the other firm will adjust its output ... '' . There are other concepts of stability that have been put forward for the Nash equilibrium , evolutionary stability for example . Normative evaluation ( edit ) Most economists e.g. , Paul Samuelson caution against attaching a normative meaning ( value judgement ) to the equilibrium price . For example , food markets may be in equilibrium at the same time that people are starving ( because they can not afford to pay the high equilibrium price ) . Indeed , this occurred during the Great Famine in Ireland in 1845 -- 52 , where food was exported though people were starving , due to the greater profits in selling to the English -- the equilibrium price of the Irish - British market for potatoes was above the price that Irish farmers could afford , and thus ( among other reasons ) they starved . Interpretations ( edit ) In most interpretations , classical economists such as Adam Smith maintained that the free market would tend towards economic equilibrium through the price mechanism . That is , any excess supply ( market surplus or glut ) would lead to price cuts , which decrease the quantity supplied ( by reducing the incentive to produce and sell the product ) and increase the quantity demanded ( by offering consumers bargains ) , automatically abolishing the glut . Similarly , in an unfettered market , any excess demand ( or shortage ) would lead to price increases , reducing the quantity demanded ( as customers are priced out of the market ) and increasing in the quantity supplied ( as the incentive to produce and sell a product rises ) . As before , the disequilibrium ( here , the shortage ) disappears . This automatic abolition of non-market - clearing situations distinguishes markets from central planning schemes , which often have a difficult time getting prices right and suffer from persistent shortages of goods and services . This view came under attack from at least two viewpoints . Modern mainstream economics points to cases where equilibrium does not correspond to market clearing ( but instead to unemployment ) , as with the efficiency wage hypothesis in labor economics . In some ways parallel is the phenomenon of credit rationing , in which banks hold interest rates low to create an excess demand for loans , so they can pick and choose whom to lend to . Further , economic equilibrium can correspond with monopoly , where the monopolistic firm maintains an artificial shortage to prop up prices and to maximize profits . Finally , Keynesian macroeconomics points to underemployment equilibrium , where a surplus of labor ( i.e. , cyclical unemployment ) co-exists for a long time with a shortage of aggregate demand . Solving for the competitive equilibrium price ( edit ) To solve for the equilibrium price , one must either plot the supply and demand curves , or solve for their equations being equal . An example may be : Q s = 125 + 1.5 ⋅ P Q d = 189 − 2.25 ⋅ P Q s = Q d 125 + 1.5 ⋅ P = 189 − 2.25 ⋅ P ( 1.5 + 2.25 ) ⋅ P = ( 189 − 125 ) P = 189 − 125 1.5 + 2.25 P = 64 3.75 P = 17.067 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 2 ) Q_ ( s ) & = 125 + 1.5 \ cdot P \ \ Q_ ( d ) & = 189 - 2.25 \ cdot P \ \ \ \ Q_ ( s ) & = Q_ ( d ) \ \ \ \ 125 + 1.5 \ cdot P& = 189 - 2.25 \ cdot P \ \ ( 1.5 + 2.25 ) \ cdot P& = ( 189 - 125 ) \ \ P& = ( \ frac ( 189 - 125 ) ( 1.5 + 2.25 ) ) \ \ P& = ( \ frac ( 64 ) ( 3.75 ) ) \ \ P& = 17.067 \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) In the diagram , depicting simple set of supply and demand curves , the quantity demanded and supplied at price P are equal . At any price above P supply exceeds demand , while at a price below P the quantity demanded exceeds that supplied . In other words , prices where demand and supply are out of balance are termed points of disequilibrium , creating shortages and oversupply . Changes in the conditions of demand or supply will shift the demand or supply curves . This will cause changes in the equilibrium price and quantity in the market . Consider the following demand and supply schedule : Price ( $ ) Demand Supply 8.00 6,000 18,000 7.00 8,000 16,000 6.00 10,000 14,000 5.00 12,000 12,000 4.00 14,000 10,000 3.00 16,000 8,000 2.00 18,000 6,000 1.00 20,000 4,000 The equilibrium price in the market is $5.00 where demand and supply are equal at 12,000 units If the current market price was $3.00 -- there would be excess demand for 8,000 units , creating a shortage . If the current market price was $8.00 -- there would be excess supply of 12,000 units . When there is a shortage in the market we see that , to correct this disequilibrium , the price of the good will be increased back to a price of $5.00 , thus lessening the quantity demanded and increasing the quantity supplied thus that the market is in balance . When there is an oversupply of a good , such as when price is above $6.00 , then we see that producers will decrease the price to increase the quantity demanded for the good , thus eliminating the excess and taking the market back to equilibrium . Influences changing price ( edit ) A change in equilibrium price may occur through a change in either the supply or demand schedules . For instance , starting from the above supply - demand configuration , an increased level of disposable income may produce a new demand schedule , such as the following : Price ( $ ) Demand Supply 8.00 10,000 18,000 7.00 12,000 16,000 6.00 14,000 14,000 5.00 16,000 12,000 4.00 18,000 10,000 3.00 20,000 8,000 2.00 22,000 6,000 1.00 24,000 4,000 Here we see that an increase in disposable income would increase the quantity demanded of the good by 2,000 units at each price . This increase in demand would have the effect of shifting the demand curve rightward . The result is a change in the price at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded . In this case we see that the two now equal each other at an increased price of $6.00 . Note that a decrease in disposable income would have the exact opposite effect on the market equilibrium . We will also see similar behaviour in price when there is a change in the supply schedule , occurring through technological changes , or through changes in business costs . An increase in technological usage or know - how or a decrease in costs would have the effect of increasing the quantity supplied at each price , thus reducing the equilibrium price . On the other hand , a decrease in technology or increase in business costs will decrease the quantity supplied at each price , thus increasing equilibrium price . The process of comparing two static equilibria to each other , as in the above example , is known as comparative statics . For example , since a rise in consumers ' income leads to a higher price ( and a decline in consumers ' income leads to a fall in the price -- in each case the two things change in the same direction ) , we say that the comparative static effect of consumer income on the price is positive . This is another way of saying that the total derivative of price with respect to consumer income is greater than zero . Dynamic equilibrium ( edit ) Whereas in a static equilibrium all quantities have unchanging values , in a dynamic equilibrium various quantities may all be growing at the same rate , leaving their ratios unchanging . For example , in the neoclassical growth model , the working population is growing at a rate which is exogenous ( determined outside the model , by non-economic forces ) . In dynamic equilibrium , output and the physical capital stock also grow at that same rate , with output per worker and the capital stock per worker unchanging . Similarly , in models of inflation a dynamic equilibrium would involve the price level , the nominal money supply , nominal wage rates , and all other nominal values growing at a single common rate , while all real values are unchanging , as is the inflation rate . The process of comparing two dynamic equilibria to each other is known as comparative dynamics . For example , in the neoclassical growth model , starting from one dynamic equilibrium based in part on one particular saving rate , a permanent increase in the saving rate leads to a new dynamic equilibrium in which there are permanently higher capital per worker and productivity per worker , but an unchanged growth rate of output ; so it is said that in this model the comparative dynamic effect of the saving rate on capital per worker is positive but the comparative dynamic effect of the saving rate on the output growth rate is zero . Disequilibrium ( edit ) Disequilibrium characterizes a market that is not in equilibrium . Disequilibrium can occur extremely briefly or over an extended period of time . Typically in financial markets it either never occurs or only momentarily occurs , because trading takes place continuously and the prices of financial assets can adjust instantaneously with each trade to equilibrate supply and demand . At the other extreme , many economists view labor markets as being in a state of disequilibrium -- specifically one of excess supply -- over extended periods of time . Goods markets are somewhere in between : prices of some goods , while sluggish in adjusting due to menu costs , long term contracts , and other impediments , do not stay at disequilibrium levels indefinitely , and many goods markets such as commodity markets are highly organised and liquid and have essentially instantaneous adjustment of their prices to equilibrium levels . Credit markets ( edit ) Main article : Credit rationing Disequilibrium credit rationing can occur for one of two reasons . In the presence of usury laws , if the equilibrium interest rate on loans is above the legally allowable rate , the market can not clear and at the maximum allowable rate the quantity of credit demanded will exceed the quantity of credit supplied . A more subtle source of credit rationing is that higher interest rates can increase the risk of default by the borrower , making the potential lender reluctant to lend at otherwise attractively high interest rates . Labour markets ( edit ) Main article : Labour shortage Main article : Unemployment Labour markets are prone to particular sources of price rigidity because the item being transacted is people , and laws or social constraints designed to protect those people may hinder market adjustments . Such constraints include restrictions on who or how many people can be laid off and when ( which can affect both the number of layoffs and the number of people hired by firms that are concerned by the restrictions ) , restrictions on the lowering of wages when a firm experiences a decline in the demand for its product , and long - term labor contracts that pre-specify wages . Spillovers between markets ( edit ) Main article : Effective demand Disequilibrium in one market can affect demand or supply in other markets . Specifically , if an economic agent is constrained in one market , his supply or demand in another market may be changed from its unconstrained form , termed the notional demand , into a modified form known as effective demand . If this occurs systematically for a large number of market participants , market outcomes in the latter market for prices and quantities transacted ( themselves either equilibrium or disequilibrium outcomes ) will be affected . Examples include : If the supply of mortgage credit to potential homebuyers is rationed , this will decrease the demand for newly built houses . If labourers can not supply all the labor they wish to , they will have constrained income and their demand in the goods market will be lower . If employers can not hire all the labor they wish to , they can not produce as much output as they wish to , and supply in the market for their good will be diminished . See also ( edit ) Exchange value Labor theory of value Law of value Prices of production Real prices and ideal prices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Varian , Hal R. ( 1992 ) . Microeconomic Analysis ( Third ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95735 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dixon , H. ( 1990 ) . `` Equilibrium and Explanation '' . In Creedy . The Foundations of Economic Thought . Blackwells . pp. 356 -- 394 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 15642 - 9 . ( reprinted in Surfing Economics ) . Jump up ^ Augustin Cournot ( 1838 ) , Theorie mathematique de la richesse sociale and of recherches sur les principles mathematiques de la theorie des richesses , Paris Jump up ^ Dixon ( 1990 ) , page 369 . Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson ( 1947 ; Expanded ed. 1983 ) , Foundations of Economic Analysis , Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 31301 - 1 Jump up ^ See citations at Great Famine ( Ireland ) : Food exports to England , including Cecil Woodham - Smith The Great Hunger ; Ireland 1845 -- 1849 , and Christine Kinealy , ' Irish Famine : This Great Calamity and A Death - Dealing Famine ' Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) , Wealth of Nations , Penn State Electronic Classics edition , republished 2005 , Chapter 7 : p. 51 - 58 Jump up ^ Turnovsky , Stephen J. ( 2000 ) . Methods of Macroeconomic Dynamics . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 20123 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 550 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Equilibrium and Explanation , chapter 2 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon ( hide ) Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Bilateral monopoly Budget Consumer Convexity and non-convexity Cost Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibria Exchange Expected utility Externality Firms General equilibrium Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopoly Preferences Production Profit Public goods Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Social choice Sunk costs Supply & demand Surplus Uncertainty Utility Welfare Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical economics Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_equilibrium&oldid=785030914 '' Categories : Market ( economics ) Market structure Mathematical and quantitative methods ( economics ) Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote Български Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 پښتو Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017 , at 07 : 48 . 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1909442636537310042	Alfred Binet	Alfred Binet - wikipedia Alfred Binet Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alfred Binet Alfred Binet July 8 , 1857 ( 1857 - 07 - 08 ) Nice , France October 18 , 1911 ( 1911 - 10 - 18 ) ( aged 54 ) Paris , France Nationality French Known for Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales Binet -- Simon test Spouse ( s ) Laure Balbiani Scientific career Fields Psychology Influences John Stuart Mill Influenced Jean Piaget Alfred Binet ( French : ( binɛ ) ; July 8 , 1857 -- October 18 , 1911 ) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test , the Binet -- Simon test . In 1904 , the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work . Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon , Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911 , the last of which appeared just before his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Education and early career 1.2 Later career and the Binet -- Simon test 1.3 Binet and chess 2 Publications 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Education and early career ( edit ) Binet attended law school in Paris , and received his degree in 1878 . He also studied physiology at the Sorbonne . His first formal position was as a researcher at a neurological clinic , Salpêtrière Hospital , in Paris from 1883 -- 1889 . From there , Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 -- 1894 . In 1894 , he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 ( his death ) . Binet also educated himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris . He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill , who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism . Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory , but Mill 's ideas continued to influence his work . In 1883 , years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Féré , who introduced him to Jean - Martin Charcot , the director of a clinic called La Salpêtrière , Paris . Charcot became his mentor and in turn , Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic , working in his neurological laboratory . At the time of Binet 's tenure , Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism . Binet was strongly influenced by Charcot , and published four articles about his work in this area . Unfortunately , Charcot 's conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny , and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher . Nevertheless , he had established his name internationally in the field , Morton Prince for example stating in 1904 that `` certain problems in subconscious automatism will always be associated with the names of Breuer and Freud in Germany , Janet and Alfred Binet in France '' . When his involvement with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance , he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters , Marguerite and Armande ( born in 1885 and 1887 , respectively ) , calling Armande a subjectivist and Marguerite an objectivist , and developing the concepts of introspection and externospection in an anticipation of Carl Jung 's psychological types . In the 21 - year period following his shift in career interests , Binet `` published more than 200 books , articles , and reviews in what now would be called experimental , developmental , educational , social , and differential psychology '' ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Bergin and Cizek ( 2001 ) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget , who later studied with Binet 's collaborator Théodore Simon in 1920 . Binet 's research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence , especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development . Despite Binet 's extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications , today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence . Wolf ( 1973 ) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliated with a major university . Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology , he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Additionally , his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke . Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization . Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance . After investigations by many , the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization . Basically , their patients had known what was expected , what was supposed to happen , and so they simply assented . Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results , and this failure took a toll on him . In 1890 , Binet resigned from La Salpêtrière and never mentioned the place or its director again . His interests then turned towards the development of his children , Madeleine and Alice , who were two years apart . This research presages that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later , regarding the development of cognition in children . A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne . He worked for a year without pay and by 1894 , he took over as the director . This was a position that Binet held until his death , and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes . While directing the Laboratory , Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet 's supervision . This was the beginning of their long , fruitful collaboration . During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology , L'Annee psychologique , serving as the director and editor - in - chief of the journal that was the first scientific journal in this domain . Later career and the Binet -- Simon test ( edit ) In 1899 , Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child . French education changed greatly during the end of the nineteenth century , because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school . This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner . Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded . The question became `` What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities , that might place them in a special classroom ? '' Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal , and to measure such differences . L'Etude experimentale de l'intelligence ( Experimental Studies of Intelligence ) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903 . Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book , with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon . Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet 's research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for , which share Simon 's name as well . In 1905 , a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet -- Simon scale . In 1908 , they revised the scale , dropping , modifying , and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen . In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology , La Société Libre pour l'Etude Psychologique de l'Enfant , was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children . The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education . Binet , being an active member of this group , found the impetus for the development of his mental scale . Binet and Simon , in creating what historically is known as the Binet - Simon Scale , comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children 's abilities at various ages . This task - selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings . They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children , ten children per five age groups . The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age . The purpose of this scale of normal functioning , which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards , was to compare children 's mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers ( Siegler , 1992 ) . The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty . The easier ones could be done by everyone . Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a beam of light or talk back to the examiner . Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts , repeat back a series of 2 digits , repeat simple sentences , and define words like house , fork or mama . More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things , reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as `` Paris , river and fortune . '' The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits , find three rhymes for the French word `` obéisance '' and to answer questions such as `` My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors . He has received in turn a doctor , a lawyer , and then a priest . What is taking place ? '' ( Fancher , 1985 ) . Reproduction of an item from the 1908 Binet - Simon intelligence scale , showing three pairs of pictures , about which the tested child was asked , `` Which of these two faces is the prettier ? '' Reproduced from the article `` A Practical Guide for Administering the Binet - Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence '' by J.W. Wallace Wallin in the March 1911 issue of the journal The Psychological Clinic ( volume 5 number 1 ) , public domain . For the practical use of determining educational placement , the score on the Binet - Simon scale would reveal the child 's mental age . For example , a 6 - year - old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year - olds -- but nothing beyond -- would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age , 6.0 . ( Fancher , 1985 ) . Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale . He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative , as opposed to quantitative , measures . Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment ; therefore , intelligence was not based solely on genetics , was malleable rather than fixed , and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds ( Siegler , 1992 ) . Given Binet 's stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable , it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U.S. While Binet was developing his mental scale , the business , civic , and educational leaders in the U.S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population , while continuing to meet the demands of society . There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy ( Siegler , 1992 ) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class . In 1908 , H.H. Goddard , a champion of the eugenics movement , found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race . After studying abroad , Goddard brought the Binet - Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English . Following Goddard in the U.S. mental testing movement was Lewis Terman , who took the Simon - Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample . The new Stanford - Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children , as was Binet 's objective . A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford - Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in `` curtailing the reproduction of feeble - mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime , pauperism , and industrial inefficiency '' . It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure . Siegler ( 1992 ) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside France and he barely participated in professional organizations . Additionally , his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate . Finally , when Binet did become aware of the `` foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument '' he condemned those who with ' brutal pessimism ' and ' deplorable verdicts ' were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single , unitary construct ( White , 2000 ) . He did a lot of studies of children . His experimental subjects ranged from 3 to 18 years old . Binet published the third version of the Binet - Simon scale shortly before his death in 1911 . The Binet - Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world , mainly because of the vast literature it has fostered , as well as its relative ease of administration . Since his death , many people in many ways have honored Binet , but two of these stand out . In 1917 , the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child , of which Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests , changed their name to La Société Alfred Binet , in memory of the renowned psychologist . The second honor was not until 1984 , when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet - Simon scale as one of twenty of the century 's most significant developments or discoveries . He studied sexual behavior , coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects , such as articles of clothing , and linking this to the after - effects of early impressions in an anticipation of Freud . He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse , the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days . Binet and chess ( edit ) Binet had done a series of experiments to see how well chess players played when blindfolded . He found that only some of the master chess players could play from memory and a few could play multiple games simultaneously without looking at the boards . To remember the positions of the pieces on the boards , some players envisioned exact replicas of specific chess sets , while others envisioned an abstract schema of the game . Binet concluded that extraordinary feats of memory such as blind chess playing could take a variety of mnemonic forms . He recounted his experiments in a book entitled Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec ( Paris : Hachette , 1894 ) . Publications ( edit ) La psychologie du raisonnement ; Recherches expérimentales par l'hypnotisme ( Paris , Alcan , 1886 ; English translation , 1899 ) . Published in English as The psychology of reasoning , based on experimental researches in hypnotism ( Chicago , Open court publishing company , 1899 ) . Le magnétisme animal ( Paris , F. Alcan , 1887 ) . Published in English as Animal Magnetism ( New York , D. Appleton and company , 1888 ) Perception intérieure ( 1887 ) . Etudes de psychologie expérimentale ( 1888 ) . Les altérations de la personnalité ( Paris : F. Alcan , 1892 ) . Published in English as Alterations of personality ( New York : D. Appleton and company , 1896 ) . The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms : A Study in Experimental Psychology ( 1894 ) Introduction à la psychologie expérimentale ( 1894 ; with co-authors ) . On Double Consciousness ( 1896 ) . Binet , A. & Henri , V. La fatigue intellectuelle ( Paris , Schleicher frères , 1898 ) . La Suggestibilité ( Paris : Schleicher , 1900 ) . Etude expérimentale de l'intelligence ( 1903 ) . L'âme et le corps ( 1905 ) . Published in English as The Mind and the Brain ( London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trübner & co . ltd . ) . Les révélations de l'écriture d'après un contrôle scientifique ( Paris : Félix Alcan , 1906 ) . Binet , A. & Simon , T. Les enfants anormaux ( Paris , A. Colin , 1907 ) . Published in English as Mentally defective children ( 1907 ) . Les idées modernes sur les enfants ( Paris , E. Flammarion , 1909 ) . L'intelligence des imbecile ( L'année psychologique , 15 , 1 -- 147 , 1909 ) . Published in English as The intelligence of the feeble - minded ( Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins company , 1916 ) . Alfred Binet was one of the founding editors of L'année psychologique , a yearly volume comprising original articles and reviews of the progress of psychology still in print . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alfred Binet lived approximately 54 years which was common around this time period . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . , ( February 20 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ O.L. Zangwill , ' Binet , Alfred ' , in R. Gregory , The Oxford Companion to the Mind ( 1987 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ Henri Ellenberger , The Discovery of the Unconscious ( 1970 ) p. 791 Jump up ^ Ellenberger , p. 702 - 3 Jump up ^ Terman , L. , Lyman , G. , Ordahl , G. , Ordahl , L. , Galbreath , N. , & Talbert , W. ( 1916 ) . The Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet - Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence . Baltimore : Warwick & York . Jump up ^ Binet , A. ( 1887 ) . `` Le fétichisme dans l'amour '' . Revue Philosophique. 24 : 143 -- 167 , 252 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Sigmund Freud , On Sexuality ( PFL 7 ) p. 67 Jump up ^ Gregory ed. , p. 155 Jump up ^ Alfred Binet , Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joueurs en echec , ( Paris : Hachette , 1894 ) . References ( edit ) Avanzini , Guy ( 1999 ) , Alfred Binet ( in French ) , Presses universitaires de France , ISBN 2 - 13 - 049816 - 7 Foschi , Renato ; Cicciola , Elisabetta ( 2006 ) , `` Politics and naturalism in the 20th century psychology of Alfred Binet . '' , History of psychology ( published Nov 2006 ) , 9 ( 4 ) , pp. 267 -- 89 , doi : 10.1037 / 1093 - 4510.9. 4.267 , PMID 17333631 Klein , Alexandre ( 2011 ) Correspondance d'Alfred Binet , Volume 2 -- L'émergence de la psychologie scientifique ( 1884 -- 1911 ) . Nancy : Presses Universitaires de Nancy . http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100152160 Klein , Alexandre ( 2011 ) `` Les apports de la correspondance d'Alfred Binet à l'histoire de la psychologie '' , Recherches & éducations , Hors - série Centenaire Binet , 53 -- 75 . http://rechercheseducations.revues.org/index803.html Klein , Alexandre Correspondance d'Alfred Binet - Jean Larguier des Bancels , Nancy , PUN , 2008 . http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100578310 Klein , Alexandre ( 2009 ) `` La philosophie scientifique d'Alfred Binet '' , Revue d'Histoire des sciences , 2009 / 5 , http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHS_622_0373 Klein , Alexandre ( 2008 ) `` Les écritures du moi en histoire des sciences : les apports de la correspondance d'Alfred Binet '' , Jahrbuch für Europäische Wissenschaftskultur ( Yearbook for European Culture of Science ) , Bd. 4 ( 2008 ) , p. 101 -- 115 . Staum , Martin S ( 2007 ) , `` Ribot , Binet , and the emergence from the anthropological shadow . '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences , 43 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 -- 18 , doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 20206 , PMID 17205542 Faber , Diana ( 2003 ) , `` Archival note : an inquiry into the relationship between Alfred Binet and Cyril Burt . '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences , 39 ( 3 ) , pp. 289 -- 97 , doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 10111 , PMID 12891695 Nicolas , Serge ; Ferrand , Ludovic ( 2002 ) , `` Alfred Binet and higher education . '' , History of psychology ( published Aug 2002 ) , 5 ( 3 ) , pp. 264 -- 83 , doi : 10.1037 / 1093 - 4510.5. 3.264 , PMID 12269336 Binet , A ; Simon , T ( 1997 ) , `` An investigation concerning the value of the oral method . 1909 . '' , American annals of the deaf ( published Jul 1997 ) , 142 ( 3 ) , pp. 35 -- 45 , doi : 10.1353 / aad. 2012.0573 , PMID 9222149 Martin , O ( 1997 ) , `` ( Psychological measurement from Binet to Thurstone , ( 1900 -- 1930 ) ) '' , Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse ( 4 ) , pp. 457 -- 93 , PMID 11625304 Huertas , R ; del Cura , M ( 1996 ) , `` Not Available '' , Asclepio ; archivo iberoamericano de historia de la medicina y antropología médica , 48 ( 2 ) , pp. 115 -- 27 , PMID 11636466 Shephard , AH ( 1989 ) , `` Contributions to the history of psychology : LVII . Terman - Binet communication . '' , Perceptual and motor skills ( published Jun 1989 ) , 68 ( 3 Pt 1 ) , pp. 936 -- 8 , doi : 10.2466 / pms. 1989.68. 3.936 , PMID 2664700 Siegler , R.S. ( 1992 ) . `` The other Alfred Binet '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 190 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 2.179 . Stocking , GW ( 1980 ) , `` Innovation in the Malinowskian mode : an essay review of long - term field research in social anthropology '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Jul 1980 ) , 16 ( 3 ) , pp. 281 -- 6 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 198007 ) 16 : 3 < 281 : : AID - JHBS2300160310 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 , PMID 11610713 Sarason , SB ( 1976 ) , `` The unfortunate fate of Alfred Binet and school psychology '' , Teachers College record , 77 ( 4 ) , pp. 580 -- 92 , PMID 11636093 Pollack , RH ( 1971 ) , `` Binet on perceptual - cognitive development or Piaget - come - lately '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Oct 1971 ) , 7 ( 4 ) , pp. 370 -- 4 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 197110 ) 7 : 4 < 370 : : AID - JHBS2300070407 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 , PMID 11609528 Wolf , T.H. ( 1969 ) , `` The emergence of Binet 's conceptions and measurement of intelligence : a case history of the creative process . Part II '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Jul 1969 ) , 5 ( 3 ) , pp. 207 -- 37 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 196907 ) 5 : 3 < 207 : : AID - JHBS2300050302 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G , PMID 11610158 Wolf , T.H. ( 1969 ) , `` The emergence of Binet 's conception and measurement of intelligence : a case history of the creative process '' , Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences ( published Apr 1969 ) , 5 ( 2 ) , pp. 113 -- 34 , doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 196904 ) 5 : 2 < 113 : : AID - JHBS2300050203 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 5 , PMID 11610191 Silverman , H.L. ; Krenzel , K , ( 1964 ) , `` Alfred Binet : Prolific Pioneer in Psychology '' , The Psychiatric quarterly . Supplement , 38 , pp. 323 -- 35 , PMID 14301636 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Alfred Binet Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Binet . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alfred Binet Webdocumentary ( in French ) Alfred Binet . Naissance de la psychologie scientifique Short biography , bibliography , and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Human Intelligence : Alfred Binet Works by Alfred Binet at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Alfred Binet at Internet Archive Works by Alfred Binet at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) `` Binet 's Self - Consciousness '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2002 - 08 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals by Alfred Binet Le Magnetisme Animal by Alfred Binet VIAF : 76312218 LCCN : n50009385 ISNI : 0000 0001 2140 0116 GND : 118511033 SELIBR : 178328 SUDOC : 026729105 BNF : cb11892077m ( data ) NLA : 35018692 NDL : 00433321 NKC : nlk20000079946 BNE : XX877457 CiNii : DA00479020 IATH : w6w69b1z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Binet&oldid=814021058 '' Categories : 1857 births 1911 deaths University of Paris alumni French psychologists Educational psychologists Psychological testing French graphologists Intelligence researchers 19th - century French people 20th - century French people Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test	[ "Alfred Binet (French: [binɛ]; July 8, 1857 – October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.[2] In 1904, the French Ministry of Education asked psychologist Alfred Binet to devise a method that would determine which students did not learn effectively from regular classroom instruction so they could be given remedial work. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his test in 1908 and 1911, the last of which appeared just before his death." ]	[ "Alfred Binet" ]
-6332267347999277565	Right ascension	Right ascension - wikipedia Right ascension Jump to : navigation , search Right ascension ( abbreviated RA ; symbol α ) is the angular distance measured eastward along the celestial equator from the vernal equinox to the hour circle of the point in question . When combined with declination , these astronomical coordinates specify the direction of a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system . Right ascension and declination as seen on the inside of the celestial sphere . The primary direction of the system is the vernal equinox , the ascending node of the ecliptic ( red ) on the celestial equator ( blue ) . Right ascension is measured eastward along the celestial equator from the primary direction . An old term , right ascension ( Latin , ascensio recta ) refers to the ascension , or the point on the celestial equator which rises with any celestial object , as seen from the Earth 's equator , where the celestial equator intersects the horizon at a right angle . It is contrasted with oblique ascension , the point on the celestial equator which rises with a celestial object as seen from almost anywhere else on Earth , where the celestial equator intersects the horizon at an oblique angle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Explanation 2 Symbols and abbreviations 3 Effects of precession 4 History 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Explanation ( edit ) Right ascension ( blue ) and declination ( green ) as seen from outside the celestial sphere Main article : Equatorial coordinate system Right Ascension is the celestial equivalent of terrestrial longitude . Both Right Ascension and longitude measure an angle from a primary direction ( a zero point ) on an equator . Right Ascension is measured from the vernal equinox or the First Point of Aries , which is the place on the celestial sphere where the Sun crosses the celestial equator from south to north at the March equinox and is currently located in the constellation Pisces . Right Ascension is measured continuously in a full circle from that equinox towards the east . Any units of angular measure could have been chosen for right ascension , but it is customarily measured in hours ( ) , minutes ( ) , and seconds ( ) , with 24 being equivalent to a full circle . Astronomers have chosen this unit to measure right ascension because they measure a star 's location by timing its passage through the highest point in the sky as the Earth rotates . The highest point in the sky , called meridian , is the projection of a longitude line onto the celestial sphere . Since a complete circle contains 24 of right ascension or 360 ° ( degrees of arc ) , ⁄ of a circle is measured as 1 of right ascension , or 15 ° ; ⁄ of a circle is measured as 1 of right ascension , or 15 minutes of arc ( also written as 15 ′ ) ; and ⁄ of a circle contains 1 of right ascension , or 15 seconds of arc ( also written as 15 '' ) . A full circle , measured in right - ascension units , contains 24 × 60 × 60 = 86 400 , or 24 × 60 = 1 440 , or 24 . See also : Hour angle Because right ascensions are measured in hours ( of rotation of the Earth ) , they can be used to time the positions of objects in the sky . For example , if a star with RA = 01 30 00 is on the meridian , then a star with RA = 20 00 00 will be on the meridian 18.5 sidereal hours later . Sidereal hour angle , used in celestial navigation , is similar to right ascension , but increases westward rather than eastward . Usually measured in degrees ( ° ) , it is the complement of right ascension with respect to 24 . It is important not to confuse sidereal hour angle with the astronomical concept of hour angle , which measures angular distance of an object westward from the local meridian . Symbols and abbreviations ( edit ) Unit Value Symbol Sexagesimal system In radians Hour 1 / 24 circle 15 ° π / 12 rad Minute 1 / 60 hour , 1 / 1 440 circle 1 / 4 ° , 15 ' π / 720 rad Second 1 / 60 minute , 1 / 3 600 hour , 1 / 86 400 circle 1 / 240 ° , 1 / 4 ' , 15 '' π / 43 200 rad Effects of precession ( edit ) Main article : Axial precession The Earth 's axis rotates slowly westward about the poles of the ecliptic , completing one circuit in about 26,000 years . This effect , known as precession , causes the coordinates of stationary celestial objects to change continuously , if rather slowly . Therefore , equatorial coordinates ( including right ascension ) are inherently relative to the year of their observation , and astronomers specify them with reference to a particular year , known as an epoch . Coordinates from different epochs must be mathematically rotated to match each other , or to match a standard epoch . Right ascension for `` fixed stars '' near the ecliptic and equator increases by about 3.3 seconds per year on average , or 5.5 minutes per century , but for fixed stars further from the ecliptic the rate of change can be anything from negative infinity to positive infinity . The right ascension of Polaris is increasing quickly . The North Ecliptic Pole in Draco and the South Ecliptic Pole in Dorado are always at right ascension 18h and 6h respectively . The currently used standard epoch is J2000. 0 , which is January 1 , 2000 at 12 : 00 TT . The prefix `` J '' indicates that it is a Julian epoch . Prior to J2000. 0 , astronomers used the successive Besselian Epochs B1875. 0 , B1900. 0 , and B1950. 0 . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How right ascension got its name . Ancient astronomy was very concerned with the rise and set of celestial objects . The ascension was the point on the celestial equator ( red ) which rose or set at the same time as an object ( green ) on the celestial sphere . As seen from the equator , both were on a great circle from pole to pole ( left , sphaera recta or right sphere ) . From almost anywhere else , they were not ( center , sphaera obliqua or oblique sphere ) . At the poles , objects did not rise or set ( right , sphaera parallela or parallel sphere ) . An object 's right ascension was its ascension on a right sphere . The concept of right ascension has been known at least as far back as Hipparchus who measured stars in equatorial coordinates in the 2nd century BC . But Hipparchus and his successors made their star catalogs in ecliptic coordinates , and the use of RA was limited to special cases . With the invention of the telescope , it became possible for astronomers to observe celestial objects in greater detail , provided that the telescope could be kept pointed at the object for a period of time . The easiest way to do that is to use an equatorial mount , which allows the telescope to be aligned with one of its two pivots parallel to the Earth 's axis . A motorized clock drive often is used with an equatorial mount to cancel out the Earth 's rotation . As the equatorial mount became widely adopted for observation , the equatorial coordinate system , which includes right ascension , was adopted at the same time for simplicity . Equatorial mounts could then be accurately pointed at objects with known right ascension and declination by the use of setting circles . The first star catalog to use right ascension and declination was John Flamsteed 's Historia Coelestis Britannica ( 1712 , 1725 ) . The entire sky , divided into two halves . Right ascension ( blue ) begins at the vernal equinox ( at right , at the intersection of the ecliptic ( red ) and the equator ( green ) ) and increases eastward ( towards the left ) . The lines of right ascension ( blue ) from pole to pole divide the sky into 24 , each equivalent to 15 ° . See also ( edit ) Celestial coordinate system Declination Ecliptic Equatorial coordinate system Equinoctial colure Geographic coordinates Hour angle North Celestial Pole Setting circles Sidereal time South Celestial Pole Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office ( 1992 ) . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth , ed . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books , Mill Valley , CA . p. 735 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ Blaeu , Guilielmi ( 1668 ) . Institutio Astronomica . p. 65 . , at Google books , `` Ascensio recta Solis , stellæ , aut alterius cujusdam signi , est gradus æquatorus cum quo simul exoritur in sphæra recta '' ; roughly translated , `` Right ascension of the Sun , stars , or any other sign , is the degree of the equator which rises together in a right sphere '' Jump up ^ Lathrop , John ( 1821 ) . A Compendious Treatise on the Use of Globes and Maps . Wells and Lilly and J.W. Burditt , Boston . pp. 29 , 39 . , at Google books Jump up ^ Moulton , Forest Ray ( 1916 ) . An Introduction to Astronomy . Macmillan Co. , New York . pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Moulton ( 1916 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement ( 1992 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Moulton ( 1916 ) , pp. 92 -- 95 . Jump up ^ see , for instance , U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office ; U.K. Hydrographic Office ; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office ( 2008 ) . `` Time Scales and Coordinate Systems , 2010 '' . The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010 . U.S. Govt . Printing Office . p . B2 , . Jump up ^ Bleau ( 1668 ) , p. 40 -- 41 . External links ( edit ) MEASURING THE SKY A Quick Guide to the Celestial Sphere James B. Kaler , University of Illinois Celestial Equatorial Coordinate System University of Nebraska - Lincoln Celestial Equatorial Coordinate Explorers University of Nebraska - Lincoln Merrifield , Michael . `` ( α , δ ) -- Right Ascension & Declination '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_ascension&oldid=806777329 '' Categories : Celestial coordinate system Angle Technical factors of astrology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the right ascension and declination for the vernal equinox	[]	[]
1541078590744867404	The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick	The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick - Wikipedia The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick Written by Jim Brecher Story by Gloria Goldsmith Directed by Robert M. Lewis Starring Barbara Eden Josh Taylor Judith - Marie Bergan Judy Geeson Jenny O'Hara Dick O'Neill Music by Mark Snow Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Tamara Asseyev Producer ( s ) Barbara Eden Gloria Goldsmith Cinematography Eric Van Haren Norman Editor ( s ) Les Green Running time 100 minutes Production company ( s ) American First Run Studios Tamara Asseyev Productions Distributor NBC Release Original network NBC Original release October 7 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 07 ) The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick ( originally titled Happily Ever After ) is a 1988 American made - for - television romantic comedy film starring Barbara Eden , Josh Taylor , Judy Geeson , Jenny O'Hara and Dick O'Neill which premiered on NBC on October 7 , 1988 . The film 's tagline in newspaper and magazine ads was : A modern - day Cinderella has an absolute ball with high society ! Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 DVD release 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A modern - day Cinderella tale about a grocery - store cashier named Kathy McCormick ( Barbara Eden ) who becomes a member of local high society through a series of misunderstandings and when she tells her society peers she works at The Market , they believe she 's talking about the stock market . While attending a charity luncheon , she meets and falls in love with Grant Sherwood ( Josh Taylor ) , a wealthy playboy who is unaware of her true identity . Cast ( edit ) Barbara Eden as Kathy McCormick Josh Taylor as Grant Sherwood Judith - Marie Bergan as Janice Judy Geeson as Babs Jenny O'Hara as Lisa Robert Costanzo as Sid Jennifer Savidge as Marsha Dick O'Neill as Ray DVD release ( edit ) The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick was released on VHS on December 10 , 1993 but has since been long out - of - print . To date , the film has not been released on DVD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Pittsburgh Press , retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick VHS - Amazon , retrieved May 26 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick on IMDb The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick at AllMovie The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick at the TCM Movie Database The Secret Life of Kathy McCormick at Rotten Tomatoes This article related to an American TV movie is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Kathy_McCormick&oldid=824321179 '' Categories : 1988 films 1988 television films 1980s romantic comedy films American films American television films American television film stubs English - language films Films scored by Mark Snow NBC network original films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from May 2016 All articles to be expanded Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	cast of the secret life of kathy mccormick	[ "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n", "\nBarbara Eden as Kathy McCormick\nJosh Taylor as Grant Sherwood\nJudith-Marie Bergan as Janice\nJudy Geeson as Babs\nJenny O'Hara as Lisa\nRobert Costanzo as Sid\nJennifer Savidge as Marsha\nDick O'Neill as Ray\n" ]	[ "Barbara Eden", "Josh Taylor", "Judith-Marie Bergan", "Judy Geeson", "Jenny O'Hara", "Robert Costanzo", "Jennifer Savidge", "Dick O'Neill" ]
-3656643893375354978	My Hero Academia	My Hero Academia - wikipedia My Hero Academia This is the current revision of this page , as edited by WriterSmith ( talk contribs ) at 23 : 19 , 21 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 23 : 19 , 21 August 2017 by WriterSmith ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search My Hero Academia Cover of the first volume of My Hero Academia , featuring Izuku Midoriya and All Might 僕のヒーローアカデミア ( Boku no Hīrō Akademia ) Genre Superhero , Science fantasy , Action , Comedy - drama Manga Written by Kōhei Horikoshi Published by Shueisha English publisher Madman Entertainment Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Imprint Jump Comics Magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump English magazine Weekly Shonen Jump Original run July 7 , 2014 -- present Volumes 14 ( List of volumes ) Manga My Hero Academia Smash ! ! Written by Kohei Horikoshi Illustrated by Hirofumi Neda Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Shōnen Jump + English magazine Weekly Shonen Jump Original run November 9 , 2015 -- present Volumes 2 Anime television series Directed by Kenji Nagasaki Written by Yōsuke Kuroda Music by Yuki Hayashi Studio Bones Licensed by Madman Entertainment ( former ) Universal / Sony Funimation Universal Pictures UK Original network JNN ( MBS ) ( Season 1 ) NNS ( ytv ) ( Season 2 ) English network Animax Asia Original run April 3 , 2016 -- present Episodes 33 ( List of episodes ) Game My Hero Academia : Battle for All Developer Dimps Publisher Bandai Namco Entertainment Platform Nintendo 3DS Released JP : May 19 , 2016 Manga Vigilante : My Hero Academia Illegals Written by Hiyuki Furuhashi Illustrated by Betten Court Published by Shueisha English publisher Viz Media Demographic Shōnen Magazine Shōnen Jump GIGA Shōnen Jump + Original run September 2016 -- present Volumes 1 Anime and Manga portal My Hero Academia ( 僕のヒーローアカデミア , Boku no Hīrō Akademia ) is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014 , and 14 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format . The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media , and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9 , 2015 . The story follows Izuku Midoriya , a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm , but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself , and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training . The manga was adapted into an anime television series ; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26 , 2016 , and a second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Media 2.1 Manga 2.2 Anime 2.3 Video game 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia characters On an Earth - like world where people with superpowers known as `` Quirks '' ( 個性 , Kosei ) are the norm , Izuku Midoriya is a regular middle school student who has dreams of one day becoming a Hero ( ヒーロー , Hīrō ) despite being bullied by his classmates for not having a Quirk . After being the only one to try and save his childhood bully Katsuki from a Villain ( 敵 ( ヴィラン ) , Viran ) , the world 's greatest Hero All Might bestows upon him his own quirk `` One For All '' . The story follows Izuku 's entrance into U.A. High School ( 雄英高校 , Yūei Kōkō ) , a school that cultivates the next generation of Heroes . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia chapters My Hero Academia is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi . It began its serialization in the manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump in July 2014 . As of June 2 , 2017 the series been collected into fourteen tankōbon volumes . The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Viz Media , who published the first volume on August 4 , 2015 . As the series is published in Japan , it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Viz Media 's Weekly Shounen Jump . As of February 7 , 2017 , 8 volumes have been released . Anime ( edit ) Main article : List of My Hero Academia episodes On October 29 , 2015 , the series ' official Twitter announced that My Hero Academia would receive an anime adaptation produced by Studio Bones . With the anime announced , TOHOSHI Group registered the domain name `` heroaca.com '' as the anime 's website . The anime is directed by Kenji Nagasaki , written by Yōsuke Kuroda , and feature character designs by Yoshikiko Umakoshi and music composed by Yuki Hayashi . The anime premiered on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in ' Nichigo ' time slot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan . The opening theme is `` The Day '' , performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is `` Heroes '' , performed by Brian the Sun . In March 2016 , Funimation Entertainment announced they had licensed the series for streaming services , home and broadcast release as well as obtaining the merchandise rights . It has also been licensed in the United Kingdom by Universal Pictures UK . A second season was announced in the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine 's 30th issue of 2016 . It premiered on April 1 , 2017 on NTV and YTV , with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles . Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the anime was announced in November 2015 . The game is developed by Bandai Namco Studios and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console , which was released in Japan on May 19 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) It was nominated for the 8th Manga Taishō . Before the anime adaptation 's premiere , manga author Masashi Kishimoto praised Kōhei Horikoshi 's work , believing it would be a success overseas ; Horikoshi , meanwhile , has cited Kishimoto 's Naruto series as a primary source of inspiration . Volume 1 reached the 7th place on the weekly Oricon manga chart with 71,575 copies sold . It sold out almost immediately on its first printing . Volume 2 reached the 6th place , with 167,531 copies and , by January 18 , 2015 , had sold 205,179 copies . As of March 2017 , there were over 10 million copies of My Hero Academia in circulation . The story has been noted to take inspiration from elements in superhero comics , such as the aesthetics of its characters . Alex Osborn of IGN gave the anime series positive marks , saying `` The first season of My Hero Academia delivers thirteen episodes of fantastic action , elevated by a heartfelt story that 's wrapped around a core cast of memorable and relatable characters . '' Osborn went on to state that the villains were underdeveloped . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Shonen Jump website '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime to Air in MBS / TBS ' ' Nichigo ' Timeslot '' . Anime News Network . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Season 2 Anime to Air on NTV , YTV '' . Anime News Network . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Animax Asia Airs Simulcast of My Hero Academia , Twin Star Exorcists '' . Anime News Network . March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump to Launch 4 Manga Series in Next 3 Issues '' . Anime News Network . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz 's Shonen Jump Adds My Hero Academia '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Confirmed '' . Anime News Network . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Hero Academia Anime Gets 2nd Season '' . Anime News Network . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boku No Hero Academia TV Anime Adaptation Announced '' . OtakuTale . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia TV Anime 's Main Staff Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Anime 's 4th Promo Video Previews Animation '' . Anime News Network . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses My Hero Academia Anime '' . Anime News Network . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBFC Lists My Hero Academia From Universal '' . Anime News Network . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Latest `` My Hero Academia '' Anime Cast Addition And Plans Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sato ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` My Hero Academia Game Announced For Nintendo 3DS '' . Siliconera . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia : Battle for All 3DS Game 's Play Videos Preview Characters '' . Anime News Network . April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 8th Manga Taisho Awards Nominates 14 Titles '' . Anime News Network . January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Cheers on My Hero Academia 's Deku '' . Anime News Network . April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , November 3 -- 9 '' . Anime News Network . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Up and Coming Manga Sold Out Immediately '' . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 週間コミックランキング 2015 年 01 月 19 日付 . Oricon Style ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , January 12 -- 18 '' . Anime News Network . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Hero Academia Has Over 10 Million Copies in Print '' . Anime News Network . 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' My Hero Academia '' Volume 1 Horikoshi Kohei ( daily cartoon guide ) `` . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` My Hero Academia : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official anime website ( in Japanese ) Official page at Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) My Hero Academia ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( show ) Series currently running in Weekly Shōnen Jump Black Clover Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma Gin Tama Haikyū ! ! Hinomaru Zumō Hunter × Hunter My Hero Academia One Piece Robot x LaserBeam The Disastrous Life of Saiki K . The Promised Neverland World Trigger ( show ) Weekly Shōnen Jump : 2010 -- 2019 2010 Oumagadoki Zoo Enigma 2011 Magico Stars Nisekoi 2012 Haikyū ! ! The Disastrous Life of Saiki K . Sensei no Bulge Assassination Classroom Cross Manage Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma 2013 World Trigger Jaco the Galactic Patrolman 2014 Hinomaru Zumō My Hero Academia 2015 Black Clover Naruto Side Story : The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring 2016 Boruto : Naruto Next Generations The Promised Neverland 2017 Robot x LaserBeam ( show ) Works animated by Bones Television series Hiwou War Chronicles ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Angelic Layer ( 2001 ) RahXephon ( 2002 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2003 ) Scrapped Princess ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Mars Daybreak ( 2004 ) Kurau Phantom Memory ( 2004 ) Eureka Seven ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Ouran High School Host Club ( 2006 ) Jyu - Oh - Sei ( 2006 ) Ghost Slayers Ayashi ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Darker than Black ( 2007 ) Skull Man ( 2007 ) Soul Eater ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Nijū Mensō no Musume ( 2008 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 ( 2009 ) Darker than Black : Gemini of the Meteor ( 2009 ) Heroman ( 2010 ) Star Driver ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Gosick ( 2011 ) No. 6 ( 2011 ) Un-Go ( 2011 ) Eureka Seven : AO ( 2012 ) Blast of Tempest ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Tenkai Knights ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Space Dandy ( 2014 ) Noragami ( 2014 ) Captain Earth ( 2014 ) Soul Eater Not ! ( 2014 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess ( 2014 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess : Avenging Battle ( 2014 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront ( 2015 ) Show by Rock ! ! ( 2015 ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Noragami Aragoto ( 2015 ) Concrete Revolutio ( 2015 ) Concrete Revolutio : The Last Song ( 2016 ) My Hero Academia ( 2016 -- present ) Bungo Stray Dogs ( 2016 ) Show by Rock ! ! Short ! ! ( 2016 ) Mob Psycho 100 ( 2016 ) Show by Rock ! ! ♯ ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond ( 2017 ) OVAs / ONAs RahXephon Interlude : Her and Herself / Thatness and Thereness ( 2003 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Premium Collection ( 2006 ) Ayashi Divine Comedy ( 2007 ) Darker than Black : Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms ( 2008 ) Xam 'd : Lost Memories ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Halo Legends ( animated sequence ) ( 2010 ) Darker than Black : Gaiden ( 2010 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess ( 2015 ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront ( 2016 ) Bungo Stray Dogs ( 2017 ) Films Escaflowne ( 2000 ) Cowboy Bebop : The Movie ( 2001 ) RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2005 ) Sword of the Stranger ( 2007 ) Eureka Seven : Pocketful of Rainbows ( 2009 ) Towa no Quon ( film series ) ( 2011 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( 2011 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Star Driver : The Movie ( 2013 ) Eureka Seven : Hi - Evolution ( film series ) ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Bungo Stray Dogs : Dead Apple ( 2018 ) Video games Robot Alchemic Drive ( 2002 ) Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 3 : Kami o Tsugu Shōjo ( 2005 ) Liberation Maiden ( 2012 ) Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney ( 2012 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies ( 2013 ) Persona 4 : Dancing All Night ( 2015 ) Category ( show ) Doroku / Nichigo timeslot Doroku ( 2002 - 2008 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Fullmetal Alchemist Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Blood+ Ghost Slayers Ayashi Toward the Terra Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Nichigo ( 2008 - 2017 ) Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion R2 Mobile Suit Gundam 00 ( Season Two ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Sengoku Basara II Star Driver Blue Exorcist Mobile Suit Gundam AGE Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic Space Battleship Yamato 2199 Magi : The Kingdom of Magic Haikyū ! ! The Seven Deadly Sins The Heroic Legend of Arslan Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans My Hero Academia The Heroic Legend of Arslan : Dust Storm Dance The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans ( Season Two ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Hero_Academia&oldid=796599803 '' Categories : Manga series 2014 manga 2015 manga 2016 anime television series 2016 manga 2017 anime television series Superhero anime and manga Action anime and manga Adventure anime and manga Comedy - drama anime and manga The Anime Awards winners Science fantasy anime and manga Supernatural anime and manga School anime and manga Superhero schools Anime series based on manga Shōnen manga Shueisha manga Bones ( studio ) Mainichi Broadcasting System shows Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation shows Funimation Viz Media manga Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does boku no hero academia anime come out	[ "My Hero Academia (僕のヒーローアカデミア, Boku no Hīrō Akademia) is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014,[5] and 14 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format. The series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media, and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9, 2015.[6] The story follows Izuku Midoriya, a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm, but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself, and is scouted by the world's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training. The manga was adapted into an anime television series; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26, 2016,[7] and a second season premiered on April 1, 2017." ]	[ "April 1, 2017" ]
-8360384118109748086	Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)	Yellowstone ( US TV series ) - wikipedia Yellowstone ( US TV series ) Yellowstone Genre Drama Created by Taylor Sheridan John Linson Written by Taylor Sheridan Directed by Taylor Sheridan Starring Kevin Costner Luke Grimes Kelly Reilly Wes Bentley Cole Hauser Kelsey Asbille Brecken Merrill Jefferson White Danny Huston Gil Birmingham Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Linson Art Linson Taylor Sheridan Kevin Costner David C. Glasser Producer ( s ) John Vohlers Michael Polaire Cinematography Ben Richardson Editor ( s ) Gary D. Roach Evan Ahlgren Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 92 minutes Production company ( s ) Linson Entertainment Bosque Ranch Productions Treehouse Films Release Original network Paramount Network Original release June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20 , 2018 on Paramount Network . It stars Kevin Costner , Wes Bentley , Kelly Reilly , Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham . The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch , an Indian reservation , land developers and Yellowstone National Park . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season to air in 2019 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Yellowstone follows `` the Dutton family , led by John Dutton , who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States , under constant attack by those it borders -- land developers , an Indian reservation , and America 's first National Park . It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny -- where land grabs make developers billions , and politicians are bought and sold by the world 's largest oil and lumber corporations . Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news : they are a consequence of living in the new frontier . It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kevin Costner as John Dutton , the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States . He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer . Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role . Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton , a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son . Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role . Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton , a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn . She is educated , highly intelligent , and a master manipulator . She is also , however , very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem . Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role . Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton , an attorney , aspiring politician , and one of John and Evelyn 's sons . Although completely loyal to his father and family , he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family . He also has an intense love / hate relationship with his sister Beth . Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role . Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler , the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John 's right - hand man and enforcer . Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John . He has an on - again , off - again relationship with Beth . Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode `` The Unraveling : Pt. 1 '' . Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton , Kayce 's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation . She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation . Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton , the son of Kayce and Monica and John 's only grandchild . Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom , a ranch hand at Yellowstone . Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins , a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone . Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater , the chief of the nearby Indian reservation . Recurring ( edit ) Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater 's driver Ian Bohen as Ryan , a cowboy wrangler Denim Richards as Colby , a cowboy wrangler Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry , the Governor of Montana . Atticus Todd as Ben Waters Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart Rudy Ramos as Felix Long Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen Ryan Bingham as Walker Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott Katherine Cunningham as Christina John Aylward as Father Bob Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton , the late wife of John Dutton , mother to Jaime , Beth , Kayce , and stepmother to John 's eldest son , Lee . Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins , the wife of Dan Jenkins . Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell Guest ( edit ) Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ( `` Daybreak '' ) Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ( `` Daybreak '' ) , an ally of Chief Rainwater . Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' ) Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ( `` No Good Horses '' ) Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ( `` Coming Home '' ) Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 1 '' ) Tanaya Beatty as Avery ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' ) James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2.83 `` Kill the Messenger '' Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2.07 `` No Good Horses '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 2.17 `` The Long Black Train '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.89 5 `` Coming Home '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.95 6 `` The Remembering '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 2.10 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 2.08 8 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 1 '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 2.13 9 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 2 '' Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 2.37 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 2013 , Taylor Sheridan began work on the series , having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays . Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming , Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston . On May 3 , 2017 , it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series , Yellowstone . Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The series was set to be written , directed , and executive - produced by Sheridan . Other executive producers were to include John Linson , Art Linson , Harvey Weinstein , and David Glasser . Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein , his name would be removed from the series ' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well . On January 15 , 2018 , Kevin Kay , president of Paramount Network , clarified during the annual Television Critics Association 's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company 's credits or logo on them , even though that company was involved in production . Furthermore , he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company 's new name in the show 's credits when available . That same day , it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20 , 2018 . On July 24 , 2018 , it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019 . Casting ( edit ) On May 15 , 2017 , it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton . In June 2017 , it was reported that Luke Grimes , Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley , and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars . On July 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role . In August 2017 , it was reported that Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham , and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz , Gretchen Mol , Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , Ian Bohen , Denim Richards , and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity . In November 2017 , it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles . On December 19 , 2017 , it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity . On June 13 , 2018 , it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby , Montana , which stands in as the home of John Dutton . Filming also took place that month near Park City , Utah . The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City , which is a total of 45,000 square feet . The building also houses offices , editing , a huge wardrobe department and construction shops . By November 2017 , the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah , including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork . Additionally , filming also took place at various locations in Montana . Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017 . Music ( edit ) The series ' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola , cello , and violin soloists . On August 17 , 2018 , the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On February 28 , 2018 , a teaser trailer for the series was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On June 25 , 2018 , the series held a screening at Seriesfest , an annual international television festival , at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver , Colorado . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season holds a 51 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously , diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) The two - hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most - watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network ( or its predecessor Spike ) . The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in . The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network 's first scripted drama series , Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network 's new comedy series , American Woman . It was later reported that the premiere 's Live + 3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in . By the series ' third episode , it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad - supported cable to air in 2018 , only behind AMC 's The Walking Dead . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Daybreak '' June 20 , 2018 0.4 2.83 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31 `` Kill the Messenger '' June 27 , 2018 0.3 2.07 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29 `` No Good Horses '' July 11 , 2018 0.4 2.17 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22 `` The Long Black Train '' July 18 , 2018 0.3 1.89 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64 5 `` Coming Home '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 1.95 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98 6 `` The Remembering '' August 1 , 2018 0.4 2.10 0.4 2.20 0.8 4.31 7 `` A Monster Is Among Us '' August 8 , 2018 0.4 2.08 0.4 2.35 0.8 4.43 8 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 1 '' August 15 , 2018 0.4 2.13 0.4 2.14 0.8 4.27 9 `` The Unravelling , Pt. 2 '' August 22 , 2018 0.4 2.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series : Family Saga ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Cory ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Costner : ' Yellowstone ' TV series will be ' postcard for Montana ' '' . Missoulian . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Harvey Weinstein 's name removed from credits as made - in - Utah TV show ' Yellowstone ' kicks off cast auditions '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein 's Involvement In TWC Series ' Waco ' & ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Taylor Sheridan On Working After ' Wind River ' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series ' Yellowstone ' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Grimes Starring in ' Yellowstone ' With Kevin Costner ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Hauser , Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Dave Annable , Gil Birmingham Set As Leads , Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jefferson White Cast As Regular , Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Jill Hennessy , Patrick St. Esprit , More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Network 's ' Yellowstone ' Casts ' Girlfriends ' Alum Golden Brooks ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Michaela Conlin Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; ' Carnival Row ' Casts Ariyon Bakare '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' : Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Casts Heather Hemmens ; Mike Dopud Joins ' The 100 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Barret Swatek Joins ' Yellowstone ' ; Tony Curran In ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series begins production in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Costner 's new TV series ' Yellowstone ' is filming , and spending tons of money , all over Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Watch ' Yellowstone ' Composer Brian Tyler Record the Theme '' . Collider . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Trailer : Kevin Costner 's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network 's Neo-Western Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wenzel , John ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year 's SeriesFest '' . The Know . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup , Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama ' New Amsterdam ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Draws All - Time High Viewership For Paramount Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable , Hits New Ratings Highs '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' premiere scores in cable Live + 7 ratings for June 18 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts ; ' Big Brother 20 ' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Yellowstone ' and ' Preacher ' score big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Teen Mom II ' doubles in 18 - 49 , ' Snowfall ' gets big viewers boost cable Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Woman ' scores big viewer gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' The Sinner ' Season Premiere More Than Doubles its Live + Same Day Figures in Overall Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Season Premiere Leads Scripted Telecasts in Raw Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 3 Weekly Ratings : ' American Woman ' Leads All Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 49 Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Yellowstone on IMDb Paramount Network original programming Current Lip Sync Battle ( since 2018 ) Bellator MMA ( since 2018 ) Cops ( since 2018 ) Ink Master ( since 2018 ) Bar Rescue ( since 2018 ) Ink Master : Angels ( since 2018 ) American Woman ( since 2018 ) Yellowstone ( since 2018 ) Rest in Power : The Trayvon Martin Story ( since 2018 ) Former Waco ( 2018 ) Nobodies ( 2018 ) It Was Him : The Many Murders of Ed Edwards ( 2018 ) Upcoming First Wives Club ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=857116548 '' Categories : Paramount Network shows English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts Television series about families Yellowstone National Park Television shows set in Montana Television shows filmed in Utah Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the daughter in the series yellowstone	[ "Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.\nLuke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.\nKelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.\nWes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.\nCole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode \"The Unraveling: Pt. 1\".\nKelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.\nBrecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.\nJefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.\nDanny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.\nGil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation." ]	[ "Kelly Reilly" ]
2002636047900791053	Asia Cup	Asia Cup - wikipedia Asia Cup This article is about the men 's cricket tournament . For other uses , see Asia Cup ( disambiguation ) . ACC Asia Cup Logo of the ACC Asia Cup Administrator Asian Cricket Council Format One Day International Twenty20 International First tournament 1984 Next tournament 2020 Tournament format Round - robin tournament Number of teams ACC member nations Current champion India Most successful India ( 7 titles ) Most runs Sanath Jayasuriya ( 1220 ) Most wickets Lasith Malinga ( 33 ) Website Official website 2018 Asia Cup The ACC Asia Cup is a mens One Day International and Twenty20 International cricket tournament . It was established in 1983 when the Asian Cricket Council was founded as a measure to promote goodwill between Asian countries . It was originally scheduled to be held every two years . The first Asia cup was held in 1984 in Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates where the council 's offices were based ( until 1995 ) . India boycotted the 1986 tournament due to strained cricketing relations with Sri Lanka . Pakistan boycotted the 1990 -- 91 tournament due to strained political relations with India . The 1993 tournament was cancelled due to strained political relations between India and Pakistan . The ACC has announced that the tournament will be held biennially from 2008 onwards . The ICC has ruled that all games played in the Asia Cup have official ODI status . After downsizing the Asian Cricket Council in 2015 , it was announced by the ICC that Asia Cup events from 2016 will be played on a rotation basis between One Day International and Twenty20 International format , on the basis of format of upcoming world events . As a result , the 2016 event was the first event played in the T20I format and functioned as a preparatory tournament ahead of the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . India ( won 7 times ) is the most successful team in the ODI format of the tournament . Sri Lanka is the second most successful team with 5 titles . India is the most successful team in the T20I format having won the inaugural ( only ) version in 2016 . India is the most successful team in the tournament having won it seven times ( six times in ODI format and once in the T20 format ) . Sri Lanka has played the most Asia Cups ( 14 ) followed by India and Pakistan who have played 13 each . Contents 1 History 1.1 1984 -- 1988 1.2 1990 -- 1997 1.3 2000 -- 2010 1.4 2012 -- 2014 1.5 2016 1.6 2018 2 Results history 3 Results summary 3.1 ODIs 3.2 T20Is 4 Teams Performance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1984 -- 1988 ( edit ) Main articles : 1984 Asia Cup , 1986 Asia Cup , and 1988 Asia Cup The first edition of the Rothmans Asia Cup was held in 1984 in Sharjah , UAE , the location of the headquarters of the newly formed Asian Cricket Council . The tournament was a round - robin tournament among India , Sri Lanka and Pakistan . The first match was between Pakistan and the new ICC member Sri Lanka . India won this tournament with two victories , Sri Lanka were the runners up in the tournament with a single victory over Pakistan , while Pakistan went home without winning any of its two games . Sri Lanka was the host for the second edition in 1986 . India pulled out of the tournament due to soured cricketing relations with Sri Lanka after a controversial series in Sri Lanka the previous year . Bangladesh was included for the first time . Sri Lanka won the tournament beating Pakistan in the final . The third edition , in 1988 , was held in Bangladesh , the first time a multi-national cricket tournament was held there . In the final , India beat Sri Lanka by 6 wickets to win their second Asia Cup . 1990 -- 1997 ( edit ) Main articles : 1990 - 91 Asia Cup , 1993 Asia Cup , 1995 Asia Cup , and 1997 Asia Cup The fourth edition of the tournament was held in India in 1990 -- 91 . Pakistan had pulled out of the tournament due to strained political relations with India . India retained the Asia Cup defeating Sri Lanka in the final . In 1993 , the tournament was cancelled due to strained political relations between India and Pakistan . The fifth edition , in 1995 , took the series back to Sharjah , UAE after 11 years . India and Sri Lanka made it to the final by virtue of better run rate than Pakistan as all three teams had equal points after the preliminary round . For the third successive time , India defeated Sri Lanka in the final . The sixth edition was held in Sri Lanka in 1997 . Sri Lanka beat India in the final by 8 wickets to win its second Asia Cup . 2000 -- 2010 ( edit ) Main articles : 2000 Asia Cup , 2004 Asia Cup , 2008 Asia Cup , and 2010 Asia Cup The seventh edition took place in Bangladesh for the second time in 2000 . Pakistan and Sri Lanka made it to the final while India only won one match against Bangladesh and did not qualify for the final for the first time . In the final , Pakistan beat Sri Lanka to win the Asia Cup for the first time . Yousuf Youhana was the player of the Tournament . The eighth edition took place in Sri Lanka in 2004 . There was a change in the tournament format as UAE and Hong Kong were also included for the first time and the tournament was now divided into three stages -- the Group Stage , Super Fours and the final . The group stage was divided into two groups of 3 teams , each playing each other once . The top two teams from each group qualified for the Super Four stage where they played each other again once . The top two teams in the Super Four stage then qualified for the final . Hosts Sri Lanka , India and UAE were placed in Group A while the then defending champions Pakistan , Bangladesh and Hong Kong were placed in Group B. UAE and Hong Kong were knocked out in the group stage . Bangladesh had the distinction of reaching the second stage in a major tournament for the first time , but played poorly in the Super Fours and got eliminated . India and Sri Lanka topped the Super Four stage and reached the final . In the final , Sri Lanka defeated India by 25 runs to win the Asia Cup . Sanath Jayasuriya was the player of the Tournament . The ninth edition of the Asia Cup was held in Pakistan . Once again , the 2004 format was retained . The tournament started on 24 June 2008 and the Final was held on 6 July 2008 . Sri Lanka topped Group A and qualified for the second phase along with Bangladesh . In Group B , India came out on top and entered the Super Fours along with Pakistan in second place . Sri Lanka and India topped the Super Four stage and entered the final . Sri Lanka beat India in the final comfortably winning their fourth Asia Cup . Sanath Jayasuriya scored a quick 125 off 114 balls to rescue Sri Lanka from 66 / 4 earlier on when the top order collapsed . Sri Lanka 's new mystery spinner , Ajantha Mendis , took 6 / 13 bowling Sri Lanka to a 100 run victory . He also was adjudged as the Player of the Tournament . The tenth edition was held in Sri Lanka , between 15 -- 24 June 2010 hosting the Asia Cup for the fourth time . It only featured the four Test playing Asian nations , and seven matches were played in all ( including the final ) . Sri Lanka and India topped the group stages and entered the final . In the final , India beat Sri Lanka comfortably to become champions for the fifth time , winning the tournament for first time in 15 years . Shahid Afridi was the Player of the Tournament . 2012 -- 2014 ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Asia Cup and 2014 Asia Cup The eleventh edition of Asia Cup was held in Dhaka , Bangladesh from 11 to 22 March 2012 . Pakistan and Bangladesh qualified to play in the final of the eleventh edition , Bangladesh had beaten India and Sri Lanka to book its place in the final for the first time in the history of the tournament . Pakistan beat Bangladesh after a thrilling final over , winning their second Asia Cup . Shakib Al Hasan was adjudged the Player of the Tournament. Sachin Tendulkar scored his 100th international century in this tournament . The twelfth edition was held in Dhaka and Fatullah , Bangladesh from 25 February to 8 March 2014 . The tournament consisted of five teams with Afghanistan in it for the first time since its inception in 1984 . Sri Lanka defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets in the final to win the Asia Cup for the fifth time . Lahiru Thirimanne was adjudged the Player of the tournament scoring 279 runs . 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Asia Cup After the Asian Cricket Council was downsized by the ICC in 2015 , it was announced that Asia Cup tournaments will be played on rotation basis in ODI and T20I format . As a result , 2016 events was the first tournament in T20I format and was played between five teams just ahead of 2016 ICC World Twenty20 . The 2016 edition of the Asia Cup tournament was held in Bangladesh for the third consecutive time from 24 February to 6 March . The final was held on 6 March 2016 . India won the final by beating Bangladesh by 8 wickets in the final held at the Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium situated in Mirpur locality , Dhaka , Bangladesh , M.S. Dhoni proved his effectiveness once again by smashing a couple of boundaries towards the end and putting a halt to the Bengali Campaign . It is for the sixth time that India won the Asia cup title in 2016 . Shikhar Dhawan of India was the man of the match for his 60 runs . Sabbir Rahman of Bangladesh was the player of the series . India won all of its matches played in Asia Cup 2016 beating Bangladesh 2 times , Pakistan , Sri Lanka and UAE . Virat Kohli showed his maturity in the game against Pakistan ; India was reeling at 8 runs for the loss of 3 wickets while chasing and the opposition started to believe that they were still in the game while defending a sub par total , only for Virat Kohli to come in and send the ball all over the ground and completely took away the game from them . 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Asia Cup On 29 October 2015 , following the Asian Cricket Council meeting in Singapore , BCCI secretary Anurag Thakur stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India . It will follow the ODI format . However , in April 2018 , the tournament was moved to the United Arab Emirates , due to political tensions between India and Pakistan . India were the defending champions , and retained their title , after beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final . India did not suffer a single defeat in the tournament , with 2 wins each against Pakistan & Bangladesh , a solitary win against Hong Kong , and a tie with Afghanistan . Shikhar Dhawan was the top run getter with 342 runs in 5 matches , was awarded Man of the Series . Results history ( edit ) Year Format Host Nation Final Venue Final Winner Result Runner - up 1984 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Sharjah CA Stadium , Sharjah India India won the tournament 2 -- 0 Sri Lanka 2 -- 1 1986 Details ODI Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Sri Lanka 195 / 5 ( 42.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets ( scorecard ) Pakistan 191 / 9 ( 45 overs ) 1988 Details ODI Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka India 180 / 4 ( 37.1 overs ) India won by 6 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 176 ( 43.5 overs ) 1990 / 91 Details ODI India Eden Gardens , Calcutta India 205 / 3 ( 42.1 overs ) India won by 7 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 204 / 9 ( 45 overs ) 1995 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Sharjah CA Stadium , Sharjah India 233 / 2 ( 41.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 230 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 1997 Details ODI Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Sri Lanka 240 / 2 ( 36.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) India 239 / 7 ( 50 overs ) 2000 Details ODI Bangladesh Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka Pakistan 277 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 39 runs ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 238 ( 45.2 overs ) Details ODI Sri Lanka R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Sri Lanka 228 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 25 runs ( scorecard ) India 203 / 9 ( 50 overs ) 2008 Details ODI Pakistan National Stadium , Karachi Sri Lanka 273 ( 49.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 100 runs ( scorecard ) India 173 ( 39.3 overs ) Details ODI Sri Lanka Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium , Dambulla India 268 / 6 ( 50 overs ) India won by 81 runs ( scorecard ) Sri Lanka 187 ( 44.4 overs ) 2012 Details ODI Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Pakistan 236 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan won by 2 runs ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 234 / 8 ( 50 overs ) 2014 Details ODI Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Sri Lanka 261 / 5 ( 46.2 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets ( scorecard ) Pakistan 260 / 5 ( 50 overs ) 2016 Details T20I Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur India 122 / 2 ( 13.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 120 / 5 ( 15 overs ) 2018 Details ODI United Arab Emirates Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai India 223 / 7 ( 50 overs ) India won by 3 wickets ( scorecard ) Bangladesh 222 ( 48.3 overs ) Results summary ( edit ) Odis ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past Asia Cup ODI tournaments . Team Appearances Best result Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % India 12 1984 2018 Champions ( 1984 , 1988 , 1990 -- 91 , 1995 , 2010 , 2018 ) 49 31 16 65.62 Sri Lanka 13 1984 2018 Champions ( 1986 , 1997 , 2004 , 2008 , 2014 ) 50 34 16 0 0 68.00 Pakistan 12 1984 2018 Champions ( 2000 , 2012 ) 45 26 18 0 59.09 Bangladesh 12 1986 2018 Runners - up ( 2012 , 2018 ) 43 7 36 0 0 16.27 Afghanistan 2014 2018 Super Four ( 2018 ) 9 5 0 38.88 Hong Kong 2018 Group stage ( 2004 , 2008 , 2018 ) 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2008 Group stage ( 2004 , 2008 ) 0 0 0 0.00 T20is ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams in the solitary Asia Cup T20I tournament . Team Appearances Best result Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % India 2016 2016 Champions ( 2016 ) 5 5 0 0 0 100.00 Bangladesh 2016 2016 Runners - up ( 2016 ) 5 0 0 60.00 Pakistan 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 0 0 50.00 United Arab Emirates 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 7 0 0 42.85 Sri Lanka 2016 2016 Group stage ( 2016 ) 0 0 25.00 Afghanistan 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 66.66 Oman 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 33.33 Hong Kong 2016 2016 Qualifiers ( 2016 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Teams Performance ( edit ) An overview of the teams ' performances in every Asia Cup : Team \ Host 1984 ( 3 ) 1986 ( 3 ) 1988 ( 4 ) ( 3 ) 1995 ( 4 ) 1997 ( 4 ) 2000 ( 4 ) ( 6 ) 2008 ( 6 ) ( 4 ) 2012 ( 4 ) 2014 ( 5 ) 2016 ( 5 ) T20I 2018 ( 6 ) 2020 ( 6 ) T20I TBA Afghanistan -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- DNQ -- -- 4th DNQ 4th Q Bangladesh -- 3rd 4th 3rd 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th 2nd 5th 2nd 2nd Q India 1st DNP 1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st 3rd 3rd 1st 1st Q Pakistan 3rd 2nd 3rd DNP 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd Q Hong Kong -- -- -- -- -- -- -- GP GP -- -- -- DNQ GP Sri Lanka 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 4th 1st 4th GP Q United Arab Emirates -- -- -- -- -- -- -- GP GP -- -- -- 5th DNQ See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Asian Test Championship List of Asia Cup records and statistics ( ODIs ) List of Asia Cup records and statistics ( T20Is ) Women 's Asia Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most runs in combined format '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Most wickes in combined format '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup to be held biennially '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asia Cup to continue under ICC '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Match : Pakistan v Sri Lanka at Sharjah , Apr 6 , 1984 -- Cricket Scorecard -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- Sri Lanka -- One - Day Internationals -- List of match results ( by year ) -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- Sri Lanka -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- Pakistan -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records -- Records -- 1984 -- India -- One - Day Internationals -- Match results -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup Cricket 2008 History '' . Cricket Circle . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to host ninth Asia Cup '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` India defeat Sri Lanka to win Asia Cup '' . Sahara Samay . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup : Pakistan beat Bangladesh in thrilling final '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Asia Cup played in T20 format '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup to switch T20 format every alternate edition '' . cricbuzz . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Asia Cup in Bangladesh , 2018 in India : Thakur '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Asia Cup moved from India to UAE '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India to host Asia Cup 2018 in UAE '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India creep home in final - over thriller to defend Asia Cup title '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Result summary '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Asia cup Related news at Journofacts Asia Cup Tournament ( ODI ) United Arab Emirates 1984 Sri Lanka 1986 Bangladesh 1988 India 1990 -- 91 Pakistan 1993 ( Canceled ) United Arab Emirates 1995 Sri Lanka 1997 Bangladesh 2000 Sri Lanka 2004 Pakistan 2008 Sri Lanka 2010 Bangladesh 2012 Bangladesh 2014 United Arab Emirates 2018 Tournament ( T20I ) Bangladesh 2016 TBA 2020 Squads 1984 1986 1988 1990 - 91 1995 1997 2000 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualifier 1986 2008 2016 2018 Asia Cup Final 2016 2018 Awards Centuries Five - wicket hauls Hosts Records ODIs T20Is Teams Cricket Asia Cup Champions 1984 -- 2000 India ( 1984 ) Sri Lanka ( 1986 ) India ( 1988 ) India ( 1990 -- 91 ) Not held ( 1993 ) India ( 1995 ) Sri Lanka ( 1997 ) Pakistan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2019 Sri Lanka ( 2004 ) Sri Lanka ( 2008 ) India ( 2010 ) Pakistan ( 2012 ) Sri Lanka ( 2014 ) India ( 2016 ) Asian Cricket Council History of ACC ACC Asian XI Cricketers Cricket at the Asian Games Men 's tournaments Test Asian Test Championship First Class / Multi-day ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament ACC Championship ODI / Limited Over Afro - Asia Cup Asia Cup ACC Premier League ACC Elite League ACC Challenge League ACC Trophy ACC Emerging Teams Cup ACC U-19 Asia Cup ACC U-19 Premier ACC U-19 Elite ACC U-19 Challenge ACC U-16 Premier ACC U-16 Elite ACC U-16 Challenge Cup T20I / Twenty20 ACC Twenty20 Cup Asian Games Women 's tournaments ODI / Limited Over ACC Women 's Asia Cup ACC Women 's Premier ACC Women 's Championship ACC U-19 Women 's Championship T20I / Twenty20 Asian Games Members Current Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Hong Kong India Iran Kuwait Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand United Arab Emirates Former Fiji Japan Papua New Guinea Brunei International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship Asian Championships Olympic sports Team sports Baseball Basketball Men Women Beach volleyball Curling Field hockey Football Men Women Handball Men Women Ice hockey Rugby sevens Volleyball Men Women Individual sports Alpine skiing Archery Athletics Outdoor Indoor Race walking Marathon Cross country Badminton Boxing Canoeing Cycling Fencing Figure skating Gymnastics Judo Rowing Sailing Shooting Speed skating Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Non-Olympic sports Team sports Beach handball Beach soccer Cricket Fistball Floorball Futsal Men Women Indoor field hockey Korfball Lacrosse Netball Roller hockey Rugby union Softball Individual sports Chess Darts Karate Ski mountaineering Snooker Squash Individual Team Surfing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_Cup&oldid=866031002 '' Categories : Asia Cup Recurring sporting events established in 1984 One Day International cricket competitions Cricket in Asia Biennial sporting events Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times bangladesh played in asia cup cricket	[]	[]
5702631827234713081	Bangladesh–India border	Bangladesh -- India border - wikipedia Bangladesh -- India border Jump to : navigation , search The border has created a narrow strip known as `` Chicken 's neck '' that has made the communication and transportation between mainland India and Northeast India inconvenient The Bangladesh -- India border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states . Bangladesh and India share a 4,156 km ( 2,582 mi ) - long international border , the fifth - longest land border in the world , including 262 km ( 163 mi ) in Assam , 856 km ( 532 mi ) in Tripura , 180 km ( 110 mi ) in Mizoram , 443 km ( 275 mi ) in Meghalaya , and 2,217 km ( 1,378 mi ) in West Bengal . The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh , Khulna , Rajshahi , Rangpur , Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border . A number of pillars mark the border between the two states . Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides . The Land Boundary Agreement to simplify the border was ratified by both India and Bangladesh on 7 May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Issues 3 Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries 4 Maritime boundary 5 Transportation 5.1 Road links 5.2 Bus Service 5.3 India -- Bangladesh rail links 6 India -- Bangladesh barrier 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 10 External links History ( edit ) Post number 1273 of Bangladesh -- India border Further information : Radcliffe Line The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the partition of India . It was named after its architect , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , who , as chairman of the Border Commissions , was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles ( 450,000 km ) of territory with 88 million people . Issues ( edit ) See also : Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border BDR ( now BGB ) Commander checking the dead Bangladeshi soldiers at the Border The border is used as a route for smuggling livestock , food items , medicines and drugs from India to Bangladesh . Moreover , illegal immigrants from Bangladesh cross the border to India . Because of a large number of illegal immigrants crossing from Bangladesh into India , a controversial shoot - on - sight policy has been enforced by the Indian border patrols . This policy was initiated with reports of violence between the illegal migrants and Indian soldiers . The border has also witnessed occasional skirmishes between the Indian Border Security Force ( BSF ) and the Border Guards Bangladesh , most notably in 2001 . In July 2009 , Channel 4 News reported that hundreds of Bangladeshis were killed by the BSF along the Indo - Bangladeshi Barrier . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to check illegal immigration and to prevent cross-border terrorism . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) issued an 81 - page report which brought up uncountable abuses of the BSF . The report was compiled from the interviews taken from the victims of BSF torments , witnesses , members of the BSF and its Bangladeshi counterpart . The report stated that over 1000 Bangladeshi citizens were killed during the first decade of the 21st century . According to HRW , BSF did not only shoot illegal migrants or smugglers but even innocents who were seen near , sometimes even people working in fields ( farmland ) near the border . Bangladesh Last House , in the Bangladesh -- India border at Jointa Hill Resort , Tamabil , Sylhet . BSF has often been accused by Bangladesh government of incursions into Bangladesh territory , and indiscriminate shooting of civilians along the India -- Bangladesh borders . This was in retaliation to massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh to India , for which the India -- Bangladesh Barrier is underway . In a news conference in August 2008 , Indian BSF officials admitted that they killed 59 illegals ( 34 Bangladeshis , 21 Indians , rest unidentified ) who were trying to cross the border during the prior six months . Bangladeshi media accused the BSF of abducting 5 Bangladeshi children , aged between 8 and 15 , from the Haripur Upazila in Thakurgaon District of Bangladesh , in 2010 . The children were setting fishing nets near the border . In 2010 , Human Rights Watch has accused the Border Security Force for the indiscriminate killings . BSF forces killed and hanged the dead body over the fence -- that of Ms. Felani ( a 15 - year - old Bangladeshi girl ) -- on 7 January 2011 . Many conferences have been held between India and Bangladesh to discuss such issues as smuggling and trespassing , cattle lifting , trafficking of drugs and arms . Colonel Muhammad Shahid Sarwar of BGB gave Border Security Force a list of miscreants which took place in India , and the BSF side also handed over a similar list to the BGB . Enclaves , adverse possessions and undemarcated boundaries ( edit ) Main article : India -- Bangladesh enclaves India Bangladesh Border The enclaves or chitmahals ( Bengali : ছিটমহল ) between India and Bangladesh border in the Indian state of West Bengal were a long - standing issue between the countries . The enclaves were reputedly part of a high - stakes card game or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings , the Raja of Cooch Behar and the Maharaja of Rangpur , and the result of the confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the Mughal Empire . After the partition of India in 1947 , Cooch Behar district merged with India and Rangpur went to then - East Pakistan , which became Bangladesh in 1971 . The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange all enclaves and simplify the international border . In 1974 Bangladesh approved the proposed Land Boundary Agreement , but India did not ratify it . In 2011 the two countries again agreed to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions . A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries when the Parliament of India passed the 119th Amendment to the Indian Constitution on 7 May 2015 . Inside the main part of Bangladesh , there were 111 Indian enclaves ( 17,160.63 acres ) , while inside the main part of India , there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves ( 7,110.02 acres ) . In respect of adverse possessions , India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2,267.682 acres to Bangladesh . Under the agreement , the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice . The adverse possession of Boraibari went to Bangladesh . The undemarcated borders between the nations were also finally solved with respect to Daikhata - Dumabari , Muhurichar ( an island in the Muhuri River ) , and Pyrdiwah . Maritime Boundary ( edit ) India and Bangladesh had engaged in eight rounds of bilateral negotiations starting 1974 , but it remained inconclusive until 2009 . In October 2009 , Bangladesh served India with notice of arbitration proceedings under the UNCLOS . The Arbitration Tribunal delivered the ruling on 7 July 2014 and settled the dispute . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transport between India and Bangladesh , Designated border crossings of India , and Borders of India Map of major border customs checkposts Road links ( edit ) Designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP , with both customs and immigration facilities ) and Land Customs Stations ( LCS ) are : Assam Mankachar Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Rowmari post ( Bangladesh ) karimgang Steamer and Ferry Station ( KSFS ) Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Zakiganj post ( Bangladesh ) West Bengal Kolkata -- Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing Malda -- Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing Chandrabangha integrated checkpost Hili Meghalaya Bagmara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Bijoyour post ( Bangladesh ) Borsara Land Customs Stations ( India ) and Borsara post ( Bangladesh ) West Garo Hills -- Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12 Tura -- Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 ( India ) and Nakugaon post ( Bangladesh ) Shillong -- Sylhet via Dawki integrated checkpost crossing ( India ) and Tambil post ( Bangladesh ) Tripura Agartala -- Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost ( India ) and Akhaura checkpost crossing Karimganj -- Gopalganj District , Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37 ( India ) and Sheola post ( Bangladesh ) Santirbazar -- Feni via Santirbazar integrated border checkpost road and railway crossing in South Tripura district Mizoram Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost , opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Bus service ( edit ) Transport between India and Bangladesh bears much historical and political significance for both countries , which possessed no ground transport links for 43 years , starting with the partition of Bengal and India in 1947 . After the establishment of Bangladesh following the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , bilateral relations improved considerably , but the two governments moved slowly on implementing a 1980 agreement on improving transport links . The Kolkata -- Dhaka Bus started in 1999 . In 2001 , another bus service was launched to connect Dhaka with Agartala , the capital of the Indian state of Tripura , the second largest city of Northeast India that borders Bangladesh in the east . In 2015 June direct bus service from Kolkata to Agartala via , Petrapole , Dhaka , Akhoura began . The service is operated by West Bengal surface transport corporation . India -- Bangladesh rail links ( edit ) See also : Transport between India and Bangladesh § Rail links Before partition India and Bangladesh had multiple rail links . In the 21st century the countries are only connected by rail links on the Western Bangladeshi border , although there are plans to rebuild some of the other rail links . 2 scheduled passenger trains run between Kolkata and Bangladesh as the Maitree Express and the Bandhan Express . India -- Bangladesh barrier ( edit ) The border fence close to the Hili Border station in West Bangladesh The project has run into several delays and there is no clear completion date for the project yet . The barrier when complete will be patrolled by the Border Security Force . The fence will also be electrified at some stretches . The BSF claims that the barrier 's main purpose is to prevent smuggling of narcotics . India is constructing the India -- Bangladesh barrier , a 3,406 - kilometre ( 2,116 mi ) fence of barbed wire and concrete just under 3 metres high , to prevent smuggling of narcotics . Out of this , 500 kilometres of fencing was completed at the cost of ₹ 28.81 billion ( US $440 million ) by November 2007 . The deadline for project completion was set to 2008 -- 09 . By October 2009 , about 2649 kilometres of fencing along with about 3326 kilometres of border roads were completed . The deadline for project completion was revised to March 2010 . By March 2011 , 2735 kilometres of fencing was completed and the deadline was revised to March 2012 . Assam shares 263 km of border with Bangladesh out of which 143.9 km is land and 119.1 km is riverine . As of November 2011 , 221.56 km of fencing was completed . India has completed the installation of flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector . Sometimes between 2001 and 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops ( BDR ) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man 's land . See also ( edit ) Borders of India Deaths along the Bangladesh -- India border 2001 Indian -- Bangladeshi border conflict Bangladesh -- India relations Border barrier Dahala Khagrabari Indo - Bangladesh enclaves Indo - Burma barrier Line of Control Tetulia Corridor Tin Bigha Corridor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Border Management : Dilemma of Guarding the India -- Bangladesh Border '' . IDSA . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1998 ) . The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 482 . ISBN 9780393045949 . Jump up ^ `` WordPress.com '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Brad ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` India 's shoot - to - kill policy on the Bangladesh border '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` India : New Killings , Torture at Bangladeshi Border '' . 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BSF jawan killed in ambush near Bangladesh border -- Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , Channel 4 News , 24 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` India / Bangladesh : Indiscriminate Killings , Abuse by Border Officers '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff Correspondent ( 24 April 2005 ) . `` Border tension flares as BSF kills 2 more '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 19 April 2007 . Jump up ^ India says 59 killed over last six months on Bangladesh border , Reuters , 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BSF abducts 5 children from border '' . The Daily Star . 24 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Years Innocent Bangladeshi Girl Felani Killed by Aggressive Indian Border Security Force ( BSF ) '' . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( 119th Amendment ) Bill , 2013 '' PRS India . Accessed 10 May 2015. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ India ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sougata Mukhopadhyay ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` India -- Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ MANOJ ANAND ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Bangladesh land swap deal : AGP calls bandh , says PM Modi betrayed people '' . The Asian Age . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shubhajit Roy ( 2 December 2014 ) . `` Everything you need to know : Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Special correspondent ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Meghalaya groups flay land - swap deal '' . Calcutta Telegraph . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stateless misery on India -- Bangladesh border '' , BBC , 5 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh , India to swap 162 land parcels '' , AFP , 1 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` UN tribunal puts an end to 40 - year - old India - Bangladesh maritime dispute '' . RT Op - Edge. 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ICP and LCS Jump up ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar , Bangladesh Jump up ^ Malhotra , Jyoti ( 18 June 1999 ) . `` Bus maps the route to better Indo - Bangla ties '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata -- Dhaka Moitree Express flagged off '' . The Times of India . Times Internet Limited . 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centre has fenced 3406 km along Indo - Bangladesh border '' . Thaindian news . 27 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Bangla border fencing to be completed by March 2010 '' . Zee News . 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangla border fence deadline extended '' . The Assam Tribune . 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fencing along India -- Bangladesh Border '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Govt of India . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Bangladesh News from India '' . India Monitor . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . External links ( edit ) Map of India -- Bangladesh border links External links ( edit ) India -- Bangladesh border gunfire News from India Bangladesh -- India relations Treaties and summits Indo - Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Peace Events and conflicts Bangladesh Liberation War Mitro Bahini Mukti Bahini Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Farakka Barrage Sharing of Ganges Waters Chitmahal ( Tin Bigha Corridor , Tetulia Corridor ) India -- Bangladesh enclaves Indian migration to Bangladesh Taslima Nasreen 2001 border conflict Border killings Illegal immigration in India Banglabandha Banga Sena Sharing the water of the Teesta Ganges Barrage Project Initiatives Bangladesh -- India border Joint River Commission Rampal Powerplant Project Forces Border Security Force Border Guards Bangladesh Bangladesh Army Personalities Indira Gandhi Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Morarji Desai Ziaur Rahman Atal Bihari Vajpayee Sheikh Hasina Begum Khaleda Zia Pranab Mukherjee Mamata Banerjee Transport Akhaura - Agartala Rail link ( Under Construction ) Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka - Agartala Bus Grand Trunk Road Jet Airways Kolkata - Agartala Bus ( Via Dhaka ) Kolkata - Dhaka Bus Maitree Express United Airways Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Bangladesh India -- Bangladesh land border checkpoints Bangladesh - India land border checkpoints Checkpoints for crossing of human beings Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Lalgola -- Godagiri Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Radhikapur -- Biral Changrabandha -- Burimari Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Checkpoints for crossing of vehicles Ghojadanga -- Bhomra Petrapole -- Benapole Mohodipur -- Sona Masjid Hili , India -- Hili , Bangladesh Phulbari -- Banglabandha Changrabandha -- Burimari Ghasuapara -- Haluaghat Dawki -- Tamabil Agartala -- Akhaura Srimantanagar -- Bibir Bazar Rail transit points Petrapole -- Benapole Gede -- Darshana Singhabad -- Rohanpur See also Bangladesh - India border Bangladesh -- India relations Railways in the North - east and Eastern India or Railways in Bangladesh for defunct rail transit points Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Coordinates : 26 ° 15 ′ 43 '' N 88 ° 45 ′ 06 '' E / 26.26194 ° N 88.75167 ° E / 26.26194 ; 88.75167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh -- India_border&oldid = 842666908 '' Categories : Bangladesh -- India border Geography of Assam Geography of West Bengal Fences Border barriers Borders of Bangladesh Borders of India Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Bengali - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Español Français Italiano मराठी Português Русский Simple English اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which indian state is bordered by bangladesh from three side	[]	[]
4152699136637364551	Age Ain't Nothing but a Number	Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - wikipedia Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album . For the song , see Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number ( song ) . Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number Studio album by Aaliyah Released May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) Recorded Studio Chicago Recording Company in Chicago Genre R&B new jack swing Length 48 : 54 Label Blackground Jive BMG Records Producer Barry Hankerson ( exec . ) R. Kelly Aaliyah chronology Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number ( 1994 ) One in a Million ( 1996 ) One in a Million 1996 Singles from Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number `` Back & Forth '' Released : May 10 , 1994 `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' Released : August 22 , 1994 `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' Released : December 6 , 1994 `` Down with the Clique '' Released : May 2 , 1995 `` The Thing I Like '' Released : August 3 , 1995 Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number is the debut studio album by American R&B recording artist Aaliyah , released under Jive and Blackground Records on May 24 , 1994 , in the United States . After being signed by her uncle Barry Hankerson , Aaliyah was introduced to recording artist and producer R. Kelly . He became her mentor , as well as the lead songwriter and producer of the album . The duo recorded the album at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago , Illinois . The album featured two hit singles , including the top ten - charting `` Back & Forth '' and `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' ; both singles were certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . One additional single followed in the US : `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . Two more singles were released internationally after `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' : `` Down with the Clique '' and `` The Thing I Like '' . Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number received generally favorable reviews from critics . Many noted Aaliyah 's vocal ability and praised the lyrical content . Aaliyah was credited for redefining R&B by blending her voice with Kelly 's new jack swing . The album peaked at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and sold over three million copies in the United States . The album was certified Gold in Canada by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) and Gold in the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) to date . The album has sold over six million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Musical content 3 Marketing and promotion 4 Reception 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 References 10 Bibliography Background and Recording ( edit ) After Barry Hankerson , Aaliyah 's uncle , signed a distribution deal with Jive Records , he signed her to his Blackground Records label at the age of 12 . Hankerson then introduced her to recording artist and producer R. Kelly . He became Aaliyah 's mentor , as well as lead songwriter and producer of the album . Aaliyah and Kelly began recording the album in 1993 when she was 14 . The duo recorded the first song , `` Old School '' , at the Chicago Recording Company in Chicago , Illinois . While recording the album , Kelly coached her as they worked several hours in the studio . She often sang the songs multiple times in order to achieve `` excellence '' . He claimed that Aaliyah was `` one of the best young artists '' he had worked with . Musical content ( edit ) Aaliyah sang her songs in a falsetto . She felt that the songs `` came at you kind of tough , a bit edgy , hip - hop , but the vocals can be very soothing '' . She went on to say , `` lyrically I want things to be different . '' Marketing and promotion ( edit ) A month before the release of the debut single , `` Back & Forth '' , Aaliyah attended the Urban Network 's `` Power Jam '' conference , where she was introduced and `` received warmly '' . `` Back & Forth '' peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 while topping the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart for three weeks . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA . The second single , `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' , peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and was also certified Gold by the RIAA . In promotion for the album , Aaliyah embarked on a world tour that lasted from 1994 to 1995 , she toured through the US , Europe , Japan and South Africa Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Encyclopedia of Popular Music Entertainment Weekly B+ The Rolling Stone Album Guide Slant Magazine Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Some writers noted that Aaliyah 's `` silky vocals '' and `` sultry voice '' blended with Kelly 's new jack swing helped define R&B in the 1990s . Her sound was also compared to that of female quartet En Vogue . Christopher John Farley of Time magazine described the album as a `` beautifully restrained work '' , noting that Aaliyah 's `` girlish , breathy vocals rode calmly on R. Kelly 's rough beats '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic felt that the album had its `` share of filler '' , but described the singles as `` slyly seductive '' . He also claimed that the songs on the album were `` frequently better '' than that of Kelly 's first studio album , 12 Play . The album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 74,000 copies in its first week . The album ultimately peaked at number 18 on the chart . It sold three million copies in the United States and 6 million copies worldwide . In Canada , the album debuted at number 29 , peaked at number 20 and spent 25 weeks at the chart , selling over 50,000 copies and was certified gold by the CRIA . It also peaked at number 44 on the Dutch Albums Chart ; it peaked at number 23 on the UK Albums Chart , where it was certified Gold by the BPI . Track listing ( edit ) All songs were written and produced by R. Kelly , except for `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' , written by Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley and Chris Jasper . Standard edition No . Title Length 1 . `` Intro '' 1 : 30 2 . `` Throw Your Hands Up '' 3 : 34 3 . `` Back & Forth '' 3 : 51 4 . `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' 4 : 13 5 . `` Down with the Clique '' 3 : 24 6 . `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' 4 : 51 7 . `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' 4 : 07 8 . `` I 'm So into You '' 3 : 25 9 . `` Street Thing '' 4 : 58 10 . `` Young Nation '' 4 : 40 11 . `` Old School '' 3 : 17 12 . `` I 'm Down '' 3 : 16 Bonus tracks No . Title Length 13 . `` The Thing I Like '' 3 : 28 14 . `` Back & Forth '' ( Mr. Lee & R. Kelly 's Remix ) 3 : 45 Personnel ( edit ) Aaliyah -- vocals Timmy Allen -- bass Tom Coyne -- mastering Barry Hankerson -- executive producer Keith Henderson -- guitar Stephanie Huff -- background vocals R. Kelly -- background vocals , multi-instruments , producer , mixing Doug McBride -- mixing assistant Peter Mokran -- programming , engineer , mixing Joshua Shapera -- mixing assistant Maria Valencia -- design Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 - 2001 ) Peak position Canadian Albums Chart 20 European Albums Chart 68 Israeli Albums Chart 96 Japanese Albums Chart 39 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 UK Albums ( OCC ) 23 US Billboard 200 18 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) US Billboard Top Internet Albums 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position US Billboard 200 74 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 3,000,000 Worldwide 6,000,000 + sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Age Ai n't Nothing But A Number - Album Review - Slant Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Returns To Music - Billboard '' . 30 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` REVOLT - Age Still Ai n't Nothing But A Number : Aaliyah 's Debut Turns 20 '' . 17 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Farley 2002 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : `` Aaliyah '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . November 22 , 2001 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah - Obituaries , News '' . The Independent . London : Independent News & Media . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah : Latest Victim of Crashes That Cut Short Fame - Obituary '' . Ebony . FindArticles . November 2001 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dansby , Andrew ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah Dies in Plane Crash '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Age Ai n't Nothing But A Number ( CD ) by Aaliyah ( Artist ) '' . Tower Records . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2005 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Kenyatta 2002 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Farley 2002 , pp. 52 -- 53 ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Beat Bonus '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . August 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 27 December 1996 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' . 30 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds Say Good - Bye To Aaliyah '' . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 27 , 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah , 22 , Singer Who First Hit the Charts at 14 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 1914 . ISBN 0857125958 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , Dimitri ( June 17 , 1994 ) . `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Music Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Keith ( 2004 ) . `` Aaliyah '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Simon & Schuster . p. 1 . ISBN 0743201698 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 2001 ) . `` Aaliyah : Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Album Guide . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` Siren of Subtlety '' . Time . Time . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 - Week of June 11 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah 's Profile '' . SS Music . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number - Aaliyah '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on 26 August 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20130524060741/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/79059/aaliyah-returns-to-music ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20150417122532/http://revolt.tv/news/age-still-aint-nothing-but-a-number-aaliyahs-debut-turns-20/6CD7310D-8406-4733-A8B1-52633C8A76A0 Jump up ^ Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Image : RPM Weekly . RPM. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) : Certification Results '' . Canadian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aaliyah - Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number ( Album ) '' . Ultratop . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah - Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Age Ai n't Nothing But a Number : Aaliyah '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aaliyah -- One in a Million '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Aaliyah . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah -- Chart history '' Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums for Aaliyah . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Aaliyah Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard - Google Livros . Books.google.com. 1994 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese album certifications -- Aaliyah -- One in a Million '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Select 1997 年月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Aaliyah -- Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 16 . Enter Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Aaliyah -- One in a Million '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bibliography ( edit ) Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian David ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide : Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Farley , John ( 2002 ) . Aaliyah : More Than a Woman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5566 - 5 . Kenyatta , Kelly ( 2002 ) . An R&B Princess in Words and Pictures . Amber Books Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9702224 - 3 - 2 . Sutherland , William ( 2005 ) . Aaliyah Remembered . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 5062 - 6 . Aaliyah Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number One in a Million Aaliyah Compilation albums I Care 4 U Ultimate Aaliyah Singles `` Back & Forth '' `` At Your Best ( You Are Love ) '' `` Age Ai n't Nothing but a Number '' `` Down with the Clique '' `` The Thing I Like '' `` Are You Ready ? '' `` If Your Girl Only Knew '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` One in a Million '' `` 4 Page Letter '' `` Hot Like Fire '' `` The One I Gave My Heart To '' `` Journey to the Past '' `` Are You That Somebody ? '' `` I Do n't Wanna '' `` Try Again '' `` Come Back in One Piece '' `` We Need a Resolution '' `` More Than a Woman '' `` Rock the Boat '' `` Miss You '' `` I Care 4 U '' `` Do n't Know What to Tell Ya '' `` Come Over '' `` Enough Said '' Featured singles `` I Need You Tonight '' `` Live and Die for Hip Hop '' `` Up Jumps da Boogie '' `` Do n't Think They Know '' Other songs `` Summer Bunnies ( Summer Bunnies Contest Extended Remix ) '' `` Your Body 's Callin ' ( His & Hers Extended Remix ) '' `` No One Knows How to Love Me Quite Like You Do '' `` Choosey Lover '' Related topics Gladys Knight Rashad Haughton Barry Hankerson R. Kelly Death of Aaliyah Aaliyah : The Princess of R&B Book R. Kelly Discography Production discography Videography Awards and nominations Studio albums 12 Play R. Kelly R . TP-2.com Chocolate Factory Happy People / U Saved Me TP. 3 Reloaded Double Up Untitled Love Letter Write Me Back Black Panties The Buffet 12 Nights of Christmas Collaboration albums Born into the 90 's The Best of Both Worlds Unfinished Business Mixtape The Demo Tape Compilation albums The R. in R&B Collection , Vol. 1 My Diary Remix City , Volume 1 Playlist : The Very Best of R. Kelly Epic Tours Love Letter Tour Trapped in the Closet Chapter 1 Chapters 1 -- 12 Chapters 13 -- 22 Chapters 23 -- 33 The Confessionals `` Trapped in the Closet '' ( South Park ) `` Trapped in the Drive - Thru '' Bibliography Soulacoaster : The Diary of Me Related articles Songs Unreleased songs Rockland Records Public Announcement Aaliyah Andrea Kelly Joann Kelly Shaggy defense Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_Ain%27t_Nothing_but_a_Number&oldid=798295965 '' Categories : 1994 debut albums Aaliyah albums Albums produced by R. Kelly Jive Records albums English - language albums Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Eesti Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who produced age aint nothing but a number	[ "\n\nAge Ain't Nothing but a Number\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio album by Aaliyah\n\n\nReleased\nMay 24, 1994 (1994-05-24)\n\n\nRecorded\n1993\n\n\nStudio\nChicago Recording Company in Chicago\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nR&B\nnew jack swing[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n48:54\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nBlackground\nJive\nBMG Records\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer\n\n\n\nBarry Hankerson (exec.)\nR. Kelly\n\n\n\n\n\nAaliyah chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAge Ain't Nothing But a Number\n(1994)\nOne in a Million\n(1996)One in a Million1996\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingles from Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Back & Forth\"\nReleased: May 10, 1994\n\"At Your Best (You Are Love)\"\nReleased: August 22, 1994\n\"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\"\nReleased: December 6, 1994\n\"Down with the Clique\"\nReleased: May 2, 1995\n\"The Thing I Like\"\nReleased: August 3, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nAge Ain't Nothing but a Number\n\n\n\n\n\nStudio album by Aaliyah\n\n\nReleased\nMay 24, 1994 (1994-05-24)\n\n\nRecorded\n1993\n\n\nStudio\nChicago Recording Company in Chicago\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nR&B\nnew jack swing[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n48:54\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nBlackground\nJive\nBMG Records\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer\n\n\n\nBarry Hankerson (exec.)\nR. Kelly\n\n\n\n\n\nAaliyah chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAge Ain't Nothing But a Number\n(1994)\nOne in a Million\n(1996)One in a Million1996\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingles from Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Back & Forth\"\nReleased: May 10, 1994\n\"At Your Best (You Are Love)\"\nReleased: August 22, 1994\n\"Age Ain't Nothing But a Number\"\nReleased: December 6, 1994\n\"Down with the Clique\"\nReleased: May 2, 1995\n\"The Thing I Like\"\nReleased: August 3, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Barry Hankerson (exec.)", "R. Kelly" ]
-219867488523085654	List of largest houses in the United States	List of largest Houses in the United States - wikipedia List of largest Houses in the United States This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of the largest extant and historic houses in the United States , ordered by square footage of the main house . This list includes houses that have been demolished or are currently under construction . Largest houses ( edit ) Rank Square footage Name Location Built for Owner Year completed Architectural style Architect Image 135,280 Biltmore Estate Asheville , North Carolina George Washington Vanderbilt II William A.V. Cecil Jr . 1895 Châteauesque Richard Morris Hunt 109,000 Oheka Castle Huntington , New York Otto Hermann Kahn Gary Melius 1919 Châteauesque Delano and Aldrich 100,000 Whitemarsh Hall Wyndmoor , Pennsylvania Edward T. Stotesbury ( demolished in 1980 ) 1917 Georgian Horace Trumbauer 97,188 Arden House Harriman , New York Edward Henry Harriman Research Center on Natural Conservation 1909 Châteauesque Carrère and Hastings 96,582 Winterthur Winterthur , Delaware Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum , Garden and Library 1932 Georgian Revival Henry Francis du Pont 6 91,000 Le Palais Royal Hillsboro Beach , Florida Unknown Unknown 2017 Palais Joseph Leone 7 90,000 Cornelius Vanderbilt II House New York , New York Cornelius Vanderbilt II ( demolished in 1926 ) 1882 Châteauesque George B. Post 8 90,000 Shadow Lawn West Long Branch , New Jersey Hubert Templeton Parson Monmouth University 1927 Beaux - Arts Horace Trumbauer 9 85,000 Versailles Windermere , Florida David A. Siegel David A. Siegel ( under construction ) Châteauesque 10 ( tie ) 80,000 Florham Florham Park , New Jersey Hamilton and Florence Vanderbilt Twombly Fairleigh Dickinson University 1897 Georgian Revival McKim Mead & White 10 ( tie ) 80,000 Harbor Hill Roslyn , New York Clarence Hungerford Mackay ( demolished in 1947 ) 1899 Châteauesque McKim Mead & White 12 75,000 Indian Neck Hall Oakdale , New York Frederick Gilbert Bourne St. John 's University 1908 Federal Style Ernest Flagg 13 72,215 Pensmore Highlandville , Missouri Steven T. Huff Steven T. Huff 2016 Châteauesque 14 72,000 Inisfada North Hills , New York Nicholas Frederic Brady ( demolished in 2013 ) 1919 Tudor Revival John Torrey Windrim 15 ( tie ) 70,000 Idle Hour Oakdale , New York William K. Vanderbilt Dowling College 1901 English Country Style Richard Howland Hunt 15 ( tie ) 70,000 Woodlea Briarcliff Manor , New York Elliott Fitch Shepard Sleepy Hollow Country Club 1895 Italian Renaissance Revival McKim , Mead & White 17 68,500 Hearst Castle San Simeon , California William Randolph Hearst California Department of Parks and Recreation 1947 Spanish Colonial Revival Julia Morgan 18 66,341 Grey Towers Castle Glenside , Pennsylvania William Welsh Harrison Arcadia University 1896 Gothic Revival Horace Trumbauer 19 64,000 Fair Field Sagaponack , New York Ira Rennert Ira Rennert 2003 Italian Renaissance Mark Ferguson 20 62,500 Mar - a-Lago Palm Beach , Florida Marjorie Merriweather Post Donald Trump 1927 Spanish Colonial Revival Marion Sims Wyeth Joseph Urban 21 62,482 The Breakers Newport , Rhode Island Cornelius Vanderbilt II Preservation Society of Newport County 1895 Italian Renaissance Richard Morris Hunt 22 62,272 Lynnewood Hall Elkins Park , Pennsylvania Peter A.B. Widener Richard Yoon 1900 Neoclassical Horace Trumbauer 23 62,220 Gemini Manalapan , Florida Gerard Barnes Lambert , Sr Dirk Edward Ziff 1940s Mediterranean Revival Marion Sims Wyeth Edson E. Dailey 24 ( tie ) 60,000 Meadow Brook Hall Rochester Hills , Michigan Matilda Dodge Wilson Oakland University 1929 Tudor Revival Smith Hinchman & Grylls 25 ( tie ) 60,000 Whitehall Palm Beach , Florida Henry Morrison Flagler Henry Morrison Flagler Museum 1902 Beaux - Arts Carrère and Hastings 26 ( tie ) 60,000 Pembroke Glen Cove , New York Joseph De Lamar ( demolished in 1968 ) 1916 Neoclassical C.P.H. Gilbert 26 ( tie ) 60,000 El Mirasol Palm Beach , Florida Edward T. Stotesbury ( demolished in 1958 ) 1920 Spanish Colonial Revival Addison Mizner 28 58,000 Duke Farms Hillsborough Township , New Jersey James Buchanan Duke ( demolished in 2016 ) 1903 Tudor Revival Henry H. Kendall 29 57,000 Eschman Meadows Nashport , Ohio Tami Longaberger 2001 Georgian George Acock Phil White 30 56,881 Castle Hill Ipswich , Massachusetts Richard T. Crane Jr . The Trustees of Reservations 1928 English Baroque David Adler 31 56,368 Andrew Carnegie Mansion New York , New York Andrew Carnegie Smithsonian Institution 1901 Georgian Revival Babb , Cook & Willard 32 56,000 Blairsden Peapack - Gladstone , New Jersey Clinton Ledyard Blair T. Eric Galloway 1903 Châteauesque Carrère and Hastings 33 55,360 Ralston Hall Belmont , California William Chapman Ralston Notre Dame de Namur University 1864 Italianate Henry W. Cleaveland 34 ( tie ) 55,000 White House Washington , D.C. United States of America National Park Service 1800 Neoclassical James Hoban 34 ( tie ) 55,000 Belle Grove White Castle , Louisiana John Andrews ( demolished in 1952 ) 1857 Greek Revival Italianate Henry Howard 34 ( tie ) 55,000 Elm Court Lenox , Massachusetts Emily Thorn Vanderbilt Travaasa Experiential Resorts 1885 American Shingle Style Peabody and Stearns 34 ( tie ) ~ 55,000 Rockwood Hall Mount Pleasant , New York William Rockefeller ( demolished in 1942 ) 1849 Castellated Elizabethan Gervase Wheeler , Carrère and Hastings 38 54,838 Dumbarton Oaks Washington , D.C. William Hammond Dorsey Harvard University 1801 Colonial Revival 39 54,400 Chateau Montagel Shoal Creek , Alabama Larry House Real Estate Investment Trust Châteauesque Bill Shephard 40 54,246 Searles Castle Great Barrington , Massachusetts Mary Hopkins Searles John Dewey Academy 1883 Châteauesque McKim Mead & White 41 53,000 Nottoway White Castle , Louisiana John Hampden Randolph Paul Ramsay 1858 Greek Revival Italianate Henry Howard 42 52,897 Hala Ranch Aspen , Colorado Bandar bin Sultan John Paulson 1991 Rustic Hagman Yaw 43 52,503 The Manor Los Angeles , California Aaron Spelling Petra Stunt Châteauesque James Langenheim & Associates 44 52,300 Felix M. Warburg House New York , New York Felix M. Warburg Jewish Museum of New York 1906 Châteauesque Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert 45 64,500 Stan Hywet Hall Akron , Ohio Frank Seiberling Stan Hywet Hall Foundation 1915 Tudor Revival Charles Sumner Schneider 46 51,000 Hacienda De La Paz Rolling Hills , California John Z . Blazevich John Z . Blazevich 2008 Spanish Colonial Revival Rafael Manzano Martos 47 50,853 Chase Mansion West Hartford , Connecticut Arnold Chase Arnold Chase 2009 Georgian Allan Greenberg 48 50,729 Perry Belmont House Washington , D.C. Perry Belmont Order of the Eastern Star 1909 Beaux - Arts Ernest Sanson Horace Trumbauer 49 50,316 Otto H. Kahn House New York , New York Otto Hermann Kahn Convent of the Sacred Heart 1914 Renaissance Revival J. Armstrong Stenhouse Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert 50 ( tie ) 50,000 1299 Via Tivoli Henderson , Nevada Pierre Omidyar Pierre Omidyar Modern architecture 50 ( tie ) 50,000 Reid Hall Purchase , New York Whitelaw Reid Manhattanville College 1892 Renaissance Revival Stanford White 50 ( tie ) 50,000 Wingwood House Bar Harbor , Maine Alexander Cassatt ( demolished in 1953 ) 1903 Neoclassical Louis Magaziner 50 ( tie ) 50,000 Riverside New York , New York Charles M. Schwab ( demolished in 1948 ) 1906 Châteauesque Maurice Hébert 50 ( tie ) 50,000 Hempstead House Sands Point , New York Howard Gould Nassau County , New York 1912 Tudor Revival Richard Howland Hunt 50 ( tie ) 50,000 Seven Springs Bedford , New York Eugene Meyer Donald Trump 1919 56 49,951 Chateau Bray Madisonville , Texas James and Sonya Bray James and Sonya Bray ( under construction ) French Baroque James and Sonya Bray 57 49,568 8271 E Left Hand Fork Hobble Creek Springville , Utah Tom Mower Tom Mower Italian Renaissance 58 49,300 The Pritzker Estate Los Angeles , California Anthony Pritzker Anthony Pritzker Contemporary Grant Camden Kirkpatrick 59 49,000 Ziff Mansion Pawling , New York William Bernard Ziff , Jr . Dirk Edward Ziff 2000 60 48,515 50 Poplar Hill Drive Farmington , Connecticut Benjamin Sisti Curtis Jackson 1985 Contemporary 61 48,160 Xanadu 2.0 Medina , Washington Bill Gates Bill Gates 1995 Pacific Lodge James Cutler 62 47,000 Nemours Wilmington , Delaware Alfred I. du Pont Nemours Foundation 1909 Neoclassical Carrère and Hastings 63 46,054 Greystone Mansion Beverly Hills , California Edward L. Doheny City of Beverly Hills 1928 Tudor Revival Gordon Kaufmann 64 46,000 Elstowe Manor Elkins Park , Pennsylvania William L. Elkins Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de ' Ricci 1898 Italian Renaissance Horace Trumbauer 65 45,891 457 Bel Air Road Los Angeles , California Beny Alagem Beny Alagem 2006 French Normandy Robert A.M. Stern 66 45,854 Villa Collina Moorestown , New Jersey Vernon Hill Vernon Hill 2002 Italian Renaissance 67 45,842 Townsend House Washington , D.C. Richard T. Townsend Cosmos Club 1901 Beaux - Arts Carrère and Hastings 68 45,120 Illinois Executive Mansion Springfield , Illinois State of Illinois State of Illinois 1855 Georgian Revival John M. Van Osdel 69 ( tie ) 45,000 Yaddo Saratoga Springs , New York Spencer Trask Corporation of Yaddo 1893 Tudor Revival William Halsey Wood 69 ( tie ) 45,000 Darlington Mahwah , New Jersey George Crocker Ilija Pavlovic 1907 Jacobean James Brite 69 ( tie ) 45,000 Henry Clay Frick House New York , New York Henry Clay Frick Frick Collection 1914 Beaux - Arts Carrère and Hastings 72 44,936 Anderson House Washington , D.C. Larz Anderson Society of the Cincinnati 1905 Beaux - Arts Arthur Little Herbert Browne 73 44,925 Le Palais Beverly Hills , California Mohamed Hadid Lola Karimova - Tillyaeva 2011 Châteauesque 74 44,309 Glencairn Bryn Athyn , Pennsylvania Raymond Pitcairn The New Church 1929 Romanesque Raymond Pitcairn 75 44,234 Villa Vittoriosa Fayetteville , Georgia Evander Holyfield Rick Ross Neoclassical Portman Fuchtman Vinson Sunderland 76 44,229 Ochre Court Newport , Rhode Island Ogden Goelet Salve Regina University 1892 Châteauesque Richard Morris Hunt 77 44,000 Hyde Park Hyde Park , New York Frederick Vanderbilt National Park Service 1899 Beaux - Arts Charles Follen McKim 78 43,793 Boldt Castle Alexandria Bay , New York George Boldt Thousand Islands Bridge Authority 1904 Chateauesque G.W. & W.D. Hewitt 79 43,561 Marland Mansion Ponca City , Oklahoma Ernest Whitworth Marland City of Ponca City 1928 Mediterranean Revival John Duncan Forsyth 80 43,557 901 Trophy Hills Drive Las Vegas , Nevada Sheldon Adelson Sheldon Adelson 2013 81 43,517 Asherwood Carmel , Indiana Melvin Simon Bren Simon 1999 Chateauesque 82 43,040 Primatara Springfield , Missouri Robert Low Robert Low ( under construction ) Richard Drummond Davis 83 42,831 Château des Fleurs Los Angeles , California James A. Kaplan James A. Kaplan 2014 Chateauesque William Hefner 84 42,014 51 Winding Brook Drive Saratoga Springs , New York John Breyo John Breyo 2006 Mediterranean Revival Robert Flansburg 85 ( tie ) 42,000 Payne Mansion Esopus , New York Oliver Hazard Payne Marist College 1911 Beaux - Arts Carrère and Hastings 85 ( tie ) 42,000 Rose Terrace Grosse Pointe Farms , Michigan Anna Thompson Dodge ( demolished in 1976 ) 1931 Neoclassical Horace Trumbauer 87 41,774 Le Palais Royal Hillsboro Beach , Florida Robert Pereira Robert Pereira 2014 Beaux - Arts Denio Madera 88 41,050 Carolands Hillsborough , California Harriet Pullman Carolan Charles Bartlett Johnson 1914 Second Empire Ernest Sanson Willis Polk 89 ( tie ) 41,000 Hayes Mansion San Jose , California Mary Hayes Chynoweth City of San Jose 1905 Mediterranean Revival George Page 89 ( tie ) 41,000 NYIT de Seversky Mansion Old Westbury , New York Alfred I. du Pont New York Institute of Technology 1918 Georgian Revival Carrère and Hastings 91 40,916 Il Palmetto Palm Beach , Florida Joseph E. Widener James H. Clark 1927 Mediterranean Revival Maurice Fatio 92 40,280 Walker McCune Mansion Paradise Valley , Arizona Walker McCune George A. Hormel family 1962 Contemporary 93 ( tie ) 40,000 Mills Mansion Hyde Park , New York Ogden Mills New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation 1896 Beaux - Arts Stanford White 93 ( tie ) 40,000 The Braes Glen Cove , New York Herbert L. Pratt Webb Institute 1912 Jacobean James Brite 93 ( tie ) 40,000 Coe Hall Oyster Bay , New York William Robertson Coe Planting Fields Foundation 1921 Tudor Revival Guy Lowell 93 ( tie ) 40,000 Rynwood Old Brookville , New York Samuel Agar Salvage John Mariani Jr 1927 Tudor Revival Roger Bullard 93 ( tie ) 40,000 10697 Somma Way Los Angeles , California Ty Cueva Ty Cueva 2017 Spanish Colonial Revival 98 39,648 Seaview Terrace Newport , Rhode Island Edson Bradley Martin Carey 1925 Chateauesque Howard Greenley 99 39,576 La Reverie Palm Beach , Florida Sydell Miller Sydell Miller 2001 Neoclassical Jeffrey W. Smith 100 39,257 Serenity Ridge Parker , Colorado Cal Turner , Jr . Cal Turner , Jr . 2001 Italianate 101 38,500 North Wales Warrenton , Virginia William Allison David Ford 1776 Georgian 102 38,196 144 Hopewell Road Alton , New Hampshire Bob Bahre Bob Bahre 2003 Georgian 103 ( tie ) 38,000 Government House Annapolis , Maryland State of Maryland State of Maryland 1870 Georgian Richard Snowden Andrews 103 ( tie ) 38,000 Ardrossan Villanova , Pennsylvania Robert Leaming Montgomery Robert Montgomery Scott 1912 Georgian Horace Trumbauer 103 ( tie ) 38,000 Charles Gates Mansion Minneapolis , Minnesota Charles Gates ( demolished 1933 ) 1913 Renaissance Revival 103 ( tie ) 38,000 Billionaire Los Angeles , California Bruce Makowsky Bruce Makowsky 2016 Contemporary Bruce Makowsky See also ( edit ) List of Gilded Age mansions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buncombe County Tax Records , http://www.buncombetax.org/ , Parcel ID 9637 - 94 - 4030 - 00000 , Residential Building 22 ( mansion ) and Commercial Building 9 ( attached stable ) Jump up ^ `` Oheka History '' . Oheka Castle . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arden House '' . Orange County New York . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Versailles house '' . Google maps measurement tool . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brite , Brady ( January 12 , 2011 ) . ( subscription required ) % 5b % 5bCategory : Pages containing links to subscription - only content % 5d % 5d `` Living large : Home going up in Highlandville to be one of country 's largest '' Check url = value ( help ) . Christian County Headliner . Jump up ^ Rittman , Emily . `` Huge Highlandville Home Spans 72,215 Square Feet -- Larger than White House '' . KSPR . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brite , Brady ( February 2 , 2011 ) . ( subscription required ) % 5b % 5bCategory : Pages containing links to subscription - only content % 5d % 5d `` Details emerge on Overwatch Manor '' Check url = value ( help ) . Christian County Headliner . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sleepy Hollow '' ( PDF ) . Sleepy Hollow CC . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hearst Castle Facts and Stats '' . Hearst Castle . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S EASTON RD '' . Montgomery County . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 64,000 Square Feet Not Enough -- Rennert Wants More Space '' . The East Hampton Press . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In the Region / Long Island ; In Maxi - Mansion Furor , Echoes and Portents ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janiskee , Bob ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Pruning the Parks : Mar - a-Lago National Historic Site ( 1972 - 1980 ) Was a Gift the National Park Service Could n't Afford to Keep '' . National Parks Traveler . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 44 Ochre Point Ave '' . Vision Government Solutions . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIRST KOREAN CHURCH OF NEW YORK INC ASHBOURNE RD '' . Montgomery County Pennsylvania . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 S Ocean Blvd '' . Premier Estate Properties . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meadow Brook Hall '' . Google maps measurement tool . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Duke Estate '' . Sterling DiSanto and Associates . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Longaberger estate on market for $15 M '' . Wane.com . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 East 91st Street '' . New York City Finance . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Blair Drive '' . Realtor.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zavalick , Charlie ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Peapack - Gladstone OK 's tours of historic Blairsden estate '' . The Bernardsville News . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1703 32nd St NW '' . Homefacts.com . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Largest Listing is a ' Versailles ' With Guitar Gardens '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Montagel Way '' . Realtor.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Montagel Way '' . Hurwitzjamesco.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 389 Main Street '' . Community Software Consortium . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Starwood Mountain Ranch '' . Pitkin County . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 594 S Mapleton Dr , Los Angeles '' . Zillow . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Liz Kelly ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tori Spelling 's former home , the Manor , sold to British heiress '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Museum Finds Its Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 714 Portage Path '' . Summit County . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hacienda de la Paz '' . Hilton & Hyland . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1618 New Hampshire Avenue '' . Property Shark.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 East 91st Street '' . New York City Finance . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pierre Omidyar Las Vegas Estate Jump up ^ `` Hempstead House '' . Friends of Sands Point Preserve . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All of Donald Trump 's Houses , in Photos '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8272 E Left Hand Fork Hobble Creek '' . Weichert . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chung , Juliet ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Living Very Large '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Browning , E.S. ( March 3 , 1997 ) . `` An Investor Rocks Wall Street With $4 Billion Trove , Big Plans '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at 50 Cent 's 48,515 Square Foot Mansion '' . Bank Loans and Rates . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures : The Farmington Mansion Owned By Ben Sisti , Mike Tyson , 50 Cent '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fillo , Mary Ellen ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` 50 Cent Lowers Farmington Mansion Asking Price '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1835 73RD AVE NE 98039 '' . King County Department of Assessments . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greystone History '' . Friends of Greystone . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parks , Jessica ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` A new era may dawn for the Elkins Estate '' . philly.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Parcel Viewer '' . Maps.assessor.lacounty.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 50,000 Square Foot Mega Mansion Designed By Robert A.M. Stern '' . Homes of the Rich . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Capuzzo , Jill P. ( March 25 , 2001 ) . `` Here Comes the Neighborhood ; In Moorestown , a Town of Gracious and Costly Houses , One Place Stands Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ less 20,000 sf for annex `` 2121 Massachusetts Avenue '' Check url = value ( help ) . Property Shark . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Executive Mansion needs minimum $8.8 M in repairs , upgrades '' . The State Journal - Register . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catch a Rare Glimpse Inside Yaddo '' . Yaddo . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crocker Mansion '' . Crocker Mansion LLC . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crocker Mansion in Mahwah sells for $8.88 M '' . nj.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shnayerson , Michael ( August 1998 ) . `` Sand Simeon '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2118 Massachusetts Avenue '' . Homefacts.com . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A mega-mansion fit for the daughter of a Central Asian dictator : Glamorous offspring of Uzbek leader buys $58 m Beverly Hills pad '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1001 Cathedral Road '' . Montgomery County . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 794 Evander Holyfield Hwy '' . Zillow.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Moving on up ! Rick Ross spends $5.8 million for Evander Holyfield 's 109 - room foreclosed Georgia mansion '' . Mail Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Ochre Point Ave '' . Vision Government Solutions . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABC40 Road Trip : Hyde Park , N.Y. '' ABC 40 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heart Island '' . Jefferson County . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marland Mansion Tour '' . The Marland Estate . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10110 Ditch Road '' . Zillow.com . Jump up ^ `` Answer Man : What is the owner of Prime trucking building ? '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavatore , Alison ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Haute Estate : 60,000 - Square - Foot Chateau des Fleurs in Bel - Air '' . Haute Living . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Winding Brook Drive '' . Saratoga County . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gurnett , Kate ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Sometimes , a man 's castle is his home '' . Times Union . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 935 Hillsboro Mile '' . Realtor.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candace ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` A Mansion in Florida 's Hillsboro Beach Is Palatially Priced at $139 Million '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 565 Remillard Dr '' . San Mateo County . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hays Mansion '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaman , Diana . `` 7 Homes Planned at Former Estate Held by College '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1500 S Ocean Blvd '' . Palm Beach County . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Now the 12 Largest Houses on the Market in America '' . Curbed.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` At Banfi Winery , Tuscan Meets Tudor '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listed at $75 M , LA 's biggest spec house was built to be the ultimate `` billionaire entertainer 's paradise '' `` . The Real Deal . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 207 Ruggles Ave '' . Vision Government Solutions . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1415 S Ocean Blvd '' . Palm Beach County . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Evans Ranch '' . Douglas County . Jump up ^ Emerson , Lawrence ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` 1,471 - acre North Wales sells to financier for $21 million '' . Fauquier Now . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scheel , Eugene ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Early Preservationist Recalls Her Finest ' Moment ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 144 Hopewell '' . Landvest . Jump up ^ Evans , Sophie Jane . `` Fancy living in a multimillion - dollar mansion for free ? Run for governor ! The sprawling official residences of U.S. state leaders '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Eileen . `` High Society '' . Smith Reports . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Gates Mansion '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 924 Bel Air Road '' . Zillow . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal J. ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` The U.S. ' priciest house for sale is a Bel - Air mansion that includes 7 staffers and a helicopter '' . LATimes.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Lists of real estate superlatives By country Saudi Arabia USA Superlative Home ownership rate Most expensive street Most expensive cities for expatriate employees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_houses_in_the_United_States&oldid=852966602 '' Categories : Lists of largest buildings and structures Houses in the United States Lists of buildings and structures in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 15 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the largest home in the us	[ "\n\n\nRank\n\nSquare footage\nName\nLocation\nBuilt for\nOwner\n\nYear completed\nArchitectural style\nArchitect\nImage\n\n\n1\n135,280[1]\nBiltmore Estate\nAsheville, North Carolina\nGeorge Washington Vanderbilt II\nWilliam A.V. Cecil Jr.\n1895\nChâteauesque\nRichard Morris Hunt\n\n\n\n2\n109,000 [2]\nOheka Castle\nHuntington, New York\nOtto Hermann Kahn\nGary Melius\n1919\nChâteauesque\nDelano and Aldrich\n\n\n\n3\n\n100,000\nWhitemarsh Hall\nWyndmoor, Pennsylvania\nEdward T. Stotesbury\n(demolished in 1980)\n1917\nGeorgian\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n4\n97,188[3]\nArden House\nHarriman, New York\nEdward Henry Harriman\nResearch Center on Natural Conservation\n1909\nChâteauesque\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n5\n96,582\nWinterthur\nWinterthur, Delaware\nHenry Francis du Pont\nWinterthur Museum, Garden and Library\n1932\nGeorgian Revival\nHenry Francis du Pont\n\n\n\n6\n91,000\nLe Palais Royal\nHillsboro Beach, Florida\nUnknown\nUnknown\n2017\nPalais\nJoseph Leone\n\n\n7\n\n90,000\nCornelius Vanderbilt II House\nNew York, New York\nCornelius Vanderbilt II\n(demolished in 1926)\n1882\nChâteauesque\nGeorge B. Post\n\n\n\n8\n90,000\nShadow Lawn\nWest Long Branch, New Jersey\nHubert Templeton Parson\nMonmouth University\n1927\nBeaux-Arts\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n9\n85,000[4]\nVersailles\nWindermere, Florida\nDavid A. Siegel\nDavid A. Siegel\n(under construction)\nChâteauesque\n\n\n\n\n10 (tie)\n80,000\nFlorham\nFlorham Park, New Jersey\nHamilton and Florence Vanderbilt Twombly\nFairleigh Dickinson University\n1897\nGeorgian Revival\nMcKim Mead & White\n\n\n\n10 (tie)\n\n80,000\nHarbor Hill\nRoslyn, New York\nClarence Hungerford Mackay\n(demolished in 1947)\n1899\nChâteauesque\nMcKim Mead & White\n\n\n\n12\n75,000\nIndian Neck Hall\nOakdale, New York\nFrederick Gilbert Bourne\nSt. John's University\n1908\nFederal Style\nErnest Flagg\n\n\n\n13\n\n72,215 [5][6][7]\nPensmore\nHighlandville, Missouri\nSteven T. Huff\nSteven T. Huff\n2016\nChâteauesque\n\n\n\n\n14\n\n72,000\nInisfada\nNorth Hills, New York\nNicholas Frederic Brady\n(demolished in 2013)\n1919\nTudor Revival\nJohn Torrey Windrim\n\n\n\n15 (tie)\n70,000\nIdle Hour\nOakdale, New York\nWilliam K. Vanderbilt\nDowling College\n1901\nEnglish Country Style\nRichard Howland Hunt\n\n\n\n15 (tie)\n70,000[8]\nWoodlea\nBriarcliff Manor, New York\nElliott Fitch Shepard\nSleepy Hollow Country Club\n1895\nItalian Renaissance Revival\nMcKim, Mead & White\n\n\n\n17\n68,500[9]\nHearst Castle\nSan Simeon, California\nWilliam Randolph Hearst\nCalifornia Department of Parks and Recreation\n1947\nSpanish Colonial Revival\nJulia Morgan\n\n\n\n18\n66,341[10]\nGrey Towers Castle\nGlenside, Pennsylvania\nWilliam Welsh Harrison\nArcadia University\n1896\nGothic Revival\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n19\n64,000[11]\nFair Field\nSagaponack, New York\nIra Rennert\nIra Rennert\n2003\nItalian Renaissance\nMark Ferguson[12]\n\n\n\n20\n62,500 [13]\nMar-a-Lago\nPalm Beach, Florida\nMarjorie Merriweather Post\nDonald Trump\n1927\nSpanish Colonial Revival\nMarion Sims WyethJoseph Urban\n\n\n\n21\n62,482[14]\nThe Breakers\nNewport, Rhode Island\nCornelius Vanderbilt II\nPreservation Society of Newport County\n1895\nItalian Renaissance\nRichard Morris Hunt\n\n\n\n22\n62,272[15]\nLynnewood Hall\nElkins Park, Pennsylvania\nPeter A. B. Widener\nRichard Yoon\n1900\nNeoclassical\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n23\n62,220[16]\nGemini\nManalapan, Florida\nGerard Barnes Lambert, Sr\nDirk Edward Ziff\n1940s\nMediterranean Revival\nMarion Sims WyethEdson E. Dailey\n\n\n\n24 (tie)\n60,000[17]\nMeadow Brook Hall\nRochester Hills, Michigan\nMatilda Dodge Wilson\nOakland University\n1929\nTudor Revival\nSmith Hinchman & Grylls\n\n\n\n25 (tie)\n60,000\nWhitehall\nPalm Beach, Florida\nHenry Morrison Flagler\nHenry Morrison Flagler Museum\n1902\nBeaux-Arts\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n26 (tie)\n\n60,000\nPembroke\nGlen Cove, New York\nJoseph De Lamar\n(demolished in 1968)\n1916\nNeoclassical\nC.P.H. Gilbert\n\n\n26 (tie)\n\n60,000\nEl Mirasol\nPalm Beach, Florida\nEdward T. Stotesbury\n(demolished in 1958)\n1920\nSpanish Colonial Revival\nAddison Mizner\n\n\n\n28\n\n58,000[18]\nDuke Farms\nHillsborough Township, New Jersey\nJames Buchanan Duke\n(demolished in 2016)\n1903\nTudor Revival\nHenry H. Kendall\n\n\n\n29\n57,000[19]\nEschman Meadows\nNashport, Ohio\nTami Longaberger\n\n2001\nGeorgian\nGeorge Acock Phil White\n\n\n\n30\n56,881\nCastle Hill\nIpswich, Massachusetts\nRichard T. Crane Jr.\nThe Trustees of Reservations\n1928\nEnglish Baroque\nDavid Adler\n\n\n\n31\n56,368[20]\nAndrew Carnegie Mansion\nNew York, New York\nAndrew Carnegie\nSmithsonian Institution\n1901\nGeorgian Revival\nBabb, Cook & Willard\n\n\n\n32\n56,000[21]\nBlairsden\nPeapack-Gladstone, New Jersey\nClinton Ledyard Blair\nT. Eric Galloway[22]\n1903\nChâteauesque\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n33\n55,360\nRalston Hall\nBelmont, California\nWilliam Chapman Ralston\nNotre Dame de Namur University\n1864\nItalianate\nHenry W. Cleaveland\n\n\n\n34 (tie)\n55,000\nWhite House\nWashington, D.C.\nUnited States of America\nNational Park Service\n1800\nNeoclassical\nJames Hoban\n\n\n\n34 (tie)\n\n55,000\nBelle Grove\nWhite Castle, Louisiana\nJohn Andrews\n(demolished in 1952)\n1857\nGreek Revival Italianate\nHenry Howard\n\n\n\n34 (tie)\n55,000\nElm Court\nLenox, Massachusetts\nEmily Thorn Vanderbilt\nTravaasa Experiential Resorts \n\n1885\nAmerican Shingle Style\nPeabody and Stearns\n\n\n\n34 (tie)\n~55,000\nRockwood Hall\nMount Pleasant, New York\nWilliam Rockefeller\n(demolished in 1942)\n1849\nCastellated Elizabethan\nGervase Wheeler, Carrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n38\n54,838[23]\nDumbarton Oaks\nWashington, D.C.\nWilliam Hammond Dorsey\nHarvard University\n1801\nColonial Revival\n\n\n\n\n39\n54,400[24]\nChateau Montagel\nShoal Creek, Alabama\nLarry House\nReal Estate Investment Trust\n1997[25]\nChâteauesque\nBill Shephard[26]\n\n\n\n40\n54,246[27]\nSearles Castle\nGreat Barrington, Massachusetts\nMary Hopkins Searles\nJohn Dewey Academy\n1883\nChâteauesque\nMcKim Mead & White\n\n\n\n41\n53,000\nNottoway\nWhite Castle, Louisiana\nJohn Hampden Randolph\nPaul Ramsay\n1858\nGreek Revival Italianate\nHenry Howard\n\n\n\n42\n52,897[28]\nHala Ranch\nAspen, Colorado\nBandar bin Sultan\nJohn Paulson\n1991\nRustic\nHagman Yaw\n\n\n\n43\n52,503[29]\nThe Manor\nLos Angeles, California\nAaron Spelling\nPetra Stunt [30]\n1988\nChâteauesque\nJames Langenheim & Associates\n\n\n\n44\n52,300[31]\nFelix M. Warburg House\nNew York, New York\nFelix M. Warburg\nJewish Museum of New York\n1906\nChâteauesque\nCharles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert\n\n\n\n45\n64,500[32]\nStan Hywet Hall\nAkron, Ohio\nFrank Seiberling\nStan Hywet Hall Foundation\n1915\nTudor Revival\nCharles Sumner Schneider\n\n\n\n46\n51,000[33]\nHacienda De La Paz\nRolling Hills, California\nJohn Z. Blazevich\nJohn Z. Blazevich\n2008\nSpanish Colonial Revival\nRafael Manzano Martos\n\n\n\n47\n50,853\nChase Mansion\nWest Hartford, Connecticut\nArnold Chase\nArnold Chase\n2009\nGeorgian\nAllan Greenberg\n\n\n\n48\n50,729[34]\nPerry Belmont House\nWashington, D.C.\nPerry Belmont\nOrder of the Eastern Star\n1909\nBeaux-Arts\nErnest SansonHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n49\n50,316[35]\nOtto H. Kahn House\nNew York, New York\nOtto Hermann Kahn\nConvent of the Sacred Heart\n1914\nRenaissance Revival\nJ. Armstrong StenhouseCharles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n50,000 [36]\n1299 Via Tivoli\nHenderson, Nevada\nPierre Omidyar\nPierre Omidyar\n2010\nModern architecture\n\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n50,000\nReid Hall\nPurchase, New York\nWhitelaw Reid\nManhattanville College\n1892\nRenaissance Revival\nStanford White\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n\n50,000\nWingwood House\nBar Harbor, Maine\nAlexander Cassatt\n(demolished in 1953)\n1903\nNeoclassical\nLouis Magaziner\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n\n50,000\nRiverside\nNew York, New York\nCharles M. Schwab\n(demolished in 1948)\n1906\nChâteauesque\nMaurice Hébert\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n50,000[37]\nHempstead House\nSands Point, New York\nHoward Gould\nNassau County, New York\n1912\nTudor Revival\nRichard Howland Hunt\n\n\n\n50 (tie)\n50,000[38]\nSeven Springs\n Bedford, New York\nEugene Meyer\nDonald Trump\n1919\n\n\n\n\n\n56\n\n49,951\nChateau Bray\nMadisonville, Texas\nJames and Sonya Bray\nJames and Sonya Bray\n(under construction)\nFrench Baroque\nJames and Sonya Bray\n\n\n\n57\n49,568[39]\n8271 E Left Hand Fork Hobble Creek\nSpringville, Utah\nTom Mower\nTom Mower\n2010\nItalian Renaissance\n\n\n\n\n58\n49,300[40]\nThe Pritzker Estate\nLos Angeles, California\nAnthony Pritzker\nAnthony Pritzker\n2010\nContemporary\nGrant Camden Kirkpatrick\n\n\n\n59\n49,000[41]\nZiff Mansion\nPawling, New York\nWilliam Bernard Ziff, Jr.\nDirk Edward Ziff\n2000\n\n\n\n\n\n60\n48,515[42]\n50 Poplar Hill Drive\nFarmington, Connecticut\nBenjamin Sisti[43]\nCurtis Jackson[44]\n1985\nContemporary\n\n\n\n\n61\n48,160[45]\nXanadu 2.0\nMedina, Washington\nBill Gates\nBill Gates\n1995\nPacific Lodge\nJames Cutler\n\n\n\n62\n47,000\nNemours\nWilmington, Delaware\nAlfred I. du Pont\nNemours Foundation\n1909\nNeoclassical\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n63\n46,054[46]\nGreystone Mansion\nBeverly Hills, California\nEdward L. Doheny\nCity of Beverly Hills\n1928\nTudor Revival\nGordon Kaufmann\n\n\n\n64\n46,000[47]\nElstowe Manor\nElkins Park, Pennsylvania\nWilliam L. Elkins\nDominican Sisters of St. Catherine de' Ricci\n1898\nItalian Renaissance\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n65\n45,891[48]\n457 Bel Air Road\nLos Angeles, California\nBeny Alagem\nBeny Alagem\n2006\nFrench Normandy\nRobert A.M. Stern[49]\n\n\n\n66\n45,854[50]\nVilla Collina\nMoorestown, New Jersey\nVernon Hill\nVernon Hill\n2002\nItalian Renaissance[50]\n\n\n\n\n67\n45,842[51]\nTownsend House\nWashington, D.C.\nRichard T. Townsend\nCosmos Club\n1901\nBeaux-Arts\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n68\n45,120[52]\nIllinois Executive Mansion\nSpringfield, Illinois\nState of Illinois\nState of Illinois\n1855\nGeorgian Revival\nJohn M. Van Osdel\n\n\n\n69 (tie)\n45,000[53]\n\nYaddo\nSaratoga Springs, New York\nSpencer Trask\nCorporation of Yaddo\n1893\nTudor Revival\nWilliam Halsey Wood\n\n\n\n69 (tie)\n45,000[54]\n\nDarlington\nMahwah, New Jersey\nGeorge Crocker\nIlija Pavlovic[55]\n1907\nJacobean\nJames Brite\n\n\n\n69 (tie)\n45,000[56]\n\nHenry Clay Frick House\nNew York, New York\nHenry Clay Frick\nFrick Collection\n1914\nBeaux-Arts\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n72\n44,936[57]\nAnderson House\nWashington, D.C.\nLarz Anderson\nSociety of the Cincinnati\n1905\nBeaux-Arts\nArthur Little Herbert Browne\n\n\n\n73\n44,925\nLe Palais\nBeverly Hills, California\nMohamed Hadid\nLola Karimova-Tillyaeva[58]\n2011\nChâteauesque\n\n\n\n\n74\n44,309[59]\nGlencairn\nBryn Athyn, Pennsylvania\nRaymond Pitcairn\nThe New Church\n1929\nRomanesque\nRaymond Pitcairn\n\n\n\n75\n44,234[60]\nVilla Vittoriosa\nFayetteville, Georgia\nEvander Holyfield\nRick Ross[61]\n1994\nNeoclassical\nPortman Fuchtman Vinson Sunderland\n\n\n\n76\n44,229[62]\nOchre Court\nNewport, Rhode Island\nOgden Goelet\nSalve Regina University\n1892\nChâteauesque\nRichard Morris Hunt\n\n\n\n77\n44,000[63]\nHyde Park\nHyde Park, New York\nFrederick Vanderbilt\nNational Park Service\n1899\nBeaux-Arts\nCharles Follen McKim\n\n\n\n78\n43,793[64]\nBoldt Castle\nAlexandria Bay, New York\nGeorge Boldt\nThousand Islands Bridge Authority\n1904\nChateauesque\nG.W. & W.D. Hewitt\n\n\n\n79\n43,561[65]\nMarland Mansion\nPonca City, Oklahoma\nErnest Whitworth Marland\nCity of Ponca City\n1928\nMediterranean Revival\nJohn Duncan Forsyth\n\n\n\n80\n43,557\n901 Trophy Hills Drive\nLas Vegas, Nevada\nSheldon Adelson\nSheldon Adelson\n2013\n\n\n\n\n\n81\n43,517[66]\nAsherwood\nCarmel, Indiana\nMelvin Simon\nBren Simon\n1999\nChateauesque\n\n\n\n\n82\n\n43,040[67]\nPrimatara\nSpringfield, Missouri\nRobert Low\nRobert Low\n(under construction)\n\nRichard Drummond Davis\n\n\n\n83\n42,831[68]\nChâteau des Fleurs\nLos Angeles, California\nJames A. Kaplan\nJames A. Kaplan\n2014\nChateauesque\nWilliam Hefner\n\n\n\n84\n42,014[69]\n51 Winding Brook Drive\nSaratoga Springs, New York\nJohn Breyo\nJohn Breyo\n2006\nMediterranean Revival\nRobert Flansburg[70]\n\n\n\n85 (tie)\n42,000\nPayne Mansion\nEsopus, New York\nOliver Hazard Payne\nMarist College\n1911\nBeaux-Arts\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n85 (tie)\n\n42,000\nRose Terrace\nGrosse Pointe Farms, Michigan\nAnna Thompson Dodge\n(demolished in 1976)\n1931\nNeoclassical\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n87\n41,774[71]\nLe Palais Royal\nHillsboro Beach, Florida\nRobert Pereira[72]\nRobert Pereira\n2014\nBeaux-Arts\nDenio Madera\n\n\n88\n41,050[73]\nCarolands\nHillsborough, California\nHarriet Pullman Carolan\nCharles Bartlett Johnson\n1914\nSecond Empire\nErnest Sanson Willis Polk\n\n\n\n89 (tie)\n41,000[74]\nHayes Mansion\nSan Jose, California\nMary Hayes Chynoweth\nCity of San Jose\n1905\nMediterranean Revival\nGeorge Page\n\n\n\n89 (tie)\n41,000[75]\nNYIT de Seversky Mansion\nOld Westbury, New York\nAlfred I. du Pont\nNew York Institute of Technology\n1918\nGeorgian Revival\nCarrère and Hastings\n\n\n\n91\n40,916[76]\nIl Palmetto\nPalm Beach, Florida\nJoseph E. Widener\nJames H. Clark\n1927\nMediterranean Revival\nMaurice Fatio\n\n\n\n92\n40,280[77]\nWalker McCune Mansion\nParadise Valley, Arizona\nWalker McCune\nGeorge A. Hormel family\n1962\nContemporary\n\n\n\n\n93 (tie)\n40,000\nMills Mansion\nHyde Park, New York\nOgden Mills\nNew York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation\n1896\nBeaux-Arts\nStanford White\n\n\n\n93 (tie)\n40,000\nThe Braes\nGlen Cove, New York\nHerbert L. Pratt\nWebb Institute\n1912\nJacobean\nJames Brite\n\n\n\n93 (tie)\n40,000\nCoe Hall\nOyster Bay, New York\nWilliam Robertson Coe\nPlanting Fields Foundation\n1921\nTudor Revival\nGuy Lowell\n\n\n\n93 (tie)\n40,000[78]\nRynwood\nOld Brookville, New York\nSamuel Agar Salvage\nJohn Mariani Jr\n1927\nTudor Revival\nRoger Bullard\n\n\n\n93 (tie)\n40,000[79]\n10697 Somma Way\nLos Angeles, California\nTy Cueva\nTy Cueva\n2017\nSpanish Colonial Revival\n\n\n\n\n98\n39,648[80]\nSeaview Terrace\nNewport, Rhode Island\nEdson Bradley\nMartin Carey\n1925\nChateauesque\nHoward Greenley\n\n\n\n99\n39,576[81]\nLa Reverie\nPalm Beach, Florida\nSydell Miller\nSydell Miller\n2001\nNeoclassical\nJeffrey W. Smith\n\n\n\n100\n39,257[82]\nSerenity Ridge\nParker, Colorado\nCal Turner, Jr.\nCal Turner, Jr.\n2001\nItalianate\n\n\n\n\n101\n38,500[83]\nNorth Wales\nWarrenton, Virginia\nWilliam Allison[84]\nDavid Ford\n1776\nGeorgian\n\n\n\n\n102\n38,196[85]\n144 Hopewell Road\nAlton, New Hampshire\nBob Bahre\nBob Bahre\n2003\nGeorgian\n\n\n\n\n103 (tie)\n38,000[86]\nGovernment House\nAnnapolis, Maryland\nState of Maryland\nState of Maryland\n1870\nGeorgian\nRichard Snowden Andrews\n\n\n\n103 (tie)\n38,000[87]\nArdrossan\nVillanova, Pennsylvania\nRobert Leaming Montgomery\nRobert Montgomery Scott\n1912\nGeorgian\nHorace Trumbauer\n\n\n\n103 (tie)\n\n38,000[88]\n\nCharles Gates Mansion\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\nCharles Gates\n(demolished 1933)\n1913\nRenaissance Revival\n\n\n\n\n103 (tie)\n38,000[89]\nBillionaire\nLos Angeles, California\nBruce Makowsky[90]\nBruce Makowsky\n2016\nContemporary\nBruce Makowsky\n\n\n" ]	[ "William A.V. Cecil Jr." ]
1732200130900917029	Backboard shattering	Backboard shattering - wikipedia Backboard shattering Jump to : navigation , search A backboard shattering is an accident or stunt in basketball . It occurs when a player slam dunks the ball hard enough to break the 1 / 2 '' tempered safety glass of the backboard . The stunt has caused games to be canceled or delayed , serious injuries to occur and expensive costs of cleanup and replacement . Shattering a backboard is extremely dangerous , sending shards of glass flying over the players and fans . In the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , shattering a backboard during a game is penalized with a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul and a possible fine towards the player . The player may not be ejected , nor shall the foul count towards a player 's total towards either ejection or suspension . Backboard shattering has altered the game in many different ways . In 1967 , the dunk was banned in high school and college basketball . The rule - makers claimed the dunk was outlawed to prevent injury and equipment damage . After multiple issues with the new rule , nine years later they allowed the slam dunk to be legal again due to the invention of the breakaway rim . The NBA began using them after Darryl Dawkins shattered two backboards with his slam dunks during the 1979 -- 80 season . Throughout the history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim . However , the first NBA player to shatter a backboard , Chuck Connors ( who would become far more famous as an actor ) , did not do so with a dunk . When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946 , Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups , hitting the front of the rim . Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard , the backboard shattered . All - star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous as a backboard breaker in the NBA , shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s . In the ABA , Charlie Hentz shattered two backboards in the same game on November 6 , 1970 , resulting in the game being cancelled . Darryl Dawkins became famous for shattering backboards , and is credited for being the one person to cause the NBA to introduce `` breakaway rims '' . Shaquille O'Neal slam dunked so hard that he broke the supports holding two backboards during games against the New Jersey Nets and the Phoenix Suns during the 1992 -- 93 NBA season . Chris Morris , a former NBA star with the New Jersey Nets , shattered a backboard during a game in 1993 ; Jerome Lane shattered a backboard during a game in 1988 while playing for the University of Pittsburgh ; Blue Edwards shattered a backboard during a Midnight Madness event while he was playing at East Carolina . Bryant Reeves shattered a backboard during team practice / warm - ups prior to their 1995 NCAA tourney game against UCLA . Following the 1992 -- 93 season the NBA increased steel brace strength and increased stability of the backboard to prevent the hoop from falling down after Shaquille O'Neal broke two goal standards the previous season ( although the glass remained intact , welds in the goal standard failed ) . The aforementioned technical foul was also introduced at the time . During the NCAA tournament in 1996 , Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech against North Carolina . Robert Traylor , while playing for the Michigan Wolverines , shattered a backboard against the Ball State Cardinals in 1996 . In 2012 , during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari , Italy , Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey ended up breaking the glass of a backboard against Dinamo Sassari . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shattering Backboards . NBA.com . October 23 , 2001 Jump up ^ Herzog , Brian ( 2003 ) . Hoopmania . New York : Rosen . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( 15 February 2004 ) . `` A Game Played Above the Rim , Above all Else '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Rifleman is first to shatter an NBA backboard '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam ( April 30 , 1987 ) . `` Gus Johnson , Ex-N.B.A. Star with Baltimore , is Dead at 48 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWisFa-c-T4 Chris Morris Shatters Backboard Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh9PToHOquI `` Send It In , Jerome ! ! '' Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9XYG_EWOjQ Blue Edwards breaks backboard Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZQYF2hNgM Bryant Reeves breaks backboard Jump up ^ Roberts , Selena ( Sep 13 , 1993 ) . `` New This Year In Nba : Shaq - proof Backboards '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved Apr 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skipwith , Wes . `` Faces in the Crowd '' . Texas Media Relations . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Kalmbach , Bob . `` Crashing the boards '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Joey Dorsey σπάει το ταμπλό redbasketzone.blogspot.com on YouTube Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backboard_shattering&oldid=837828544 '' Categories : Basketball terminology 1946 introductions Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 38 . 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About Wikipedia	who was the last person to break a backboard in the nba	[ "Chris Morris, a former NBA star with the New Jersey Nets, shattered a backboard during a game in 1993;[6] Jerome Lane shattered a backboard during a game in 1988 while playing for the University of Pittsburgh;[7] Blue Edwards shattered a backboard during a Midnight Madness event while he was playing at East Carolina.[8] Bryant Reeves shattered a backboard during team practice/warm-ups prior to their 1995 NCAA tourney game against UCLA.[9] Following the 1992–93 season the NBA increased steel brace strength and increased stability of the backboard to prevent the hoop from falling down after Shaquille O'Neal broke two goal standards the previous season (although the glass remained intact, welds in the goal standard failed). The aforementioned technical foul was also introduced at the time.[10][1] During the NCAA tournament in 1996, Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech against North Carolina.[11] Robert Traylor, while playing for the Michigan Wolverines, shattered a backboard against the Ball State Cardinals in 1996.[12] In 2012, during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari, Italy, Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey ended up breaking the glass of a backboard against Dinamo Sassari.[13]" ]	[ "Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey" ]
3821768001705611306	Papua New Guinea (song)	Papua New Guinea ( song ) - wikipedia Papua New Guinea ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Papua New Guinea '' Single by The Future Sound of London from the album Accelerator Released 1991 Format CD Vinyl Cassette Recorded Earthbeat Studios Genre Electronica , techno , ambient , breakbeat techno Length 6 : 45 Label Jumpin ' & Pumpin ' Records Cat . 12 TOT 17 ( first pressing ) Songwriter ( s ) Brian Dougans Garry Cobain Producer ( s ) FSOL Andrew Weatherall Graham Massey Hamish McDonald among others The Future Sound of London singles chronology `` Pulse 3 EP '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea ' 92 '' ( 1992 ) `` Pulse 3 EP '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea ' 92 '' ( 1992 ) `` Papua New Guinea '' is a 1991 song by the electronic music group Future Sound of London . It was the group 's debut single and later appeared on their full - length album Accelerator . The single reached # 22 on the UK singles chart . The track has been remixed and released many times since its original release , both legitimately and in bootleg format on CD , Vinyl and Cassette . Contents ( hide ) 1 The track 2 Releases 2.1 1991 / 2003 release 2.2 1992 / 1996 release 2.3 `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' 2.4 `` Translations '' 2.5 `` Herd & White remixes '' 3 Chart Position 4 References 5 External links The track ( edit ) `` Papua New Guinea '' Sample of `` Papua New Guinea '' from the album Papua New Guinea . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song became a popular rave and club track almost immediately upon its release . The original mix notably samples the bassline from Meat Beat Manifesto 's proto - jungle track `` Radio Babylon '' , the tambourine from Bobby Byrd 's `` Hot Pants - I 'm Coming , I 'm Coming , I 'm Coming '' , vocals of Lisa Gerrard 's singing lifted from the Dead Can Dance song `` Dawn of the Iconoclast '' , from their 1987 album ' Within the Realm of a Dying Sun ' and `` Shelter Me '' by Circuit . `` Papua New Guinea '' was perhaps FSOL 's most club - oriented track ; most of the remixes on the single are very dancefloor - friendly . After Accelerator 's release they moved in increasingly ambient and experimental directions . In 2001 , a new set of remixes was released by FSOL 's label , Jumpin ' & Pumpin ' . Soon after that , Future Sound of London themselves released Papua New Guinea Translations , which extended the track into a 45 - minute - long EP . `` Papua New Guinea '' was featured in the 1997 Gregg Araki film Nowhere and in the 1992 film Cool World . In the film , Garry Cobain was mis - credited as `` Garry Cockbain '' , which was the original spelling of his name . The remix version of `` Papua New Guinea '' was also featured in the 2002 PlayStation 2 game Wipeout Fusion . The track remains arguably their most recognisable and celebrated song , it has made several ( British ) `` ... best songs ever '' polls and track specific accolades . The single ( and album Accelerator ) was also included in British music magazine Melody Maker 's , end - of - year , best albums / singles retrospective . The track is also featured in the soundtrack of EA Sports game , 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa . It 's also the opening theme for the football TV programme FutbolCat , on Catalan public sports TV Esport3 . The track was also featured in the EastEnders special live thirtieth anniversary episode . The track was featured in the soundtrack for Forza Horizon 3 , and in the Rave in the Redwoods zombie map of the first DLC pack for Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare . Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Melody Maker United Kingdom `` Singles of the Year '' 1992 13 Pitchfork Media United States `` The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s '' 147 Releases ( edit ) 1991 / 2003 release ( edit ) The original recording was released twice in 1991 and 2003 on CD and Vinyl and Cassette with time totaling at 13 : 10 . The Dali Mix features elsewhere as 12 '' Original Mix ergo the `` single '' version as opposed to the 6 : 45 long album version . The catalog number is 12 TOT 17 and S12DJ - 107 on the 2003 version . `` Papua New Guinea ( Dali Mix ) '' -- ( 4.57 ) `` Papua New Guinea ( Dub Child Of Q Mix ) '' -- ( 4.21 ) `` Papua New Guinea ( Qube Mix ) '' -- ( 4.32 ) `` Papua New Guinea ' 92 '' Single by The Future Sound of London Released 1992 Songwriter ( s ) Brian Dougans Garry Cobain The Future Sound of London singles chronology `` Papua New Guinea '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea ' 92 '' ( 1992 ) `` Fuzzy Logic EP '' ( 1993 ) `` Papua New Guinea '' ( 1991 ) `` Papua New Guinea ' 92 '' ( 1992 ) `` Fuzzy Logic EP '' ( 1993 ) 1992 / 1996 release ( edit ) This version was released with a plethora of remixes and was 37 : 04 in length . The catalog number is CLP 9743 - 2 . It was also released on CD and Vinyl and Cassette . `` Papua New Guinea ( 7 '' Original ) '' -- 3 : 47 `` Papua New Guinea ( Andrew Weatherall Mix ) '' -- 9 : 43 ( CD - early fade ) ; 11 : 24 ( 12 `` ) `` Papua New Guinea ( Dub Mix ) '' -- 1 : 20 `` Papua New Guinea ( Journey to Pyramid ) '' -- 5 : 25 `` Papua New Guinea ( Graham Massey Mix ) '' -- 3 : 48 `` Papua New Guinea ( Dub Child of Q Mix ) '' -- 4 : 20 `` Papua New Guinea ( 12 '' Original ) '' -- 4 : 57 `` Papua New Guinea ( Hamish McDonald Mix ) '' -- 5 : 04 `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' ( edit ) `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' Single by The Future Sound of London Released 2001 Songwriter ( s ) Brian Dougans Garry Cobain The Future Sound of London singles chronology `` Stakker Humanoid 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea Translations '' ( 2002 ) `` Stakker Humanoid 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea Translations '' ( 2002 ) This release featured all new remixes from more top names including Satoshi Tomiie and these tracks were also featured in numerous dance compilation albums such as the Ministry of Sound and Gatecrasher albums of the time , the Hybrid mix also featured on the WipEout Fusion soundtrack . The catalog number for this release is CDS TOT 44 and it is 15 : 15 long . Papua New Guinea ( 7 '' Original ) - ( 3 : 41 ) Papua New Guinea ( Satoshi Tomiie Radio - Path ) - ( 3 : 41 ) Edited By - Satoshi Tomiie , Scott Bradford Remix - Satoshi Tomiie Papua New Guinea ( Hybrid Radio Edit ) - ( 3 : 53 ) Edited By - Ralph Tee Producer ( Additional ) - Hybrid Remix - Hybrid Papua New Guinea ( Blue States Mix ) - ( 4 : 39 ) Edited By - Ralph Tee Producer ( Additional ) - Blue States Remix - Blue States Papua New Guinea ( Simian Mix ) - ( 3 : 42 ) Producer ( Additional ) - Simian Remix - Simian `` Translations '' ( edit ) `` Papua New Guinea Translations '' Single by The Future Sound of London Released 2002 Songwriter ( s ) Brian Dougans Garry Cobain The Future Sound of London singles chronology `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea Translations '' ( 2002 ) `` The Mello Hippo Disco Show '' ( 2002 ) `` Papua New Guinea 2001 '' ( 2001 ) `` Papua New Guinea Translations '' ( 2002 ) `` The Mello Hippo Disco Show '' ( 2002 ) This version vastly changed the song to almost unrecognizable proportions and added a string section , sitars and different female vocals . The catalog number is CD TOT 52 and it is 53 : 38 long . Translation 1 : 12 '' Original - ( 4 : 58 ) Translation 2 : Papsico - ( 9 : 50 ) Translation 3 : The Lovers - ( 9 : 05 ) Guitar ( Electric ) - Stinky Rowe * Voice ( Female Voices ) - Linda Lewis Translation 4 : Wooden Ships - ( 6 : 02 ) Guitar - Paolo Longheu Translation 5 : The Great Marmalade Mama In The Sky - ( 4 : 38 ) Translation 6 : Requiem - ( 6 : 05 ) Translation 7 : Things Change Like The Patterns And Shades That Fall From The Sun ( 6 : 01 ) Translation 8 : The Big Blue - ( 7 : 39 ) Guitar ( Electric ) - Stinky Rowe * `` Herd & White remixes '' ( edit ) `` Papua New Guinea Herd & White remixes '' Single by The Future Sound of London Released 2007 Songwriter ( s ) Brian Dougans Garry Cobain The Future Sound of London singles chronology `` The Witchfinder '' ( 2005 ) `` Papua New Guinea Herd & White remixes '' ( 2007 ) `` Archived EP '' ( 2007 ) `` The Witchfinder '' ( 2005 ) `` Papua New Guinea Herd & White remixes '' ( 2007 ) `` Archived EP '' ( 2007 ) This limited edition release was only released on vinyl and was remixed by the UK 's Jason Herd and Jon White . The catalog number is 12 TOT 45 and it is 18 : 11 long . Papua New Guinea ( Herd & White Remix ) - ( 7 : 52 ) Papua New Guinea ( Herd & White No Acid Mix ) - ( 7 : 52 ) Papua New Guinea ( Herd & White Radio Mix ) - ( 3 : 07 ) Chart Position ( edit ) Year Single Chart Position 1992 `` Papua New Guinea '' UK Singles Chart # 22 2001 `` Papua New Guinea '' UK Singles Chart # 28 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7850-the-top-200-tracks-of-the-1990s-150-101/ Jump up ^ Future Sound of London Jump up ^ Garry Cobain Jump up ^ http://www.atforumz.com/showthread.php?t=295531 Jump up ^ http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q1001_songs.htm Jump up ^ http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov06/articles/classictracks_1106.htm Jump up ^ `` Melody Maker - Singles of the Year '' . AcclaimedMusic.net . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7850-the-top-200-tracks-of-the-1990s-150-101/ External links ( edit ) Papua New Guinea at Discogs Papua New Guinea at Discogs Papua New Guinea at Discogs Papua New Guinea 2001 at Discogs Papua New Guinea Translations at Discogs Papua New Guinea at Discogs ( hide ) The Future Sound of London Garry Cobain Brian Dougans Studio albums Accelerator Lifeforms Dead Cities Hand - Made Devices The San Monta Tapes Environments The Woodlands of Old Environments II Environments 3 Environments 4 Environment Five Environment Six Environment 6.5 Albums as Amorphous Androgynous Studio albums Tales of Ephidrina The Isness / The Otherness Alice in Ultraland The Peppermint Tree and Seeds of Superconsciousness The Cartel Vol. 1 The Cartel Vol. 2 Compilations A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble Exploding in Your Mind : Volume 1 A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble Exploding in Your Mind : Volume 2 A Monstrous Psychedelic Bubble Exploding in Your Mind : Volume 3 Live albums ISDN ISDN Show Compilations Earthbeat Teachings from the Electronic Brain From the Archives Vol. 1 From the Archives Vol. 2 From the Archives Vol. 3 Zeebox 1984 - 1987 Vol. 1 Zeebox 1984 - 1987 Vol. 2 By Any Other Name The Pulse EPs From the Archives Vol. 4 From the Archives Vol. 5 From the Archives Vol. 6 From the Archives Vol. 7 Archived 8 Solo albums Global Eurotechno Sessions 84 - 88 4 Forests Your Body Sub Atomic Singles & EPs Stakker Humanoid Slam Tonight Crystals A.S.T. Q So This Is Love You Took My Love The Pulse EP Pulse 2 EP Q Principles of Motion EP Pulse 3 EP Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea ( CD ) Fuzzy Logic EP Pulse Four EP Stakker Humanoid ' 92 People Livin ' Today Metropolis Liquid Insects Cascade Expander Lifeforms The Far - Out Son of Lung and the Ramblings of a Madman My Kingdom We Have Explosive Stakker Humanoid 2001 Papua New Guinea 2001 Papua New Guinea Translations The Mello Hippo Disco Show Divinity The Witchfinder Papua New Guinea ( Herd & White Remixes ) Archived EP Stakker Humanoid 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinea_(song)&oldid=795696893 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1992 songs 1996 songs 2001 songs 2007 songs The Future Sound of London songs Debut singles Song recordings produced by Andrew Weatherall UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 22 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	papua new guinea future sound of london youtube	[]	[]
-4704903755769708685	List of Shugo Chara! characters	List of Shugo Chara ! Characters - wikipedia List of Shugo Chara ! Characters Jump to : navigation , search Shugo Chara ! is a Japanese shōjo manga created by the manga author duo Peach - Pit . The story centers on elementary schoolgirl Amu Hinamori , whose popular exterior , referred to as `` cool and spicy '' by her classmates , contrasts with her introverted personality . When Amu wishes for the courage to be reborn as her would - be self , she is surprised to find three colorful eggs the next morning , which hatch into three Guardian Characters : Ran , Miki , and Su . Cast of Shugo Chara ! from the first anime series . Peach - Pit uses Amu to explore differences between one 's true self and the self that is presented to others . Like Jun Sakurada in Peach - Pit 's previous work , Rozen Maiden , Amu tackles issues such as alienation and fitting in at school . Unlike most heroines in other magical girl series , Amu is neither the perfect sweetheart nor a complete klutz . Amu gets grumpy and frequently talks back to others in contrast to the polite schoolgirls that fill the genre . Amu 's Guardian Characters -- Ran , Miki , Su , and later Diamond -- aid her in her quest of self - discovery . Each Guardian Character represents an aspect of Amu 's true self . Ran represents Amu 's desire to be more honest and athletic , Miki represents Amu 's desire to be more level headed and artistic , Su represents Amu 's desire to be more caring and improve her domestic skills , while Diamond represents Amu 's desire to shine in front of others and be a good speaker . Moreover , the Guardian Characters are more than mere mascots who help Amu learn about her true self . They can also perform a `` Character Change '' where Amu 's personality is replaced by an entirely different one . However , Amu is not the only one with Guardian Characters . Each of the Guardians -- Tadase Hotori , Nadeshiko Fujisaki , Kukai Soma , and Yaya Yuiki -- have their own Guardian Characters . Amu also encounters Ikuto Tsukiyomi and Utau Hoshina ( Tsukiyomi ) , two siblings who also have Guardian Characters and are employed by the Easter Company to search for the Embryo . Eventually , Nadeshiko Fujisaki and Kukai Soma leave the Guardians and are replaced by Rima Mashiro and Kairi Sanjo , respectively . Kairi later leaves and is replaced by Nagihiko Fujisaki , Nadeshiko 's real identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Amu Hinamori 1.2 Tadase Hotori 1.3 Ikuto Tsukiyomi 1.4 Utau Hoshina / Tsukiyomi 2 Supporting characters 3 Minor characters 4 References 5 See also Main Characters ( edit ) Amu Hinamori ( edit ) Amu Hinamori ( 日奈森あむ , Hinamori Amu ) , the series ' protagonist , is a student of Seiyo Elementary . Amu 's classmates see her as `` cool and spicy '' Amu can be identified as a Tsundere ( Mean and Cold to opening up to other people ) , but Amu 's true character is shy and timid . Part of the reason for this misunderstanding is the trendy punk goth clothing her mother buys for her as well as the way she expresses her shyness . However , when Amu wishes for the courage to become her would - be self , three colorful eggs appear . When they hatch , they reveal Amu 's Guardian Characters : Ran , Miki , and Su . Amu becomes a member of the Guardians , the school 's student council , and discovers that each member has a Guardian Character . Amu 's position with the Guardians is the Joker . Her task as the Joker is to search for and purify X Eggs and X Characters ( also , in the second season , she purifies Mystery Eggs , the corrupted forms of people 's would - be selves ) . Ran , Miki , and Su help Amu with her task through a process called Character Transformation , which is enabled by the Humpty Lock and grants Amu special abilities depending on the Guardian Character . Later on , Amu also creates a fourth egg , known as Diamond . In the second season , when Amu shows her true potential , the Humpty Lock increases in power . Thus , new transformation scenes are used ... Amu 's main love interests are Tadase Hotori and Tsukiyomi Ikuto . Throughout the first half of the series , Amu had a crush on Tadase and blushed every time she was in his presence . She initially regarded Ikuto as a jerk and pervert , but she grew close to him as he aided her countless times . When Ikuto first confesses his love to her , she thinks he is teasing her and dismisses it . When Tadase asks Amu if it is okay for him to fall in love with her , she is thrilled at the progress in their relationship but soon finds herself drawn to Ikuto . She was saddened when Ikuto decided to leave in search of his father . Because of this , she realizes that she truly loves Ikuto . After he confesses to her and kisses her close to the lips , she refuses to admit her feelings for him , which prompts Ikuto to make a deal with her that he will get her to fall in love with him . In chapter 48 , Amu confesses to Tadase 's older self that she had liked Tadase for his outer character . Although they have a much better relationship than before , Amu remains stubborn about her feelings for Ikuto . In the final chapter of Shugo Chara Encore , she is happy to reunite with him and is seen holding hands with him at Sanjou and Nikaidou 's wedding . Amu 's primary rival is Utau Hoshina , Ikuto 's younger sister , who is jealous that Ikuto shows an interest in Amu instead of her . They soon become good friends after Utau leaves Easter . In the end , she chooses Ikuto in the manga . However , it is heavily implied that she ends up with Tadase in the anime . Amu gains the Dumpty Key from Yoru and uses it to unlock the Humpty Lock . In some of the later chapters , when Amu opens the Humpty Lock with the Dumpty Key , she and Tadase see more of Ikuto 's past . Their journey ends when Amu Character transforms with Diamond , and she and Ikuto fight briefly . Ran , Miki , Su , and Diamond all combine their powers , making Amu Character Transform into Amulet Fortune and Ikuto Character Transforms into Seven Seas Treasure . Amu ventures to the Eggs ' Cradle , a place where unborn and `` lost '' Shugo Chara reside , in order to search for four coloured shards representing each of her Shugo Chara in an attempt to bring Ran , Miki and Su back . In chapter 44 , Diamond tells Amu that Ran , Miki and Su have `` disappeared '' and that she will help Amu find them as her `` navigator '' . Diamond becomes Amu 's guide in the Eggs ' Cradle in Amu 's search for the four coloured shards . She finally comes to terms with the loss of her Guardian Characters at the end of the journey , however as she returns she realizes that she has Ran , Miki , Su and Diamond back in Egg form much to her relief and later joy as they are born again later in Shugo Chara Encore . In the anime television series , Amu is voiced by Kanae Itō . She is portrayed by Yuuka Maeda in the musical . Ran ( ラン ) Ran is the first to hatch from Amu 's eggs and represents Amu 's desire to be more honest , confident and athletic . Ran is frequently cheering Amu on . During Character Change , Amu gains , thus , and increased her athletic abilities . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Heart , with a cheerleader inspired outfit . In chapter 38 , Ran undergoes a new Character Transformation , along with Miki , Su , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Miki and Su , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . In Shugo Chara Encore at the very end of the last chapter , she and Amu 's other Shugo Chara emerge hatch again at Sanjou and Nikaidou 's wedding much to Amu 's joy . In the anime television series , Ran is voiced by Kana Asumi . Miki ( ミキ ) The second Guardian Character to hatch is Miki . Miki represents Amu 's desire to be more sharp , level headed , and artistic . Miki is also the one to help Amu make fashion choices . Reflecting Amu 's love interests , Miki has shown an interest in Tadase 's Guardian Character , Kiseki , Ikuto 's Guardian Character , Yoru , Kukai 's Guardian Character , Daichi , and Nagihiko 's Guardian Character , Rhythm . During Character Change , Amu gains increased artistic abilities . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Spade . In chapter 38 , Miki undergoes a new Character Transformation , along with Ran , Su , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In Shugo Chara ! Doki , Miki is the only one out of Amu 's Guardian Characters to be able to sense Mystery Eggs clearly . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Ran and Su , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . In Shugo Chara Encore , she returns along with the others and together catch the wedding bouquet for Amu who accidentally threw it back in the air again . In the anime television series , Miki is voiced by Nanae Katō . Su ( スゥ , Sū ) The third Guardian Character , Su , represents Amu 's desire to be more caring , sensitive and improve her domestic skills . However , Su is prone to silly mistakes . She is very fond of Amu 's teacher , Yuu Nikaidou . Amu gains an improvement in cooking and cleaning skills during Character Change , as well as becoming `` too girly '' . During Character Transformation , Amu becomes Amulet Clover with an outfit just like Su 's . In chapter 38 , Su undergoes a new Character Transformation with Ran , Miki , and Diamond ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , she disappears along with Miki and Ran , and later Diamond as well when Amu no longer needs them . She and the others make an unexpected return toward the end of the last chapter of Shugo Chara Encore as they appear to be reborn again from Amu 's feelings . In the anime television series , Su is voiced by Aki Toyosaki . Diamond ( ダイヤ , Daiya ) Diamond is Amu 's fourth Guardian Character . Diamond represents Amu 's desire to be more calm and optimistic . Unlike most Guardian Characters , she is supposedly the most powerful . She becomes an X Egg when Amu dislikes all the changes that were happening in the spring . While collecting X Eggs with Yukari , Utau finds Diamond 's egg inside the box . She soon hatches into a X Character . Unusually , she is not shaped like the usual X Character ; she looks like a normal Guardian Character , but with a white X-shaped clip covering her black diamond - shaped clip . Because of this , Amu does n't know Diamond 's true name . In the Japanese versions , Diamond 's name is shortened to Dia . Utau uses X-Diamond to extract heart 's egg of other people by character changing with her . X-Diamond can Character Transform with Utau , becoming Dark Jewel , however , the transformation does not last very long . When Amu is finally able to prove to Diamond that she does have enough confidence to shine she reverts into her true original form . Together they undergo a Character Transformation , becoming Amulet Diamond . Afterward , Diamond returns to her egg until she sees that Amu `` shines again '' , but secretly comes out as a spirit at times . Diamond is shown to be an air - headed character . In chapter 38 , Diamond comes back when Amu `` shines '' . After character transforming and fighting with Ikuto , she , Ran , Miki , and Su combine powers with Amu ; becoming Amulet Fortune . In chapter 44 , Diamond tells Amu that Ran , Miki and Su have `` disappeared '' and that she will help Amu find them as her `` navigator '' . Diamond becomes Amu 's guide in the Eggs ' Cradle in Amu 's search for the four colored shards . Coming to terms with herself and the future , Amu accepts the loss of her Guardian Characters and Diamond disappears as well , guaranteeing that the four of them will always be watching over her . In Shugo Chara Encore , Diamond and the other three have hatched again and save Amu 's catching of the thrown bouquet . When Amu Character Changes with Diamond in Shugo Chara Party 's Shugo Chara Dokki Doki , Amu does n't really do much but smile and sparkle , disappointing Ran , Miki , and Su . In the anime television series , Diamond is voiced by Kanae Itō . Tadase Hotori ( edit ) Tadase Hotori ( 辺里唯世 , Hotori Tadase ) is a boy in the same year as Amu and serves as King 's Chair of the Guardians . Like Amu , he is actually a shy person and is not good at public speaking ; instead , he Character Changes with his Guardian Character , Kiseki . Although he is popular with the girls , when a girl confesses their love to Tadase , he will have Kiseki reject her . However , whenever he hears the word `` ouji '' ( `` prince '' ) , or anything resembling the word `` ouji '' , he Character Changes into an egotistical king who seeks world domination . Amu develops a crush on Tadase soon after she transfers into the school . His love interest is Amulet Heart , Amu 's Character Transformation with Ran , but it later becomes Amu herself . In episode 39 , Kiseki 's egg turns into an X Egg because Tadase lost his self - esteem by not being able to find the Embryo . With the help of Amulet Heart , Tadase turns back to normal . Tadase has known Ikuto and Utau since childhood , but he does not talk about it in detail until the Guardians are about to face Utau in their final battle . Amu and Tadase reconcile soon after , though . Later on , he agrees to help Amu save Ikuto from Easter . Tadase confesses his love for Amu in chapter 28 ( episode 74 in the anime ) behind Amu 's house while Ikuto was hiding in Amu 's closet . Ikuto overheard and made fun of Tadase , only to protect him , which he knew nothing about . When Tadase was facing against Ikuto in chapter 35 , his staff becomes a sword called Royal Sword in episode 99 . Tadase ventures into the Eggs ' Cradle with Amu , but subsequently gets separated from Amu due to a meteor shower . The future Tadase , who looks like Tsukasa helps Amu and reveals himself to be Tadase . In episode 127 of the anime , he kisses Amu on the cheek and tells her that he 'll always be by her side . In the anime television series , Tadase is voiced by Reiko Takagi . He is portrayed by Hidemi Hikita in the musical . Kiseki ( キセキ ) Kiseki is Tadase 's Guardian Character . Kiseki was born for a combination of Tadase 's desire to be stronger and the dream of world domination . Because of this , Kiseki is extremely egotistical and often demanding , and does n't like obeying others . He frequently calls other Guardian Characters to go on `` Special Secret Meetings . '' A running gag is that the other Guardian Character will almost always ignore him when he starts up a meeting . Kiseki is aware of Tadase 's crush on Amu and acts the same way as Amu 's Guardian Characters whenever Tadase seems to be confessing to Amu . Kiseki holds a grudge against Ikuto 's Guardian Character , Yoru . During Character Change , Tadase gains the confidence to overcome his shyness . However , sometimes Tadase will become an egotistical person who seeks world domination . Although Tadase could not Character Transform with Kiseki at first , they later gain this ability with the help of Amu after Kiseki 's egg gets tainted with an X , becoming Platinum Royal . In the anime television series , Kiseki is voiced by Kaya Miyake . Ikuto Tsukiyomi ( edit ) Ikuto Tsukiyomi ( 月詠イクト , Tsukiyomi Ikuto ) is a teenage boy in high school , contracted by Easter to find the Embryo . He often helps Amu even though he works for Easter . Ikuto actually despises Easter and tries to wrench himself free from them by trying to find the Embryo to grant that wish . He possesses the Dumpty Key which pairs with Amu 's Humpty Lock which at first did not fit in the keyhole . Like his father , Ikuto is a skilled violinist . He is the current owner of the Dumpty Key , which originally belonged to Aruto , his father , although Tadase 's father had it for a little while . His father is presumed to be dead , but Ikuto refuses to believe it and has set out on finding him . As her status as the only daughter of the past president of the Easter Company , his mother was forced to marry the company 's director after her husband 's violin was found in a foreign country . From her second marriage , she bound her children into working for Easter . Ikuto 's personality is aloof , mysterious , and a little naughty . He likes teasing people , especially Amu and Tadase . He is also the older brother of Utau Hoshina . As the series goes on , he grows very strong feelings for Amu -- he confessed that he loves her in the same chapter Tadase did , although she believes that he is teasing her . He later surrendered himself to Easter , not wanting to get anyone else involved in the mess he made . In the manga timeline , it is shown he Character Transformed with a new black Guardian Egg to become Death Rebel , shocking Amu . In chapter 38 , he Character Transforms with Yoru and the black egg into Seven Seas Treasure . In chapter 39 , it 's said that Ikuto may have two eggs , one is possibly still inside him . In one of the later chapters , Ikuto calls Amu ' princess ' and she replies by asking him to thank her for making him get back to normal . Ikuto swears that this time he will be the one to protect her . In chapter 43 , Ikuto confesses to Amu he will never see her again as he is going to search for his father . Ikuto returns for Yukari Sanjo and Yuu Nikaidou 's wedding . Amu is very happy and relieved to see him . He promises that he would show Amu sides of him that she has not seen , but only when he returns for her when she is older , he then later kisses her on the nose . At the wedding Ikuto and Amu are seen holding hands and Amu says she knows she can reach the future without letting go of his hand.In the anime television series , Ikuto is voiced by Yūichi Nakamura . He is portrayed by KENN in the musical . Yoru ( ヨル ) Yoru is Ikuto 's cat - like Guardian Character and represents Ikuto 's desire to be free . Yoru often goes out by himself and enjoys causing trouble for the Guardians and their Guardian Characters for fun . When Ikuto and Yoru undergo a Character Transformation , they become Black Lynx . Yoru became hysterical when Ikuto does the Death Rebel Character Transformation in chapter 31 . During this time , he also could not track Ikuto because the hypnotizing tuning fork confuses him . Later on , when Racquel and Tadase find Ikuto being controlled by Easter , Yoru takes the Dumpty Key and gives it to Amu . In chapter 38 , he along with the black egg , combine powers with Ikuto to become Seven Seas Treasure . In chapter 46 , Amu finds a dazed Yoru in the Eggs ' Cradle . He and Amu fall out of the Egg 's cradle and see Ikuto . In chapter 48 , when Yoru sees how happy Ikuto is , he comments him for having become a `` true alley cat '' , and goes back to being a heart 's egg inside of Ikuto . In the anime television series , Yoru is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro . Utau Hoshina / Tsukiyomi ( edit ) Utau Hoshina ( ほしな歌唄 , Hoshina Utau ) is a junior high student model turned singing idol . She is actually Ikuto 's younger sister , Utau Tsukiyomi ( 月詠歌唄 , Tsukiyomi Utau ) . Utau had tried to find the Embryo to release her brother from Easter , but she never succeeded . Utau is very attracted to Ikuto and becomes extremely jealous of Amu because Ikuto shows an interest in her . However , she eventually accepts Amu and they become friends . She becomes good friends with Kukai in the anime and manga , and soon starts a relationship with him . She was the vocalist of the indie band `` Black Diamond '' which is produced by her manager , Yukari Sanjo , as a method of using the CDs of their music to draw the eggs out of children and make them into X Eggs . She only sang in Black Diamond whilst in a chara change with x-Diamond . X-Diamond was found during one of her x-egg withdrawal sessions . Utau mainly uses X-Diamond to extract the heart 's egg of other people since X-Diamond can withdraw more x-eggs than Il can and El refuses to do anything . X-Diamond can Character Transform with Utau , and become Dark Jewel , however , the transformation lasts only a short period of time . When the plan fell apart , Utau quit Easter with her manager and became a singer on her own , without Easter contracting her . In the anime television series , Utau is voiced by Nana Mizuki . She is portrayed by Misaki Yonemura in the musical . Il ( イル , Il ) The devilish Iru is the first of Utau 's two Character Guardians introduced in the story . Iru seems mean and unkind , but it 's just her character . Sometimes she can be helpful and sincere , but she dislikes nagging . She represents Utau 's energetic and playful side . During Character Transformation , Utau becomes Lunatic Charm , with the attack Nightmare Lorelei and later , Lilin Trident . When Iru felt lonely because Eru was n't there for her to tease and when she felt that Utau was ignoring her because of Diamond , she Character Transforms with Amu , becoming Amulet Devil . In the anime television series , Il is voiced by Hiromi Konno . El ( エル , El ) El is Utau 's second Guardian Character and is the complete angelic opposite of Il . El often nags , likes correcting people about their choices that she considers wrong herself , and helps those who are troubled by love . Because El was treated badly by Il and ignored by Utau , she left home and wound up in Amu 's care . El can perform a Character Transformation with Amu , resulting in Amulet Angel , which surprised Utau . However , as Amu is not El 's real owner , the Character Transformation remains powerless with no real abilities . Whenever El performs a Character Transformation with Amu , Amu usually ends up being embarrassed due to El 's over-the - top antics . Eru finally performed a Character Transformation with Utau , forming Seraphic Charm . Later in the manga series , Utau uses White Wing to help the Guardians help Ikuto . In the anime television series , El is voiced by Hyo - sei . Supporting Characters ( edit ) Nadeshiko Fujisaki ( 藤咲なでしこ , Fujisaki Nadeshiko ) / Nagihiko Fujisaki ( 藤咲なぎひこ , Fujisaki Nagihiko ) Nadeshiko Fujisaki is a student in the same year as Amu and serves as Queen 's Chair of the Guardians . When Amu rejected the offer to join the Guardians , Nadeshiko tries several tactics to convince Amu to join . The two become best friends and Nadeshiko looks over and supports Amu in her love life . However , before Amu and Nadeshiko enter the sixth grade , Nadeshiko leaves Seiyo Elementary to travel to Europe to study dancing . Nadeshiko is actually a boy named Nagihiko Fujisaki , called `` Nagi '' as a nickname by Amu and the girls . It is tradition in the Fujisaki family for males to be raised as females as part of their training so that they may play female roles in Japanese dance . Nagihiko 's secret is known by his family , Tadase , Kukai , Rima ( including their Shugo Chara ) , and the school 's principal Tsukasa Amakawa . Nagihiko has trouble telling Amu that he is actually a boy , instead , he tells Amu that he is Nadeshiko 's twin brother . After Kairi leaves the Guardians , Nagihiko returns and is appointed as the interim Jack 's Chair . In the anime television series , Nadeshiko is voiced by Saeko Chiba . She / he is portrayed by Kanon Fukuda in the musical . Temari ( てまり ) Temari is Nagihiko 's first Guardian Character . Temari appears to be elegant and Nagihiko 's desire to be more mannered and become a Japanese dancer . However , during Character Change , both Temari and Nagihiko ( as Nadeshiko ) become aggressive and very masculine ; Nagihiko , inadvertently , also gains a naginata , which he promptly uses . Prior to Nagihiko 's return to the guardians , Temari went back into her egg to slumber . In chapter 34 and episode 98 , Temari wakes up after Nagihiko realizes that it does n't matter what gender a person is , it 's effort that they put into something they do . They perform a Character Transformation , Yamato Maihime , whose attack is ' Robe of Feathers , Dance of the Cherry Blossoms ' . In the anime television series , Temari is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Rhythm ( リズム , Rizumu ) Rhythm is Nagihiko 's second Guardian Character . Rhythm appears to be cool and outgoing , showing Nagihiko 's boy self . However , he might also be quite a flirt , as is shown when he hugs all of the female guardian chara 's after just meeting them . Rhythm 's egg was first seen in chapter 30 and in episode 56 , but as of chapter 34 and episode 91 , he hatches after Nagihiko remembers how much he liked playing basketball , at his own pace and rhythm , while fighting against a X Character . During Character Change , huge headphones appear around Nagihiko 's neck , and he gains an energetic persona ; he also does n't seem to hesitate in participating in athletic activities , and goes all out dominating several sports such as soccer , baseball , tennis , and judo . This causes most of the sports clubs to become obsessed with recruiting Nagihiko to their teams , much to his dismay . When in a Character Transformation , they become Beat Jumper . In the anime television series , Rhythm is voiced by Kōki Miyata . Kukai Soma ( 相馬空海 , Sōma Kūkai ) Kukai Soma is the upbeat and energetic Jack 's Chair of the Guardians . One year senior to Amu , Kukai helps Amu with her training as the Joker . Although he was the captain of the soccer club , Kukai loves and excels at all sports . At the end of the school year , Kukai graduates and goes on to middle school . However , Kukai returns to visit the Guardians from time to time . He also becomes good friends with Utau after they go to a ramen eating contest together . Kukai helps people when they are sad or mad he helps Amu get along with the new Queen and Jack chair and helped her become a stronger character so she does not bottle up her feelings inside . At the end , he falls in love with Utau . In the anime television series , Kukai is voiced by Atsushi Abe . He is portrayed by Yuuta Koseki in the musical . Daichi ( ダイチ ) Kukai 's Guardian Character is Daichi . He is very good at sports and can not seem to sit still . He was born when Kukai wanted to do many sports but had to choose . When Daichi and Kukai Character Change , Kukai becomes even more athletic . When Kukai and Daichi return for a visit , they Character Transform with the power of the Humpty Lock , becoming Sky Jack . In the anime television series , Daichi is voiced by Hiroyuki Yoshino . Yaya Yuiki ( 結木やや , Yuiki Yaya ) Yaya Yuiki is the childish girl serving as the Ace Chair and is one year junior to Amu . Yaya often acts immature for her age , such as having an enormous sweet tooth , a great soft spot for items like ribbons , as well as tending to be hyperactive . She is also a ballerina , though a rather clumsy one . She has a newborn baby brother named Tsubasa , who , she claims , gets all her parents ' attention . It is because of this that her baby - like Guardian Character , Pepe , was born . Though she acts jealous around Tsubasa , Yaya does have a responsible side , once personally taking him to the doctor when he had a fever , as no other option was possible . In the anime television series , Yaya is voiced by Tomoko Nakamura . She is portrayed by Meimi Tamura in the musical . Pepe ( ぺぺ ) Pepe is a baby - like Guardian Character who was born from Yaya 's desire to remain baby - like in nature . When either she or Yaya get hurt or something goes wrong , both of them begin to whine and cry in unison . During Character Transformation , they become Dear Baby . In the anime television series , Pepe is voiced by Kimiko Koyama . Rima Mashiro ( 真城りま , Mashiro Rima ) Rima Mashiro replaces Nadeshiko as the new Queen 's Chair . Although Rima is the same age as Amu , she is petite and has relatively poor athletic ability . Most of the boys in her class love her and treat her like a real queen because of her beauty and passive personality , while the girls are annoyed by her because of her selfishness . Because of a kidnapping incident that happened before she transferred to Seiyo Elementary , her parents pick her up after school , but since it interferes with their work schedules , they often argue about who cares more for Rima over work , resulting in Rima often having no one but Kusukusu as company for her secret interest in gag comedy . Later , she opens up to Amu and becomes friends with her . When Yaya explains to Rima about Amu and Nadeshiko 's friendship , she appears to be jealous . At first , she is shown to have great dislike for Nagihiko because Amu told Rima and Yaya that he is Nadeshiko 's twin brother due to a confusion between the two . That leads Rima to be protective over Amu and cold toward Nagihiko , although it is implied she is in love with him . She tells Nagihiko that he is useless because his Guardian Character is still inside an egg , but she gains respect and trust for him later on . Rima discovers that Nadeshiko and Nagihiko are actually the same person . In the anime television series , Rima is voiced by Sayuri Yahagi . She is portrayed by Karen Yagishita in the musical . Kusukusu ( クスクス ) Kusukusu is Rima 's Guardian Character and represents Rima 's desire to make others laugh . When she Character Changes , Rima becomes a gag character ( which she is embarrassed to use ) and uses a signature phrase and pose : `` Bala - Balance '' ( Balancing Balance ) from the magazine Great Gag Manga King ( ギャグマンガ大王 , Gyagu Manga Daiō ) . During Character Transformation , Rima becomes Clown Drop . In the anime television series , Kusukusu is voiced by Sayaka Narita . Kairi Sanjo ( 三条海里 , Sanjō Kairi ) Kairi Sanjo replaces Kukai as the new Jack 's Chair when Kukai leaves for middle school . Kairi is tall , despite being two years junior to Amu . Unlike the spontaneous Kukai , Kairi is uptight , very organized , and blunt about faults . Even with these traits , he is so capable that Amu and Yaya call him `` chairman . '' Kairi is the younger brother of Yukari Sanjo and was sent to spy on the Guardians . This was not his choice though , as Yukari immediately begged him to transfer to Seiyo upon discovering that he had a Guardian Character . Since his sister is busy at work , Kairi takes care of the household work ( and his sister ) in her apartment . However , when he saw the true meaning of his `` missions , '' he tries to rebel against Yukari , but not before he reveals his secret to the Guardians when they accidentally discover him with teaser CDs . He switches sides after Amu convinces him he is a good person . Afterward , he leaves saying that he promised his parents and local classmates that he would return , but not before declaring his love for Amu , saying that he shall return for her when he has become a man worthy of her . He also declared a rivalry toward Tadase . Recently in Chapter 44 , he is shown in Amu 's town looking for Yukari and comments about also looking for `` that person '' . In chapter 45 , he becomes the adviser for Yuu Nikaido and Yukari Sanjo , who are arguing about getting back together . In chapter 46 , he returns to the academy to meet with Tsukasa , meeting Hikaru and Yaya on his way . In the final chapter of the manga , it is shown that Kairi and Nagihiko share the same love for old samurai movies . In the anime television series , Kairi is voiced by Mitsuki Saiga . He is portrayed by Reo Sawada in the musical . Musashi ( ムサシ ) Kairi 's Guardian Character . Musashi has the traits and the personality of a samurai . He also has some of Kairi 's traits , such as green hair and glasses . When he Character Transforms with Kairi , they become Samurai Soul . In the anime television series , Musashi is voiced by Nobuhiko Okamoto . Yuu Nikaidou ( 二階堂悠 , Nikaidō Yū ) Yuu Nikaidou is a former employee member of Easter . In order to find the Embryo , he joined Seiyo Elementary and became in charge of Amu 's class in the disguise of a clumsy and kind - hearted teacher . His childhood dream was to become a robot engineer , but when his mentor quit , due to his ailing wife , and his parents opposed the idea , he lost sight of his dream and became a twisted person . He recovered with help from Amu and Su . He resigned from Easter Company and officially become the teacher in charge of Amu 's class . A running joke is that he calls Amu Himamori , meaning `` leisure time '' much to her dismay . He dated Yukari Sanjo before the series began , and they broke up . In chapter 45 , they argue about getting back together . In the anime television series , Yuu Nikaidou is voiced by Junji Majima . Yukari Sanjo ( 三条ゆかり , Sanjō Yukari ) Yukari Sanjo is a former employee of Easter Company , Kairi Sanjo 's older sister , and Utau 's manager . She came up with a new project , Black Diamond , to find the Embryo and mass - produce X Eggs . The CDs of the band were freely distributed and the people listening to it had their Eggs removed by force . As the band became more famous , their song is slated to be released to the Internet together with the unveiling of the band . She and Utau resigned from Easter after Amu got Diamond back , and started their own record company called Sanjo Productions . Yukari once dated Yuu Nikaidou , but the two have since broken up . She becomes annoyed whenever their former relationship is mentioned . In chapter 45 of the manga , she and Yuu argue about getting back together . In the anime television series , Yukari Sanjo is voiced by Rio Natsuki . She is portrayed by Kumiko Kōgami in the musical . Lulu de Morcerf Yamamoto ( 山本ルルドモルセール , Yamamoto Ruru Do Morusēru ) Lulu De Morcerf is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- . She is the new Easter Company worker who has the ability to turn Heart 's Eggs into ? Eggs and has a hobby of making ruby necklace jewelries which she adorns around her victims . Her mother is an actress and her father is a French chef . She wants to find the Embryo so her mother will regain her radiance and make acting history . At first , Lulu dislikes Amu for always purifying the people with Nazo Tama or `` ? '' Eggs and stopping the Embryo from appearing . However , in episode 63 of Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- , Lulu becomes quite kinder to Amu . In episode 84 , Lulu was fired from Easter . However , she continued to seek out the Embryo on her own . When Amu finally found out that Lulu is the one who has been corrupting people 's dreams , she confronts her in a battle . Lulu makes many ? Eggs , so many that they become two giant ? Eggs . She eventually resorts to making her own Guardian Character , Nana , into a ? Egg , and then Character Transforms into Dream Dream . In the end , Amu convinces Lulu to chase her own dreams and not to force her desires on others . After her mother lands a movie role in France , Lulu bids farewell to Amu . In the anime television series , Lulu is voiced by Akemi Kanda . Nana ( ナナ ) Nana is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- . She represents Lulu 's desire to be more carefree and less reserved about herself despite her extravagant upbringing . During Character Change , Lulu 's hair clip becomes a purple flower . This allows Lulu to use her necklace in order to corrupt Heart 's Eggs . Unlike Lulu 's heritage , Nana has a nagoya accent which results with Lulu sometimes speaking in the same dialect , which embarrasses her greatly . When Lulu used the accent in front of Amu , she complimented it by being cute surprising Lulu . When Amu and the others find out that she and Lulu are the culprits behind the corruptions of Heart 's Eggs , Nana confronts their Guardian Characters to convince them of Lulu 's intentions . Lulu forcebly turns her into a ? Egg so that she can Character Transform into Dream Dream and fight against Amu . She nearly disappeared after she was purified , however , Lulu regretfully apologizes to her and she reappears . When Lulu 's mother lands a film role in France , she decides to move back to France with Lulu . In the anime television series , Nana is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Rikka Hiiragi ( 柊りっか , Hiiragi Rikka ) Rikka is an anime - original character in Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki . She is an upbeat , mysterious girl who can understand what X-Eggs are saying , and she can see Guardian Characters even though she lacks a Heart 's Egg . She lives in an apartment room with a bunch of X-Eggs that she collects whenever she sees one . At the end of episode 2 , Rikka becomes a Guardian Apprentice after begging Amu and Nagihiko . She becomes quick friends with Hikaru . Later on she finds a yellow egg in her bed with a sun as symbol that eventually hatches into her Guardian Character : Hotaru . Because she was ignoring the X-Eggs , panic arose when they started shattering . Saving one of them from shattering triggers her Character Transformation with Hotaru , becoming Pure Feeling . She then help Amu purify the X-Eggs in her new form . Rikka is appointed the new Queen 's Chair before graduation . In the anime television series , Rikka Hiiragi is voiced by Erika . Hotaru ( ほたる ) Hotaru is Rikka 's Guardian Character . Rikka gave birth to her egg in Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki episode 15 . She hatched five episodes later . Before she hatched , Rikka felt lost of herself which subsequently turned her egg into an X-Egg , but it purified very soon . Hotaru is polite and elegant , balancing out Rikka 's energy and spunk . The two later perform a Character Transformation when her radiance is awakened , becoming Pure Feeling . In the anime television series , Hotaru is voiced by Ryōka Yuzuki . Hikaru Ichinomiya ( 一之宮ひかる , Ichinomiya Hikaru ) Hikaru Ichinomiya is the head of Easter Company . The people of Easter Company refer to him as `` Gozen , '' although it 's revealed that his real name is Hikaru in the much later chapters . Gozen promised the company employees a successful career if they can present him the Embryo . According to the manga , he wishes for a rare one - of - a-kind jewel , thus Easter 's search for the Embryo . In chapter 40 , it is revealed that Gozen is the little boy to whom Amu gave a taiyaki and appeared many other times mysteriously . This little boy , Hikaru , is unique in that he did not have a Heart 's Egg in him like almost all children . In chapter 41 , after his past is revealed , he finally gains one . It turns out that his egg was actually the shining white egg the others previously suspected as the Embryo . Hikaru is Kazuomi Hoshina 's grandson . In chapter 45 , he receives a Guardian Egg and transfers to Seiyo Elementary , which also happens in episode 103 of the anime and the Guardians make him a Guardian Apprentice . In the anime television series , Hikaru Ichinomiya is voiced by Eri Nakao . He is voiced by Shōzō Iizuka when using a voice changer . Minor Characters ( edit ) Midori Hinamori ( 日奈森緑 , Hinamori Midori ) Midori Hinamori is Amu 's mother and works as an editor for the magazine Housewives ' Knowledge . Midori is the one responsible for choosing Amu and Ami 's clothing styles . Unlike Amu 's father , Midori is more understanding of Amu 's relationship with boys . In chapter 30 , when Amu was found out with Ikuto in the house , she believes her and seeks to find a place for Ikuto . In chapter 33 , Amu calls her , and Midori mysteriously tells Amu that everyone believes in her . In the anime television series , Midori Hinamori is voiced by Kazusa Murai . Tsumugu Hinamori ( 日奈森紡 , Hinamori Tsumugu ) Tsumugu Hinamori is a wild bird photographer and Amu 's father . Tsumugu is devoted to his daughters and refers to them with names like `` Papa 's little sparrows '' and `` Papa 's shining stars . '' He is frequently shown taking pictures of Ami . However , he overreacts at the slightest provocation that Amu has a relationship with a boy . In the anime television series , Tsumugu Hinamori is voiced by Yūsei Oda . Ami Hinamori ( 日奈森亜実 , Hinamori Ami ) Ami Hinamori is Amu 's little sister who is innocent and pure - hearted . Ami is able to see Guardian Characters despite the fact that she does not have one . Unlike Amu , Ami is dressed in `` Sweet Lolita '' clothing . She respects and looks up to both Utau and Amu and loves to sing . She is a huge fan of Utau and played a big role in helping Utau to rediscover her good side . In the anime television series , Ami Hinamori is voiced by Kurumi Mamiya . Tsukasa Amakawa ( 天河司 , Amakawa Tsukasa ) Tsukasa Amakawa is the first King 's Chair of the Guardians and their founder . He is the Seiyo Elementary superintendent and manages the planetarium as a part - time job . He is the author of the book `` Kokoro no Tamago '' ( The Heart 's Egg ) . Tsukasa looks similar to Tadase because he is Tadase 's uncle on his mother 's side . In chapter 32 , Tsukasa is seen in a photograph along with the Hotori family and the Tsukiyomi family . So when Ikuto ran away , Tsukasa took him in and apparently `` kidnapped '' him in Tadase 's eyes . At first , he is thought to hold the Humpty Lock . He is a cat lover and has a liking for Ikuto 's cat ears , often teasing him with catnip and food . In chapter 37 , Tsukasa mysteriously tells Ikuto ' he is not a grown up man . ' Tsukasa also has a cunning ability to guess people 's thoughts . In the anime television series , Tsukasa Amakawa is voiced by Akira Ishida . Kazuomi Hoshina ( 星名一臣 , Hoshina Kazuomi ) Kazuomi Hoshina is the managing director of Easter company , a middle - aged man who is also the stepfather of Ikuto and Utau , and the former superior of Nikaidou and Yukari . After his repeated failure to obtain the Embryo , he started fearing that Gozen may abandon him , so he forms a plan to brainwash Ikuto to collect X Eggs . In chapter 33 , he realizes that the Embryo only shows up when X Eggs are purified , so he lures the Guardians into a trap . In chapter 41 , it is revealed that Kazuomi is actually Hikaru 's grandfather and he had previously lost his son and wife in a terrible accident and it is revealed that he forced Souko , Ikuto and Utau 's mother , into remarrying him so that his grandson can be the successor of Easter Company instead of Ikuto . In chapter 42 , he asked Ikuto and Souko for forgiveness and decides to retire from Easter . When he gives the divorce papers to Souko , Souko gives him a paper which , after reading it , shocks him . It is latter revealed during a conversation between Ikuto and Souko that she never summited the divorce papers with Aruto , Ikuto 's real father in the first place . Ikuto refers to him as `` Mr. Director . '' In the anime television series , Kazuomi Hoshina is voiced by Mitsuru Ogata . Nobuko Saeki ( 冴木のぶ子 , Saeki Nobuko ) Nobuko Saeki is a spiritual fortune teller and has a praised fortune telling column in Housewives ' Knowledge , although she dislikes the occult . She is 54 and likes miso peanuts . Her spiritual sense is so strong that she is able to see the Guardian Characters . She is the one who inspires Amu to wish to be a new person , meaning that she ignited Amu 's wishes . In Chapter 33 , she appears to help the Guardians into the Easter headquarters , saying that Amu is searching for someone precious to her . She is also fond of Tadase , probably because he looks so much like Tsukasa , who is one of the astrologers in her magazine . In the anime television series , Nobuko Saeki is voiced by Keiko Yamamoto . Saaya Yamabuki ( 山吹沙綾 , Yamabuki Saaya ) Saaya Yamabuki is an egotistical girl in the same class as Amu and leader of the Tadase Fan Club . Along with the other club members , Saaya shows off whenever she gets the chance in order to impress Tadase , and Kukai , but to no avail . She is also very jealous of Amu . Because of that , she once transformed with her hearts ' egg ( which changed into a ? egg ) in Doki ! into Hinamori Dream . In the anime television series , Saaya Yamabuki is voiced by Miyuki Kawashō . Seiichiro Suzuki ( 鈴木誠一郎 , Suzuki Seiichirō ) Seiichiro Suzuki is a third grade boy who greatly admires Amu . He is often seen cheering for Amu , admiring her in some way , or proving to Saaya Yamabuki that Amu is a superhero or can save anyone from anything . In the anime television series , Suzuki is voiced by Omi Minami . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( 2007 - 04 - 17 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Kashimashi ~ Boy Meets Dragon ~ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Black and White and Matsumoto 'd All Over '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Shugo Chara ! Episodes See also ( edit ) List of Shugo Chara ! episodes List of Shugo Chara ! ! Doki -- episodes List of Shugo Chara ! ! ! Dokki Doki episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shugo_Chara!_characters&oldid=813745312 '' Categories : Lists of anime and manga characters Shugo Chara ! Magical girl anime and manga characters Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 ไทย 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 01 : 04 . About Wikipedia	shugo chara who does amu end up with	[ "Amu's main love interests are Tadase Hotori and Tsukiyomi Ikuto. Throughout the first half of the series, Amu had a crush on Tadase and blushed every time she was in his presence. She initially regarded Ikuto as a jerk and pervert, but she grew close to him as he aided her countless times. When Ikuto first confesses his love to her, she thinks he is teasing her and dismisses it. When Tadase asks Amu if it is okay for him to fall in love with her, she is thrilled at the progress in their relationship but soon finds herself drawn to Ikuto. She was saddened when Ikuto decided to leave in search of his father. Because of this, she realizes that she truly loves Ikuto. After he confesses to her and kisses her close to the lips, she refuses to admit her feelings for him, which prompts Ikuto to make a deal with her that he will get her to fall in love with him. In chapter 48, Amu confesses to Tadase's older self that she had liked Tadase for his outer character. Although they have a much better relationship than before, Amu remains stubborn about her feelings for Ikuto. In the final chapter of Shugo Chara Encore, she is happy to reunite with him and is seen holding hands with him at Sanjou and Nikaidou's wedding. Amu's primary rival is Utau Hoshina, Ikuto's younger sister, who is jealous that Ikuto shows an interest in Amu instead of her. They soon become good friends after Utau leaves Easter. In the end, she chooses Ikuto in the manga. However, it is heavily implied that she ends up with Tadase in the anime." ]	[ "Tadase" ]
6930981878524188059	American Red Cross	American Red Cross - wikipedia American Red Cross Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Clara Barton Award be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2016 . This section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Red Cross Formation May 21 , 1881 ; 136 years ago ( 1881 - 05 - 21 ) Founder Clara Barton Legal status Foundation Purpose Humanitarian aid Headquarters Washington , D.C. , U.S. Region served United States President Gail J. McGovern Main organ Board of Governors Revenue US $2,974,133,836 ( 2014 ) Website www.redcross.org The American Red Cross ( ARC ) , also known as the American National Red Cross , is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance , disaster relief and education in the United States . It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . The organization offers services and development programs . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and organization 1.1 Founders 1.1. 1 Clara Barton 1.1. 2 Progressive reform 1.2 Organization 1.3 Chairpersons 1.4 Leadership 1.5 Ranking 1.6 Notable Members 2 Blood services 2.1 Blood donation 2.2 Tissue services 2.3 Plasma services 2.4 Nucleic acid testing 2.5 Leukoreduction 2.6 Research 2.7 Cellular therapies 3 Health and safety services 4 Disaster services 4.1 Disaster Services Workforce 4.2 National Response Framework 5 Disaster responses 5.1 Russian revolution 5.2 2005 hurricanes 5.3 Comair Flight 5191 5.4 2007 tornadoes 5.4. 1 Florida 5.4. 2 Kansas 5.5 Minneapolis Bridge collapse 6 International services 6.1 Disaster preparedness and response 6.1. 1 Haiti 6.2 Global health 6.3 International tracing requests 6.4 International humanitarian law 7 Service to the Armed Forces 8 Controversies 8.1 Johnson & Johnson suit over Red Cross image 8.2 Court ordered consent decree 8.3 September 11 controversy 8.4 Blood donation controversy 8.5 Volunteer background and credit check controversy 8.6 Political influence controversy 8.7 Hurricane Katrina controversy 8.8 Storms controversy ( Hurricane Sandy , Isaac , other major storms ) 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History and organization ( edit ) See also : American Red Cross National Headquarters Founders ( edit ) The American Red Cross National Headquarters in Washington , D.C. is a National Historic Landmark . ARC was established in Washington , D.C. on May 21 , 1881 , by Clara Barton . She became its first president . Barton organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the home of Senator Omar D. Conger ( R , MI ) . Fifteen people were present at this first meeting , including Barton , Conger and Representative William Lawrence ( R , OH ) ( who became the first vice-president ) . The first local chapter was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville at Dansville , New York . Jane Delano ( 1862 -- 1919 ) founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20 , 1910 . Clara Barton ( edit ) Main article : Clara Barton Clara Barton ( 1821 -- 1912 ) founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva , Switzerland . In 1869 , she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco - Prussian War . She determined to bring the organization to America . Clara Barton , founder of the American Red Cross Barton became President of the American branch of the society , known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington . The first chapters opened in upstate New York , where she had connections . Ultimately , John D. Rockefeller , Lars Kovala and three others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House . American Red Cross Administrative Headquarters in Washington , D.C. American National Red Cross Barton led one of the group 's first major relief efforts , a response to the September 4 -- 6 , 1881 Great Fire of 1881 ( Thumb Fire ) in the Thumb region of Michigan . Over 5,000 people were left homeless . The next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood , which occurred on May 31 , 1889 . Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown , Pennsylvania in one of the worst disasters in United States history . Progressive reform ( edit ) Barton was unable to build up a staff she trusted and her fundraising was lackluster . She was forced out in 1904 . Professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform . New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman constantly consulted with senior government officials , military officers , social workers and financiers . William Howard Taft was especially influential . They imposed an ethos of `` managerialism '' , transforming the agency from Barton 's cult of personality to an `` organizational humanitarianism '' ready for expansion . Organization ( edit ) ARC is a nationwide network of more than 650 chapters and 36 blood service regions . Approximately 500,000 Red Cross volunteers , including FemaCorps and AmeriCorps members , and 30,000 employees annually mobilize relief to people affected by more than 67,000 disasters , train almost 12 million people in necessary medical skills and exchange more than a million emergency messages for U.S. military service personnel and their family members . ARC is the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals and assists victims of international disasters and conflicts worldwide . In 2006 the organization had over $6 billion in total revenues . Revenue from blood and blood products alone was over $2 billion . Chairpersons ( edit ) William K. Van Reypen 1905 -- 06 Robert Maitland O'Reilly 1906 George Whitefield Davis 1906 -- 15 William Howard Taft 1915 -- 19 Livingston Farrand 1919 -- 21 John Barton Payne 1921 -- 35 Cary T. Grayson 1935 -- 38 Norman Davis 1938 -- 44 Basil O'Connor 1944 -- 47 , title changed to President , 1947 -- 49 George Marshall 1949 -- 1950 ( President ) E. Roland Harriman 1950 -- 1953 ( President ) , title changed to Chairman , 1954 -- 73 Frank Stanton 1973 -- 79 Jerome H. Holland 1979 -- 85 George F. Moody 1985 -- 92 Norman Ralph Augustine 1992 -- 2001 David T. McLaughlin 2001 -- 04 Bonnie McElveen - Hunter 2004 -- present Leadership ( edit ) Recent presidents and CEOs include Gail McGovern , Elizabeth Dole , Bernadine Healy , Mary S. Elcano , Mark W. Everson and John F. McGuire . In 2007 , U.S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina . Ranking ( edit ) In 1996 , the Chronicle of Philanthropy , an industry magazine , released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility . The study showed that ARC was ranked as the third `` most popular charity / non-profit in America '' of over 100 charities researched with 48 % of Americans over the age of 12 choosing `` Love '' , and `` Like A lot '' to describe the Red Cross . Notable Members ( edit ) Cora L. Abbott , organizer of Turlock Red Cross Chapter Minnie C. Benson , American Red Cross Reserve alist Inez Mee Boren , organizing chairman of the Lindsay Strathmore Branch of the American Red Cross Emily M. Bruen , member of Committee for Red Cross Emilie Henry Burcham , treasurer Spokane Chapter American Red Cross Euna Pearl Burke , member of Board of Directors of Red Cross ( local chapter ) Emma P. Chadwick , member Executive Board of Red Cross Louise Keller Cherry , on Board of Directors of Salt Lake County Red Cross Naomi Deutsch Ella M. Doane , American Red Cross worker Jane V. Doyle , executive secretary Portland Chapter American Red Cross , with the American Red Cross since July 1 , 1919 Martha Marie Elder , executive secretary of Service Section American Red Cross Sally S. Emory , vice-chairman Board of American Red Cross Stella A.H. Finkeldey , secretary of Santa Cruz Chapter of American Red Cross Inglis Fletcher , originator of Junior Red Cross Hospital program in Spokane Public Schools Laura E. Frenger , Executive , Home Service Sec . American Red Cross for eight years Thora B. Gardiner , secretary of the County Chapter of the American Red Cross Mary E. Gartin , American Red Cross Dale Pickett Gay , interested in Red Cross work Laura M. Geiger , on Board of Directors of American Red Cross Nellie A. Goodhue , on Board of Directors of Local Chapter American Red Cross Mabel Rainsferd Haines , supervisor for the Home Service department , Civilian Relief Department of Pacific Division of Red Cross ; organized welfare department for Jackson County Red Cross ( 1922 - 23 ) , and for Imperial Valley Chapter ( 1920 ) Sharlot Mabridth Hall , American Red Cross Wilhelmina Harper , American Red Cross Chicago Anne Jennings Kluegel , founder of Butte County Red Cross Chapter , one of founders of American Junior Red Cross , author of `` Peace Program , Junior Red Cross , Pacific Division '' , co-author of American Red Cross manuals Helen M. Laughlin , Member of Board of Directors American Red Cross Marie V. Lund , active in Red Cross work Laura Adrienne MacDonald , member Adda Bradford Manker , chairman of Red Cross and of Municipal Section California Elsa S. McGinn , executive board of Co . Chapter American Red Cross Amanda T. MacPherson , on the Board of Seattle Chapter American Red Cross Elfie Asenath Mosse , director of Red Cross Estella Smith Mulliner , executive secretary of Red Cross , County Chapter Mary E. Noyes , chairman of local Red Cross Josie Adelaide Olmsted , in charge of American Red Cross activities during the WWI Virginia Keating Orton , member of Board of Red Cross Eleanor B. Parkes , active in Red Cross work Ardee Parsons Rochex , on Executive Board of San Mateo County Chapter American Red Cross , chairman of Junior Red Cross of the San Mateo County Chapter ( 1925 - 28 ) Genevieve H. Sanford , chairman of Red Cross Home Service Aberdeen Elizabeth Sargent , active in Red Cross ( 1917 - 28 ) M. Elizabeth Shellabarger , Director of Red Cross Nursing in Albania and Montenegro ( 1921 - 22 ) Anna Leila Taylor , worked among war refugees in Italy , served during late war as volunteer Red Cross nurse in a Florence Military Hospital ( awarded Italian R.C. Medal ) Nancy Ellicott Tomlinson , 3 years with Red Cross in Pacific Area , Executive Secretary , American Red Cross Anna Vandegrift , secretary of Red Cross Chapter Grace F. Watson , vice-chairman Tacoma Branch American Red Cross Anna Mary Weyerhaeuser , chairman American Red Cross of Tacoma land Pierce County Blood services ( edit ) Blood donation ( edit ) ARC supplies roughly 40 % of the donated blood in the United States , which it sells to hospitals and regional suppliers . Community - based blood centers supply 50 % and 6 % is collected directly by hospitals . In December 2004 , ARC completed its largest blood processing facility in the United States in Pomona , California , on the campus grounds of the California State Polytechnic University , Pomona . Tissue services ( edit ) For more than 50 years , ARC provided allograft tissue for transplant through sales in its Tissue Services Program . It cared for thousands of donor families who gave the gift of tissue donation and sold donated tissue to more than 1 million transplant recipients in need of this life saving or life - enhancing gift of tissue . At the end of January 2005 , ARC ended its Tissue Services program in order to focus on its primary missions of Disaster Relief and Blood Services . Plasma services ( edit ) A leader in the plasma industry , ARC provides more than one quarter of the nation 's plasma products . Red Cross Plasma Services provides plasma products that are reliable , cost - effective and as safe as possible . In February 1999 , ARC completed its `` Transformation '' , a $287 million program that : re-engineered Red Cross Blood Services ' processing , testing and distribution system ; and established a new management structure . As of 2011 , ARC was no longer in the Plasma Services industry . The Red Cross supplies Baxter BioSciences with items for the manufacturing of plasma products . Nucleic acid testing ( edit ) On March 1 , 1999 , ARC became the first U.S. blood bank to implement a Nucleic acid testing ( NAT ) study . This process is different from traditional testing because it looks for the genetic material of HIV and hepatitis C ( HCV ) , rather than the body 's response to the disease . The NAT tests for HIV and HCV have been licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) . These tests detect the genetic material of a transfusion - transmitted virus like HIV without waiting for the body to form antibodies , potentially offering an important time advantage over current techniques . Leukoreduction ( edit ) Leukocytes ( white blood cells ) help fight off foreign substances such as bacteria , viruses and abnormal cells . In fact , these foreign leukocytes in transfused red blood cells and platelets are often not well tolerated and have been associated with some types of transfusion complications . Leukocytes in stored blood products can have a variety of biological effects , including depression of immune function , which can result in organ failure and death . Because whole blood is rarely used for transfusion and not kept in routine inventory , leukoreduced red blood supplies are critical . After collection the whole blood is separated into red cells and plasma by centrifugation . A preservative solution is mixed with the red cells and the component is filtered with a leukoreduction filter . Shelf life for this product is 42 days . ARC is moving toward system - wide universal prestorage leukocyte reduction to improve patient care . From 1976 through 1985 , the FDA received reports of 355 fatalities associated with transfusion , 99 of which were excluded from further review because they were unrelated to transfusion or involved hepatitis or acquired immune deficiency syndrome . While the FDA has not yet made a leukoreduction a requirement , ARC took a leading role in implementing this procedure with a goal of leukoreducing all blood products . More than 70 percent of ARC red blood cell components undergo prestorage leukoreduction , a filtering process that is done soon after blood is donated . Research ( edit ) ARC operates the Jerome H. Holland blood laboratory in Rockville , Maryland . Each year , the Red Cross invests more than $25 million in research activities at the Holland Laboratory and in the field . Cellular therapies ( edit ) ARC offers cellular therapies ; this treatment involves collecting and treating blood cells from a patient or other blood donor . The treated cells are then introduced into a patient to help revive normal cell function , replace cells that are lost as a result of disease , accidents or aging , or to prevent illnesses from appearing . Health and safety services ( edit ) ARC provides first aid , cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) , automated external defibrillator ( AED ) , water safety and lifeguarding , babysitting , disaster preparedness and home safety training throughout the United States . Training programs are primarily aimed at laypersons , workplaces and aquatic facilities . ARC teaches around 12 million Americans these skills annually , ranging from youth to professional rescuers . ARC co-led the 2005 Guidelines for First Aid , which aims to provide up - to - date and peer - reviewed first aid training materials . Many American Red Cross chapters also have for sale first aid kits , disaster kits , and similar , related equipment . Many chapters of ARC offer pet first aid courses to prepare pet owners and pet professionals for emergency situations . ARC also offers a pet first aid reference guide . This guide includes a 50 - minute DVD that informs viewers about safety procedures and instructs on dealing with medical emergencies . Disaster services ( edit ) American Red Cross providing assistance during the 1994 Northridge earthquake An American Red Cross vehicle distributing food to Grand Forks , North Dakota victims of the 1997 Red River flood Satellite communications after tropical storm Debby in Lake City , Florida , 2012 Each year , ARC responds to more than 70,000 disasters , including house or apartment fires ( making up the majority ) , hurricanes , floods , earthquakes , tornadoes , hazardous materials spills , transportation accidents , explosions and other natural and man - made disasters . Although ARC is not a government agency , its authority to provide disaster relief was formalized when , in 1905 , it was granted a congressional charter to `` carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence , famine , fire , floods , and other great national calamities , and to devise and carry on measures for preventing the same . '' The charter is not only a grant of power , but also an imposition of duties and obligations to the nation , to disaster victims and to the people who support its work with their donations . Disaster relief focuses on emergency disaster - caused needs . When a disaster threatens or strikes , ARC provides shelter , food and health and mental health services ( Psychological First Aid ) to address basic human needs . The core of Red Cross disaster relief is assistance to individuals and families to enable them to resume their normal daily activities . The organization provides translation and interpretation when necessary , and maintains a database of multilingual volunteers . At the local level , ARC chapters operate volunteer - staffed Disaster Action Teams . ARC feeds emergency workers of other agencies , handles inquiries from concerned family members outside the disaster area , provides blood and blood products to disaster victims and helps those affected by disaster to access other resources . It is a member of National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster ( VOAD ) and works closely with other agencies such as Salvation Army and Amateur Radio Emergency Service with whom it has memorandums of understanding . ARC works to encourage preparedness by providing important literature on readiness . Many chapters also offer free classes to the general public . A major misconception among the general public is that ARC provides medical facilities , engages in search and rescue operations or deploys ambulances . Instead , first responder roles are left to government agencies as dictated by the National Response Framework . Red Cross societies outside the U.S. may provide such functions ; for example , the Cruz Roja Mexicana ( Mexican Red Cross ) runs a national ambulance service . Furthermore , American Red Cross Emergency Response Vehicles ( ERVs ) look similar to ambulances . These ERVs instead are designed for bulk distribution of relief supplies , such as meals , drinks and other relief supplies . Although ARC shelters usually assign a nurse to the facility , they are not equipped to provide medical care beyond first aid . Disaster services Workforce ( edit ) The Disaster Services Workforce ( DSW ) system enrolls volunteers from ARC chapters into a national database of responders , classified by their ability to serve in one or more activities within groups . Services include feeding and sheltering ( `` mass care '' ) to warehousing , damage assessment , accounting , communications , public affairs and counseling . Responders complete training requirements specific to the services they want to offer , backgrounds , and first aid training . National response Framework ( edit ) As a National Response Framework support agency , ARC shelters , feeds and provides other types of emergency relief to victims of disasters . ARC is a co-lead with the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) for the mass care portion of Emergency Support Function 6 . ARC and FEMA share responsibility for planning and coordinating mass care services with FEMA . ARC has responsibilities for other Emergency Support Functions , such as providing health and mental health services . Disaster responses ( edit ) Russian revolution ( edit ) In July 1918 the ARC established a hospital at the entrance of Vladivostok harbor , and during the year 8 more hospitals . Vladivostok Refugee hospital was opened in early 1919 in former naval barracks and had up to 250 beds . The ARC provided drugs and medical supplies to Russian hospitals during the civil war . 2005 hurricanes ( edit ) Volunteers assist Hurricane victims at the Houston Astrodome , following Hurricane Katrina . Forecasting a major disaster before the landfall of Hurricane Katrina , ARC enlisted 2,000 volunteers to be on a `` stand by '' deployment list . According to ARC , during and after hurricanes Katrina , Wilma and Rita , they opened 1,470 shelters and registered 3 . 8 million overnight stays . 300,000 Red Cross workers ( 82 % unpaid ) provided sheltering , casework , communication and assessment services throughout these events . In addition , 346,980 comfort kits ( which contain hygiene essentials such as toothpaste , soap , washclothes and toys for children ) and 205,360 cleanup kits ( containing brooms , mops and bleach ) were distributed . The organization served 68 million snacks and meals . Disaster Health services provided 596,810 contacts , and Disaster Mental Health services 826,590 contacts . Emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families , including 4 million people . Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States that ARC utilized their `` Safe and Well '' family location website . Comair Flight 5191 ( edit ) Following the crash of commuter aircraft Comair Flight 5191 , the Bluegrass Area Chapter and ARC Critical Response Team ( CRT ) members were dispatched . This was the worst air disaster within the United States since American Airlines Flight 587 . Family and Friends reception centers were established near the arrival and departure airports and in Cincinnati , site of the Comair headquarters . Local chapters in Georgia , Alabama , Kentucky and California provided health and mental health services to family and friends not present in Lexington . Volunteers also staffed the local Emergency Operations Center ( EOC ) in Lexington , Kentucky . 2007 tornadoes ( edit ) ARC is set up in a community hard hit by the tornadoes , Florida , 2007 Florida ( edit ) In response to the Central Florida Tornado of February 2007 , ARC began a large scale disaster relief operation . At least seven shelters were opened . 40,000 pre-packaged meals were sent by ARC , and across the nation , almost 400 Red Cross volunteers were deployed to assist with local relief efforts . The organization deployed more than 30 Emergency Response Vehicles for community food and supply distribution . Kansas ( edit ) ARC immediately responded to the May 2007 Tornado Outbreak in central Kansas by setting up emergency shelters for displaced residents and started the distribution of food , water and relief supplies . Minneapolis bridge collapse ( edit ) Following the collapse of the I - 35W Mississippi River bridge , the Twin Cities Area Chapter responded with their Disaster Action Team to provide food , information and comfort . A family service center was set up , and mental health counselors deployed to numerous locations . Donations contributed for this cause totaled US $138,368 and covered the cost of services but not $65,000 in unexpected expenses . Weather and the collapse placed 70 % of Minnesota counties in federal primary or contiguous disaster areas during that August . International services ( edit ) ARC , as part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and its nearly 100 million volunteers , educates and mobilizes communities to overcome life - threatening vulnerabilities . ARC International Services Department focuses on global health , disaster preparedness and response , Restoring Family Links and international humanitarian law dissemination . ARC is involved with international projects such as the measles Initiative , malaria programs in Africa , disaster response and relief efforts in response to the 2004 South Asia tsunami . Disaster preparedness and response ( edit ) ARC international disaster response and preparedness programs provide relief and development assistance to millions of people annually who suffer as a result of natural and human - made disasters . To respond quickly and effectively , ARC has pre-positioned emergency relief supplies in three warehouses managed by the International Federation in Dubai , Malaysia and Panama that are used to respond to disasters . An Emergency Response Unit ( ERU ) is another method with which ARC responds to international emergencies . An ERU is made up of trained personnel and pre-packaged equipment that is crucial in responding to sudden , large - scale disasters and emergencies in remote locations . American Red Cross ERUs specialize in providing emergency relief supplies and IT and Telecommunications for Red Cross response operations . Haiti ( edit ) On January 12 , 2010 , a magnitude 7.0 M earthquake struck the Haitian coast 10 miles from the capital of Port - au - Prince , causing massive damage , more than 200,000 deaths and displacing nearly 2 million people . As of March 2011 , ARC announced it had allocated $314 million for Haiti earthquake relief and recovery . ARC funded recovery projects to provide transitional homes , health services , disaster preparedness , water and sanitation improvements and livelihoods development . It provided funds for school fees for affected families . As of June 2011 , ARC had raised approximately $484 million for Haiti relief and recovery efforts . A series of blistering reports by NPR and ProPublica , however , found that much of the money Americans donated never made it to help people in Haiti and promises to rebuild neighborhoods were never met . Global health ( edit ) ARC International Services global health initiatives focus on preventing and combating infectious diseases such as HIV / AIDS and measles on a large scale . Through cost - effective , community - based health interventions , ARC targets people in need and focuses on accessibility and equity of care , community participation and integration with other community development initiatives , such as water and sanitation projects and food and nutrition programs . An example of ARC International Services health programming is the Measles Initiative , launched in 2001 , as a partnership committed to reducing measles deaths globally . The initiative provides technical and financial support to governments and communities on vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance worldwide . Leading these efforts are ARC , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the United Nations Foundation , UNICEF and the World Health Organization . The Measles Initiative has supported vaccination campaigns in more than 60 countries , mostly in Africa and Asia . Since 2001 , the initiative has helped vaccinate one billion children in more than 60 developing countries . The initiative supported the distribution of more than 37 million insecticide - treated mosquito nets for malaria prevention , 81 million doses of de-worming medicine , 95 million doses of polio vaccine , and 186 million doses of Vitamin A . In December 2006 , ARC became a founding partner of the Malaria No More campaign . The campaign was formed by leading non-governmental organizations to inspire individuals , institutions and organizations in the private sector to support a comprehensive approach to end malaria , a devastating but preventable disease . ARC supported local Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers in Africa who educated families and communities about malaria prevention and treatment , such as proper and consistent use of insecticide - treated bed nets . ARC provided technical assistance and capacity - building support to its partners in difficult - to - reach communities . International tracing requests ( edit ) ARC handles international tracing requests and searches for families who have been separated . This service attempts to re-establish contact between separated family members . Restoring Family Links services provides the exchange of hand - written Red Cross Messages between individuals and their relatives who may be refugees or prisoners of war . At any given time , ARC Restoring Family Links program is handling the aftermath of 20 -- 30 wars and conflicts . The worldwide structure of Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross make this service possible . When new information from former Soviet Union archives became available in the 1990s , a special unit was created to handle World War II and Holocaust tracing services . International humanitarian law ( edit ) ARC International Services educates the American public about the guiding principles of international humanitarian law ( IHL ) for conduct in warfare as set forth by the Geneva Conventions of 1949 . In doing so , ARC International Services provides support to ARC chapters in their IHL dissemination efforts , offering courses and providing instructor training . Service to the Armed Forces ( edit ) A World War II - era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort . ARC provides emergency and non-emergency services to the United States military . The most notable service is emergency family communications , where families can contact the Red Cross to send important family messages ( such as a death in the family , or new birth ) . ARC can also act as a verifying agency . The agency operates call centers to provide these services . ARC works closely with other military societies , such as the Department of Veterans Affairs , to provide other services to service members and their families . ARC is not involved with prisoners of war ; these are monitored by the International Committee of the Red Cross , an international body . Carney Airfield , Guadalcanal , Solomon Islands Red Cross girl , August 1944 One criticism of Red Cross services to the military stems from stories about ARC charging troops during the Second World War and Korean War token fees for `` comfort items '' such as toothpaste , coffee , donuts , and cigarettes and for off - base food and lodging . The fee suggestion had been made in a letter dated March 1942 from the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson to Norman H. Davis , the chairman of ARC . The suggestion was that Allied soldiers were being charged money so Americans should be charged too so as to `` ensure an equitable distribution among all service personnel of Red Cross resources '' . The Red Cross adopted the Secretary 's suggestion as policy . In a June 18 , 1945 , address to Congress , General Dwight D. Eisenhower said of the Red Cross service in World War II , `` The Red Cross , with its clubs for recreation , its coffee and doughnuts in the forward areas , its readiness to meet the needs of the well and to help minister to the wounded has often seemed the friendly hand of this nation , reaching across the sea to sustain its fighting men . '' An account of one World War II American Red Cross Girl is recorded in Destination Unknown by Kathleen Cox ; her mother , LeOna Cox , was recruited to Red Cross Service by a fellow teacher at Allegheny College . Another account of an American Red Cross World War II worker is related in letters by Evelyn Merritt Welden , compiled in the book How to Play During a War : A Free Spirit 's Life in Letters , by her son , Lynne Whelden . Great Lakes Naval Hospital 1966 , Jennie and Terrie Frankel perform for wounded soldiers . The frequent visits by the early Doublemint Twins were arranged through the American National Red Cross ( see Red Cross letters of thanks to twins , posted on Wikimedia Commons ) . Great Lakes Naval Hospital -- American Red Cross October 24 , 1966 Letter of thanks to Jennie and Terrie Frankel for entertaining wounded servicemen . During the Vietnam War 627 American women served in the ARC Supplemental Recreation Overseas Program . At the invitation of the United States Army the `` Donut Dollies '' provided morale - boosting games to soldiers . Due to the mobility of the UH - 1 Iroquois , Vietnam Donut Dollies were able to visit troops in forward operating positions . The 2008 documentary film A Touch of Home : The Vietnam War 's Red Cross Girls tells the story of these women . ARC also provided services to entertain wounded soldiers at the Great Lakes Naval Hospital during the Vietnam War . Twins Jennie and Terrie Frankel , known for their portrayal of the `` Doublemint Twins , '' made several visits to the hospital in the late 1960s to perform with their accordions and sing folk songs with their guitar and received letters of thanks from Hospital Field Director , Carolyn F. Norton and Recreation Supervisor , Edna R. Schweitzer . In 2011 , the Service to the Armed Forces ( SAF ) unit was reorganized and it began receiving $24 million per year from Congress for operating expenses . Along with being downsized there was a consolidation into four regional locations ( San Diego , CA , Ft . Sill , OK , Louisville , KY , and Springfield , MA ) , yet what ruined SAF was having the job itself change from being an emergency communications operation to a non-emergency business call center . SAF was now driven by metrics rather than customer service , and this was evident in the once 15 -- 20 minutes it took for a good , complete intake being limited to eight minutes . Countless emergency communications messages that would have taken an hour or so began taking days , weeks , and months to complete due to dozens of problems associated with pursuing metrics . In 2012 , Channel 10 ( KGTV / ABC ) , and the San Diego Union - Tribune broke the first stories . In January 2013 , Rep. Duncan Hunter ( R , CA 52 ) was quoted in the Union - Tribune concerning how Red Cross is spending that $24 million . That was followed up less than a week later with a Union - Tribune editorial . In early 2013 , there was a major investigation by National Headquarters ( The Brewer Report ) and the results and recommendations were quashed by CEO Gail McGovern . ( Red Cross had replaced a car engine with a boat engine . ) In March and June 2015 , Military Times published stories highlighting some of the problems . In April 2015 , Channel 10 reported that San Diego and Springfield were closing because an online option for families was being implemented . In December 2015 , Stars & Stripes published an op - ed and it was captured by the GOP Briefing Room before being deleted . In May 2016 , 22 News ( WWLP.com ) reported that Springfield opened a new call center ( it never closed ) to be one of only three in the country doing this work . What happened with Springfield may not confirm the rumor that San Diego was closed in retaliation for questioning the results of the reorganization , but it does n't hurt . The problems with the Service to the Armed Forces unit are the same as those in Disaster Response Services , which have been reported on by ProPublica in an extensive series on the growing concerns of poor management . By now hundreds of thousands of military families have been negatively impacted by this change . Controversies ( edit ) Johnson & Johnson suit over Red Cross image ( edit ) Further information : Emblems of the Red Cross § Johnson & Johnson v. American Red Cross The red cross flag . On August 7 , 2007 , Johnson & Johnson ( J&J ) filed suit against ARC over its sublicensing of the Red Cross image for the production of first aid kits and similar products , which it alleged competed with the company 's products . The suit also asked for the destruction of all non-Johnson & Johnson Red Cross Emblem bearing products and demanded that ARC pay punitive damages and J&J 's legal fees . The Red Cross ' position was that it had licensed its name to first aid kit makers in an effort to encourage readiness for disasters and that license revenues supported humanitarian work . J&J claimed that the Red Cross 's commercial ventures were outside the scope of historically well - agreed usage and were in direct violation of federal statutes . On May 14 , 2008 , a federal judge ruled against J&J . In June 2008 , the two organizations announced a settlement had been reached allowing both parties to use the symbol . Court ordered Consent Decree ( edit ) The FDA took court action against ARC in response to deficiencies in their procedures for ensuring blood supply safety . The resulting consent decree outlines violations of federal law that ARC engaged in before 1993 . ARC paid millions of dollars in fines . ARC Biomedical Services instituted a standardized computer system to maintain the blood donor database ; five National Testing Laboratories ( NTLs ) that test some six million units of blood annually ; the Charles Drew Biomedical Institute , which provides training and other educational resources to Red Cross Blood Services ' personnel ; a Quality Assurance / Regulatory Affairs Department , which helps to ensure regulatory compliance ; and , a centrally managed blood inventory system . The Consent Decree was amended in 2003 with penalties for specific violations . The FDA could impose penalties after April 2003 up to the following maximum amounts : $10,000 per event ( and $10,000 per day ) for any violation of an ARC standard operating procedure ( SOP ) , the law , or consent decree requirement and timeline $50,000 for preventable release of each unit of blood for which the FDA finds a reasonable probability of serious adverse health consequences $5,000 for the release of each unit that may cause temporary problems , up to a maximum of $500,000 per event $50,000 for the improper re-release of each unsuitable blood unit that was returned to ARC inventory $10,000 for each donor inappropriately omitted from the National Donor Deferral Registry , a list of all unsuitable donors The FDA continued to apply pressure and fines to ARC in order to enforce compliance with regulations , including a $1.7 million fine in June 2008 . ARC worked closely with the FDA to develop a more robust system . The systems resulted in a five - year period of sustained compliance that led to the release from the Consent Decree as of December 4 , 2015 . September 11 controversy ( edit ) In the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , ARC and other charitable organizations solicited funds and blood donations . Dr. Bernadine Healy , the president of ARC , appeared on telethons urging individuals to give generously . However , according to America 's Blood Centers , the non-profit consortium that provides the other 50 % of the United States blood supply , no national blood drive was needed , since localized blood drives in the affected areas would be sufficient to meet the demand . ARC felt that the terrorist attacks were a sign of increased instability and urged people to donate blood , even though it was not needed at that time . In the end , some of the unused blood was destroyed . ARC created a `` Liberty Fund '' that was ostensibly designed for relief for victims of the terrorist attacks . However , when the fund was closed in October , after exceeding the goals of donations , only 30 % of the $547 million received was spent as the standard disaster relief guidelines for meeting victims needs had been supplied to them . Dr. Healy announced that the majority of the remainder of the money would be used to increase blood supply , improve telecommunications and prepare for future terror attacks . In February 2002 , The New Yorker magazine carried a column claiming that ARC representatives were visiting upscale apartment buildings in wealthy Manhattan neighborhoods and distributing donated money ( up to three months ' rent or mortgage payments ) to New Yorkers who had been `` displaced , traumatized , or merely inconvenienced '' by the terrorist attacks , without regard to whether the recipients were in financial need . Many donors felt that they had donated specifically to the victims of the September 11 attacks and objected to Healy 's official plan for the diversion of funds . Survivors complained of the bureaucratic process involved in requesting funds and the slow delivery of the checks to meet immediate needs . Congressional hearings were held and New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer investigated the organization . In the end , ARC appointed former US senator George Mitchell to handle distribution of funds . Healy was forced to resign and the Red Cross pledged that all funds would go to directly benefit attack victims . Healy received a severance payment of $1,569,630 . Blood donation controversy ( edit ) Main article : MSM blood donor controversy ARC faced criticism from lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) advocacy organizations for prohibiting men who have sex with men ( MSM ) from donating blood . This policy was an FDA requirement for all blood collection companies and organizations in the United States . Specifically , the FDA instructs blood collection organizations to `` defer for 12 months from the most recent sexual contact , a man who has had sex with another man during the past 12 months '' . Consequently , ARC was legally unable to collect blood from such men . In 2006 , along with the AABB and America 's Blood Centers , ARC petitioned the FDA to remove the requirement from blood donations , citing better screening technologies . As of December 2016 , the American Red Cross reports on its website that its deferral of MSM from donating blood for 12 months after any sexual contact with another man is aligned with the guidance issued by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Volunteer background and credit check controversy ( edit ) In 2006 , ARC imposed a new policy requiring mandatory checks of all volunteers ' backgrounds , including credit check and `` mode of living '' investigations . Objections were raised over the intrusive nature of the checks and the lack of limits on the use of the information gathered . As a result , many longtime volunteers discontinued their association with ARC . Amateur radio operators especially resisted , complaining that volunteers who brought hundreds or thousands of dollars in communications and computer equipment to an event have more to worry about from the ARC than the ARC does from them . Some of these transferred their activity to the Salvation Army and its SATERN disaster radio network . In response , ARC extended the deadline for compliance , and announced that the credit and `` mode of living '' checks would not be required . However , the updated application forms continued to include an authorization for these checks , listing them only as a `` consumer investigative report '' , according to the American Radio Relay League . Political influence controversy ( edit ) As president , Elizabeth Dole overruled professional staff and ordered an HIV / AIDS prevention manual to be rewritten to make references to homosexuality , premarital sex and condom use more responsive to conservative critics , according to The Nation , which claimed that she allowed politics to affect many Red Cross policies . Hurricane Katrina controversy ( edit ) In March 2006 , investigations of allegations of fraud and theft by volunteers and contractors within ARC Katrina operations were launched by the Louisiana Attorney - General and the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . In response , ARC increased its internal and external education of the organization 's fraud and waste hotline for confidential reporting to a third party agency . The organization also elected to implement a background check policy for all volunteers and staff , starting in 2006 . In April 2006 , an unnamed former ARC official leaked reports made by the International Committee of the Red Cross and the British Red Cross . Such reports are typical in a large - scale disaster relief operation involving other national Red Cross societies to solicit their input , but are usually confidential and not released to the general public . These particular reports were particularly critical of ARC operations in Katrina - affected regions , although the British Red Cross report strongly praised ARC volunteers in their efforts . Storms controversy ( Hurricane Sandy , Isaac , other major Storms ) ( edit ) In October 2014 , independent public interest news broadcasters NPR and ProPublica published investigative reports on the Red Cross 's handling of US East Coast Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac , citing internal Red Cross documents and interviews with former Red Cross and government officials . It criticized the organization 's response in failing to meet the immediate needs of victims . It also described `` an organization so consumed with public relations that it hindered the charity 's ability to provide disaster services . '' See also ( edit ) American Red Cross Motor Corps American Red Cross Volunteer Life Saving Corps References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Leaders of the American Red Cross '' . American Red Cross . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross 2014 Tax Return '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Charter of the American Red Cross '' ( PDF ) . May 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Baxter and the American National Red Cross Agree to Terminate Contract Manufacturing Arrangement for Plasma Products '' . Baxter.com ( Press release ) . 1 March 2005 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Barrington , K. ; Fergusson , D. ; Hebert , P. ; Joseph , L. ; Lee , S. ; Walker , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Clinical Outcomes Following Institution of Universal Leukoreduction of Blood Transfusions for Premature Infants '' . JAMA. 289 : 1950 -- 56 . PMID 12697797 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.15. 1950 . Jump up ^ Grimes ; Kaler ; Obezrz ; Sazama ; Shriver ( 2003 ) . `` Reports of 355 Transfusion - Associated Deaths : 1976 Through 1985 '' . Transfusion. 30 ( 7 ) : 583 -- 90 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1537 - 2995.1990. 30790385515. x . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross -- Community Services '' . American Red Cross . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA And American Red Cross Partnership Will Strengthen Mass Care During A Disaster '' . Federal Emergency Management Agency . October 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Response Framework '' . Federal Emergency Management Agency . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Khwaja , Barbara ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ A Year of Healing Archived January 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . The American Red Cross , August 2006 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hurricane Season 2005 Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Red Cross website , 2006 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Katie ( 2006 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Red Cross Responds to Commercial Jet Crash in Kentucky '' . American Red Cross . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross Mobilizes Resources in Central Florida : List Your Loved Ones on Safe And Well Website '' . RedCross.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hackett , Alexandra . `` Volunteers descend on Central Florida '' Archived March 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , tampabays10.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross responding to Midwest Tornadoes '' . RedCross.org ( Press release ) . 5 May 2007 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Boone , Beth ( August 3 , 2007 ) . `` Red Cross Chapter Serves as Focal Point of Response Efforts '' . The American National Red Cross . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . and `` Red Cross on Scene of Minneapolis I - 35W Bridge Collapse '' ( Press release ) . The American National Red Cross . August 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Debra ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` How to give wisely after Minnesota 's disasters '' . Pioneer Press . MediaNews Group , Inc . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Louwagie , Pam ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` Bridge Disaster Fund tops $564,000 '' . Star Tribune . Avista Capital Partners . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minnesota designated counties are found in three places : Farm Service Agency Public Affairs Staff ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` USDA Designates 24 Minnesota Counties as Primary Natural Disaster Areas '' ( Press release ) . Farm Service Agency , U.S. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . and Preston , Steven C. ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` Disaster Declaration # 10991 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Small Business Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . and `` Designated Counties for Minnesota Severe Storms and Flooding ( Disaster Summary For FEMA - 1717 - DR , Minnesota ) '' ( Press release ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . August 23 , 2007 ( updated August 28 , 2007 ) . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . `` Types of ERU -- IFRC '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` June 2011 Progress Report for the Red Cross Response '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2015/06/03/411524156/in-search-of-the-red-cross-500-million-in-haiti-relief Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2016/06/16/482020436/senators-report-finds-fundamental-concerns-about-red-cross-finances Jump up ^ `` UN Foundation -- The Measles Initiative Vaccinates One Billion Children '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Jeff ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Military notification funds spent other ways Red Cross programs that got funding included Bike - O-Rama , Starbucks giveaway '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jowers , Karen ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Red Cross begins to address hotline problems '' . Military Times . Gannett Company . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Milwaukee Journal -- Google News Archive '' . Google . April 10 , 1946 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross Charges for Assistance '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cox , Leona ; Cox , Kathleen ( 2009 ) . Destination Unknown . ISBN 9781466412484 . Jump up ^ Cox , Kathleen ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Book Presentation Webcast '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . 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Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Red Cross Is Fined For Blood Violations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Red Cross Gets Blood Consent Decree Lifted Archived May 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Nonprofit Times website , ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . Retrieved on December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Myths and Legends about the American Red Cross '' . Redcross.org . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick ( 18 February 2002 ) . `` Free Money : Trumperty Below Canal '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Grant ( 2001 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Red Cross President Resigns Under Pressure From Board '' . The Chronicle of Philanthropy . Retrieved 18 April 2007 . Jump up ^ American Red Cross report Archived February 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance , May 2003 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross calls for end to ban on gay blood donors '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` American Red Cross Fights Ban on Gays ' Blood '' . NPR.org . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eligibility Criteria by Topic '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARRL Position on the American Red Cross Background Check Policy '' , ARRL.org , American Radio Relay League , March 13 , 2007 , archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 , retrieved March 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ Heller , Linda ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Red Cross : A Question of Competence '' . The Nation . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross probed on Katrina fraud '' Archived October 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News Online , 2006 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Background Check Fact Sheet , PlainsRedCross.org , July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross ' Diverted Assets ' During Storms ' Aftermath To Focus On Image '' . NPR.org . October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Cross defends response to Hurricane Sandy two years on '' . PBS.org. 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Justin ; Eisinger , Jesse ; Sullivan , Laura ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` The Red Cross ' Secret Disaster '' . Propublica.org . ProPublica and NPR . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Dulles , Foster Rhea . The American Red Cross : A History . New York : Harper and Brothers . Irwin , Julia . Making the World Safe : The American Red Cross and a Nation 's Humanitarian Awakening . New York : Oxford University Press , 2013 . Irwin , Julia F. , `` Teaching ' Americanism with a World Perspective ' : The Junior Red Cross in the U.S. Schools from 1917 to the 1920s '' . History of Education Quarterly 53 ( Aug. 2013 ) , 255 -- 79 . Jones , Marian Moser . The American Red Cross From Clara Barton to the New Deal . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press ; 2013 . Whelden , Lynne Merritt . How to Play During a War : A Free Spirit 's Life in Letters . Canton , PA : Lynne Whelden Productions ; 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Red Cross . Official website Clara Barton 's House : Home of the American Red Cross , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan American Red Cross Motor Service uniform , 1940s , in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database American Red Cross Nurse 's Aide uniform , 1940s , in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database Red Cross posters from World War I from the Elisabeth Ball Collection Records of the American National Red Cross , 1881 -- 2008 at the National Archives and Records Administration Works by American National Red Cross at Project Gutenberg Works by or about American Red Cross at Internet Archive International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Organisations International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) National Societies Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo , Democratic Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea ( pending recognition and admission ) Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran , Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People 's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia , Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( pending recognition and admission ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino , Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania , United Republic of Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Sources www.icrc.org www.ifrc.org/address/rclinks.asp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Red_Cross&oldid=800700790 '' Categories : American Red Cross 1881 establishments in Washington , D.C. 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-6113741600950596124	States Reorganisation Act, 1956	States Reorganisation Act , 1956 - Wikipedia States Reorganisation Act , 1956 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Enacted by Parliament of India Date enacted 1956 Status : In force Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India The States Reorganisation Act , 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India 's states and territories , organising them along linguistic lines . Although additional changes to India 's state boundaries have been made since 1956 , the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 remains the single most extensive change in state boundaries since the independence of India in 1947 . The Act came into effect at the same time as the Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 , which ( among other things ) restructured the constitutional framework for India 's existing states and the requirements to pass the States Reorganisation Act , 1956 under the provisions of Part I of the Constitution of India , Articles 3 & 4 . Contents 1 Political integration after independence and the Constitution of 1950 2 Movement for linguistic states 3 States Reorganisation Commission 4 Related changes by other legislation 5 Effect of the changes 5.1 States 5.2 Union territories 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Political integration after independence and the Constitution of 1950 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Political integration of India Administrative divisions of India in 1951 The British Indian Empire , which included present - day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh , was divided into two types of territories : the Provinces of British India , which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor - General of India ; and the Indian States , under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy , in most cases as established by treaty . As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century , most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors , although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor - General . Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of federalism , which was carried forward into the governance of independent India . On 15 August 1947 , British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan . The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states , who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan , while under no compulsion to do so . Most of the states acceded to India , and a few to Pakistan . Bhutan , Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence , although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union . South Indian states prior to the States Reorganisation Act Between 1947 and about 1950 , the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union . Most were merged into existing provinces ; others were organised into new provinces , such as Rajputana , Himachal Pradesh , Madhya Bharat , and Vindhya Pradesh , made up of multiple princely states ; a few , including Mysore , Hyderabad , Bhopal , and Bilaspur , became separate provinces . The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution . The new Constitution of India , which came into force on 26 January 1950 , made India a sovereign democratic republic . The new republic was also declared to be a `` Union of States '' . The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories : Part A states , which were the former governors ' provinces of British India , were ruled by a governor appointed by the president and an elected state legislature . The nine Part A states were Assam , Bihar , Bombay , Madhya Pradesh ( formerly Central Provinces and Berar ) , Madras , Orissa , Punjab ( formerly East Punjab ) , Uttar Pradesh ( formerly the United Provinces ) , and West Bengal . Part B states , which were former princely states or groups of princely states , governed by a rajpramukh , who was usually the ruler of a constituent state , and an elected legislature . The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India . The eight Part B states were Hyderabad , Jammu and Kashmir , Madhya Bharat , Mysore , Patiala and East Punjab States Union ( PEPSU ) , Rajasthan , Saurashtra , and Travancore - Cochin . Part C states included both the former chief commissioners ' provinces and some princely states , and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India . The ten Part C states were Ajmer , Bhopal , Bilaspur , Coorg , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh , Cutch , Manipur , Tripura , and Vindhya Pradesh . The sole Part D territory was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government . Movement for linguistic states ( edit ) The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule . A first - of - its - kind linguistic movement started in 1895 , in what is now Odisha . The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province . Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das , the Father of Oriya nationalism , the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936 , when Orissa Province became the first Indian state ( pre-independence ) to be organised on the basis of common languages . The post-independence period saw the ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines . The movement to create a Telugu - speaking state out of the northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years after independence , and in 1953 , the sixteen northern Telugu - speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of Andhra . During the 1950 -- 1956 period , other small changes were made to state boundaries : the small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954 ; and Chandernagore , a former enclave of French India , was incorporated into West Bengal in 1955 . However , post-independence , the first state to be created on a linguistic basis was Andhra in 1953 , created out of the Telugu - speaking northern parts of Madras State . States Reorganisation Commission ( edit ) Main article : States Reorganisation Commission The States Reorganisation Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission ( aka Dhar Commission ) , which was set up in June 1948 . Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission in December 1953 , with the remit to reorganise the Indian states . The new commission was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , Fazal Ali ; its other two members were H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikkar . The efforts of the commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant , who served as the Home Minister from December 1954 . The States Reorganisation Commission submitted a report on September 30 , 1955 , with recommendations for the reorganisation of India 's states , which was then debated by the Indian parliament . Subsequently , bills were passed to make changes to the constitution and to administer the reorganisation of the states . Indian states after the States Reorganisation Act not only thus Related changes by other legislation ( edit ) The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956 . Before it came into effect on 1 November , an important amendment was made to the Constitution of India . Under the Seventh Amendment , the existing distinction among Part A , Part B , Part C , and Part D states was abolished . The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed , becoming known simply as `` states '' . A new type of entity , the Union Territory , replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state . A further Act also came into effect on 1 November , transferring certain territories from Bihar to West Bengal . Effect of the changes ( edit ) The following list sets out the states and union territories of India as reorganised on 1 November 1956 : States ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh : formed by the merger of Andhra State ( 1953 - 56 ) with the Telugu - speaking areas of Hyderabad State ( 1948 -- 56 ) . Assam : No change of boundary in 1956 . Bihar : reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal . Bombay State : the state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State , the Marathi - speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State . The southernmost districts of the Bombay Presidency were transferred to Mysore State . Jammu and Kashmir : No change of boundary in 1956 . Kerala : formed by the merger of Travancore - Cochin state with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk of South Canara district of the Madras Presidency . The southern part of Travancore - Cochin , Kanyakumari district was transferred to Madras State . Madhya Pradesh : Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh , and Bhopal State were merged into Madhya Pradesh ; the Marathi - speaking districts of Nagpur Division were transferred to Bombay State . Madras State : Malabar District was transferred to the new state of Kerala , and a new union territory , Laccadive , Minicoy and Amindivi Islands , was created . The southern part of Travancore - Cochin , Kanyakumari district was added to the state . Mysore State : enlarged by the addition of Coorg State and the Kannada speaking districts from western Madras Presidency , southern Bombay Presidency and western Hyderabad State . Orissa : No change of boundary in 1956 . Punjab : enlarged by addition of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union . Rajasthan : enlarged by the addition of Ajmer state and parts of Bombay and Madhya Bharat states . Uttar Pradesh : No change of boundary in 1956 . West Bengal : enlarged by addition of minor territory previously forming part of Bihar . Union territories ( edit ) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Delhi Manipur Tripura Himachal Pradesh Laccadive , Minicoy & Amindivi Islands See also ( edit ) Unification of Karnataka Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 List of proposed states and territories of India Administrative divisions of India States and union territories of India Political integration of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Explainer : The reorganization of states in India and why it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Seventh Amendment '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article 1 '' . Constitution of India . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Demand of separate province for Oriya '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ States Politics in India . Jump up ^ `` Reorganisation of states '' ( PDF ) . Economic Weekly . Jump up ^ Bihar and West Bengal ( Transfer of Territories ) Act , 1956 External links ( edit ) Text of the Act Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution ( Regulation ) Act , 2010 Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Mental Health Care Act , 2017 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Indian Christian Marriage Act , 1872 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act , 2016 Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transport Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956&oldid=852204158 '' Categories : 1956 in India Nehru administration Reorganisation of Indian states Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 09 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	8. in 1936 which state became the first to be formed on linguistic basis	[ "The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. A first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in 1895, in what is now Odisha. The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province.[5][6] Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Oriya nationalism, the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936, when Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) to be organised on the basis of common languages.\n" ]	[ "Orissa Province" ]
-7091849772271819482	United States Secretary of Education	United States Secretary of Education - wikipedia United States Secretary of Education Jump to : navigation , search `` Secretary of education '' redirects here . For other uses , see Secretary of Education . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Secretary of Education of the United States Seal of the Department of Education Flag of the Secretary of Education Incumbent Betsy DeVos since February 7 , 2017 United States Department of Education Style Madam Secretary Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Constituting instrument 20 U.S.C. § 3411 Formation November 30 , 1979 ; 37 years ago ( 1979 - 11 - 30 ) First holder Shirley Hufstedler Succession Sixteenth Deputy Deputy Secretary of Education Salary Executive Schedule , level 1 Website www2.ed.gov Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U.S. Department of Education . The Secretary advises the President on federal policies , programs , and activities related to education in the United States . As a member of the President 's Executive Cabinet , this Secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 List of Secretaries 2.1 List of Secretaries of Health , Education , and Welfare 2.2 List of Secretaries of Education 3 Living former Secretaries 4 References 5 External links Function ( edit ) The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the President 's Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession . This Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy , and heads the U.S. Department of Education . The Secretary is advised by the National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity , an advisory committee , on `` matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education . '' List of Secretaries ( edit ) Prior to the creation of the Department of Education in 1979 , Education was part of the ambit of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . Parties Democratic Republican Status Denotes an Acting Secretary of Education List of Secretaries of Health , Education , and Welfare ( edit ) No . Portrait Name State of residence Took office Left office President Oveta Culp Hobby Texas April 11 , 1953 July 31 , 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower Marion B. Folsom New York August 2 , 1955 July 31 , 1958 Arthur S. Flemming Ohio August 1 , 1958 January 19 , 1961 Abraham A. Ribicoff Connecticut January 21 , 1961 July 13 , 1962 John F. Kennedy 5 Anthony J. Celebrezze Ohio July 31 , 1962 August 17 , 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 John W. Gardner California August 18 , 1965 March 1 , 1968 7 Wilbur J. Cohen Michigan May 16 , 1968 January 20 , 1969 8 Robert H. Finch California January 21 , 1969 June 23 , 1970 Richard Nixon 9 Elliot L. Richardson Massachusetts June 24 , 1970 January 29 , 1973 10 Caspar W. Weinberger California February 12 , 1973 August 8 , 1975 Gerald Ford 11 F. David Mathews Alabama August 8 , 1975 January 20 , 1977 12 Joseph A. Califano Jr . District of Columbia January 25 , 1977 August 3 , 1979 Jimmy Carter 13 Patricia Roberts Harris District of Columbia August 3 , 1979 May 4 , 1980 List of Secretaries of Education ( edit ) No . Portrait name State of Residence Took Office Left Office President Shirley Hufstedler California November 30 , 1979 January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter Terrel Bell Utah January 22 , 1981 January 20 , 1985 Ronald Reagan William Bennett New York February 6 , 1985 September 20 , 1988 Lauro Cavazos Texas September 20 , 1988 December 12 , 1990 George H.W. Bush -- Ted Sanders Acting Illinois December 12 , 1990 March 22 , 1991 5 Lamar Alexander Tennessee March 22 , 1991 January 20 , 1993 6 Richard Riley South Carolina January 21 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton 7 Rod Paige Texas January 20 , 2001 January 20 , 2005 George W. Bush 8 Margaret Spellings Texas January 20 , 2005 January 20 , 2009 9 Arne Duncan Illinois January 21 , 2009 January 1 , 2016 Barack Obama 10 John King Jr . New York January 1 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 January 20 , 2017 -- Phil Rosenfelt Acting Virginia January 20 , 2017 February 7 , 2017 Donald Trump 11 Betsy DeVos Michigan February 7 , 2017 Incumbent Living former Secretaries ( edit ) See also : List of living former members of the United States Cabinet As of November 2017 , there are eight living former Secretaries of Education , the oldest being Lauro Cavazos ( served 1988 -- 1990 , born 1927 ) . The most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler ( served 1979 -- 1981 , born 1925 ) on March 30 , 2016 . The most recently serving Secretary to die was Terrel Bell ( served 1981 -- 1985 , born 1921 ) on June 22 , 1996 . Name Term Date of birth ( and age ) William Bennett 1985 -- 1988 ( 1943 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1943 ( age 74 ) Lauro Cavazos 1988 -- 1990 ( 1927 - 01 - 04 ) January 4 , 1927 ( age 90 ) Lamar Alexander 1990 - 1993 ( 1940 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Richard Riley 1993 -- 2001 ( 1933 - 01 - 02 ) January 2 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Rod Paige 2001 -- 2005 ( 1933 - 06 - 17 ) June 17 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Margaret Spellings 2005 -- 2009 ( 1957 - 11 - 30 ) November 30 , 1957 ( age 59 ) Arne Duncan 2009 -- 2015 ( 1964 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1964 ( age 53 ) John King Jr . 2016 -- 2017 1975 ( age 41 -- 42 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Education Principal Office Functional Statements '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ NACIQI Staff ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Welcome '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Education , National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity ( NACIQI ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris was Secretary on May 4 , 1980 , when the office changed names from Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare to Secretary of Health and Human Services . Because the department merely changed names , she did not need to be confirmed again , and her term continued uninterrupted . ^ Jump up to : Eilperin , Juliet ; Layton , Lyndsey & Brown , Emma ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan to step down at end of year '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Education portal Official website Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by Rick Perry as Secretary of Energy Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of Education Succeeded by David Shulkin as Secretary of Veterans Affairs Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Secretary of Energy Rick Perry 15th in line Succeeded by Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin United States Secretaries of Education Hufstedler Bell Bennett Cavazos Alexander Riley Paige Spellings Duncan King DeVos Agencies under the United States Department of Education Headquarters : 400 Maryland Avenue SW ( Education Department Building ) Betsy Devos , Secretary of Education Vacant , Acting Deputy Secretary of Education Secretary of Education Office for Civil Rights Institute of Education Sciences Deputy Secretary of Education Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools Office of Innovation and Improvement Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Office of English Language Acquisition Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Under Secretary of Education Office of Federal Student Aid Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education Office of Postsecondary Education White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Programs National Center for Education Statistics National Library of Education National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Office of Migrant Education Education Resources Information Center National Assessment of Educational Progress Independent organizations Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance National Institute for Literacy National Assessment Governing Board National Board for Education Sciences White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_Education&oldid=811488114 '' Categories : 1979 establishments in the United States Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States United States Department of Education Cabinet of the United States United States Secretaries of Education Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the united states secretary of education	[ "\n11\n\nBetsy DeVos\nMichigan\nFebruary 7, 2017\nIncumbent\n" ]	[ "Betsy DeVos" ]
7289319022958671758	List of Bob the Builder characters	List of Bob the Builder characters - wikipedia List of Bob the Builder characters Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bob the Builder ride This is a list of characters from the Bob the Builder television series . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bob the Builder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Humans 1.1 Main 1.1. 1 Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) 1.2 Recurring 1.2. 1 Original series 1.2. 2 Project : Build It ! 1.2. 3 Ready , Steady , Build ! 1.2. 4 Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) 1.3 Minor 1.3. 1 Original series 1.3. 2 Project : Build It ! 1.3. 3 Ready , Steady , Build ! 1.3. 4 Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) 2 Animals 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Original series 2.1. 2 Project : Build It ! 2.1. 3 2015 TV series 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Original series 2.2. 2 Project : Build It ! 2.2. 3 Ready , Steady Build 2.2. 4 2015 TV series 3 Other characters 3.1 Main 3.1. 1 Original series 3.1. 2 Ready , Steady , Build ! 4 Vehicles 4.1 Main 4.1. 1 Original series 4.1. 1.1 Construction vehicles 4.1. 1.2 Other vehicles 4.1. 2 Project : Build It ! 4.1. 2.1 Construction vehicles 4.1. 2.2 Trucks 4.1. 3 Ready , Steady , Build ! 4.1. 3.1 Construction vehicles 4.2 Recurring 4.2. 1 Original series 4.2. 1.1 Snow vehicles 4.2. 1.2 Trucks 4.2. 1.3 Other vehicles 4.2. 2 Project : Build It ! 4.2. 2.1 Construction vehicles 4.2. 2.2 Snow vehicles 4.2. 2.3 Trucks 4.2. 2.4 Other vehicles 4.2. 3 Ready , Steady , Build ! 4.2. 3.1 Construction vehicles 4.2. 4 Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) 4.2. 4.1 Construction vehicles 4.2. 4.2 Trucks 4.2. 4.3 Other vehicles Humans ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bob ( original catchphrase : `` Can we fix it ? '' ; current one : `` Can we build it ? '' ) is a general contractor and head of his own construction yard based in Bobsville and later in Sunflower Valley and now Fixham Harbour . Bob is from a family of builders - his father Robert is also a builder and so was his grandfather Billy . He is assisted by Wendy and a host of anthropomorphic vehicles in various projects in and around the town . He is the owner of Pilchard the Cat and he is not good with computers . Some of the problems in the show arise from Bob 's habit of forgetting to turn his mobile phone on . Bob is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and William Dufris , Greg Proops , and Marc Silk in the US . He is now voiced by Lee Ingleby in the UK , and Colin Murdock in the US . Bob the Builder ( 1998 - 2012 ) Wendy is Bob 's business partner and later his girlfriend who runs the office and keeps the business in order , and often organizes tools and equipment . She is also seen doing construction work in many episodes . Wendy is often worried about Bob 's cat , Pilchard , as shown in the episode Pilchard in a Pickle and in the song Find That Cat . Wendy was voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and by Lorelei King in the US . Now voiced by Joanne Froggatt in the UK and the US . Mr. Bernard Bentley -- The Bobsville town building inspector and later Mayor of Sunflower Valley and then Fixham Harbour building inspector , and Barbara Bentley 's husband . In the reboot series , he is the mayor 's right - hand man and gains a more nerdy , clumsy personality and a brand new catchphrase which is `` Oh , dear me ! Mayor Madison will be here any second ! '' . He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project : Build It series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series . Now voiced by Nick Mercer in the UK and Dustin Dermi - Burns in the US . Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) ( edit ) Leo - College student , Bob 's apprentice and son of Curtis . Voiced by Jacob Scipio in the UK and Dan Bacon in the US . Recurring ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Dot -- Bob 's Mother and also Robert ( Bob 's Dad ) 's Wife . She is voiced by June Whitfield in the UK and Lorelei King in the US . Mrs. Broadbent -- A Bobsville resident and neighbour of Bob . She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US . She looks like Mrs. Percival . Mr. Beasley -- A Bobsville and later Sunflower Valley resident and a frequent customer . He is voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and William Dufris , Greg Proops and Marc Silk in the US . Mrs. Barbara Bentley -- Bernard Bentley 's wife . Farmer Percy Pickles is a nearby farmer , and a good friend of Bob who often helps out in construction projects with Bob . He is the owner of Travis the tractor , Sumsy the forklift , Packer the truck , Scruffty the dog , and Spud the scarecrow . Farmer Pickles is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK , William Dufris in the US version of regular series and Vincent Marzello in the US beginning with the Project : Build It series . Mr. Dixon -- Postman and brother to a famous football goalkeeper Mr. Jeremy Ellis -- Bobsville Museum manager JJ -- Parts supplier and Hamish 's new owner . He is Jamaican . He is voiced by Colin McFarlane . Molly -- JJ 's daughter . She is voiced by Llewella Gideon in the UK and Lorelei King in the US . Mrs. Percival -- School headteacher . She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US . Mrs. Potts -- a Bobsville resident and owner of Tommy the Tortoise . She is voiced by Kate Harbour in the UK and Lorelei King in the US . Mr. Angelo Sabatini -- Runs the local pizza shop in Bobsville and the Sunflower Valley bakery . Robert -- Bob 's Dad also a Builder Married to Dot . He is voiced by Richard Briers in the UK and Vincent Marzello in the US . Project : build it ! ( edit ) Annie Pickles -- She is a seaweed farmer and Farmer Pickle 's cousin . Meg McDonald -- She is a dairy farmer and is Piper 's aunt as well as the owner of Dodger . Baz -- He is a sheep shearer and Farmer Pickles ' cousin . Pablo -- Mr Sabatini 's brother . Sunny -- The son of Marjorie and the twin brother of Saffron . Saffron -- The daughter of Marjorie and the twin sister of Sunny . Cassie -- The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin sister of Carlos . Carlos -- The son of Mr. and Mrs. Sabatini and the twin brother of Cassie . Piper McDonald -- He is Meg 's nephew and assists her with her dairy products . Ready , Steady , build ! ( edit ) Brad Rad -- Surfer dude for whom Bob builds a weather station . Later , Lofty takes his surfboards when he wants to join the Diggers Three . Mr. David Mockney -- Fixham Harbour Museum manager . Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) ( edit ) Maria Madison - Mayor of Spring City . A running gag is she occasionally tries to get her picture taken for the newspaper or a magazine and it always gets ruined . For example , in `` Sky - High Scoop '' , she tries to get her picture taken at the top of the new skyscraper and Gull lands on her and she tries to shoo her away . She is voiced by Lucy Montgomery in the UK and Nicole Oliver in the US . Curtis - Leo 's Dad and owner of the local service station . Voiced by Danny John - Jules . Brandon - One of the Spring City Rockets . Mila - One of the Spring City Rockets . JJ - One of the Spring City Rockets . Not to be confused with J.J. from the Original Series . Saffi - One of the Spring City Rockets whose hair is tied in pigtails . She is also a pet owner who has South - Asian blood . She is voiced by Mia Hope in the UK and Kazumi Evans in the US . Minor ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) David Dixon -- Famous football goalkeeper and brother to Mr. Dixon Dora -- Bob 's aunt . She is never seen . Doris -- Mr. Ellis ' aunt . In Bob 's Aunt , Bob picks up the letter which is wet and he thinks Aunt Dora is coming and then later on , they find out that it 's not Aunt Dora , but Mr. Ellis 's aunt Doris . Mr. Fothergill -- A Bobsville resident , the computer repair man and Hamish 's first owner . He gave Hamish to JJ and Molly after he discovered that he was allergic to him . He is voiced by Neil Morrissey in the UK and Alan Marriott in the US . Jenny -- Wendy 's sister Mavis the Postwoman -- postwoman . She is mentioned only in Buffalo Bob and Scruffty the Detective but never seen . Pam Goody -- Runs the Arts Centre Tom -- Bob 's fraternal twin brother Mrs. Sophia Sabatini -- Mr Sabatini 's wife Sandy Beach -- A cave expert and friend of Mr. Ellis . He speaks in an American accent and has long hair in a ponytail . He is voiced by Rupert Degas . Project : build it ! ( edit ) Mr. Costello -- Drive - in movie manager Marjorie -- The new manager at Farmer Pickles 's factory . Jana von Strudel -- She yodelled with Roley . She is Austrian and speaks in a German accent . She 's also the owner of Zoomer Ready , Steady , build ! ( edit ) Tony Toberoni - Manager of the Dinosaur Fun Park . Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) ( edit ) Chef Tattie - Celebrity chef . He is voiced by Iain Lauchlan in both the UK and US . Jenny Dobbs - She is a zookeeper at Fixham Zoo who looks after zoo animals . She is voiced Lucy Montgomery in both the UK and US . Vet Tilly - She is a vet who helps pet animals feel better . She is voiced by Sarah Hadland in the UK and Erin Mathews in the US . Animals ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Pilchard - Bob 's pet cat . She likes to stay at the yard and occasionally rides in Dizzy 's mixer . Bird - Roley 's best friend , who goes `` Toot , toot . '' Scruffty - Farmer Pickles ' pet dog . Project : build it ! ( edit ) Bird ( ie ) - Roley 's new friend in Sunflower Valley . 2015 TV series ( edit ) Gull is a seagull Scoop befriends . Recurring ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Finn - Bob 's goldfish who likes to swim around in a fish tank . Tommy - Mrs Potts ' tortoise . Hamish - Mr. Fothergill 's parrot who likes to repeat what he hears people say . Squawk - Spud 's pet crow Project : build it ! ( edit ) Sprat is a cat who is Pilchard 's husband in `` Roley the Green Cat '' . Three Kittens are Pilchard and Sprat 's kittens . Ready , Steady Build ( edit ) Fox Cub is a fox Roley befriends . 2015 tv series ( edit ) Cooper is a dog Tilly looks after . Like Scruffy , he loves to chase Pilchard . Stripy is a female tiger shark pup who becomes Scoop 's pet in `` Scoop 's Pet Shark '' . Other characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Spud ( Voiced by Rob Rackstraw in the UK and the US beginning with the Project : Build It Series and Alan Marriott in the US version of the regular series ) is a mischievous sentient scarecrow on Farmer Pickles ' farm who tries to help Bob and the crew . Often he causes more problems than he solves , but it usually all works out in the end . It is Spud who needs to learn to be patient , not to eat all of the food , not to take things from other characters , etc . Spud has a habit of trying to do work and with his limited intelligence getting it wrong and spoiling materials . ( male voice ; catchphrase : `` OK , Farmer Pickles '' and `` Spud 's on the job Bob ! '' ) Ready , Steady , build ! ( edit ) Pirate Brickbeard ( Voiced by Rupert Degas ) is a pirate who founded Fixham Harbour and sails in a ship called The Bonny Beard . He is believed to have hidden a golden hammer in Fixham . ( male voice ; catchphrase : `` No one will ever find my Golden Hammer ! Har har ! '' ) . He is only seen in The Legend of the Golden Hammer . He also made cameos in several Ready , Steady , Build ! episodes . Vehicles ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Scoop -- a backhoe loader . Scoop is the leader of Bob 's machines . Color : Yellow Gender : Male ( UK / US ) , Female ( Poland / Sweden ) Catchphrases : `` No prob , Bob ! '' and `` Can we fix it ? '' ( original series ) and `` Aww ... I 've just had a BRILLIANT IDEA ! ! ! '' ( reboot series ) Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ; 1998 -- 2012 ) , Alan Marriott ( US ; 2001 - 2009 ) , David Menkin ( US ; 2010 -- 2012 ) and Blake Harrison ( UK / US ; 2015 -- present ) Muck -- A cross between a bulldozer and a dump truck . Muck is a continuous tracked dump truck with an added bulldozer blade . He often acts before thinking and subsequently gets in trouble for it . Color : Red and Orange Gender : Male ( UK ) , ( Female in US version prior to 2015 ) Catchphrases : `` Muck to the rescue ! '' and `` Let 's get mucky ! '' ( original series ) and `` Oh , wow ! I 'd love to join in ! '' ( reboot series ) Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ; 1998 -- 2012 ) , Lachele Carl ( US ; 2001 - 2009 ) , Sophie Aldred ( US ; 2010 - 2012 ) , Paul Panting ( UK ; 2015 - present ) and Vincent Tong ( US ; 2015 - present ) Lofty -- a mobile crane . Lofty lacks the confidence shown by the others ; he is hesitant and timid , but with the encouragement of the team comes through in the end . Color : Blue Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Er / Uh , yeah , I think so ! '' , usually said in response to the question `` Can we fix it ? '' ( original series ) and `` It 's a good job / job well done . '' ( reboot series ) Voiced by : Neil Morrissey ( UK ; 1998 - 2012 ) , Sonya Leite ( US ; 2001 -- 2005 ) , Emma Tate ( US ; 2005 -- 2012 ) , Steven Kynman ( UK ; 2015 -- present ) and Richard Ian Cox ( US ; 2015 -- present ) Dizzy -- a tilting drum cement mixer . Dizzy was portrayed as the youngest member of the fleet until Scratch was introduced . She is eager , curious , and easily excitable . Color : Orange Gender : Female ( UK / US ) , Male ( Romania ) Catchphrases : `` Brilliant ! '' ( original series ) and `` Pour to perfection . '' ( reboot series ) Voiced by : Kate Harbour ( UK ; 1998 - 2012 ) , Maria Darling ( US ; 2001 - 2007 ) , Lorelei King ( US ; 2007 - 2012 ) , Sarah Hadland ( UK ; 2015 - present ) and Claire Corlett ( US ; 2015 - present ) Roley -- a road roller that loves to make up songs and frequently spins his eyes when he is excited . Color : Green Gender : Male ( UK / US ) , Female ( Sweden ) Catchphrases : `` Rock and roll ! '' ( Original Series ) and `` The tarmac is flat ! '' ( reboot series ) Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ; 1998 -- 2012 ) , Maria Darling ( US ; 2001 -- 2007 ) , Lorelei King ( US ; 2007 - 2012 ) , Marcel McCalla ( UK ; 2015 - present ) and Ian James Corlett ( US ; 2015 - present ) Other vehicles ( edit ) Travis -- a tractor . Travis is owned by Farmer Pickles , and is often seen pulling a wood sided trailer . He helps out the crew when they need it and keeps an eye on Spud the scarecrow . Color : Turquoise Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Travis Tractor 's my name , moving loads is my game . '' , `` I 'd better get going . '' , `` Nice one , Spud ! '' , `` Do n't be silly , Spud . '' and `` OK , Farmer Pickles . '' Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ; 1998 -- 2012 ) , Alan Marriott ( US ; 2001 -- 2009 ) and David Menkin ( US ; 2010 - 2012 ) Project : build it ! ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Benny -- a small excavator . He is the second youngest of the team . He was first seen in `` Snowed Under ! '' , helping Scoop build the Winter Games . He was back on his team when he was helping to build the workshop in Sunflower Valley . He looks up to Scoop and calls him , `` Big Banana '' . Color : Magenta Gender : Male Catchphrase ( s ) : `` Unreal , banana peel ! '' or `` It 's unreal , banana peel ! '' in reference to Scoop 's yellow color in `` Snowed Under : The Bobblesberg Winter Games '' Voiced by : Emma Tate ( UK / US ) Trucks ( edit ) Scrambler -- an all - terrain vehicle ( ATV ) . Scrambler was won by Bob for designing Sunflower Valley 's new settlement . Color : Dark Blue Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Let 's scram ! '' , `` Awesome ! '' and `` Cool as a mule ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK ) and ( US ) Ready , Steady , build ! ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Scratch -- A small digger who is currently the youngest of the team . Scratch also loves having fun . Color : Light Blue Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` I 'm part of the team ! '' Voiced by : Kate Harbour ( UK ) and Jo Wyatt ( US ) Recurring ( edit ) Original series ( edit ) Snow vehicles ( edit ) Scoot - a snowmobile who is a doppelganger of Scoop . Scoot is owned by Tom . Color : Yellow and Black Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Speedster Scoot hits the Track ! Whoo - hoo ! '' Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ) and Rupert Degas ( US ) Trucks ( edit ) Skip -- as his name indicates , he is a skip lorry . Skip belongs to JJ . Color : Greenish - Yellow Gender : Male Voiced by : Colin McFarlane ( UK ) , William Dufris ( US ; 2003 - 2004 ) and Greg Proops ( US ; 2005 ) Other vehicles ( edit ) Trix -- a forklift . Just like Skip , Trix belongs to JJ . Color : Light - Purple Gender : Female Catchphrase : `` Easy peasy ! '' Voiced by : Llewella Gideon ( UK ) and Maria Darling ( US ) Project : build it ! ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Tumbler -- a concrete mixer . He is the loudest machine on Bob 's team . He is big and can do big things that Dizzy ca n't . Color : Green and Orange - Yellow Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` I 'm a Rumblin ' and a Tumblin ' ! '' , `` Rollin ' and tumblin ' , tumblin and a rollin ' , rollin ' and a tumblin ' ... '' ( UK ) and `` I 'm a rollin ' and a tumblin ' ... '' ( US ) Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK / US ) Gripper -- a crane . Gripper speaks with a Scouse accent ( Southern drawl in US dub ) . Gripper refers to the other characters as `` mates '' ( `` partners '' in the US dub ) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours . He first appeared in `` Race to the Finish '' . Color : Orange and Green Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Gripper and Grabber having fun together ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK / US ) Grabber -- an excavator . Grabber speaks with a Scouse accent ( Southern drawl in US dub ) . Grabber refers to the other characters as `` mates '' ( `` partners '' in the US dub ) mainly due to stereotypical behaviours . He first appeared in `` Race to the Finish '' . Color : Green and Orange Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Grabber and Gripper having fun together ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK / US ) Snow vehicles ( edit ) Zoomer - a snowmobile . Color : Purple with a yellow lightning bolt Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Zoom , Zoom , Zoom ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas Trucks ( edit ) Packer -- a semi-trailer truck . Packer is owned by Farmer Pickles and has three trailers , a flatbed , a covered trailer and a low loader . He resembles the 1988 Freightliner FL50 . He delivers for all of Sunflower Valley . Color : Red Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Fetch / Pick Up and Deliver ! '' and `` Pack me up and watch me go - go - go '' Voiced by : Rob Rackstraw ( UK ) and Rupert Degas ( US ) Dodger -- a pickup truck , who looks similar to the 1930s Ford truck due to his shape . Dodger is owned by Meg . He has a crane with a grabber that lifts the milk . His horn makes strange honking sounds that the rest of the team find funny . Color : Light - Blue and White Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Dodger Delivers ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK ) and ( US ) Flex -- a cherry picker . Flex tends to have an extensive knowledge of plants and loves Horticulture . He has a Northern Irish accent . Color : Yellow Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Fantastic Flex ! '' and `` Ducking Down , swinging around , reaching for the sky , my clever flexible arm can go anywhere ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK / US ) Bristle -- a street sweeper . Bristle is very eager to help out the others by doing jobs often ahead of the team . Bristle seems to whistle very often . He also tends to be a neat freak . Color : Grey and Blue Gender : Male Catchphrase ( s ) : `` Clean as a whistle ! '' or `` Clean as a whistle Bristle , that 's me ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK ) and Marc Silk ( US ) Jackaroo - a pickup Truck . He is seen only in Built to Be Wild . Color : Blue Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Hot Diggity Dawg ! '' and `` Jumping Jackrabbits ! '' Voiced by : Donny Osmond ( UK / US ) Other vehicles ( edit ) Sumsy -- a forklift who greatly resembles another forklift ; Trix ( may be the same model ) . Sumsy is owned by Farmer Pickles and works at his factory . Color : Maroon and Yellow - striped Gender : Female Catchphrase : `` I can pack ' em , I can stack ' em ! '' Voiced by : Kate Harbour ( UK ) and Lorelei King ( US ) Splasher -- an amphibious car , who works at Bobland Bay . Color : Yellow & Blue Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Never fear , Super Splasher is here ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK / US ) R. Vee - a van who used to be Robert and Dot 's own mobile workshop and is currently their transportation and tool carrier . He is seen in Scrambler to the Rescue . Color : Blue and Orange Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Amazing R. Vee , that 's me ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK ) and Marc Silk ( US ) Ready , Steady , build ! ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Rubble - a dump truck . He helped with the team to build a dinosaur fun park in The Big Dino Dig . Color : Yellow Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Okay , Bob ! '' Voiced by : Rupert Degas ( UK ) and Marc Silk ( US ) Bob the Builder ( 2015 series ) ( edit ) Construction vehicles ( edit ) Two - Tonne -- A big trailer truck . He has three trailers , a flatbed used for carrying things , a concrete mixer trailer and a dumper trailer used for construction work . Color : Navy Blue Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` You can depend on me , Bob . '' ( UK only ) Voiced by : Terry Mynott ( UK ) and Richard Newman ( US ) Tiny -- A tower crane Color : Yellow Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` Time for some Tower Power ! Hrrrrrgh ! '' ( UK ) and `` Time for some Tower Power ! '' ( US ) Voiced by : Terry Mynott ( UK ) and Lee Tockar ( US ) Stretch -- An excavator Color : Teal Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` I 'm ready to work , Bob . Anytime , anywhere , any place . '' Voiced by : Sam Swann ( UK ) and Andrew Francis ( US ) Trucks ( edit ) Alfred - Curtis ' tow truck who gets a bit over-excited sometimes , like when Leo plays video games . Color : White and Red Gender : Male Catchphrases : `` It 's really fantastic ! '' ( UK ) and `` It 's really fantastic , actually ! '' ( US ) Voiced by : David Holt ( UK / US ) Tread -- a pickup truck who is cheerful and trusty . Color : Orange Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` I love being busy ! '' ( UK only ) Voiced by : David Holt ( UK ) and Matt Hill ( US ) Other vehicles ( edit ) Betsy - a bus who transports the Spring City Rockets . Color : Blue , White and Red Gender : Female Catchphrase : `` Come on . Jump in , Rockets ! '' Voiced by : Sarah Hadland ( UK / US ) Phillip - a Limousine who is Mayor Madison and Mr. Bentley 's chauffeur . Color : Blue and Black Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` Very well , Sir ! '' Voiced by : Terry Mynott ( UK / US ) Shifter -- a forklift who is very zippy . Color : Green Gender : Male Catchphrase : `` If you want it shifted , call for Shifter ! '' Voiced by : Rasmus Hardiker ( UK ) and Sam Vincent ( US ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bob_the_Builder_characters&oldid=804896074 '' Categories : Lists of characters in British television animation Bob the Builder Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from July 2010 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2010 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a farmer has a ton of strange animals	[]	[]
5407409018175459262	White Christmas (weather)	White Christmas ( weather ) - wikipedia White Christmas ( weather ) Jump to : navigation , search A white Christmas refers to the presence of snow at Christmas ; either Christmas Eve or Christmas Day depending on local tradition . This phenomenon is most common in the northern countries of the Northern Hemisphere . Because December is at the beginning of the Southern Hemisphere summer , white Christmases there are extremely rare , except in Antarctica , in the Southern Alps of New Zealand 's South Island , and in parts of the Andes in South America . The Irving Berlin song , `` White Christmas '' , sung by Bing Crosby from the film Holiday Inn , is the best - selling single of all time and speaks nostalgically of a traditional white Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 White Christmases in North America 2.1 Canada 2.2 United States 2.3 Tables for North America 3 White Christmases in the United Kingdom 4 White Christmases in Ireland 5 White Christmases in Romania 6 White Christmases in Poland 7 White Christmases in other parts of Europe 8 Southern Hemisphere 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) White Christmas in Polish Sanok . The definition of `` White Christmas '' varies . In most countries , it simply means that the ground is covered by snow at Christmas , but some countries have more strict definitions . In the United States , the official definition of a white Christmas is that there has to be a snow depth of at least 1 in or 2.5 cm at 7 : 00 a.m. local time on Christmas morning , and in Canada the official definition is that there has to be more than 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) on the ground on Christmas Day . In the United Kingdom , although for many a white Christmas simply means a complete covering of snow on Christmas Day , the official definition by the British Met Office and British bookmakers is for snow to be observed falling , however little , ( even if it melts before it reaches the ground ) in the 24 hours of 25 December . Consequently , according to the Met Office and British bookmakers , even 91 cm ( 3 ft ) of snow on the ground at Christmas , because of a heavy snow fall a few days before , will not constitute a white Christmas , but a few snow flakes mixed with rain will , even if they never reach the ground . In the United Kingdom the most likely place to see snowfall on a Christmas Day is in North and North Eastern Scotland , in Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire or the Highlands . Although the term ' White Christmas ' usually refers to snow , if a significant hail accumulation occurs in an area on Christmas Day , as happened in parts of Melbourne on 25 December 2011 , this can also be described as a White Christmas , due to the resulting white appearance of the landscape resembling snow cover . White Christmases in North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In most parts of Canada it is likely to have a white Christmas in most years , except for the coast and southern interior valleys of British Columbia , southern Alberta , southern Ontario , and parts of Atlantic Canada -- in those places Christmas without snow is not uncommon in warmer years , with the British Columbia coast the least likely place to have a white Christmas . The definition of a white Christmas in Canada is 2 cm ( 0.79 in ) of snow - cover or more on Christmas morning at 7 am . Environment Canada started to analyze data from 1955 to 2013 for a total of 59 years , It shows the chance of a White Christmas for several Canadian cities . The year 2006 saw some of the warmest weather on record , with such places as Quebec City experiencing their first green Christmas in recorded history . In 2008 , Canada experienced the first nationwide white Christmas in 37 years , as a series of pre-Christmas storms hit the nation , including the normally rainy BC Pacific coast . United States ( edit ) In the United States , there is often -- but not always -- snow on the ground at Christmas in the northern states , except in the Pacific Northwest , with the northern Plains the most likely to see snow on the ground at Christmas . Some of the least likely white Christmases that have happened include the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm , which brought the first white Christmas in 50 years to New Orleans . The 2004 storm also brought the first measurable snow of any kind since 1895 to Brownsville , Texas , and its twin city of Matamoros , Mexico . The Florida winter storm of 1989 also occurred immediately before Christmas causing a white Christmas for cities like Pensacola and Jacksonville . The same storm buried Wilmington , North Carolina and the rest of Southeastern North Carolina under 38 cm ( 15 in ) of snow . In the United States the notion of a white Christmas is often associated in the American popular consciousness with a Christmas celebration that includes traditional observances in the company of friends and family . White Christmas is an Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old - fashioned Christmas setting . According to research by CDIAC meteorologist Dale Kaiser , the United States during the second half of the 20th century experienced declining frequencies of white Christmases , especially in the northeastern region . The National Climatic Data Center based the probability of a white Christmas ( 1 in or 2.5 cm of snow on the ground ) at selected cities upon the 1988 -- 2005 numbers from stations with at least 25 years of data . Tables for North America ( edit ) Canada City Province Probability ( % ) Brandon Manitoba 93 Calgary Alberta 58 Charlottetown Prince Edward Island 80 Edmonton Alberta 86 Fredericton New Brunswick 78 Goose Bay Newfoundland and Labrador 98 Grande Prairie Alberta 85 Halifax Nova Scotia 58 Hamilton Ontario 63 Iqaluit Nunavut 100 Kamloops British Columbia 51 Kelowna British Columbia 63 Kenora Ontario 100 London Ontario 69 Medicine Hat Alberta 56 Moncton New Brunswick 75 Montreal Quebec 78 Ottawa Ontario 81 Penticton British Columbia 29 Prince George British Columbia 92 Quebec City Quebec 98 Regina Saskatchewan 92 Saint John New Brunswick 61 Sarnia Ontario 61 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 95 Stephenville Newfoundland and Labrador 82 St. John 's Newfoundland and Labrador 64 Sudbury Ontario 95 Thunder Bay Ontario 97 Timmins Ontario 98 Toronto Ontario 46 Vancouver British Columbia 10 Victoria British Columbia 10 Whitehorse Yukon 100 Wiarton Ontario 83 Windsor Ontario 46 Winnipeg Manitoba 98 Yellowknife Northwest Territories 100 The United States 1981 - 2010 Probability of a white Christmas in the United States 1981 - 2010 United States City State Probability ( % ) Akron Ohio 60 Albuquerque New Mexico Amarillo Texas 7 Anchorage Alaska 90 Annette Island Alaska 17 Atlanta Georgia Boise Idaho 30 Boston Massachusetts 23 Casper Wyoming 47 Charleston South Carolina Charleston West Virginia 30 Charlotte North Carolina 5 Chicago Illinois 40 Cleveland Ohio 60 Concord New Hampshire 23 Dallas Texas 7 Dayton Ohio 29 Denver Colorado 50 Des Moines Iowa 50 Detroit Michigan 50 Duluth Minnesota 97 Fairbanks Alaska 100 Fargo North Dakota 83 Hartford Connecticut 57 Helena Montana 67 Honolulu Hawaii 0 Huntington West Virginia 23 Indianapolis Indiana 13 Lexington Kentucky 12 Little Rock Arkansas Los Angeles California Louisville Kentucky 13 Marquette Michigan 90 Massena New York 77 Miami Florida Milwaukee Wisconsin 60 Minneapolis Minnesota 77 Nashville Tennessee 12 Newark New Jersey 23 New York City New York 22 Oklahoma City Oklahoma Omaha Nebraska 44 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 10 Phoenix Arizona 0 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 33 Portland Maine 83 Portland Oregon Providence Rhode Island 37 Rapid City South Dakota 47 Reno Nevada 20 Richmond Virginia 7 Salt Lake City Utah 53 San Francisco California Savannah Georgia Seattle Washington 7 Spokane Washington 70 St. Louis Missouri 23 Topeka Kansas 23 Washington , D.C. Federal district 5 Wausau Wisconsin 93 Wilmington Delaware 13 White Christmases in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Location Probability London 6 % Birmingham 15 % Aberporth 9 % Glasgow 35 % Aberdeen 53 % Belfast 22 % Lerwick 75 % Bradford 14 % ( since 1971 ) St Mawgan 10 % ( since 1957 ) In the United Kingdom , white Christmases were more common from the 1550s to the 1850s , during the Little Ice Age ; the last frost fair on the River Thames , however , was in the winter of 1813 -- 14 . The shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752 also slightly reduced the chance of a white Christmas , effectively moving Christmas earlier in the winter . An `` official '' white Christmas is defined by the Met Office as `` one snowflake to be observed falling in the 24 hours of 25 December somewhere in the UK '' , but formerly the snow had to be observed at the Met Office building in London . By the newer measure , over half of all years have white Christmases , with snow being observed 38 times in the 54 years to 2015 . A more `` traditional '' idea of snow - covered ground is less common , however , with only 4 occasions in the 51 years to 2015 reporting snow on the ground at 9am at more than 40 % of weather stations . Although most places in the UK do tend to see some snow in the winter , it generally falls in January and February . However white Christmases do occur , on average every 6 years . Christmas 2009 was a white Christmas in some parts of Britain , with thick lying snow which easterly winds had brought over the previous week . Travel over much of Britain was badly affected by ice and snow on roads , and was made more slippery by partial daytime thaw followed by overnight refreezing . It was the first white Christmas anywhere in the United Kingdom since 2004 . White Christmases in Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , the prospect of early winter snow is always remote due to the country 's mild and wet climate ( snowfall is most common in January and February ) . Bookmakers offer odds every year for a white Christmas , which is officially lying snow being recorded at 09 : 00 local time on Christmas Day , and recorded at either Dublin Airport or Cork Airport ( bets are offered for each airport ) . Since 1961 , countrywide , snow has fallen on 17 Christmas Days ( 1961 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1970 , 1980 , 1984 , 1990 , 1993 , 1995 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 and 2010 ) , with nine of these having snow lying on the ground at 09 : 00 ( 1964 , 1970 , 1980 , 1993 , 1995 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2010 ) . The maximum amount of lying snow ever recorded on Christmas Day was 27 cm ( 11 in ) at Casement Aerodrome in 2010 . At Dublin Airport , there have been 12 Christmas Days with snowfall since 1941 ( 1950 , 1956 , 1962 , 1964 , 1970 , 1984 , 1990 , 1993 , 1995 , 1999 , 2000 and 2004 ) . The statistical likelihood of snow falling on Christmas Day at Dublin Airport is approximately once every 5.9 years . However , the only Christmas Day at the airport ever to have lying snow at 09 : 00 was 2010 ( although no snow actually fell that day ) , with 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) recorded . White Christmases in Romania ( edit ) White Christmases in Romania have been rare in recent times , and they will likely continue so , due to the geographic position of Romania and climate change . In recent years , blizzard and snow falls usually start in January and they usually end at the beginning of March . However , at high altitudes , white Christmases are very common . Location Probability Bucharest 75 % Iași 80 % Timişoara 70 % Cluj Napoca 85 % Constanţa 65 % Miercurea Ciuc 90 % Craiova 75 % Braşov 85 % Satu Mare 75 % White Christmases in Poland ( edit ) White Christmases are becoming rare in Poland . Some northwestern coastal towns barely see White Christmases any more , but they are still relatively common in the northeastern cities of Białystok and Suwałki , as well as in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland , including the winter capital of Zakopane . The last White Christmas in Kraków was in 2010 . Rzeszów had a White Christmas in 2016 , the first since 2011 . White Christmases in other parts of Europe ( edit ) In Europe , snow at Christmas is common in Norway , Sweden , Finland , the Baltic states , Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and northeastern Poland . In general , due to the influence of the warm Gulf Stream on European climate , chances of a white Christmas are lower the further west . For example , in southern France a white Christmas is very rare , while in Bucharest , Romania , which is at a similar latitude , it is much more likely . Northern Italy and the mountain regions of central - south Italy may also have a white Christmas . In cities such as Turin , Milan or Bologna a Christmas with falling snow or snow on the ground is not a rarity . White Christmases are also common in the Carpathian Mountains , as well as the Alps . Southern Hemisphere ( edit ) Because Christmas occurs during the summer in the Southern hemisphere , white Christmases are especially rare events there , apart from Antarctica which is generally uninhabited . In 2006 , a snowstorm hit the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales and Victoria , arriving on Christmas Morning and bringing nearly 12 in ( 30 cm ) of snow in higher areas . This was an especially rare event because it occurred during Australia 's typically warm summer . In New Zealand 's Southern Alps snow can fall any day of the year and a white Christmas is very possible . The same situation can be seen at the Andes at elevations above 4000msl , with some locations on the Bolivian altiplano such as El Alto having the theorical possibility of a white Christmas . A white Christmas in the southern hemisphere ( specifically those close to Antarctica ) is approximately equivalent to having snow in the northern hemisphere on 25 June , and in some ways is even less likely because the major population centers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be farther from the equator than those in the Southern Hemisphere . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` White Christmas ? '' . National Climatic Data Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Chances vary for a white Christmas '' . CBC News . 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Will it be a white Christmas ? '' . Met Office . 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` William Hill press release : `` £ 1 Million Riding On A Flake Of Snow ! '' `` . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Martin ( 26 December 2011 ) . `` Meteorology West Moors : Snow at Christmas in the United Kingdom '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries : A White Christmas in Melbourne '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chances of a White Christmas '' . Environment and Climate Change Canada . Environment Canada . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas only in most Canadians ' dreams '' . CBC News . 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title unknown '' . CTV News . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario Weather Review - December 2006 '' . Environment Canada . 3 January 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Osorio , Carlos . `` Canada has white Christmas '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Dye , Lee ( 18 December 2003 ) . `` Study : White Christmases Have Become Rare '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact sheet No. 5 -- White Christmases '' ( PDF ) . National Meteorological Library . Met Office . August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will it be a white Christmas ? '' . Met Office . 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gammell , Caroline ( 25 December 2009 ) . `` Britain enjoys first white Christmas for five years '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas in 2009 ? '' . Royal Meteorological Society . 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Met Éireann - Snowfall in Ireland Archived 21 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Super Express ( 17 December 2014 ) , Boże Narodzenie 2014 . Pogoda na święta . Czekają nas białe święta ? Sprawdź , gdzie spadnie śnieg . Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ZPR Media S.A. : Pogodynka Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Aussies celebrate white Christmas . 25 December 2006 '' . ABC News . 25 December 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Christmas portal The dictionary definition of white Christmas at Wiktionary Are you dreaming of a white Christmas ? 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-1345268336626768397	Roman aqueduct	Roman aqueduct - wikipedia Roman aqueduct Jump to : navigation , search The multiple arches of the Pont du Gard in Roman Gaul ( modern - day southern France ) . The upper tier encloses an aqueduct that carried water to Nimes in Roman times ; its lower tier was expanded in the 1740s to carry a wide road across the river . Play media Aerial footage of a Roman provincial aqueduct at Mória ( Lesbos ) The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts throughout the Empire to bring water into cities and towns -- often from distant sources . The water supplied public baths , latrines , fountains , and private households . Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations , milling , farms , and gardens . Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone , usually along a slight overall downward gradient within conduits of stone , brick or concrete , but sometimes through steeper gradients . Most conduits were buried beneath the ground , and followed the contours of the terrain ; obstructing peaks were circumvented or , less often , tunneled through . Where valleys or lowlands intervened , the conduit was carried on bridgework , or its contents fed into high - pressure lead , ceramic or stone pipes and siphoned across . Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks , which helped reduce any water - borne debris . Sluices and castella aquae ( distribution tanks ) regulated the supply to individual destinations . The run - off water from aqueducts sometimes drove urban water - mills , and scoured the drains and sewers . Rome 's first aqueduct supplied a water fountain sited at the city 's cattle market . By the 3rd century AD , the city had eleven aqueducts , sustaining a population of over a million in a water - extravagant economy ; most of the water supplied the city 's many public baths . Cities and towns throughout the Roman Empire emulated this model , and funded aqueducts as objects of public interest and civic pride , `` an expensive yet necessary luxury to which all could , and did , aspire '' . Most Roman aqueducts proved reliable , and durable ; some were maintained into the early modern era , and a few are still partly in use . Methods of aqueduct surveying and construction are noted by Vitruvius in his work De Architectura ( 1st century BC ) . The general Frontinus gives more detail in his official report on the problems , uses and abuses of Imperial Rome 's public water supply . Notable examples of aqueduct architecture include the supporting piers of the Aqueduct of Segovia , and the aqueduct - fed cisterns of Constantinople . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Rome 's Aqueducts 1.1. 1 Timeline 1.2 Aqueducts in the Roman Empire 2 Planning , surveying and construction 2.1 Planning 2.2 Sources and surveying 2.3 Health issues 2.4 Conduits and gradients 2.5 Bridgework and siphons 2.6 Inspection and maintenance 2.7 Regulation 3 Uses 3.1 Civic and domestic 3.2 Farming 3.3 Industrial 4 Decline in use 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` The extraordinary greatness of the Roman Empire manifests itself above all in three things : the aqueducts , the paved roads , and the construction of the drains . '' Dionysius of Halicarnassus , Roman Antiquities Before the development of aqueduct technology , Romans , like most of their contemporaries in the ancient world , relied on local water sources such as springs and streams , supplemented by groundwater from privately or publicly owned wells , and by seasonal rain - water drained from rooftops into storage jars and cisterns . The reliance of ancient communities upon such water resources restricted their potential growth . Rome 's aqueducts were not strictly Roman inventions -- their engineers would have been familiar with the water - management technologies of Rome 's Etruscan and Greek allies -- but they proved conspicuously successful . By the early Imperial era , the city 's aqueducts supported a population of over a million , and an extravagant water supply for public amenities had become a fundamental part of Roman life . The run - off of aqueduct water scoured the sewers of cities and towns . Water from aqueducts was also used to supply villas , ornamental urban and suburban gardens , market gardens , farms and agricultural estates , the latter being the core of Rome 's economy and wealth . Rome 's aqueducts ( edit ) See also : List of aqueducts in the city of Rome Map of Rome 's aqueducts Large scale map showing sources Rome 's Porta Maggiore , formed by a supporting arch of the Aqua Claudia and Rome 's highest elevated aqueduct , the Aqua Anio Novus . Rome had several springs within its perimeter walls but its groundwater was notoriously unpalatable ; water from the river Tiber was badly affected by pollution and waterborne diseases . The city 's demand for water had probably long exceeded its local supplies by 312 BC , when the city 's first aqueduct , the Aqua Appia , was commissioned by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus . The Aqua Appia was one of two major public projects of the time ; the other was a military road between Rome and Capua , the first leg of the so - called Appian Way . Both projects had significant strategic value , as the Third Samnite War had been under way for some thirty years by that point . The road allowed rapid troop movements ; and by design or fortunate coincidence , most of the Aqua Appia ran within a buried conduit , relatively secure from attack . It was fed by a spring 16.4 km from Rome , and dropped 10 metres over its length to discharge approximately 75,500 cubic metres of water each day into a fountain at Rome 's cattle market , the Forum Boarium , one of the city 's lowest - lying public spaces . A second aqueduct , the Aqua Anio Vetus , was commissioned some forty years later , funded by treasures seized from Pyrrhus of Epirus . Its flow was more than twice that of the Aqua Appia , and it entered the city on raised arches , supplying water to higher elevations of the city . By 145 BC , the city had again outgrown its combined supplies . An official commission found the aqueduct conduits decayed , their water depleted by leakage and illegal tapping . The praetor Quintus Marcius Rex restored them , and introduced a third , `` more wholesome '' supply , the Aqua Marcia , Rome 's longest aqueduct and high enough to supply the Capitoline Hill . The works cost 180,000,000 sesterces , and took two years to complete . As demand grew still further , more aqueducts were built ; the Aqua Tepula in 127 BC and the Aqua Julia in 33 BC . Aqueduct - building programmes reached a peak in the Imperial Era . Augustus ' reign saw the building of the Aqua Virgo , and the short Aqua Alsietina that supplied Trastevere 's artificial lake with water for staged sea - fights to entertain the populace . Another short Augustan aqueduct supplemented the Aqua Marcia with water of `` excellent quality '' . The emperor Caligula added or began two aqueducts completed by his successor Claudius ; the 69 km ( 42.8 mile ) Aqua Claudia , which gave good quality water but failed on several occasions ; and the Anio Novus , highest of all Rome 's aqueducts and one of the most reliable but prone to muddy , discoloured waters , particularly after rain , despite its use of settling tanks . Most of Rome 's aqueducts drew on various springs in the valley and highlands of the Anio , the modern river Aniene , east of the Tiber . A complex system of aqueduct junctions , tributary feeds and distribution tanks supplied every part of the city . Trastevere , the city region west of the Tiber , was primarily served by extensions of several of the city 's eastern aqueducts , carried across the river by lead pipes buried in the roadbed of the river bridges , thus forming an inverted siphon . Whenever this cross-river supply had to be shut down for routine repair and maintenance works , the `` positively unwholesome '' waters of the Aqua Alsietina were used to supply Trastevere 's public fountains . The situation was finally ameliorated when the emperor Trajan built the Aqua Traiana in 109 AD , bringing clean water directly to Trastavere from aquifers around Lake Bracciano . By the late 3rd century AD , the city was supplied with water by 11 state - funded aqueducts . Their combined conduit length is estimated between 780 and a little over 800 kilometres , of which approximately 47 km ( 29 mi ) were carried above ground level , on masonry supports . They supplied around 1 million cubic metres ( 300 million gallons ) a day : a capacity 126 % of the current water supply of the city of Bangalore , which has a population of 6 million . Timeline ( edit ) See also : List of Roman aqueducts by date 312 BC Aqua Appia , Rome 's first aqueduct is built by Appius Claudius Caecus , the aqueduct is nearly all underground . 272 BC Aqua Anio Vetus 144 BC Aqua Marcia , 90 km ( 56 miles ) in length , construction starts . 33 BC Aqua Julia is built by Octavian ( Emperor Augustus ) 19 BC Aqua Virgo is built to supply the thermal baths in the Campus Martius . 38 - 52 AD Aqua Claudia built 109 AD Aqua Traiana brings water from Lake Bracciano to supply Rome 's suburbs , now called Trastevere . Aqueducts in the Roman Empire ( edit ) See also : List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire `` Galería de los Espejos '' ( Gallery of Mirrors ) , a tunneled part of a 25 km Roman aqueduct built during the 1st century AD near Albarracín ( Spain ) Hundreds of similar aqueducts were built throughout the Roman Empire . Many of them have since collapsed or been destroyed , but a number of intact portions remain . The Zaghouan Aqueduct is 92.5 km ( 57.5 mi ) in length . It was built in the 2nd century to supply Carthage ( in modern Tunisia ) . Surviving aqueduct bridges include the Pont du Gard in France and the Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain . The longest single conduit , at over 240 km , is associated with the Valens Aqueduct of Constantinople ( Mango 1995 ) . `` The known system is at least two and half times the length of the longest recorded Roman aqueducts at Carthage and Cologne , but perhaps more significantly it represents one of the most outstanding surveying achievements of any pre-industrial society '' . Planning , surveying and construction ( edit ) Planning ( edit ) Whether state - funded or privately built , aqueducts were protected and regulated by law . Any proposed aqueduct must be submitted to the scrutiny of civil authorities . Permission ( from the senate or from local authorities ) was only granted if the proposal respected the water rights of other citizens ; on the whole , Roman communities took care to allocate shared water resources according to need . The land on which a state - funded aqueduct was built might be state land ( ager publicus ) or privately owned , but in either case was subject to restrictions on usage and encroachment that might damage the fabric of the aqueduct . To this end , state funded aqueducts reserved a wide corridor of land , up to 15 feet each side of the aqueduct 's outer fabric . Ploughing , planting and building were prohibited within this boundary . Such regulation was necessary to the aqueduct 's long - term integrity and maintenance but was not always readily accepted or easily enforced at a local level , particularly when ager publicus was understood to be common property . Some privately built or smaller municipal aqueducts may have required less stringent and formal arrangements . Sources and surveying ( edit ) Springs were by far the most common sources for aqueduct water ; for example , most of Rome 's supply came from various springs in the Anio valley and its uplands . Spring - water was fed into a stone or concrete springhouse , then entered the aqueduct conduit . Scattered springs would require several branch conduits feeding into a main channel . Some systems drew water from open , purpose - built , dammed reservoirs , such as the two ( still in use ) that supplied the aqueduct at the provincial city of Emerita Augusta . The territory over which the aqueduct ran had to be carefully surveyed to ensure the water would flow at an acceptable gradient for the entire distance . Roman engineers used various surveying tools to plot the course of aqueducts across the landscape . They checked horizontal levels with a chorobates , a flatbedded wooden frame fitted with a water level . They plotted courses and angles could be plotted and checked using a groma , a relatively simple apparatus that was probably displaced by the more sophisticated dioptra , precursor of the modern theodolite . In Book 8 of his De Architectura , Vitruvius describes the need to ensure a constant supply , methods of prospecting , and tests for potable water . Health issues ( edit ) Greek and Roman physicians knew the association between stagnant or tainted waters and water - borne disease . They also knew the adverse health effects of lead on those who mined and processed it , and for this reason , ceramic pipes were preferred over lead . Where lead pipes were used , a continuous water - flow and the inevitable deposition of water - borne minerals within the pipes somewhat reduced the water 's contamination by soluble lead . Nevertheless , the level of lead in this water was 100 times higher than in local spring waters . Conduits and gradients ( edit ) The water conduit of the Tarragona Aqueduct , Spain . Most Roman aqueducts were flat - bottomed , arch - section conduits that ran 0.5 to 1 m beneath the ground surface , with inspection - and - access covers at regular intervals . Conduits above ground level were usually slab - topped . Early conduits were ashlar - built but from around the late Republican era , brick - faced concrete was often used instead . The concrete used for conduit linings was usually waterproof . The flow of water depended on gravity alone . The volume of water transported within the conduit depended on the catchment hydrology -- rainfall , absorption , and runoff -- the cross section of the conduit , and its gradient ; most conduits ran about two - thirds full . The conduit 's cross section was also determined by maintenance requirements ; workmen must be able to enter and access the whole , with minimal disruption to its fabric . Vitruvius recommends a low gradient of not less than 1 in 4800 for the channel , presumably to prevent damage to the structure through erosion and water pressure . This value agrees well with the measured gradients of surviving masonry aqueducts . The gradient of the Pont du Gard is only 34 cm per km , descending only 17 m vertically in its entire length of 50 km ( 31 mi ) : it could transport up to 20,000 cubic metres a day . The gradients of temporary aqueducts used for hydraulic mining could be considerably greater , as at Dolaucothi in Wales ( with a maximum gradient of about 1 : 700 ) and Las Medulas in northern Spain . Where sharp gradients were unavoidable in permanent conduits , the channel could be stepped downwards , widened or discharged into a receiving tank to disperse the flow of water and reduce its abrasive force . The use of stepped cascades and drops also helped re-oxygenate and thus `` freshen '' the water . Bridgework and siphons ( edit ) The arches of an elevated section of the Roman provincial Aqueduct of Segovia , in modern Spain . Some aqueduct conduits were supported across valleys or hollows on arches of masonry , brick or concrete . The Pont du Gard , one of the most impressive surviving examples of a massive masonry multiple - piered conduit , also served as a road - bridge . Where particularly deep or lengthy depressions had to be crossed , inverted siphons could be used ; the conduit fed water into a header tank , which fed it into pipes . The pipes crossed the valley at lower level , supported by a low `` venter '' bridge , then rose to a receiving tank at a slightly lower elevation . This discharged into another conduit ; the overall gradient was maintained . Siphon pipes were usually made of soldered lead , sometimes reinforced by concrete encasements or stone sleeves . Less often , the pipes themselves were stone or ceramic , jointed as male - female and sealed with lead . Vitruvius describes the construction of siphons and the problems of blockage , blow - outs and venting at their lowest levels , where the pressures were greatest . Nonetheless , siphons were versatile and effective if well - built and well - maintained . A horizontal section of high - pressure siphon tubing in the Aqueduct of the Gier was ramped up on bridgework to clear a navigable river , using nine lead pipes in parallel , cased in concrete . Modern hydraulic engineers use similar techniques to enable sewers and water pipes to cross depressions . At Arles , a minor branch of the main aqueduct supplied a local suburb via a lead siphon whose `` belly '' was laid across a riverbed , eliminating any need for supporting bridgework . Inspection and maintenance ( edit ) Catchment basin of the aqueduct of Metz , France . The single arched cover protects two channels ; either one could be closed off , allowing repair while the other continued to provide at least partial supply Roman aqueducts required a comprehensive system of regular maintenance . The `` clear corridors '' created to protect the fabric of underground and overground conduits were regularly patrolled for unlawful ploughing , planting , roadways and buildings . Frontinus describes the penetration of conduits by tree - roots as particularly damaging . Quite apart from this , the aqueducts themselves would have been regularly inspected and maintained by working patrols , to reduce algal fouling , repair accidental breaches , to clear the conduits of gravel and other loose debris , and to remove channel - narrowing accretions of calcium carbonate in systems fed by hard water sources . Inspection and access points were provided at regular intervals on the standard , buried conduits . Accretions within syphons could drastically reduce flow rates , due to the already narrow diameter of their pipes . Some had sealed openings that might have been used as rodding eyes , possibly using a pull - through device . In Rome , where a hard - water supply was the norm , mains pipework was shallowly buried beneath road kerbs , for ease of access ; the accumulation of calcium carbonate in these pipes would have necessitated their frequent replacement . The aqueducts were under the overall care and governance of a water commissioner ( curator aquarum ) . It was a high status and high - profile appointment . In 97 , Frontinus served both as consul and as curator aquarum , under the emperor Nerva. Little is known of the day - to - day business of aqueduct maintenance teams ( aquarii ) . Under the emperor Claudius , Rome 's contingent of imperial aquarii comprised a familia aquarum of 700 persons , both slave and free , funded through a combination of Imperial largesse and water taxes . They were supervised by an Imperial freedman , who held office as procurator aquarium . Theirs was probably a never - ending routine of patrol , inspection and cleaning , punctuated by occasional emergencies . Full closure of any aqueduct for servicing would have been a rare event , kept as brief as possible , with repairs preferably made when water demand was lowest , which was presumably at night . The water supply could be shut off at its aqueduct outlet when small or local repairs were needed , but substantial maintenance and repairs to the aqueduct conduit itself required the complete diversion of water at any point upstream or at the spring - head itself . Regulation ( edit ) Licensed , fee - paying private users would have been registered , along with the bore of pipe that led from the public water supply to their private property -- the wider the pipe , the greater the flow and the higher the fee . Tampering and fraud to avoid or reduce payment were commonplace ; methods included the fitting of unlicensed outlets , additional outlets , and the illegal widening of lead pipes ; any of which might involve the bribery or connivance of unscrupulous aqueduct officials or workers . Official lead pipes carried inscriptions with information on the pipe 's manufacturer , its fitter , and probably on its subscriber and their entitlement . During the Imperial era , lead production became an Imperial monopoly , and the granting of rights to draw water for private use from state - funded aqueducts was made an imperial privilege . Uses ( edit ) Civic and domestic ( edit ) Rome 's first aqueduct ( 312 BC ) discharged at very low pressure and at a more - or-less constant rate in the city 's main trading centre and cattle - market , probably into a low - level , cascaded series of troughs or basins ; the upper for household use , the lower for watering the livestock traded there . Most Romans would have filled buckets and storage jars at the basins , and carried the water to their apartments ; the better off would have sent slaves to perform the same task . The outlet 's elevation was too low to offer any city household or building a direct supply ; the overflow drained into Rome 's main sewer , and from there into the Tiber . At this time , Rome had no public baths . The first were probably built in the next century , based on precursors in neighboring Campania ; a limited number of private baths and small , street - corner public baths would have had a private water supply , but once aqueduct water was brought to the city 's higher elevations , large and well - appointed public baths were built throughout the city , and drinking water was delivered to public fountains at high pressure . Public baths and fountains became distinctive features of Roman civilization , and the baths in particular became important social centres . The majority of urban Romans lived in multi-storeyed blocks of flats ( insulae ) . Some blocks offered water services , but only to tenants on the more expensive , lower floors ; the rest would have drawn their water gratis from public fountains . Farming ( edit ) Between 65 and 90 % of the Roman Empire 's population was involved in some form of agricultural work . Farmers whose villas or estates were near a public aqueduct could draw , under license , a specified quantity of aqueduct water for summer irrigation at a predetermined time ; this was intended to limit the depletion of water supply to users further down the gradient , and help ensure a fair distribution among competitors at the time when water was most needed and scarce . Water was possibly the most important variable in the agricultural economy of the Mediterranean world . Roman Italy 's natural water sources -- springs , streams , rivers and lakes -- were unevenly distributed across the landscape , and water tended to scarcity when most needed , during the warm , dry summer growing season . Columella recommends that any farm should contain a spring , stream or river ; but acknowledges that not every farm did . In summer , rain - fed water sources could fail , and ponds and cisterns grow foul . Farmland without a reliable summer water - source was virtually worthless . It has been estimated that during the growing season , the water demand of a `` modest local '' irrigation system might consume as much water as the city of Rome ; added to this , the livestock whose manure fertilised the fields must be fed and watered all year round . At least some Roman landowners and farmers relied in part or whole on aqueduct water to raise crops as their primary or sole source of income but the fraction of aqueduct water involved can only be guessed at . More certainly , the creation of municipal and city aqueducts brought a growth in the intensive and efficient suburban market - farming of fragile , perishable commodities such as flowers ( for perfumes , and for festival garlands ) , grapes , vegetables and orchard fruits ; and of small livestock such as pigs and chickens , close to the municipal and urban markets . A licensed right to aqueduct water on farmland could lead to increased productivity , an increase in land value and a cash income through the sale of surplus foodstuffs . In the countryside , permissions to draw water from aqueducts for irrigation were particularly hard to get ; the exercise and abuse of such rights were subject to various known legal disputes and judgements , and at least one political campaign ; in the early 2nd century BC Cato tried to block all unlawful rural outlets , especially those owned by the landed elite - `` Look how much he bought the land for , where he is channeling the water ! '' - during his censorship . His attempted reform proved impermanent at best . Though illegal tapping could be punished by seizure of assets , including the illegally watered land and its produce , this law seems never to have been used , and was probably impracticable ; food surpluses kept prices low . Grain shortages in particular could lead to famine and social unrest . Any practical solution must strike a balance between the water - needs of urban populations and grain producers , tax the latter 's profits , and secure sufficient grain at reasonable cost for the Roman poor ( the so - called `` corn dole '' ) and the army . Rather than seek to impose unproductive and probably unenforcable bans , the authorities issued individual water grants ( though seldom in rural areas ) and licenses , and regulated water outlets , with variable success . In the 1st century AD , Pliny the Elder , like Cato , could fulminate against grain producers who continued to wax fat on profits from public water and public land . Some landholders avoided such restrictions and entanglements by buying water access rights to distant springs , not necessarily on their own land . A few , of high wealth and status , built their own aqueducts to transport such water from source to field or villa ; Mumius Niger Valerius Vegetus bought the rights to a spring and its water from his neighbour , and access rights to a corridor of intervening land , then built an aqueduct of just under 10 kilometres , connecting the springhead to his own villa . The senatorial permission for this `` Aqua Vegetiana '' was given only when the project seemed not to impinge on the water rights of other citizens . Industrial ( edit ) Rock - cut aqueduct feeding water to the mining site at Las Médulas Some aqueducts supplied water to industrial sites , usually via an open channel cut into the ground , clay lined or wood - shuttered to reduce water loss . Most such leats were designed to operate at the steep gradients that could deliver the high water volumes needed in mining operations . Water was used in hydraulic mining to strip the overburden and expose the ore by hushing , to fracture and wash away metal - bearing rock already heated and weakened by fire - setting , and to power water - wheel driven stamps and trip - hammers that crushed ore for processing . Evidence of such leats and machines has been found at Dolaucothi in south - west Wales . Mining sites such as Dolaucothi and Las Medulas in northwest Spain show multiple aqueducts that fed water from local rivers to the mine head . The channels may have deteriorated rapidly , or become redundant as the nearby ore was exhausted . Las Medulas shows at least seven such leats , and Dolaucothi at least five . At Dolaucothi , the miners used holding reservoirs as well as hushing tanks , and sluice gates to control flow , as well as drop chutes for diversion of water supplies . The remaining traces ( see palimpsest ) of such channels allows the mining sequence to be inferred . Map of the gold mine at Dolaucothi , showing its aqueducts A number of other sites fed by several aqueducts have not yet been thoroughly explored or excavated , such as those at Longovicium near Lanchester south of Hadrian 's wall , in which the water supplies may have been used to power trip - hammers for forging iron . At Barbegal in Roman Gaul , a reservoir fed an aqueduct that drove a cascaded series of 15 or 16 overshot water mills , grinding flour for the Arles region . Similar arrangements , though on a lesser scale , have been found in Caesarea , Venafrum and Roman - era Athens . Rome 's Aqua Traiana drove a flour - mill at the Janiculum , west of the Tiber . A mill in the basement of the Baths of Caracalla was driven by aqueduct overspill ; this was but one of many city mills driven by aqueduct water , with or without official permission . A law of the 5th century forbade the illicit use of aqueduct water for milling . Decline in use ( edit ) A portion of the Eifel aqueduct , Germany , built in 80 AD . Its channel is narrowed by an accretion of calcium carbonate , accumulated through lack of maintenance . During the fall of the Roman Empire , some aqueducts were deliberately cut by enemies but more fell into disuse because of deteriorating Roman infrastructure and lack of maintenance , such as the Eifel aqueduct ( pictured right ) . Observations made by the Spaniard Pedro Tafur , who visited Rome in 1436 , reveal misunderstandings of the very nature of the Roman aqueducts : Through the middle of the city runs a river , which the Romans brought there with great labour and set in their midst , and this is the Tiber . They made a new bed for the river , so it is said , of lead , and channels at one and the other end of the city for its entrances and exits , both for watering horses and for other services convenient to the people , and anyone entering it at any other spot would be drowned . During the Renaissance , the standing remains of the city 's massive masonry aqueducts inspired architects , engineers and their patrons ; Pope Nicholas V renovated the main channels of the Roman Aqua Virgo in 1453 . Many aqueducts in Rome 's former empire were kept in good repair . The 15th - century rebuilding of aqueduct at Segovia in Spain shows advances on the Pont du Gard by using fewer arches of greater height , and so greater economy in its use of the raw materials . The skill in building aqueducts was not lost , especially of the smaller , more modest channels used to supply water wheels . Most such mills in Britain were developed in the medieval period for bread production , and used similar methods as that developed by the Romans with leats tapping local rivers and streams . See also ( edit ) List of Roman aqueduct bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gargarin , M. and Fantham , E. ( editors ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , Volume 1 . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Cited by Quilici , Lorenzo ( 2008 ) . `` Land Transport , Part 1 : Roads and Bridges '' in Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World . Oxford University Press . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 . pp. 551 -- 579 ( 552 ) . Jump up ^ Mays , L. ( editor ) . Ancient Water Technologies . Springer . 2010 . pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Gargarin , M. and Fantham , E. ( editors ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . 2010 . pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Bannon , Gardens and Neighbors : Private Water Rights in Roman Italy . University of Michigan Press , 2009 , pp. 65 -- 73 . Jump up ^ The Roman general and hydraulic engineer Frontinus later calculated its delivery at 1825 quinariae ( 75,537 cubic meters ) in 24 hours ; see Samuel Ball Platner ( 1929 , as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby ) : A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . London : Oxford University . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Sextus Julius Frontinus . The Aqueducts of Rome . pp. 1 , 6 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` At that time the Decemvirs , on consulting the Sibylline Books for another purpose , are said to have discovered that it was not right for the Marcian water , or rather the Anio ( for tradition more regularly mentions this ) to be brought to the Capitol . The matter is said to have been debated in the Senate , in the consulship of Appius Claudius and Quintus Caecilius , Marcus Lepidus acting as spokesman for the Board of Decemvirs ; and three years later the matter is said to have been brought up again by Lucius Lentulus , in the consulship of Gaius Laelius and Quintus Servilius , but on both occasions the influence of Marcius Rex carried the day ; and thus the water was brought to the Capitol . '' Sextus Julius Frontinus , The Aqueducts of Rome , 6 -- 20 , ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : The Aqua Alsietina was also known as `` Aqua Augusta '' ; Frontinus distinguishes its `` unwholesome '' supply from the `` sweet waters '' of the Aqua Augusta that fed into the Aqua Marcia . On the one hand , he says the Naumachia 's supply is `` nowhere delivered for consumption by the people ... ( but the surplus is allowed ) to the adjacent gardens and to private users for irrigation '' . On the other hand , `` It is customary , however , in the district across the Tiber , in an emergency , whenever the bridges are undergoing repairs and the water supply is cut off from this side of the river , to draw from Alsietina to maintain the flow of the public fountains . '' Frontinus , The Aqueducts of Rome 1 , 6 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sextus Julius Frontinus , The Aqueducts of Rome , 6 -- 20 Jump up ^ CARON , André . `` THE AQUEDUCTS '' . www.maquettes-historiques.net . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2002 ) , Tiber River bridges and the development of the ancient city of Rome , pp. 16 -- 17 , accessed 22 June 2013 Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 , pp. 255 -- 6 , and note 43 . Jump up ^ `` Aqueducts : Quenching Rome 's Thirst '' . 2016 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Historical and Archaeological Context Constantinople and the longest Roman aqueduct Accessed August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Bannon , Gardens and Neighbors : Private Water Rights in Roman Italy . University of Michigan Press , 2009 , pp. 5 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome , ( Studia Archaeologica ) , L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 , pp. 56 - 60 Jump up ^ Mays , L. , ( Editor ) , Ancient Water Technologies , Springer , 2010 . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Taylor , R. ( 2012 ) . Rome 's Lost Aqueduct . ( Cover story ) . Archaeology , 65 ( 2 ) , 34 -- 40 . Jump up ^ James Grout , Encyclopedia Romana , Lead Poisoning and Rome ( 2 ) ( accessed 21 May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Delile , Hugo ; Blichert - Toft , Janne ; Goiran , Jean - Philippe ; Keay , Simon ; Albarède , Francis ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Lead in ancient Rome 's city waters '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 18 ) : 6594 -- 6599 . PMC 4020092 . PMID 24753588 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1400097111 -- via www.pnas.org . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 . pp. 93 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Mays , L. , ( Editor ) , Ancient Water Technologies , Springer , 2010 . p. 119 . Jump up ^ H. Chanson , `` Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes , Cascades , and Drop Shafts , '' American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 104 No. 1 ( 2000 ) . 47 - 51 . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 . pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ The sense of venter as `` belly '' is apparent in Vitruvius 8.6 : `` if there be long valleys , and when it ( the water ) arrives at the bottom , let it be carried level by means of a low substruction as great a distance as possible ; this is the part called the venter , by the Greeks koilia ; when it arrives at the opposite acclivity , the water therein being but slightly swelled on account of the length of the venter , it may be directed upwards ... Over the venter long stand pipes should be placed , by means of which , the violence of the air may escape . Thus , those who have to conduct water through leaden pipes , may by these rules , excellently regulate its descent , its circuit , the venter , and the compression of the air . '' Vitruvius , 8.6. 5 - 6 , trans Gwilt Jump up ^ Mays , L. , ( Editor ) , Ancient Water Technologies , Springer , 2010 . p. 120. ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome , ( Studia Archaeologica ) , L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome ( Studia Archaeologica ) , L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 , pp. 30 - 33 , for calcined accretions and replacement of pipework . Water regulations prescribed a 5 foot distance between buildings and mains piping ; an urban version of the protective `` corridors '' afforded to aqueducts . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 , pp. 16 - 17 : Frontinus had already had a distinguished career as consul , general and provincial governor ; and he served again as consul in 100 Jump up ^ Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome , ( Studia Archaeologica ) , L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 , pp. 30 - 33 Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 ; debris and gravel , pp. 24 − 30 , 275 : calcium carbonate , pp. 2 , 17 , 98 : apertures in pipes as possible rodding eyes , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 , pp. 291 − 298 , 305 − 311 , and footnotes . Jump up ^ Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome , ( Studia Archaeologica ) , L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 , pp. 85 - 86 Jump up ^ HB Evans , Water Distribution in Ancient Rome : The Evidence of Frontinus , University of Michigan Press , 1997 , pp. 41 − 43 , 72 . Jump up ^ For the earliest likely development of Roman public bathing , see Fagan , Garrett T. , Bathing in Public in the Roman World , University of Michigan Press , 1999 , pp. 42 − 44 . googlebooks preview Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 , pp. 3 , 5 , 49 . Jump up ^ Gill N.S. ( 2007 ) . Aqueducts , Water Supply and Sewers in Ancient Rome . Web . 22 Apr. 2013 . http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/aqueducts/p/RomanWater.htm Jump up ^ Columella , De Re Rustica , Book 1 , English translation at Loeb Classical Library , 1941 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Bannon , Gardens and Neighbors : Private Water Rights in Roman Italy . University of Michigan Press , 2009 , pp. 5 − 10 ; citing Hodge , Roman Aqueducts , pp. 246 -- 247 for estimate on water consumption by irrigation . Jump up ^ Cynthia Bannon , Gardens and Neighbors : Private Water Rights in Roman Italy . University of Michigan Press , 2009 , pp. 5 − 10 ; citing Hodge , Roman Aqueducts , pp. 246 − 247 for estimate on water consumption by irrigation ; p. 219 for Cato 's legislation on misuse of water : the quotation is from Cato 's speech against L. Furius Purpureus , who was consul in 196 BC . Jump up ^ Cynthia Bannon , Gardens and Neighbors : Private Water Rights in Roman Italy . University of Michigan Press , 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) : `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' , The Journal of Roman Studies , Vol. 92 , pp. 1 -- 32 ( 21f . ) , p. 21f . Jump up ^ Lewis , M.J.T. , `` Millstone and Hammer : the Origins of Water Power '' , Hull Academic Press , 1998 , Section 2 . Jump up ^ Hodge , A. Trevor , Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply , Duckworth Archaeology , 2002 . pp. 255 − 258 . ( Paperback ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Pedro Tafur , Travels and Adventures ( 1435 -- 1439 ) , trans . Malcolm Letts , Harper & brothers , 1926 . link to washington.edu Jump up ^ Gross , Hanns ( 1990 ) . Rome in the Age of Enlightenment : the Post-Tridentine syndrome and the ancien regime . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37211 - 9 . Bibliography ( edit ) Blackman , Deane R. , Hodge , A. Trevor ( 2001 ) . `` Frontinus ' Legacy '' . University of Michigan Press . Bossy , G. ; G. Fabre , Y . Glard , C. Joseph ( 2000 ) . `` Sur le Fonctionnement d'un Ouvrage de Grande Hydraulique Antique , l'Aqueduc de Nîmes et le Pont du Gard ( Languedoc , France ) '' in Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris . Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes . Vol. 330 , pp. 769 -- 775 . Chanson , H. ( 2002 ) . `` Certains Aspects de la Conception hydraulique des Aqueducs Romains '' . Journal La Houille Blanche . No. 6 / 7 , pp. 43 -- 57 . Chanson , H. ( 2008 ) . `` The Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : What do we know ? Why should we learn ? '' in Proceedings of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008 Ahupua'a . ASCE - EWRI Education , Research and History Symposium , Hawaii , USA . Invited Keynote lecture , 13 -- 16 May , R.W. Badcock Jr and R. Walton Eds. , 16 pages ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 0976 - 3 ) Coarelli , Filippo ( 1989 ) . Guida Archeologica di Roma . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . Claridge , Amanda ( 1998 ) . Rome : An Oxford Archaeological Guide . New York : Oxford University Press . Fabre , G. ; J.L. Fiches , J.L. Paillet ( 2000 ) . L'Aqueduc de Nîmes et le Pont du Gard . Archéologie , Géosystème , Histoire . CRA Monographies Hors Série . Paris : CNRS Editions . Gebara , C. ; J.M. Michel , J.L. Guendon ( 2002 ) . `` L'Aqueduc Romain de Fréjus . Sa Description , son Histoire et son Environnement '' , Revue Achéologique de Narbonnaise , Supplément 33 . Montpellier , France . Hodge , A.T. ( 2001 ) . Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply , 2nd ed . London : Duckworth . Leveau , P. ( 1991 ) . `` Research on Roman Aqueducts in the Past Ten Years '' in T. Hodge ( ed . ) : Future Currents in Aqueduct Studies . Leeds , UK , pp. 149 -- 162 . Lewis , P.R. ; G.D.B. Jones ( 1970 ) . `` Roman gold - mining in north - west Spain '' . Journal of Roman Studies 60 : 169 - 85 . Lewis , P.R. ; G.D.B. Jones ( 1969 ) . `` The Dolaucothi gold mines , I : the surface evidence '' . The Antiquaries Journal , 49 , no . 2 : 244 -- 72 . Taylor , R. , Public Needs and Private Pleasures : Water Distribution , the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome , ( Studia Archaeologica ) L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER , 2000 . Tucci , Pier Luigi ( 2006 ) . `` Ideology and technology in Rome 's water supply : castella , the toponym AQVEDVCTIVM , and supply to the Palatine and Caelian hill '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology 19 : 94 - 120 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Roman aqueducts . Sextus Julius Frontinus . De Aquaeductu Urbis Romae ( On the water management of the city of Rome ) . Translated by R.H. Rodgers . University of Vermont . 2003 . Lacus Curtius -- entry on Roman waterworks , uchicago.edu Aqueduct survey on - line project 600 Roman aqueducts -- with 25 descriptions in detail , romanaqueducts.info Map of Roman aqueducts ( in Italian ) , archeoroma.com Planimetry of Ancient aqueducts in Roman countryside ( in Italian ) , acquedottidiroma.it Recent advances in study of Roman aqueducts by Chanson Hubert Chanson -- A dozen freely available published research articles on Roman aqueduct hydraulics and culvert design , and related topics by Professor Hubert Chanson , Department of Civil Engineering , University of Queensland . John Hooper , Secrets of Roman aqueduct lie in chapel . The Guardian . 24 January 2010 . Travertine reveals ancient Roman aqueduct supply ( hide ) Roman aqueducts Croatia Diocletianus Aqueduct France Barbegal aqueduct Pont du Gard Gier aqueduct Germany Eifel Aqueduct Italy Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Alexandrina Aqua Alsietina Aqua Appia Aqua Augusta ( Naples ) Aqua Augusta ( Rome ) Aqua Claudia Aqua Julia Aqua Martia Aqua Tepula Aqua Traiana Aqua Virgo Pont d'Aël Jordan Gadara Aqueduct Luxembourg Raschpëtzer Qanat Spain Acueducto de los Milagros , Mérida Segovia 's aqueduct Aqüeducte de les Ferreres , Tarragona Toledo 's aqueduct Caños de Carmona , Seville Las Médulas Turkey Valens Aqueduct Wales Dolaucothi Gold Mines List of Roman aqueducts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_aqueduct&oldid=801524005 '' Categories : Roman aqueducts Ancient Roman architecture Water History of construction Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Soomaaliga Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 05 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did the ancient romans build to maintain the supply of water in their cities	[ "The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts throughout the Empire to bring water into cities and towns—often from distant sources. The water supplied public baths, latrines, fountains, and private households. Aqueducts also provided water for mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens." ]	[ "aqueducts" ]
2439467556731169863	Ode to My Family	Ode to My Family - wikipedia Ode to My Family Jump to : navigation , search `` Ode to My Family '' Single by The Cranberries from the album No Need to Argue B - side `` So Cold In Ireland '' Released 21 November 1994 ( UK ) Format CD single , 7 '' single Recorded Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 32 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Dolores O'Riordan Noel Hogan Producer ( s ) Stephen Street The Cranberries singles chronology `` Zombie '' ( 1994 ) `` Ode to My Family '' ( 1994 ) `` I Ca n't Be with You '' ( 1995 ) `` Zombie '' ( 1994 ) `` Ode to My Family '' ( 1994 ) `` I Ca n't Be with You '' ( 1995 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Ode to My Family '' on YouTube `` Ode to My Family '' is a song recorded by the Irish band The Cranberries . It was released in November 1994 as the second single from their second studio album No Need to Argue . The song was a hit in most of the European countries where it was released , peaking at number one in Iceland and number four in France , its highest positions internationally , and number five in Australia . In 2017 , the song was released as an acoustic , stripped down version on the band 's Something Else album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Content 3 Music video 4 Track listings 5 Charts and Sales 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References Composition ( edit ) `` Ode to My Family '' is written in the key of D major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute . The entire piece follows the chord progression 4 / 4 : D Bm F ♯ m Gsus2 D / A :\| ostinato . Content ( edit ) The song is about Dolores 's yearning for her simple life as a child after having achieved success , and includes a string arrangement composed by O'Riordan . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video , shot on black - and - white , was directed by Samuel Bayer . Bayer had also directed the band 's video for their preceding single , `` Zombie '' . Samuel Bayer stated on his Facebook that the music video `` Ode to My Family '' was cut by Robert Duffy ( video editor ) , and the `` Zombie '' video was cut by Eric Zumbrennen . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Ode to My Family '' `` So Cold in Ireland '' CD single `` Ode to My Family '' `` So Cold in Ireland '' `` No Need to Argue '' ( live on the `` Later with Jools Holland '' BBC TV Programme ) `` Dreaming My Dreams '' ( live on the `` Later with Jools Holland '' BBC TV Programme ) Limited Edition CD single `` Ode to My Family '' ( live at Feile , Tipperary , 30 July 1994 ) `` Dreams '' ( live at Feile , Tipperary , 30 July 1994 ) `` Ridiculous Thoughts '' ( live at Feile , Tipperary , 30 July 1994 ) `` Zombie '' ( live at Feile , Tipperary , 30 July 1994 ) CD single - Canada `` Ode to My Family '' ( album version ) - 4 : 32 `` So Cold in Ireland '' - 4 : 43 `` Dreaming My Dreams '' ( live on the `` Later with Jools Holland '' BBC TV Programme ) - 3 : 52 `` Zombie '' ( live at Feile , Tipperary , 30 July 1994 ) - 5 : 17 Charts and Sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 18 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 25 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 29 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 26 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 38 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 35 US Hot Modern Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 11 Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Rock Songs 17 US Billboard Rock Digital Song Sales 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 46 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 93 French Singles Chart 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries Announce New Acoustic Album Something Else , Share `` Linger '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Cranberries `` Ode To My Family '' Sheet Music musicnotes.com Jump up ^ Randi Reisfeld ( 1996 ) . This Is the Sound : The Best of Alternative Rock . Simon Pulse . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 80670 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bogdanov ; Chris Woodstra ; Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 2002 ) . All music guide to rock : the definitive guide to rock , pop , and soul . Backbeat Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 653 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Cranberries -- Ode to My Family '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Cranberries -- Ode to My Family '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 61 , No. 14 , May 08 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Cranberries -- Ode to My Family '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Cranberries Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 21.01. 1995 - 27.01. 1995 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved 20 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Cranberries '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Cranberries -- Ode to My Family '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries Chart History ( Radio Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Billboard allmusic.com ( Retrieved 20 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/the-cranberries/chart-history/rock-songs Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/music/the-cranberries/chart-history/rock-digital-song-sales Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/%7Caccessdate=25 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ 1995 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 30 January 2009 ) ( hide ) The Cranberries Mike Hogan Noel Hogan Fergal Lawler Niall Quinn Dolores O'Riordan Studio albums Everybody Else Is Doing It , So Why Ca n't We ? No Need to Argue To the Faithful Departed Bury the Hatchet Wake Up and Smell the Coffee Roses Something Else EPs Anything Water Circle Nothing Left at All Uncertain Doors and Windows Compilations Treasure Box -- The Complete Sessions 1991 -- 1999 Stars : The Best of 1992 -- 2002 Gold Live albums and EPs Bualadh Bos -- The Cranberries Live Singles `` Dreams '' `` Linger '' `` Zombie '' `` Ode to My Family '' `` I Ca n't Be with You '' `` Ridiculous Thoughts '' `` Salvation '' `` Free to Decide '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hollywood '' `` Promises '' `` Animal Instinct '' `` Just My Imagination '' `` Analyse '' `` Time Is Ticking Out '' Promotional singles `` Sunday '' `` Dreaming My Dreams '' `` I 'm Still Remembering '' `` Copycat '' Video albums Live Beneath the Skin -- Live in Paris Stars : The Best of Videos 1992 -- 2002 Related articles Discography Radio and television sessions Mono Band Arkitekt Steve DeMarchi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_to_My_Family&oldid=830353075 '' Categories : 1994 singles The Cranberries songs 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Samuel Bayer Song recordings produced by Stephen Street Songs written by Dolores O'Riordan Songs written by Noel Hogan 1994 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardradiosongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 09 : 08 . About Wikipedia	what is ode to my family by the cranberries about	[ "The song is about Dolores's yearning for her simple life as a child after having achieved success,[3] and includes a string arrangement composed by O'Riordan.[4]" ]	[ "Dolores's yearning for her simple life as a child after having achieved success" ]
-5026544875854724478	Thomas Cook India	Thomas Cook India - wikipedia Thomas Cook India This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thomascook.in Type Public Traded as NSE : THOMASCOOK ; BSE : 500413 Industry Travel & tourism related services , Hospitality Founded 1881 ( Incorporated as a Company on 21.10. 1978 ) Founder Thomas Cook Headquarters Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited , Thomas Cook Building , Dr D.N. Road , Mumbai -- 400001 , India Products India Holidays , International Holidays , Foreign Exchange , Education Forex , Insurance , Visa & Passport Services , Flights , MICE , Centre of Learning ( education & training ) Revenue 412.58 Cr ( 2015 ) Number of employees 2944 ( December 2015 ) Website www.thomascook.in Thomas Cook ( India ) Ltd. is an integrated travel and travel related financial services company , with headquarters in Mumbai , India . The company offers a range of travel services including Foreign Exchange , International and Domestic Holidays , Visa , Passport , Travel Insurance & MICE . In 1881 , Thomas Cook established its first office in India and eventually extended to over 233 locations ( including 23 airport counters ) in 94 cities across India , Sri Lanka and Mauritius . The company received the award for Favourite Outbound Tour Operator at the Outlook Travellers Awards 2015 . Contents 1 History 2 Milestones 3 Products and services 4 Awards and recognition 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Thomas Cook ( India ) Ltd. pioneered many ventures including the invention of the world 's package tour in 1841 , the first pre-paid hotel coupon in 1868 , creation of the first holiday brochure in 1858 , and conceptualization of the first Travellers Cheques in 1874 . In 1881 , Thomas Cook started its India operations in Bombay , and in October 1978 , saw it christened Thomas Cook ( India ) Ltd . The company made its first public issue in February 1983 , and commenced operations in Mauritius in 2000 . In the same year , they acquired the Sri Lanka business from Thomas Cook Overseas Ltd , UK . In 2006 , Thomas Cook India Limited acquired LKP Forex Limited and Travel Corporation ( India ) Pvt. Ltd . ( TCI ) , and in May 2012 , Fairbridge Capital ( Mauritius ) Limited acquired India arm of Thomas Cook Group , and hence became a part of Fairfax Group , Canada . In 2013 , Thomas Cook India Limited acquired Quess Corp ( formerly known as Ikya Group - HR , IT Services , Facilities Management , Food Services , Skill Development ) , and Sterling Holiday Resorts . In 2015 , Thomas Cook Lanka Pvt. Ltd. ( a subsidiary of Thomas Cook India Limited ) acquired Luxe Asia Pvt. Ltd. , Sri Lanka , a regional Destination Management Company handling inbound tourists from globally generating markets to its destinations . In the same year , TCIL announced the acquisition of Kuoni Travel ( India ) Private Limited , a travel operator in India , and Kuoni Travel ( China ) Limited , a travel operator in Hong Kong . On September 2017 , Thomas cook acquired Tata Capital 's forex and travel business . Milestones ( edit ) Number Year Achievement Ref ( s ) 2016 Thomas Cook taps into India 's m - commerce growth opportunity launches India 's first end - to - end Holiday - App 2016 Thomas Cook India targets Tier III growth markets via small tech assisted outlets 2015 Thomas Cook India Acquired Sri Lanka Based Luxe Asia 2015 Announced Closure of Kuoni Travel India Private Limited Company 5 2015 Acquisition of Kuoni Group 's Travel Business in India 6 2015 Launched Thomas Cook One Currency Card 7 2015 Launched Thomas Cook Forex Mobile App 8 2013 Acquisition of Stake in Quess Corp 9 2012 Acquisition of 76.81 % Stake by Fairbridge in Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited from Thomas Cook UK and TCIM and subsequent announcement of open offer 10 2012 Incorporation of Thomas Cook Lanka ( Private ) Limited , a 100 % Subsidiary of the Company 11 2012 Launch of Borderless Prepaid Multicurrency Forex Card 12 2011 Signed an agreement for marketing and distribution of borderless prepaid multicurrency foreign exchange card 13 2011 Incorporation of TC Visa Services ( India ) Limited in Maharashtra , a wholly owned Subsidiary of Travel Corporation ( India ) Limited , which is a 100 % Subsidiary of the Company 14 Execution of a Seven Year Arrangement with New Delhi International Airport 15 Launch of 9 Foreign Exchange and Travel Counters 16 2009 Issue of 50,650,699 Shares through a Rights Issue by Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited 17 2008 Acquisition of 74.9 % Stake by Thomas Cook UK and TCIM in Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited 18 2007 Thomas Cook India Limited & LKP Forex Merger 19 2006 100 % acquisition of Travel Corporation ( India ) Limited by Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited 20 2005 100 % Acquisition by Dubai Financial ( LLC ) of TCIM 21 2000 Commencement of Operations in Sri Lanka 22 1998 Commencement of Operations in Mauritius 23 Listing of Thomas Cook India Limited on BSE Pursuant 24 1978 Conversion of the branch office into a private limited company 25 1881 Thomas Cook & Son opens its first branch office in Bombay Products and services ( edit ) Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited offers a range of products and services including holiday travel , foreign exchange , visa and passport services , foreign exchange , travel insurance , and travel & tourism education . Holidays The company essentially deals in Group Tours ( GIT ) , Free Individual Tours ( FIT ) , Land Only ( excluding flights ) and customized tour packages , including budget holiday and honeymoon packages , as featured on the Thomas Cook India online portal . Forex Thomas Cook India Limited has been offering Foreign Exchange services to Indian customers for over 100 years . The company is the largest Foreign Exchange money changer in the Indian market for more and deals in 26 major currencies from across the globe . The Borderless Prepaid Card , Thomas Cook India 's flagship travel card , is a multiple - currency card that can hold up to 8 currencies at a time ; a second variant is a one - currency card and holds US dollars . Visa Thomas Cook India Limited offers visa application services for almost all the countries around the world and for different categories . The company 's online visa service helps with filling of application forms , collection of documents , submission of the application to the respective embassy , and couriering the stamped passport to the applicant . Travel Insurance Thomas Cook India also provides online travel insurance plans that offer coverage for personal accident , medical expenses and repatriation , loss / delay of checked baggage , loss of passport , and curtailment / cancellation amongst others . Special travel policies catering to specific needs are also offered to travellers . Flights Thomas Cook India Limited offers flight searching and ticket booking services for flights on all major domestic and international airlines . Flight data from all domestic airlines and international airlines is integrated in real - time . Hotels The company also offers hotel reservation services in Indian and international cities . Presently , it offers a range of more than 32,000 hotels in India and more than 1 , 50,000 hotels outside India to choose from . To provide more accommodation options , Thomas Cook acquired the holiday lifestyle company , Sterling Holiday Resorts . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Number Year Name of the Award Awarded By Ref ( s ) 2016 Search Engine Optimization DMAi Marketing Innovation Awards 2016 2016 Gold Award for Thomas Cook - Best Travel Website IAMAI India Digital Awards 2016 2015 Gold Award for Thomas Cook India 's Travel Quest PATA Gold Awards 2015 2015 Favourite Outbound Tour Operator Outlook Traveller Awards 5 2015 Best Tour Operator - Outbound CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 6 2015 Best Company providing Foreign Exchange CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 7 2015 Diamond Award for Exemplary Achievements in Visa Issuance French Ambassador 's Travel Awards Ceremony 2015 8 2015 Favourite Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers Awards 9 2014 Best Company providing Foreign Exchange CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 10 2014 Best Tour Operator - Outbound CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 11 2014 Favourite Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers Awards 12 2014 India 's Leading Tour Operator World Travel Awards 13 2013 Best Tour Operator - Outbound CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 14 2013 Favourite Specialist Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers ' Travel Awards 2013 15 2013 Best Tour Operator Lonely Planet Travel Awards 16 2013 Best Tour Operator - Outbound CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 17 2013 Retailer of the Year -- Leisure & Holidays ET NOW 18 2013 Favourite Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers Awards 19 2012 The Most Trusted Brand in travel services The Brand Trust Report TM , India study 2012 20 2012 Favourite Specialist Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers ' Travel Awards 21 2012 Best Corporate Travel Management Company World Travel Brands 22 2012 Favourite Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers Awards 23 2011 -- 2012 Tour Operator Promoting Niche Segments other than Adventure and MICE National Tourism Awards 24 2012 `` Top 10 South Asia IATA Authorized Training Centres '' for Thomas Cook India 's Centre of Learning IATA 25 2011 - 2012 Consumer Superbrand Superbrands 26 2011 Favourite Specialist Tour Operator Condé Nast Traveller Readers ' Travel Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NSE `` NSE of India - Thomas Cook India '' Jump up ^ BSE `` BSE of India - Thomas Cook India '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Travel Agency Locations '' Vedding Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Voted Favourite Outbound Tour Operator '' TWF India Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook - The Founder of Mass Tourism '' Pravda Report Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook History '' Business Standard Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Grows through Acquisitions '' The Hindu , 11 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Arm Quess Corp to Acquire 49 % Stake '' Times of India , June 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Mumbai HC Approves TCIL and Sterling Holiday Resorts Merger '' Business Standard , July 14 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Acquires Luxe Asia '' Money Control Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Acquires Kuoni India '' Business Standard , 8 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` With Tata Capital 's travel , forex biz in the kitty , Thomas Cook eyes $100 m in extra volumes '' . @ businessline . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Thomas Cook taps into India 's m - commerce growth opportunity Launches India ? s first end - to - end Holiday - App `` End to End Holiday App '' , `` Value Research Online '' Jump up ^ `` Small Tech Assisted Outlets '' , `` The Hindu Business Line '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Acquires Luxe Asia '' , `` Money Control '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Announces Closure of Kuoni Travel India Pvt Ltd '' , `` The Hindu Business Line '' Jump up ^ Acquisition of Kuoni Group 's travel business in India , Hong Kong by Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited `` Thomas Cook Acquires Kuoni Group '' , `` Economic Times '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Launches One Currency Card '' , `` Travelbiz Monitor '' , 3 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Launches Forex App '' , `` Travelbiz Monitor '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook to acquire 74 % stake in Ikya Human Capital Solutions for Rs 256 cr '' . New Delhi : The Indian Express . Press Trust of India . February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Acquisition of 76.8 % stake by Fairbrige '' , `` The Hindu Businessline '' Jump up ^ `` Incorporation of Thomas Cook Lanka '' , `` Business Standard '' Jump up ^ Launch of Borderless Prepaid Multicurrency Foreign Exchange Card `` Launch of Borderless Prepaid Card '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Signed an Agreement for Marketing & Distribution of Borderless Forex Card '' , Money Control Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Collaborates with Mastercard '' , `` India Business Brief '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Enters into a Deal with Delhi Airport '' , `` Hotelier India '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Enters a 7 Year Deal with Delhi International Airport '' Franchise Mart Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Official Shares Report '' Jump up ^ `` Fair Bridge Capital is Promoter of Thomas Cook India '' , `` Business Today '' Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook & LKP Forex Merger '' Economic Times Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Company Profile '' , `` India Infoline '' Jump up ^ Thomas Cook India Reconstitutes Board Jump up ^ `` Commencement of Operations in Sri Lanka '' Jump up ^ Commencement of Operations in Mauritius Jump up ^ Listing of Thomas Cook ( India ) Limited on BSE pursuant to an Initial Public Offering `` Thomas Cook Listed on BSE Pursuant '' SEBI ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Cook History '' Jump up ^ ' Thomas Cook India offers Visa and Hotel services ' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Thomas Cook India buys Sterling Holiday for Rs 870cr '' Jump up ^ `` Won Search Engine Optimization Award in DMAi Marketing Innovation Awards 2016 , India Infoline Jump up ^ `` Gold Award in Best Travel Website Category , Best Media Info Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Travel Quest Wins Pata Gold Award 2015 '' , Business Standard Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Voted as the Favourite Outbound Tour Operator '' , The Hindu Business Line , 23 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Awarded Double Honour Second Time '' , City Air News , 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Wins CNBC Awaaz Travel Awards 2015 '' , Finalaya Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Wins Diamond Award for Achievements in Visa Issuance '' , Times of India Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Voted the Favourite Tour Operator for the Fifth Time '' , The Hindu Businessline Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India wins CNBC Awaaz Travel Awards 2014 '' , Travelbiz Monitor Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India wins Best Travel City '' , Kochi Sky High Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India wins Best Tour Operator '' , CN Traveller Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook - India 's Leading Tour Operator 2014 '' , World Travel Awards Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook India Voted the Best Tour Operator Outbound Travel Awards 2013 '' , Money Control Jump up ^ Favourite Specialist Tour Operator Awards 2013 Jump up ^ Best Tour Operator at the Lonely Planet Travel Awards 2013 Jump up ^ Best Tour Operator - Outbound at the CNBC AWAAZ Travel Awards 2013 Jump up ^ Retailer of the Year -- Leisure & Holidays , by ET NOW in 2013 - Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Wins the Title of Favourite Tour Operator 2013 '' Jump up ^ The Most Trusted Brand in travel services by The Brand Trust Report ( 2 ) , India study 2012 ^ Jump up to : Favourite Specialist Tour Operator at the Condé Nast Traveller Readers ' Travel Awards 2011 & 2012 - ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Best Corporate Travel Management Company by World Travel Brands 2012 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Cook Wins the Title of Favourite Tour Operator 2012 '' Jump up ^ National Tourism Awards 2011 - 2012 , TCIL was honoured with 3 prestigious awards : Special Award for endeavors in launching new tourism products and exemplary performance during the year 2011 - 12 ; Tour Operator Promoting Niche Segments other than Adventure and MICE and Award of Excellence : Best Tourism Promotion Publicity Material. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Cook India 's Centre of Learning has received IATA accreditation as `` Top 10 South Asia IATA Authorized Training Centres '' , 2012 & 2013 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Consumer Superbrand '' 2011 - 2012 by Superbrands - External links ( edit ) www.thomascook.in Thomas Cook India 's Official Company Website Thomas Cook Forex Foreign Exchange Webpage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cook_India&oldid=856711711 '' Categories : Indian travel websites Travel and holiday companies of India Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from December 2017 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the major stakeholder of thomas cook india ltd	[]	[]
5032018597790628796	2020 Democratic National Convention	2020 Democratic National convention - wikipedia 2020 Democratic National convention The 2020 Democratic National Convention , is an event in which delegates of the United States Democratic Party will choose the party 's nominees for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States in the 2020 U.S. presidential election . The convention is scheduled to be held from July 13 -- 16 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Site selection 1.1 Finalist cities 1.2 Official bids 2 References Site selection ( edit ) Bids on the site for the convention were solicited in late 2017 , and were made public in the spring of 2018 . On June 20 , 2018 , the Democratic National Committee announced four finalists for the convention site . However , the finalist city of Denver , Colorado immediately withdrew from consideration immediately following the announcement , citing scheduling conflicts . Finalist cities ( edit ) Denver , Colorado ( withdrew ) Houston , Texas Miami Beach , Florida Milwaukee , Wisconsin Official bids ( edit ) Atlanta , Georgia ( not selected ) Birmingham , Alabama ( not selected ) Houston , Texas ( finalist ) Milwaukee , Wisconsin ( finalist ) Miami Beach , Florida ( finalist ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Democrats , anticipating heated primary , set earlier 2020 convention date '' . CNN . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Milwaukee 1 of 3 finalists to host 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . FOX6Now.com. 2018 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sands , Darren ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Atlanta Will Bid To Host The 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . Buzzfeed News . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mayor Bell : Birmingham will seek the DNC again in 2020 '' . AL.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Yes , Birmingham is again vying for the Democratic national convention '' . AL.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston moves forward with DNC 2020 bid '' . KHOU . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ; Nelson , James B. ; Daykin , Tom ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Milwaukee leaders announce bid for 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cruise ship hotels , zoo parties and an NBA arena : Miami 's Democratic convention pitch '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . 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3144111097537061961	Sunk cost	Sunk cost - wikipedia Sunk cost Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In economics and business decision - making , a sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and can not be recovered . Sunk costs ( also known as retrospective costs ) are sometimes contrasted with prospective costs , which are future costs that may be incurred or changed if an action is taken . In that regard , both retrospective and prospective costs could be either fixed costs ( continuous for as long as the business is in operation and unaffected by output volume ) or variable costs ( dependent on volume ) . However , many economists consider it a mistake to classify sunk costs as `` fixed '' or `` variable . '' For example , if a firm sinks $400 million on an enterprise software installation , that cost is `` sunk '' because it was a one - time expense and can not be recovered once spent . A `` fixed '' cost would be monthly payments made as part of a service contract or licensing deal with the company that set up the software . The upfront irretrievable payment for the installation should not be deemed a `` fixed '' cost , with its cost spread out over time . Sunk costs should be kept separate . The `` variable costs '' for this project might include data centre power usage , for example . In traditional microeconomic theory , only prospective ( future ) costs are relevant to an investment decision . Traditional economics proposes that economic actors should not let sunk costs influence their decisions . Doing so would not be rationally assessing a decision exclusively on its own merits . Alternatively , a decision - maker might make rational decisions according to their own incentives , outside of efficiency or profitability . This is considered to be an incentive problem and is distinct from a sunk cost problem . Evidence from behavioral economics suggests this theory may fail to predict real - world behavior . Sunk costs do , in fact , influence actors ' decisions because humans are prone to loss aversion and framing effects . Sunk costs should not affect the rational decision - maker 's best choice . However , until a decision - maker irreversibly commits resources , the prospective cost is an avoidable future cost and is properly included in any decision - making processes . For instance , if someone is considering preordering movie tickets , but has not actually purchased them yet , the cost remains avoidable . However , if the price of the tickets rises to an amount that requires him or her to pay more than the value he or she places on them , they should figure out the change in terms of prospective cost that goes into the decision - making process and re-evaluate his decision hence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Features characterizing the sunk cost heuristic 2.1 Overoptimistic probability bias 2.2 Requisite of personal responsibility 3 Loss aversion and the sunk cost fallacy 4 Bygones principle 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The sunk cost is distinct from economic loss . For example , when a new car is purchased , it can subsequently be resold ; however , it will probably not be resold for the original purchase price . The economic loss is the difference ( including transaction costs ) . The sum originally paid should not affect any rational future decision - making about the car , regardless of the resale value : if the owner can derive more value from selling the car than not selling it , then it should be sold , regardless of the price paid . In this sense , the sunk cost is not a precise quantity , but an economic term for a sum paid , in the past , which is no longer relevant to decisions about the future ; it may be used inconsistently in quantitative terms as the original cost or the expected economic loss . It may also be used as shorthand for an error in analysis due to the sunk cost fallacy , irrational decision - making or , most simply , as irrelevant data . Economists argue that sunk costs are not taken into account when making rational decisions . In the case of a baseball game ticket that has already been purchased , the ticket - buyer can choose between the following two end results if he realizes that he does n't like the game : Having paid the price of the ticket and having suffered watching a game that he does not want to see , or ; Having paid the price of the ticket and having used the time to do something more fun . In either case , the ticket - buyer has paid the price of the ticket so that part of the decision no longer affects the future . If the ticket - buyer regrets buying the ticket , the current decision should be based on whether he wants to see the game at all , regardless of the price , just as if he were to go to a free baseball game . The economist will suggest that , since the second option involves suffering in only one way ( spent money ) , while the first involves suffering in two ( spent money plus wasted time ) , option two is obviously preferable . Sunk costs may cause cost overrun . In business , an example of sunk costs may be investment into a factory or research that now has a lower value or no value whatsoever . For example , $20 million has been spent on building a power plant ; the value at present is zero because it is incomplete ( and no sale or recovery is feasible ) . The plant can be completed for an additional $10 million , or abandoned and a different but equally valuable facility built for $5 million . It should be obvious that abandonment and construction of the alternative facility is the more rational decision , even though it represents a total loss of the original expenditure -- the original sum invested is a sunk cost . If decision - makers are irrational or have the wrong incentives , the completion of the project may be chosen . For example , politicians or managers may have more incentive to avoid the appearance of a total loss . In practice , there is considerable ambiguity and uncertainty in such cases , and decisions may in retrospect appear irrational that were , at the time , reasonable to the economic actors involved and in the context of their own incentives . Daniel Kahneman Behavioral economics recognizes that sunk costs often affect economic decisions due to loss aversion : the price paid becomes a benchmark for the value , whereas the price paid should be irrelevant . This is considered irrational behavior ( as rationality is defined by classical economics ) . Economic experiments have shown that the sunk cost fallacy and loss aversion are common ; hence economic rationality -- as assumed by much of economics -- is limited . This has enormous implications for finance , economics , and securities markets in particular . Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in part for his extensive work in this area with his collaborator , Amos Tversky . Features characterizing the sunk cost heuristic ( edit ) Two specific features characterizing the sunk cost heuristic worth mentioning are : An overoptimistic probability bias , whereby after an investment the evaluation of one 's investment - reaping dividends is increased . The requisite of personal responsibility . Sunk cost appears to operate chiefly in those who feel personal responsibility for the investments that are to be viewed as sunk cost . Overoptimistic probability bias ( edit ) In 1968 Knox and Inkster , in what is perhaps the classic sunk cost experiment , approached 141 horse bettors : 72 of the people had just finished placing a $2.00 bet within the past 30 seconds , and 69 people were about to place a $2.00 bet in the next 30 seconds . Their hypothesis was that people who had just committed themselves to a course of action ( betting $2.00 ) would reduce post-decision dissonance by believing more strongly than ever that they had picked a winner . Knox and Inkster asked the bettors to rate their horse 's chances of winning on a 7 - point scale . What they found was that people who were about to place a bet rated the chance that their horse would win at an average of 3.48 which corresponded to a `` fair chance of winning '' whereas people who had just finished betting gave an average rating of 4.81 which corresponded to a `` good chance of winning '' . Their hypothesis was confirmed : after making a $2.00 commitment , people became more confident their bet would pay off . Knox and Inkster performed an ancillary test on the patrons of the horses themselves and managed ( after normalization ) to repeat their finding almost identically . Additional evidence of inflated probability estimations can be found in Arkes and Blumer ( 1985 ) and Arkes and Hutzel ( 2000 ) . Requisite of personal responsibility ( edit ) In a study of 96 business students in 1976 Staw and Fox gave the subjects a choice between making an R&D investment either in an underperforming company department , or in other sections of the hypothetical company . Staw and Fox divided the participants into two groups : a low responsibility condition and a high responsibility condition . In the high responsibility condition , the participants were told that they , as manager , had made an earlier , disappointing R&D investment . In the low responsibility condition , subjects were told that a former manager had made a previous R&D investment in the underperforming division and were given the same profit data as the other group . In both cases subjects were then asked to make a new $20 million investment . There was a significant interaction between assumed responsibility and average investment , with the high responsibility condition averaging $12.97 million and the low condition averaging $9.43 million . Similar results have been obtained in earlier studies by Staw ( 1974 , 1976 ) and by Arkes and Blumer ( 1985 ) and Whyte ( 1986 ) . Loss aversion and the sunk cost fallacy ( edit ) Further information : Escalation of commitment Many people have strong misgivings about `` wasting '' resources ( loss aversion ) . In the above example involving a non-refundable sporting event ticket , many people , for example , would feel obliged to go to the event despite not really wanting to , because doing otherwise would be wasting the ticket price ; they feel they 've passed the point of no return . This is sometimes referred to as the sunk cost fallacy . Economists would label this behavior `` irrational '' : it is inefficient because it misallocates resources by depending on information that is irrelevant to the decision being made . This line of thinking , in turn , may reflect a non-standard measure of utility , which is ultimately subjective and unique to the consumer . A ticket - buyer who purchases a ticket to an event they wo n't enjoy in advance makes a semi-public commitment to watching it . To leave early is to make this lapse of judgment manifest to strangers , an appearance they might otherwise choose to avoid . Alternatively , they may take pride in having recognized the opportunity cost of the alternative use of time . The idea of sunk costs is often employed when analyzing business decisions . A common example of a sunk cost for a business is the promotion of a brand name . This type of marketing incurs costs that can not normally be recovered . It is not typically possible to later `` demote '' one 's brand names in exchange for cash . A second example is R&D costs . Once spent , such costs are sunk and should have no effect on future pricing decisions . So a pharmaceutical company 's attempt to justify high prices because of the need to recoup R&D expenses is fallacious . The company will charge market prices whether R&D had cost one dollar or one million dollars . However , R&D costs , and the ability to recoup those costs , are a factor in deciding whether to spend the money on R&D . It 's important to distinguish that while that is a fallacy , raising prices in order to finance future R&D is not . The sunk cost fallacy is in game theory sometimes known as the `` Concorde Fallacy '' , referring to the fact that the British and French governments continued to fund the joint development of Concorde even after it became apparent that there was no longer an economic case for the aircraft . The project was regarded privately by the British government as a `` commercial disaster '' which should never have been started and was almost cancelled , but political and legal issues had ultimately made it impossible for either government to pull out . Bygones principle ( edit ) The bygones principle is an economic theory used in business . Economists stress the `` extra '' or `` marginal '' costs and benefits of every decision . The theory emphasizes the importance of ignoring past costs and only taking into account the future costs and benefits when making decisions . It states that when making a decision , one should make a hard - headed calculation of the extra costs one will incur and weigh these against its extra advantages . See also ( edit ) Look up sunk cost in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Cost overrun Disposition effect vs. endowment effect Escalation of commitment Foot - in - the - door technique Gambler 's fallacy Loss aversion Prospect theory Psychology of previous investment Thinking , Fast and Slow `` Throw good money after bad '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sherman , Roger ( 2008 ) . Market Regulation . Pearson / Addison Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 32232 - 6 . Jump up ^ Knox , RE ; Inkster , JA ( 1968 ) . `` Postdecision dissonance at post time '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 8 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 323 . doi : 10.1037 / h0025528 . PMID 5645589 . ^ Jump up to : Arkes , Hal ; Blumer , Catherine ( 1985 ) . `` The Psychology of Sunk Cost '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process . 35 : 124 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / 0749 - 5978 ( 85 ) 90049 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arkes , Hal ; Hutzel , Laura ( 2000 ) . `` The Role of Probability of Success Estimates in the Sunk Cost Effect '' . Journal of Behavioural Decision Making . 13 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 306 . doi : 10.1002 / 1099 - 0771 ( 200007 / 09 ) 13 : 3 < 295 : : AID - BDM353 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ Staw , Barry ; Blumer , Catherine ( 1976 ) . `` Knee Deep in the Big Muddy '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process . 35 : 124 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / 0749 - 5978 ( 85 ) 90049 - 4 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Glen ( 1986 ) . `` Escalating Commitment to a Course of Action : A Reinterpretation '' . The Academy of Management Review . 11 ( 2 ) : 311 . doi : 10.2307 / 258462 . ISSN 0363 - 7425 . Jump up ^ Klein and Bauman ( 2010 ) The Cartoon Introduction to Economics Volume One : Microeconomics 24 - 26 . Jump up ^ Weatherhead , P.J. ( 1979 ) . `` Do Savannah Sparrows Commit the Concorde Fallacy ? '' . Behav . Ecol . Sociobiol . Springer Berlin . 5 ( 4 ) : 373 -- 381 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00292525 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gupta , K.P. ( 2009 ) . Cost Management : Measuring , Monitoring & Motivating Performance . Global India Publications . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80228 - 02 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Throw good money after bad '' . Farlex , Inc. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Entry from Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms © Cambridge University Press 2003 Further reading ( edit ) Amankwah - Amoah , J. ( 2014 ) . `` A unified framework of explanations for strategic persistance in the wake of others ' failures '' . Journal of Strategy and Management . 7 ( 4 ) : 422 -- 444 . doi : 10.1108 / JSMA - 01 - 2014 - 0009 . Arkes , H.R. ; Ayton , P. ( 1999 ) . `` The Sunk Cost and Concorde effects : are humans less rational than lower animals ? '' . Psychological Bulletin . 125 ( 5 ) : 591 -- 600 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.125. 5.591 . Varian , Hal R. Intermediate Microeconomics : A Modern Approach . Fifth Ed . New York , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97830 - 3 N. Gregory Mankiw , Principles of Economics , Third Ed . ( International Student Edition ) page 297 . ISBN 0 - 324 - 20309 - 8 Schaub , Harald ( 1997 ) `` Sunk Costs , Rationalität und ökonomische Theorie '' . Schäffer Poeschel , Stuttgart 1997 . ISBN 3 - 7910 - 1244 - 4 Sutton , J. Sunk Costs and Market Structure . The MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 19305 - 1 Kahneman , D. ( 2011 ) Thinking , Fast and Slow , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 978 - 0374275631 . ( Reviewed by Freeman Dyson in New York Review of Books , 22 December 2011 , pp. 40 -- 44 . ) Klein , G. and Bauman , Y . The Cartoon Introduction to Economics Volume One : Microeconomics Hill and Wang 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9481 - 3 ... Bernheim , D. and Whinston , M. `` Microeconomics '' . McGraw - Hill Irwin , New York , NY , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 290027 - 9 . Bade , Robin ; and Michael Parkin . Foundations of Microeconomics . Addison Wesley Paperback 1st Edition : 2001 . Samuelson , Paul ; and Nordhaus , William . Economics . McGraw - Hill International Editions : 1989 . ( hide ) Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Budget set Consumer choice Convexity and non-convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Exchange Externality Firms Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Market failure Market structure Duopoly Monopolistic competition Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Perfect competition Pareto efficiency Preferences Production Profit Public goods Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Surplus Social choice Supply & demand Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Engineering Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Welfare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunk_cost&oldid=841915966 '' Categories : Cognitive biases Costs Behavioral finance Game theory Cost engineering Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from April 2018 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from April 2018 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when would sunk costs be irrelevant for current decision making	[]	[]
-7027584171531719240	Criminal Minds (season 13)	Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Aisha Tyler Daniel Henney Adam Rodriguez Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Criminal Minds episodes The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . The season concluded on April 18 , 2018 with a two - part season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . His character was killed off in the season premiere off - screen . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Kim Rhodes as Assistant Director Linda Barnes Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Zelda Williams as Melissa Miller Lou Diamond Phillips as Sheriff Clifford Gail O'Grady as Krystall Richards James Urbaniak as Special Agent Owen Quinn Karen David as Special Agent Mary Meadows Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler directed the seventeenth episode of the season and it was said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and involved clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . His character Stephen Walker was killed off - screen in the season premiere . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) . His character returned to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To A Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When suitcases containing human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to find a connection between the victims before the killer takes another life . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU investigates a connection between the victims only to discover a family secret that changes the course of the investigation . Meanwhile , Simmons finds himself bonding with an escort involved in the case . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When a workplace shooting in Silicon Valley claims the lives of three employees , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine if the shooting was personal and why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs and several fingers missing , the BAU sets out to determine if cannibalistic serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another spree or if a copycat killer is responsible . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) helps Garcia when she becomes overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 5.50 When a missing persons case is connected to a series of abductions throughout Virginia , the BAU sets out to find a connection between the victims only to unearth an unusual motive . Meanwhile , JJ connects with a woman who believes her sister 's disappearance may be connected to the investigation and Garcia searches for a new apartment . 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 5.64 When two women are abducted and permanently disfigured in Austin , Texas , the BAU determines that the attacker has a dangerous obsession with a vicious creature . Meanwhile , Alvez struggles to find a way to help his former Fugitive Task Force partner come to terms with his paralysis . 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 6.31 When the latest in a series of robbery - homicides occurs in Miami , Florida , the BAU investigates only to suspect that they are dealing with an unsub who seeks attention by releasing footage of his crimes to the media . 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1309 5.34 When two members of a Roswell , New Mexico conspiracy theory group die in quick succession , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a serial killer only to find themselves reexamining the evidence following a catastrophic encounter . Meanwhile , Lewis struggles to keep her emotions in check as she interrogates a young podcaster ( Zelda Williams ) with ties to the group . 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1310 5.41 When the latest in a series of perplexing robbery - homicides occurs in Ramona , California , the BAU works with a frustrated sheriff ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) to track down a serial killer with mysterious motives and an even more mysterious past . 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1311 5.70 When the wife of a Virginia police chief survives a brutal home invasion - homicide , the BAU coordinates with her husband and the local authorities to catch her attempted killer only to uncover a multitude of secrets being kept by the town 's inhabitants . 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1312 5.63 When the gruesome murder of a New York City jogger is connected to a series of equally gruesome murder - mutilations , the BAU searches Central Park for a killer who may be suffering from a syndrome that makes him believe he is a gruesome monster . Meanwhile , Alvez deals with the fallout of a blind date gone wrong . 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1313 5.30 When a cryptic message is found inside the mouth of a Washington , D.C. financier , the BAU sets out to catch a serial killer determined to eradicate institutions of power . Meanwhile , JJ grows increasingly concerned after receiving an email asking her to sit down with Assistant Director Linda Barnes ( Kim Rhodes ) . 291 14 `` Miasma '' Leon Ichaso Erica Meredith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1314 5.42 When a mass grave is uncovered in a New Orleans cemetery , the BAU searches for a killer who sees himself as a modern - day plague doctor . Meanwhile , Prentiss finds herself forced to endure a hostile interrogation after Barnes suspends her from active duty and summons her for an internal audit . 292 15 `` Annihilator '' Rob Bailey Erik Stiller March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1315 5.04 With Prentiss still suspended from active duty and Reid refusing to work without her , Barnes takes the lead and joins the remaining members of the BAU as they search St. Louis for the perpetrator of a quadruple homicide . Meanwhile , Reid attempts to dissuade Prentiss from making a bold decision . 293 16 `` Last Gasp '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1316 5.69 In the wake of Barnes ' attempt to restructure the BAU , the divided team works behind her back to identify a serial abductor who photographs Washington , D.C. call girls before killing them and incinerating their bodies . 294 17 `` The Capilanos '' Matthew Gray Gubler Erica Messer March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1317 5.26 When a seven - year - old child residing in Guymon , Oklahoma claims a man dressed as a clown killed his father , the BAU attempts to determine whether or not the child 's statement is true . 295 18 `` The Dance of Love '' Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1318 6.59 When two women residing in Chicago , Illinois are stabbed to death on consecutive nights and found with a single red rose in their mouths , the BAU searches for a serial killer with unexpected motives . Meanwhile , Rossi takes personal time off after receiving a phone call from his third ex-wife Krystall ( Gail O'Grady ) . 296 19 `` Ex Parte '' Lily Mariye Christopher Barbour April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 1319 5.90 When a hostage situation takes place at the Washington , D.C. law firm where Simmons ' wife Kristy ( Kelly Frye ) works , the BAU juggles resolving the unfolding crisis and determining the perpetrators ' motives . 297 20 `` All You Can Eat '' Diana C. Valentine Karen Maser April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1320 5.20 When two sudden deaths in Virginia are believed to be acts of bioterrorism , the BAU works with the CDC to prevent a large - scale incident from taking place . Meanwhile , Garcia reunites with her stepbrother Carlos ( Sebastian Sozzi ) after learning that the drunk driver who killed their parents is eligible for parole . 298 21 `` Mixed Signals '' Alec Smight Erica Meredith & Erik Stiller April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1321 5.92 When two people residing in Taos , New Mexico are subjected to crude lobotomies , the BAU suspects the perpetrator is obsessed with proving an inexplicable collection of phenomena exists . 299 22 `` Believer '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1322 5.39 When a former VICAP agent is found locked inside a storage unit , the BAU investigates his frantic claims of an active serial killer nicknamed `` The Strangler '' only to find themselves questioning everything they think they know . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 1.0 3.81 2.0 9.72 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 1.0 3.53 1.9 9.03 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.64 1.0 3.76 2.0 9.40 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.31 1.0 3.70 2.0 10.00 9 `` False Flag '' December 6 , 2017 0.9 / 4 5.34 1.1 4.04 2.0 9.38 10 `` Submerged '' January 3 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.41 1.1 3.93 2.0 9.37 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' January 10 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.70 1.1 4.13 2.1 9.83 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' January 17 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.63 1.1 4.02 2.1 9.65 13 `` Cure '' January 24 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.30 1.1 4.12 2.0 9.42 14 `` Miasma '' January 31 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.42 1.0 3.90 2.0 9.32 15 `` Annihilator '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.05 1.0 4.06 1.9 9.11 16 `` Last Gasp '' March 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.69 1.2 4.16 2.1 9.85 17 `` The Capilanos '' March 21 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.26 1.1 3.94 2.0 9.20 18 `` The Dance of Love '' March 28 , 2018 1.1 / 5 6.59 0.9 3.54 2.0 10.13 19 `` Ex Parte '' April 4 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 1.0 3.71 2.0 9.62 20 `` All You Can Eat '' April 11 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.20 1.0 3.94 1.9 9.14 21 `` Mixed Signals '' April 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 0.8 3.05 1.8 8.97 22 `` Believer '' April 18 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.39 0.8 3.35 1.7 8.74 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com hide Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=845939280 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 05 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the latest episode of criminal minds	[ "The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7, 2017, by CBS with an order of 22 episodes.[1][2] The season premiered on September 27, 2017 in a new time slot at 10:00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9:00PM on Wednesday since its inception. The season concluded on April 18, 2018 with a two-part season finale.[3]" ]	[ "April 18, 2018" ]
-2127474724743611533	List of the largest trading partners of India	List of the largest trading partners of India - wikipedia List of the largest trading partners of India Jump to : navigation , search According to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry , the fifteen largest trading partners of India represent 59.37 % of total trade by India in the financial year 2015 - 2016 . These figures include trade in goods and commodities , but do not include services or foreign direct investment . The two smallest goods traded by India are Mineral fuels ( refined / unrefined ) and gold ( finished gold ware / gold metal ) . In the year 2013 - 14 , mineral fuels ( HS code 27 ) were the largest traded item with 1 $ worth imports and 64.685 billion US $ worth re-exports after refining . In the year 2013 - 14 , gold and its finished items ( HS code 71 ) were the second largest traded items with 58.465 billion US $ worth imports and 41.692 billion US $ worth re-exports after value addition . These two goods are constituting 53 % total imports , 34 % total exports and nearly 100 % of total trade deficit ( 136 billion US $ ) of India in the financial year 2013 - 14 . The services trade ( exports and imports ) are not part of commodities trade . The trade surplus in services trade is US $ 73 billions in the year 2013 - 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest trading House 2 Countries of which India is the largest trading partner 3 Export partners 4 Import partners 5 See also 6 References Largest trading House ( edit ) India 's largest trade partners with their total trade ( sum of imports and exports ) in billions of US dollars for the financial year 2014 -- 15 were as follows : Rank Country Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance China 9.01 61.71 70.72 - 52.70 United States 40.34 21.78 62.12 18.55 United Arab Emirates 30.29 19.45 49.74 10.84 Saudi Arabia 6.39 20.32 26.72 - 13.93 5 Switzerland 0.98 19.30 20.28 - 18.32 6 Germany 7.09 12.09 20.33 - 5.25 7 Hong Kong 12.09 6.05 19.17 8.03 8 Indonesia 2.82 13.13 19.05 - 10.96 9 South Korea 3.52 13.05 18.13 - 8.93 10 Malaysia 3.71 9.08 16.93 - 5.30 11 Singapore 7.72 7.31 16.93 2.68 12 Nigeria 2.22 9.95 16.36 - 11.00 13 Belgium 5.03 8.26 16.33 - 5.29 14 Qatar 0.90 9.02 15.66 - 13.55 15 Japan 4.66 9.85 15.52 - 4.75 16 Iraq 1.00 10.84 15.08 - 13.42 17 Kuwait 1.25 4.97 14.58 - 12.18 18 United Kingdom 8.83 5.19 14.34 4.30 19 Iran 2.78 6.28 13.13 - 4.78 20 Australia 3.26 8.90 13.03 - 7.47 21 Venezuela 0.13 5.70 11.99 - 11.47 22 South Africa 3.59 5.95 11.72 - 3.40 - Remaining Countries 126.78 104.92 231.70 21.86 India 's Total 262.29 381.01 758.30 - 137.63 Countries of which India is the largest trading partner ( edit ) India is the primary export or import partner of several countries . The percentages on these tables are based on 2015 data as shown on the CIA World Factbook . Exports Region Percentage Bhutan 83.8 % Guinea - Bissau 63.5 % Nepal 61.3 % Comoros 28.7 % Gambia 27.2 % Ghana 25.2 % Benin 24.2 % Guinea 22.5 % Tanzania 21.4 % Nigeria 18.2 % Togo 14.6 % Imports Region Percentage Bhutan 72.3 % Nepal 61.5 % Sri Lanka 24.6 % Mauritius 18.7 % Export partners ( edit ) India exports approximately 7500 commodities to about 190 countries . India exported US $ 264 billion worth of commodities in 2015 . The following table shows India 's 11 largest destinations for exports : Rank Country Value ( US $ billion ) Share of overall exports United States 40.4 15.3 % United Arab Emirates 30.3 11.5 % Hong Kong 12.2 4.6 % China 9.5 3.6 % 5 United Kingdom 8.9 3.4 % 6 Singapore 7.8 3 % 7 Germany 7 2.7 % 8 Saudi Arabia 7 2.7 % 9 Sri Lanka 5.5 2.1 % 10 Bangladesh 5.5 2.1 % 11 Vietnam 5.3 2 % Import partners ( edit ) India imports around 6000 commodities from 140 countries . India imported $390.7 billion worth of commodities in 2015 , down by 15 % from the previous year . The following table shows India 's 11 largest sources of imports : Rank Country Value ( US $ billion ) Share of overall imports China 61.5 15.8 % Saudi Arabia 21.4 5.5 % Switzerland 21.1 5.4 % United States 20.5 5.2 % 5 United Arab Emirates 20.3 5.2 % 6 Indonesia 13.9 3.5 % 7 South Korea 13.1 3.4 % 8 Germany 11.8 3 % 9 Iraq 11.3 2.9 % 10 Nigeria 10.2 2.6 % 11 Qatar 9.7 2.5 % See also ( edit ) Foreign trade of India Economy of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/iecnttopn.asp Jump up ^ `` Total Trade : : 25 Top countries '' . commerce.nic.in . Department of Commerce . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics - Services Export Promotion Council '' . Department of Commerce . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Trade '' . commerce.nic.in . Department of Commerce . 2015 -- 16 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Macroeconomics and Elementary Statistics . FK Publications . ISBN 9788187140900 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Exports '' . www.worldsrichestcountries.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Macroeconomics and Elementary Statistics . FK Publications . ISBN 9788187140900 . Jump up ^ `` Top India Imports '' . www.worldsrichestcountries.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . ( hide ) International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India&oldid=814308417 '' Categories : Economy of India lists Foreign trade of India Lists of superlatives Indian superlatives Lists of trading partners Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 01 : 15 . About Wikipedia	with which country is the foreign trade of indian the maximum	[]	[]
2916274757483671218	Galway Girl (Steve Earle song)	Galway Girl ( Steve Earle song ) - wikipedia Galway Girl ( Steve Earle song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Galway Girl '' Song by Steve Earle from the album Transcendental Blues Released 2000 Recorded 2000 Genre Folk Celtic Length 3 : 05 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Earle Producer ( s ) Jamie Bedford , Ray Kennedy `` Galway Girl '' is a song written by Steve Earle and recorded with Irish musician Sharon Shannon originally as `` The Galway Girl '' . It was featured on Earle 's 2000 album Transcendental Blues . `` The Galway Girl '' tells the semi-autobiographical story of the songwriter 's reaction to a beautiful black - haired blue - eyed girl he meets in Galway , Ireland . Local references include Salthill and The Long Walk . A cover version of the song by Mundy and Sharon Shannon reached number one and became the most downloaded song of 2008 in Ireland , and has gone on to become the eighth highest selling single in Irish chart history . It has been subject of a great number of covers and live interpretations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Cover versions 2.1 Mundy version 2.2 Other versions 3 References in popular culture 4 References Background ( edit ) The song was written about Joyce Redmond , Interestingly enough Joyce Redmond plays bodhran on Steve Earle 's version of the song . Earle met Redmond in Galway . Redmond is from Howth , County Dublin ... Cover versions ( edit ) Mundy version ( edit ) `` The Galway Girl '' Single by Mundy and Sharon Shannon Released April 2008 Format Compact disc / download Genre Folk Celtic Songwriter ( s ) Steve Earle Irish artist Mundy collaborated with Sharon Shannon on a cover of `` Galway Girl '' , a track she had previously performed with Steve Earle . A studio version of the track reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart in April 2008 and remained there for five weeks . It was the biggest - selling download in Ireland in 2008 , and was a winning nominee at the 2008 Meteor Awards . The song was the highest - selling single in Ireland in 2008 . Mundy also recorded an Irish language version of the track , entitled `` Cailín na Gaillimhe '' , for Ceol ' 08 , an Irish language compilation record which was released in 2008 to raise money for several Irish charities . Other versions ( edit ) ( Year of release - artist / group - album ) 2003 : The Punters - Fisherman 's Blues 2004 : The Elders - The Best Crowd We Ever Had 2007 : The Fenians - The Best of the Fenians : Could n't Have Come at a Better Time 2010 : Mike Denver - The Essential Galway Boy Collection 2011 : Celtic Thunder - Heritage 2012 : Scythian - It 's Not Too Late 2012 : Rapalje - Clubs 2013 : Johnny Logan - The Irish Connection 2 2013 : Foster and Allen featuring Shayne Ward . 2013 : The High Kings - Friends for Life 2015 : Damien Leith featuring Sharon Shannon - Songs from Ireland 2015 : Old Goats - A Rattling Pint 2017 : Ritchie Remo , a Northern Ireland singer as `` Galway Girls '' as a mashup of this song and identically titled Ed Sheeran song `` Galway Girl '' . ( 1 ) The comedian Stewart Lee references and performs the song in his 2009 Edinburgh Fringe show and also on his live DVD If You Prefer a Milder Comedian Please Ask for One , released on 11 October 2010 . References in popular culture ( edit ) The song appears in the 2007 film P.S. I Love You , where Gerard Butler 's character sings the song for Hilary Swank 's character . This was also sung by Jeffrey Dean Morgan 's character to Swank . The song featured in the TV series Treme ( in episode 9 of the second series , entitled `` What Is New Orleans ? '' ) . It was performed by Steve Earle ( in his role of Harley , a street musician ) with Lucia Micarelli and Spider Stacy ( of The Pogues ) accompanying him on violin and pennywhistle . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MP3 Podcast with Mundy and Sharon Shannon '' ( MP3 ) . RTÉ 2fm . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ouellette , Dan ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Steve Earle , Transcendentalist '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 : The best - selling singles in Irish history '' . Daily Edge . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish music muses : Meet the Galway Girl , Úna Bhán and Nancy Spain '' . Jump up ^ `` Ireland - Top Singles Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` Stars out for the Meteors '' . RTÉ. 2008 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Galway Girl / One Little Christmas Tree ( with Shayne Ward ) - Single by Foster & Allen & Shayne Ward on Apple Music '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galway_Girl_(Steve_Earle_song)&oldid=843078018 '' Categories : 2000 songs 2008 singles 2008 in Irish music Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Irish songs Music in Galway ( city ) Songs about Ireland Songs written by Steve Earle Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the original singer of galway girl	[ "\"Galway Girl\" is a song written by Steve Earle[1] and recorded with Irish musician Sharon Shannon originally as \"The Galway Girl\". It was featured on Earle's 2000 album Transcendental Blues.[2] \"The Galway Girl\" tells the semi-autobiographical story of the songwriter's reaction to a beautiful black-haired blue-eyed girl he meets in Galway, Ireland.[1] Local references include Salthill and The Long Walk.", "\"Galway Girl\" is a song written by Steve Earle[1] and recorded with Irish musician Sharon Shannon originally as \"The Galway Girl\". It was featured on Earle's 2000 album Transcendental Blues.[2] \"The Galway Girl\" tells the semi-autobiographical story of the songwriter's reaction to a beautiful black-haired blue-eyed girl he meets in Galway, Ireland.[1] Local references include Salthill and The Long Walk." ]	[ "Steve Earle", "Irish musician Sharon Shannon" ]
221702705341583279	Shameless (season 8)	Shameless ( Season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( Season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Showtime Original release November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season , which premiered on November 5 , 2017 , will consist of a total of 12 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special Guest 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher Special Guest ( edit ) Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Richard Flood as Ford Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Alicia Coppola as Sue Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Levy Tran as Eddie Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon Perry Mattfeld as Mel David Brackett as Duran Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski Faran Tahir as Adeeb Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi Chet Hanks as Charlie Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.86 Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building . Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past . Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra . Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she 's learning to become a welder . Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center . Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break . Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school 's diversity for prospective parents . Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana . 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.37 Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building . Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen . Lip tries to sabotage Sierra 's relationship . Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship . Carl tries to sell Ian 's portion of Monica 's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her . Liam visits a rich friend 's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have . Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to , trying to be ready for the operation that is coming . 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1.34 While Kevin 's tumour is benign , he becomes obsessed with being healthy and , upon researching his genetics , discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky . Fiona 's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa 's girlfriend , Mel . Neil breaks up with Debbie . Ian continues to struggle with Monica 's death . Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism . Frank , now going by Francis , remains committed to becoming a better person . Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi , forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal , resulting in her release and partial - ownership of the bar . Monica 's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth . 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King Dominique Morisseau November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.59 Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam 's school , and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers . Fiona is furious when Sean , now clean and married , returns to try and make amends . Lip is sex - crazed , and ends up sleeping with his co-worker , Eddie ( Levy Tran ) . Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor 's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot , and gets chewed out by Trevor for it , but later they make amends , and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids . Debbie has moved back in , and is sad to be missing Frannie 's growing up because of work . Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block . Another black child join Liam 's school . Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin 's family ; Kev is overwrought with emotion , whereas Veronica fears his family is racist . 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' Iain B. MacDonald Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1.51 Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood ; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter ; Carl loses his scholarship ; Lip stands up to a friend ; Frank teaches parents about the working class . 90 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Steilen December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.52 After she discovers one of her tenants dead , Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life , as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper . Meanwhile , Lip enlists Carl 's help to search for his AA sponsor , Brad , after he started drinking again . After having sex with Duran , Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning - after pill . Frank enjoys having his first - ever credit card , while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities . 91 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' Iain B. MacDonald Molly Smith Metzler December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.58 Ian keeps testing Fiona 's patience , and starts a `` Occupy Fiona '' movement right to her front door . With the support of Brad , Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial , after the latter 's fifth drunk driving . Meanwhile , a now unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt , while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work . Carl gets close to Kassidi , one of his rehab clients , who comes up with a plan to get him easy money . An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V . 92 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' Emmy Rossum Nancy M. Pimental December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) 0.81 Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments , while she tries to get closer to Ford . Frank starts an import - export business , by smuggling muslim people and drugs through the US - Canada border . Meanwhile , Lip interviews new AA sponsors , and discovers something about Charlie , Sierra 's boyfriend . Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion , as Carl tries to conciliate his job and Kassidi , his new problematic girlfriend . As she tries to find a new job and some money , Debbie thinks she is pregnant again . Kev starts showing his dominating side against Svetlana at work , to the pleasure of V . 93 9 `` The Fugees '' Jeffrey Reiner Dominique Morisseau January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.65 94 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' Mario Van Peebles Sheila Callaghan January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.52 95 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' Iain B. MacDonald Mark Steilen January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) TBD 96 12 `` Sleepwalking '' John Wells John Wells January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' November 5 , 2017 0.7 1.86 0.5 1.16 1.2 3.02 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' November 12 , 2017 0.5 1.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' November 19 , 2017 0.5 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 1.59 0.6 1.26 1.2 2.86 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' December 3 , 2017 0.6 1.51 0.5 1.42 1.1 2.93 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' December 10 , 2017 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.40 1.1 2.92 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' December 17 , 2017 0.5 1.58 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' December 31 , 2017 0.2 0.81 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` The Fugees '' January 7 , 2018 0.7 1.65 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' January 14 , 2018 0.6 1.52 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' January 21 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Sleepwalking '' January 28 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 11 '' . Showtime . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 12 '' . Showtime . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=821703054 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 23 . About Wikipedia	when is shameless season 8 episode 8 coming out	[]	[]
8238933562906702618	African independence movements	African independence movements - wikipedia African independence movements Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The African Independence Movements took place in the 20th century , when a wave of struggles for independence in European - ruled African territories were witnessed . Notable militant independence movements took place : Algeria ( former French Algeria ) , see Algerian War Angola ( former Portuguese Angola ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Guinea - Bissau ( former Portuguese Guinea ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Kenya ( former British Kenya ) , see Mau Mau Uprising Madagascar ( see Malagasy Uprising ) Mozambique ( former Portuguese Mozambique ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Namibia ( former South West Africa ) -- against South Africa , see Namibian War of Independence and South African Border War For a list of African nations achieving independence , see Decolonisation of Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 British overseas territories 1.1 British Kenya 2 French overseas territories 2.1 French Algeria 3 Portuguese overseas territories 3.1 African nationalism in Portuguese Africa 3.1. 1 Portuguese Angola 3.1. 2 Portuguese Guinea 3.1. 3 Portuguese Mozambique 3.1. 4 Role of the Organisation of African Unity 4 Eritrea 5 Namibia 6 See also 7 External links British overseas territories ( edit ) British Kenya ( edit ) Main articles : Mau Mau Uprising and British Kenya British - ruled Kenya was the place of a rebellion from 1952 to 1960 , an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British colonialist rule . The core of the rebellion was formed by members of the Kikuyu ethnic group , along with smaller numbers of Embu and Meru . French overseas territories ( edit ) French Algeria ( edit ) Main articles : Algerian War and French Algeria Many Algerians had fought as French soldiers during the First World War . Thus Muslim Algerians felt all the more unfair that their votes were not equal to the other Algerians especially after 1947 when the Algerian Assembly was created . This assembly was composed of 120 members . Muslim Algerians who represented about 9 million people could designate 50 % of the Assembly members while 900,000 non-Muslim Algerians could designate the other half . Moreover , a massacre occurred in Sétif May 8 , 1945 . It opposed Algerians who were demonstrating for their national claim to the French Army . After skirmishes with police , Algerians killed about 100 ethnic French . The French army retaliated harshly . Thousands of Algerians probably died . It triggered a radicalisation of Algerian nationalists and it can be considered the beginning of the Algerian War . In 1956 , about 512,001 French soldiers were in Algeria . No resolution was imaginable in the short term . An overwhelming majority of French politicians were opposed to the idea of independence while independence was gaining ground in Muslim Algerians ' mind . France was mired and the Fourth Republic collapsed on this issue . In 1958 , Charles de Gaulle 's return to power was supposed to bring back Algeria in the bosom of France as thought French generals in Algeria . But pragmatism impelled De Gaulle to consent independence in 1962 after an aborted military coup in Algeria . Portuguese overseas territories ( edit ) See also : History of Portugal , Economic history of Portugal , and Portuguese Colonial War Portugal built a five - century - long global empire . Portuguese overseas expansion began in the 15th century , thanks to several factors that gave the small coastal nation an advantage over its larger European neighbours . First , in the 14th century , Portuguese shipbuilders invented several new techniques that made sailing in the stormy Atlantic Ocean more practical . They combined elements of different types of ships to construct stronger , roomier and more manoeuvrable caravels . They also took advantage of more reliable compasses for navigation , and benefited from the school for navigation created by Prince Henry the Navigator ( 1394 -- 1460 ) at Sagres in 1419 . Starting with voyages to Madeira and the Azores ( islands in the Atlantic ) in the first part of the 14th century , the Portuguese systematically extended their explorations as far as Japan by the 16th century . In the process , they established forts and settlements along the West and East African coasts . In the 16th through 18th centuries , the Portuguese lost their lead to other European nations , notably England and France , but played a major role in the slave trade to satisfy the demand for labour in Brazil and other American markets . By the beginning of the 19th century , Portugal controlled outposts at six locations in Africa . One was the Cape Verde Islands , located about 700 miles due west of Dakar , Senegal . Claimed for Portugal by Diogo Gomes about 1458 , this archipelago of eight major islands was devoted to sugar cultivation using slaves taken from the African mainland . The Portuguese once had extensive claims on the West African coast -- since they were the first Europeans to explore it systematically -- but by 1800 they were left with only a few ports at the mouth of the Rio Geba in what is now known as the Guinea - Bissau . To the east , the Portuguese controlled the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe , located south of the mouth of the Niger River . Like the Cape Verde Islands , they were converted to sugar production in the early 16th century using slaves acquired on the mainland in the vicinity of the Congo River . By the end of the 19th century , Portuguese landowners had successfully introduced cocoa production using forced African labour . Further south , the Portuguese claimed both sides of the mouth of the Congo River , as well as the Atlantic coast as far south as the Rio Cunene . In practical terms , Portugal controlled port cities like those of Cabinda ( north of the Congo River mouth ) , Ambriz ( south of the Congo 's mouth ) , Luanda and Benguela ( on the Angolan coast ) plus some river towns in the Angolan interior . The last area claimed by Portugal in Africa was along the southeast coast on either side of the mouth of the Zambezi River . After reaching this area , known as the Swahili Coast , at the end of the 15th century , the Portuguese came to dominate most of it by the end of the 16th century . During the 17th century , they lost control of everything north of Cape Delgado to Arabs from Oman ( who established the Sultanate of Zanzibar ) , leaving them with major ports at Mozambique , Quelimane , and Lourenço Marques , plus settlements along the Zambezi and other rivers . Despite these holdings , the Portuguese hold in Africa was problematic . The first cause was the small size of Portugal 's population , coupled with the lack of popular support for overseas empire . Exploration and conquest began as an enterprise supported by the nobility , and Portuguese peasants rarely participated unless forced to do so . When the common people of Portugal did chose to emigrate , they were much more likely to head to Brazil and other territories than to Africa . To induce Europeans to move to its African holdings , the Portuguese government resorted to releasing degradados -- convicted criminals -- from prison in exchange for accepting what amounted to exile in Africa . Angola , in particular , gained a reputation as a Portuguese penal colony . Also , since the European population remained almost entirely male , the Portuguese birth rate was negligible , although plenty of `` Afro - Lusitanians '' were born to African mothers . As a result , the European population of Portugal 's African settlements was never very large , and community leaders were just as likely to owe their loyalty to local African governments as they did to the distant Portuguese government . A second cause of weakness in Portuguese Africa was the effects of three centuries of Atlantic slave trade which had roots in the older African slave trade . Once the Atlantic triangular trade got underway , many Portuguese ( including many Brazilian traders ) in Africa found little incentive to engage in any other kind of profitable economic activity . The economies of Guinea , Angola and Mozambique became almost entirely devoted to the export of slaves to the New World ( plus gold and ivory where they were available ) while on the islands , slaves were used to grow sugar for export . Colonial authorities did nothing to stop the slave trade , which had sympathisers even among the several native African tribes , and many became wealthy by supporting it , while the traders themselves generated huge profits with which they secured allies in Africa and Portugal . Although anti-slavery efforts became organised in Europe in the 18th century , the slave trade only came to an end in the early 19th century , thanks in large part to English efforts to block shipping to the French during the Napoleonic Wars . Portugal was one of the first countries in the world to outlaw slavery , and did it so in mainland Portugal during the 18th century . The Portuguese government ended colonial slavery in stages with a final decree in 1858 that outlawed slavery in the overseas empire . The gradual pace of abolition was due to the strength of pro-slavery forces in Portuguese politics , Brazil and in Africa , they interfered with colonial administrators who challenged long - established and powerful commercial interests . The Napoleonic Wars added a new force to the Portuguese political scene -- republicanism -- introduced as an alternative to the monarchy by French troops in 1807 . The French invasion induced the Portuguese royal family to make the controversial decision to flee to Brazil ( on English ships ) , from where they ruled until 1821 . By the time King João VI returned to Lisbon , he faced a nobility divided in their support for him personally , plus a middle class that wanted a constitutional monarchy . During Joao VI 's reign ( 1821 -- 1826 ) and that of his successors -- Peter IV ( 1826 -- 1831 ) , Maria ( 1833 -- 1853 ) , Peter V ( 1853 -- 1861 ) , Louis I ( 1861 -- 1889 ) , and Carlos ( 1889 -- 1908 ) -- there was a civil war that lasted from 1826 to 1834 , a long period characterised by what one author called `` ministerial instability and chronic insurrection '' from 1834 to 1853 , and finally the end of the monarchy when both Carlos and his heir were assassinated on February 1 , 1908 . Under those circumstances , colonial officials appointed by governments in Lisbon were more concerned with politics at home than with administering their African territories . As it did everywhere else , the Industrial Revolution stimulated change in Portuguese Africa . It created a demand for tropical raw materials like vegetable oils , cotton , cocoa and rubber , and it also created a need for markets to purchase the expanded quantity of goods issuing from factories . In Portugal 's case , most of the factories were located in England , which had had a special relationship with Portugal ever since Philippa , the daughter of England 's John of Gaunt , married John of Avis , the founder of the Portuguese second dynasty . Prodded by Napoleon 's invasion and English support for the royal family 's escape to Brazil , King João and his successors eliminated tariffs , ended trade monopolies and generally opened the way for British merchants to become dominant in the Portuguese empire . At times , that caused friction , such as when both British and Portuguese explorers claimed the Shire Highlands ( located in modern Malawi ) , but for the most part Great Britain supported the Portuguese position in exchange for incorporating Portugal 's holdings into the British economic sphere . With neither a large European population nor African wage earners , the Portuguese colonies offered poor markets for manufactured goods from the private sector . Consequently , industrialisation arrived in the form of government programs designed to improve internal communications and increase the number of European settlers . During the late 1830s , the government headed by Marquis Sá da Bandeira tried to encourage Portuguese farmers to migrate to Angola , with little success . Between 1845 and 1900 , the European population of Angola rose from 1,832 to only about 9,000 . European migration to Mozambique showed slightly better results -- about 11,000 in 1911 -- but many were British from South Africa rather than Portuguese . The other major force for change was the rivalries that developed between European nations in the century between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of World War I. Forbidden from fighting each other by the `` balance of power '' established by the Treaty of Vienna , they competed in other ways including scientific discoveries , athletic competitions , exploration and proxy wars . Although not a major power anymore , Portugal participated in the competition , especially by sending out explorers to solidify their claim to all of the land between Angola and Mozambique . That bought them into conflict with men like Cecil Rhodes , whose own vision of an empire from `` Cape to Cairo '' required that the British gain control over the same land ( see British Ultimatum ) . European rivalries appeared most often as commercial competition , and in 19th century Africa , that included the right to move goods by steamboat along rivers . The British had a head start thanks to their early adoption of steam technology and their supremacy on the high seas . They became the strongest proponents of the principle of `` free trade '' which prohibited countries from creating legal barriers to another country 's merchants . Occasionally , Portuguese leaders resisted , but the British alliance provided sufficient benefits to convince various administrations to go along ( although they faced revolts at home and in their colonies ) . It was Portugal 's claim to the land on either side of the mouth of the Congo River that triggered the events leading up to the Congress of Berlin . That claim , which dated from Diogo Cão 's voyage in 1484 , gave Portugal places from which naval patrols could control access to Africa 's largest river system . The British eyed this arrangement with suspicion for years , but paid tariffs ( like everyone else ) for the right to trade there , mostly for slaves . After the abolition of slavery got underway , the Portuguese dragged their heels , so in 1839 the British government declared its right to inspect Portuguese ships for evidence of slave trading with or without Portuguese consent . That stirred the Portuguese to action , and in a subsequent series of agreements made in the 1840s , the British acquired the right to land their ships to land where no Portuguese authorities were present . When the Portuguese refused to renew the agreement in 1853 , the British ceased paying tariffs at the ports on either side of the Congo River mouth , claiming that Portugal 's claim had expired because they had left the area unoccupied for too long . Portugal reoccupied the ports of Cabinda and Ambriz in 1855 , and relations with Great Britain improved after that . The dispute set a precedent , however , that effective occupation was a prerequisite for recognition of colonial claims . The question continued to reappear until 1885 when it was enshrined in the agreements that emanated from the Congress of Berlin . The final straw was the Anglo - Portuguese Treaty signed on February 26 , 1884 . It granted exclusive navigation rights on the Congo River to Britain in exchange for British guarantees of Portugal 's control of the coast at the mouth of the Congo River . Most significantly , it prevented the French from taking advantage of treaties signed by one of its explorers ( Savorgnan de Brazza ) with Africans living along the north side of the Congo River . International protests forced the two countries to abandon the treaty in June 1884 , and Bismarck used the controversy to call the Congress of Berlin later that year . The Portuguese were the first Europeans to claim territory in sub-Saharan Africa , and their example inspired imitation from other European powers . For the British , the Portuguese were acceptable proxies in the competition with France , Russia and Germany for world domination . For Portuguese governments , the British alliance gave them influence that they could not command themselves , while the idea of a Portuguese empire offered something with which to distract domestic opponents from the struggles initiated by the Napoleonic Wars . The issues that were raised by Portugal 's claims in Africa and the efforts of other countries to whittle them down became the fundamental issues of the Congress of Berlin . In the end , the Congress settled more than the future of Portugal 's African holdings -- it also set the rules for any European government which wished to establish an empire in Africa . In the 1950s , after World War II , several African territories became independent from their European rulers , but the oldest Europe - ruled territories , those ruled by Portugal , were rebranded `` Overseas Provinces '' from the former designation as Portuguese colonies . This was a firm effort of Portugal 's authorities to preserve its old African possessions abroad and refuse any claims of independence . This was followed by a wave of strong economic and social developments in all Portuguese Africa , in particular the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique . By the 1960s , several organisations were founded to support independence 's claims of the Portuguese overseas provinces in Africa . They were mostly entirely based and supported from outside Portugal 's territories . Headquartered and managed in countries like Senegal , Tanzania , Algeria , Guinea and Ethiopia , these guerrilla movements sought weapons , financing and political support in Eastern Bloc 's communist states and the People 's Republic of China . A Cold War conflict in Portuguese Africa was about to start . Marxist - Leninist and Maoist ideologies , backed by countries like the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China were behind the nationalist guerrilla movements created to attack Portuguese possessions and claim independence . The USA and other countries , in order to counter communist growing influence in the region also started to support some nationalist guerrillas in their fight against Portugal . The series of guerrilla wars involving Portugal and several armed nationalist groups from Africa in its overseas provinces of Angola , Guinea , and Mozambique , become known as the Portuguese Colonial War ( Guerra Colonial or Guerra do Ultramar ) . African nationalism in Portuguese Africa ( edit ) Portuguese Angola ( edit ) Portuguese soldiers in Angola . Main articles : Angolan War of Independence and Portuguese West Africa In Portuguese Angola , the rebellion of the ZSN was taken up by the União das Populações de Angola ( UPA ) , which changed its name to the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) in 1962 . On February 4 , 1961 , the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) took credit for the attack on the prison of Luanda , where seven policemen were killed . On March 15 , 1961 , the UPA , in a tribal attack , started the massacre of white populations and black workers born in other regions of Angola . This region would be retaken by large military operations that , however , would not stop the spread of the guerrilla actions to other regions of Angola , such as Cabinda , the east , the southeast and the central plateaus . Portuguese Guinea ( edit ) Main articles : Guinea - Bissau War of Independence and Portuguese Guinea PAIGC 's checkpoint in 1974 In Portuguese Guinea , the Marxist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) started fighting in January 1963 . Its guerrilla fighters attacked the Portuguese headquarters in Tite , located to the south of Bissau , the capital , near the Corubal river . Similar actions quickly spread across the entire colony , requiring a strong response from the Portuguese forces . The war in Guinea placed face to face Amílcar Cabral , the leader of PAIGC , and António de Spínola , the Portuguese general responsible for the local military operations . In 1965 the war spread to the eastern part of the country and in that same year the PAIGC carried out attacks in the north of the country where at the time only the minor guerrilla movement , the Frente de Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné ( FLING ) , was fighting . By that time , the PAIGC started receiving military support from the Socialist Bloc , mainly from Cuba , a support that would last until the end of the war . In Guinea the Portuguese troops mainly took a defensive position , limiting themselves to keeping the territories they already held . This kind of action was particularly devastating to the Portuguese troops who were constantly attacked by the forces of the PAIGC . They were also demoralised by the steady growth of the influence of the liberation supporters among the population that was being recruited in large numbers by the PAIGC . With some strategic changes by António Spínola in the late 1960s , the Portuguese forces gained momentum and , taking the offensive , became a much more effective force . Between 1968 and 1972 , the Portuguese forces took control of the situation and sometimes carried attacks against the PAIGC positions . At this time the Portuguese forces were also adopting subversive means to counter the insurgents , attacking the political structure of the nationalist movement . This strategy culminated in the assassination of Amílcar Cabral in January 1973 . Nonetheless , the PAIGC continued to fight back and pushed the Portuguese forces to the limit . This became even more visible after PAIGC received anti-aircraft weapons provided by the Soviets , especially the SA - 7 rocket launchers , thus undermining the Portuguese air superiority . Portuguese Mozambique ( edit ) Main articles : Mozambican War of Independence and Portuguese East Africa Portuguese Mozambique was the last territory to start the war of liberation . Its nationalist movement was led by the Marxist - Leninist Liberation Front of Mozambique ( FRELIMO ) , which carried out the first attack against Portuguese targets on September 24 , 1964 , in Chai , province of Cabo Delgado . The fighting later spread to Niassa , Tete at the centre of the country . A report from Battalion No. 558 of the Portuguese army makes references to violent actions , also in Cabo Delgado , on August 21 , 1964 . On November 16 of the same year , the Portuguese troops suffered their first losses fighting in the north of the country , in the region of Xilama . By this time , the size of the guerrilla movement had substantially increased ; this , along with the low numbers of Portuguese troops and colonists , allowed a steady increase in FRELIMO 's strength . It quickly started moving south in the direction of Meponda and Mandimba , linking to Tete with the aid of Malawi . Until 1967 the FRELIMO showed less interest in Tete region , putting its efforts on the two northernmost districts of the country where the use of landmines became very common . In the region of Niassa , FRELIMO 's intention was to create a free corridor to Zambézia . Until April 1970 , the military activity of FRELIMO increased steadily , mainly due to the strategic work of Samora Machel in the region of Cabo Delgado . In the early 1970s , after the Portuguese Gordian Knot Operation , the nationalist guerrilla was severely damaged . Role of the organisation of African Unity ( edit ) The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) was founded May 1963 . Its basic principles were co-operation between African nations and solidarity between African peoples . Another important objective of the OAU was an end to all forms of colonialism in Africa . This became the major objective of the organisation in its first years and soon OAU pressure led to the situation in the Portuguese colonies being brought up at the UN Security Council . The OAU established a committee based in Dar es Salaam , with representatives from Ethiopia , Algeria , Uganda , Egypt , Tanzania , Zaire , Guinea , Senegal and Nigeria , to support African liberation movements . The support provided by the committee included military training and weapon supplies . The OAU also took action in order to promote the international acknowledgement of the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile ( GRAE ) , composed of the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) . This support was transferred to the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and to its leader , Agostinho Neto in 1967 . In November 1972 , both movements were recognised by the OAU in order to promote their merger . After 1964 , the OAU recognised PAIGC as the legitimate representatives of Guinea - Bissau and Cape Verde and in 1965 recognised FRELIMO for Mozambique . Eritrea ( edit ) Eritrea sits on a strategic location along the Red Sea , between the Suez Canal and the Bab - el - Mandeb . Eritrea was an Italian colony from 1890 - 1941 . On April 1 , 1941 , the British captured Asmara defeating the Italians and Eritrea fell under the British Military Administration . This military rule lasted from 1941 until 1952 . On December 2 , 1950 , the United Nations General Assembly , by UN Resolution 390 A ( V ) federated Eritrea with Ethiopia . The architect of this federal act was the United States . The federation went into effect September 11 , 1952 . However , the federation was a non-starter for feudal Ethiopia , and it started to systematically undermine it . On December 24 , 1958 -- the Eritrean flag was replaced by the Ethiopian flag ; On May 17 , 1960 -- The title `` Government of Eritrea '' of the Federation was changed to `` Administration of Eritrea '' . Earlier Amharic was declared official language in Eritrea replacing Tigrinya and Arabic . Finally on November 14 , 1962 - -- Ethiopia officially annexed Eritrea as its 14th province . The people of Eritrea , after finding out peaceful resistance against Ethiopia 's rule was falling on deaf ears formed the Eritrean Liberation Movement ( ELM ) which was formed in 1958 . The founders of these independence movement were : Mohammad Said Nawud , Saleh Ahmed Iyay , Yasin al - Gade , Mohammad al - Hassen and Said Sabr . ELM members were organised in secret cells of seven . The movement was known as Mahber Shewate in Tigrinya and as Harakat Atahrir al Eritrea in Arabic . On July 10 , 1960 , a second independence movement , the Eritrean Liberation Front ( ELF ) was founded in Cairo . Among its founders were : Idris Mohammed Adem , President , Osman Salih Sabbe , Secretary General , and Idris Glawdewos as head of military affairs . These were among those who made up the highest political body known as the Supreme Council . On September 1 , 1961 , Hamid Idris Awate and his ELF unit attacked an Ethiopian police unit in western Eritrea ( near Mt . Adal ) . This heralded the 30 - year Eritrean war for independence . Between March and November 1970 , three core groups that later made up the Eritrean People 's Liberation Front ( EPLF ) split from the ELF and established themselves as separate units . In September 1974 , Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a military coup in Ethiopia . The military committee that took power in Ethiopia is better known by its Amharic name the Derg . After the military coup the Derg broke ties with the U.S. and realigned itself with the USSR ( Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) and the USSR and its eastern bloc allies replaced America as patrons of Ethiopia 's aggression against Eritrea . Between January and July 1977 , the ELF and EPLF armies had liberated 95 % of Eritrea capturing all but 4 towns . However , in 1978 - 79 , Ethiopia mounted a series of five massive Soviet - backed offensives and reoccupied almost all of Eritrea 's major towns and cities , except for Nakfa . The EPLF withdrew to a mountain base in northern Eritrea , around the town of Nakfa . In 1980 the EPLF had offered a proposal for referendum to end the war , however , Ethiopia , thinking it had a military upper hand , rejected the offer and war continued . In February -- June 1982 , The EPLF managed to repulse Ethiopia 's much heralded four - month `` Red Star '' campaign ( aka the 6th offensive by Eritreans ) inflicting more than 31,000 Ethiopian casualties . In 1984 the EPLF started its counter-offensive and cleared the Ethiopian from the North - eastern Sahil front . In March 1988 the EPLF demolished the Ethiopian front at Afabet in a major offensive the British Historian Basil Davidson compared to the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu . In February 1990 the EPLF liberated the strategic port of Massawa and in the process destroyed a portion of the Ethiopian Navy . A year later the war came to conclusion on May 24 , 1991 , when the Ethiopian army in Eritrea surrendered . Thus Eritrea 's 30 - year war crowned with victory . On May 24 , 1993 , after a UN-supervised referendum on April 23 -- 25 , 1993 , in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly , 99.8 % , voted for independence , Eritrea officially declared its independence and gained international recognition . Namibia ( edit ) South African soldiers pose with a captured German flag after their successful invasion of South - West Africa in 1915 . At the onset of World War I , the Union of South Africa participated in the invasion and occupation of several Allied territories taken from the German Empire , most notably German South - West Africa and German East Africa ( Tanzania ) . Germany 's defeat forced the new Weimar Republic to cede its overseas possessions to the League of Nations as mandates . A mandate over South - West Africa was conferred upon the United Kingdom , `` for and on behalf of the government of the Union of South Africa '' , which was to handle administrative affairs under the supervision of the league . South - West Africa was classified as a `` C '' mandate , or a territory whose population sparseness , small size , remoteness , and geographic continuity to the mandatory power allowed it to be governed as an integral part of the mandatory itself . Nevertheless , the League of Nations obliged South Africa to promote social progress among indigenous inhabitants , refrain from establishing military bases there , and grant residence to missionaries of any nationality without restriction . Article 7 of the South - West Africa mandate stated that the consent of the league was required for any changes in the terms of the mandate . With regards to the local German population , the occupation was on especially lenient terms ; South Africa only repatriated civil and military officials , along with a small handful of political undesirables . Other German civilians were allowed to remain . In 1924 all white South - West Africans were automatically naturalised as South African nationals and British subjects thereof ; the exception being about 260 who lodged specific objections . In 1926 a Legislative Assembly was created to represent German , Afrikaans , and English - speaking white residents . Control over basic administrative matters , including taxation , was surrendered to the new assembly , while matters pertaining to defence and native affairs remained in the hands of an administrator - general . Following World War II , South - West Africa 's international status after the dissolution of the League of Nations was questioned . The United Nations General Assembly refused South Africa permission to incorporate the mandate as a fifth province , largely due to its controversial policy of racial apartheid . At the General Assembly 's request the issue was examined at the International Court of Justice . The court ruled in 1950 that South Africa was not required to transfer the mandate to UN trusteeship , but remained obligated to adhere to its original terms , including the submission of annual reports on conditions in the territory . South African military convoy in Namibia , 1978 . Led by newly elected Afrikaner nationalist Daniel François Malan , the South African government rejected this opinion and refused to recognise the competence of the UN to interfere with South - West African affairs . In 1960 Ethiopia and Liberia , the only two other former League of Nations member states in Africa , petitioned the Hague to rule in a binding decision that the league mandate was still in force and to hold South Africa responsible for failure to provide the highest material and moral welfare of black South - West Africans . It was pointed out that nonwhite residents were subject to all the restrictive apartheid legislation affecting nonwhites in South Africa , including confinement to reserves , colour bars in employment , pass laws , and influx control over urban migrants . A South African attempt to scupper proceedings by arguing that the court had no jurisdiction to hear the case was rejected ; conversely , however , the court itself ruled that Ethiopia and Liberia did not possess the necessary legal interest entitling them to bring the case . In October 1966 the General Assembly declared that South Africa had failed to fulfill its obligations as the mandatory power and had in fact disavowed them . The mandate was unilaterally terminated on the grounds that the UN would now assume direct responsibility for South - West Africa . In 1967 and 1969 the UN called for South Africa 's disengagement and requested the Security Council to take measures to oust the South African Defence Force from the territory that the General Assembly , at the request of black leaders in exile , had officially renamed Namibia . One of the greatest aggravating obstacles to eventual independence occurred when the UN also agreed to recognise the South West African People 's Organization ( SWAPO ) , then an almost exclusively Ovambo body , as the sole authentic representative of the Namibian population . South Africa was offended by the General Assembly 's simultaneous dismissal of its various internal Namibian parties as puppets of the occupying power . Furthermore , SWAPO espoused a militant platform which called for independence through UN activity , including military intervention . By 1965 SWAPO 's morale had been elevated by the formation of a guerrilla wing , the People 's Liberation Army of Namibia ( PLAN ) , which forced the deployment of South African Police troops along the long and remote northern frontier . The first armed clashes between PLAN cadres and local security forces took place in August 1966 . See also ( edit ) Scramble for Africa Portuguese Empire Portuguese Colonial War Cold War Anti-imperialism Imperialism Italian Colonial Empire Colonialism Civilising mission Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation Pan-Africanism Black Consciousness Movement List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations African Independence , a documentary film about the African independence movements External links ( edit ) Africa : 50 years of independence -- Radio France Internationale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_independence_movements&oldid=809090428 '' Categories : Independence movements National liberation movements in Africa Politics of Africa European colonisation in Africa Decolonisation Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 07 . 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-7732585860503954187	Fooled Around and Fell in Love	Fooled Around and Fell in Love - wikipedia Fooled Around and Fell in Love `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by Elvin Bishop from the album Struttin ' My Stuff B - side `` Have A Good Time '' Released March 1976 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Single Recorded Length 4 : 35 ( album version ) 2 : 59 ( single version ) Label Capricorn Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Elvin Bishop singles chronology `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Sure Feels Good '' ( 1975 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1976 ) `` Struttin ' My Stuff '' ( 1976 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' is a song written and performed by blues guitarist Elvin Bishop . It appeared on his 1975 album Struttin ' My Stuff and was released as a single the following year . Bishop does not sing lead vocals on the track ; feeling that his gravelly voice would n't do the song justice , he invited vocalist Mickey Thomas , who was a background singer in his band at the time , to sing it . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in May 1976 . The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on June 23 , 1976 . In Canada , the song reached number 22 on the singles chart and number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song became a Gold record . Based on his work with Bishop , Thomas was invited to become the lead singer for Jefferson Starship . The song is featured in the films Queens Logic ( 1991 ) , Illtown ( 1996 ) , Boogie Nights ( 1997 ) , Summer of Sam ( 1999 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , According to Spencer ( 2001 ) , The Devil 's Rejects ( 2005 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Invincible ( 2006 ) , The Education of Charlie Banks ( 2007 ) , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay ( 2008 ) , Stand Up Guys ( 2012 ) , Lovelace ( 2013 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) and Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) . Contents 1 Style 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Personnel 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Style ( edit ) In their 1990 essay `` Rock and Sexuality '' , Simon Frith and Angela McRobbie offer the song as one which `` lyrically captures '' their idea of an essential distinction in rock music between `` cock rock '' and `` teeny bop '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia 16 Canada RPM Top Singles 22 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 8 New Zealand U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 167 New Zealand 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 56 U.S. Cash Box 28 Personnel ( edit ) Mickey Thomas : vocals Elvin Bishop : guitar Johnny ' V ' Vernazza : guitar , backing vocals Philip Aaberg : piano Mike Keck : organ Donny Baldwin : drums , percussion Michael Brooks : bass Bill Szymczyk : producer `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' Single by T.G. Sheppard from the album Livin ' on the Edge B - side `` Banging My Heart '' Released May 11 , 1985 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Elvin Bishop Producer ( s ) Rick Hall T.G. Sheppard singles chronology `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Doncha ? '' ( 1985 ) Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , T.G. Sheppard had a # 21 country hit with a cover of the song . A music video was also produced for this version and has aired on CMT , TNN and GAC . In 1991 , Henry Lee Summer covered this song which appeared on his album Way Past Midnight , and the Queens Logic soundtrack ( with the lead guitar solo played by Joe Walsh ) . In 2004 , country music artist Mark Wills covered this song for the southern rock tribute album Southern Rock Country Style . In 2006 , Rod Stewart covered this song for the album Still the Same ... Great Rock Classics of Our Time . In 2010 , Japanese band Superfly covered this song for the compilation album Wildflower & Cover Songs : Complete Best ' Track 3 ' . In 2013 , The Winery Dogs covered this song for their live album , Unleashed In Japan 2013 . In 2013 , a re-imagined version of the song ( sung from the female perspective ) was recorded and released by Kirsten Thien on her album Solo Live from the Meisenfrei Blues Club . In 2014 , Morgan James covered the song in a YouTube video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA records search '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Fricth , Simon ; McRobbie , Angela ( 1990 ) . Frith , Simon ; Goodwin , Andrew , eds . On Record : Rock , Pop and the Written Word . London : Routledge . p. 320 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05306 - 4 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1976 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn , Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1976 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1963 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1976 / Top 100 Songs of 1976 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1976 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1976 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Elvin Bishop - Struttin ' My Stuff @ Discogs.com Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . Jump up ^ I Remember Clif Confessions of a Lapsed Bohemian Retrieved 3 - 24 - 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics T.G. Sheppard Notable singles `` Devil in the Bottle '' `` Tryin ' to Beat the Morning Home '' `` Motels and Memories '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Happy Together '' `` You Feel Good All Over '' `` Last Cheater 's Waltz '' `` I 'll Be Coming Back for More '' `` Smooth Sailin ' '' `` Do You Wanna Go to Heaven '' `` I Feel Like Loving You Again '' `` I Loved ' Em Every One '' `` Party Time '' `` Only One You '' `` Finally '' `` War Is Hell ( On the Homefront Too ) '' `` Faking Love '' ( with Karen Brooks ) `` Without You '' `` Slow Burn '' `` Make My Day '' ( with Clint Eastwood ) `` Somewhere Down the Line '' `` One Owner Heart '' `` You 're Going Out of My Mind '' `` Fooled Around and Fell in Love '' `` Doncha ? '' `` In Over My Heart '' `` Strong Heart '' `` Half Past Forever ( Till I 'm Blue in the Heart ) '' `` You 're My First Lady '' `` One for the Money '' `` You Still Do '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fooled_Around_and_Fell_in_Love&oldid=847298886 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1976 singles 1985 singles T.G. Sheppard songs Rod Stewart songs Columbia Records singles Capricorn Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 09 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song fooled around and fell in love	[]	[]
-4972057585751471724	Cell signaling	Cell signaling - wikipedia Cell signaling Jump to : navigation , search For the journal , see Cellular Signalling . Cell signaling ( cell signalling in British English ) is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates all cell actions . The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development , tissue repair , and immunity , as well as normal tissue homeostasis . Errors in signaling interactions and cellular information processing are responsible for diseases such as cancer , autoimmunity , and diabetes . By understanding cell signaling , diseases may be treated more effectively and , theoretically , artificial tissues may be created . Traditional work in biology has focused on studying individual parts of cell signaling pathways . Systems biology research helps us to understand the underlying structure of cell signaling networks and how changes in these networks may affect the transmission and flow of information ( signal transduction ) . Such networks are complex systems in their organization and may exhibit a number of emergent properties including bistability and ultrasensitivity . Analysis of cell signaling networks requires a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches including the development and analysis of simulations and modeling . Long - range allostery is often a significant component of cell signaling events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signaling between cells of one organism and multiple organisms 2 Classification 3 Cell signaling in multicellular organisms 4 Receptors for cell motility and differentiation 5 Signaling pathways 6 Intraspecies and interspecies signaling 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signaling between cells of one organism and multiple organisms ( edit ) Figure 1 . Example of signaling between bacteria . Salmonella enteritidis uses N - Acyl homoserine lactone for Quorum sensing ( see : Inter-Bacterial Communication ) Cell signaling has been most extensively studied in the context of human diseases and signaling between cells of a single organism . However , cell signaling may also occur between the cells of two different organisms . In many mammals , early embryo cells exchange signals with cells of the uterus . In the human gastrointestinal tract , bacteria exchange signals with each other and with human epithelial and immune system cells . For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mating , some cells send a peptide signal ( mating factor pheromones ) into their environment . The mating factor peptide may bind to a cell surface receptor on other yeast cells and induce them to prepare for mating . Classification ( edit ) Main article : Endocrine system Cell signaling can be classified to be mechanical and biochemical based on the type of the signal . Mechanical signals are the forces exerted on the cell and the forces produced by the cell . These forces can both be sensed and responded by the cells . Biochemical signals are the biochemical molecules such as proteins , lipids , ions and gases . These signals can be categorized based on the distance between signaling and responder cells . Signaling within , between , and amongst cells is subdivided into the following classifications : Intracrine signals are produced by the target cell that stay within the target cell . Autocrine signals are produced by the target cell , are secreted , and affect the target cell itself via receptors . Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell . An example of this are immune cells . Juxtacrine signals target adjacent ( touching ) cells . These signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent . Paracrine signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell . Neurotransmitters represent an example . Endocrine signals target distant cells . Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body . Figure 2 . Notch - mediated juxtacrine signal between adjacent cells . Cells communicate with each other via direct contact ( juxtacrine signaling ) , over short distances ( paracrine signaling ) , or over large distances and / or scales ( endocrine signaling ) . Some cell -- cell communication requires direct cell -- cell contact . Some cells can form gap junctions that connect their cytoplasm to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells . In cardiac muscle , gap junctions between adjacent cells allows for action potential propagation from the cardiac pacemaker region of the heart to spread and coordinately cause contraction of the heart . The notch signaling mechanism is an example of juxtacrine signaling ( also known as contact - dependent signaling ) in which two adjacent cells must make physical contact in order to communicate . This requirement for direct contact allows for very precise control of cell differentiation during embryonic development . In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans , two cells of the developing gonad each have an equal chance of terminally differentiating or becoming a uterine precursor cell that continues to divide . The choice of which cell continues to divide is controlled by competition of cell surface signals . One cell will happen to produce more of a cell surface protein that activates the Notch receptor on the adjacent cell . This activates a feedback loop or system that reduces Notch expression in the cell that will differentiate and that increases Notch on the surface of the cell that continues as a stem cell . Many cell signals are carried by molecules that are released by one cell and move to make contact with another cell . Endocrine signals are called hormones . Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and they travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body . Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only some cells can respond to a particular hormone . Paracrine signals such as retinoic acid target only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell . Neurotransmitters represent another example of a paracrine signal . Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter . For example , epinephrine and norepinephrine can function as hormones when released from the adrenal gland and are transported to the heart by way of the blood stream . Norepinephrine can also be produced by neurons to function as a neurotransmitter within the brain . Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act locally via paracrine or autocrine signaling . Active species of oxygen and nitric oxide can also act as cellular messengers . This process is dubbed redox signaling . Cell signaling in multicellular organisms ( edit ) In a multicellular organism , signaling between cells occurs either through release into the extracellular space , divided in paracrine signaling ( over short distances ) and endocrine signaling ( over long distances ) , or by direct contact , known as juxtacrine signaling . Autocrine signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling where the secreting cell has the ability to respond to the secreted signaling molecule . Synaptic signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling ( for chemical synapses ) or juxtacrine signaling ( for electrical synapses ) between neurons and target cells . Signaling molecules interact with a target cell as a ligand to cell surface receptors , and / or by entering into the cell through its membrane or endocytosis for intracrine signaling . This generally results in the activation of second messengers , leading to various physiological effects . A particular molecule is generally used in diverse modes of signaling , and therefore a classification by mode of signaling is not possible . At least three important classes of signaling molecules are widely recognized , although non-exhaustive and with imprecise boundaries , as such membership is non-exclusive and depends on the context : Hormones are the major signaling molecules of the endocrine system , though they often regulate each other 's secretion via local signaling ( e.g. islet of Langerhans cells ) , and most are also expressed in tissues for local purposes ( e.g. angiotensin ) or failing that , structurally related molecules are ( e.g. PTHrP ) . Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules of the nervous system , also including neuropeptides and neuromodulators . Neurotransmitters like the catecholamines are also secreted by the endocrine system into the systemic circulation . Cytokines are signaling molecules of the immune system , with a primary paracrine or juxtacrine role , though they can during significant immune responses have a strong presence in the circulation , with systemic effect ( altering iron metabolism or body temperature ) . Growth factors can be considered as cytokines or a different class . Signaling molecules can belong to several chemical classes : lipids , phospholipids , amino acids , monoamines , proteins , glycoproteins , or gases . Signaling molecules binding surface receptors are generally large and hydrophilic ( e.g. TRH , Vasopressin , Acetylcholine ) , while those entering the cell are generally small and hydrophobic ( e.g. glucocorticoids , thyroid hormones , cholecalciferol , retinoic acid ) , but important exceptions to both are numerous , and a same molecule can act both via surface receptor or in an intracrine manner to different effects . In intracrine signaling , once inside the cell , a signaling molecule can bind to intracellular receptors , other elements , or stimulate enzyme activity ( e.g. gasses ) . The intracrine action of peptide hormones remains a subject of debate . Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the human body and has a number of biological signaling functions . Only two other such gases are currently known to act as signaling molecules in the human body : nitric oxide and carbon monoxide . Receptors for cell motility and differentiation ( edit ) Cells receive information from their neighbors through a class of proteins known as receptors . Notch is a cell surface protein that functions as a receptor . Animals have a small set of genes that code for signaling proteins that interact specifically with Notch receptors and stimulate a response in cells that express Notch on their surface . Molecules that activate ( or , in some cases , inhibit ) receptors can be classified as hormones , neurotransmitters , cytokines , and growth factors , in general called receptor ligands . Ligand receptor interactions such as that of the Notch receptor interaction , are known to be the main interactions responsible for cell signaling mechanisms and communication . As shown in Figure 2 ( above ; left ) , notch acts as a receptor for ligands that are expressed on adjacent cells . While some receptors are cell surface proteins , others are found inside cells . For example , estrogen is a hydrophobic molecule that can pass through the lipid bilayer of the membranes . As part of the endocrine system , intracellular estrogen receptors from a variety of cell types can be activated by estrogen produced in the ovaries . A number of transmembrane receptors for small molecules and peptide hormones , as well as intracellular receptors for steroid hormones exist , giving cells the ability to respond to a great number of hormonal and pharmacological stimuli . In diseases , often , proteins that interact with receptors are aberrantly activated , resulting in constitutively activated downstream signals . For several types of intercellular signaling molecules that are unable to permeate the hydrophobic cell membrane due to their hydrophilic nature , the target receptor is expressed on the membrane . When such a signaling molecule activates its receptor , the signal is carried into the cell usually by means of a second messenger such as cAMP . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2007 ) Signaling pathways ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways Figure 3 . Key components of a signal transduction pathway ( MAPK / ERK pathway shown ) Further information : List of signalling pathways In some cases , receptor activation caused by ligand binding to a receptor is directly coupled to the cell 's response to the ligand . For example , the neurotransmitter GABA can activate a cell surface receptor that is part of an ion channel . GABA binding to a GABA receptor on a neuron opens a chloride - selective ion channel that is part of the receptor . GABA receptor activation allows negatively charged chloride ions to move into the neuron , which inhibits the ability of the neuron to produce action potentials . However , for many cell surface receptors , ligand - receptor interactions are not directly linked to the cell 's response . The activated receptor must first interact with other proteins inside the cell before the ultimate physiological effect of the ligand on the cell 's behavior is produced . Often , the behavior of a chain of several interacting cell proteins is altered following receptor activation . The entire set of cell changes induced by receptor activation is called a signal transduction mechanism or pathway . In the case of Notch - mediated signaling , the signal transduction mechanism can be relatively simple . As shown in Figure 2 , activation of Notch can cause the Notch protein to be altered by a protease . Part of the Notch protein is released from the cell surface membrane and takes part in gene regulation . Cell signaling research involves studying the spatial and temporal dynamics of both receptors and the components of signaling pathways that are activated by receptors in various cell types . A more complex signal transduction pathway is shown in Figure 3 . This pathway involves changes of protein -- protein interactions inside the cell , induced by an external signal . Many growth factors bind to receptors at the cell surface and stimulate cells to progress through the cell cycle and divide . Several of these receptors are kinases that start to phosphorylate themselves and other proteins when binding to a ligand . This phosphorylation can generate a binding site for a different protein and thus induce protein -- protein interaction . In Figure 3 , the ligand ( called epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) ) binds to the receptor ( called EGFR ) . This activates the receptor to phosphorylate itself . The phosphorylated receptor binds to an adaptor protein ( GRB2 ) , which couples the signal to further downstream signaling processes . For example , one of the signal transduction pathways that are activated is called the mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway . The signal transduction component labeled as `` MAPK '' in the pathway was originally called `` ERK , '' so the pathway is called the MAPK / ERK pathway . The MAPK protein is an enzyme , a protein kinase that can attach phosphate to target proteins such as the transcription factor MYC and , thus , alter gene transcription and , ultimately , cell cycle progression . Many cellular proteins are activated downstream of the growth factor receptors ( such as EGFR ) that initiate this signal transduction pathway . Some signaling transduction pathways respond differently , depending on the amount of signaling received by the cell . For instance , the hedgehog protein activates different genes , depending on the amount of hedgehog protein present . Complex multi-component signal transduction pathways provide opportunities for feedback , signal amplification , and interactions inside one cell between multiple signals and signaling pathways . Intraspecies and interspecies signaling ( edit ) Molecular signaling can occur between different organisms , whether unicellular or multicellular . The emitting organism produces the signaling molecule , secretes it into the environment , where it diffuses , and it is sensed or internalized by the receiving organism . In some cases of interspecies signaling , the emitting organism can actually be a host of the receiving organism , or vice versa . Intraspecies signaling occurs especially in bacteria , yeast , social insects , but also many vertebrates . The signaling molecules used by multicellular organisms are often called pheromones . They can have such purposes as alerting against danger , indicating food supply , or assisting in reproduction . In unicellular organisms such as bacteria , signaling can be used to ' activate ' peers from a dormant state , enhance virulence , defend against bacteriophages , etc . In quorum sensing , which is also found in social insects , the multiplicity of individual signals has the potentiality to create a positive feedback loop , generating coordinated response . In this context , the signaling molecules are called autoinducers . This signaling mechanism may have been involved in evolution from unicellular to multicellular organisms . Bacteria also use contact - dependent signaling , notably to limit their growth . Molecular signaling can also occur between individuals of different species . This has been particularly studied in bacteria . Different bacterial species can coordinate to colonize a host and participate in common quorum sensing . Therapeutic strategies to disrupt this phenomenon are being investigated . Interactions mediated through signaling molecules are also thought to occur between the gut flora and their host , as part of their commensal or symbiotic relationship . Gram negative microbes deploy bacterial outer membrane vesicles for intra - and inter-species signaling in natural environments and at the host - pathogen interface . Additionally , interspecies signaling occurs between multicellular organisms . In Vespa mandarinia , individuals release a scent that directs the colony to a food source . See also ( edit ) Biosemiotics Molecular cellular cognition Cellular communication ( biology ) Crosstalk ( biology ) Bacterial outer membrane vesicles Membrane vesicle trafficking Host - pathogen interface MAPK signaling pathway Wnt signaling pathway Hedgehog signaling pathway Retinoic acid TGF beta signaling pathway JAK - STAT signaling pathway cAMP - dependent pathway Protein dynamics Signal transduction Systems biology Lipid signaling Redox signaling Cell Signaling Technology , an antibody development and production company ESIGNET Project , a project to investigate CSNs in silico , funded by the EU under FP6 . Netpath -- A curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans Nanoscale networking -- leveraging biological signaling to construct ad hoc in vivo communication networks Literature - curated human signaling network , the largest human signaling network database Soliton model in neuroscience -- Physical communication via sound waves in membranes Molecular and cellular biology portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vlahopoulos , SA ; Cen , O ; Hengen , N ; Agan , J ; Moschovi , M ; Critselis , E ; Adamaki , M ; Bacopoulou , F ; Copland , JA ; Boldogh , I ; Karin , M ; Chrousos , GP ( Aug 2015 ) . `` Dynamic aberrant NF - κB spurs tumorigenesis : A new model encompassing the microenvironment '' . Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 26 : 389 -- 403 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cytogfr. 2015.06. 001 . PMC 4526340 . PMID 26119834 . Jump up ^ Wang , K ; Grivennikov , SI ; Karin , M ( 2013 ) . `` Implications of anti-cytokine therapy in colorectal cancer and autoimmune diseases '' . Ann . Rheum . 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PMID 14597753 . ^ Jump up to : Sperandio , V. ; et al. ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Bacteria - host communication : The language of hormones '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 15 ) : 8951 -- 8956 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1537100100 . PMC 166419 . PMID 12847292 . Jump up ^ Hooper , LV ; Gordon , JI ( May 11 , 2001 ) . `` Commensal host - bacterial relationships in the gut '' . Science . 292 ( 5519 ) : 1115 -- 1118 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058709 . PMID 11352068 . Jump up ^ Schueller , Teresa I. ; Nordheim , Erik V. ; Taylor , Benjamin J. ; Jeanne , Robert L. ( 2010 ) . `` The cues have it ; nest - based , cue - mediated recruitment to carbohydrate resources in a swarm - founding social wasp '' . Naturwissenschaften. 97 ( 11 ) : 1017 -- 1022 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 010 - 0712 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Signaling Gateway Free summaries of recent research and the Molecule Pages database . Protein signaling domains NCI - Nature Pathway Interaction Database : authoritative information about signaling pathways in human cells . Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Cell Communication at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Cell signaling / Signal transduction Signaling pathways GPCR Wnt RTK TGF beta MAPK / ERK Notch JAK - STAT Akt / PKB Fas apoptosis Hippo PI3K / AKT / mTOR pathway Integrin receptors Agents Receptor ligands Hormones Neurotransmitters / Neuropeptides / Neurohormones Cytokines Growth factors Signaling molecules Receptors Cell surface Intracellular Co-receptor Second messenger cAMP - dependent pathway Ca signaling Lipid signaling Assistants : Signal transducing adaptor protein Scaffold protein Transcription factors General Transcription preinitiation complex TFIID TFIIH By distance Juxtacrine Autocrine / Paracrine Endocrine Other concepts Intracrine action Neurocrine signaling Synaptic transmission Chemical synapse Neuroendocrine signaling Exocrine signalling Pheromones Mechanotransduction Phototransduction Ion channel gating Gap junction Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_signaling&oldid=815360030 '' Categories : Cell signaling Cell biology Cell communication Systems biology Human female endocrine system Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles to be expanded from November 2007 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Монгол Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	chemical signals that act from cell to cell are called	[ "\nIntracrine signals are produced by the target cell that stay within the target cell.\nAutocrine signals are produced by the target cell, are secreted, and affect the target cell itself via receptors. Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell. An example of this are immune cells.\nJuxtacrine signals target adjacent (touching) cells. These signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.\nParacrine signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent an example.\nEndocrine signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.\n", "\nIntracrine signals are produced by the target cell that stay within the target cell.\nAutocrine signals are produced by the target cell, are secreted, and affect the target cell itself via receptors. Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell. An example of this are immune cells.\nJuxtacrine signals target adjacent (touching) cells. These signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.\nParacrine signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent an example.\nEndocrine signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.\n", "\nIntracrine signals are produced by the target cell that stay within the target cell.\nAutocrine signals are produced by the target cell, are secreted, and affect the target cell itself via receptors. Sometimes autocrine cells can target cells close by if they are the same type of cell as the emitting cell. An example of this are immune cells.\nJuxtacrine signals target adjacent (touching) cells. These signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.\nParacrine signals target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent an example.\nEndocrine signals target distant cells. Endocrine cells produce hormones that travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body.\n" ]	[ "Juxtacrine", "Paracrine", "Endocrine" ]
-6599074446811874915	The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle	The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle - wikipedia The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' 1892 illustration by Sidney Paget Author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Country United Kingdom Series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Publication date 1892 `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' , one of the 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , is the seventh story of twelve in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . The story was first published in Strand Magazine in January 1892 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Media 3 References 4 External links Plot summary ( edit ) As London prepares for Christmas , newspapers report the theft of the near priceless jewel , the `` Blue Carbuncle '' , from the hotel suite of the Countess of Morcar . John Horner , a plumber and a previously convicted felon , is soon arrested for the theft . Though the police have yet to find the jewel , and despite Horner 's claims of innocence , the police are sure that they have the thief . Horner 's record , and his presence in the Countess 's room where he was repairing a fireplace , are all the police need . Just after Christmas , Watson pays a visit to Holmes at 221B Baker Street . He finds the detective contemplating a battered old hat , one brought to him by the commissionaire Peterson . Both the hat and a Christmas goose had been dropped by a man in a scuffle with some street ruffians . Peterson , an honest man , had hoped for Holmes ' help in returning the items to their owner but although the goose bears a tag with the owner 's name -- Henry Baker -- Holmes had little hope of finding the man . Peterson took the goose home for dinner and Holmes kept the hat , to study as an intellectual exercise . While Watson is there , Peterson returns excited , carrying the Blue Carbuncle , claiming that the carbuncle was found in the found goose 's crop ( throat ) ( the fact that geese do not have a crop , has been regarded by some as Arthur Conan Doyle 's greatest blunder ) . Realizing that the identity of Henry Baker is now part of a larger mystery , Holmes makes a concerted effort to identify Baker . Based on his observations of the hat and its condition , Holmes makes several deductions as to Baker 's age , social standing , intellect , and domestic status , but can not determine if Baker knew that he was carrying a priceless gem . When Baker appears at 221B Baker St. in response to advertisements Holmes had placed in London 's newspapers , Holmes ' deductions prove correct . Holmes gives Baker a new goose , explaining that the old one had been consumed . Baker , happily accepting the replacement bird , declines to cart away his original bird 's entrails ( Disjecta membra ) , convincing Holmes that Baker knew nothing about the missing jewel . Baker does , however , give Holmes the valuable information that he had purchased the goose at the Alpha Inn , a pub near the British Museum . Holmes can not resist such an intriguing mystery , and he and Watson set out across the city to determine how the jewel traveled from the room of the Countess of Morcar to a goose 's crop . The proprietor of the Alpha Inn informs them that the goose was purchased from a dealer in Covent Garden . At Covent Garden , a salesman named Breckinridge gets angry with Holmes and refuses to help . The merchant complains of pestering he has endured about geese sold recently to the landlord of the Alpha Inn . Holmes , realizing that he is not the only one aware of the carbuncle 's connection to Baker 's goose , tricks an irate Breckinridge into revealing that the bird was supplied by a Mrs. Oakshott , a poultry and egg purveyor in Brixton . James Ryder imploring Holmes ' mercy A trip to Brixton proves unnecessary when Breckinridge 's other `` pesterer '' appears ( a cringing little man named James Ryder , head attendant at the hotel where the carbuncle was stolen ) , again pressuring Breckinridge to tell him the whereabouts of the Oakshott geese . Holmes and Watson invite Ryder back to 221B Baker Street , telling Ryder that they know he is looking for a goose with a black bar on its tail . Holmes tells Ryder that the goose `` laid an egg after it was dead '' . Ryder is terrified when he realizes that Holmes will turn him over to the police . Pressured by Holmes , Ryder recounts that he and his accomplice Catherine Cusack , the Countess 's maid , contrived to frame Horner , knowing that Horner 's past would make him an easy scapegoat . But he was plagued by fears of arrest after stealing the stone . During a visit to his sister -- Mrs. Oakshott -- Ryder hit on the idea of hiding the jewel by feeding it to one of the geese being bred by his sister , one of which had been promised to him as a gift . Unfortunately , Ryder dropped his bird and then confused it with another , taking away the wrong goose . By the time Ryder realized his mistake , the other geese had already been sold . Ryder tried to follow the trail but got no further than Breckinridge . Being Christmas , Holmes does not have Ryder arrested . He concludes that arresting the clearly anguished Ryder will only make him into a more hardened criminal later . Ryder flees to the continent and Horner will be freed as the case against him will collapse without Ryder 's perjured testimony . Holmes remarks that he is not retained by the police to remedy their deficiencies . Doyle used a similar plot device in the later `` Adventure of the Six Napoleons '' where a stolen gem was hidden inside one of several plaster busts of Napoleon - but the criminal is not sure which of the busts it was . Media ( edit ) There have been three memorable BBC Radio dramatizations : 13 March 1955 , with Sir John Gielgud as Holmes and Sir Ralph Richardson as Watson 25 December 1961 , with Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson 2 January 1991 , adapted by Bert Coules with Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson , and featuring Peter Blythe as James Ryder , Ben Onwukwe as John Horner , and Christopher Good as Peterson . Peter Cushing portrayed Sherlock Holmes in the 1968 BBC series , and `` The Blue Carbuncle '' is one of only six surviving episodes . This version begins with Holmes refusing the Countess ' request to take up the case of the robbery and ends with him personally returning the stone to the Countess , accompanied by Peterson ( and refusing her request to find her missing maidservant ) . The Granada TV version starring Jeremy Brett is faithful to the original , except that it has -- after Ryder flees to the Continent -- Holmes and Watson making their way to the authorities , ends with Homer being reunited with his wife and children . Also , the TV version has Holmes stating he `` will keep the stone in my museum '' -- despite promising Peterson the Duchess ' £ 1,000 reward ; for this to be true , Peterson 's `` reward '' must come from Holmes , in return for Peterson 's silence . The original story states Holmes sends a line to the Countess saying that he has it . Frank Middlemass appears in both the Granada TV version and the BBC adaptation . In the BBC adaptation he plays Peterson , whilst in the Granada adaptation he plays Henry Baker . The 1979 Russian movie Blue Carbuncle ( ru ) is made in the vaudeville style , only vaguely following the original story line . This story is also available in an altered version , but with the same characters , as part of Jim Weiss ' children 's CD , Sherlock Holmes for Children . It was illustrated in a 1993 issue of Boys ' Life magazine , with a few notable changes : the jewel in question is called the `` Morcar Blue Diamond '' ; Holmes refuses Ryder 's request for mercy and surrenders him to the police ( along with Catherine Cusack ) , although he comments that his honest admission of guilt will likely help his case for clemency ; and Holmes is rewarded for returning the diamond , which he uses to set up a trust fund for a group of boys known as the ' Baker Street Irregulars ' , to pay for their formal education . The animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century featured an adaptation of the story , replacing the goose with a blue stuffed toy called `` Carbuncle '' and the stone with a microprocessor . The story was adapted for comics in 2010 's Graphic Classics volume 19 . In episode fifteen of the television series Elementary , Sherlock Holmes mentions the `` case of the blue carbuncle '' in conversation with Joan Watson . In `` The Empty Hearse '' , the first episode of the third series of the BBC television series Sherlock , Sherlock Holmes and his brother Mycroft have a casual competition in deduction ( itself a reference to `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' ) over analyzing a particular knitted hat . When Mycroft determines that it belonged to a man , Sherlock asks , `` Why , the size of the head ? '' , to which Mycroft reproachingly replies , `` Do n't be silly . Some women have large heads , too . '' Sherlock 's subsequent look of guilt is a satirical allusion to the phrenology involved in the original short story , where Sherlock Holmes deduced that an owner of a hat was intelligent based on the size of his head , remarking `` a man with so large a brain must have something in it . '' A blue stuffed bear brought to 221B holds a key to all in `` The Adventure of the Blue Polar Bear '' , an episode of the NHK 's puppetry Sherlock Holmes . It 's also based on `` The Adventure of the Three Gables '' and Isadora Klein , a female juvenile gang leader is eager to take back the bear that is confiscated by a teacher and passed into some pupils ' hands . Holmes and Watson visit Klein with it but Holmes becomes presumptuous and is about to expose her secret hidden in the bear ( kangaroo in reality ) , the very reason why she tries to take back it . Holmes ' behaviour makes Klein weep and Watson blames his roommate for it . The secret is a love letter in the kangaroo 's pouch that tells Klein 's affection to Watson who once had picked up her hat with a flat brim blown off by wind . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Blue Carbuncle '' . Sherlockian.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hickling . `` Review : The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes edited by Leslie S Klinger Books '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bert Coules . `` The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes '' . The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuart Douglas -- www.thiswaydown.org . `` Missing Episodes '' . Btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . External links ( edit ) The full text of The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle at Wikisource Media related to The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle at Wikimedia Commons Adventures of the Blue Carbuncle public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' `` The Red - Headed League '' `` A Case of Identity '' `` The Boscombe Valley Mystery '' `` The Five Orange Pips '' `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' `` The Blue Carbuncle '' `` The Speckled Band '' `` The Engineer 's Thumb '' `` The Noble Bachelor '' `` The Beryl Coronet '' `` The Copper Beeches '' A Study in Scarlet The Sign of the Four The Adventures The Memoirs The Hound of the Baskervilles The Return The Valley of Fear His Last Bow The Case - Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventure_of_the_Blue_Carbuncle&oldid=803225579 '' Categories : 1892 short stories Christmas short stories Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle Works originally published in The Strand Magazine Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from December 2011 All articles to be expanded Interlanguage link template link number Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 07 : 03 . About Wikipedia	summary of the story the adventure of the blue carbuncle	[]	[]
-316734442368904250	Hemoglobin	Hemoglobin - wikipedia Hemoglobin Jump to : navigation , search Hardison , Ross C. ( 2012 ) . `` Evolution of Hemoglobin and Its Genes '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine . 2 ( 12 ) . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a011627 . ISSN 2157 - 1422 . PMC 3543078 . PMID 23209182 . Hemoglobin ( American ) or haemoglobin ( British ) ( / ˈhiːməˌɡloʊbɪn , ˈhɛ - , - moʊ - / ) ; abbreviated Hb or Hgb , is the iron - containing oxygen - transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates ( with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae ) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates . Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body ( i.e. the tissues ) . There it releases the oxygen to permit aerobic respiration to provide energy to power the functions of the organism in the process called metabolism . A healthy individual has `` 12 to 16 '' grams of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood . In mammals , the protein makes up about 96 % of the red blood cells ' dry content ( by weight ) , and around 35 % of the total content ( including water ) . Hemoglobin has an oxygen - binding capacity of 1.34 mL O per gram , which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood . The mammalian hemoglobin molecule can bind ( carry ) up to four oxygen molecules . Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases : It carries some of the body 's respiratory carbon dioxide ( about 20 -- 25 % of the total ) as carbaminohemoglobin , in which CO is bound to the globin protein . The molecule also carries the important regulatory molecule nitric oxide bound to a globin protein thiol group , releasing it at the same time as oxygen . Hemoglobin is also found outside red blood cells and their progenitor lines . Other cells that contain hemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , macrophages , alveolar cells , lungs , retinal pigment epithelium , hepatocytes , mesangial cells in the kidney , endometrial cells , cervical cells and vaginal epithelial cells . In these tissues , hemoglobin has a non-oxygen - carrying function as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism . Hemoglobin and hemoglobin - like molecules are also found in many invertebrates , fungi , and plants . In these organisms , hemoglobins may carry oxygen , or they may act to transport and regulate other small molecules and ions such as carbon dioxide , nitric oxide , hydrogen sulfide and sulfide . A variant of the molecule , called leghemoglobin , is used to scavenge oxygen away from anaerobic systems , such as the nitrogen - fixing nodules of leguminous plants , before the oxygen can poison ( deactivate ) the system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research history 2 Genetics 3 Synthesis 4 Structure 4.1 Oxygen saturation 4.1. 1 Oxyhemoglobin 4.1. 2 Deoxygenated hemoglobin 5 Evolution of vertebrate hemoglobin 6 Iron 's oxidation state in oxyhemoglobin 7 Cooperativity 8 Binding for ligands other than oxygen 8.1 Competitive 8.2 Allosteric 9 Types in humans 10 Degradation in vertebrate animals 11 Role in disease 12 Diagnostic uses 13 Athletic tracking and self tracking uses 14 Analogues in non-vertebrate organisms 15 Other oxygen - binding proteins 16 Presence in nonerythroid cells 17 In history , art and music 18 See also 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Research history ( edit ) Max Perutz , one of the founding fathers of molecular biology In 1825 J.F. Engelhard discovered that the ratio of iron to protein is identical in the hemoglobins of several species . From the known atomic mass of iron he calculated the molecular mass of hemoglobin to n × 16000 ( n = number of iron atoms per hemoglobin , now known to be 4 ) , the first determination of a protein 's molecular mass . This `` hasty conclusion '' drew a lot of ridicule at the time from scientists who could not believe that any molecule could be that big . Gilbert Smithson Adair confirmed Engelhard 's results in 1925 by measuring the osmotic pressure of hemoglobin solutions . The oxygen - carrying protein hemoglobin was discovered by Hünefeld in 1840 . In 1851 , German physiologist Otto Funke published a series of articles in which he described growing hemoglobin crystals by successively diluting red blood cells with a solvent such as pure water , alcohol or ether , followed by slow evaporation of the solvent from the resulting protein solution . Hemoglobin 's reversible oxygenation was described a few years later by Felix Hoppe - Seyler . In 1959 , Max Perutz determined the molecular structure of hemoglobin by X-ray crystallography . This work resulted in his sharing with John Kendrew the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their studies of the structures of globular proteins . The role of hemoglobin in the blood was elucidated by French physiologist Claude Bernard . The name hemoglobin is derived from the words heme and globin , reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme group . Each heme group contains one iron atom , that can bind one oxygen molecule through ion - induced dipole forces . The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits . Genetics ( edit ) Hemoglobin consists of protein subunits ( the `` globin '' molecules ) , and these proteins , in turn , are folded chains of a large number of different amino acids called polypeptides . The amino acid sequence of any polypeptide created by a cell is in turn determined by the stretches of DNA called genes . In all proteins , it is the amino acid sequence that determines the protein 's chemical properties and function . There is more than one hemoglobin gene : in humans , hemoglobin A ( the main form of hemoglobin present ) is coded for by the genes , HBA1 , HBA2 , and HBB . The amino acid sequences of the globin proteins in hemoglobins usually differ between species . These differences grow with evolutionary distance between species . For example , the most common hemoglobin sequences in humans and chimpanzees are nearly identical , differing by only one amino acid in both the alpha and the beta globin protein chains . These differences grow larger between less closely related species . Even within a species , different variants of hemoglobin always exist , although one sequence is usually a `` most common '' one in each species . Mutations in the genes for the hemoglobin protein in a species result in hemoglobin variants . Many of these mutant forms of hemoglobin cause no disease . Some of these mutant forms of hemoglobin , however , cause a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies . The best known hemoglobinopathy is sickle - cell disease , which was the first human disease whose mechanism was understood at the molecular level . A ( mostly ) separate set of diseases called thalassemias involves underproduction of normal and sometimes abnormal hemoglobins , through problems and mutations in globin gene regulation . All these diseases produce anemia . Protein alignment of human hemoglobin proteins , alpha , beta , and delta subunits respectively . The alignments were created using Uniprot 's alignment tool available online . Variations in hemoglobin amino acid sequences , as with other proteins , may be adaptive . For example , hemoglobin has been found to adapt in different ways to high altitudes . Organisms living at high elevations experience lower partial pressures of oxygen compared to those at sea level . This presents a challenge to the organisms that inhabit such environments because hemoglobin , which normally binds oxygen at high partial pressures of oxygen , must be able to bind oxygen when it is present at a lower pressure . Different organisms have adapted to such a challenge . For example , recent studies have suggested genetic variants in deer mice that help explain how deer mice that live in the mountains are able to survive in the thin air that accompanies high altitudes . A researcher from the University of Nebraska - Lincoln found mutations in four different genes that can account for differences between deer mice that live in lowland prairies versus the mountains . After examining wild mice captured from both highlands and lowlands , it was found that : the genes of the two breeds are `` virtually identical -- except for those that govern the oxygen - carrying capacity of their hemoglobin '' . `` The genetic difference enables highland mice to make more efficient use of their oxygen '' , since less is available at higher altitudes , such as those in the mountains . Mammoth hemoglobin featured mutations that allowed for oxygen delivery at lower temperatures , thus enabling mammoths to migrate to higher latitudes during the Pleistocene . This was also found in hummingbirds that inhabit the Andes . Hummingbirds already expend a lot of energy and thus have high oxygen demands and yet Andean hummingbirds have been found to thrive in high altitudes . Non-synonymous mutations in the hemoglobin gene of multiple species living at high elevations ( Oreotrochilus , A. castelnaudii , C. violifer , P. gigas , and A. viridicuada ) have caused the protein to have less of an affinity for inositol hexaphosphate ( IHP ) , a molecule found in birds that has a similar role as 2 , 3 - BPG in humans ; this results in the ability to bind oxygen in lower partial pressures . Birds ' unique circulatory lungs also promote efficient use of oxygen at low partial pressures of O. These two adaptations reinforce each other and account for birds ' remarkable high - altitude performance . Hemoglobin adaptation extends to humans , as well . Studies have found that a small number of native Tibetan women have a genotype which codes for hemoglobin to be more highly saturated with oxygen . Natural selection seems to be the main force working on this gene because the mortality rate of offspring is significantly lower for women with higher hemoglobin - oxygen affinity when compared to the mortality rate of offspring from women with low hemoglobin - oxygen affinity . While the exact genotype and mechanism by which this occurs is not yet clear , selection is acting on these women 's ability to bind oxygen in low partial pressures , which overall allows them to better sustain crucial metabolic processes . Synthesis ( edit ) Hemoglobin ( Hb ) is synthesized in a complex series of steps . The heme part is synthesized in a series of steps in the mitochondria and the cytosol of immature red blood cells , while the globin protein parts are synthesized by ribosomes in the cytosol . Production of Hb continues in the cell throughout its early development from the proerythroblast to the reticulocyte in the bone marrow . At this point , the nucleus is lost in mammalian red blood cells , but not in birds and many other species . Even after the loss of the nucleus in mammals , residual ribosomal RNA allows further synthesis of Hb until the reticulocyte loses its RNA soon after entering the vasculature ( this hemoglobin - synthetic RNA in fact gives the reticulocyte its reticulated appearance and name ) . Structure ( edit ) Heme b group Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit globular proteins . Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices , and these helices are connected by short non-helical segments . Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein , causing attractions within the molecule , which then causes each polypeptide chain to fold into a specific shape . Hemoglobin 's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement . In most vertebrates , the hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits . Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein prosthetic heme group . Each protein chain arranges into a set of alpha - helix structural segments connected together in a globin fold arrangement . Such a name is given because this arrangement is the same folding motif used in other heme / globin proteins such as myoglobin . This folding pattern contains a pocket that strongly binds the heme group . A heme group consists of an iron ( Fe ) ion ( charged atom ) held in a heterocyclic ring , known as a porphyrin . This porphyrin ring consists of four pyrrole molecules cyclically linked together ( by methine bridges ) with the iron ion bound in the center . The iron ion , which is the site of oxygen binding , coordinates with the four nitrogen atoms in the center of the ring , which all lie in one plane . The iron is bound strongly ( covalently ) to the globular protein via the N atoms of the imidazole ring of F8 histidine residue ( also known as the proximal histidine ) below the porphyrin ring . A sixth position can reversibly bind oxygen by a coordinate covalent bond , completing the octahedral group of six ligands . Oxygen binds in an `` end - on bent '' geometry where one oxygen atom binds to Fe and the other protrudes at an angle . When oxygen is not bound , a very weakly bonded water molecule fills the site , forming a distorted octahedron . Even though carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin , it does not compete with oxygen for the iron - binding positions but is bound to the protein chains of the structure . The iron ion may be either in the Fe or in the Fe state , but ferrihemoglobin ( methemoglobin ) ( Fe ) can not bind oxygen . In binding , oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes ( Fe ) to ( Fe ) while oxygen temporarily turns into the superoxide ion , thus iron must exist in the + 2 oxidation state to bind oxygen . If superoxide ion associated to Fe is protonated , the hemoglobin iron will remain oxidized and incapable of binding oxygen . In such cases , the enzyme methemoglobin reductase will be able to eventually reactivate methemoglobin by reducing the iron center . In adult humans , the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer ( which contains four subunit proteins ) called hemoglobin A , consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound , each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues , respectively . This is denoted as α β . The subunits are structurally similar and about the same size . Each subunit has a molecular weight of about 16,000 daltons , for a total molecular weight of the tetramer of about 64,000 daltons ( 64,458 g / mol ) . Thus , 1 g / dL = 0.1551 mmol / L. Hemoglobin A is the most intensively studied of the hemoglobin molecules . In human infants , the hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 α chains and 2 γ chains . The gamma chains are gradually replaced by β chains as the infant grows . The four polypeptide chains are bound to each other by salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , and the hydrophobic effect . Oxygen saturation ( edit ) In general , hemoglobin can be saturated with oxygen molecules ( oxyhemoglobin ) , or desaturated with oxygen molecules ( deoxyhemoglobin ) . Oxyhemoglobin ( edit ) Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells . This process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries adjacent to the alveoli of the lungs . The oxygen then travels through the blood stream to be dropped off at cells where it is utilized as a terminal electron acceptor in the production of ATP by the process of oxidative phosphorylation . It does not , however , help to counteract a decrease in blood pH . Ventilation , or breathing , may reverse this condition by removal of carbon dioxide , thus causing a shift up in pH . Hemoglobin exists in two forms , a taut ( tense ) form ( T ) and a relaxed form ( R ) . Various factors such as low pH , high CO and high 2 , 3 BPG at the level of the tissues favor the taut form , which has low oxygen affinity and releases oxygen in the tissues . Conversely , a high pH , low CO , or low 2 , 3 BPG favors the relaxed form , which can better bind oxygen . The partial pressure of the system also affects O affinity where , at high partial pressures of oxygen ( such as those present in the alveoli ) , the relaxed ( high affinity , R ) state is favoured . Inversely , at low partial pressures ( such as those present in respiring tissues ) , the ( low affinity , T ) tense state is favoured . Additionally , the binding of oxygen to the iron ( II ) heme pulls the iron into the plane of the porphyrin ring , causing a slight conformational shift . The shift encourages oxygen to bind to the three remaining heme units within hemoglobin ( thus , oxygen binding is cooperative ) . Deoxygenated hemoglobin ( edit ) Deoxygenated hemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin without the bound oxygen . The absorption spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin differ . The oxyhemoglobin has significantly lower absorption of the 660 nm wavelength than deoxyhemoglobin , while at 940 nm its absorption is slightly higher . This difference is used for the measurement of the amount of oxygen in a patient 's blood by an instrument called a pulse oximeter . This difference also accounts for the presentation of cyanosis , the blue to purplish color that tissues develop during hypoxia . Deoxygenated hemoglobin is paramagnetic ; it is weakly attracted to magnetic fields . In contrast , oxygenated hemoglobin exhibits diamagnetism , a weak repulsion from a magnetic field . Evolution of vertebrate hemoglobin ( edit ) Scientists agree that the event that separated myoglobin from hemoglobin occurred after lampreys diverged from jawed vertebrates . This separation of myoglobin and hemoglobin allowed for the different functions of the two molecules to arise and develop : myoglobin has more to do with oxygen storage while hemoglobin is tasked with oxygen transport . The α - and β - like globin genes encode the individual subunits of the protein . The predecessors of these genes arose through another duplication event also after the gnathosome common ancestor derived from jawless fish , approximately 450 -- 500 million years ago . The development of α and β genes created the potential for hemoglobin to be composed of multiple subunits , a physical composition central to hemoglobin 's ability to transport oxygen . Having multiple subunits contributes to hemoglobin 's ability to bind oxygen cooperatively as well as be regulated allosterically . Subsequently , the α gene also underwent a duplication event to form the HBA1 and HBA2 genes . These further duplications and divergences have created a diverse range of α - and β - like globin genes that are regulated so that certain forms occur at different stages of development . Most ice fish of the family Channichthyidae have lost their hemoglobin genes as an adaptation to cold water . Iron 's oxidation state in oxyhemoglobin ( edit ) Assigning oxygenated hemoglobin 's oxidation state is difficult because oxyhemoglobin ( Hb - O ) , by experimental measurement , is diamagnetic ( no net unpaired electrons ) , yet the lowest - energy ( ground - state ) electron configurations in both oxygen and iron are paramagnetic ( suggesting at least one unpaired electron in the complex ) . The lowest - energy form of oxygen , and the lowest energy forms of the relevant oxidation states of iron , are these : Triplet oxygen , the lowest - energy molecular oxygen species , has two unpaired electrons in antibonding π * molecular orbitals . Iron ( II ) tends to exist in a high - spin 3d configuration with four unpaired electrons . Iron ( III ) ( 3d ) has an odd number of electrons , and thus must have one or more unpaired electrons , in any energy state . All of these structures are paramagnetic ( have unpaired electrons ) , not diamagnetic . Thus , a non-intuitive ( e.g. , a higher - energy for at least one species ) distribution of electrons in the combination of iron and oxygen must exist , in order to explain the observed diamagnetism and no unpaired electrons . The two logical possibilities to produce diamagnetic ( no net spin ) Hb - O are : Low - spin Fe binds to singlet oxygen . Both low - spin iron and singlet oxygen are diamagnetic . However , the singlet form of oxygen is the higher - energy form of the molecule . Low - spin Fe binds to O ( the superoxide ion ) and the two unpaired electrons couple antiferromagnetically , giving observed diamagnetic properties . Here , the iron has been oxidized ( has lost one electron ) , and the oxygen has been reduced ( has gained one electron ) . Another possible model in which low - spin Fe binds to peroxide , O , can be ruled out by itself , because the iron is paramagnetic ( although the peroxide ion is diamagnetic ) . Here , the iron has been oxidized by two electrons , and the oxygen reduced by two electrons . Direct experimental data : X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests iron has an oxidation state of approximately 3.2 . Infrared vibrational frequencies of the O-O bond suggests a bond length fitting with superoxide ( a bond order of about 1.6 , with superoxide being 1.5 ) . X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures at the iron K - edge . The energy shift of 5 eV between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin , as for all the methemoglobin species , strongly suggests an actual local charge closer to Fe than Fe . Thus , the nearest formal oxidation state of iron in Hb - O is the + 3 state , with oxygen in the − 1 state ( as superoxide . O ) . The diamagnetism in this configuration arises from the single unpaired electron on superoxide aligning antiferromagnetically with the single unpaired electron on iron ( in a low - spin d state ) , to give no net spin to the entire configuration , in accordance with diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin from experiment . The second choice of the logical possibilities above for diamagnetic oxyhemoglobin being found correct by experiment , is not surprising : singlet oxygen ( possibility # 1 ) is an unrealistically high energy state . Model 3 leads to unfavorable separation of charge ( and does not agree with the magnetic data ) , although it could make a minor contribution as a resonance form . Iron 's shift to a higher oxidation state in Hb - O decreases the atom 's size , and allows it into the plane of the porphyrin ring , pulling on the coordinated histidine residue and initiating the allosteric changes seen in the globulins . Early postulates by bio-inorganic chemists claimed that possibility # 1 ( above ) was correct and that iron should exist in oxidation state II . This conclusion seemed likely , since the iron oxidation state III as methemoglobin , when not accompanied by superoxide . O to `` hold '' the oxidation electron , was known to render hemoglobin incapable of binding normal triplet O as it occurs in the air . It was thus assumed that iron remained as Fe ( II ) when oxygen gas was bound in the lungs . The iron chemistry in this previous classical model was elegant , but the required presence of the diamagnetic , high - energy , singlet oxygen molecule was never explained . It was classically argued that the binding of an oxygen molecule placed high - spin iron ( II ) in an octahedral field of strong - field ligands ; this change in field would increase the crystal field splitting energy , causing iron 's electrons to pair into the low - spin configuration , which would be diamagnetic in Fe ( II ) . This forced low - spin pairing is indeed thought to happen in iron when oxygen binds , but is not enough to explain iron 's change in size . Extraction of an additional electron from iron by oxygen is required to explain both iron 's smaller size and observed increased oxidation state , and oxygen 's weaker bond . The assignment of a whole - number oxidation state is a formalism , as the covalent bonds are not required to have perfect bond orders involving whole electron transfer . Thus , all three models for paramagnetic Hb - O may contribute to some small degree ( by resonance ) to the actual electronic configuration of Hb - O. However , the model of iron in Hb - O being Fe ( III ) is more correct than the classical idea that it remains Fe ( II ) . Cooperativity ( edit ) A schematic visual model of oxygen - binding process , showing all four monomers and hemes , and protein chains only as diagrammatic coils , to facilitate visualization into the molecule . Oxygen is not shown in this model , but , for each of the iron atoms , it binds to the iron ( red sphere ) in the flat heme . For example , in the upper - left of the four hemes shown , oxygen binds at the left of the iron atom shown in the upper - left of diagram . This causes the iron atom to move backward into the heme that holds it ( the iron moves upward as it binds oxygen , in this illustration ) , tugging the histidine residue ( modeled as a red pentagon on the right of the iron ) closer , as it does . This , in turn , pulls on the protein chain holding the histidine . When oxygen binds to the iron complex , it causes the iron atom to move back toward the center of the plane of the porphyrin ring ( see moving diagram ) . At the same time , the imidazole side - chain of the histidine residue interacting at the other pole of the iron is pulled toward the porphyrin ring . This interaction forces the plane of the ring sideways toward the outside of the tetramer , and also induces a strain in the protein helix containing the histidine as it moves nearer to the iron atom . This strain is transmitted to the remaining three monomers in the tetramer , where it induces a similar conformational change in the other heme sites such that binding of oxygen to these sites becomes easier . As oxygen binds to one monomer of hemoglobin , the tetramer 's conformation shifts from the T ( tense ) state to the R ( relaxed ) state . This shift promotes the binding of oxygen to the remaining three monomer 's heme groups , thus saturating the hemoglobin molecule with oxygen . In the tetrameric form of normal adult hemoglobin , the binding of oxygen is , thus , a cooperative process . The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by the oxygen saturation of the molecule , with the first molecules of oxygen bound influencing the shape of the binding sites for the next ones , in a way favorable for binding . This positive cooperative binding is achieved through steric conformational changes of the hemoglobin protein complex as discussed above ; i.e. , when one subunit protein in hemoglobin becomes oxygenated , a conformational or structural change in the whole complex is initiated , causing the other subunits to gain an increased affinity for oxygen . As a consequence , the oxygen binding curve of hemoglobin is sigmoidal , or S - shaped , as opposed to the normal hyperbolic curve associated with noncooperative binding . The dynamic mechanism of the cooperativity in hemoglobin and its relation with the low - frequency resonance has been discussed . Binding for ligands other than oxygen ( edit ) Besides the oxygen ligand , which binds to hemoglobin in a cooperative manner , hemoglobin ligands also include competitive inhibitors such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) and allosteric ligands such as carbon dioxide ( CO ) and nitric oxide ( NO ) . The carbon dioxide is bound to amino groups of the globin proteins to form carbaminohemoglobin ; this mechanism is thought to account for about 10 % of carbon dioxide transport in mammals . Nitric oxide can also be transported by hemoglobin ; it is bound to specific thiol groups in the globin protein to form an S - nitrosothiol , which dissociates into free nitric oxide and thiol again , as the hemoglobin releases oxygen from its heme site . This nitric oxide transport to peripheral tissues is hypothesized to assist oxygen transport in tissues , by releasing vasodilatory nitric oxide to tissues in which oxygen levels are low . Competitive ( edit ) The binding of oxygen is affected by molecules such as carbon monoxide ( for example , from tobacco smoking , exhaust gas , and incomplete combustion in furnaces ) . CO competes with oxygen at the heme binding site . Hemoglobin 's binding affinity for CO is 250 times greater than its affinity for oxygen , meaning that small amounts of CO dramatically reduce hemoglobin 's ability to transport oxygen . Since carbon monoxide is a colorless , odorless and tasteless gas , and poses a potentially fatal threat , carbon monoxide detectors have become commercially available to warn of dangerous levels in residences . When hemoglobin combines with CO , it forms a very bright red compound called carboxyhemoglobin , which may cause the skin of CO poisoning victims to appear pink in death , instead of white or blue . When inspired air contains CO levels as low as 0.02 % , headache and nausea occur ; if the CO concentration is increased to 0.1 % , unconsciousness will follow . In heavy smokers , up to 20 % of the oxygen - active sites can be blocked by CO . In similar fashion , hemoglobin also has competitive binding affinity for cyanide ( CN ) , sulfur monoxide ( SO ) , and sulfide ( S ) , including hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) . All of these bind to iron in heme without changing its oxidation state , but they nevertheless inhibit oxygen - binding , causing grave toxicity . The iron atom in the heme group must initially be in the ferrous ( Fe ) oxidation state to support oxygen and other gases ' binding and transport ( it temporarily switches to ferric during the time oxygen is bound , as explained above ) . Initial oxidation to the ferric ( Fe ) state without oxygen converts hemoglobin into `` hemiglobin '' or methemoglobin , which can not bind oxygen . Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening . Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells . The latter reaction is a remnant activity of the more ancient nitric oxide dioxygenase function of globins . Allosteric ( edit ) Further information : Oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve Carbon dioxide occupies a different binding site on the hemoglobin . Carbon dioxide is more readily dissolved in deoxygenated blood , facilitating its removal from the body after the oxygen has been released to tissues undergoing metabolism . This increased affinity for carbon dioxide by the venous blood is known as the Haldane effect . Through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase , carbon dioxide reacts with water to give carbonic acid , which decomposes into bicarbonate and protons : CO + H O → H CO → HCO + H The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin 's oxygen - dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin . Hence , blood with high carbon dioxide levels is also lower in pH ( more acidic ) . Hemoglobin can bind protons and carbon dioxide , which causes a conformational change in the protein and facilitates the release of oxygen . Protons bind at various places on the protein , while carbon dioxide binds at the α - amino group . Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin and forms carbaminohemoglobin . This decrease in hemoglobin 's affinity for oxygen by the binding of carbon dioxide and acid is known as the Bohr effect . The Bohr effect favors the T state rather than the R state . ( shifts the O - saturation curve to the right ) . Conversely , when the carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease ( i.e. , in the lung capillaries ) , carbon dioxide and protons are released from hemoglobin , increasing the oxygen affinity of the protein . A reduction in the total binding capacity of hemoglobin to oxygen ( i.e. shifting the curve down , not just to the right ) due to reduced pH is called the root effect . This is seen in bony fish . It is necessary for hemoglobin to release the oxygen that it binds ; if not , there is no point in binding it . The sigmoidal curve of hemoglobin makes it efficient in binding ( taking up O in lungs ) , and efficient in unloading ( unloading O in tissues ) . In people acclimated to high altitudes , the concentration of 2 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 2 , 3 - BPG ) in the blood is increased , which allows these individuals to deliver a larger amount of oxygen to tissues under conditions of lower oxygen tension . This phenomenon , where molecule Y affects the binding of molecule X to a transport molecule Z , is called a heterotropic allosteric effect . Hemoglobin in organisms at high altitudes has also adapted such that it has less of an affinity for 2 , 3 - BPG and so the protein will be shifted more towards its R state . In its R state , hemoglobin will bind oxygen more readily , thus allowing organisms to perform the necessary metabolic processes when oxygen is present at low partial pressures . Animals other than humans use different molecules to bind to hemoglobin and change its O affinity under unfavorable conditions . Fish use both ATP and GTP . These bind to a phosphate `` pocket '' on the fish hemoglobin molecule , which stabilizes the tense state and therefore decreases oxygen affinity . GTP reduces hemoglobin oxygen affinity much more than ATP , which is thought to be due to an extra hydrogen bond formed that further stabilizes the tense state . Under hypoxic conditions , the concentration of both ATP and GTP is reduced in fish red blood cells to increase oxygen affinity . A variant hemoglobin , called fetal hemoglobin ( HbF , α γ ) , is found in the developing fetus , and binds oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin . This means that the oxygen binding curve for fetal hemoglobin is left - shifted ( i.e. , a higher percentage of hemoglobin has oxygen bound to it at lower oxygen tension ) , in comparison to that of adult hemoglobin . As a result , fetal blood in the placenta is able to take oxygen from maternal blood . Hemoglobin also carries nitric oxide ( NO ) in the globin part of the molecule . This improves oxygen delivery in the periphery and contributes to the control of respiration . NO binds reversibly to a specific cysteine residue in globin ; the binding depends on the state ( R or T ) of the hemoglobin . The resulting S - nitrosylated hemoglobin influences various NO - related activities such as the control of vascular resistance , blood pressure and respiration . NO is not released in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes but transported by an anion exchanger called AE1 out of them . Types in humans ( edit ) Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development . They may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population , caused by variations in genetics . Some well - known hemoglobin variants , such as sickle - cell anemia , are responsible for diseases and are considered hemoglobinopathies . Other variants cause no detectable pathology , and are thus considered non-pathological variants . In the embryo : Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) Gower 2 ( α ε ) ( PDB : 1A9W ) Hemoglobin Portland I ( ζ γ ) Hemoglobin Portland II ( ζ β ) . In the fetus : Hemoglobin F ( α γ ) ( PDB : 1FDH ) . After birth : Hemoglobin A ( α β ) ( PDB : 1BZ0 ) -- The most common with a normal amount over 95 % Hemoglobin A ( α δ ) -- δ chain synthesis begins late in the third trimester and , in adults , it has a normal range of 1.5 -- 3.5 % Hemoglobin F ( α γ ) -- In adults Hemoglobin F is restricted to a limited population of red cells called F - cells . However , the level of Hb F can be elevated in persons with sickle - cell disease and beta - thalassemia . Gene expression of hemoglobin before and after birth . Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression ( data on Wood W.G. , ( 1976 ) . Br . Med . Bull . 32 , 282 . ) Variant forms that cause disease : Hemoglobin D - Punjab -- ( α β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin . Hemoglobin H ( β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin , formed by a tetramer of β chains , which may be present in variants of α thalassemia . Hemoglobin Barts ( γ ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin , formed by a tetramer of γ chains , which may be present in variants of α thalassemia . Hemoglobin S ( α β ) -- A variant form of hemoglobin found in people with sickle cell disease . There is a variation in the β - chain gene , causing a change in the properties of hemoglobin , which results in sickling of red blood cells . Hemoglobin C ( α β ) -- Another variant due to a variation in the β - chain gene . This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia . Hemoglobin E ( α β ) -- Another variant due to a variation in the β - chain gene . This variant causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia . Hemoglobin AS -- A heterozygous form causing sickle cell trait with one adult gene and one sickle cell disease gene Hemoglobin SC disease -- A compound heterozygous form with one sickle gene and another encoding Hemoglobin C . Hemoglobin Hopkins - 2 - A variant form of hemoglobin that is sometimes viewed in combination with Hemoglobin S to produce sickle cell disease . Degradation in vertebrate animals ( edit ) When red cells reach the end of their life due to aging or defects , they are removed from the circulation by the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the spleen or the liver or hemolyze within the circulation . Free hemoglobin is then cleared from the circulation via the hemoglobin transporter CD163 , which is exclusively expressed on monocytes or macrophages . Within these cells the hemoglobin molecule is broken up , and the iron gets recycled . This process also produces one molecule of carbon monoxide for every molecule of heme degraded . Heme degradation is one of the few natural sources of carbon monoxide in the human body , and is responsible for the normal blood levels of carbon monoxide even in people breathing pure air . The other major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin . Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if red cells are being destroyed more rapidly than usual . Improperly degraded hemoglobin protein or hemoglobin that has been released from the blood cells too rapidly can clog small blood vessels , especially the delicate blood filtering vessels of the kidneys , causing kidney damage . Iron is removed from heme and salvaged for later use , it is stored as hemosiderin or ferritin in tissues and transported in plasma by beta globulins as transferrins . When the porphyrin ring is broken up , the fragments are normally secreted as a yellow pigment called bilirubin , which is secreted into the intestines as bile . Intestines metabolise bilirubin into urobilinogen . Urobilinogen leaves the body in faeces , in a pigment called stercobilin . Globulin is metabolised into amino acids that are then released into circulation . Role in disease ( edit ) Hemoglobin deficiency can be caused either by a decreased amount of hemoglobin molecules , as in anemia , or by decreased ability of each molecule to bind oxygen at the same partial pressure of oxygen . Hemoglobinopathies ( genetic defects resulting in abnormal structure of the hemoglobin molecule ) may cause both . In any case , hemoglobin deficiency decreases blood oxygen - carrying capacity . Hemoglobin deficiency is , in general , strictly distinguished from hypoxemia , defined as decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood , although both are causes of hypoxia ( insufficient oxygen supply to tissues ) . Other common causes of low hemoglobin include loss of blood , nutritional deficiency , bone marrow problems , chemotherapy , kidney failure , or abnormal hemoglobin ( such as that of sickle - cell disease ) . The ability of each hemoglobin molecule to carry oxygen is normally modified by altered blood pH or CO , causing an altered oxygen -- hemoglobin dissociation curve . However , it can also be pathologically altered in , e.g. , carbon monoxide poisoning . Decrease of hemoglobin , with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells , leads to symptoms of anemia . Anemia has many different causes , although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world . As absence of iron decreases heme synthesis , red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia are hypochromic ( lacking the red hemoglobin pigment ) and microcytic ( smaller than normal ) . Other anemias are rarer . In hemolysis ( accelerated breakdown of red blood cells ) , associated jaundice is caused by the hemoglobin metabolite bilirubin , and the circulating hemoglobin can cause renal failure . Some mutations in the globin chain are associated with the hemoglobinopathies , such as sickle - cell disease and thalassemia . Other mutations , as discussed at the beginning of the article , are benign and are referred to merely as hemoglobin variants . There is a group of genetic disorders , known as the porphyrias that are characterized by errors in metabolic pathways of heme synthesis . King George III of the United Kingdom was probably the most famous porphyria sufferer . To a small extent , hemoglobin A slowly combines with glucose at the terminal valine ( an alpha aminoacid ) of each β chain . The resulting molecule is often referred to as Hb A. As the concentration of glucose in the blood increases , the percentage of Hb A that turns into Hb A increases . In diabetics whose glucose usually runs high , the percent Hb A also runs high . Because of the slow rate of Hb A combination with glucose , the Hb A percentage is representative of glucose level in the blood averaged over a longer time ( the half - life of red blood cells , which is typically 50 -- 55 days ) . Glycosylated hemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound . The binding of glucose to amino acids in the hemoglobin takes place spontaneously ( without the help of an enzyme ) in many proteins , and is not known to serve a useful purpose . However , the binding to hemoglobin does serve as a record for average blood glucose levels over the lifetime of red cells , which is approximately 120 days . The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin are therefore measured in order to monitor the long - term control of the chronic disease of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Poor control of T2DM results in high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in the red blood cells . The normal reference range is approximately 4 -- 5.9 % . Though difficult to obtain , values less than 7 % are recommended for people with T2DM . Levels greater than 9 % are associated with poor control of the glycosylated hemoglobin , and levels greater than 12 % are associated with very poor control . Diabetics who keep their glycosylated hemoglobin levels close to 7 % have a much better chance of avoiding the complications that may accompany diabetes ( than those whose levels are 8 % or higher ) . In addition , increased glycosylation of hemoglobin increases its affinity for oxygen , therefore preventing its release at the tissue and inducing a level of hypoxia in extreme cases . Elevated levels of hemoglobin are associated with increased numbers or sizes of red blood cells , called polycythemia . This elevation may be caused by congenital heart disease , cor pulmonale , pulmonary fibrosis , too much erythropoietin , or polycythemia vera . High hemoglobin levels may also be caused by exposure to high altitudes , smoking , dehydration ( artificially by concentrating Hb ) , advanced lung disease and certain tumors . A recent study done in Pondicherry , India , shows its importance in coronary artery disease . Diagnostic uses ( edit ) Main article : Hemoglobinometer A hemoglobin concentration measurement being administered before a blood donation at the American Red Cross Boston Blood Donation Center . Hemoglobin concentration measurement is among the most commonly performed blood tests , usually as part of a complete blood count . For example , it is typically tested before or after blood donation . Results are reported in g / L , g / dL or mol / L. 1 g / dL equals about 0.6206 mmol / L , although the latter units are not used as often due to uncertainty regarding the polymeric state of the molecule . This conversion factor , using the single globin unit molecular weight of 16,000 Da , is more common for hemoglobin concentration in blood . For MCHC ( mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ) the conversion factor 0.155 , which uses the tetramer weight of 64,500 Da , is more common . Normal levels are : Men : 13.8 to 18.0 g / dL ( 138 to 180 g / L , or 8.56 to 11.17 mmol / L ) Women : 12.1 to 15.1 g / dL ( 121 to 151 g / L , or 7.51 to 9.37 mmol / L ) Children : 11 to 16 g / dL ( 110 to 160 g / L , or 6.83 to 9.93 mmol / L ) Pregnant women : 11 to 14 g / dL ( 110 to 140 g / L , or 6.83 to 8.69 mmol / L ) ( 9.5 to 15 usual value during pregnancy ) Normal values of hemoglobin in the 1st and 3rd trimesters of pregnant women must be at least 11 g / dL and at least 10.5 g / dL during the 2nd trimester . Dehydration or hyperhydration can greatly influence measured hemoglobin levels . Albumin can indicate hydration status . If the concentration is below normal , this is called anemia . Anemias are classified by the size of red blood cells , the cells that contain hemoglobin in vertebrates . The anemia is called `` microcytic '' if red cells are small , `` macrocytic '' if they are large , and `` normocytic '' otherwise . Hematocrit , the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells , is typically about three times the hemoglobin concentration measured in g / dL . For example , if the hemoglobin is measured at 17 g / dL , that compares with a hematocrit of 51 % . Laboratory hemoglobin test methods require a blood sample ( arterial , venous , or capillary ) and analysis on hematology analyzer and CO-oximeter . Additionally , a new noninvasive hemoglobin ( SpHb ) test method called Pulse CO-Oximetry is also available with comparable accuracy to invasive methods . Concentrations of oxy - and deoxyhemoglobin can be measured continuously , regionally and noninvasively using NIRS . NIRS can be used both on the head and on muscles . This technique is often used for research in e.g. elite sports training , ergonomics , rehabilitation , patient monitoring , neonatal research , functional brain monitoring , brain computer interface , urology ( bladder contraction ) , neurology ( Neurovascular coupling ) and more . Long - term control of blood sugar concentration can be measured by the concentration of Hb A. Measuring it directly would require many samples because blood sugar levels vary widely through the day . Hb A is the product of the irreversible reaction of hemoglobin A with glucose . A higher glucose concentration results in more Hb A. Because the reaction is slow , the Hb A proportion represents glucose level in blood averaged over the half - life of red blood cells , is typically 50 -- 55 days . An Hb A proportion of 6.0 % or less show good long - term glucose control , while values above 7.0 % are elevated . This test is especially useful for diabetics . The functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) machine uses the signal from deoxyhemoglobin , which is sensitive to magnetic fields since it is paramagnetic . Combined measurement with NIRS shows good correlation with both the oxy - and deoxyhemoglobin signal compared to the BOLD signal . Athletic tracking and self tracking uses ( edit ) Hemoglobin can be tracked noninvasively , to build an individual data set tracking the hemoconcentration and hemodilution effects of daily activities for better understanding of sports performance and training . Athletes are often concerned about endurance and intensity of exercise . The sensor uses light - emitting diodes that emit red and infrared light through the tissue to a light detector , which then sends a signal to a processor to calculate the absorption of light by the hemoglobin protein . This sensor is similar to a pulse oximeter , which consists of a small sensing device that clips to the finger . Analogues in non-vertebrate organisms ( edit ) A variety of oxygen - transport and - binding proteins exist in organisms throughout the animal and plant kingdoms . Organisms including bacteria , protozoans , and fungi all have hemoglobin - like proteins whose known and predicted roles include the reversible binding of gaseous ligands . Since many of these proteins contain globins and the heme moiety ( iron in a flat porphyrin support ) , they are often called hemoglobins , even if their overall tertiary structure is very different from that of vertebrate hemoglobin . In particular , the distinction of `` myoglobin '' and hemoglobin in lower animals is often impossible , because some of these organisms do not contain muscles . Or , they may have a recognizable separate circulatory system but not one that deals with oxygen transport ( for example , many insects and other arthropods ) . In all these groups , heme / globin - containing molecules ( even monomeric globin ones ) that deal with gas - binding are referred to as oxyhemoglobins . In addition to dealing with transport and sensing of oxygen , they may also deal with NO , CO , sulfide compounds , and even O scavenging in environments that must be anaerobic . They may even deal with detoxification of chlorinated materials in a way analogous to heme - containing P450 enzymes and peroxidases . The giant tube worm Riftia pachyptila showing red hemoglobin - containing plumes The structure of hemoglobins varies across species . Hemoglobin occurs in all kingdoms of organisms , but not in all organisms . Primitive species such as bacteria , protozoa , algae , and plants often have single - globin hemoglobins . Many nematode worms , molluscs , and crustaceans contain very large multisubunit molecules , much larger than those in vertebrates . In particular , chimeric hemoglobins found in fungi and giant annelids may contain both globin and other types of proteins . One of the most striking occurrences and uses of hemoglobin in organisms is in the giant tube worm ( Riftia pachyptila , also called Vestimentifera ) , which can reach 2.4 meters length and populates ocean volcanic vents . Instead of a digestive tract , these worms contain a population of bacteria constituting half the organism 's weight . The bacteria react with H S from the vent and O from the water to produce energy to make food from H O and CO . The worms end with a deep - red fan - like structure ( `` plume '' ) , which extends into the water and absorbs H S and O for the bacteria , and CO for use as synthetic raw material similar to photosynthetic plants . The structures are bright - red due to their containing several extraordinarily complex hemoglobins that have up to 144 globin chains , each including associated heme structures . These hemoglobins are remarkable for being able to carry oxygen in the presence of sulfide , and even to carry sulfide , without being completely `` poisoned '' or inhibited by it as hemoglobins in most other species are . Other oxygen - binding proteins ( edit ) Myoglobin Found in the muscle tissue of many vertebrates , including humans , it gives muscle tissue a distinct red or dark gray color . It is very similar to hemoglobin in structure and sequence , but is not a tetramer ; instead , it is a monomer that lacks cooperative binding . It is used to store oxygen rather than transport it . Hemocyanin The second most common oxygen - transporting protein found in nature , it is found in the blood of many arthropods and molluscs . Uses copper prosthetic groups instead of iron heme groups and is blue in color when oxygenated . Hemerythrin Some marine invertebrates and a few species of annelid use this iron - containing non-heme protein to carry oxygen in their blood . Appears pink / violet when oxygenated , clear when not . Chlorocruorin Found in many annelids , it is very similar to erythrocruorin , but the heme group is significantly different in structure . Appears green when deoxygenated and red when oxygenated . Vanabins Also known as vanadium chromagens , they are found in the blood of sea squirts . They were once hypothesized to use the rare metal vanadium as an oxygen binding prosthetic group . However , although they do contain vanadium by preference , they apparently bind little oxygen , and thus have some other function , which has not been elucidated ( sea squirts also contain some hemoglobin ) . They may act as toxins . Erythrocruorin Found in many annelids , including earthworms , it is a giant free - floating blood protein containing many dozens -- possibly hundreds -- of iron - and heme - bearing protein subunits bound together into a single protein complex with a molecular mass greater than 3.5 million daltons . Pinnaglobin Only seen in the mollusc Pinna nobilis . Brown manganese - based porphyrin protein . Leghemoglobin In leguminous plants , such as alfalfa or soybeans , the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots are protected from oxygen by this iron heme containing oxygen - binding protein . The specific enzyme protected is nitrogenase , which is unable to reduce nitrogen gas in the presence of free oxygen . Coboglobin A synthetic cobalt - based porphyrin . Coboprotein would appear colorless when oxygenated , but yellow when in veins . Presence in nonerythroid cells ( edit ) Some nonerythroid cells ( i.e. , cells other than the red blood cell line ) contain hemoglobin . In the brain , these include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra , astrocytes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus , and in all mature oligodendrocytes . It has been suggested that brain hemoglobin in these cells may enable the `` storage of oxygen to provide a homeostatic mechanism in anoxic conditions , which is especially important for A9 DA neurons that have an elevated metabolism with a high requirement for energy production '' . It has been noted further that `` A9 dopaminergic neurons may be at particular risk since in addition to their high mitochondrial activity they are under intense oxidative stress caused by the production of hydrogen peroxide via autoxidation and / or monoamine oxidase ( MAO ) - mediated deamination of dopamine and the subsequent reaction of accessible ferrous iron to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals '' . This may explain the risk of these cells for degeneration in Parkinson 's disease . The hemoglobin - derived iron in these cells is not the cause of the post-mortem darkness of these cells ( origin of the Latin name , substantia nigra ) , but rather is due to neuromelanin . Outside the brain , hemoglobin has non-oxygen - carrying functions as an antioxidant and a regulator of iron metabolism in macrophages , alveolar cells , and mesangial cells in the kidney . In history , art and music ( edit ) Heart of Steel ( Hemoglobin ) ( 2005 ) by Julian Voss - Andreae . The images show the 5 - foot ( 1.60 m ) tall sculpture right after installation , after 10 days , and after several months of exposure to the elements . Historically , an association between the color of blood and rust occurs in the association of the planet Mars , with the Roman god of war , since the planet is an orange - red , which reminded the ancients of blood . Although the color of the planet is due to iron compounds in combination with oxygen in the Martian soil , it is a common misconception that the iron in hemoglobin and its oxides gives blood its red color . The color is actually due to the porphyrin moiety of hemoglobin to which the iron is bound , not the iron itself , although the ligation and redox state of the iron can influence the pi to pi * or n to pi * electronic transitions of the porphyrin and hence its optical characteristics . Artist Julian Voss - Andreae created a sculpture called `` Heart of Steel ( Hemoglobin ) '' in 2005 , based on the protein 's backbone . The sculpture was made from glass and weathering steel . The intentional rusting of the initially shiny work of art mirrors hemoglobin 's fundamental chemical reaction of oxygen binding to iron . Montreal artist Nicolas Baier created Lustre ( Hémoglobine ) , a sculpture in stainless steel that shows the structure of the hemoglobin molecule . It is displayed in the atrium of McGill University Health Centre 's research centre in Montreal . The sculpture measures about 10 metres × 10 metres × 10 metres . See also ( edit ) Hemoglobin variants : Hb A Hemoglobin A2 Hemoglobin C Hemoglobin F Hemoglobin protein subunits ( genes ) : Alpha globin 1 Beta globin Delta globin Hemoglobin compounds : Carbaminohemoglobin ( with carbon dioxide , colored dark red ) Carboxyhemoglobin ( with carbon monoxide , colored cherry - red ) Oxyhemoglobin ( with diatomic oxygen , colored blood - red ) Vaska 's complex -- iridium organometallic complex notable for its ability to bind to O reversibly . Chlorophyll Globin fold Hemocyanin Hemoprotein Sickle - cell disease Complete Blood Count Hemoglobinometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin '' . Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House . Jump up ^ `` Hemoglobin '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . 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Jump up ^ Although other sources can have slightly differing values , such as haemoglobin ( reference range ) . gpnotebook.co.uk Jump up ^ Murray S.S. & McKinney E.S. ( 2006 ) . Foundations of Maternal - Newborn Nursing . 4th ed. , p. 919 . Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 1416001417 . Jump up ^ `` Hematocrit ( HCT ) or Packed Cell Volume ( PCV ) '' . DoctorsLounge.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Frasca , D. ; Dahyot - Fizelier , C. ; Catherine , K. ; Levrat , Q. ; Debaene , B. ; Mimoz , O. ( 2011 ) . `` Accuracy of a continuous noninvasive hemoglobin monitor in intensive care unit patients * '' . Critical Care Medicine . 39 ( 10 ) : 2277 -- 2282 . doi : 10.1097 / CCM. 0b013e3182227e2d . PMID 21666449 . Jump up ^ Ferrari , M. ; Binzoni , T. ; Quaresima , V. ( 1997 ) . `` Oxidative metabolism in muscle '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 352 ( 1354 ) : 677 -- 683 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1997.0049 . PMC 1691965 . PMID 9232855 . Jump up ^ Madsen , P.L. ; Secher , N.H. ( 1999 ) . `` Near - infrared oximetry of the brain '' . Progress in neurobiology. 58 ( 6 ) : 541 -- 560 . doi : 10.1016 / S0301 - 0082 ( 98 ) 00093 - 8 . PMID 10408656 . Jump up ^ McCully , K.K. ; Hamaoka , T. ( 2000 ) . `` Near - infrared spectroscopy : What can it tell us about oxygen saturation in skeletal muscle ? '' . Exercise and sport sciences reviews . 28 ( 3 ) : 123 -- 127 . PMID 10916704 . Jump up ^ Perrey , S.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Non-invasive NIR spectroscopy of human brain function during exercise '' . Methods. 45 ( 4 ) : 289 -- 299 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ymeth. 2008.04. 005 . PMID 18539160 . Jump up ^ Rolfe , P. ( 2000 ) . `` Invivonear - Infraredspectroscopy '' . Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering . 2 : 715 -- 754 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bioeng. 2.1. 715 . PMID 11701529 . Jump up ^ This Hb A level is only useful in individuals who have red blood cells ( RBCs ) with normal survivals ( i.e. , normal half - life ) . In individuals with abnormal RBCs , whether due to abnormal hemoglobin molecules ( such as Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Anemia ) or RBC membrane defects -- or other problems , the RBC half - life is frequently shortened . In these individuals , an alternative test called `` fructosamine level '' can be used . It measures the degree of glycation ( glucose binding ) to albumin , the most common blood protein , and reflects average blood glucose levels over the previous 18 -- 21 days , which is the half - life of albumin molecules in the circulation . Jump up ^ Mehagnoul - Schipper DJ , van der Kallen BF , Colier WN , van der Sluijs MC , van Erning LJ , Thijssen HO , Oeseburg B , Hoefnagels WH , Jansen RW ( 2002 ) . `` Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near - infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects '' . Hum Brain Mapp. 16 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 10026 . 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Jump up ^ Minic Z , Hervé G ( 2004 ) . `` Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep - sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont '' . Eur. J. Biochem. 271 ( 15 ) : 3093 -- 102 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.2004. 04248. x . PMID 15265029 . Jump up ^ Liu L , Zeng M , Stamler JS ( 1999 ) . `` Hemoglobin induction in mouse macrophages '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 96 ( 12 ) : 6643 -- 47 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 96.12. 6643 . PMC 21968 . PMID 10359765 . Jump up ^ Newton DA , Rao KM , Dluhy RA , Baatz JE ( 2006 ) . `` Hemoglobin Is Expressed by Alveolar Epithelial Cells '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 281 ( 9 ) : 5668 -- 76 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M509314200 . PMID 16407281 . Jump up ^ Nishi , H. ; Inagi , R. ; Kato , H. ; Tanemoto , M. ; Kojima , I. ; Son , D. ; Fujita , T. ; Nangaku , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Hemoglobin is Expressed by Mesangial Cells and Reduces Oxidant Stress '' . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 19 ( 8 ) : 1500 -- 08 . doi : 10.1681 / ASN. 2007101085 . PMC 2488266 . PMID 18448584 . Jump up ^ Boh , Larry ( 2001 ) . Pharmacy Practice Manual : A Guide to the Clinical Experience . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 2541 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holden , Constance ( 2005 ) . `` Blood and Steel '' . Science . 309 ( 5744 ) : 2160 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5744. 2160d . Jump up ^ Moran L , Horton RA , Scrimgeour G , Perry M ( 2011 ) . Principles of Biochemistry . Boston , MA : Pearson . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 70733 - 8 . Jump up ^ Henry , Sean ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Take a sneak peek at the MUHC 's art collection '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lustre ( Hémoglobine ) 2014 '' . Art Public Montréal . Montréal . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Hemoglobin Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Campbell , MK ( 1999 ) . `` Biochemistry '' ( third ed . ) . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 03 - 024426 - 9 . Eshaghian , S ; Horwich , TB ; Fonarow , GC ( 2006 ) . `` An unexpected inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and mortality in patients with diabetes and advanced systolic heart failure '' . Am Heart J. 151 ( 1 ) : 91. e1 -- 91. e6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ahj. 2005.10. 008 . PMID 16368297 . Ganong , WF ( 2003 ) . `` Review of Medical Physiology '' ( 21st ed . ) . Lange . ISBN 0 - 07 - 140236 - 5 . Hager , T ( 1995 ) . `` Force of Nature : The Life of Linus Pauling '' . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80909 - 5 . Kneipp J , Balakrishnan G , Chen R , Shen TJ , Sahu SC , Ho NT , Giovannelli JL , Simplaceanu V , Ho C , Spiro T ( 2005 ) . `` Dynamics of allostery in hemoglobin : roles of the penultimate tyrosine H bonds '' . J Mol Biol. 356 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmb. 2005.11. 006 . PMID 16368110 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemoglobin . Proteopedia Hemoglobin National Anemia Action Council -- anemia.org New hemoglobin type causes mock diagnosis with pulse oxymeters Animation of hemoglobin : from deoxy to oxy form Respiratory physiology Respiration breath inhalation exhalation respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation Control pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering -- Breuer reflex Lung volumes VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1 / FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout Circulation pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt Interactions ventilation ( V ) Perfusion ( Q ) Ventilation / perfusion ratio V / Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar -- arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen -- haemoglobin dissociation curve ( Oxygen saturation 2 , 3 - BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect ) carbonic anhydrase ( chloride shift ) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity ( DLCO ) Insufficiency high altitude oxygen toxicity hypoxia Proteins : hemeproteins Globins Hemoglobin Subunits Alpha locus on 16 : α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM Beta locus on 11 : β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1 Tetramers stages of development : Embryonic HbE Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) HbE Gower 2 ( α ε ) HbE Portland I ( ζ γ ) HbE Portland II ( ζ β ) Fetal HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) HbA ( α β ) Adult HbA ( α β ) HbA ( α δ ) HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) pathology : HbH ( β ) Barts ( γ ) HbS ( α β ) HbC ( α β ) HbE ( α β ) Compounds Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin / Deoxyhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin Other human Glycated hemoglobin Methemoglobin Nonhuman Chlorocruorin Erythrocruorin Other human : Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin plant : Leghemoglobin Other Cytochrome Cytochrome b Cytochrome P450 Hemocyanin Methemalbumin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins `` The template below ( Myeloid blood tests ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Myeloid blood tests ( CPT 85002 -- 85999 ) Clotting CBC Platelet count Mean platelet volume vWF : Ristocetin - induced platelet aggregation clotting factors : Prothrombin time Partial thromboplastin time Thrombin time Activated clotting time other / general : coagulation Bleeding time animal enzyme Reptilase time Ecarin clotting time Dilute Russell 's viper venom time Thromboelastography Thrombodynamics test fibrinolysis : Euglobulin lysis time D - dimer Red blood cell indices CBC RBC count Hematocrit Hemoglobin ratios : Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Red blood cell distribution width Fetal hemoglobin : Apt -- Downey test Kleihauer -- Betke test Other Reticulocyte index Haptoglobin Mentzer index CFU - GM Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride test Complete blood count Absolute neutrophil count Other Blood film Blood viscosity Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Biology portal Medicine portal GND : 4022814 - 9 NDL : 00563085 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemoglobin&oldid=843189920 '' Categories : Hemoglobins Equilibrium chemistry Respiratory physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles prone to spam from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	explain the mechanism by which hemoglobin increases the ability of blood to carry oxygen	[]	[]
-6416075642977638015	History of the Internet	History of the Internet - Wikipedia History of the Internet Jump to : navigation , search History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Category Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) . Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking . Internet history timeline Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Development of wide area networking 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Development of packet switching 2.3 Networks that led to the Internet 2.3. 1 NPL network 2.3. 2 ARPANET 2.3. 3 Merit Network 2.3. 4 CYCLADES 2.3. 5 X. 25 and public data networks 2.3. 6 UUCP and Usenet 2.4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) 2.4. 1 TCP / IP 2.4. 2 From ARPANET to NSFNET 2.4. 3 Transition towards the Internet 2.5 TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) 2.5. 1 CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond 2.5. 2 The early global `` digital divide '' emerges 2.5. 2.1 Africa 2.5. 2.2 Asia and Oceania 2.5. 2.3 Latin America 2.6 Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) 2.6. 1 World Wide Web and introduction of browsers 2.6. 2 Use in wider society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 1.0 ) 2.6. 3 Web 2.0 2.6. 4 The mobile revolution 2.7 Networking in outer space 3 Internet governance 3.1 NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN 3.2 Internet Engineering Task Force 3.2. 1 Request for Comments 3.3 The Internet Society 3.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century 4 Politicization of the Internet 4.1 Net neutrality 5 Use and culture 5.1 Email and Usenet 5.2 From Gopher to the WWW 5.3 Search engines 5.4 File sharing 5.5 Dot - com bubble 5.6 Mobile phones and the Internet 6 Web technologies 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors See also : The Victorian Internet The concept of data communication -- transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire -- pre-dates the introduction of the first computers . Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices . Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication . The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system . Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon , Harry Nyquist , and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century . Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals . As the technology evolved , new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances ( for terminals ) or with higher speed ( for interconnection of local devices ) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model . These technologies made it possible to exchange data ( such as files ) between remote computers . However , the point - to - point communication model was limited , as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems ; a physical link was necessary . The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack . Development of Wide area networking With limited exceptions , the earliest computers were connected directly to terminals used by individual users , typically in the same building or site . Such networks became known as local area networks ( LANs ) . Networking beyond this scope , known as wide area networks ( WANs ) , emerged during the 1950s and became established during the 1960s . Inspiration J.C.R. Licklider , Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc. , proposed a global network in his January 1960 paper Man - Computer Symbiosis : A network of such ( computers ) , connected to one another by wide - band communication lines ( which provided ) the functions of present - day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and ( other ) symbiotic functions In August 1962 , Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper `` On - Line Man - Computer Communication '' which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future . In October 1962 , Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense 's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain , the Pentagon , and SAC HQ . There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research . He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff , whom he called `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . As part of the information processing office 's role , three network terminals had been installed : one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at University of California , Berkeley , and one for the Compatible Time - Sharing System project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Licklider 's identified need for inter-networking would become obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused . For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them ... I said , oh man , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing . That idea is the ARPAnet . Although he left the IPTO in 1964 , five years before the ARPANET went live , it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors , Robert Taylor , to initiate the ARPANET development . Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years . Development of packet switching Main article : Packet switching The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems . Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure . In the 1960s , Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war . Information transmitted across Baran 's network would be divided into what he called `` message blocks '' . Independently , Donald Davies ( National Physical Laboratory , UK ) , proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching , the term that would ultimately be adopted . Larry Roberts applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory . Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets , with routing decisions made per - packet . It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit - switching technology used for telephony , particularly on resource - limited interconnection links . Networks that led to the Internet NPL network Main article : NPL network Following discussions with J.C.R. Licklider , Donald Davies became interested in data communications for computer networks . At the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 , Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching . The following year , he described the use of an `` Interface computer '' to act as a router . The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967 , a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks . By 1969 he had begun building the Mark I packet - switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions . In 1976 , 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached , and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986 . NPL , followed by ARPANET , were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were interconnected in the early 1970s . ARPANET Main article : ARPANET See also : The Internet during the Cold War Robert Taylor was promoted to the head of the information processing office at Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) in June 1966 . He intended to realize Licklider 's ideas of an interconnected networking system . Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT , he initiated a project to build such a network . The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22 : 30 hours on October 29 , 1969 . `` We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... '' , Kleinrock ... said in an interview : `` We typed the L and we asked on the phone , `` Do you see the L ? '' `` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response . We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . '' `` Yes , we see the O . '' Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ... Yet a revolution had begun '' ... 35 Years of the Internet , 1969 -- 2004 . Stamp of Azerbaijan , 2004 . By December 5 , 1969 , a 4 - node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California , Santa Barbara . Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet , the ARPANET grew rapidly . By 1981 , the number of hosts had grown to 213 , with a new host being added approximately every twenty days . ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments ( RFC ) process , still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems . RFC 1 , entitled `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California , Los Angeles , and published on April 7 , 1969 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet , and a primary tool in developing the technologies used . The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program ( NCP , sometimes Network Control Protocol ) rather than TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , NCP on the ARPANET was replaced by the more flexible and powerful family of TCP / IP protocols , marking the start of the modern Internet . International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse . For various political reasons , European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in 1972 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein 's research group in the UK , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , London University and later at University College London . Merit network The Merit Network was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the packet - switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit . In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad . Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks , X. 25 host attachments , gateways to X. 25 data networks , Ethernet attached hosts , and eventually TCP / IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network . All of this set the stage for Merit 's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s . CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin . First demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally . It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end - to - end protocol mechanisms . Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture . X. 25 and public data networks Main articles : X. 25 , Bulletin board system , and FidoNet Play media 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke , in which he describes a future of ubiquitous networked personal computers . Based on ARPA 's research , packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the form of X. 25 and related standards . While using packet switching , X. 25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections . In 1974 , X. 25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites , which later became JANET . The initial ITU Standard on X. 25 was approved in March 1976 . The British Post Office , Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network , referred to as the International Packet Switched Service ( IPSS ) , in 1978 . This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong , and Australia by 1981 . By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure . Unlike ARPANET , X. 25 was commonly available for business use . Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service , which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET . The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators . UUCP and Usenet Main articles : UUCP and Usenet In 1979 , two students at Duke University , Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis , originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Following public release of the software in 1980 , the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded . UUCPnet , as it would later be named , also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial - up BBS hosts . UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved , ability to use existing leased lines , X. 25 links or even ARPANET connections , and the lack of strict use policies compared to later networks like CSNET and Bitnet . All connects were local . By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550 , nearly doubling to 940 in 1984 . -- Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989 , based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes ( about 100 at the time ) owned both by private individuals and small companies . Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion . Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) Map of the TCP / IP test network in February 1982 TCP / IP Main article : Internet Protocol Suite With so many different network methods , something was needed to unify them . Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem . By 1973 , they had worked out a fundamental reformulation , where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol , and instead of the network being responsible for reliability , as in the ARPANET , the hosts became responsible . Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann , Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin ( designer of the CYCLADES network ) with important work on this design . The specification of the resulting protocol , RFC 675 -- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine , Network Working Group , December 1974 , contains the first attested use of the term internet , as a shorthand for internetworking ; later RFCs repeat this use , so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today . A Stanford Research Institute 's Packet Radio Van , site of the first three - way internetworked transmission . With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum , it became possible to join almost any networks together , no matter what their characteristics were , thereby solving Kahn 's initial problem . DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software , and after several years of work , the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute . On November 22 , 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET , the SRI 's Packet Radio Van on the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network . Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974 , TCP / IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly its final form , as used for the first decades of the Internet , known as `` IPv4 '' . ( IPv4 eventually became superseded by its successor , called `` IPv6 '' , but this was largely due to the sheer number of devices being connected post-2005 , which overwhelmed the numbers that IPv4 had been able to accommodate worldwide . However , due to IPv4 's entrenched position by that time , the shift is still in its early stages as of 2015 , and expected to take many years , decades , or perhaps longer , to complete ) . The associated standards for IPv4 were published by 1981 as RFCs 791 , 792 and 793 , and adopted for use . DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP / IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , TCP / IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET , replacing the earlier NCP protocol . From ARPANET to NSFNET Main articles : ARPANET and NSFNET BBN Technologies TCP / IP Internet map of early 1986 . After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years , ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to ; ARPA 's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development , not running a communications utility . Eventually , in July 1975 , the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency , also part of the Department of Defense . In 1983 , the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network , the MILNET . MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military - only NIPRNET , in parallel with the SECRET - level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above . NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet . The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research ; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden . This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities . During the 1980s , the connections expanded to more educational institutions , and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett - Packard , which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were . Several other branches of the U.S. government , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , and the Department of Energy ( DOE ) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET . In the mid-1980s , all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP / IP . NASA developed the NASA Science Network , NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet . T3 NSFNET Backbone , c. 1992 NASA developed the TCP / IP based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) in the mid-1980s , connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world . In 1989 , the DECnet - based Space Physics Analysis Network ( SPAN ) and the TCP / IP - based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet , or NSI . NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth , space and life sciences . As a high - speed , multiprotocol , international network , NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents . In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP / IP , and ran TCP / IP over X. 25 , but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections , using automated dial - up mail exchange . In 1986 , the NSF created NSFNET , a 56 kbit / s backbone to support the NSF - sponsored supercomputing centers . The NSFNET also provided support for the creation of regional research and education networks in the United States , and for the connection of university and college campus networks to the regional networks . The use of NSFNET and the regional networks was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit / s network quickly became overloaded . NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s in 1988 under a cooperative agreement with the Merit Network in partnership with IBM , MCI , and the State of Michigan . The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990 . NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit / s in 1991 , and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers . Transition towards the Internet The term `` internet '' was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol ( RFC 675 : Internet Transmission Control Program , December 1974 ) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably . In general , an internet was any network using TCP / IP . It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s , that the term was used as the name of the network , Internet , being the large and global TCP / IP network . As interest in networking grew and new applications for it were developed , the Internet 's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world . The network - agnostic approach in TCP / IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure , such as the IPSS X. 25 network , to carry Internet traffic . In 1982 , one year earlier than ARPANET , University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP / IP over IPSS . Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail , the most important application of the time . Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet . Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering , such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) sites via UUCP or mail . Finally , routing technologies were developed for the Internet to remove the remaining centralized routing aspects . The Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ) was replaced by a new protocol , the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) . This provided a meshed topology for the Internet and reduced the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized . In 1994 , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables . TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP / IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems , workstations , PCs and an accelerator control system . CERN continued to operate a limited self - developed system ( CERNET ) internally and several incompatible ( typically proprietary ) network protocols externally . There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP / IP , and the CERN TCP / IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989 . In 1988 , Daniel Karrenberg , from Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ( CWI ) in Amsterdam , visited Ben Segal , CERN 's TCP / IP Coordinator , looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network ( much of which ran over X. 25 links ) over to TCP / IP . In 1987 , Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP / IP routers for CERN , and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware . This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks , and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP / IP connections . This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens ( RIPE ) , initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out coordination work together . Later , in 1992 , RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam . At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe , ad hoc networking to ARPA and in - between Australian universities formed , based on various technologies such as X. 25 and UUCP Net . These were limited in their connection to the global networks , due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial - up or X. 25 connections . In 1989 , Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures . AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors ' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia . The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the 1980s . In May 1982 South Korea became the second country to successfully set up TCP / IP IPv4 network . Japan , which had built the UUCP - based network JUNET in 1984 , connected to NSFNET in 1989 . It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society , INET'92 , in Kobe . Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990 , and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992 . The early global `` digital divide '' emerges Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Main articles : Global digital divide and Digital divide Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet , developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet . On an essentially continental basis , they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience , as more and more transmission facilities go into place . Africa At the beginning of the 1990s , African countries relied upon X. 25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications . In August 1995 , InfoMail Uganda , Ltd. , a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom , and NSN Network Services of Avon , Colorado , sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite , established Africa 's first native TCP / IP high - speed satellite Internet services . The data connection was originally carried by a C - Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail 's Kampala offices directly to NSN 's MAE - West point of presence using a private network from NSN 's leased ground station in New Jersey . InfoCom 's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit / s , serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial - up modems . In 1996 , a USAID funded project , the Leland Initiative , started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent . Guinea , Mozambique , Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997 , followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998 . Africa is building an Internet infrastructure . AfriNIC , headquartered in Mauritius , manages IP address allocation for the continent . As do the other Internet regions , there is an operational forum , the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists . There are many programs to provide high - performance transmission plant , and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable . High - speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems . Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa ; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) and the East Africa Submarine System ( Eassy ) has broken off and may become two efforts . Asia and oceania The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , headquartered in Australia , manages IP address allocation for the continent . APNIC sponsors an operational forum , the Asia - Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies ( APRICOT ) . South Korea 's first Internet system , the System Development Network ( SDN ) began operation on 15 May 1982 . SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP ( Unixto - Unix - Copy ) ; connected to CSNET in December 1984 ; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990 . In 1991 , the People 's Republic of China saw its first TCP / IP college network , Tsinghua University 's TUNET . The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994 , between the Beijing Electro - Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University 's Linear Accelerator Center . However , China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country - wide content filter . Latin America As with the other regions , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area . LACNIC , headquartered in Uruguay , operates DNS root , reverse DNS , and other key services . Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) Main article : Digital revolution Initially , as with its predecessor networks , the system that would evolve into the Internet was primarily for government and government body use . However , interest in commercial use of the Internet quickly became a commonly debated topic . Although commercial use was forbidden , the exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subjective . UUCP Net and the X. 25 IPSS had no such restrictions , which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections . ( Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however , as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation . ) Number of Internet hosts worldwide : 1969 -- 2012 Source : Internet Systems Consortium . As a result , during the late 1980s , the first Internet service provider ( ISP ) companies were formed . Companies like PSINet , UUNET , Netcom , and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access , UUCP - based email and Usenet News to the public . The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World , which opened in 1989 . In 1992 , the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced - Technology Act , 42 U.S.C. § 1862 ( g ) , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes , thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks . This caused controversy within the research and education community , who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs , and within the community of commercial network providers , who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations . By 1990 , ARPANET 's goals had been fulfilled and new networking technologies exceeded the original scope and the project came to a close . New network service providers including PSINet , Alternet , CERFNet , ANS CO + RE , and many others were offering network access to commercial customers . NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point of the Internet . The Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) , Metropolitan Area Exchanges ( MAEs ) , and later Network Access Points ( NAPs ) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks . The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30 , 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended . NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs . NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States . World Wide Web and introduction of browsers Main articles : World Wide Web , Web browser , and History of the web browser The World Wide Web ( sometimes abbreviated `` www '' or `` W3 '' ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URIs , interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet using a web browser and ( more recently ) web - based applications . It has become known simply as `` the Web '' . As of the 2010s , the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet , and it has changed people 's lives immeasurably . Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s ( the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades ) . Following these , Tim Berners - Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server , and the first web browser , called WorldWideWeb ( no spaces ) and later renamed Nexus . Many others were soon developed , with Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic ( later Netscape ) , being particularly easy to use and install , and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s . Today , the major web browsers are Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari . A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic , a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers . This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users , and therefore included images and text on the same page , unlike previous browser designs ; its founder , Marc Andreessen , also established the company that in 1994 , released Netscape Navigator , which resulted in one of the early browser wars , when it ended up in a competition for dominance ( which it lost ) with Microsoft Windows ' Internet Explorer . Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995 . The online service America Online ( AOL ) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser . Use in wider Society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 10 ) During the first decade or so of the public internet , the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent . In terms of providing context for this period , mobile cellular devices ( `` smartphones '' and other cellular devices ) which today provide near - universal access , were used for business and not a routine household item owned by parents and children worldwide . Social media in the modern sense had yet to come into existence , laptops were bulky and most households did not have computers . Data rates were slow and most people lacked means to video or digitize video so websites such as YouTube did not yet exist , media storage was transitioning slowly from analog tape to digital optical discs ( DVD and to an extent still , floppy disc to CD ) . Enabling technologies used from the early 2000s such as PHP , modern Javascript and Java , technologies such as AJAX , HTML 4 ( and its emphasis on CSS ) , and various software frameworks , which enabled and simplified speed of web development , largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption . The Internet was widely used for mailing lists , emails , e-commerce and early popular online shopping ( Amazon and eBay for example ) , online forums and bulletin boards , and personal websites and blogs , and use was growing rapidly , but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement . It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society 's infrastructure . Typical design elements of these `` Web 1.0 '' era websites included : Static pages instead of dynamic HTML ; content served from filesystems instead of relational databases ; pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language ; HTML 3.2 - era structures such as frames and tables to create page layouts ; online guestbooks ; overuse of GIF buttons and similar small graphics promoting particular items ; and HTML forms sent via email . ( Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers so the usual feedback mechanism was via email , using mailto forms and their email program . During the period 1997 to 2001 , the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place , in which `` dot - com '' companies ( referring to the ``. com '' top level domain used by businesses ) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values , followed by a market crash ; the first dot - com bubble . However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth , which quickly recovered and continued to grow . The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years , starting from around 2004 . They included : The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) , and shortly after ( approximately 2007 -- 2008 onward ) : The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices . With the call to Web 2.0 , the period up to around 2004 -- 2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0 . Web 2.0 Main articles : Web 2.0 and Responsive web design The term `` Web 2.0 '' describes websites that emphasize user - generated content ( including user - to - user interaction ) , usability , and interoperability . It first appeared in a January 1999 article called `` Fragmented Future '' written by Darcy DiNucci , a consultant on electronic information design , where she wrote : `` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . '' The term resurfaced during 2002 -- 2004 , and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference . In their opening remarks , John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the `` Web as Platform '' , where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop . The unique aspect of this migration , they argued , is that `` customers are building your business for you '' . They argued that the activities of users generating content ( in the form of ideas , text , videos , or pictures ) could be `` harnessed '' to create value . Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification , but rather to cumulative changes in the way Web pages are made and used . Web 2.0 describes an approach , in which sites focus substantially upon allowing users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user - generated content in a virtual community , in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content . Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis , folksonomies , video sharing sites , hosted services , Web applications , and mashups . Terry Flew , in his 3rd Edition of New Media described what he believed to characterize the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 : `` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' . This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community - oriented operation -- YouTube , Twitter , Facebook , Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples . The mobile revolution Main articles : History of mobile phones and Mobile Web The process of change generally described as `` Web 2.0 '' was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices . This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used , took with them everywhere , communicated with , used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information `` on the move '' -- and used socially , as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work . Location - based services , services using location and other sensor information , and crowdsourcing ( frequently but not always location based ) , became common , with posts tagged by location , or websites and services becoming location aware . Mobile - targeted websites ( such as `` m.website.com '' ) became common , designed especially for the new devices used . Netbooks , ultrabooks , widespread 4G and Wi - Fi , and mobile chips capable or running at nearly the power of desktops from not many years before on far lower power usage , became enablers of this stage of Internet development , and the term `` App '' emerged ( short for `` Application program '' or `` Program '' ) as did the `` App store '' . Networking in outer space Main article : Interplanetary Internet The first Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22 , 2010 when astronaut T.J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station , marking the extension of the Internet into space . ( Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before , but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy . ) This personal Web access , which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN , uses the space station 's high - speed Ku band microwave link . To surf the Web , astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth , and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment . Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point - to - point links through the Deep Space Network . Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured . In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol , Delay - tolerant networking ( DTN ) which automates this process , allows networking of spaceborne transmission nodes , and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets , or because space weather disrupts the connection . Under such conditions , DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them , as the standard TCP / IP Internet Protocol does . NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the `` deep space internet '' in November 2008 . Testing of DTN - based communications between the International Space Station and Earth ( now termed Disruption - Tolerant Networking ) has been ongoing since March 2009 , and is scheduled to continue until March 2014 . This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel - to - earth downlinks . According to a February 2011 statement by Google 's Vint Cerf , the so - called `` Bundle protocols '' have been uploaded to NASA 's EPOXI mission spacecraft ( which is in orbit around the Sun ) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds . Internet governance Main article : Internet governance As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks , the Internet operates without a central governing body . It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies , and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . However , throughout its entire history , the Internet system has had an `` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority '' ( IANA ) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet . The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System . NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN Main articles : InterNIC , Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , and ICANN The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) , and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center ( NIC ) at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) in Menlo Park , California . ISI 's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA , served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998 . As the early ARPANET grew , hosts were referred to by names , and a HOSTS. TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network . As the network grew , this became cumbersome . A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System , created by ISI 's Paul Mockapetris in 1983 . The Defense Data Network -- Network Information Center ( DDN - NIC ) at SRI handled all registration services , including the top - level domains ( TLDs ) of . mil , . gov , . edu , . org , . net , . com and . us , root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract . In 1991 , the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN - NIC ( managed by SRI up until this point ) to Government Systems , Inc. , who subcontracted it to the small private - sector Network Solutions , Inc . The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses . In October 1992 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) published RFC 1366 , which described the `` growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization '' and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process , based on a regionally distributed registry model . This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world ( which would be of `` continental dimensions '' ) . Registries would be `` unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers '' within their region . The RIPE Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) was established as the first RIR in May 1992 . The second RIR , the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , was established in Tokyo in 1993 , as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group . Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources , it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the . mil TLD . In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation , after a competitive bidding process in 1992 , created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases , and awarded the contract to three organizations . Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions ; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T ; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics . Over time , after consultation with the IANA , the IETF , RIPE NCC , APNIC , and the Federal Networking Council ( FNC ) , the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers . Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC , it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it , specifically the ISPs , end - user organizations , corporate entities , universities , and individuals . As a result , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) was established as in December 1997 , as an independent , not - for - profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry . In 1998 , both the IANA and remaining DNS - related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN , a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet - related tasks . As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces ( DNS names and IP addresses ) created by the IETF , ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries , which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure . ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system , including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system , with competition among registry service providers to serve each top - level - domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end - users . Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad - hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet , including the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . The IETF is a loosely self - organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies . It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications . Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups . Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community , but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet . The IETF grew out of quarterly meeting of U.S. government - funded researchers , starting in January 1986 . Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986 . The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987 . The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees . In 1992 , the Internet Society , a professional membership society , was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body . The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , in July 1993 . Today , the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca . 2,000 participants . Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia . The number of non-US attendees is typically ca . 50 % , even at meetings held in the United States . The IETF is not a legal entity , has no governing board , no members , and no dues . The closest status resembling membership is being on an IETF or Working Group mailing list . IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community . The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) and the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) . The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) and the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) , peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB , focus on longer term research issues . Request for Comments Request for Comments ( RFCs ) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB , IESG , IETF , and IRTF . RFC 1 , `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969 , well before the IETF was created . Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel , the first RFC Editor . RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards , draft standards , full standards , best practices , experimental protocols , history , and other informational topics . RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals , but many are the product of a more formal Working Group . Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair . An RFC Editor , appointed by the IAB , separate from IANA , and working in conjunction with the IESG , receives drafts from the IESG and edits , formats , and publishes them . Once an RFC is published , it is never revised . If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete , the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that `` obsoletes '' the original . The Internet Society The Internet Society ( ISOC ) is an international , nonprofit organization founded during 1992 `` to assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . With offices near Washington , DC , USA , and in Geneva , Switzerland , ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members . Members also form `` chapters '' based on either common geographical location or special interests . There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world . ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open , transparent processes and consensus - based decision - making . Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century Since the 1990s , the Internet 's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments , commerce , civil society , and individuals . The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision - makers in the day - to - day technical aspects of the network . While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet , their roles and their decision - making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasing objections . These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000 , and in September 2009 , gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements , although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued . Finally , on October 1 , 2016 ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , allowing oversight to pass to the global Internet community . The IETF , with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society , continues to serve as the Internet 's ad - hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments . In November 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , called for an Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General . The IGF opened an ongoing , non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments , the private sector , civil society , and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance . The first IGF meeting was held in October / November 2006 with follow up meetings annually thereafter . Since WSIS , the term `` Internet governance '' has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet - related policy issues . Politicization of the Internet Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication , the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown . This has led in turn , to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways , migrating to being mediated by internet . Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes , but also -- The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) . Net neutrality The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Net neutrality On April 23 , 2014 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position . A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School . On May 15 , 2014 , the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill , that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers ( ISPs ) . On January 31 , 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Tom Wheeler , chairman of the FCC , ensure net neutrality . The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations . On December 14 , 2017 , the F.C.C Repealed their March 12 , 2015 decision by a 3 - 2 vote regarding net neutrality rules . Use and culture Email and Usenet E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet . It predates the Internet , and was a crucial tool in creating it . Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time - sharing mainframe computer to communicate . Although the history is undocumented , among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q32 and the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) at MIT . The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail . An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation . In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format , using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names . A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time - sharing computers over alternative transmission systems , such as UUCP and IBM 's VNET email system . Email could be passed this way between a number of networks , including ARPANET , BITNET and NSFNET , as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP . See the history of SMTP protocol . In addition , UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others . The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board - like messages . This quickly grew into discussion groups , known as newsgroups , on a wide range of topics . On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists , discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics ( such as science fiction , discussed on the sflovers mailing list ) . During the early years of the Internet , email and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity . UUCP was often used to distribute files using the ' alt. binary ' groups . Also , FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside email messages . The file was encoded , broken in pieces and sent by email ; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later , and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial - up connections available at the time . After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned . From Gopher to the WWW Main articles : History of the World Wide Web and World Wide Web As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s , many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information . Projects such as Archie , Gopher , WAIS , and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data . In the early 1990s , Gopher , invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web . However , in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines , which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace . As popularity increased through ease of use , investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW 's popularity gained the upper hand . Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short . One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext . The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush 's `` Memex '' and developed through Ted Nelson 's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart 's research on NLS . Many small self - contained hypertext systems had been created before , such as Apple Computer 's HyperCard ( 1987 ) . Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet . While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext , they were not commonly perceived in that way . This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first Web server . In 1989 , while working at CERN , Tim Berners - Lee invented a network - based implementation of the hypertext concept . By releasing his invention to public use , he ensured the technology would become widespread . For his work in developing the World Wide Web , Berners - Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004 . One early popular web browser , modeled after HyperCard , was ViolaWWW . A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill . Mosaic 's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher , which at the time was primarily text - based , and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet . ( Gore 's reference to his role in `` creating the Internet '' , however , was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign . See the full article Al Gore and information technology ) . Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen 's Netscape Navigator , which replaced Mosaic as the world 's most popular browser . While it held this title for some time , eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it . Another important event held on January 11 , 1994 , was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA 's Royce Hall . This was the `` first public conference bringing together all of the major industry , government and academic leaders in the field ( and ) also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications . '' 24 Hours in Cyberspace , `` the largest one - day online event '' ( February 8 , 1996 ) up to that date , took place on the then - active website , cyber24.com . It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan . A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History on January 23 , 1997 , featuring 70 photos from the project . Search engines Main article : Search engine ( computing ) Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet . The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990 , followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher . All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared . There are still Gopher servers as of 2006 , although there are a great many more web servers . As the Web grew , search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things . The first full - text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994 . Before WebCrawler , only Web page titles were searched . Another early search engine , Lycos , was created in 1993 as a university project , and was the first to achieve commercial success . During the late 1990s , both Web directories and Web search engines were popular -- Yahoo ! ( founded 1994 ) and Altavista ( founded 1995 ) were the respective industry leaders . By August 2001 , the directory model had begun to give way to search engines , tracking the rise of Google ( founded 1998 ) , which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking . Directory features , while still commonly available , became after - thoughts to search engines . Database size , which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s , was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking , the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first . Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996 , when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results . Consequently , algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved . Google 's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press , but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results . As of 2006 , search engine rankings are more important than ever , so much so that an industry has developed ( `` search engine optimizers '' , or `` SEO '' ) to help web - developers improve their search ranking , and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings , such as use of trademarks in metatags . The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates . On June 3 , 2009 , Microsoft launched its new search engine , Bing . The following month Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo ! Search . File sharing Main articles : File sharing , Peer - to - peer file sharing , and Timeline of file sharing Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems ( 1978 ) , Usenet ( 1980 ) , Kermit ( 1981 ) , and many others . The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today . A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer , including the Wide Area Information Server ( WAIS ) in 1991 , Gopher in 1991 , Archie in 1991 , Veronica in 1992 , Jughead in 1993 , Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) in 1988 , and eventually the World Wide Web ( WWW ) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines . In 1999 , Napster became the first peer - to - peer file sharing system . Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery , but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized . A variety of peer - to - peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed , including : Gnutella , eDonkey2000 , and Freenet in 2000 , FastTrack , Kazaa , Limewire , and BitTorrent in 2001 , and Poisoned in 2003 . All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content , but sharing of music files , software , and later movies and videos are major uses . And while some of this sharing is legal , large portions are not . Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001 , eDonkey2000 in 2005 , Kazaa in 2006 , and Limewire in 2010 to shut down or refocus their efforts . The Pirate Bay , founded in Sweden in 2003 , continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders . File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other . Dot - com bubble Main article : Dot - com bubble Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide , and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached , promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising , mail - order sales , customer relationship management , and many more areas . The web was a new killer app -- it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low - cost ways . Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models , and ran to their nearest venture capitalist . While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics , the majority were simply people with ideas , and did not manage the capital influx prudently . Additionally , many dot - com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet , they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them ; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence , these hopes were shattered , and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger , more established businesses . Many did not have the ability to do so . The dot - com bubble burst in March 2000 , with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 ( 5,132.52 intraday ) , more than double its value just a year before . By 2001 , the bubble 's deflation was running full speed . A majority of the dot - coms had ceased trading , after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital , often without ever making a profit . But despite this , the Internet continues to grow , driven by commerce , ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking . Mobile phones and the Internet See also : Mobile Web The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator , launched in Finland in 1996 . The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model , and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones . NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service , i - mode , in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services . In 2001 , the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion ( now BlackBerry Limited ) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America . To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one - handed operation typical of mobile phones , a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices , the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) . Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP . The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan , South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC . Developing countries followed , with India , South Africa , Kenya , the Philippines , and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC . The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers , and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual , but had reached national penetration levels of 20 -- 30 % in most Western countries . The cross-over occurred in 2008 , when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers . In many parts of the developing world , the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user . Web technologies Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) which can allow access to images , video , and other content . Hyperlinks in the page permit users to navigate to other pages . In the earliest browsers , images opened in a separate `` helper '' application . Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic and 1994 Netscape introduced mixed text and images for non-technical users . HTML evolved during the 1990s , leading to HTML 4 which introduced large elements of CSS styling and , later , extensions to allow browser code to make calls and ask for content from servers in a structured way ( AJAX ) . Historiography There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet 's development . The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and , in particular , for historical communication research . A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote : `` The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge -- BBN -- left a physical record . Moving into the NSFNET era , it became an extraordinarily decentralized process . The record exists in people 's basements , in closets ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust . '' -- Doug Gale ( 2007 ) See also Book : Internet History of hypertext History of the Internet in Sweden History of the web browser Index of Internet - related articles MH & xmh : Email for Users & Programmers Net neutrality Nerds 2.0. 1 : A Brief History of the Internet On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog Outline of the Internet Internet activism Whistleblower Internet censorship References Jump up ^ Kim , Byung - Keun ( 2005 ) . Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology . Edward Elgar . pp. 51 -- 55 . ISBN 1845426754 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . It happened that the work at MIT ( 1961 - 1967 ) , at RAND ( 1962 - 1965 ) , and at NPL ( 1964 - 1967 ) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work . 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Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepulveda , Ambassador Daniel A. ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate , So Let 's Get It Right '' . Wired ( website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C. Vote '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` H.R. _ 114th Congress , 1st Session ( Discussion Draft ) -- To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness ... '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . 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GGKEY : YLS5GEUEBAR . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , Friedhelm ( 2002 ) . Hillebrand , Friedhelm , ed . GSM and UMTS , The Creation of Global Mobile Communications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84322 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christoph Classen , Susanne Kinnebrock & Maria Löblich ( Eds . ) : Towards Web History : Sources , Methods , and Challenges in the Digital Age Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... In Historical Social Research 37 ( 4 ) : 97 -- 188 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Barras , Colin ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution '' . Illuminating the net 's Dark Ages . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Further reading Abbate , Janet ( 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262011723 . Cerf , Vinton ( 1993 ) . How the Internet Came to Be . Ryan , Johnny ( 2010 ) . A history of the Internet and the digital future . London , England : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1861897770 . Thomas Greene ; Larry James Landweber ; George Strawn ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of NSF and the Internet '' . National Science Foundation . External links Internet History Timeline -- Computer History Museum Histories of the Internet -- Internet Society Hobbes ' Internet Timeline 12 History of the Internet , a short animated film ( 2009 ) History of the Internet at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. 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5259081921604501266	Middle East	Middle East - Wikipedia Middle East Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Middle East ( disambiguation ) . Middle East Location of the Middle East Population 371 million ( 2010 ) Countries 18 countries ( show ) Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Languages ~ 60 languages ( show ) Official languages Arabic varieties Greek Hebrew Kurdish Persian Turkish Languages without official status ( spoken by diaspora or other minorities ) Albanian Armenian Abaza Abkhaz Amharic Azerbaijani Balochi Bosniak Chechen Chinese Circassian Crimean Tatar Coptic Domari English French Balkan Gagauz Turkish Georgian Gilaki Hungarian Hindi Italian Kazakh Kumyk Kurbet Kyrgyz Judæo - Spanish Laz Lurish Marathi Malayalam Mazanderani Neo-Aramaic Nobiin Qashqai Romanian Siwa Somali Syriac Spanish Punjabi Tagalog Talysh Tatar Thai Turkmen Turoyo Ukrainian Urdu Uyghur Yiddish Zaza Time Zones UTC + 2 : 00 , UTC + 3 : 00 , UTC + 3 : 30 , UTC + 4 : 00 , UTC + 4 : 30 Largest cities Cairo Tehran Istanbul Map of the Middle East between Africa , Europe , and Central Asia . Middle East map of Köppen climate classification . The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt in North Africa . The corresponding adjective is Middle - Eastern and the derived noun is Middle - Easterner . The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East ( as opposed to the Far East ) beginning in the early 20th century . Arabs , Turks , Persians , Kurds , and Azeris ( excluding Republic of Azerbaijan ) constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population . Minorities of the Middle East include Jews , Assyrians and other Arameans , Baloch , Berbers , Coptic Christians , Druze , Lurs , Mandaeans , Samaritans , Shabaks , Tats , and Zazas . In the Middle East , there is also a Romani community . European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians , Bosniaks , Circassians , Crimean Tatars , Franco - Levantines , and Italo - Levantines . Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians , Chinese , Filipinos , Indonesians , Pakistanis , and Sub-Saharan Africans . The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times , with the ( geopolitical ) importance of the region being recognized for millennia . Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East , including Judaism , Christianity , and Islam ; the Baha'i faith , Mandaeism , Unitarian Druze , and numerous other belief systems were also established within the region . The Middle East generally has a hot , arid climate , with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt , the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia , and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent . Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil , with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Criticism and usage 1.2 Translations 2 Territories and regions 2.1 Territories and regions usually within the Middle East 2.2 Other definitions of the Middle East 3 History 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Migration 4.3 Religions 4.4 Languages 5 Economy 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 8.1 Citations 9 Further reading 10 External links Terminology The term `` Middle East '' may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office . However , it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to `` designate the area between Arabia and India '' . During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia , a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game . Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region , but also of its center , the Persian Gulf . He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East , and said that after Egypt 's Suez Canal , it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India . Mahan first used the term in his article `` The Persian Gulf and International Relations '' , published in September 1902 in the National Review , a British journal . The Middle East , if I may adopt a term which I have not seen , will some day need its Malta , as well as its Gibraltar ; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf . Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences ; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit , of supply , and in case of disaster , of security . The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise , about Aden , India , and the Persian Gulf . Mahan 's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20 - article series entitled `` The Middle Eastern Question , '' written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol . During this series , Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include `` those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India . '' After the series ended in 1903 , The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term . Until World War II , it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the `` Near East '' , while the `` Far East '' centered on China , and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma , namely the area between the Near East and the Far East . In the late 1930s , the British established the Middle East Command , which was based in Cairo , for its military forces in the region . After that time , the term `` Middle East '' gained broader usage in Europe and the United States , with the Middle East Institute founded in Washington , D.C. in 1946 , among other usage . Criticism and usage Play media 1957 American film about the Middle East The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions . Before the First World War , `` Near East '' was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire , while `` Middle East '' referred to Iran , the Caucasus , Afghanistan , Central Asia , and Turkestan . In contrast , `` Far East '' referred to the countries of East Asia ( e.g. China , Japan , Korea , etc . ) With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 , `` Near East '' largely fell out of common use in English , while `` Middle East '' came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world . However , the usage `` Near East '' was retained by a variety of academic disciplines , including archaeology and ancient history , where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East , which is not used by these disciplines ( see Ancient Near East ) . The first official use of the term `` Middle East '' by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine , which pertained to the Suez Crisis . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as `` the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east , Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south , plus the Sudan and Ethiopia . '' In 1958 , the State Department explained that the terms `` Near East '' and `` Middle East '' were interchangeable , and defined the region as including only Egypt , Syria , Israel , Lebanon , Jordan , Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar . The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones , but that now they are synonymous . It instructs : Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story . Mideast is also acceptable , but Middle East is preferred . The term Middle East has also been criticised as Eurocentric ( `` based on a British Western perception '' ) by Hanafi ( 1998 ) . Translations There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages , but since it is a relative description , the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally . In German the term Naher Osten ( Near East ) is still in common use ( nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources , albeit having a distinct meaning ) and in Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok , Bulgarian Близкия Изток , Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok ( meaning Near East in all the four Slavic languages ) remains as the only appropriate term for the region . However , some languages do have `` Middle East '' equivalents , such as the French Moyen - Orient , Swedish Mellanöstern , Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente , and the Italian Medio Oriente . Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press , the Arabic equivalent of Middle East ( Arabic : الشرق الأوسط ash - Sharq al - Awsaṭ ) , has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press , comprehending the same meaning as the term `` Middle East '' in North American and Western European usage . The designation , Mashriq , also from the Arabic root for East , also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant , the eastern part of the Arabic - speaking world ( as opposed to the Maghreb , the western part ) . Even though the term originated in the West , apart from Arabic , other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it . The Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه ( Khāvar - e miyāneh ) , the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון ( hamizrach hatikhon ) and the Turkish is Orta Doğu . Territories and regions Territories and regions usually within the Middle East Traditionally included within the Middle East are Iran ( Persia ) , Asia Minor , Mesopotamia , the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and Egypt . In modern - day - country terms they are these : Country , with flag Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2012 ) Density ( per km2 ) Capital Nominal GDP ( 2012 ) Per capita ( 2012 ) Currency Government Official languages Coat of arms Bahrain 665 1,234,596 1,646.1 Manama $30.355 billion $26,368 Bahraini dinar Absolute monarchy Arabic Cyprus 9,250 1,088,503 117 Nicosia $22.995 billion $26,377 Euro Presidential republic Greek , Turkish Egypt 1,010,407 72,798,000 90 Cairo $262.26 billion $3,179 Egyptian pound Presidential republic Egyptian Arabic Iran 1,648,195 78,868,711 45 Tehran $548.59 billion $7,207 Iranian rial Islamic republic Persian Iraq 438,317 33,635,000 73.5 Baghdad $216.04 billion $6,410 Iraqi dinar Parliamentary republic Arabic , Kurdish Israel 20,770 7,653,600 365.3 Jerusalem $257.62 billion $33,451 Israeli shekel Parliamentary republic Hebrew , Arabic Jordan 92,300 6,318,677 68.4 Amman $30.98 billion $4,843 Jordanian dinar Constitutional monarchy Arabic Kuwait 17,820 3,566,437 167.5 Kuwait City $184.54 billion $48,761 Kuwaiti dinar Constitutional monarchy Arabic Lebanon 10,452 4,228,000 404 Beirut $42.519 billion $10,425 Lebanese pound Parliamentary republic Arabic Oman 212,460 2,694,094 9.2 Muscat $78.290 billion $25,356 Omani rial Absolute monarchy Arabic Palestine 6,220 4,260,636 667 Ramallah $6.6 billion $1,600 Israeli shekel , Jordanian dinar Semi-presidential republic Arabic Qatar 11,437 1,696,563 123.2 Doha $192.40 billion $104,756 Qatari riyal Absolute monarchy Arabic Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 27,136,977 12 Riyadh $733.95 billion $25,139 Saudi riyal Absolute monarchy Arabic Syria 185,180 23,695,000 118.3 Damascus n / a n / a Syrian pound Presidential republic Arabic Turkey 783,562 73,722,988 94.1 Ankara $788.04 billion $10,523 Turkish lira Parliamentary republic Turkish United Arab Emirates 82,880 8,264,070 97 Abu Dhabi $383.79 billion $43,774 UAE dirham Federal Absolute monarchy Arabic Yemen 527,970 23,580,000 44.7 Sana'a Aden ( temporary ) $35.05 billion $1,354 Yemeni rial Provisional presidential republic Arabic Notes : Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel and the actual location of the Knesset , Israeli Supreme Court , and other governmental institutions of Israel . Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine , whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem , which is disputed . Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing war . Seat of government moved to Aden . Other definitions of the Middle East Main articles : Near East and Greater Middle East Various concepts are often being paralleled to Middle East , most notably Near East , Fertile Crescent and the Levant . Near East , Levant and Fertile Crescent are geographic concepts , which refer to large sections of the modern defined Middle East , with Near East being the closest to Middle East in its geographic meaning . The countries of the South Caucasus -- Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia -- are occasionally included in definitions of the Middle East . The Greater Middle East was a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century , to denote various countries , pertaining to the Muslim world , specifically Iran , Turkey , Afghanistan and Pakistan . Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included . History Main article : History of the Middle East See also : List of modern conflicts in the Middle East This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Western Wall and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem The Kaaba , located in Mecca , Saudi Arabia The Middle East lies at the juncture of Eurasia and Africa and of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean . It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity , Islam , Judaism , Manichaeism , Yezidi , Druze , Yarsan and Mandeanism , and in Iran , Mithraism , Zoroastrianism , Manicheanism , and the Bahá'í Faith . Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs ; a strategically , economically , politically , culturally , and religiously sensitive area . The world 's earliest civilizations , Mesopotamia ( Sumer , Akkad , Assyria and Babylonia ) and ancient Egypt , originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East . These were followed by the Hittite , Greek and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor , Elam in pre-Iranian Persia , as well as the civilizations of the Levant ( such as Ebla , Ugarit , Canaan , Aramea , Phoenicia and Israel ) , Persian and Median civilizations in Iran , North Africa ( Carthage / Phoenicia ) and the Arabian Peninsula ( Magan , Sheba , Ubar ) . The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire , then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires ( namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires ) , the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire . However , it would be the later Arab Caliphates of the Middle Ages , or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Arab conquest of the region in the 7th century AD , that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic ethnic identity that largely ( but not exclusively ) persists today . The Mongols , the Kingdom of Armenia , the Seljuks , the Safavids , the Ottoman Empire , and the British Empire also dominated the region . The modern Middle East began after World War I , when the Ottoman Empire , which was allied with the Central Powers , was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations , initially under British and French Mandates . Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers , notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s . They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards . In the 20th century , the region 's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance . Mass production of oil began around 1945 , with Saudi Arabia , Iran , Kuwait , Iraq , and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil . Estimated oil reserves , especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran , are some of the highest in the world , and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries . During the Cold War , the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies : NATO and the United States on one side , and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other , as they competed to influence regional allies . Of course , besides the political reasons there was also the `` ideological conflict '' between the two systems . Moreover , as Louise Fawcett argues , among many important areas of contention , or perhaps more accurately of anxiety , were , first , the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region , second , the fact that the region contained some two thirds of the world 's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world ( ... ) Within this contextual framework , the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries , the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites . Demographics See also : Demographics of the Middle East and Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in West Asia Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East , followed by Turkic people . Native ethnic groups of the region include , in addition to Arabs , Jews , Arameans , Assyrians , Baloch , Berbers , Copts , Druze , Kurds , Lurs , Mandaeans , Persians , Samaritans , Shabaks , Tats , and Zazas . Migration This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East . For the period between the 1970s and 1990s , the Arab states of the PersianGulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt , Yemen and the countries of the Levant , while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between Franceand the majority of North African states . '' According to the International Organization for Migration , there are 13 million first - generation migrants from Arab nations in the world , of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries . Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development . In 2009 Arab countries received a total of 35.1 billion USD in remittance in - flows and remittances sent to Jordan , Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries . In Somalia , the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora , as many of the best educated Somalis left for Europe , North America and other Middle Eastern countries . Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey , Israel and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics . A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing racial and or religious persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs , Iranians or Turks . Large numbers of Kurds , Jews , Assyrians , Greeks and Armenians as well as many Mandeans have left nations such as Iraq , Iran , Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century . In Iran , many religious minorities such as Christians , Baha'is and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 . Religions Main article : Religion in the Middle East Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East . Here , Muslim men are prostrating during prayer in a mosque . Lebanese Christians account for roughly 40.5 % of the population in Lebanon , and have made significant contributions to various different sectors of society . The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions , many of which originated there . Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East , but other faiths that originated there , such as Judaism and Christianity , are also well represented . Christians represent 40.5 % of Lebanon , where the Lebanese president , half of the cabinet , and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites . There are also important minority religions like the Bahá'í Faith , Yarsanism , Yazidism , Zoroastrianism , Mandaeism , Druze , and Shabakism , and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions , Canaanite religions , Manichaeism , Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects . Languages The five top languages , in terms of numbers of speakers , are Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Kurdish , and Hebrew . Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro - Asiatic language family . Persian and Kurdish belong to the Indo - European language family . Turkish belongs to Turkic language family . About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East . Arabic , with all its dialects , are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East , with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries . Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries . It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro - Asiatic languages . Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken Yemen and Oman . Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans . There is also a Oasis Berber - speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa . It is a non-Semitic Afro - Asiatic language . Persian is the second most spoken language . While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries , the country is one of the region 's largest and most populous . It belongs to the Indo - Iranian branch of the family of Indo - European languages . Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi , Daylami , Kurdish dialects , Semmani , Lurish , amongst many others . The third-most widely spoken language , Turkish , is largely confined to Turkey , which is also one of the region 's largest and most populous countries , but it is present in areas in neighboring countries . It is a member of the Turkic languages , which have their origins in Central Asia . Another Turkic language , Azerbaijani , is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran . Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel , the other being Arabic . Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80 % of Israel 's population , the other 20 % using Arabic . English is commonly taught and used as a second language , especially among the middle and upper classes , in countries such as Egypt , Jordan , Iran , Kurdistan , Iraq , Qatar , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates and Kuwait . It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates . French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon , and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria . Maltese , a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe , is also used by the Franco - Maltese diaspora in Egypt . Armenian and Greek speakers are also to be found in the region . Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora . Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population , because of emigration in the late 1990s . Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel ; news , radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic . Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well . The largest Romanian - speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel , where as of 1995 Romanian is spoken by 5 % of the population . Bengali , Hindi and Urdu is widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries , such as Saudi Arabia ( where 20 -- 25 % of the population is South Asian ) , the United Arab Emirates ( where 50 -- 55 % of the population is South Asian ) , and Qatar , which have large numbers of Pakistani , Bangladeshi and Indian immigrants . Economy This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) Main articles : Economy of the Middle East and Middle East economic integration Oil and gas pipelines in the Middle - East Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor ( such as Gaza and Yemen ) to extremely wealthy nations ( such as Qatar and UAE ) . Overall , as of 2007 , according to the CIA World Factbook , all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth . According to the World Bank 's World Development Indicators database published on July 1 , 2009 , the three largest Middle Eastern economies in 2008 were Turkey ( $794,228,000,000 ) , Saudi Arabia ( $467,601,000,000 ) and Iran ( $385,143,000,000 ) in terms of Nominal GDP . Regarding nominal GDP per capita , the highest ranking countries are Qatar ( $93,204 ) , the UAE ( $55,028 ) , Kuwait ( $45,920 ) and Cyprus ( $32,745 ) . Turkey ( $1,028,897,000,000 ) , Iran ( $839,438,000,000 ) and Saudi Arabia ( $589,531,000,000 ) had the largest economies in terms of GDP - PPP . When it comes to per capita ( PPP ) - based income , the highest - ranking countries are Qatar ( $86,008 ) , Kuwait ( $39,915 ) , the UAE ( $38,894 ) , Bahrain ( $34,662 ) and Cyprus ( $29,853 ) . The lowest - ranking country in the Middle East , in terms of per capita income ( PPP ) , is the autonomous Palestinian Authority of Gaza and the West Bank ( $1,100 ) . The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil - related products ( such as Saudi Arabia , the UAE and Kuwait ) , others have a highly diverse economic base ( such as Cyprus , Israel , Turkey and Egypt ) . Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil - related products , agriculture , cotton , cattle , dairy , textiles , leather products , surgical instruments , defence equipment ( guns , ammunition , tanks , submarines , fighter jets , UAVs , and missiles ) . Banking is also an important sector of the economies , especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain . With the exception of Cyprus , Turkey , Egypt , Lebanon and Israel , tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy , in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East . In recent years , however , countries such as the UAE , Bahrain , and Jordan have begun attracting greater number of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism - related restrictive policies . Unemployment is notably high in the Middle East and North Africa region , particularly among young people aged 15 -- 29 , a demographic representing 30 % of the region 's total population . The total regional unemployment rate in 2005 , according to the International Labour Organization , was 13.2 % , and among youth is as high as 25 % , up to 37 % in Morocco and 73 % in Syria . Gallery Abu Dhabi - UAE Amman - Jordan Ankara - Turkey Baghdad - Iraq Beirut - Lebanon Cairo - Egypt Damascus - Syria Doha - Qatar Dubai - UAE Istanbul - Turkey Jerusalem - Israel Kuwait City - Kuwait Manama - Bahrain Mecca - Saudi Arabia Muscat , Oman Ramallah - Palestine Riyadh - Saudi Arabia Sana'a - Yemen Tabriz - Iran Tehran - Iran Tel Aviv - Israel Play media This video over Central Africa and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . Play media This video over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . Play media A pass beginning over Turkmenistan , east of the Caspian Sea to south - eastern China , just north - west of Hong Kong . See also Middle East portal Asia portal Africa portal Geography portal Hilly Flanks Maayan ( magazine ) MENA Mental health in the Middle East Middle East Studies Association of North America Middle East Youth Initiative Middle Eastern cuisine Middle Eastern music Orientalism State feminism § Middle East Timeline of Middle Eastern history Notes Jump up ^ Arabic : الشرق الأوسط ‎ ‎ , Ash - Sharq al - Awsaṭ ; Armenian : Միջին Արեւելք , Miǰin Arevelk ' ; Azerbaijani : Orta Şərq ; Central Kurdish : ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین , Rojhelatî Nawîn ; French : Moyen - Orient ; Georgian : ახლო აღმოსავლეთი , Axlo Aɣmosavleti ; Greek : Μέση Ανατολή , Mési Anatolí ; Hebrew : המזרח התיכון ‎ ‎ , Ha'Mizrah Ha'Tihon ; Northern Kurdish : ' Rojhilata Navîn ' ; Persian : خاورمیانه ‎ ‎ , Xāvar - Miāne ; Somali : Bariga Dhexe ; Turkish : Orta Doğu ; Urdu : مشرق وسطی ‎ , Maśriq Vosta Jump up ^ In Italian , the expression `` Vicino Oriente '' ( Near East ) was also widely used to refer to Turkey , and Estremo Oriente ( Far East or Extreme East ) to refer to all of Asia east of Middle East Jump up ^ According to the 1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel , at a population of 5,548,523 ( census 1995 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Population 1971 -- 2010 ( pdf Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . pages 89 ) IEA ( OECD / World Bank ) ( original population ref OECD / World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57 ) Jump up ^ Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East : An Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Cairo , Michael F. The Gulf : The Bush Presidencies and the Middle East Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . University Press of Kentucky , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0813136721 p xi . Jump up ^ Government Printing Office . History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense : The formative years , 1947 -- 1950 Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ISBN 978 - 0160876400 p 177 Jump up ^ Kahana , Ephraim . Suwaed , Muhammad . Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Intelligence Archived 2015 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Scarecrow Press , 13 apr. 2009 ISBN 978 - 0810863026 p xxxi . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Blake & Wagstaff 1988 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Koppes , CR ( 1976 ) . `` Captain Mahan , General Gordon and the origin of the term `` Middle East '' `` . Middle East Studies . 12 : 95 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263207608700307 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard ( 1965 ) . The Middle East and the West . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to end all Peace . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 8 . Jump up ^ Melman , Billie , Companion to Travel Writing , Collections Online , 6 The Middle East / Arabia , Cambridge , archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 , retrieved January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Michael A. Guardians of the Persian Gulf : A History of America 's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf , 1833 -- 1992 . New York : The Free Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 923843 - 9 pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Laciner , Dr. Sedat . `` Is There a Place Called ' the Middle East ' ? Archived 2007 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . '' , The Journal of Turkish Weekly , June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Davison , Roderic H. ( 1960 ) . `` Where is the Middle East ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 38 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 20029452 . Jump up ^ Held , Colbert C. ( 2000 ) . Middle East Patterns : Places , Peoples , and Politics . Westview Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8221 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Near East ' is Mideast , Washington Explains '' . The New York Times . August 14 , 1958 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Norm . The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law . New York : Basic Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00488 - 1 p. 156 Jump up ^ Hanafi , Hassan . `` The Middle East , in whose world ? ( Primary Reflections ) '' . Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies ( The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies : The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo , 13 -- 16 August 1998 ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . ( `` unedited paper as given at the Oslo conference . An updated and edited version has been published in Utvik and Vikør , The Middle East in a Globalized World , Bergen / London 2000 , 1 - 9 . Please quote or refer only to the published article '' ) `` The expression Middle East is an old British label based on a British Western perception of the East divided into middle or near and far '' . see also Shohat , Ella . `` Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia '' . City University of New York . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ewan W. , William Bayne Fisher ( 2000 ) . The Middle East : Geography and Geopolitics . Routledge . pp. 12 -- 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` GDP '' . IMF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita '' . IMF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Novikova , Gayane ( December 2000 ) . `` Armenia and the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Haeri , Safa ( 2004 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Concocting a ' Greater Middle East ' brew '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ottaway , Marina & Carothers , Thomas ( 2004 - 03 - 29 ) , The Greater Middle East Initiative : Off to a False Start Archived 2009 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Policy Brief , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , 29 , Pages 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ Middle East Archived 2016 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . What Is The Middle East And What Countries Are Part Of It ? worldatlas.com . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 1999 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Louise , Fawcett . International Relations of the Middle East . ( Oxford University Press , New York , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Hassan , Islam ; Dyer , Paul ( 2017 ) . `` The State of Middle Eastern Youth . '' . The Muslim World . 107 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . hdl : 10822 / 1042998 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` World Factbook -- Jordan '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` World Factbook -- Kuwait '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2 '' . Eurojewcong.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Evenimentul Zilei '' . Evz.ro . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ The World Bank : World Economic Indicators Database . GDP ( Nominal ) 2008 . Archived 2009 - 09 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Data for 2008 . Last revised on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Data refer to 2008 . World Economic Outlook Database - October 2009 , International Monetary Fund . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The World Bank : World Economic Indicators Database . GDP ( PPP ) 2008 . Archived 2014 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Data for 2008 . Last revised on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rates Are Highest in the Middle East '' . Progressive Policy Institute . August 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Navtej Dhillon ; Tarek Yousef ( 2007 ) . `` Inclusion : Meeting the 100 Million Youth Challenge '' . Shabab Inclusion . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hilary Silver ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Social Exclusion : Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth '' . Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper . Shabab Inclusion . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Further reading Adelson , Roger ( 1995 ) . London and the Invention of the Middle East : Money , Power , and War , 1902 -- 1922 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06094 - 7 . Anderson , R ; Seibert , R ; Wagner , J. ( 2006 ) . Politics and Change in the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . Barzilai , Gad ; Aharon , Klieman ; Gil , Shidlo ( 1993 ) . The Gulf Crisis and its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 080029 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts and Political Order . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2943 - 1 . Beaumont , Peter ; Blake , Gerald H ; Wagstaff , J. Malcolm ( 1988 ) . The Middle East : A Geographical Study . David Fulton . ISBN 0 - 470 - 21040 - 0 . Cleveland , William L. , and Martin Bunton . A history of the modern Middle East ( Westview Press , 2016 ) . Cressey , George B. ( 1960 ) . Crossroads : Land and Life in Southwest Asia . Chicago , IL : J.B. Lippincott Co. xiv , 593 p. , ill . with maps and b&w photos . Freedman , Robert O. ( 1991 ) . The Middle East from the Iran - Contra Affair to the Intifada , in series , Contemporary Issues in the Middle East . 1st ed . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . x , 441 p . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2502 - 2 pbk . Goldschmidt , Arthur Jr ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0471 - 7 . Halpern , Manfred . Politics of Social Change : In the Middle East and North Africa ( Princeton University Press , 2015 ) . Ismael , Jacqueline S. , Tareq Y . Ismael , and Glenn Perry . Government and politics of the contemporary Middle East : Continuity and change ( Routledge , 2015 ) . Lynch , Marc , ed . The Arab Uprisings Explained : New Contentious Politics in the Middle East ( Columbia University Press , 2014 ) . p. 352 . Palmer , Michael A. ( 1992 ) . Guardians of the Persian Gulf : A History of America 's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf , 1833 -- 1992 . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 923843 - 9 . Reich , Bernard . Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1990 ) . External links Find more aboutMiddle Eastat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Middle East '' dated 2008 - 03 - 28 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles `` Middle East -- Articles by Region '' -- Council on Foreign Relations : `` A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis '' `` Middle East -- Interactive Crisis Guide '' -- Council on Foreign Relations : `` A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis '' Middle East Department University of Chicago Library Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957 : `` The leading information source on business in the Middle East '' -- MEED.com Carboun -- advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East Middle East at DMOZ Middle East News from Yahoo ! 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Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon Basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - 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Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the most common language spoken in the middle east	[ "Arabic, with all its dialects, are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken Yemen and Oman. Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans. There is also a Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic language." ]	[ "Arabic" ]
787727059429568983	Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game	Chick - fil - A Kickoff game - wikipedia Chick - fil - A Kickoff game This article is about the college football kickoff game . For the college football bowl game , see Peach Bowl . Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game Current logo , used since 2016 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia Previous stadiums Georgia Dome Operated 2008 -- present Payout US $ 1,900,000 per team Sponsors Chick - fil - A ( 2008 -- present ) 2018 matchup Auburn vs. Washington 2019 matchup Alabama vs. Duke ( August 31 ) The Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game is an annual college football game played on the opening weekend of the NCAA Division I FBS season in Atlanta , Georgia . The event coincides with Labor Day weekend in the United States . From its inception in 2008 until 2016 , the game was held in the Georgia Dome . The Georgia Dome 's replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium , began hosting the game starting in 2017 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Series summary 2 Game results 3 Future games 4 Records 4.1 By team 4.2 By conference 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Organizers intended for the game to become a national spotlight game , on par with the Kickoff Classic held in the Meadowlands from 1983 -- 2002 , and the Disneyland Pigskin Classic in the 1990s . In 2008 , ESPN 's College Gameday broadcast from Downtown Atlanta , while ESPN corporate sponsors and local Atlanta - based companies featured prominent displays at Fanzones in Atlanta 's Centennial Olympic Park . Payout to each team depends on the amount of revenue gained in excess of the Kickoff 's $5.5 million budget . In 2008 , Clemson and Alabama were both expected to receive more than $2 million . Series summary ( edit ) The first game , known that year as the Chick - fil - A College Kickoff , was played on August 30 , 2008 , the opening Saturday of the 2008 season . Alabama defeated Clemson 34 -- 10 . Alabama returned to the Chick - fil - A Kickoff for the 2009 game , defeating Virginia Tech to begin the 2009 season . Auburn and UCLA were initially slated to play in 2010 , but Auburn officials later backed out of the offer . ABC attempted to replace Auburn with Georgia Tech , but the switch prompted UCLA to opt out entirely because the game would essentially be a home game for the Atlanta - based Yellow Jackets , with no scheduled return trip to Los Angeles . Finally , an agreement was reached in which LSU and North Carolina would match up . The 2010 game also saw the introduction of a trophy awarded to the winner , the Old Leather Helmet . The 2011 edition was the first Chick - fil - A Kickoff to feature a team that was not a member of the ACC or SEC , the two conferences with tie - ins to the Chick - fil - A Bowl . Boise State of the Mountain West Conference , one of the most successful programs from a BCS non-automatic qualifier conference in recent years , defeated Georgia 35 -- 21 . The Chick - fil - A Kickoff consisted of two games in 2012 . Tennessee defeated NC State 35 -- 21 on Friday night prior to Clemson defeating Auburn 26 -- 19 in the headliner on Saturday . The dual - game idea was first mentioned in the Miami Herald in May 2010 , when Gary Stokan , president of the Chick - Fil - A Bowl , told the newspaper that there was the possibility of having Alabama face Miami in a rematch of the 1993 Sugar Bowl . The 2013 edition was a rematch of the 2009 game . Alabama , the two - time defending BCS national champions , once again defeated Virginia Tech , this time by a score of 35 -- 10 . 2014 would again feature two games . Ole Miss defeated Boise State 35 -- 13 in a Thursday night game . Alabama would defeat West Virginia 33 -- 23 in the headliner on Saturday afternoon . It marked the first ever meeting between Alabama and West Virginia in any sport . The 2015 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game , which moved to CBS that season , returned to a single game with the ACC 's Louisville Cardinals taking on the SEC 's Auburn Tigers . Auburn defeated Louisville , 31 -- 24 . The 2016 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game , which moved back to ESPN , featured North Carolina and Georgia , both making their second appearances in the kickoff series . The Bulldogs defeated the Tar Heels 33 -- 24 in the final edition of the game played the Georgia Dome . The 2017 event was the third doubleheader in the series . Alabama defeated Florida State on Saturday evening by a score of 24 -- 7 , serving as the Saturday Night Football season opener . Tennessee defeated Georgia Tech 42 -- 41 in double overtime on Monday evening . The two games were the first in the series to be played in the new Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Downtown Atlanta . Game results ( edit ) Season Date Winning team Losing team Attendance 2008 August 30 , 2008 24 Alabama Crimson Tide 34 9 Clemson Tigers 10 70,097 2009 September 5 , 2009 5 Alabama Crimson Tide 34 7 Virginia Tech Hokies 24 74,954 September 4 , 2010 21 LSU Tigers 30 18 North Carolina Tar Heels 24 68,919 2011 September 3 , 2011 5 Boise State Broncos 35 19 Georgia Bulldogs 21 73,614 2012 August 31 , 2012 Tennessee Volunteers 35 NC State Wolfpack 21 55,529 September 1 , 2012 14 Clemson Tigers 26 Auburn Tigers 19 75,211 2013 August 31 , 2013 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 35 Virginia Tech Hokies 10 73,114 2014 August 28 , 2014 18 Ole Miss Rebels 35 Boise State Broncos 13 32,823 August 30 , 2014 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 33 West Virginia Mountaineers 23 70,502 2015 September 5 , 2015 6 Auburn Tigers 31 Louisville Cardinals 24 73,927 2016 September 3 , 2016 18 Georgia Bulldogs 33 22 North Carolina Tar Heels 24 75,405 2017 September 2 , 2017 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 24 3 Florida State Seminoles 7 76,330 September 4 , 2017 25 Tennessee Volunteers 42 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets 41 75,107 2018 September 1 , 2018 9 Auburn Tigers 21 6 Washington Huskies 16 70,103 Rankings are from the AP Poll . Future games ( edit ) 2019 -- Alabama vs Duke ( Saturday ) 2020 -- Florida State vs. West Virginia ( Saturday , Sept. 5 ) 2020 -- Georgia vs. Virginia ( Monday , Sept. 7 ) 2020 -- North Carolina vs. Auburn ( Saturday , Sept. 12 ) 2021 -- Alabama vs Miami ( Saturday / Monday ) 2021 -- Louisville vs. Ole Miss ( Saturday / Monday ) 2022 -- Georgia vs. Oregon ( Saturday / Monday ) 2024 -- Georgia vs. Clemson Records ( edit ) By team ( edit ) Rank Team Apps Record Win % Alabama 5 5 -- 0 1.000 Tennessee 2 -- 0 1.000 LSU 1 -- 0 1.000 Ole Miss 1 -- 0 1.000 5 Auburn 2 -- 1 . 667 6 Boise State 1 -- 1 . 500 Clemson 1 -- 1 . 500 Georgia 1 -- 1 . 500 9 Florida State 0 -- 1 . 000 Georgia Tech 0 -- 1 . 000 Louisville 0 -- 1 . 000 N.C. State 0 -- 1 . 000 Washington 0 -- 1 . 000 West Virginia 0 -- 1 . 000 15 North Carolina 0 -- 2 . 000 Virginia Tech 0 -- 2 . 000 By conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Apps Record Win % SEC 14 12 -- 2 . 857 Mountain West 1 -- 1 . 500 ACC 10 1 -- 9 . 100 Big 12 0 -- 1 . 000 Pac - 12 0 -- 1 . 000 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kickoff ' aims for college football spotlight '' . sportsbusinessjournal.com . Jump up ^ `` Auburn - UCLA game in 2010 nixed '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Nestor . `` Auburn A.D. ( Jay Jacobs ) Is Under Intense Criticism For Ducking UCLA '' . Bruins Nation . Jump up ^ `` A College Football Celebration '' . Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Gridiron 365 -- Football Blog -- Orlando Sentinel '' . orlandosentinel.com . Jump up ^ `` LSU Tigers vs. North Carolina Tar Heels Box Score '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Virginia Tech Hokies Box Score '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Duke , Alabama to open 2019 college football season in Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : FSU , WVU near deal for game in 2020 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Butt , Jason ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Georgia slated to return to Chick - Fil - A Game in 2020 to face Virginia '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina To Face Auburn In 2020 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game - University of North Carolina '' . University of North Carolina . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Richards , George ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Miami Hurricanes to renew football rivalry with Nick Saban and Alabama '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Culpepper , Katie ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Report : Louisville , Ole Miss to face off in 2021 Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . 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About Wikipedia	who's playing in the chick-fil-a kickoff game	[ "\n\nSeason\nDate\nWinning team\nLosing team\nAttendance\n\n\n2008\n\nAugust 30, 2008\n\n24 Alabama Crimson Tide\n34\n\n9 Clemson Tigers\n10\n\n70,097\n\n\n2009\n\nSeptember 5, 2009\n\n5 Alabama Crimson Tide\n34\n\n7 Virginia Tech Hokies\n24\n\n74,954\n\n\n2010\n\nSeptember 4, 2010\n\n21 LSU Tigers\n30\n\n18 North Carolina Tar Heels\n24\n\n68,919[6]\n\n\n2011\n\nSeptember 3, 2011\n\n5 Boise State Broncos\n35\n\n19 Georgia Bulldogs\n21\n\n73,614\n\n\n2012\n\nAugust 31, 2012\n\n Tennessee Volunteers\n35\n\n NC State Wolfpack\n21\n\n55,529\n\n\nSeptember 1, 2012\n\n14 Clemson Tigers\n26\n\n Auburn Tigers\n19\n\n75,211\n\n\n2013\n\nAugust 31, 2013\n\n1 Alabama Crimson Tide\n35\n\nVirginia Tech Hokies\n10\n\n73,114[7]\n\n\n2014\n\nAugust 28, 2014\n\n18 Ole Miss Rebels\n35\n\nBoise State Broncos\n13\n\n32,823\n\n\nAugust 30, 2014\n\n2 Alabama Crimson Tide\n33\n\nWest Virginia Mountaineers\n23\n\n70,502\n\n\n2015\n\nSeptember 5, 2015\n\n6 Auburn Tigers\n31\n\nLouisville Cardinals\n24\n\n73,927\n\n\n2016\n\nSeptember 3, 2016\n\n18 Georgia Bulldogs\n33\n\n22 North Carolina Tar Heels\n24\n\n75,405\n\n\n2017\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n1 Alabama Crimson Tide\n24\n\n3 Florida State Seminoles\n7\n\n76,330\n\n\nSeptember 4, 2017\n\n25 Tennessee Volunteers\n42\n\nGeorgia Tech Yellow Jackets\n41 2OT\n\n75,107\n\n\n2018\n\nSeptember 1, 2018\n\n9 Auburn Tigers\n21\n\n6 Washington Huskies\n16\n\n70,103\n", "\n\nSeason\nDate\nWinning team\nLosing team\nAttendance\n\n\n2008\n\nAugust 30, 2008\n\n24 Alabama Crimson Tide\n34\n\n9 Clemson Tigers\n10\n\n70,097\n\n\n2009\n\nSeptember 5, 2009\n\n5 Alabama Crimson Tide\n34\n\n7 Virginia Tech Hokies\n24\n\n74,954\n\n\n2010\n\nSeptember 4, 2010\n\n21 LSU Tigers\n30\n\n18 North Carolina Tar Heels\n24\n\n68,919[6]\n\n\n2011\n\nSeptember 3, 2011\n\n5 Boise State Broncos\n35\n\n19 Georgia Bulldogs\n21\n\n73,614\n\n\n2012\n\nAugust 31, 2012\n\n Tennessee Volunteers\n35\n\n NC State Wolfpack\n21\n\n55,529\n\n\nSeptember 1, 2012\n\n14 Clemson Tigers\n26\n\n Auburn Tigers\n19\n\n75,211\n\n\n2013\n\nAugust 31, 2013\n\n1 Alabama Crimson Tide\n35\n\nVirginia Tech Hokies\n10\n\n73,114[7]\n\n\n2014\n\nAugust 28, 2014\n\n18 Ole Miss Rebels\n35\n\nBoise State Broncos\n13\n\n32,823\n\n\nAugust 30, 2014\n\n2 Alabama Crimson Tide\n33\n\nWest Virginia Mountaineers\n23\n\n70,502\n\n\n2015\n\nSeptember 5, 2015\n\n6 Auburn Tigers\n31\n\nLouisville Cardinals\n24\n\n73,927\n\n\n2016\n\nSeptember 3, 2016\n\n18 Georgia Bulldogs\n33\n\n22 North Carolina Tar Heels\n24\n\n75,405\n\n\n2017\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n1 Alabama Crimson Tide\n24\n\n3 Florida State Seminoles\n7\n\n76,330\n\n\nSeptember 4, 2017\n\n25 Tennessee Volunteers\n42\n\nGeorgia Tech Yellow Jackets\n41 2OT\n\n75,107\n\n\n2018\n\nSeptember 1, 2018\n\n9 Auburn Tigers\n21\n\n6 Washington Huskies\n16\n\n70,103\n" ]	[ "Auburn Tigers", "Washington Huskies" ]
6783037076450415024	Battle of Jericho	Battle of Jericho - wikipedia Battle of Jericho Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Jericho ( biblical ) Depiction of the Battle of Jericho by Julius Schnoor von Carolsfeld , 19th century Location Jericho Result Decisive Hebrew victory Belligerents Israelites Canaanites Commanders and leaders Joshua King of Jericho † Strength 40,000 Unknown Casualties and losses Unknown Herem According to the Book of Joshua , the Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan . According to Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 , the walls of Jericho fell after Joshua 's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their trumpets . Although Tell es - Sultan is often identified as the ancient city of Jericho , no archaelogical evidence at that site supports such a belief . However , there does not seem to be any other possible candicate for a Biblical Jericho anywhere nearby . Scholars are virtually unanimous that the account of the Battle of Jericho in the Book of Joshua holds little historical value to studies of early Israel and that the migration of Israel as described in the Book of Joshua most likely relates to a later historical period . Contents ( hide ) 1 Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 2 The site of Jericho 3 Historicity of the battle 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 ( edit ) The story of Jericho is told in Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 . The first five books of the Hebrew Bible tell how Noah cursed Canaan to become a slave , and how God gave the land of the Canaanites to Abraham and his descendants . The children of Israel ( descendants of Abraham ) themselves became slaves in Egypt , but through Moses God brought them out of Egypt and to the borders of the promised land of Canaan . There Moses instructed them to seize the land by conquest , and placed them under the command of Joshua . Joshua sent spies to Jericho , the first city of Canaan to be taken , and discovered that the land was in fear of Israel and their God . The Israelites marched around the walls once every day for seven days with the seven priests and the Ark of the Covenant . On the seventh day , they marched around the walls seven times . Then the priests blew their seven ram 's horns , the Israelites raised a great shout , and the walls of the city fell . Following God 's law of herem the Israelites took no slaves or plunder but slaughtered every man , woman and child in Jericho , sparing only Rahab - a Canaanite prostitute who had sheltered the spies , and her family . The site of Jericho ( edit ) In 1868 , Charles Warren identified Tell es - Sultan as the site of Jericho . In 1930 -- 36 , John Garstang conducted excavations there and discovered the remains of a network of collapsed walls which he dated to about 1400 BCE . Kathleen Kenyon re-excavated the site over 1952 -- 1958 and demonstrated that the destruction occurred c. 1500 BCE during a well - attested Egyptian campaign of that period , and that Jericho had been deserted throughout the mid-late 13th century . Kenyon 's work was corroborated in 1995 by radiocarbon tests which dated the destruction level to the late 17th or 16th centuries . A small unwalled settlement was rebuilt in the 15th century , but the tell was unoccupied from the late 15th century until the 10th / 9th centuries . Historicity of the Battle ( edit ) The Book of Joshua 's origin is usually dated to a time far removed from the times it depicts , and its intention linked with a theological scheme in which Israel and her leaders are judged by their obedience to the teachings and laws ( the covenant ) set down in the book of Deuteronomy , rather than as history in the modern sense . The story of Jericho , and the conquest generally , probably represents the nationalist propaganda of the kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel after 722 BCE . These chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of King Josiah ( reigned 640 -- 609 BCE ) , and the book was revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586 , and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 . The combination of archaeological evidence and analysis of the composition history and theological purposes of the Book of Joshua led archaeologist William G. Dever to deem the biblical story of the fall of Jericho as `` ( not ) founded on genuine historical sources '' and `` seems invented out of whole cloth . '' See also ( edit ) Ai ( Bible ) Biblical archaeology Bryant Wood - US biblical archaeologist and young earth creationist who supports the historicity of Joshua 's biblical conquest of Jericho Early Israelite campaigns Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho - African - American spiritual about the battle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joshua 4 : 13 ^ Jump up to : Jacobs 2000 , p. 691 . ^ Jump up to : Dever 2006 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Killebrew 2005 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Dever 2006 , pp. 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Bruins & Van Der Plicht 1995 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Laffey 2007 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Coote 2000 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) Coote , Robert B. ( 2000 ) . `` Conquest : Biblical narrative '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Creach , Jerome F.D ( 2003 ) . Joshua . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237387 . Dever , William G. ( 2006 ) . Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From ? . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802844163 . Jacobs , Paul F. ( 2000 ) . `` Jericho '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2005 ) . Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity : An Archaeological Study of Egyptians , Canaanites , and Early Israel , 1300 -- 1100 B.C.E . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 9781589830974 . Laffey , Alice L. ( 2007 ) . `` Deuteronomistic history '' . In Espín , Orlando O. ; Nickoloff , James B. An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658567 . Moore , Megan Bishop ; Kelle , Brad E. ( 2011 ) . Biblical History and Israel 's Past . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802862600 . Bruins , Hendrik J. ; Van Der Plicht , Johannes ( 1995 ) . `` Tell Es - Sultan ( Jericho ) : Radiocarbon Results ... '' ( PDF ) . Radiocarbon . Proceedings of the 15th International 14C Conference . 37 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 220 . External links ( edit ) Media related to The Battle of Jericho at Wikimedia Commons Information on the Catholic spiritual tradition of the `` Siege of Jericho '' ( or `` Rosary Congress , '' a seven - day prayer vigil ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jericho&oldid=825814135 '' Categories : Battles involving the Canaanites Hebrew Bible battles Book of Joshua Massacres in the Bible Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links West Bank articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 55 . About Wikipedia	which way did the walls of jericho fall	[]	[]
2717748469199169812	To Tell the Truth	To Tell the Truth - wikipedia To Tell the Truth This article is about the game show . For other uses , see To Tell the Truth ( disambiguation ) . `` TTTT '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with 4T ( disambiguation ) , T4 ( disambiguation ) , or The Four T 's ( disambiguation ) . To Tell the Truth Logo for To Tell the Truth ( 2016 -- version ) Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Presented by Bud Collyer ( 1956 -- 1968 ) Garry Moore ( 1969 -- 1977 ) Joe Garagiola ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Robin Ward ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Gordon Elliott ( 1990 ) Lynn Swann ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Alex Trebek ( 1991 ) John O'Hurley ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Anthony Anderson ( 2016 -- ) Narrated by Bern Bennett ( 1956 -- 1960 ) Johnny Olson ( 1960 -- 1972 ) Bill Wendell ( 1972 -- 1977 ) Alan Kalter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Burton Richardson ( 1990 -- 2002 ) David Scott ( 2016 -- ) Music by Score Productions Gary Stockdale Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 ( 1956 -- 1968 ) 9 ( 1969 -- 1978 ) 1 ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 1 ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 2 ( 2000 -- 2002 ) 3 ( 2016 -- ) Production Running time 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1956 -- 2002 ) 42 -- 46 minutes ( 2016 -- ) Production company ( s ) Goodson - Todman Productions ( 1956 -- 1981 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Pearson Television ( 2000 - 2002 ) Gaspin Media / FremantleMedia ( 2016 -- ) Distributor Firestone Film Syndication , Ltd. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) Viacom Productions ( 1980 -- 1981 ) Pearson Television ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Tribune Entertainment ( 2001 - 2002 ) Release Original network CBS ( 1956 -- 1968 ) NBC ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Syndicated ( 1969 -- 1978 , 1980 -- 1981 , 2000 -- 2002 ) ABC ( 2016 -- ) Original release December 18 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 18 ) -- present Chronology Related shows You Lie Like a Dog To Tell the Truth is an American television panel game show in which four celebrity panelists are presented with three contestants ( the `` team of challengers '' , each an individual or pair ) and must identify which is the `` central character '' whose unusual occupation or experience has been read out by the show 's moderator / host . When the panelists question the contestants , the two `` impostors '' may lie whereas the `` central character '' must tell the truth . The setup adds the `` impostor '' element to the format of What 's My Line ? and I 've Got a Secret . The show was created by Bob Stewart and originally produced by Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Productions . It aired , on networks and in syndication , continuously from 1956 to 1978 and intermittently since then , reaching a total of 26 seasons in 2016 . As of 14 June 2016 , it is one of two game shows in the United States to have aired at least one new episode in at least seven consecutive decades , the other being The Price Is Right . Contents 1 Basic rules 2 History 2.1 1956 -- 1968 , CBS 2.2 1969 -- 1978 , syndication 2.3 1980 -- 1981 , syndication 2.4 1990 -- 1991 , NBC 2.5 2000 -- 2002 , syndication 2.6 2016 -- present , ABC 3 Merchandise 4 International versions 5 Notes 6 External links Basic rules ( edit ) Although there have been some variations in the rules over the years ( including the addition of a secondary game in some versions ) , certain basic aspects have remained consistent throughout all versions of To Tell the Truth . Three challengers are introduced , all claiming to be the central character . The announcer typically asks the challengers , who stand side by side , `` What is your name , please ? '' Each challenger then states , `` My name is ( central character 's name ) . '' The celebrity panelists then read along as the host reads aloud a signed affidavit about the central character . The panelists are each given a period of time to question the challengers . Questions are directed to the challengers by number ( Number One , Number Two and Number Three ) , with the central character sworn to give truthful answers , and the impostors permitted to lie and pretend to be the central character . After questioning is complete , each member of the panel votes on which of the challengers they believe to be the central character , either by writing the number on a card or holding up a card with the number of their choice , without consulting the other panelists . Any panelist who knows one of the challengers or has another unfair advantage is required to recuse or disqualify himself or herself which , for scoring purposes , is counted as a `` wrong vote . '' Once the votes are in , the host asks , `` Will the real ( person 's name ) please stand up ? '' The central character then stands , often after some brief playful feinting and false starts among all three challengers . Occasionally , the central character would be asked to do something else related to their story instead of standing up . The two impostors then reveal their real names and their actual occupations . Prize money is awarded and divided among all three of the challengers , based on the number of `` wrong '' votes the impostors draw . History ( edit ) 1956 -- 1968 , CBS ( edit ) To Tell the Truth was to have premiered on Tuesday , December 18 , 1956 , on CBS in prime time as Nothing But The Truth , but the program title was changed to To Tell the Truth the day before the show 's debut . ( There was one pilot episode titled `` Nothing But The Truth '' , and the pilot / planned title , and the eventual title , both derive from the standard English court oath `` to tell the truth , the whole truth , and nothing but the truth . '' ) The series was recorded in New York City ; initially at CBS - TV Studio 52 , moving to Studio 50 late in its run . The existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966 . Bud Collyer was the show 's host ( Mike Wallace hosted the pilot ) ; recurring panelists by the 1960s included Tom Poston , Peggy Cass , Orson Bean , and Kitty Carlisle . ( Cass and Carlisle stayed on as panelists for most subsequent editions . ) Earlier regular panelists had included Johnny Carson , Polly Bergen , Jayne Meadows , Don Ameche , Hy Gardner , Dick Van Dyke , Faye Emerson , Hildy Parks , John Cameron Swayze , Betty White , and Ralph Bellamy . Bern Bennett , Collyer 's announcer on Beat the Clock , was the inaugural announcer of To Tell the Truth in the 1950s . Upon Bennett 's transfer to CBS 's Los Angeles studios , Johnny Olson , who in time became the best - known of all Goodson -- Todman Productions announcers , joined the show in 1960 and remained through the end of its CBS runs . On the pilot and the prime - time run , three games were played per episode . For the pilot , a wrong vote from each of the four - member panel and one wrong vote derived from the majority vote of the audience ( a total of five votes ) paid $300 , the total prize money divided among the three challengers . The studio audience also voted with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of a celebrity panelist , thus the maximum of five incorrect votes resulted in $1,500 divided among the challengers . If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience , and for each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . There was no consolation prize for no wrong votes . For the prime - time run there was no audience vote , thus each wrong vote from the four - member panel paid $250 divided among the three challengers , for a possible $1,000 for a complete stump of four wrong answers . For a period in 1967 , stumping the panel won $1,250 . In A consolation prize of $150 was awarded and divided among the three challengers if there were no wrong votes . For each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . A design element in the set for this series was a platform directly above and behind the emcee 's desk . The contestants stood on this platform during their introduction allowing the camera to pan directly down to the host . They then traveled down a curved staircase to the main stage level to play the game . On Monday , June 18 , 1962 , a daytime five - day - per - week edition was introduced , running at 3 p.m. Eastern , and 2 p.m. Central . The daytime show , also hosted by Collyer , featured a separate panel for its first three years , with actress Phyllis Newman as the only regular . The evening panel took over the afternoon show in 1965 ; in early 1968 , Bert Convy replaced Poston in the first chair . The daytime show was reduced to two games to accommodate a five - minute news break towards the half - hour mark . On the CBS daytime run , each wrong vote paid the three challengers $100 for a possible total of $400 divided among the three challengers for a `` complete stump '' of all four wrong votes . If all the votes were correct , the challengers split a consolation prize of $75 . During the show 's final year and a half , the studio audience also voted , with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of the celebrity panelists , thus a maximum of $500 divided among the challengers could be awarded for the maximum five incorrect votes . If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience , and for each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . The audience vote was utilized on the nighttime show for its final six episodes . The original daytime panel with Bud Collyer . From left : Sam Levenson , Mimi Benzell , and Barry Nelson . The fourth panel member was Sally Ann Howes . One CBS daytime episode featuring Dorothy Kilgallen , best known as a regular panelist on What 's My Line ? , was broadcast on the East Coast on Monday , November 8 , 1965 , as news of her sudden death was circulated by wire services . The breaking news story prompted CBS newscaster Douglas Edwards to announce her death immediately after To Tell the Truth ended . She had videotaped the program six days earlier , according to the New York Herald Tribune . The newspaper added that Kilgallen and Arlene Francis both pretended to be Joan Crawford while sitting next to the real Crawford in a celebrity segment that the daytime series featured regularly starting in 1965 . The episode was one of the large majority of To Tell the Truth daytime episodes that were destroyed because of the common practice of wiping videotape prior to the invention of the videocassette . This was a different half - hour telecast from the 1962 prime - time episode on which Kilgallen can be seen and heard as one of the panelists . GSN repeated that episode decades later . The prime - time show ended on May 22 , 1967 , with the daytime show ending on September 6 , 1968 . The show was replaced by the expansions of Search for Tomorrow and Guiding Light to 30 minutes , in a scheduling shuffle with The Edge of Night , The Secret Storm , and Art Linkletter 's House Party . Metropole Orchestra leader Dolf van der Linden composed the show 's first theme , `` Peter Pan , '' used from 1956 to 1961 . From 1961 to 1967 , the show switched to a Bob Cobert - penned theme with a beat similar to `` Peter Pan '' , and then to a Score Productions tune during its final CBS daytime season . Most episodes of the original nighttime run of the series were preserved on black - and - white kinescope , along with a few color videotape episodes . Only a handful of shows remain from the CBS daytime series ' first three years because of the then - common practice of wiping videotapes and reusing them due to tight storage space and even tighter budgets . Many daytime episodes ( including some in color ) from 1966 to 1968 exist , including the color finale . Reruns of the black - and - white kinescopes were running on the Buzzr channel as of late April 2016 . 1969 -- 1978 , syndication ( edit ) To Tell the Truth returned only a year later , in autumn of 1969 , in first - run syndication . During the early years of its run , the syndicated Truth became a highly rated component of stations 's early - evening schedules after the Federal Communications Commission imposed the Prime Time Access Rule in 1971 , opening up at least a half hour ( a full hour , usually , on Eastern Time Zone stations ) to fill with non-network fare between either the local or network evening newscast and the start of the network 's prime - time schedule for the evening . Other stations found success running the program in place of a daytime network game or soap opera , or in the afternoon `` fringe '' time period between the end of network daytime programming at 4 : 30 / 3 : 30 Central and the evening newscasts . This edition of the show was again based at the New York CBS - TV Studio 50 until 1971 , when it moved to NBC Studio 6 - A in Rockefeller Center . Each wrong vote in this version was worth $50 to the challengers ; `` complete stumps '' of the entire panel won the challengers a total of $500 . There were two `` games '' per episode , and there was often a live demonstration or video to illustrate the central character 's story after many of the games . The show was first released to local stations on September 8 , 1969 . A total of 1,715 episodes of this version were produced , with the series ending on September 7 , 1978 . Some markets that added the series after its 1969 release opted to carry the show for another season or two in order to catch up on the episodes that had not aired in their viewing area . To host the revival series , Goodson and Todman made a call to original host Bud Collyer . But they had mis - timed their request , as Collyer had been suffering from a series of health issues that caused his death shortly thereafter , and he told the producers , `` I 'm just not up to it . '' The next call they made was to Garry Moore , the former host of I 've Got a Secret . Although he had retired from television a few years earlier following the cancellation of his eponymous TV show , Moore decided the time was right to return and he accepted the offer to host the new series . Regular panelists included Orson Bean during the first year , Peggy Cass , Kitty Carlisle and Bill Cullen , who was also the designated substitute host whenever necessary . Many regulars from the original run appeared , including Tom Poston and Bert Convy . In late 1976 , during the eighth season , Moore was diagnosed with throat cancer and left for the remainder of the season to deal with his illness . As he had done numerous times before , Bill Cullen became his replacement . As Cullen 's time as host continued on , Mark Goodson noted how Cullen 's serving as host , rather than as a panelist , hurt the chemistry he had shared with Cass and Carlisle. ) Gil Fates , `` What 's My Line ? '' , 1978 A decision was made to have Cullen return to being a permanent panelist and give semi-regular panelist Joe Garagiola the hosting position . Garagiola stated that he was `` pinch - hitting '' for Moore , who returned to the series for a farewell performance on the ninth - season premiere in 1977 . Moore explained why he had left the program , then after presiding over one last game announced his final retirement from television and handed the host position to Garagiola permanently . To Tell the Truth ended production at the end of the season . Johnny Olson stayed with To Tell the Truth when it moved to syndication . He left in 1972 , when he moved to Los Angeles to announce the Goodson - Todman revivals of The Price Is Right and I 've Got a Secret . NBC staff announcer Bill Wendell replaced Olson from 1972 -- 77 , with Alan Kalter taking over during the final season . Don Pardo , also an NBC staff announcer , served as backup announcer to Wendell and Kalter . To Tell the Truth used three distinctive sets throughout its nine - year syndicated run . The first , designed by Theodore Cooper and dubbed by some as the `` psychedelic '' set , was used for the first two seasons and the first four weeks of the third ; with one man on the door . The second set was a toned - down set , with two additional men added on the door , and it was used from the fifth week of the third season through the first 30 weeks of the fourth . The third -- and longest - lived -- set , which Cooper also designed , was a blue - hued , gold - accented , block - motif set . This set was used for the remainder of the run . The show was the only edition of Truth to feature a theme song with lyrics . The theme was written and composed by Score Productions chief Robert A. Israel and Truth producer Paul Alter , along with veteran theme composer Charles Fox . The bulk of this version is intact . However , the current status of the first season is unknown , and is presumed to be lost to wiping . GSN has never rerun the first season of the show , and had always begun with the second season . One episode from the first season exists in the UCLA Television and Film Archive . 1980 -- 1981 , syndication ( edit ) On September 8 , 1980 , a new To Tell the Truth series premiered in syndication . The new series was recorded at the same studio at NBC 's Rockefeller Center complex that the previous series had , and Canadian TV personality Robin Ward served as the host , with Alan Kalter returning as announcer . A new theme and set were commissioned for this edition of Truth . Even though previous regulars Bill Cullen , Peggy Cass , and Kitty Carlisle made frequent appearances , there was no regular panel for this edition . The new Truth aired for one season in syndication , but it never recaptured the popularity of the original , and aired its final episode on September 11 , 1981 . Two games were played , and each wrong vote paid the challengers $100 ; $500 was paid if the entire panel had been fooled . No consolation prize was given if the entire panel correctly identified the subject . After the second game , a new game called `` One on One '' was played with the four impostors from earlier . One fact had been purposely withheld from the panel about one of the impostors and it was up to the panelists to determine correctly to which of the impostors it applied . One at a time , each panelist would be given twenty seconds to question the impostor sitting directly across from them and would then say whether he / she believed the fact applied to that impostor . Wrong votes still paid $100 with $500 paid if the panel did not correctly determine to whom the fact pertained . The 1980 edition of To Tell the Truth was a rarity in that it was still based in New York while nearly all television game show production had moved to California . Both To Tell the Truth and The $50,000 Pyramid were the last two broadcast television game shows to emanate from New York until Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? came to television for the first time in 1999 and taped at the ABC Television Center in Lincoln Square . Millionaire continued to tape in New York until 2013 . New York tapings for game shows were then used in 2016 for two ABC primetime game show revivals , Match Game and The $100,000 Pyramid . 1990 -- 1991 , NBC ( edit ) To Tell the Truth returned to a major broadcast network for a run that lasted just nine months from September 3 , 1990 to May 31 , 1991 . After spending many years originating from New York , the show originated for the first time from California at NBC 's Burbank studio complex . The show 's theme music was an orchestral remix of the 1969 -- 78 theme ( minus the lyrics ) , and the show utilized the block - letter logo from 1973 -- 78 . All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns . The show 's two pilot episodes were hosted by actor Richard Kline with Charlie O'Donnell as announcer , and one of these was accidentally aired on September 3 , 1990 in the Eastern Time Zone markets . When the show first made it to air , A Current Affair reporter Gordon Elliott hosted it , with Burton Richardson announcing and O'Donnell serving as his substitute . After eight weeks , a dispute with Elliott 's former employers in Australia forced him off American television altogether temporarily , and he was replaced with then - frequent panelist Lynn Swann . Swann , in turn , left due to his own conflicts , as he was a reporter for ABC Sports at the time ( ABC Sports not only was carrying Super Bowl XXV at the end of that season ; but also with the National Football League expanding the playoff field from 10 teams to the current 12 ; ABC would have a doubleheader on Saturdays for the first two wild - card games ) , and Alex Trebek was brought in to be the permanent host . Trebek missed two episodes due to his wife going into labor during a taping and Mark Goodson filled in for him . When Trebek took the position on To Tell the Truth , he was already hosting Classic Concentration on NBC and Jeopardy ! in syndication . The celebrity panelists for To Tell the Truth during this period included several of the ' 70s panel stalwarts , including Kitty Carlisle , who appeared on a majority of the shows , taking the fourth and most upstage seat . The first seat , furthest downstage , saw Ron Masak and Orson Bean alternate on the panel for 34 of the 39 weeks the series was on air . The chair next to that was occupied by rotating guests , although voice actress Dana Hill appeared in the seat most often . The third chair most often featured David Niven Jr. as a panelist , although Masak and Bean would also sit there if both were to appear on the same program . Polly Bergen and Peggy Cass , who began appearing on the original series , would appear from time to time , and other frequent panelists included Vicki Lawrence , Cindy Adams , and Betty White . The panelists were introduced in twos , with the male panelists escorting the female panelists down the staircase , followed by the host . For one week , Monty Hall ( who would later replace Bob Hilton as a permanent guest host on the 1990 version of Let 's Make a Deal ) , sat in the first seat . Two games were played with two sets of impostors . Any incorrect votes up to two paid $1,000 . If three of the panelists had voted incorrectly , the players split $1,500 . On the pilot , each incorrect vote earned $500 . If the panel was fooled entirely , the players split $3,000 . After the second game , a new version of the `` One on One '' game from the 1980 series was played . A seventh civilian player was brought out with two stories , and a member of the studio audience was given an opportunity to win money by trying to figure out which of the two stories was true . Each panelist was given the opportunity to ask the contestant one question for each story , and after both stories had been presented the audience member chose which one he / she thought was the truth . After the choice was made , the contestant revealed the right answer and if the audience member came up with it , he / she won $500 . If the contestant stumped the audience member , that player won $1,000 . Occasionally , celebrities whose faces were not well known would attempt to stump the audience during this part of the game . For example , Hank Ketcham , the creator of Dennis the Menace and a challenger on the original To Tell the Truth in May 1962 , tried during one episode to convince an audience member that he was really the songwriter to `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( Johnny Marks had actually done this ) , but was unsuccessful in doing so . 2000 -- 2002 , syndication ( edit ) The show then had a two - year run in syndication , starting in 2000 , with John O'Hurley hosting , and Burton Richardson returning as the announcer . The series was again produced at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . Gary Stockdale supplied the music for this edition . In most markets , it was paired up with Family Feud , which was then hosted by Louie Anderson ; O'Hurley would eventually host Feud from 2006 to 2010 . Actor Meshach Taylor was the only regular to appear on every episode of this edition , while Paula Poundstone was a regular during the first season . Panelists appearing in at least 6 weeks of episodes included Brooke Burns , Dave Coulier , Brad Sherwood , Traci Bingham , Kim Coles , and Cindy Margolis . The show 's website touted Coles and Burns as regulars for season two in place of Poundstone , though neither panelist was featured in every show that year . Kitty Carlisle appeared as a panelist for one episode in the first season , making her the only panelist to have appeared on all incarnations of this show to that point . It was Carlisle 's final appearance in the franchise , due to her death in 2007 . This edition of To Tell the Truth brought back the audience vote that the original series had last used . Their vote was revealed after the panel had cast their votes , just before O'Hurley asked for the subject to identify themself . Each incorrect vote paid $1,000 , with a maximum of $5,000 available if the challengers managed to completely fool both the panel and the audience . ( A tie in the audience vote or panel disqualification counted as a wrong vote , as they had in previous versions . ) In the first several weeks of shows , a game that resulted in five incorrect votes was worth $10,000 for the challengers . According to Steve Beverly 's tvgameshows.net , this edition of Truth never received a rating higher than 1.8 . It was cancelled on January 28 , 2002 , only 96 episodes into its second season . However , repeats continued to air through March 15 , 2002 . All episodes of this series exist and have aired on GSN in reruns . 2016 -- present , ABC ( edit ) ABC ordered six episodes of the show , hosted by Anthony Anderson , which taped in July 2015 and began airing on ABC on June 14 , 2016 . Anderson is the second African - American host of the franchise ; the first was Lynn Swann in the short - lived NBC daytime version from 1990 . The first season featured three regular panelists : Betty White , NeNe Leakes and Jalen Rose . White would then gain the distinction of appearing on all three broadcast network versions of the show . Guest panelists included Tracee Ellis Ross , Iliza Shlesinger , Mike Tyson , Brooks Wheelan , Yvette Nicole Brown , and Daymond John . The 2016 version also included a house band , Cheche and His Band of Liars , as well as Doris Day Bowman , Anderson 's mother , as the `` scorekeeper . '' The 2016 version of the show departed from prior versions in a number of ways : Episodes lasted 60 minutes rather than 30 minutes . Contestants did not always claim to have the same name ; some introduced themselves solely by claiming the central character 's story . The questioning period was not split distinctly among the panelists , and Anderson and Bowman occasionally participated in the questioning . Once in each episode , the two impostors from a round participated in `` Before You Go , '' a second round in which one was the central character and the other was again an impostor . Many episodes ended with a stunt performed by one of the central characters . The panelists received one point for correctly identifying central characters , except in the final round , for which two points were awarded . While no mention was made of financial compensation for the impostors or the central characters , the losing panelist ( in the event of a tie , Bowman chooses the loser ) was subjected to `` Tweet a Lie , '' in which the host would post an embarrassing tweet to that panelist 's Twitter account , which they could not delete for the next 24 hours . On August 4 , 2016 , ABC announced it had renewed the show for a second season . The second season debuted January 1 , 2017 . The house band and regular panelists was eliminated ( although Rose still made occasional appearances ) ; Bowman still appeared on each episode . The second season resumed , with new episodes , beginning June 21 , 2017 . Starting with the September 11 , 2017 episode , the scoring system changed from 1 / 2 points per round to 10 / 20 , and the losing panelist became the subject of a `` Fake News '' story read by Anderson ( replacing `` Tweet a Lie '' ) . Also starting with this episode , Anderson took over announcing duties and the set was given some updates . ABC announced that the show would air on Sundays in its 2017 fall schedule , but later delayed the show to the summer 2018 schedule . New celebrity panelists included Mel Brooks and 1990 - 91 series host Trebek , who returns to the show as a panelist , the first former host to appear on a subsequent version as a panelist . ( Two former hosts had appeared on the same run of that series as panelists . ) Merchandise ( edit ) A board game was released by Lowell in 1957 . During the run of the 2000 version , a single - player online game was offered by the short - lived website Uproar.com , and promoted by John O'Hurley at the end of each episode . A video slot machine game , based on the 1969 version , was released to American casinos nationwide by Bally Gaming Systems in 2002 . International versions ( edit ) Country Name Host ( s ) TV station Premiere Finale Australia Tell the Truth George Foster Nine Network 1959 1965 Mike Williamson Earle Bailey Network Ten 1971 1972 Canada ( in English ) To Tell the Truth Don Cameron CTV 1962 1964 Germany Sag die Wahrheit ( `` Tell the Truth '' ) Guido Baumann Hans Sachs Wolf Mittler Hans Stotz Bernd Stephan Gerd Rubenbauer Michael Antwerpes ARD 1959 1971 Bayerischer Rundfunk 1986 1995 SWR 2003 present Greece Betty Livanou YENED 1972 present Indonesia To Tell the Truth Andhika Pratama Metro TV 2018 present Italy La verità ( `` The Truth '' ) Marco Balestri Canale 5 1991 Rete 4 1991 1995 Netherlands Wie van de Drie ( `` Which of the Three '' ) Nand Baert Pim Jacobs Herman Emmink Flip van der Schalie Fred Oster Caroline Tensen Rob van Hulst Jos Kuijer Joop Braakhekke Ron Brandsteder AVRO 1963 1985 RTL4 1991 1991 AVRO Omroep MAX 2013 Norway På ære og samvittighet ( of Honor ) Kari Borg Mannsåker Gunnar Haarberg NRK 1958 1962 1970 1970 1986 1986 Thailand สาบาน ว่า พูด จริง ( `` Sworn Truth '' ) To Tell the Truth Sunya Kunakon ONE 2016 2017 Turkey Üç Yalancı ( Three Liars ) Cenk Koray Olcay Poyraz Üstün Savcı Göktay Alpman TRT 1970s 1970s Channel 1 Ukraine Самозванці Samozvantsi ( `` Imposters '' ) Anton Lirnyk ICTV 2011 2012 United Kingdom Tell the Truth McDonald Hobley ITV September 17 , 1957 September 6 , 1961 David Jacobs Shaw Taylor Graeme Garden Channel 4 April 17 , 1983 November 22 , 1985 Fred Dinenage ITV April 11 , 1989 October 26 , 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/69-OCR/1969-03-17-BC-OCR-Page-0041.pdf#search=%22firestone%20truth%22 Jump up ^ http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/80-OCR/1980-03-31-BC-OCR-Page-0033.pdf#search=%22to%20tell%20the%20truth%22 Jump up ^ `` Image # 9 - The David Schwartz Collection '' . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Book Search : Watching TV : Four Decades of American Television '' . Google Books . Jump up ^ `` The G-T Big 4 : To Tell the Truth ( CBS Nighttime ) '' Retrieved 3 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Monty Hall makes ' Deal ' for classic games '' . USA TODAY. 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Time Access Rule '' Retrieved 24 September 2007 ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest : January 1977 ^ Jump up to : `` Garry Moore , 78 , the Cheery Host Of Long - Running TV Series , Dies '' . New York Times . 1993 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` To Tell The Truth episode guide ( 1971 -- 72 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The result of the sliding doors are similar to the sliding doors on The Price is Right . To Tell The Truth episode guide ( 1972 -- 73 ) '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Baber , David . `` A new show , an unexpected event '' . Television Game Show Hosts : Biographies of 32 Stars . pp. 266 -- 267 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Announces Its 2016 Summer Primetime Schedule '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ABC to Revive ' To Tell the Truth ' as Comedic Game / Variety Show '' . Variety . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- to tell the truth on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews All Four Game Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Alex ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Match Game and To Tell the Truth to Return In January '' . Buzzerblog.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's 2017 - 2018 Fall TV Lineup : Everything You Need to Know '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . External links ( edit ) To Tell the Truth @ pearsontv.com To Tell the Truth ( O'Hurley era ) site To Tell the Truth ( Anderson era ) site To Tell the Truth on the Web offers a look at the various versions over the years . It also contains an episode guide for the 1990 - 91 and 2000 - 02 series . To Tell the Truth ( 1956 -- 68 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1969 -- 78 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1980 -- 81 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 1990 -- 91 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 2000 -- 2002 ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth ( 2016 -- ) on IMDb To Tell the Truth at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Formula One Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Dancing with the Stars : Juniors ( 2018 ) A Million Little Things ( 2018 ) The Conners ( 2018 ) The Kids Are Alright ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( 2018 ) Single Parents ( 2018 ) GMA Day ( 2018 ) Grand Hotel ( 2019 ) The Fix ( 2019 ) Schooled ( 2019 ) Whiskey Cavalier ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Tell_the_Truth&oldid=851264247 '' Categories : 1950s American television series 1956 American television series debuts 1960s American television series 1968 American television series endings 1969 American television series debuts 1970s American television series 1978 American television series endings 1980 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1981 American television series endings 1990 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 1991 American television series endings 2000 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2002 American television series endings 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American game shows CBS network shows English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Panel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions American television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles using Template : The Interviews title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did to tell the truth first air	[ "To Tell the Truth was to have premiered on Tuesday, December 18, 1956, on CBS in prime time as Nothing But The Truth, but the program title was changed to To Tell the Truth the day before the show's debut. (There was one pilot episode titled \"Nothing But The Truth\", and the pilot / planned title, and the eventual title, both derive from the standard English court oath \"to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.\")\nThe series was recorded in New York City; initially at CBS-TV Studio 52, moving to Studio 50 late in its run. The existence of an audience ticket for a taping indicates that the show originated in color at the CBS Broadcast Center in late 1966.[3]\n" ]	[ "Tuesday, December 18, 1956" ]
757344368111215039	International studies	International Studies - wikipedia International Studies For the journal , see International Studies ( journal ) . International Studies ( IS ) generally refers to the specific university degrees and courses which are concerned with the study of ' the major political , economic , social , and cultural issues that dominate the international agenda ' . Predominant topics are politics , economics and law on a global level . The term itself can be more specifically defined as ' the contemporary and historical understanding of global societies , cultures , languages and systems of government and of the complex relationships between them that shape the world we live in ' . The terms and concepts of International Studies and international relations are strongly related ; however , International relations focus more directly on the relationship between countries , whereas International Studies can encompass all phenomena which are globally oriented . Contents 1 History 2 Etymology 3 Purpose / aim of study 4 Types of programs 5 Types of studies 6 Different countries ' approaches 6.1 Australia 6.2 Canada 6.3 Chile 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 6.6 Career prospects 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The history of the discipline of International Studies is strongly linked with the history of the study of international relations , as described in the International Relations entry . However , the study of International Studies as a separate entity to International Relations emerged throughout the 20th century , as an increasingly complex world began to be influenced by globalization , and a greater number of issues emerged ( rather than only inter-country relations ) . The discipline was greatly influenced by the establishment of the International Studies Association , which was established in 1959 by a ' group of academics and practitioners ' with the aim of ' seeking to pursue mutual interests in world affairs through the organization of a professional association ' . The establishment of the association reflected the increasing interest in global issues and reflected the need for international academic dialogue . Throughout the later stages of the 20th century and into the 21st century , many education institutions worldwide developed International Studies degrees ( both undergraduate and postgraduate ) . The emergence and increasing popularity of these degrees reflect the general patterns of increasing global interconnectedness and globalization , in that education providers , are becoming more aware that the discipline is becoming increasingly relevant and necessary in the context of the 21st century . The discipline has become increasingly popular in Australia as well as in East Asian countries . Dr. Hanson and Dr. Weber of the University of Queensland state that ; ' Australia has become a highly popular destination for students wishing to undertake Coursework , Masters and Ph. D. programs in International Relations , Peace and Conflict Studies and Development . Collectively , these inter-related fields have come to be called International Studies , and many of Australia 's universities have responded to the increasing demand for programs in this area ' In 2008 , the third OCIS conference ( Oceanic Conference on International Studies ) was held at the University of Queensland ' . The conference brought together over 200 academics , with the keynote speaker Andrew Linklater ( the Woodrow Wilson Professor of International Politics at the University of Aberystwyth in Wales ) noting ' how vibrant and intellectually stimulating International Studies now is in Australia ' ' . The increasing popularity of the discipline in Australia led to the International Studies Association to establish an Asia - Pacific Regional Section of the ISA at the University of Queensland in 2009 ' , which was seen as an ' indication of the growth of this area ' ' in Australia . Etymology ( edit ) International Studies is sometimes also known as global studies . The terms can be used interchangeably and may be influenced by left vs right inclinations . Purpose / aim of study ( edit ) Many educational institutions have developed International Studies degrees and courses in order to engage students with the increasing number of issues and phenomena which have arisen in an increasingly globalized world . As such , most education providers justify the need for the degrees by relating the increasing importance of the discipline with real - world situations and employment opportunities . For example , the University of Technology Sydney states that the purpose of their International Studies degree is to ' prepare graduates for careers and contributions in a world of social and cultural diversity being transformed by globalisation , allowing students to draw connections between global phenomena and local practices in work and life ' . Often , universities will relate the study of International studies with other industries . Monash University describes the relevance for International Studies ; ' as the world globalizes and nations and economies become more integrated , it is important to understand our world and the ideas and beliefs of our neighbors and trading partners . In order to compete in the international marketplaces of products , ideas and knowledge we need to understand and respect the cultures and beliefs of others . Types of programs ( edit ) At many universities , International Studies is offered in both undergraduate and postgraduate pathways . As an undergraduate degree , the discipline is most often offered as part of an Arts Degree , as either a minor or major of straight Arts Degrees or as specialist Arts Degrees . It is also often offered as a postgraduate degree as an honors or masters as a progression from the undergraduate degrees offered by the various institutions . Types of Studies ( edit ) The International Studies discipline is usually offered as either part of an arts degree or as a specialist arts degree . As such , students are able to select from a very broad range of subjects to undertake . However , some areas of study which are regularly offered include : the political , social , economic and cultural relationships within the international system foreign policy , diplomacy and other modes of interaction between the countries of the world the significance of foreign societies , cultures , and systems of government the international movement of people as immigrants , refugees , workers , students , tourists and investors the role of international organizations the globalization of the world economy foreign languages history Different countries ' approaches ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) As discussed , the study of the International Studies discipline in Australia occurs mostly within universities and generally approaches the subject as a holistic study of international affairs and phenomena . The study is also offered in some Australian high schools . The VCE system , operating within Victoria , offers International Studies as an elective to year 12 students . The two units offered in International Studies VCE are ' Global issues and conflicts ' and ' International Relations ' . Canada ( edit ) There are several International Studies programs in Canada that offer both undergraduate and graduate degrees . The Glendon College International Studies Program , the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University , the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto , the Balsillie School of International Affairs , the Centre for Global Studies at Huron University College , Centre d'études et de Recherches Internationales de l'Université de Montréal , International Studies degree at the University of Regina , the International Studies MA Program at the University of Northern British Columbia and the Institut québécois des hautes études internationales are the leading programs . Chile ( edit ) In Chile there is two undergraduated program . The oldest , International Studies undergraduate program which is offered by the Universidad de Santiago de Chile . This programme emphasises four core areas : International Relations , Methodology , International Trade , and Defense and Security . This programme has also been recognized through the participation of their students in different simulations of the United Nations System , like the National Model of United Nations NMUN in New York and Kobe 2016 , and in the Modelo Naciones Unidas para Latinoamerica y el Caribe ( MONULAC ) in Antigua . The university opened this undergraduate programme in 2008 and it represents a very promising development in the study of the Social Sciences in Latin America . The Instituto de Estudios Avanzados ( IDEA ) of the same university also offers a Masters in International Studies . In 2018 also , the de open a same programm in cooperation between differents academic units like Facso and United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK the British International Studies Association ( BISA ) develops and promotes the study of International Studies , Global Politics and related subjects through teaching , research and the facilitation of contact between scholars . International Studies is often related to or attached to the study in International Relations . At the University of Oxford , the Centre for International Studies `` exists to promote and advance research in International Relations '' . In this sense the use of the term International Studies differs to that of the Australian use of the term in that it is tied to the discipline of International Relations , rather than addressing them as separate entities . The Institute of Development Studies ( IDS ) ) based in Sussex , is a leading global charity for international development research , teaching , and communications . United States ( edit ) There exist a number of institutions which promote International Studies in the United States of America . The Centre for Strategic & International Studies is a foreign policy think tank which aims to ' provide strategic insights and policy solutions to decisionmakers in government , international institutions , the private sector , and civil society ' . The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is a research center based at Stanford University which is a ' primary center for innovative research on major international issues and challenges ' . Both institutions focus primarily on the study of international affairs and relations in relation to US foreign policy , and therefore differ in the Australian approach to International Studies . Alternatively , the undergraduate International Studies program at St. John Fisher College in Rochester , NY is a holistic program that more closely follows the Australian model . < http://www.sjfc.edu/academics/arts-science/departments/international > Career prospects ( edit ) As stated , many institutions attempt to promote their International Studies degrees by promoting the career prospects for graduates . The University of Melbourne has stated that graduates of its International Studies major will be ' attractive to prospective employees in the public and private sectors including international inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations ' . Similarly , RMIT University has stated that ' the degree prepares you to apply your knowledge of globalization , language and culture in international workplace settings ' , such as ' business , government and non-government organizations in a range of areas ' . The discipline is also working under a premise that employment opportunities in the field of International Studies will steadily increase with the increasing level of interconnectedness which is occurring as a result of globalisation ; ' Opportunities for positions requiring international knowledge and skills are increasing and have created a need for graduates who are highly skilled , interculturally attuned and able to think and act globally / locally , as well as being bilingual ' . See also ( edit ) Development Cooperation Issues Development Cooperation Stories Development Cooperation Testimonials International relations International Students International Studies Association Global studies Graduate Institute of International Studies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The British International Studies Association ( 2016 ) . About International Studies . Viewed 3 / 4 / 2017 < https://www.bisa.ac.uk/index.php/119-about-international-studies/420-about-international-studies > ^ Jump up to : Flinders University . ( 2010 ) . Bachelor of International Studies . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.flinders.edu.au/courses/undergrad/bis/ > Jump up ^ International Studies Association . ( 2010 ) . Welcome to ISA . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.isanet.org/ > ^ Jump up to : International Studies Association . ( 2010 ) . History and Purpose . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.isanet.org/history_purpose/2007/12/history-of-isa.html > ^ Jump up to : International Graduate , Australia . ( 2010 ) . International Studies in Australia . Viewed 21 / 9 / 10 < http://www.internationalgraduate.net/country/australia/international-studies-australia.htm > Jump up ^ University of Technology Sydney : Arts and Social Sciences . ( 2010 ) . Global Studies . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > Jump up ^ ' Monash University : Arts . ( 2010 ) . International Studies Program . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://arts.monash.edu.au/historical-studies/international/ > Jump up ^ Monash University : Arts . ( 2010 ) . International Studies Program . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://arts.monash.edu.au/historical-studies/international/ > Jump up ^ The University of Melbourne , Faculty of Arts . ( 2007 ) . International Studies . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > Jump up ^ University of South Australia : Program Information -- 2010 . ( 2010 ) . Bachelor of Arts ( International Studies ) . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > Jump up ^ University of New South Wales : Arts and Social Sciences - School of Social Sciences and International Studies . ( 2010 ) . International Studies . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > Jump up ^ The University of Queensland : School of Political and International Studies . ( 2010 ) . Undergraduate Programs . Viewed 22 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > Jump up ^ RMIT University : Future Students. ( 2010 ) . International Studies -- Bachelor of Arts ( Honours ) . Viewed 22 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.rmit.edu.au/programs/bh049 > ^ Jump up to : Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority . ( 2010 ) . International Studies . Viewed 22 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/vce/studies/intstudies/internationalindex.html > Jump up ^ `` Brillante desempeño de nuestros estudiantes en `` Debates Modelo '' de la ONU `` . Universidad de Santiago de Chile . Jump up ^ Campo , Valentina del . `` Estudiantes de la FAE son reconocidos en conferencia latinoamericana de Modelo de Naciones Unidas '' . fae.usach.cl . Jump up ^ Universidad de Chile Jump up ^ Instituto de Estudios Internacionales Jump up ^ About Us , University of Oxford : Centre for International Studies , Retrieved December 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Center for Strategic & International Studies . ( 2010 ) . About Us . Viewed 22 / 9 / 2010 < http://csis.org/about-us > Jump up ^ Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University . ( 2010 ) . Introduction . Viewed 22 / 9 / 2010 < http://fsi.stanford.edu/docs/about_fsi > Jump up ^ The university of Melbourne , Faculty of Arts . ( 2007 ) . International Studies . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) > ^ Jump up to : RMIT University : Future Students. ( 2010 ) . International Studies -- Bachelor of Arts . Viewed 21 / 9 / 2010 < http://www.rmit.edu.au/programs/bp048 > Further reading ( edit ) International Studies Association Publications. ( 1 ) Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies. ( 2 ) International Graduate Article. 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-2009071189693120731	100 episodes	100 episodes - wikipedia 100 episodes Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the U.S. television industry , 100 episodes is the traditional threshold for a television series to become viable for syndication . One hundred episodes are advantageous for stripped syndication because it allows for 20 weeks of weekday reruns ( depending on the number of episodes produced once the program debuts in syndication ) without repeating an episode , and such shows can be sold for higher per episode pricing . It is unclear when conventional wisdom came to decide that 100 episodes was the ideal . One of the first series made specifically for syndication , the 1953 - 55 sitcom Life with Elizabeth , purposely ended its run after only 65 episodes , concerned that producing more would saturate the market and reduce the syndication package 's value . In recent years , the minimum number of episodes for off - network , stripped syndication has been set at 88 ( typically four seasons of 22 episodes ) , although some programs have been relatively successful in syndication with fewer episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Successes 2 Disappointments 3 Niche genres 3.1 Game shows 3.2 Cartoons and children 's programming 3.3 Reality television 4 References Successes ( edit ) Syndication is often a profitable enterprise because series can be rerun for years after they end production . Shows of limited profitability during their first run will still prove to be viable to the production company if they can last 100 episodes . This point is usually reached during a series ' fifth season . Examples of per - season number of episodes for some highly rated programs Decade Program Episodes 1950s I Love Lucy 31 ( 1952 -- 53 ) The Jack Benny Program 16 ( 1955 -- 56 ) 1960s The Beverly Hillbillies 36 ( 1963 -- 64 ) The Andy Griffith Show 30 ( 1966 -- 67 ) 1970s All in the Family 24 ( 1974 -- 75 ) Happy Days 26 ( 1978 -- 79 ) 1980s Dallas 30 ( 1983 -- 84 ) The Cosby Show 25 ( 1986 -- 87 ) 1990s Cheers 26 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Seinfeld 24 ( 1994 -- 95 ) 2000s CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 23 ( 2003 -- 04 ) The Mentalist 23 ( 2008 -- 09 ) 2010s Person of Interest 22 -- 23 ( 2012 -- 13 ) Shows that have produced fewer episodes have become syndication successes , in some cases prompting additional episodes to be commissioned specifically for syndication to reach the 100 - episode mark . WKRP in Cincinnati was a major success in syndication despite having only produced 90 episodes , eventually prompting 47 additional episodes to be produced a decade after the original ended . The Monkees , a show that lasted only 58 episodes and two seasons , went on to be rerun extensively in the decades that followed . The Honeymooners was a series spun off in 1955 - 56 from sketches of the same name that aired on The Jackie Gleason Show , an hour - long variety program ( 1952 -- 55 ) . While only 39 episodes of The Honeymooners were produced , there were enough Honeymooners sketches from The Jackie Gleason Show ( which ran again in the 1956 - 57 season and would be revived in the 1960s ) to compile a syndication package with over 100 episodes . Mama 's Family was put into syndication despite having only 35 episodes at the time of its cancellation ; the surprise success of the show in syndication prompted the syndicator to rush the show back into production , which led to an additional 95 episodes over four seasons in first - run syndication . More recently , Clueless had reasonable success in syndication , especially on cable , even though only 62 episodes had been produced by the time the series ended in 1999 . Chappelle 's Show entered syndication despite only producing 33 episodes , five of which were clip shows . Series which have entered the public domain , such as Dusty 's Trail , Meet Corliss Archer and Life with Elizabeth are sometimes aired regardless of the number of episodes because there is no licensing fee . Dramas , which do not require daily runs , have also had success in syndication with shorter runs . For example , Lost in Space ceased production in 1968 after 84 episodes because of declining ratings , but did well in syndication for a number of years . The original Star Trek series had only 79 episodes available when its network run ended in 1969 , but after its considerable success in syndication , it spawned multiple feature films and five spin - off series . Other examples include The Prisoner and Hondo , both successfully syndicated for more than 30 years despite having only 17 episodes produced . The original 1978 series Battlestar Galactica and its spin - off Galactica 1980 produced a combined 34 episodes , yet it not only remains in syndication but it also led to a 2003 reimagining that lasted for 75 episodes . In 2014 , AMC released The Walking Dead for reruns on MyNetworkTV after 51 episodes had aired ; that series was still in production at the time , and MyNetworkTV airs its shows once a week instead of in a daily strip . The growth of cable and satellite television has prompted channels to rerun series more often , with fewer episodes . Reruns of a particular show may air multiple times a day , several days a week , despite having only one or two seasons of episodes produced . In recent years , the 100 - episode milestone for syndication has been lowered to 88 episodes , which is typically reached after four seasons . Shows approaching the 88 - episode target are often renewed despite low ratings in order to ensure syndication . Production companies can offer discounts on licensing fees to networks to encourage renewal . Shows that are approaching the 88 - episode syndication milestone while suffering from poor ratings are often moved to graveyard slots on Friday or Saturday in order to burn off remaining episodes . An extreme example of a show renewed primarily for syndication purposes was ' Til Death . ' Til Death was pulled from Fox 's lineup just seven episodes into its third season , after it had fallen out of the top 100 in the primetime ratings . Cancellation seemed imminent , but ' Til Death was renewed for a fourth season after Sony Pictures Entertainment offered Fox a discount on the licensing fee . Unaired episodes from the third season were broadcast alongside fourth season episodes from October 2009 through June 2010 ( a total of 37 episodes ) , including four new episodes airing in a Christmas Day `` marathon '' and two new episodes being scheduled against Super Bowl XLIV with the knowledge that these episodes would have minuscule ratings . The overlapped seasons led to some comical confusion , because three different actresses played the part of Allison Stark during this span of episodes . The show eventually reached 81 episodes , and debuted in off - network syndication in the fall of 2011 . Disappointments ( edit ) Reaching the 100 - episode milestone does not guarantee successful syndication , even for sitcoms . December Bride was an early example : highly rated during its original broadcast run , it bombed in syndication . Michael Dann , who scheduled December Bride during its network run , soon realized that this was because the show had been picking up ratings from its lead - in , I Love Lucy . Becker , for instance , ran for 129 episodes and had high first - run ratings for four of its six seasons , yet was only briefly released to broadcast stations in syndication before a move to HDNet , which took many broadcast programs in the late 1990s and early - to - mid 2000s which did not reach 100 episodes early in its history mainly because they were among the first produced in high - definition television ; Universal HD pursued the same programming strategy ( Becker would return to a wider audience when Antenna TV picked up the series in 2017 ) . Yes , Dear ( 122 episodes ) and Grace Under Fire ( 112 episodes ) also never made any significant impact in local syndication , though Yes , Dear has become a fixture on the schedules of both Nick @ Nite and TBS , while Grace Under Fire was a minor success in building the viewership of Oxygen , which was co-owned by Grace producer Carsey - Werner - Mandabach in its early years . Another successful first - run show to fare poorly in syndication is Night Court ( 193 episodes ) . The series Empty Nest ( 170 episodes ) though having a seven year run in syndication from 1993 to 2000 on both superstations TBS and WGN , was not run in syndication on American television for over a decade . Returning briefly to The Hallmark Channel in 2011 and then to Laff in 2015 . Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ( 101 episodes ) has aired sporadically in syndication since it first started airing in off - network syndication in 1996 . There are also cases , such as Mad About You ( 164 episodes ) and Newsradio ( 97 episodes ) , where a series was expected to do well in syndication but ended up with disappointing ratings and revenue . Reasons include dated references in early seasons , or plotlines in later seasons that fall flat , causing the series to end up being defined by that one plot line or season rather than as a whole , changing the audience 's perception . It also occasionally occurs that a marginally performing show that is approaching the syndication threshold will be canceled because the show is not expected to perform well enough in syndication to make it worth the first - run production cost . Such was the case with 8 Simple Rules , a sitcom that lasted three seasons and 76 episodes . ABC thought that the show 's change of direction partway through the series ( forced by the sudden death of the show 's star , John Ritter ) would make the show less palatable for syndication . The network declined to renew the series for a fourth season , which would have produced the remaining 24 episodes to make syndication otherwise viable . 8 Simple Rules would eventually be internally syndicated by Disney - ABC Domestic Television to ABC Family as well as to The WB and The CW for their `` Daytime '' block . Another example was the marginally - performing 1990s sitcom Anything But Love ; in an unusual case , it was the 20th Century Fox ( the production company ) , and not the network ( ABC ) , who pulled the plug on the show in 1992 after 56 episodes , having calculated that the show would not get renewed for a fifth season and would be unprofitable in first - run syndication . Niche genres ( edit ) The 100 - episode threshold is generally applied solely to scripted prime time programming , since sitcoms and dramas are the most prevalent in syndicated reruns . Other programming may follow different patterns . Game shows ( edit ) On rare occasions , game shows have been rerun on broadcast television . Despite having very high output as far as numbers of episodes ( a typical 13 - week run of even an unsuccessful game show yielded 65 episodes ) , most networks instead opted to recycle the tapes of those shows , as it was reasoned at the time as a more profitable practice than trying to sell reruns of daytime programming . The practice of rerunning some of the most popular game shows in syndication was rare , but not unheard of , in the 1970s and 1980s ; Gambit was rerun in 1978 and Match Game was rerun in syndication in 1985 . With the advent of cable channels , rerunning game shows has become more common ; for instance , Merv Griffin 's Crosswords , which lasted one season and 225 episodes in syndication during the 2007 - 08 season , has been continuously rerun from that point onward , either in syndication or on current channel RTV . GSN has rerun several game shows that ran less than 100 episodes , including Greed ( 44 episodes ) , Dog Eat Dog ( 26 episodes ) , Power of 10 ( 18 episodes ) , and perhaps the most extreme case , Million Dollar Password , which ran for only 12 episodes . Even among shows with hundreds ( and even thousands ) of episodes , since the early 2010s , GSN typically has only acquired the rights to 50 to 65 episodes at a time for most series . Cartoons and children 's programming ( edit ) Rerunning children 's programming generally requires fewer episodes than programming for adults . For most children 's series , reruns are aired for a short period of time after the series finishes production , then are replaced . For weekly series , this practice dates to at least the 1960s , when Saturday morning cartoons would , after the end of their 13 - week run , begin rerunning continuously for about a year until being replaced by the next show , either new or archival . During the 1970s , 22 episodes was typically the number a producer sought in order for an animated program to be rerun beyond its first year . After several years , once the previous generation of children outgrew the show , it could be reintroduced for the next younger generation by airing reruns . For shows that are rerun daily , the time span is usually on the order of months . `` In 1985 , when Robotech was first broadcast , there was a minimum 65 - episode requirement for daily strip syndication . '' Reality television ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Syndication thresholds for reality television vary widely depending on the subgenre of the program . Reality series that are self - contained and originally aired on network television , such as Fear Factor , America 's Funniest Home Videos , Wipeout and Cops , typically follow similar patterns to other network series in that once such a show reaches 100 episodes , it can ( and often is ) sold into syndication , albeit typically at a price somewhat lower than scripted programming , and can be aired daily . Annual and semi-annual contests have been a relative failure in syndication ; although these shows typically draw very high ratings in their first runs and produce a number of episodes on par with ( if not exceeding ) scripted programs , the cast changeovers each season , the serial format that requires stations broadcast the episodes in sequential order , combined with the loss of the element of surprise and the lack of media buzz that drives many popular reality shows ' first - run ratings means that shows like Survivor and Dancing with the Stars garner little interest in reruns , especially when traditionally stripped as scripted series are . Cable networks may play such programs by the season in marathons , a strategy that has seen mixed success ; both Survivor on OLN and Dancing with the Stars on GSN ended up not going further than their first run in syndication on those individual networks , while America 's Next Top Model has had a consistent afterlife in cable reruns airing in this manner . Another issue in syndicating a reality series is licensing ; shows that rely heavily on music , a format popular in the late 2000s and early 2010s , require that the music used in the show be licensed , which discourages the rerunning of the show . American Idol Rewind , which repackaged the first five seasons of the popular reality contest American Idol , ran for four seasons in syndication , with one of the five seasons being compressed into three half - hour episodes because of problems securing rights to the music for that season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry Garron ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Anatomy of a hit : George Lopez '' . Hollywood Reporter . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John Dempsey ( September 14 , 2003 ) . `` Cablers raise syndie stakes '' . Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( July 6 , 2004 ) . `` Duo ' Standing ' tall in 20th deal '' . Variety . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Seidman ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bubble Watch Season Finale : On Fringe , Chuck , and V One More Time '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . What 's so magical about 88 episodes ? The prevailing Hollywood mindset is that 88 episodes is the minimum number of episodes necessary to be able to ' strip ' a show in syndication , i.e. , run it Monday -- Friday at the same time . All shows , regardless of number of episodes can be sold into syndication , but shows that can be stripped can command higher per - episode pricing . The magic number for being able to strip a show in syndication used to be 100 but at least for the last few years it has been 88 . Jump up ^ Tucker , David C. ( 2007 ) . The Women Who Made Television Funny : Ten Stars of 1950s Sitcoms . McFarland . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 48732 - 1 . Jump up ^ WKRP in Cincinnati TV.com Show Summary , retrieved 05 - 21 - 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) TV.com -- The Jackie Gleason Show . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Dorothy . `` Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD . Jump up ^ `` TeenNick ( Creator ) - TV Tropes '' . tvtropes.org . Jump up ^ Lost in Space Forever , DVD , Twentieth Century Fox , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Beings Maveric Lions : The History of TVs Lost in Space '' . galaxybeingsmavericlions.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ ABC Medianet ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Season Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting . `` ' Til Death Fact Sheet '' Archived July 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... FoxFlash.com . Press release . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( January 24 , 2010 ) `` Kate Micucci : ' Really exciting things are starting to happen ' '' The Morning Call . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Archived September 4 , 2010 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Fox Broadcasting . ( March 2010 ) `` Primetime Schedule Mar 7 - 13 '' . FoxFlash.com . Press release . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Archived September 4 , 2010 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 23 March 2010 ) . `` Fox finally finds a way to kill `` ' Til Death '' `` . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody 's watching : The strange genius of the fourth season of ' Til Death '' . avclub.com . Jump up ^ `` WGN America Fall 2011 Schedule ; MeTV Network Celebrates Lucille Ball 's 100th Birthday With 100 Episodes of Lucy Series - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Spike TV Fall 2011 Schedule Adds 2 Sitcoms ; TCA Summer 2011 Press Tour : Cable - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ Davis , Alex . GSN Refreshes Classics Lineup with New `` Press Your Luck '' , `` Password '' , `` Match Game '' , and `` Sale of the Century '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Barry ; Chris Kreski ( 1992 ) . Growing Up Brady : I was a Teenage Greg . Good Guy Entertainment . p. 300 . ISBN 0 - 9673785 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fredale , Jennifer Ph. D. ( 2008 ) `` The rhetorics of context : An ethics of belonging '' University of Arizona Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100_episodes&oldid=799433013 '' Categories : Television terminology Television syndication Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2011 Articles that may contain original research from May 2011 All articles that may contain original research Use mdy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 18 : 14 . 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-7182789649016432720	2007 in the United States	2007 in the United States - wikipedia 2007 in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . 2007 in the United States Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Flag 50 stars ( 1960 -- present ) Timeline of United States history History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Events from the year 2007 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Incumbents 1.1 Federal Government 1.2 Governors 1.3 Lieutenant Governors 2 Events 2.1 January 2.2 February 2.3 March 2.4 April 2.5 May 2.6 June 2.7 July 2.8 August 2.9 September 2.10 October 2.11 November 2.12 December 2.13 Ongoing 3 Births 4 Deaths 4.1 January 4.2 February 4.3 March 4.4 April 4.5 May 4.6 June 4.7 July 4.8 August 4.9 September 4.10 October 4.11 November 4.12 December 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Incumbents ( edit ) Federal Government ( edit ) President : George W. Bush ( R - Texas ) Vice President : Dick Cheney ( R - Wyoming ) Chief Justice : John Roberts ( New York ) Speaker of the House of Representatives : Dennis Hastert ( R -- Illinois ) ( until January 3 ) , Nancy Pelosi ( D -- California ) ( starting January 4 ) Senate Majority Leader : Bill Frist ( R -- Tennessee ) ( until January 3 ) , Harry Reid ( D -- Nevada ) ( starting January 3 ) Congress : 109th ( until January 3 ) , 110th ( starting January 3 ) ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors Governors ( edit ) Governor of Alabama : Bob Riley ( Republican ) Governor of Alaska : Sarah Palin ( Republican ) Governor of Arizona : Janet Napolitano ( Democratic ) Governor of Arkansas : Mike Huckabee ( Republican ) ( until January 9 ) , Mike Beebe ( Democratic ) ( starting January 9 ) Governor of California : Arnold Schwarzenegger ( Republican ) Governor of Colorado : Bill Owens ( Republican ) ( until January 9 ) , Bill Ritter ( Democratic ) ( starting January 9 ) Governor of Connecticut : Jodi Rell ( Republican ) Governor of Delaware : Ruth Ann Minner ( Democratic ) Governor of Florida : Jeb Bush ( Republican ) ( until January 2 ) , Charlie Crist ( Republican ) / ( Independent ) ( starting January 2 ) Governor of Georgia : Sonny Perdue ( Republican ) Governor of Hawaii : Linda Lingle ( Republican ) Governor of Idaho : Jim Risch ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , Butch Otter ( Republican ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of Illinois : Rod Blagojevich ( Democratic ) Governor of Indiana : Mitch Daniels ( Republican ) Governor of Iowa : Tom Vilsack ( Democratic ) ( until January 12 ) , Chet Culver ( Democratic ) ( starting January 12 ) Governor of Kansas : Kathleen Sebelius ( Democratic ) Governor of Kentucky : Ernie Fletcher ( Republican ) ( until December 11 ) , Steve Beshear ( Democratic ) ( starting December 11 ) Governor of Louisiana : Kathleen Blanco ( Democratic ) Governor of Maine : John Baldacci ( Democratic ) Governor of Maryland : Robert L. Ehrlich , Jr . ( Republican ) ( until January 17 ) , Martin O'Malley ( Democratic ) ( starting January 17 ) Governor of Massachusetts : Mitt Romney ( Republican ) ( until January 4 ) , Deval Patrick ( Democratic ) ( starting January 4 ) Governor of Michigan : Jennifer Granholm ( Democratic ) Governor of Minnesota : Tim Pawlenty ( Republican ) Governor of Mississippi : Haley Barbour ( Republican ) Governor of Missouri : Matt Blunt ( Republican ) Governor of Montana : Brian Schweitzer ( Democratic ) Governor of Nebraska : Dave Heineman ( Republican ) Governor of Nevada : Kenny Guinn ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , Jim Gibbons ( Republican ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of New Hampshire : John Lynch ( Democratic ) Governor of New Jersey : Jon Corzine ( Democratic ) Governor of New Mexico : Bill Richardson ( Democratic ) Governor of New York : Eliot Spitzer ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Governor of North Carolina : Mike Easley ( Democratic ) Governor of North Dakota : John Hoeven ( Republican ) Governor of Ohio : Bob Taft ( Republican ) ( until January 8 ) , Ted Strickland ( Democratic ) ( starting January 8 ) Governor of Oklahoma : Brad Henry ( Democratic ) Governor of Oregon : Ted Kulongoski ( Democratic ) Governor of Pennsylvania : Ed Rendell ( Democratic ) Governor of Rhode Island : Donald Carcieri ( Republican ) Governor of South Carolina : Mark Sanford ( Republican ) Governor of South Dakota : Mike Rounds ( Republican ) Governor of Tennessee : Phil Bredesen ( Democratic ) Governor of Texas : Rick Perry ( Republican ) Governor of Utah : Jon Huntsman , Jr . ( Republican ) Governor of Vermont : Jim Douglas ( Republican ) Governor of Virginia : Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Governor of Washington : Christine Gregoire ( Democratic ) Governor of West Virginia : Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Governor of Wisconsin : Jim Doyle ( Democratic ) Governor of Wyoming : Dave Freudenthal ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governors ( edit ) Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : Lucy Baxley ( Democratic ) ( until January 15 ) , Jim Folsom , Jr . ( Democratic ) ( starting January 15 ) Lieutenant Governor of Alaska : Sean Parnell ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : vacant ( until January 9 ) , Bill Halter ( Democratic ) ( starting January 9 ) Lieutenant Governor of California : Cruz Bustamante ( Democratic ) ( until January 8 ) , John Garamendi ( Democratic ) ( starting January 8 ) Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Jane E. Norton ( Republican ) ( until January 9 ) , Barbara O'Brien ( Democratic ) ( starting January 9 ) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Kevin B. Sullivan ( Democratic ) ( until January 3 ) , Michael Fedele ( Republican ) ( starting January 3 ) Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : John Carney ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Florida : Toni Jennings ( Republican ) ( until January 2 ) , Jeff Kottkamp ( Republican ) ( starting January 2 ) Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Mark Taylor ( Democratic ) ( until January 8 ) , Casey Cagle ( Republican ) ( starting January 8 ) Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii : Duke Aiona ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : Mark Ricks ( Republican ) ( until January 1 ) , Jim Risch ( Republican ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : Pat Quinn ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Becky Skillman ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Sally Pederson ( Democratic ) ( until January 17 ) , Patty Judge ( Democratic ) ( starting January 17 ) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : John E. Moore ( Democratic ) ( until January 20 ) , Mark Parkinson ( Democratic ) ( starting January 20 ) Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Steve Pence ( Republican ) ( until December 11 ) , Daniel Mongiardo ( Democratic ) ( starting December 11 ) Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : Mitch Landrieu ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Maryland : Michael Steele ( Republican ) ( until January 17 ) , Anthony G. Brown ( Democratic ) ( starting January 17 ) Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Kerry Healey ( Republican ) ( until January 4 ) , Tim Murray ( Democratic ) ( starting January 4 ) Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : John D. Cherry ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : Carol Molnau ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Amy Tuck ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : Peter Kinder ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Montana : John Bohlinger ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Rick Sheehy ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Lorraine Hunt ( Republican ) ( until January 20 ) , Brian Krolicki ( Republican ) ( starting January 20 ) Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Diane Denish ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of New York : David Paterson ( Democratic ) ( starting January 1 ) Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Bev Perdue ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Jack Dalrymple ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : vacant ( until January 8 ) , Lee Fisher ( Democratic ) ( starting January 8 ) Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : Mary Fallin ( Republican ) ( until January 2 ) , Jari Askins ( Democratic ) ( starting January 2 ) Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Catherine Baker Knoll ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : Charles J. Fogarty ( Democratic ) ( until January 2 ) , Elizabeth H. Roberts ( Democratic ) ( starting January 2 ) Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : André Bauer ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Dennis Daugaard ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : John S. Wilder ( Democratic ) ( until January 8 ) , Ron Ramsey ( Republican ) ( starting January 8 ) Lieutenant Governor of Texas : David Dewhurst ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Utah : Gary Herbert ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Brian Dubie ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Bill Bolling ( Republican ) Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Brad Owen ( Democratic ) Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : Barbara Lawton ( Democratic ) Events ( edit ) January ( edit ) January 4 : Nancy Pelosi becomes Speaker of the House . January 4 William Fallon succeeds Gen. John Abizaid as the head of Central Command in Iraq . Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . January 9 War in Somalia : U.S. planes conduct air strikes in Somalia against suspected terrorists . Steve Jobs publicly announces the release of the first iPhone . January 10 -- President Bush announces a plan to station 21,500 additional troops in Iraq . January 12 -- The U.S. Embassy in Athens is attacked with a rocket propelled grenade , which causes minimal damage and no injuries . January 28 -- A battle between insurgents and U.S. - backed Iraqi troops kills 300 suspected resistance members in Najaf , Iraq . January 30 -- Microsoft releases Windows Vista and Office 2007 . January 31 Delta Air Lines creditors officially reject US Airways ' hostile takeover bid . The Mooninite scare occurs in Boston when devices used in a guerrilla marketing campaign for the animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force are mistaken for improvised explosive devices . February ( edit ) February 2 -- An unseasonal tornado in central Florida kills at least 20 people . February 10 -- Senator Barack Obama of Illinois declares his candidacy for President of the United States of America February 12 -- Muslim gunman Sulejman Talović shoots and kills five people at the Trolley Square Mall in Salt Lake City , Utah , before being killed by the police , bringing the evening 's rampage death toll to six . February 25 -- The 79th Academy Awards ceremony , hosted by Ellen DeGeneres , is held at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood . The Departed wins Best Picture . February 27 -- 2007 Bagram Air Base bombing : A Taliban suicide attack at Bagram Air Base while Vice President of the United States Dick Cheney is visiting kills 23 , but he is not injured . February 28 -- The New Horizons space probe makes a gravitational slingshot against Jupiter which changes its trajectory towards Pluto . March ( edit ) March 6 -- Mega Millions sets a new world record for the highest lottery jackpot of $ 370 million . March 16 -- For the first time in the 23 - year history of the modern version of the popular gameshow , Jeopardy ! , a three - way tie occurred . April ( edit ) April 16 : United States President George W. Bush with Virginia Tech Student Government Association President James Tyger after his speech at the school 's convocation . Play media April 25 : President George W. Bush announces the U.S. will increase efforts to combat malaria in Africa . April 1 -- World Wrestling Entertainment put on WrestleMania 23 in Detroit , Michigan . April 16 -- Thirty - two people are killed in the Virginia Tech massacre on the premises of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg , Virginia . Gunman Seung - Hui Cho is able to buy his firearms legally , despite having a record of mental illness , causing a large national debate on guns . April 17 -- The Pound Sterling hits a 15 - year high against the US dollar , breaking through the $ 2 level for the first time since 1992 . April 19 -- US and allied air forces conduct massive exercises over South Korea with over 500 planes . April 25 The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 135.95 points to close at 13089.89 ; its first close above 13000 in its history . The Burj Khalifa reaches the height of the Sears Tower on its way to becoming the tallest building in the world . Congressman Dennis Kucinich introduces articles to impeach Vice President Dick Cheney . President George W. Bush announces the U.S. will increase efforts to combat malaria in Africa . May ( edit ) May 3 -- The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Matthew Shepard Act . It is the first time that the House brings a gay rights bill to the floor for a vote . May 4 Tornado strikes Greensburg , Kansas , killing at least twelve people and destroying about 90 % of the town . Executive Directive 51 , which specifies the procedures for continuity of the federal government in the event of a `` catastrophic emergency '' is signed by President George W. Bush . May 9 -- Subtropical Storm Andrea forms off the coast of Florida , the earliest since Subtropical Storm Ana in 2003 . May 31 -- A calendar blue moon occurred in the Western Hemisphere and parts of the Eastern Hemisphere . June ( edit ) June 1 -- U.S. warships bombard a Somali village where Islamic militants had set up a base . June 2 -- Four people are charged with a terror plot to blow up JFK International Airport in New York City . June 3 -- The Valley of Geysers in Russia was destroyed by a mudflow . June 4 -- Ten people , including a Californian National Guard officer and former Hmong general , are charged over plans to overthrow the Laotian Government . June 5 -- NASA 's MESSENGER spacecraft made its second fly - by of Venus en route to Mercury . June 8 -- The Space Shuttle Atlantis successfully launched on mission STS - 117 . June 14 -- The San Antonio Spurs sweep the Cleveland Cavaliers to win the 2007 NBA Finals . June 15 -- Bob Barker airs his last episode of The Price Is Right . June 18 -- Nine Charleston , South Carolina firefighters are killed by a roof collapse while battling the Charleston Sofa Super Store fire . June 24 -- At South Lake Tahoe , California , a wildfire destroys 254 homes in the area . June 25 WWE wrestler Chris Benoit , his wife Nancy Benoit , and son Daniel , are found dead as the result of a murder - suicide that took place over the previous weekend . Groundbreaking begins on the Chicago Spire . June 30 -- The Hawaii Superferry arrives in Honolulu after a 7,600 mile journey from Mobile , Alabama . July ( edit ) July 15 : Opening ceremony of the second Tacoma Narrows Bridge July 7 Venus Williams wins the Women 's Singles , at Wimbledon for a fourth time . Live Earth Concerts are held throughout 9 major cities around the world . July 8 -- Boeing launches the new Boeing 787 . July 10 -- A Cessna 310 R twin - engine airplane crashes into two homes in Sanford , Florida , killing three adults and two children . July 15 -- In Tacoma , Washington , the second span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens to traffic , making it the longest twin suspension bridge in the world . July 18 -- At the height of rush hour in New York City , a major steam pipe bursts , releasing millions of gallons of boiling water and super heated steam . Only one fatality occurred ; a pedestrian who went into cardiac arrest . July 19 -- The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 14,000 for the first time in history . July 21 -- Vice President Dick Cheney serves as Acting President for two and a half hours , while President George W. Bush undergoes a colonoscopy procedure . August ( edit ) August 1 : I - 35W Mississippi River bridge collapse . August 1 The I - 35W Mississippi River bridge on Interstate 35W over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis , Minnesota between University Avenue and Washington Avenue collapses at 6 : 05 p.m. CST during the later part of rush hour , killing 13 people . Scouting celebrates its 100th birthday with worldwide celebrations . August 4 -- The Phoenix spacecraft launches toward the Martian north pole . August 6 -- The Crandall Canyon Mine in Emery County , Utah collapses , trapping six miners . August 7 -- Barry Bonds breaks Hank Aaron 's home run record by hitting his 756th home run . August 8 -- The Space Shuttle Endeavour is successfully launched on mission STS -- 118 . August 9 -- The Dow Jones Industrial Average loses 387.18 points , its largest single - day drop since February 27 . August 12 -- Tiger Woods wins PGA Championship , his 13th career major . August 15 -- NBA referee Tim Donaghy surrenders to police and pleads guilty to charges brought up by the FBI investigation that he placed bets on games that he refereed . August 16 -- The Crandall Canyon Mine in Emery County , Utah , collapses a second time , killing three rescue workers and injuring six more . August 18 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Erin re-strengthen into a tropical storm over Oklahoma , causing widespread flooding and wind damage . August 21 -- STS -- 118 lands at the Kennedy Space Center , completing Space Shuttle Endeavour 's 19th flight . August 22 -- The Texas Rangers score thirty runs in one game , setting the modern ( post -- 1900 ) MLB record for most runs by one team in a single game , in a 30 -- 3 victory over the Baltimore Orioles . August 27 -- United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzales announced his resignation , to be effective September 17 . August 30 -- 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident in which a B -- 52 flew from Minot AFB , North Dakota to Barksdale AFB , Louisiana carrying 6 nuclear warheads . September ( edit ) September 15 -- Over 3,000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rally in front of the UN in New York City to demand that the UN accept Taiwan . At the same time , over 300,000 Taiwanese people rally in Taiwan to make the same plea . September 25 -- Halo 3 is released , breaking all previous records in entertainment history by generating $ 170 million in the first 24 hours of release . October ( edit ) October 20 -- November 9 : Flames burn Santa Clarita , California during the California wildfires of October 2007 . October 7 -- Off duty police officer Tyler Peterson kills 6 people at a house party in Crandon , Wisconsin before committing suicide . October 9 -- The Dow Jones Industrial Average hits an all - time high of 14,164 before beginning to decline ahead of the start of the late -- 2000s recession . October 10 -- The SuccessTech Academy school shooting occurs in Cleveland , Ohio . October 15 -- Drew Carey debuts as host of The Price Is Right replacing the retired Bob Barker . October 18 -- In New York City , one of the world 's leading art galleries , the Salander / O'Reilly Galleries , is forced into closure amidst scandal and lawsuits . October 20 -- Georgia 's governor Sonny Perdue declares a state of emergency due to drought conditions . October 20 -- November 9 -- Wildfires in Southern California result in the evacuation of more than 1,000,000 people and destroying over 1,600 homes and businesses . October 26 -- Apple Inc. launches the sixth major release of their Mac OS X operating system entitled , Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . October 28 -- The Boston Red Sox win the 2007 World Series in a four - game sweep against the Colorado Rockies . October 31 -- World Economic Forum releases The Global Competitiveness Report 2007 -- 2008 . November ( edit ) November 3 -- DARPA Grand Challenge , a prized competition for driverless cars to navigate safely in traffic is scheduled . November 4 -- Daylight saving time in the United States and most of Canada will end , one week later than the previous schedule , in accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . November 5 -- The Writers Guild of America goes on strike . November 6 -- Legislative elections are held in the U.S. states of Kentucky , Mississippi , New Jersey , and Virginia ; Kentucky and Mississippi also hold gubernatorial elections . November 8 -- The 8th annual Latin Grammy Awards were held at the Mandalay Bay Events Center at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas . November 27 -- The Annapolis Conference , a peace conference trying to end the Arab -- Israeli conflict , is held in Annapolis , Maryland . November 30 -- The 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season officially ended . December ( edit ) December The National Intelligence Estimate ( NIE ) controversially expresses `` high confidence '' that Iran 's nuclear weapons program has not operated since 2003 . The late - 2000s recession officially begins ; Unemployment Rate is 5 % . December 3 -- Winter Storms bring record amounts of rain fall in the Pacific Northwest , causing flooding and closing a 20 -- mile portion of Interstate 5 for several days . At least eight deaths and billions of dollars in damages occur in Washington . December 4 -- The United States Senate approves the Peru Free Trade Agreement . December 5 -- Robert A. Hawkins shoots 8 people dead and injures 5 at the Westroads Mall in Omaha , Nebraska , then commits suicide . December 9 -- Matthew Murray goes on a killing spree targeting Christians in Colorado . Murray kills 4 before being shot by an off duty police officer . He then commits suicide . December 13 -- Former U.S. Senator George J. Mitchell publicly releases a report , accusing 89 retired and active Major League Baseball players of anabolic steroid use . December 19 -- An explosion and fire at the T2 Laboratories facility in Jacksonville , Florida kills four and injures 14 . December 20 In the race for the Republican presidential nomination , Tom Tancredo withdraws and endorses Mitt Romney . A group of activist Lakota people send a letter to the United States State Department , declaring their secession from the Union as the Republic of Lakotah . December 25 -- An escaped tiger kills one person and injures two others at the San Francisco Zoo . Ongoing ( edit ) War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2011 ) Late - 2000s recession ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Births ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2011 ) June 6 -- Aubrey Anderson - Emmons , actress Deaths ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) January ( edit ) January 1 Ernie Koy , American baseball player ( b . 1909 ) Darrent Williams , American football player and murder victim ( b . 1982 ) Julius Hegyi , American conductor ( b . 1923 ) Tad Jones , American music historian ( b . 1952 ) ( injuries from a fall ) Del Reeves , American country singer ( b . 1932 ) January 7 -- Bobby Hamilton , race car driver ( b . 1957 ) January 8 -- Yvonne de Carlo , Canadian - born American actress ( b . 1922 ) January 11 -- Robert Anton Wilson , writer , philosopher , psychologist , editor , and poet ( b . 1932 ) January 12 -- Alice Coltrane , musician and composer ( b . 1937 ) January 13 -- Michael Brecker , musician and composer ( b . 1949 ) January 14 -- Darlene Conley , actress ( b . 1934 ) January 16 -- Benny Parsons , race car driver and television announcer and analyst ( b . 1941 ) January 17 -- Art Buchwald , humorist ( b . 1925 ) January 19 -- Bam Bam Bigelow , wrestler ( b . 1961 ) January 19 -- Dennis Doherty , member of The Mamas and The Papas b . 1940 January 20 -- Dan Christensen , painter ( b . 1942 ) January 30 -- Sidney Sheldon , writer and screenwriter ( b . 1917 ) January 31 Lee Bergere , actor ( b . 1918 ) Molly Ivins , columnist , political commentator , humorist , and writer ( b . 1944 ) February ( edit ) February 8 -- Anna Nicole Smith , actress and notable United States Supreme Court litigant ( b . 1967 ) February 15 -- Walker Edmiston , American actor ( b . 1925 ) February 23 -- Donnie Brooks , American pop singer ( b . 1935 ) March ( edit ) March 8 -- Christopher Barrios , Jr. , murder victim ( b . 2001 ) March 10 -- Richard Jeni , stand up comedian ( b . 1957 ) March 20 -- Gilbert E. Patterson , bishop ( b . 1939 ) March 28 Abe Coleman , Polish - born American wrestler ( b . 1905 ) Bill Fisk , American football player and coach ( b . 1916 ) Tony Scott , musician ( b . 1921 ) April ( edit ) April 16 -- Seung - hui Cho , South Korean murderer , died in Blacksburg , Virginia ( b . 1984 ) May ( edit ) May 9 -- Edith Rodriguez , medical patient ( b . 1964 ) May 12 -- Teddy Infuhr , actor ( b . 1936 ) June ( edit ) June 1 -- Arn Shein , journalist ( b . 1928 ) June 22 -- Nancy Benoit , wrestling valet and manager , and wife and murder victim of Chris Benoit ( b . 1964 ) June 24 -- Chris Benoit , Canadian wrestler , and husband and murderer of Nancy Benoit , died in Fayetteville , Georgia , ( b . 1967 ) July ( edit ) July 2 Beverly Sills , American soprano ( b . 1929 ) Hy Zaret , American lyricist and composer ( b . 1907 ) July 3 Boots Randolph , American saxophone player ( b . 1927 ) July 4 Johnny Frigo , American jazz violinist and bassist ( b. 1916 ) Bill Pinkney , American singer ( b . 1925 ) July 11 -- Lady Bird Johnson , wife of Lyndon B. Johnson , First Lady of the United States , Second Lady of the United States ( born 1912 ) July 24 -- Riley Ann Sawyers , murder victim ( b . 2005 ) August ( edit ) August 12 -- Merv Griffin , American singer , television producer and land developer ( b . 1925 ) September ( edit ) September 2 -- Marcia Mae Jones , actress ( b . 1924 ) September 21 -- Neveah Gallegos , murder victim ( b . 2004 ) October ( edit ) October 17 Joey Bishop , American entertainer ( b . 1918 ) Teresa Brewer , American singer ( b . 1931 ) Suzy Covey , American scholar ( b . 1939 ) November ( edit ) November 16 -- Harold Alfond , businessman ( b . 1914 ) November 24 -- Casey Calvert , musician ( Hawthorne Heights ) ( b . 1981 ) November 25 -- Kevin DuBrow , musician ( Quiet Riot ) ( b . 1955 ) November 27 Sean Taylor , American football player ( b . 1983 ) Robert Cade , physician and inventor of the beverage Gatorade ( b . 1927 ) November 29 Henry Hyde , politician ( b . 1924 ) Roger Bonham Smith , businessman ( b . 1925 ) November 30 -- Evel Knievel , motorcycle daredevil ( b . 1938 ) December ( edit ) December 2 Robert O. Anderson , American businessman ( b . 1917 ) Elizabeth Hardwick , American literary critic and novelist ( b . 1916 ) December 12 Shawn Eckardt , bodyguard and businessman ( b . 1967 ) Ike Turner , American musician ( b . 1931 ) December 15 -- Julia Carson , American politician ( b . 1938 ) December 16 -- Dan Fogelberg , American singer and songwriter ( b . 1951 ) December 18 -- Bill Strauss , American satirist , author and historian ( b . 1947 ) December 21 -- Ken Hendricks , businessman , founded ABC Supply ( b . 1941 ) December 31 -- Michael Goldberg , American abstract expressionist painter ( b . 1924 ) See also ( edit ) 2007 in American soccer 2007 in American television List of American films of 2007 Timeline of United States history ( 1990 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John Roberts Biography '' . biography.com . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple - Press Info - Apple Reinvents the Phone with iPhone '' . Apple . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Launches Windows Vista and Microsoft Office 2007 to Consumers Worldwide '' . Microsoft . January 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in Japanese ) News From Korean Central News Agency Of Dprk Archived 2009 - 09 - 11 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Kucinich Files Impeachment Articles Vs. VP '' . CBS News . April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report : U.S. hits militants ' Somali base '' . Yahoo News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 4 charged with terror plot at JFK airport , official says '' . CNN News . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Russian GEO , N10 , 2007 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Thompson , Don . `` 2 charged in Laotian overthrow plot '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 10 charged with alleged Laos plot '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ NBA Referee Pleads Guilty in Betting Scandal . History and the Headlines : What Made History in 2007 ? Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2007 in the United States at Wikimedia Commons Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2007 in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_in_the_United_States&oldid=837578069 '' Categories : 2007 in the United States Years of the 21st century in the United States 2000s in the United States 2007 by country 2007 in North America Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Incomplete lists from July 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles to be expanded from February 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	events that happened in 2007 in the united states	[]	[]
1060742596035728816	Adriatico Street	Adriatico Street - wikipedia Adriatico Street Adriatico Street Length 2.2 km ( 1.4 mi ) Location Manila North end Padre Faura Street in Ermita Major junctions Pedro Gil Street Quirino Avenue South end Pablo Ocampo Street in Malate Adriatico Street is a north - south road connecting Ermita and Malate districts in Manila , Philippines . Its northern terminus begins at Padre Faura Street in Ermita carrying southbound traffic all the way to Quirino Avenue in Malate . South of Quirino , the street becomes two way with a wide median running down the center from just past the Manila Zoo up to its southern terminus at Pablo Ocampo Street . Adriatico is known primarily for its restaurants and bars centered on the area around Remedios Circle between Nakpil and Remedios Streets , considered the center of bohemian night life in the city . The street was named in 1964 after Macario Adriatico , a Filipino parliamentarian and author of Manila 's city charter . It was formerly known as Dakota Avenue , after the U.S. states of North and South Dakota . Landmarks ( edit ) Remedios Circle Bistro Remedios Cafe Adriatico Cafe Havana Century Park Hotel Harrison Plaza Malate Pensionne Manila Zoo Midland Plaza Hotel Ninoy Aquino Stadium Pan Pacific Hotel Manila Paraiso ng Batang Maynila ( Malate ) Remedios Circle Rizal Memorial Stadium Robinsons Adriatico Residences Robinsons Place Manila References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malate 's Cafes , a Walk on the Bohemian Side of Manila published by the New York Times ; accessed 2013 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Macario G. Adriatico ( 1869 - 1919 ) Archived 2013 - 12 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . published by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ; accessed 2013 - 10 - 08 . Road infrastructure in Metro Manila Expressway routes E1 / AH26 North Luzon Expressway E2 / AH26 Skyway South Luzon Expressway Muntinlupa -- Cavite Expressway E3 Manila -- Cavite Expressway E5 North Luzon Expressway ( Mindanao Avenue to Valenzuela ) E6 NAIA Expressway Highway routes Primary roads N1 ( AH26 ) MacArthur Highway Epifanio de los Santos Avenue Maharlika Highway Route 11 Carlos P. Garcia Avenue Katipunan Avenue Route 59 Aurora Boulevard Marikina -- Infanta Highway Sumulong Highway Route 60 Ortigas Avenue Route 61 Roxas Boulevard Route 62 Elpidio Quirino Avenue Diego Cera Avenue Aguinaldo Highway Route 63 Dr. A. Santos Avenue Secondary roads Route 118 Maysan Road Route 120 Samson Road C - 4 Road Marcos Road Bonifacio Drive Roxas Boulevard Route 127 Quirino Highway Route 128 Mindanao Avenue Route 129 Congressional Avenue Luzon Avenue Route 130 C - 3 Road 5th Avenue Sergeant Rivera Street Gregorio Araneta Avenue Route 140 C - 2 Road Tayuman Street Lacson Avenue Quirino Avenue Route 141 Tomas Claudio Street Victorino Mapa Street P. Sanchez Street Shaw Boulevard Pasig Boulevard Route 142 Route 143 Route 144 Route 145 Segment 1 : Recto Avenue Segment 2 : Osmeña Highway Route 150 Padre Burgos Avenue Rizal Avenue Route 151 Abad Santos Avenue Route 156 Quirino Avenue Extension United Nations Avenue Route 157 Padre Faura Street Route 160 Andres Bonifacio Avenue Route 161 Blumentritt Road Route 162 Dimasalang Street Route 170 Commonwealth Avenue Elliptical Road Quezon Avenue España Boulevard Lerma Street Quezon Boulevard Taft Avenue Route 171 Segment 1 : West Avenue Segment 2 : Tramo Street Route 172 Timog Avenue Route 173 North Avenue Route 174 East Avenue Route 175 University Avenue Route 180 Ayala Boulevard P. Casal Street Legarda Street Magsaysay Boulevard Aurora Boulevard Route 181 San Marcelino Street Route 182 Romualdez Street Route 184 Gilmore Avenue Granada Street Ortigas Avenue Route 185 Bonny Serrano Avenue Route 190 Gil Puyat Avenue Kalayaan Avenue Route 191 Kalayaan Flyover Route 192 Andrews Avenue Route 193 Domestic Road Route 194 NAIA Road Route 195 Ninoy Aquino Avenue Route 411 Alabang -- Zapote Road Circumferential and radial routes C - 1 C - 2 C - 3 C - 4 C - 5 C - 6 R - 1 R - 2 R - 3 R - 4 R - 5 R - 6 R - 7 R - 8 R - 9 R - 10 Major interchanges Balintawak Interchange C - 5 -- Kalayaan Interchange C - 5 -- Ortigas Interchange Estrella Flyover Kalayaan Flyover Magallanes Interchange Nagtahan Interchange Ortigas Interchange Sales Interchange Smart Connect Interchange Bridges Ayala Bridge Binondo -- Intramuros Bridge Estrella -- Pantaleon Bridge Guadalupe Bridge Jones Bridge Mabini Bridge MacArthur Bridge Marcos Bridge Otis Bridge Quezon Bridge San Juan River Bridge Zapote Bridge Roundabouts 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda Agrifina Circle Anda Circle Burgos Circle Elliptical Road Maysilo Circle Monumento Philippines -- Thailand Friendship Circle Remedios Circle Welcome Rotonda Planned Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike Metro Manila Skybridge North Luzon East Expressway Pasig River Expressway R - 7 Expressway Southeast Metro Manila Expressway Under construction Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 North Luzon Expressway Segment 10 Streets of Metro Manila Capital District Abad Santos Avenue Adriatico Street Blumentritt Road Andres Bonifacio Avenue ( Quezon City ) Bonifacio Drive Del Pilar Street Escolta Street España Boulevard Hidalgo Street Jose Laurel Street Kalaw Avenue Lacson Avenue Legarda Street Magsaysay Boulevard Marcos Road Mendiola Street Pablo Ocampo Street Padre Burgos Avenue Padre Faura Street Pedro Gil Street Pureza Street Quezon Boulevard Quirino Avenue Ramon Papa Street Recto Avenue Rizal Avenue Roxas Boulevard Taft Avenue Tayuman Street Tomas Claudio Street United Nations Avenue Victorino Mapa Street Zobel Roxas Street Eastern Manila District ADB Avenue Andres Bonifacio Avenue ( Marikina ) Anonas Street Aurora Boulevard Balete Drive Batasan Road Batasan -- San Mateo Road Betty Go - Belmonte Street Boni Avenue Bonny Serrano Avenue Commonwealth Avenue Congressional Avenue East Avenue Elliptical Road Gilmore Avenue Granada Street Gregorio Araneta Avenue Juan Ruiz Street Julia Vargas Avenue Kamuning Road Katipunan Avenue Maysilo Circle Meralco Avenue Mindanao Avenue North Avenue Ortigas Avenue Pioneer Street Quezon Avenue Regalado Highway Roosevelt Avenue San Miguel Avenue Shaw Boulevard Timog Avenue Tomas Morato Avenue West Avenue Southern Manila District Alabang -- Zapote Road Amorsolo Street Andrews Avenue Arnaiz Avenue Ayala Avenue Chino Roces Avenue Daang Hari Road Diego Cera Avenue Domestic Road Doña Soledad Avenue Dr. Santos Avenue Elpidio Quirino Avenue Estrella Street Gil Puyat Avenue Harrison Avenue J.P. Rizal Avenue Jose Diokno Boulevard Kalayaan Avenue Lawton Avenue Macapagal Boulevard Makati Avenue McKinley Road NAIA Road Nicanor Garcia Street Ninoy Aquino Avenue Paseo de Roxas South Avenue Tramo Street CAMANAVA District Maysan Road North Bay Boulevard Paterio Aquino Avenue Samson Road Coordinates : 14 ° 34 ′ 8 '' N 120 ° 59 ′ 12 '' E / 14.56889 ° N 120.98667 ° E / 14.56889 ; 120.98667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriatico_Street&oldid=787732801 '' Categories : Streets in Manila Restaurant districts and streets in the Philippines Malate , Manila Ermita Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 06 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how to go to adriatico st. malate manila	[]	[]
-8399362409199844514	Lex iniusta non est lex	Lex iniusta non est Lex - wikipedia Lex iniusta non est Lex Lex iniusta non est lex ( English : An unjust law is no law at all ) , is a standard legal maxim . Originating with St. Augustine , the motto was used by St. Thomas Aquinas and quoted by Martin Luther King Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement to describe racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans . This view is strongly associated with natural law theorists , including John Finnis and Lon Fuller . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics , Volume 4 Jump up ^ Norman Kretzmann , Lex Iniusta Non Est Lex : Laws on Trial in Aquinas ' Court of Conscience , 33 Am. J. Juris. 99 ( 1988 ) . Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologiae I - II , q. 96 , a . 4 , c . Jump up ^ `` Letter from a Birmingham Jail ( King , Jr . ) '' . www.africa.upenn.edu . Jump up ^ Brian Bix , `` Jurisprudence : Theory and Context '' , ( Sweet&Maxwell 2009 ) 70 Sources ( edit ) Law and Morality , Edited by Kenneth Einar Himma , Seattle Pacific University , U.S. and Brian Bix , University of Minnesota , U.S. Philosophical theory and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , William Sweet ( ed . ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lex_iniusta_non_est_lex&oldid=810930310 '' Categories : Latin legal terminology Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 11 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	an unjust law is no law at all aquinas	[]	[]
-3061106324509164897	Tar Heel	Tar Heel - wikipedia Tar Heel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tar Heel ( disambiguation ) . Tar Heel is a nickname applied to the U.S. state of North Carolina and its inhabitants . It is also the nickname of the University of North Carolina athletic teams , students , alumni , and fans . The exact etymology of the nickname is unknown , but most folklore believe its roots come from the fact that tar , pitch , and turpentine created from the vast pine forests were some of North Carolina 's most important exports early in the state 's history . For a time after the American Civil War , the name Tar Heel was derogatory , but it was later reappropriated by the people of North Carolina . Because the exact history of the term is unknown , a number of legends have developed to explain it . One such legend claims it to be a nickname given during the U.S. Civil War , because of the state 's importance on the Confederate side , and the fact that the troops `` stuck to their ranks like they had tar on their heels '' . The term `` Tar Heel '' gained popularity during the Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of term 2 Legendary explanations 2.1 River fording by General Cornwallis 2.2 Ability to hold ground 2.3 Reluctant secession 2.4 Robert E. Lee quotation 3 Early known uses of the term 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History of term ( edit ) Front page of the first issue of The Tar Heel , published on 23 Feb 1893 . The paper was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel . In its early years as a colony , North Carolina settlements became an important source of the naval stores tar , pitch , and turpentine , especially for the British navy . Tar and pitch were largely used to paint the bottom of wooden British ships both to seal the ship and to prevent shipworms from damaging the hull . At one time , an estimated 100,000 barrels ( 16,000 m ) of tar and pitch were shipped annually to England . After 1824 , North Carolina became the leader in the United States for naval stores . By the Civil War , North Carolina had more than 1600 turpentine distilleries , and two thirds of all turpentine in the United States came from North Carolina and one - half from the counties of Bladen and New Hanover . Historians Hugh Lefler and Albert Newsome claim in North Carolina : the History of a Southern State ( 3rd edition , 1973 ) that North Carolina led the world in production of naval stores from about 1720 to 1870 . At the time , tar was created by piling up pine logs and burning them until hot oil seeped out from a spout . The vast production of tar from North Carolina led many , including Walt Whitman , to give the derisive nickname of `` Tarboilers '' to the residents of North Carolina . North Carolina was nicknamed the `` Tar and Turpentine State '' because of this industry . Somehow , these terms evolved until the nickname Tar Heel was used to refer to residents of North Carolina and gained prominence during the American Civil War . During this time , the nickname Tar Heel was a pejorative , but starting around 1865 , the term began to be used as a source of pride . In 1893 , the students of the University of North Carolina founded a newspaper and named it The Tar Heel , which was later renamed The Daily Tar Heel . By the early 1900s the term was embraced by many as a non-derisive term for North Carolinians by those from inside and outside the state of North Carolina . Legendary explanations ( edit ) The following legends and anecdotes have arisen trying to explain the history of the term Tar Heel . River fording by general Cornwallis ( edit ) According to this legend , the troops of British General Cornwallis during the American Revolutionary War were fording what is now known as the Tar River between Rocky Mount and Battleboro when they discovered that tar had been dumped into the stream to impede the crossing of British soldiers . When they finally got across the river , they found their feet completely black with tar . Thus , the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire `` tar heels . '' Ability to hold ground ( edit ) In the third volume of Walter Clark 's Histories of the Several Regiments from North Carolina in the Great War , the author explains that the nickname came about when North Carolina troops held their ground during a battle in Virginia during the American Civil War while other supporting troops retreated . After the battle , supporting troops asked the victorious North Carolinians : `` Any more tar down in the Old North State , boys ? '' and they replied : `` No , not a bit ; old Jeff 's bought it all up . '' The supporting troops continued : `` Is that so ? What is he going to do with it ? '' The North Carolinian troops ' response : `` He is going to put it on you'ns ' heels to make you stick better in the next fight . '' Reluctant secession ( edit ) The State of North Carolina was the next to last state to secede from the United States of America , and as a result the state was nicknamed `` the reluctant state '' by others in the south . The joke circulating around at the beginning of the war went something like : `` Got any tar ? '' `` No , Jeff Davis has bought it all . '' `` What for ? '' `` To put on you fellows ' heels to make you stick . '' As the war continued , many North Carolinian troops developed smart replies to this term of ridicule : The 4th Texas Infantry lost its flag at Sharpsburg . As they were passing by the 6th North Carolina a few days afterward , the Texans called out , `` Tar Heels ! '' , and the reply was , `` If'n you had had some tar on your heels , you would have brought your flag back from Sharpsburg . '' Robert E. Lee quotation ( edit ) The book Grandfather Tales of North Carolina History ( 1901 ) states that : During the late unhappy war between the States it ( North Carolina ) was sometimes called the `` Tar - heel State , '' because tar was made in the State , and because in battle the soldiers of North Carolina stuck to their bloody work as if they had tar on their heels , and when General Lee said , `` God bless the Tar - heel boys , '' they took the name . ( p. 6 ) A letter found in 1991 ( dating from 1864 in the North Carolina `` Tar Heel Collection '' ) by North Carolina State Archivist David Olson supports the theory that Lee might have stated something similar to this . A Colonel Joseph Engelhard , describing the Battle of Ream 's Station in Virginia , wrote : `` It was a ' Tar Heel ' fight , and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God , which you know means something brilliant . '' Early known uses of the term ( edit ) The earliest surviving written use of the term can be found in the diary of 2nd Lieutenant Jackson B.A. Lowrance , who wrote the following on February 6 , 1863 while in Pender County , southeastern North Carolina : `` I know now what is meant by the Piney Woods of North Carolina and the idea occurs to me that it is no wonder we are called ' Tar Heels ' . '' After the Battle of Murfreesboro in Tennessee in early January 1863 , John S. Preston of Columbia , S.C. , the commanding general , rode along the fighting line commending his troops . Before the 60th Regiment from North Carolina , Preston praised them for advancing farther than he had anticipated , concluding with : `` This is your first battle of any consequence , I believe . Indeed , you Tar Heels have done well . '' An August 1869 article in Overland Monthly magazine recounted an anecdote regarding `` a brigade of North Carolinians , who , in one of the great battles ( Chancellorsville , if I remember correctly ) failed to hold a certain hill , and were laughed at by the Mississippians for having forgotten to tar their heels that morning . Hence originated their cant name ' Tarheels ' . '' In a letter dated 1864 ( in the North Carolina `` Tar Heel Collection '' ) , a Colonel Joseph Engelhard described the Battle of Ream 's Station in Virginia . In it , he states : `` It was a ' Tar Heel ' fight , and ... we got Gen'l Lee to thanking God , which you know means something brilliant '' . North Carolina State Governor Vance said in one of his speeches to the troops : `` I do not know what to call you fellows . I can not say fellow soldiers , because I am not a soldier , nor fellow citizens , because we do not live in this state ; so I have concluded to call you fellows Tar Heels . '' A piece of sheet music , `` Wearin ' of the Grey '' , identified as `` Written by Tar Heel '' and published in Baltimore in 1866 , is probably the earliest printed use of Tar Heel . On New Year 's Day , 1868 , Stephen Powers set out from Raleigh on a walking tour that , in part , would trace in reverse the march of Gen. William T. Sherman at the end of the Civil War . As a part of his report on North Carolina , Powers described the pine woods of the state and the making of turpentine . Having entered South Carolina , he recorded in his 1872 book , Afoot & Alone , that he spent the night `` with a young man , whose family were away , leaving him all alone in a great mansion . He had been a cavalry sergeant , wore his hat on the side of his head , and had an exceedingly confidential manner . '' `` You see , sir , the Tar ‐ heels have n't no sense to spare , '' Powers quotes the sergeant as saying . `` Down there in the pines the sun do n't more'n half bake their heads . We always had to show ' em whar the Yankees was , or they 'd charge to the rear , the wrong way , you see . '' In Congress on February 10 , 1875 , an African American representative from South Carolina stated that some whites were `` the class of men thrown up by the war , that rude class of men I mean , the ' tar ‐ heels ' and the ' sand ‐ hillers , ' and the ' dirt eaters ' of the South -- it is with that class we have all our trouble ... '' Tar Heel was used in the 1884 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , which reported that the people who lived in the region of pine forests were `` far superior to the tar heel , the nickname of the dwellers in barrens . '' In Congress in 1878 , Rep. David B. Vance , trying to persuade the government to pay one of his constituents , J.C. Clendenin , for building a road , described Clendenin in glowing phrases , concluding with : `` He is an honest man ... he is a tar ‐ heel . '' In Pittsboro on December 11 , 1879 , the Chatham Record informed its readers that Jesse Turner had been named to the Arkansas Supreme Court . The new justice was described as `` a younger brother of our respected townsman , David Turner , Esq. , and we are pleased to know that a fellow tar ‐ heel is thought so much of in the state of his adoption . '' John R. Hancock of Raleigh wrote Sen. Marion Butler on January 20 , 1899 , to commend him for his efforts to obtain pensions for Confederate veterans . This was an action , Hancock wrote , `` we Tar Heels , or a large majority of us , do most heartily commend . '' The New York Tribune stated on September 20 , 1903 , regarding some North Carolinians , that `` the men really like to work , which is all but incomprehensible to the true ' tar heel ' . '' On August 26 , 1912 , The New York Evening Post identified Josephus Daniels and Thomas J. Pence as two Tar Heels holding important posts in Woodrow Wilson 's campaign . See also ( edit ) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tar Heel , North Carolina Tarheel , North Carolina Tar River Tarboro Naval stores industry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Article on history of term from UNC Alumni webpage '' . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Traditions '' . www.unc.edu . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tar Heel Collection '' . ncrec.dcr.state.nc.us . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Article on shipworm ^ Jump up to : The tar heel state : a history of North Carolina . Jump up ^ State Symbols from NC library Jump up ^ `` Tar Heel Traditions '' . Carolina Traditions . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved March 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Term Tarheel '' . 1st NC Cavalry . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved November 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ NC State library page Jump up ^ Link to scan of actual letter Archived 2006 - 09 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Link to NC State library page Jump up ^ `` Link to Diary of William B.A. Lowrance , November 2 , 1862 - February 6 , 1863 '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Link to NC State library page Jump up ^ Taylor , Michael . `` Tar Heel '' . NCpedia . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Link to pdf of Sheet Music '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) Michael W. Taylor : Tar Heels : How North Carolinians got their nickname . Division of Archives and History , North Carolina Dept. of Cultural Resources 1999 , ISBN 0 - 86526 - 288 - 8 External links ( edit ) Barteby dictionary entry with suggested etymology North Carolina Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce explanation Early postcard of the icon of a Tar Heel from UNC library , Link to UNC library site on civil war images NC Museum of History answer in pdf format ( hide ) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Located in : Chapel Hill , North Carolina Academics Scholarships Center for Global Initiatives Center for the Study of the American South Kenan -- Flagler Business School School of Information and Library Science School of Media and Journalism School of Law School of Medicine School of Pharmacy School of Public Health School of Social Work Southern Observatory for Astrophysical Research L.L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory Athletics Teams Australian Rules Football Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Handball Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Softball Men 's Tennis Women 's Tennis Facilities Bryson Field at Boshamer Stadium Bynum Gymnasium Carmichael Arena Dean Smith Center Eddie Smith Field House Fetzer Field Finley Golf Course Henry Stadium Kenan Memorial Stadium Tin Can Woollen Gymnasium Other Atlantic Coast Conference Carlyle Cup Carolina Basketball Museum Carolina blue Carolina -- Duke rivalry Carolina -- State Game The Marching Tar Heels `` Hark The Sound '' `` Here Comes Carolina '' `` I 'm a Tar Heel Born '' North Carolina -- Wake Forest rivalry Olympians Rameses The Rams Club South 's Oldest Rivalry Tar Heel Tar Heel Sports Network Tobacco Road Victory Bell Campus Ackland Art Museum Airport Botanical Garden Carolina Inn Coker Arboretum Davie Poplar Franklin Street Hospitals Hunt Arboretum Images Morehead Planetarium Old Chapel Hill Cemetery Old East Old Well Playmakers Theatre Silent Sam Wilson Library Town of Chapel Hill Student life Black Student Movement Carolina Week The Daily Tar Heel Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies Dramatic and Performing Arts Order of Gimghoul Student Television WXYC History Alumni Presidents and Chancellors William Richardson Davie UNC system Speaker ban Academics - athletics scandal Founded : 1789 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tar_Heel&oldid=829832207 '' Categories : North Carolina culture North Carolina Tar Heels University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill traditions Reclaimed words American regional nicknames Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 02 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the tar heels get their name from	[]	[]
6590069297618870111	Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America	Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America - wikipedia Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America Jump to : navigation , search Later day Iroquois longhouse ( c. 1885 ) 50 - 60 people Interior of a longhouse with Chief Powhatan ( detail of John Smith map , 1612 ) Longhouses were a style of residential dwelling built by Native American tribes and First Nation band governments in various parts of North America . Sometimes separate longhouses were built for community meetings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Iroquois and the other East Coast longhouses 2 Northwest Coast longhouses 2.1 Excavations at Ozette , Washington 3 Bibliography 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 Further reading Iroquois and the other east Coast longhouses ( edit ) The Iroquois ( Haudenosaunee or `` People of the Longhouses '' ) who resided in the Northeastern United States as well as Eastern Canada ( Ontario and Quebec ) built and inhabited longhouses . These were sometimes more than 75 m ( 246 ft ) in length but generally around 5 to 7 m ( 16 to 23 ft ) wide . Scholars believe walls were made of sharpened and fire - hardened poles ( up to 2,000 saplings for a 50 m ( 160 ft ) house ) driven close together into the ground . Strips of bark were woven horizontally through the lines of poles to form more or less weatherproof walls . Poles were set in the ground and braced by horizontal poles along the walls . The roof is made by bending a series of poles , resulting in an arc - shaped roof . This was covered with leaves and grasses . The frame is covered by bark that is sewn in place and layered as shingles , and reinforced by light swag . Iroquois longhouse replica in New York State Museum , Albany , NY Doors were constructed at both ends and were covered with an animal hide to preserve interior warmth . Especially long longhouses had doors in the sidewalls as well . Longhouses featured fireplaces in the center for warmth . Holes were made above the hearth to let out smoke , but such smoke holes also let in rain and snow . Ventilation openings , later singly dubbed as a smoke pipe , were positioned at intervals , possibly totalling five to six along the roofing of the longhouse . Missionaries who visited these longhouses often wrote about their dark interiors . On average a typical longhouse was about 80 by 18 by 18 ft ( 24.4 by 5.5 by 5.5 m ) and was meant to house up to twenty or more families , most of whom were matrilineally related . The people had a matrilineal kinship system , with property and inheritance passed through the maternal line . Children were born into the mother 's clan . Protective palisades were built around the dwellings ; these stood 14 to 16 ft ( 4.3 to 4.9 m ) high , keeping the longhouse village safe . Tribes or ethnic groups in northeast North America , south and east of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie , which had traditions of building longhouses include the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) : Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida and Mohawk . The Iroquoian - speaking Wyandot ( also called Huron ) and Erie also built longhouses , as did the Algonquian - speaking Lenni Lenape , who lived from western New England in Connecticut , along the lower Hudson River , and along the Delaware River and both sides of the Delaware Bay . The Pamunkey of the Algonquian - speaking Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia also built longhouses . Although the Shawnee were not known to build longhouses , colonist Christopher Gist describes how , during his visit to Lower Shawneetown in January 1751 , he and Andrew Montour addressed a meeting of village leaders in a `` Kind of State - House of about 90 Feet long , with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils . '' Northwest Coast longhouses ( edit ) A longhouse at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia Interior of a Salish Longhouse , British Columbia , 1864 . Watercolour by Edward M. Richardson ( 1810 - 1874 ) . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest of North America also built a form of longhouse . Theirs were built with logs or split - log frame , and covered with split log planks , and sometimes an additional bark cover . Cedar is the preferred lumber . The length of these longhouses is usually 60 -- 100 ft ( 18 -- 30 m ) . The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses . The Suquamish Old Man House , at what became the Port Madison Indian Reservation , was 500 × 40 -- 60 ft ( 152 × 12 -- 18 m ) , c. 1850 . Usually one doorway faces the shore . Each longhouse contains a number of booths along both sides of the central hallway , separated by wooden containers ( akin to modern drawers ) . Each booth has its own individual hearth and fire . Usually an extended family occupied one longhouse , and cooperated in obtaining food , building canoes , and other daily tasks . The roof is a slanted shed roof and pitched to various degrees depending upon the rainfall . The gambrel roof was unique to Puget Sound Coast Salish . The front is often very elaborately decorated with an integrated mural of numerous drawings of faces and heraldic crest icons of raven , bear , whale , etc . A totem pole often was erected outside the longhouse . The style varies greatly , and sometimes it became part of the entrance way . Tribes or ethnic groups along the North American Pacific coast with some sort of longhouse building traditions include the Haida , Tsimshian , Tlingit , Makah , Clatsop , Coast Salish and Multnomah ( tribe ) . Excavations at ozette , washington ( edit ) Main article : Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site From beneath mud flows dating back to about 1700 , archaeologists have recovered timbers and planks . They are studying household arrangements from the distant past . In the part of one house where a woodworker lived , tools were found and also tools in all stages of manufacture . There were even wood chips . Where a whaler lived , there lay harpoons and also a wall screen carved with a whale . Benches and looms were inlaid with shell , and there were other indications of wealth . A single house had five separate living areas centered on cooking hearths ; each had artifacts that revealed aspects of the former occupants ' lives . More bows and arrows were found at one living area than any of the others , an indication that hunters lived there . Another had more fishing gear than other subsistence equipment , and at another , more harpoon equipment . Some had everyday work gear , and few elaborately ornamented things . The whaler 's corner was just the opposite . The houses were built so that planks on the walls and roofs could be taken off and used at other places , as the people moved seasonally . Paired uprights supported rafters , which , in turn , held roof planks that overlapped like tiles . Wall planks were lashed between sets of poles . The position of these poles depended on the lengths of the boards they held , and they were evidently set and reset through the years the houses were occupied . Walls met at the corners by simply butting together . They stayed structurally independent , allowing for easy dismantling . There were no windows . Light and ventilation came by shifting the position of roof planks , which were simply weighted with rocks , not fastened in position . Benches raised above the floor on stakes provided the main furniture of the houses . They were set near the walls . Cuts and puncture marks indicated they served as work platforms ; mats rolled out onto them tie with elders ' memories of such benches used as beds . Storage was concentrated behind the benches , along the walls and in corners between benches . These locations within the houses have yielded the most artifacts . The rafters must have also provided storage , but the mudflow carried away this part of the houses . Bibliography ( edit ) Cappel , Constance . The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at L'Arbre Croche , 1763 : The History of a Native American People , The Edwin Mellon Press , 2007 . Suttles , Wayne P. ; Lane , Barbara ( 1990 - 08 - 20 ) . `` South Coakjn '' . In Sturtevant , William C. Handbook of North American Indians . 7 . Northwest coast . Washington : Smithsonian Institution . p. 491 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 020390 - 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) See also ( edit ) Remains of a Dorset or Paleo - Eskimo stone longhouse at Cambridge Bay , Nunavut Dorset culture Ganondagan State Historic Site Igloo List of dwellings of Pueblo peoples Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site Quiggly hole Wigwam / Wickiup Tipi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Journal of Christopher Gist , 1750 - 1751 '' , from Lewis P. Summers , 1929 , Annals of Southwest Virginia , 1769 - 1800 . Abingdon , VA . ^ Jump up to : Suttle & Lane ( 1990 ) , p. 491 Jump up ^ Old Man House is occasionally found ( incorrectly or from Chinook Jargon ) as Ole Man House or Oleman House . External links ( edit ) Virtual Museum of Canada , The St. Lawrence Iroquoians -- Virtual exhibit that includes information on Iroquoian longhouse layout and architecture Further reading ( edit ) http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/IroquoisVillage/constructionone.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longhouses_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America&oldid=810342604 '' Categories : Traditional Native American dwellings Canadian architectural styles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 18 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which native american peoples all lived in longhouses	[]	[]
8559222488183477985	Oscar season	Oscar season - wikipedia Oscar season Jump to : navigation , search The Oscar season is the time period in which Hollywood studios release their more critically acclaimed films , hoping to win at the Academy Awards . Oscar season usually begins in the late - fall and early - winter , around November , and ends on December 31 of that year . although the date in which the summer blockbuster season ends and the Oscar season begins are ambiguous , and dependent on the year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Campaigning 3 See also 4 References Origins ( edit ) The Academy Awards occur every late February and films that win awards typically see a boost in sales . To take advantage of this , the studios release films they deem `` Oscar worthy '' in the fall , before the eligibility cut - off , so that the films remain fresh in the memories of critics and Academy members right before the Awards , increasing their chances of being nominated . Campaigning ( edit ) During Oscar season , studios heavily campaign for their films to win , spending large amounts of money in an attempt to influence Academy voters . Harvey Weinstein , of Miramax , is especially notorious for his campaigning . Weinstein was alleged to have spread rumors that John Nash was antisemitic , to hurt the chances of A Beautiful Mind , which was competing for the awards with the Miramax film In the Bedroom . It was also suspected , although unproven , that Weinstein was involved with the nomination of The Reader in 2009 , a film that received mixed reviews from critics . The Oscars represent a rare slice of Hollywood where independent film distributors with their moderate and low - budget films can best the major studios and their blockbusters . Because Oscar voters gravitate to serious content that is abundant in indie films , the glossy major - studio films are usually passed over . The awards campaigns involve placed advertising labeled with the subtle `` for your consideration '' , talent appearances in industry seminars , by - invitation parties , soliciting press coverage , screenings of films in theaters , online or via mailed DVDs , and direct email and print mail marketing messages to voters . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences that confers the Oscars also sets rules limiting overt campaigning by its members , which the movie industry generally complies with . The studio head is usually personally responsible in campaigning for the studio 's films . This comes in the form of hosting celebrity - filled private parties for `` friends '' before the Awards . The CEO of Universal Studios , Ronald Meyer , for example , attempted to influence Academy members -- such as Ron Howard , Brian Grazer , and Frank Langella -- by hosting a cocktail party at Nobu West . See also ( edit ) Dump months Oscar bait Film awards seasons 2016 -- 17 film awards season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drucker , Zach . `` Trailers tease Hollywood 's upcoming blockbusters and Oscar - season favorites '' . Tufts Daily . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bourdeau , Annette. `` 2010 's Most Transparent Oscar Bait '' . Moviefone . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Obst , Lynda . `` A Diminished Oscar Season '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Oscars 2009 : ' The Reader ' Changes the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2013 ) . Marketing to Moviegoers : A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics ( 3rd ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . pp. 235 -- 48 . ( hide ) Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Special Achievement Academy Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Story Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Footnote ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was done on a seasonal basis , from August to July . For the 6th ceremony , held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_season&oldid=829362049 '' Categories : Academy Awards January February December Film and video terminology November events Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 04 : 15 . About Wikipedia	when is the cut off for oscar nominations	[]	[]
3059737303052287740	American Revolutionary War	American Revolutionary war - Wikipedia American Revolutionary war Jump to : navigation , search `` Revolutionary War '' redirects here . For other uses , see Revolutionary War ( disambiguation ) . This article is about military actions only . For political and social developments , including the origins and aftermath of the war , see American Revolution . American Revolutionary War Clockwise : Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown , Battle of Trenton , The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill , Battle of Long Island , Battle of Guilford Court House Date April 19 , 1775 -- September 3 , 1783 ( 8 years , 4 months and 15 days ) Ratification effective : May 12 , 1784 ( 9 years and 23 days ) Location Eastern North America , Caribbean Sea , Indian subcontinent , Central America , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , and the Indian Ocean Result American - Allied victory : Peace of Paris British recognition of American independence End of the First British Empire British retention of Canada and Gibraltar Territorial changes Great Britain cedes to the United States the area east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Great Britain cedes East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca to Spain Great Britain cedes Tobago and Senegal to France Dutch Republic cedes Negapatnam to Great Britain Belligerents Thirteen Colonies ( before 1776 ) United States ( after 1776 ) Vermont Republic French Empire Spanish Empire Co-belligerents : Dutch Republic Mysore Native Americans : ( show ) Oneida Tuscarora Catawba Lenape Chickasaw Choctaw Mahican Mi'kmaq Abenaki Cheraw Seminole Pee Dee Lumbee Watauga Association British Empire Hanover German mercenaries : Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst Native Americans : ( show ) Onondaga Mohawk Cayuga Seneca Mi'kmaq Cherokee Odawa Muscogee Susquehannock Shawnee Commanders and leaders George Washington Thomas Chittenden Louis XVI Charles III William V Hyder Ali † Tipu Sultan full list ... George III Lord North Lord George Germain full list ... Strength United States : Army & Militia : 40,000 ( average ) 200,000 ( total served ) Navy : 5,000 sailors ( peak 1779 ) 53 frigates and sloops ( total served ) State Navies : 106 ships ( total served ) Privateers : 55,000 sailors ( total served ) 1,697 ships Allies : Army : 63,000 French and Spanish ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 146 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) Native American Allies : Unknown Great Britain : Army : 48,000 ( America peak ) 121,000 ( global 1781 ) 7,500 ( Gibraltar ) Navy : 94 ships - of - the - line ( 1782 ) 104 frigates ( 1781 ) 37 sloops ( 1781 ) 171,000 sailors Loyalists : 25,000 ( total served ) Hanoverians : 2,365 ( total served ) German mercenaries : 29,875 ( total served ) Native American Allies : 13,000 Casualties and losses United States : 25,000 -- 70,000 total dead 6,800 killed in battle 17,000 died of disease France : at least 7,000 dead ( 2,112 in the United States ) Spain : 5,000 killed Netherlands : 500 killed Total : 37,000 -- 82,500 + soldiers dead Great Britain : Army : 43,633 total dead ~ 9,372 killed in battle 27,000 died of disease Navy : 1,243 killed in battle 18,500 died of disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) 42,000 deserted Germans : 7,774 total dead 1,800 killed in battle 4,888 deserted Loyalists : 5,300 total dead 1,700 killed in battle 3,600 died of disease ( estimated ) Total : 76,500 + soldiers dead American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Western Northern Northern ( after Saratoga ) Southern Yorktown Naval The American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) , also known as the American War of Independence , was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and her Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America . After 1765 , growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Britain and its colonies . Following the Stamp Act , Patriot protests against taxation without representation escalated into boycotts , which culminated in the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor . Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts colony . Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves , and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown . Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance , establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power . British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord in April 1775 led to open combat . Militia forces then besieged Boston , forcing a British evacuation in March 1776 , and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army . Concurrently , an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British decisively failed . On July 2 , 1776 , the Continental Congress voted for independence , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive , capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb . However , victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence . In 1777 , the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne , intending to isolate New England . Instead of assisting this effort , Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia , and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777 . Burgoyne 's defeat had drastic consequences ; France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778 , and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States . In 1780 , the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India , and tensions between Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war . In North America , the British mounted a `` Southern strategy '' led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising , but too few came forward . Cornwallis suffered reversals at King 's Mountain and Cowpens . He retreated to Yorktown , Virginia , intending an evacuation , but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape . A Franco - American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis ' army and , with no sign of relief , he surrendered . Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament , and the surrender gave them the upper hand . In early 1782 , Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America , but the war continued in Europe and India . Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy . On September 3 , 1783 , the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war . French involvement had proven decisive , but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts . Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar . The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain . In India , the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early seeds 1.2 Taxation disputes 1.3 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) 2.4 British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.6. 1 Europe 2.6. 2 Americas 2.6. 3 India 2.7 Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) 2.8 War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) 2.9 British defeat in America ( 1781 ) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 2.11 Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) 2.11. 1 Europe 2.11. 2 Americas 2.11. 3 India 3 Peace of Paris 4 Aftermath 4.1 Casualties and losses 4.1. 1 Americans and allies 4.1. 2 British and allies 4.2 Financial debts 5 Analysis of combatants 5.1 Great Britain 5.1. 1 Armed Forces 5.1. 1.1 Recruitment 5.1. 1.1. 1 Loyalists and Hessians 5.1. 1.2 Leadership 5.1. 1.3 Logistics 5.1. 1.4 Discipline 5.1. 2 Strategic deficiencies 5.1. 2.1 William Howe 5.1. 2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 5.1. 3 Campaign issues 5.2 Patriots 5.3 African Americans 5.4 American Indians 5.5 Race and class 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 Reference literature 11 External links 11.1 Bibliographies Background Main article : American Revolution Early seeds In 1651 , the Parliament of England sought to regulate trade in America by passing the Navigation Acts , ensuring that trade only enriched Britain . The economic effects were minimal , but they triggered serious political friction . The American colonists had fought King Philip 's War without significant assistance from the Crown , and this contributed to a growing sense of American identity separate from that of Britain . Britain continued to assert control into the 1680s , culminating in the abrogation of colonial charters and the establishment of the Dominion of New England in 1686 . Colonists , however , felt that the Dominion was undermining their democratic liberty and they overthrew it in 1689 ; the Crown made no attempt to restore it . The British government continued to pursue trade control , however , passing acts that taxed wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 was especially egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the local economy , and consequently they were rarely paid . Smuggling , bribery , piracy , and intimidation of customs officials became commonplace . Colonial wars were also a contributing factor . The return of Louisbourg to France in 1748 following the War of the Austrian Succession caused considerable resentment in New England , the colonists having expended great effort in subduing the fortress only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . Taxation disputes Britain triumphed over France and Spain in the Seven Years ' War , but this led to a financial crisis , as the national debt had doubled to £ 130 million , and the annual cost of the British civil and military establishment in America had quintupled when compared to 1749 . Smuggling had been tacitly accepted , but now the British began to consider that it blunted their revenue , so Whitehall decided to ensure that customs duties were unavoidable by passing the Stamp Act in 1765 . Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from being taxed by a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives . Parliament argued that the colonies were `` represented virtually '' , an idea that was criticized throughout the Empire . Parliament did repeal the act in 1766 ; however , it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies . From 1767 , Parliament began passing legislation to raise revenue for the salaries of civil officials , ensuring their loyalty while inadvertently increasing resentment among the colonists , and opposition soon became widespread . Enforcing the acts proved difficult ; the seizure of the sloop Liberty on suspicions of smuggling triggered a riot . In response , British troops occupied Boston , and Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England . Tensions rose after the murder of a teen by a customs official in 1770 and escalated into outrage after British troops fired on civilians in the Boston Massacre . In 1772 , colonists in Rhode Island boarded and burned a customs schooner . Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea , passing the Tea Act in 1773 , attempting to force colonists to buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid , thus implicitly agreeing to Parliamentary supremacy . The landing of the tea was resisted in all colonies , but the governor of Massachusetts permitted British tea ships to remain in Boston Harbor -- so the Sons of Liberty destroyed the tea chests . This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . Contrary to Currier 's depiction , few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians . Parliament then passed punitive legislation . It closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and revoked the Massachusetts Charter , taking upon themselves the right to directly appoint the Massachusetts Governor 's Council . Additionally , the royal governor was granted powers to undermine local democracy . Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the Empire , if the governor felt that a fair trial could not be secured locally . The act 's vague reimbursement policy for travel expenses left few with the ability to testify , and colonists argued that it would allow officials to harass them with impunity . Further laws allowed the governor to billet troops in private property without permission . The colonists referred to the measures as the `` Intolerable Acts '' , and they argued that both their constitutional rights and their natural rights were being violated , viewing the acts as a threat to all of America . The acts were widely opposed , driving neutral parties into support of the Patriots and curtailing Loyalist sentiment . Colonial response The colonists responded by establishing the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , effectively removing Crown control of the colony outside Boston . Meanwhile , representatives from twelve colonies convened the First Continental Congress to respond to the crisis . The Congress narrowly rejected a proposal which would have created an American parliament to act in concert with the British Parliament ; instead , they passed a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain . Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters , but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire , and they authorized committees and conventions to enforce the boycott . The boycott was effective , as imports from Britain dropped by 97 % in 1775 compared to 1774 . Parliament refused to yield . In 1775 , it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony . It then passed legislation to limit colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles . Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries , a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England 's economy . These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war . Thomas Gage was the British Commander - in - Chief and military governor of Massachusetts , and he received orders on April 14 , 1775 to disarm the local militias . Course of the war War breaks out ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Main articles : Battles of Lexington and Concord ; Boston campaign ; Invasion of Quebec ( 1775 ) ; Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations , 1775 -- 1778 ; and Battle of Nassau The British marching to Concord in April 1775 On April 18 , 1775 , 700 troops were sent to confiscate militia ordnance stored at Concord . Fighting broke out , forcing the regulars to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston . Overnight , the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston . On March 25 , 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with three senior generals ; William Howe , John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton . On June 17 , the British seized the Charlestown peninsular after a costly frontal assault , leading Howe to replace Gage . Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack which had gained them little , while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt . On July 3 , George Washington took command of the Continental Army besieging Boston . Howe made no effort to attack , much to Washington 's surprise . After a plan to assault the city was rejected , in early March 1776 , the Americans fortified Dorchester Heights with heavy artillery captured from a raid on Fort Ticonderoga . On March 17 , the British were permitted to withdraw unmolested , sailing to Halifax , Nova Scotia . Washington then moved his army to New York . Meanwhile , British officials in Quebec began lobbying Native American tribes to support them , while the Americans attempted to maintain their neutrality . Fearing an Anglo - Indian attack from Canada , Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec . Quebec , with a largely Francophone population , had only been under British rule for twelve years , and the Americans expected that liberating them from the British would be welcomed . After an arduous march , the Americans attacked Quebec City on December 31 , which was decisively defeated . After a loose siege , the Americans withdrew on May 6 . 1776 . A failed counter-attack on June 8 ended American operations in Quebec . However , the British could not conduct an aggressive pursuit , due to the presence of American ships on Lake Champlain . On October 11 , the British defeated the American squadron , forcing the Americans to withdraw to Ticonderoga , ending the campaign . The invasion cost the Patriots their support in British public opinion , while aggressive anti-Loyalist policies diluted Canadien support . The Patriots continued to view Quebec as a strategic aim , though no further attempts to invade were ever realized . British soldiers and Provincial militiamen repulse the American assault at Sault - au - Matelot , Canada , December 1775 In Virginia , the Royal governor , Lord Dunmore , had attempted to disarm the militia as tensions increased , although no fighting broke out . After war broke out , Dunmore issued a proclamation on November 7 , 1775 , promising freedom for slaves who fled their Patriot masters to fight for the Crown . After Dunmore 's troops were overwhelmed by Patriots at Great Bridge , Dunmore fled to naval ships anchored off Norfolk . After negotiations broke down , Dunmore ordered the ships to destroy the town . In South Carolina , fighting broke out on November 19 between Loyalist and Patriot militias , and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony . Loyalists recruited in North Carolina to reassert colonial rule in the South were decisively defeated , subduing Loyalist sentiment . An expedition of British regulars to reconquer South Carolina launched a failed attack on Charleston on June 28 , 1776 , effectively leaving the South in Patriot control until 1780 . The shortage of gunpowder had led Congress to authorize an expedition against the Bahamas Colony in the West Indies , in order to secure ordnance there . On March 3 , 1776 , the Americans landed after a bloodless exchange of fire , and the local militia offered no resistance . For two weeks , the Americans confiscated all the supplies they could load , and sailed away on March 17 . After a brief skirmish with the Royal Navy frigate HMS Glasgow on April 6 , the squadron reached New London on April 8 . Political reactions Main articles : Olive Branch Petition and United States Declaration of Independence After fighting began , Congress launched a final attempt to avert war , which Parliament rejected as insincere . King George III then issued a Proclamation of Rebellion on August 23 , 1775 , leading to an emboldening of hitherto weak support for independence in the colonies . After a speech by the King , Parliament rejected to oppose coercive measures on the colonies by 170 votes . British Tories refused to compromise , while Whigs argued current policy would drive the colonists towards secession . Despite opposition , the King himself began micromanaging the war effort . The Irish Parliament pledged to send troops to America , and Irish Catholics were allowed to enlist in the army for the first time . Irish Protestants favored the Americans , while Catholics favored the King . Militarily , the initial hostilities was a sobering lesson for the British , causing them to rethink their views on colonial military capability . The weak British response gave the Patriots the advantage ; the British lost control over every colony . The army had been kept deliberately small since 1688 to prevent abuses of power by the King . Parliament secured treaties with small German states for additional troops , and , after a year , were able to send an army of 32,000 men to America , the largest it had ever sent outside Europe at the time . In the colonies , the success of Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense had boosted public support for independence . On July 2 , Congress voted in favor of independence with twelve affirmatives and one abstention , issuing its declaration on July 4 . Washington read the declaration to his men and the citizens of New York on July 9 , invigorating the crowd to tear down a lead statue of the King , melting it to make bullets . British Tories criticized the signatories for not extending the same standards of equality to slaves . Patriots followed independence with the Test Laws , requiring residents to swear allegiance to the state in which they lived , intending to root out neutrals or opponents to independence . Failure to do so meant possible imprisonment , exile , and , in some cases , death . American Tories were barred from public office , forbidden from practising medicine and law , forced to pay increased taxes , barred from executing wills or becoming guardians to orphans . Congress enabled states to confiscate Loyalist property to fund the war , and offered them a choice between swearing loyalty to the republic , or either face exile , or forfeit the right to protection . Quakers , who remained neutral , had their property confiscated . States later prevented Loyalists from collecting any debts they were owed . British counter-offensive ( 1776 -- 1777 ) Main article : New York and New Jersey campaign American soldiers in combat at the Battle of Long Island , 1776 After regrouping at Halifax , William Howe determined to take the fight to the Americans . Howe set sail in June 1776 , and began landing troops on Staten Island on July 2 . Due to poor intelligence , Washington split his army to positions across the city . An informal attempt to negotiate peace was rejected by the Americans . On August 27 , Howe defeated Washington and forced him back to Brooklyn Heights . Had Howe chose to land on Manhattan , Washington could have been encircled and his army destroyed . Howe restrained his subordinates from pursuit , opting to besiege Washington instead . Washington managed to withdraw to Manhattan without any losses in men or ordnance . Following the withdrawal , a second attempt to negotiate peace failed , as the British delegates did not possess authorization to grant independence . Howe then seized control of New York on September 15 , and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans the following day . Howe attempted encirclement of Washington again , but the Americans successfully withdrew . On October 28 , the British fought an indecisive action against Washington , in which Howe declined to attack Washington 's army , instead concentrating his efforts upon a hill that was of no strategic value . British warships forcing passage of the Hudson River . Washington 's retreat left the remnants of his forces isolated , and , on November 16 , the British captured an American army , taking 3,000 prisoners , amounting to the worst American defeat to date . Washington fell back four days later . Henry Clinton then captured Newport , an operation which he opposed , feeling the 6,000 troops assigned to him could have been better employed in the pursuit of Washington . The American prisoners were then sent to the infamous `` prison ships '' , in which more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined . Charles Cornwallis pursued Washington , but Howe ordered him to halt , and Washington escaped unmolested . The outlook of the American cause was bleak ; the army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men , and would be reduced further when the enlistments expired at the end of the year . Popular support wavered , morale ebbed away , and Congress abandoned Philadelphia . Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat , especially in New York . Emanuel Leutze 's famous 1851 depiction of Washington Crossing the Delaware News of the campaign was well received in Britain ; festivities took place in London , and public support reached a peak . William Howe was awarded the Order of the Bath by the King . The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year . The American defeat revealed Washington 's strategic deficiencies , such as dividing a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one , his inexperienced staff misreading the situation , and his poorly - trained troops , who fled in disorder when fighting began . In the meantime , the British entered winter quarters , and were in a good place to resume campaigning . On December 25 , 1776 , Washington stealthily crossed the Delaware , and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison at Trenton the following morning , taking 900 prisoners . The decisive victory rescued the army 's flagging morale , and gave a new hope to the cause for independence . Cornwallis marched to re-take Trenton , though his efforts to this end were repulsed on January 2 . Washington outmanoeuvred Cornwallis that night , and defeated his rearguard the following day . The victories proved instrumental in convincing the French and Spanish that the Americans were worthwhile allies , as well as recovering morale in the army . Washington entered winter quarters at Morristown on January 6 , though a protracted guerrilla conflict continued . While encamped , Howe made no attempt to attack , much to Washington 's amazement . British northern strategy fails ( 1777 -- 1778 ) Main articles : Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign `` The Surrender at Saratoga '' shows General Daniel Morgan in front of a French de Vallière 4 - pounder . In December 1776 , John Burgoyne returned to London to set strategy with Lord George Germain . Burgoyne 's plan was to establish control of the Champlain - George - Hudson route from New York to Quebec , isolating New England . Efforts could then be concentrated on the southern colonies , where it was believed Loyalist support was in abundance . Howe instead argued capturing Philadelphia and defeating Washington was a priority . Germain approved this plan , leaving Howe unable to assist Burgoyne . Washington himself was baffled by Howe 's choices . Alden argues Howe was influenced by the idea that , upon success , he would not receive credit , but Burgoyne . Controversy persists over whether Germain approved Burgoyne 's plan after reading Howe 's , and whether he shared this information with his subordinates . Howe was not given any explicit orders to assist Burgoyne , however , a copy Germain sent to Quebec explicitly stated Howe was to assist Burgoyne 's efforts . Another letter stated Howe should launch his campaign against Philadelphia as intended , while allowing enough time to assist Burgoyne . Black argues Germain either left his generals too much latitude , or without a clear direction . Burgoyne 's plan was to lead an army along Lake Champlain , while a strategic diversion advanced along the Mohawk River , and both would rendezvous at Albany . Burgoyne set out on June 14 , 1777 , quickly capturing Ticonderoga on July 5 . The hasty withdrawal of the Continental Army after little resistance outraged the American public . Burgoyne 's pursuit ran into stiff resistance at Hubbardton and Fort Anne . Leaving 1,300 men behind as a garrison , Burgoyne continued the advance . Progress was slow ; the Americans blocked roads , destroyed bridges , dammed streams and denuded the area of food . Meanwhile , Barry St. Ledger 's diversionary column laid siege to Fort Stanwix . St. Ledger withdrew to Quebec on August 22 after his Indian support abandoned him . On August 16 , a British foraging expedition was soundly defeated at Bennington , and more than 700 troops were captured . As a result of the defeat , the vast majority of Burgoyne 's Indian support abandoned him . Meanwhile , Howe informed Burgoyne he would launch his campaign on Philadelphia as planned , and would be unable to render aid . Having considered his options , Burgoyne decided to continue the advance . On September 19 , he attempted to flank the American position , and clashed at Freeman 's Farm . The British won , but at the cost of 600 casualties . Burgoyne then dug in , but suffered a constant haemorrhage of deserters , and critical supplies were running low . Henry Clinton did capture two key forts on October 6 to divert American resources , though he turned back ten days later . Meanwhile , the American army was growing in size daily , swelling to some 15,000 men . On October 7 , a British reconnaissance in force against the American lines was repulsed with heavy losses . Burgoyne then withdrew with the Americans in pursuit , and by October 13 , he was surrounded . With no hope of relief and supplies exhausted , Burgoyne surrendered on October 17 . 6,222 soldiers became prisoners of the Americans . The decisive success spurred France to enter the war as an ally of the United States , securing the final elements needed for victory over Britain , that of foreign assistance . Washington and Lafayette inspect the troops at Valley Forge . Meanwhile , Howe launched his campaign against Washington , though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed . Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey , or by sea via the Delaware Bay , even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary . Instead , he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne . This decision was so difficult to understand , Howe 's critics accused him of treason . Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11 , though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army . A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless , and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26 . Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown , north of Philadelphia . Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4 , which was eventually repulsed . Again , Howe did not follow - up on his victory , leaving the American army intact and able to fight . Later , after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh , Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia , astonishing both sides . Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear , where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies . On December 19 , Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge . Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops . Howe , only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , made no effort to attack , which critics observed could have ended the war . The Continental Army was put through a new training program , supervised by Baron von Steuben , introducing the most modern Prussian methods of drilling . Meanwhile , Howe resigned , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Clinton received orders to abandon Philadelphia and fortify New York following France 's entry into the war . On June 18 , the British departed Philadelphia , with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit . The two armies fought at Monmouth Court House on June 28 , with the Americans holding the field , greatly boosting morale and confidence . By July , both armies were back in the same positions they had been two years prior . Foreign intervention Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , and Carlisle Peace Commission French troops storming Redoubt 9 during the Siege of Yorktown The defeat at Saratoga caused considerable anxiety in Britain over foreign intervention . The North ministry sought reconciliation with the colonies by consenting to their original demands , although Lord North refused to grant independence . No positive reply was received from the Americans . French foreign minister the Comte de Vergennes was strongly anti-British , and he sought a casus belli to go to war with and weaken their perennial foe following the conquest of Canada in 1763 . The French had covertly supplied the Americans through neutral Dutch ports since the onset of the war , proving invaluable throughout the Saratoga campaign . The French public favored war , though Vergennes and King Louis XVI were hesitant , owing to the military and financial risk . The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French that supporting the Patriots was worthwhile , but doing so also brought major concerns . The King was concerned that Britain 's concessions would be accepted , and that she would then reconcile with the Colonies to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the Caribbean . To prevent this , France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 and followed with a military alliance . France aimed to expel Britain from the Newfoundland fishery , end restrictions on Dunkirk sovereignty , regain free trade in India , recover Senegal and Dominica , and restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions pertaining to Anglo - French trade . Spain was wary of provoking war with Britain before she was ready , so she covertly supplied the Patriots via her colonies in New Spain . Congress hoped to persuade Spain into an open alliance , so the first American Commission met with the Count of Aranda in 1776 . Spain was still reluctant to make an early commitment , owing to a lack of direct French involvement , the threat against their treasure fleets , and the possibility of war with Portugal , Spain 's neighbor and a close ally of Britain . However , Spain affirmed its desire to support the Americans the following year , hoping to weaken Britain 's empire . In the Spanish - Portuguese War ( 1776 - 77 ) , the Portuguese threat was neutralized . On 12 April 1779 , Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France and went to war against Britain . Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Menorca in Europe , as well as Mobile and Pensacola in Florida , and also to expel the British from Central America . Meanwhile , George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight . He did not welcome war with France , but he believed that Britain had made all necessary steps to avoid it and cited the British victories over France in the Seven Years ' War as a reason to remain optimistic . Britain tried in vain to find a powerful ally to engage France , leaving it isolated , preventing Britain from focusing the majority of her efforts in one theater , and forcing a major diversion of military resources from America . Despite this , the King determined never to recognize American independence and to ravage the colonies indefinitely , or until they pleaded to return to the yoke of the Crown . Mahan argues that Britain 's attempt to fight in multiple theaters simultaneously without major allies was fundamentally flawed , citing impossible mutual support , exposing the forces to defeat in detail . Since the outbreak of the conflict , Britain had appealed to her ally , the neutral Dutch Republic , to loan her the use of the Scots Brigade for service in America , but pro-American sentiment among the Dutch public forced them to deny the request . Consequently , the British attempted to invoke several treaties for outright Dutch military support , but the Republic still refused . Moreover , American troops were being supplied with ordnance by Dutch merchants via their West Indies colonies . French supplies bound for America had also passed through Dutch ports . The Republic maintained free trade with France following France 's declaration of war on Britain , citing a prior concession by Britain on this issue . Britain responded by confiscating Dutch shipping , and even firing upon it . Consequently , the Republic joined the First League of Armed Neutrality to enforce their neutral status . The Republic had also given sanctuary to American privateers and had drafted a treaty of commerce with the Americans . Britain argued that these actions contravened the Republic 's neutral stance and declared war in December 1780 . International war breaks out ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : France in the American Revolutionary War , Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe Soon after France declared war , French and British fleets fought an indecisive action off Ushant on 27 July 1778 . On 12 April 1779 , Spain entered the war , with a primary goal of capturing Gibraltar . On June 24 , Spanish troops under the Duc de Crillon laid siege to the Rock . The naval blockade , however , was relatively weak , and the British were able to resupply the garrison . Meanwhile , a plan was formulated for a combined Franco - Spanish invasion of the British mainland . A combination of poor planning , disease , logistical issues and high financial expenditures resulted in the expedition 's failure . However , a diversionary Franco - American squadron under John Paul Jones did meet with some success on 23 September . On 16 January 1780 , the Royal Navy under George Rodney scored a major victory over the Spanish , weakening the naval blockade of Gibraltar . On 9 August , a Franco - Spanish fleet commanded by Luis de Córdova intercepted and decisively defeated a large British convoy off The Azores , led by John Moutray , bound for the West Indies . The defeat was catastrophic for Britain ; losing 52 merchant ships , 5 East Indiamen , 80,000 muskets , equipment for 40,000 troops , 294 guns and 3,144 men , making it one of the most complete naval captures ever made . The loss was valued at some £ 1.5 million , or £ 180 million in today 's money , dealing a severe blow to British commerce . The Moonlight Battle of Cape St. Vincent , 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman , painted 1780 Americas In the Caribbean , intending to damage British trade , the French blockaded the lucrative sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica . In order to improve communication among French Caribbean islands , and to strike a blow to privateering , French troops led by the Marquis de Bouillé captured Dominica on 7 September 1778 . To monitor the French naval base on Martinique , the British defeated a French naval force on 15 December , and captured St. Lucia on 28 December . Though both fleets received reinforcements through the first half of 1779 , the French under the Comte d'Estaing soon enjoyed superiority in the Caribbean , and began capturing British territories ; seizing St. Vincent on 18 June , and Grenada on 4 July . On July 6 , having pursued d'Estaing from Grenada , the British fleet under John Byron was tactically defeated , the worst loss the Royal Navy had suffered since 1690 . Naval skirmishes continued until 17 April 1780 , when British and French fleets clashed indecisively off Martinique . On the mainland , Bernardo de Gálvez , governor of Louisiana , had intercepted intelligence the British were planning to invade New Orleans , and decided to strike first . Gálvez intended to conquer West Florida , and set out with 670 men on August 27 , 1779 , though his force was soon swollen to 1,400 by local Native Americans . On 7 September , Fort Bute fell to the Spanish , who then marched on to Baton Rouge , arriving on September 12 . After a nine - day siege , the town fell . Leaving a garrison behind , Gálvez returned to New Orleans to recruit additional troops . In early 1780 , Gálvez mounted an expedition to take Mobile , setting off with 750 troops on 11 January . Joined by reinforcements from Havana , siege operations commenced on March 1 , and the town fell after a 14 - day siege . Gálvez had hoped to push on to Pensacola , the British capital of West Florida , however , a hurricane devastated his expedition , stalling it till 1781 . In Central America , the defence of Guatemala was a priority for Spain . The British intended to capture the key fortress of San Fernando de Omoa and drive the Spanish from the region . After inadequate first attempts , 1,200 British troops led by William Dalrymple arrived on 16 October , and captured the fort on 20 October . However , the British suffered terribly due to disease , and were forced to abandon the fort on 29 November , and Spanish troops subsequently reoccupied the fort . In 1780 , John Dalling , governor of Jamaica , planned an expedition to cut New Spain in two , by capturing Granada , which would subsequently allow them full control of the San Juan River . The British expedition , led by John Polson and Horatio Nelson , set out on 3 February 1780 . On 17 March , the expedition reached Fort San Juan and laid siege , capturing it on 29 April . The British were ravaged by disease , and were running low on food due to poor logistics . The British withdrew on 8 November , the expedition having suffered a decisive defeat ; some 2,500 troops had perished , making it the costliest British disaster of the war . Mysorean troops defeat the British at Pollilur , using rockets against closely massed British infantry India After word of hostilities with France reached India , the British East India Company moved quickly to capture French possessions , and took Pondicherry after a two - week siege on 19 October 1778 . The Company resolved to drive the French out of India entirely , capturing the Malabar port of Mahé in 1779 . Mahé had been under the protection of Mysore , as French ordnance passed through the port to the Mysorean ruler , Hyder Ali . Tensions were already inflamed due to British support for Malabar rebels against Ali , and the fall of Mahé precipitated war . In July 1780 , Ali invaded the Carnatic , and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot . A 7,000 - strong Company relief force under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September ; thus far the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India . Instead of pressing on for a decisive victory against a second Company army at Madras , Ali renewed the siege at Arcot , capturing it on 3 November . The delay allowed British forces to regroup for campaigning the following year . Stalemate in the North ( 1778 -- 1780 ) Main articles : Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga and Western theater of the American Revolutionary War `` Give ' em Watts , boys ! '' -- American troops repulse Wilhelm von Knyphausen 's attack at Springfield Following the British defeat at Saratoga , and the entry of France into the war , Henry Clinton withdrew from Philadelphia , consolidating in New York . French admiral the Comte d'Estaing had been dispatched to North America in April 1778 to assist Washington , arriving shortly after Clinton withdrew into New York . Concluding New York 's defences were too formidable for the French fleet , the Franco - American forces opted to attack Newport . This effort , launched on August 29 , failed after the French opted to withdraw , greatly angering the Americans . The war then ground down to a stalemate , with the majority of actions fought as large skirmishes , such as those at Chestnut Neck and Little Egg Harbor . In the summer of 1779 , the Americans captured British posts at Stony Point and Paulus Hook . In July , Clinton 's attempts to coax Washington into a decisive engagement with a major raid into Connecticut failed . That month , a large American naval operation to retake Maine resulted in the worst American naval defeat until Pearl Harbor in 1941 . The high frequency of Iroquois raids on the locals compelled Washington to mount a punitive expedition , destroying a large number of Iroquois settlements , but the effort ultimately failed to stop the raids . During the winter of 1779 -- 80 , the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge . Morale was poor ; public support was being eroded by the long war , the national currency was virtually worthless , the army was plagued with supply problems , desertion was common , and , in early 1780 , whole regiments mutinied over the conditions . Hamilton surrenders at Vincennes , February 29 , 1779 In 1780 , Clinton launched an attempt to re-take New Jersey . On June 7 , an invasion of 6,000 men under Hessian general Wilhelm von Knyphausen met stiff resistance from the local militia . Though the British held the field , Knyphausen feared a general engagement with Washington 's main army , and withdrew . A fortnight later , Knyphausen and Clinton decided upon a second attempt , which was soundly defeated at Springfield , effectively ending British ambitions in New Jersey . Meanwhile , American general Benedict Arnold had grown disenfranchised with the war , and conspired with the British to surrender the key American fortress of West Point . Arnold 's plot was foiled upon the capture of his contact , John André , and he escaped to British lines in New York . Though Arnold 's reasoning reflected Loyalist opinion , Patriots strongly condemned him . West of the Appalachians , the war was largely confined to skirmishing and raids . In February 1778 , an expedition of militia to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the Cuyahoga River was halted due to adverse weather . Later in the year , a second campaign was undertaken to seize the Illinois Country from the British . The Americans captured Kaskaskia on July 4 , and then secured Vincennes , although the latter was quickly recaptured by Henry Hamilton , the British commander at Detroit . In early 1779 , the Americans counter-attacked by undertaking a risky winter march , and secured the surrender of the British at Vincennes , taking Hamilton prisoner . On May 25 , 1780 , the British launched an expedition into Kentucky , as part of a wider operation to clear resistance from Quebec to the Gulf coast . The expedition met with only limited success , though hundreds of settlers were killed or captured . The Americans responded with a major offensive along the Mad River in August , which met with some success , but did little to abate the Native American raids on the frontier . An attempt by French militia to capture Detroit ended in disaster when Miami Indians ambushed and defeated the gathered troops on November 5 . The war in the west had become a stalemate ; the Americans did not have the manpower to simultaneously defeat the Indian tribes and occupy their land . War in the South ( 1778 -- 1781 ) Main article : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War British troops besiege Charleston in 1780 , by Alonzo Chappel In 1778 , despite the defeat at Saratoga , the British turned their attention to reconquering the South . Prominent Loyalists with great influence in London had convinced the British that Loyalist support was high in the South , and that a campaign there would inspire a popular Loyalist uprising . The British centred their strategy upon this thinking . A southern campaign also had the advantage of keeping the Royal Navy closer to the Caribbean , where it would be needed to defend lucrative colonies against the Franco - Spanish fleets . On December 29 , 1778 , an expeditionary corps from New York captured Savannah . British troops then moved inland to recruit Loyalist support . Despite a promising initial turnout in early 1779 , a large Loyalist militia was defeated at Kettle Creek on February 14 , demonstrating their vulnerability when operating away from British regulars . The British recovered their loss , defeating Patriot militia at Brier Creek on March 3 . The British then launched an abortive assault on Charleston , South Carolina . The operation was noted for a high degree of looting by British troops , enraging both Loyalists and Patriot colonists . In October , a combined Franco - American effort to capture Savannah failed . In 1780 , Henry Clinton moved against Charleston , capturing it on May 12 . With few losses of their own , the British took 5,266 prisoners , effectively destroying the Continental Army in the south . Organized American resistance in the region collapsed when Banastre Tarleton defeated the withdrawing Americans at Waxhaws on May 29 . American and British cavalry clash at the Battle of Cowpens , from an 1845 painting by William Ranney Clinton returned to New York , leaving Charles Cornwallis in command in Charleston to oversee the southern war effort . In the interim , the war was carried on by Patriot militias , whom effectively suppressed Loyalists by winning victories in Fairfield County , Lincolnton , York County , Stanly County , and Lancaster County . Congress appointed Horatio Gates , victor at Saratoga , to lead the American effort in the south . Soon after arriving , on August 16 , Gates suffered a major defeat at Camden , setting the stage for Cornwallis to invade North Carolina . While Patriot militia continued to interfere in attempts to pacify the countryside , Cornwallis dispatched troops to raise Loyalist forces to cover his left flank as he moved north . This wing of Cornwallis ' army was virtually destroyed on October 7 , irreversibly breaking Loyalist support in the Carolinas . Cornwallis subsequently aborted his advance and retreated back into South Carolina . In the interim , Washington replaced Gates with his trusted subordinate , Nathanael Greene . Unable to confront the British directly , Greene dispatched a force under Daniel Morgan to recruit additional troops . Morgan then defeated the cream of the British army under Tarleton on January 17 , 1781 , at Cowpens . As after the defeat of the Loyalists at King 's Mountain , Cornwallis was criticized for his decision to detach a substantial part of his army without adequate support . Despite the setbacks , Cornwallis proceeded to advance into North Carolina , gambling that he would receive substantial Loyalist support . Greene evaded combat with Cornwallis , instead wearing his army down through a protracted war of attrition . By March , Greene 's army had grown enough where he felt confident in facing Cornwallis . The two armies engaged at Guilford Courthouse on March 15 , and , though Greene was beaten , Cornwallis ' army had suffered irreplaceable casualties . Compounding this , far fewer Loyalists were joining as expected due to effective Patriot suppression . Cornwallis ' casualties were such that he was compelled to retreat to Wilmington for reinforcement , leaving the interior of the Carolinas , and Georgia , wide open to Greene . In Cornwallis ' absence , Greene proceeded to reconquer the South . Despite suffering a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 , American troops continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area , capturing Fort Watson , and Fort Motte . Augusta , the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah , fell on June 6 . In an effort to stop Greene , a British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 . Despite inflicting a tactical defeat on Greene 's army , the casualties suffered by the British were such that they withdrew to Charleston . While minor skirmishes in the Carolinas continued till the end of the war , British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict . British defeat in America ( 1781 ) Main article : Yorktown campaign The French ( left ) and British ( right ) lines exchange fire at the Battle of the Chesapeake Cornwallis had discovered that the majority of the American 's supplies in the Carolinas were passing through Virginia , and had written to both Lord Germain and Clinton detailing his intentions to invade . Cornwallis believed a successful campaign there would cut supplies to Greene 's army and precipitate a collapse of American resistance in the South . Clinton strongly opposed the plan , instead favoring conducting a campaign further north in the Chesapeake region . Lord Germain wrote to Cornwallis approving his plan , neglecting to include Clinton in the decision - making entirely , despite him being Cornwallis ' superior officer . Cornwallis then decided to move into Virginia without informing Clinton . Clinton , however , had failed to construct a coherent strategy for British operations in 1781 , owing to his difficult relationship with his naval counterpart , Marriot Arbuthnot . Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah , French planners realized closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success . The French fleet , led by the Comte de Grasse , had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed . Washington and his French counterpart , the Comte de Rochambeau , discussed their options . Washington pushed for an attack on New York , while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia , where the British were less well - established and thus , easier to defeat . Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety , fearing an attack on the city . His instructions to Cornwallis during this time were vague , rarely forming explicit orders . However , Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base , and transfer troops to the north to defend New York . Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown , and awaited the Royal Navy . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull , 1797 Washington still favored an assault on New York , but was essentially overruled when the French opted to send their fleet to their preferred target of Yorktown . In August , the combined Franco - American army moved south to cooperate with de Grasse to defeat Cornwallis . Lacking sufficient naval resources to effectively counter the French , the British dispatched an inadequate fleet under Thomas Graves to assist Cornwallis and assume naval dominance . On September 5 , the French fleet decisively defeated Graves , giving the French control of the seas around Yorktown , cutting Cornwallis off from reinforcements and relief . Despite the continued urging of his subordinates , Cornwallis made no attempt to break out and engage the Franco - American army before it had established siege works , instead expecting reinforcements would arrive from New York . On September 28 , the Franco - American army laid siege to Yorktown . Believing relief from Clinton was imminent , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then occupied by the Franco - American troops , serving to hasten his subsequent defeat . A British attempt to break out of the siege across the river at Gloucester Point failed when a storm hit . Under increasing bombardment and with dwindling supplies , Cornwallis and his subordinates agreed their situation was untenable , and negotiated a surrender on October 17 . Some 7,685 soldiers became prisoners of the Franco - American army . The same day as the surrender , 6,000 troops under Clinton had departed New York , sailing to relieve Yorktown . North ministry collapses The Gordon Riots , by John Seymour Lucas Following British successes at Newport and Charleston , the North government had gained support in Parliament . However , the government 's decision to allow Irish Catholics to enlist in the army was deeply unpopular , triggering a massive protest in London in 1780 , culminating in widespread rioting . The riots were the most destructive in London 's history , damaging the prestige of the government . On 25 November 1781 , the situation worsened when news of the surrender at Yorktown arrived in London . Prime Minister Lord North is said to have repeatedly exclaimed ; `` Oh , God ! It 's all over ! '' King George III received the news with dignity , though later became depressed and considered abdication . The Whig opposition gained traction in Parliament , though a motion proposed on December 12 to end the war was defeated by only one vote . Lord Germain , who had overseen strategic matters in the war effort , was dismissed from office in early 1782 . Soon after , a no confidence motion in the Prime Minister was passed , forcing the resignation of North and leading to the collapse of his ministry . The Rockingham Whigs came to power soon after and began opening negotiations for peace . Prime Minister the Marquess of Rockingham died in office on 1 July 1782 , and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne , forcing the resignations of prominent Whigs Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox , with whom Shelburne had an icy relationship . Shelburne was initially hesitant to granting full American independence , instead preferring the colonies accept Dominion status , though such intentions were never realized . Despite the defeats in America , the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned there , occupying New York , Charleston and Savannah . Henry Clinton was recalled to London after the defeat at Yorktown , and departed America in March 1782 . He was replaced by Guy Carleton , who was under orders to suspend offensive operations in America . Final years of the war ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Main articles : Anglo - French War ( 1778 - 1783 ) , Spain in the American Revolutionary War , Second Anglo - Mysore War , and Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Europe After hostilities with the Dutch began in late 1780 , Britain had moved quickly , enforcing a blockade across the North Sea . Within weeks , the British had captured 200 Dutch merchantmen , and 300 more were holed up in foreign ports , though political turmoil within the Republic and peace negotiations by both sides helped keep conflict to a minimum . The majority of the Dutch public favored a military alliance with France against Britain , however , the Dutch Stadtholder impeded these efforts , hoping to secure an early peace . To restore diminishing trade a Dutch squadron under Johan Zoutman escorted a fleet of some 70 merchantmen from the Texel . Zoutman 's ships were intercepted by Sir Hyde Parker , who engaged Zoutman at Dogger Bank on 5 August 1781 . Though the contest was tactically inconclusive , the Dutch fleet did not leave harbor again during the war , and their merchant fleet remained crippled . The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar , September 13 , 1782 , by John Singleton Copley On 6 January 1781 , a French attempt to capture Jersey to neutralize British privateering failed . Frustrated in their attempts to capture Gibraltar , a Franco - Spanish force of 14,000 men under the Duc de Mahon met with more success in August ; invading Menorca on 19 August . After a long siege of St. Philip 's , the British garrison under James Murray surrendered on 5 February 1782 , securing a primary war goal for the Spanish . At Gibraltar , a major Franco - Spanish assault on 13 September 1782 was repulsed with heavy casualties . On 20 October 1782 , following a successful resupply of Gibraltar , British ships under Richard Howe successfully refused battle to the Franco - Spanish fleet under Luis de Córdova , denying Córdova dominance at sea . On 7 February 1783 , after 1,322 days of siege , the Franco - Spanish army withdrew , decisively defeated . Americas Spanish troops led by Bernardo de Gálvez in combat at Pensacola . Oil on canvas , Augusto Ferrer - Dalmau , 2015 . In the West Indies , on 29 -- 30 April 1781 , a Royal Navy squadron under Samuel Hood was narrowly defeated by the French , led by the Comte de Grasse . de Grasse continued seizing British territories ; Tobago fell on 2 June , Demerara and Essequibo on 22 January 1782 , St. Kitts and Nevis on 12 February , despite a British naval victory on 25 January , and Montserrat on 22 February . In 1782 , the primary strategic goal of the French and Spanish was the capture of Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the Thirteen Colonies combined . On 7 April 1782 , de Grasse departed Martinique to rendezvous with Franco - Spanish troops at Saint Domingue , and invade Jamaica from the north . The British under Hood and George Rodney pursued and decisively defeated the French off Dominica between 9 -- 12 April . The Franco - Spanish plan to conquer Jamaica was in ruins , and the balance of naval power in the Caribbean shifted to the Royal Navy . After the fall of Mobile to Spanish troops under Bernardo de Gálvez , an attempt to capture Pensacola was thwarted due to a hurricane . Emboldened by the disaster , John Campbell , British commander at Pensacola , decided to recapture Mobile . Campbell 's expeditionary force of around 700 men was defeated on 7 January 1781 . After re-grouping at Havana , Gálvez set out for Pensacola on 13 February . Arriving on 9 March , siege operations did not begin until 24 March , owing to difficulties in bringing the ships into the bay . After a 45 - day siege , Gálvez decisively defeated the garrison , securing the conquest of West Florida . In May , Spanish troops captured the Bahamas , although the British bloodlessly recaptured the islands the following year on 18 April . In Guatemala , Matías de Gálvez led Spanish troops in an effort to dislocate British settlements along the Gulf of Honduras . Gálvez captured Roatán on 16 March 1782 , and then quickly took Black River . Following the decisive naval victory at the Saintes , Archibald Campbell , the Royal governor of Jamaica , authorized Edward Despard to re-take Black River , which he did on 22 August . However , with peace talks opening , and Franco - Spanish resources committed to the siege of Gibraltar , no further offensive operations took place . Few operations were conducted against the Dutch , although several Dutch colonies were captured by the British in 1781 . Sint Eustatius , a key supply port for the Patriots , was sacked by British forces under George Rodney on 3 February 1782 , plundering the island 's wealth . India Following Dutch entry into the conflict , East India Company troops under Hector Munro captured the Dutch port of Negapatam after a three - week siege on 11 October 1781 . Soon after , British Admiral Edward Hughes captured Trincomalee after a brief engagement on 11 January 1782 . The British ( right ) and the French ( left ) , with Admiral Suffren 's flagship Cléopâtre on the far left , exchange fire at Cuddalore , by Auguste Jugelet , 1836 . In March 1781 , French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched to India to assist colonial efforts . Suffren arrived off the Indian coast in February 1782 , where he clashed with a British fleet under Hughes , winning a narrow tactical victory . After landing troops at Porto Novo to assist Mysore , Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again Providien on 12 April . There was no clear victor , though Hughes ' fleet came off worse , and he withdrew to the British - held port of Trincomalee . Hyder Ali wished for the French to capture Negapatam to establish naval dominance over the British , and this task fell to Suffren . Suffren 's fleet clashed with Hughes again off Negapatam on 6 July . Suffren withdrew to Cuddalore , strategically defeated , and the British remained in control of Negapatam . Intending to find a more suitable port than Cuddalore , Suffren captured Trincomalee on 1 September , and successfully engaged Hughes two days later . Meanwhile , Ali 's troops loosely blockaded Vellore as the East India Company regrouped . Company troops under Sir Eyre Coote led a counter-offensive , defeating Ali at Porto Novo on 1 July 1781 , Pollilur on 27 August , and Sholinghur on 27 September , expelling the Mysorean troops from the Carnatic . On 18 February 1782 , Tipu Sultan defeated John Braithwaite near Tanjore , taking his entire 1,800 - strong force prisoner . The war had , by this point , reached an uneasy stalemate . On 7 December 1782 , Hyder Ali died , and the rule of Mysore passed to his son , Tipu Sultan . Sultan advanced along the west coast , laying siege to Mangalore on 20 May 1783 . Meanwhile , on the east coast , an army under James Stuart besieged the French - held port of Cuddalore on 9 June 1783 . On 20 June , key British naval support for the siege was neutralized when Suffren defeated Hughes ' fleet off Cuddalore , and though narrow , the victory gave Suffren the opportunity to displace British holdings in India . On 25 June , the Franco - Mysorean defenders made repeated sorties against British lines , though all assaults failed . On 30 June , news arrived of a preliminary peace between the belligerent powers , and the siege was effectively over when the French abandoned the siege . Mangalore remained under siege , and capitulated to Sultan on 30 January 1784 . Little fighting took place thereafter , and Mysore and Britain made peace on 11 March . Peace of Paris Main articles : Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) and Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Benjamin West 's famous painting of the American delegations at the Treaty of Paris . The British delegation refused to pose , and the painting was never completed . Following the surrender at Yorktown , the Whig party came to power in Britain and began opening negotiations for a cessation of hostilities . While peace negotiations were being undertaken , British troops in America were restricted from launching further offensives . Prime Minister the Earl of Shelburne was reluctant to accept American independence as a prerequisite for peace , as the British were aware that the French economy was nearly bankrupt , and reinforcements sent to the West Indies could potentially reverse the situation there . He preferred that the colonies accept Dominion status within the Empire , though a similar offer had been rejected by the Americans in 1778 . Negotiations soon began in Paris . The Americans initially demanded that Quebec be ceded to them as spoils of war , a proposal that was dropped when Shelburne accepted American demands for recognition of independence . On April 19 , 1782 , the Dutch formally recognized the United States as a sovereign power , enhancing American leverage at the negotiations . Spain initially impeded the negotiations , refusing to enter into peace talks until Gibraltar had been captured . The Comte de Vergennes proposed that American territory be confined to the east of the Appalachians ; Britain would have sovereignty over the area north of the Ohio River , below which an Indian barrier state would be established under Spanish control . The United States fiercely opposed the proposal . Washington enters New York in triumph following the British evacuation of America . The Americans skirted their allies , recognizing that more favorable terms would be found in London . They negotiated directly with Shelburne , who hoped to make Britain a valuable trading partner of America at the expense of France . To this end , Shelburne offered to cede all the land east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Quebec , while also allowing American fishermen access to the rich Newfoundland fishery . According to one historian , Shelburne was hoping to facilitate the growth of the American population , creating lucrative markets that Britain could exploit at no administrative cost to London . As Vergennes commented , `` the English buy peace rather than make it '' . Throughout the negotiations , Britain never consulted her American Indian allies , forcing them to reluctantly accept the treaty . However , the subsequent tension erupted into conflicts between the Indians and the young United States , the largest being the Northwest Indian War . Britain continued trying to create an Indian buffer state in the American Midwest as late as 1814 during the War of 1812 . Britain negotiated separate treaties with Spain , France , and the Dutch Republic . Gibraltar proved to be a stumbling block in the peace talks ; Spain offered to relinquish their conquests in West Florida , Menorca , and the Bahamas in exchange for Gibraltar , terms which Shelburne steadfastly refused . Shelburne instead offered to cede East Florida , West Florida , and Menorca if Spain would relinquish the claim on Gibraltar , terms which were reluctantly accepted . However , in the long - term , the new territorial gains were of little value to Spain . France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago in the Caribbean and Senegal in Africa , after agreeing to return all other colonial conquests to British sovereignty . Britain returned Dutch Caribbean territories to Dutch sovereignty , in exchange for free trade rights in the Dutch East Indies and control of the Indian port of Negapatnam . Preliminary peace articles were signed in Paris on 30 November 1782 , while preliminaries between Britain , Spain , France , and the Netherlands continued until September 1783 . The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14 , 1784 . Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved , the first reaching France in March 1784 . British ratification occurred on April 9 , 1784 , and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12 , 1784 . The war formally concluded on September 3 , 1783 . The last British troops departed New York City on November 25 , 1783 , marking the end of British rule in the new United States . Aftermath Casualties and losses Americans and allies The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown . As was typical in wars of the era , diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle . Between 1775 and 1782 , a smallpox epidemic broke out throughout North America , killing 40 people in Boston alone . Historian Joseph Ellis suggests that Washington 's decision to have his troops inoculated against the disease was one of his most important decisions . Between 25,000 and 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service . Of these , approximately 6,800 were killed in battle , while at least 17,000 died from disease . The majority of the latter died while prisoners of war of the British , mostly in the prison ships in New York Harbor . If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots , it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the American Civil War . Uncertainty arises due to the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease , as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone . The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000 . The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those , 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war . The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed , owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain . British and allies British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces . A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ) , and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ) . In 1784 , a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war , encompassing Europe , the Caribbean and the East Indies . Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds . Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former , it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat . Around 171,000 sailors served in the Royal Navy during the war ; approximately a quarter of whom had been pressed into service . Around 1,240 were killed in battle , while an estimated 18,500 died from disease ( 1776 -- 1780 ) . The greatest killer at sea was scurvy , a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency . It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the Royal Navy after the Admiralty declared lemon juice and sugar were to be issued among the standard daily rations of sailors . Around 42,000 sailors deserted during the war . The impact on merchant shipping was substantial ; an estimated 3,386 merchant ships were seized by enemy forces during the war ; of those , 2,283 were taken by American privateers alone . Financial debts Main article : Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War At the start of the war , the economy of the colonies was flourishing , and the free white population enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world . The Royal Navy enforced a naval blockade during the war to financially cripple the colonies , however , this proved unsuccessful ; 90 % of the population worked in farming , not in coastal trade , and , as such , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade . Congress had immense difficulties throughout the conflict to efficiently finance the war effort . As the circulation of hard currency declined , the Americans had to rely on loans from American merchants and bankers , France , Spain and the Netherlands , saddling the young nation with crippling debts . Congress attempted to remedy this by printing vast amounts of paper money and bills of credit to raise revenue . The effect was disastrous ; inflation skyrocketed , and the paper money became virtually worthless . The inflation spawned a popular phrase that anything of little value was `` not worth a continental '' . By 1791 , the United States had accumulated a national debt of approximately $75.5 million . The United States finally solved its debt and currency problems in the 1790s , when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton secured legislation by which the national government assumed all of the state debts , and , in addition , created a national bank and a funding system based on tariffs and bond issues that paid off the foreign debts . Britain spent around £ 80 million and ended with a national debt of £ 250 million , ( £ 27.1 billion in today 's money ) , generating a yearly interest of £ 9.5 million annually . The debts piled upon that which it had already accumulated from the Seven Years ' War . Due to wartime taxation upon the British populace , the tax for the average Briton amounted to approximately four shillings in every pound . The French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres on aiding the Americans , accumulating a national debt of 3.315. 1 billion livres by 1783 on war costs . Unlike Britain , which had a very efficient taxation system , the French tax system was highly unstable , eventually leading to a financial crisis in 1786 . The debts contributed to a worsening fiscal crisis that ultimately begat the French Revolution at the end of the century . The debt continued to spiral ; on the eve of the French Revolution , the national debt had skyrocketed to 12 billion livres . Spain had nearly doubled her military spending during the war , from 454 million reales in 1778 to over 700 million in 1779 . Spain more easily disposed of her debts unlike her French ally , partially due to the massive increase in silver mining in her American colonies ; production increased approximately 600 % in Mexico , and by 250 % in Peru and Bolivia . Analysis of combatants Great Britain See also : British Army during the American Revolutionary War , Royal Navy , Hessian ( soldier ) , and Loyalist ( American Revolution ) British redcoats at the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 . The population of Great Britain and Ireland in 1780 was approximately 12.6 million , while the Thirteen Colonies held a population of some 2.8 million , including some 500,000 slaves . Theoretically , Britain had the advantage , however , many factors inhibited the procurement of a large army . Armed forces Recruitment Press gang at work , British caricature of 1780 In 1775 , the standing British Army , exclusive of militia , comprised 45,123 men worldwide , made up of 38,254 infantry and 6,869 cavalry . The Army had approximately eighteen regiments of foot , some 8,500 men , stationed in North America . Standing armies had played a key role in the purge of the Long Parliament in 1648 , the maintenance of a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell , and the overthrow of James II , and , as such , the Army had been deliberately kept small in peacetime to prevent abuses of power by the King . Despite this , eighteenth century armies were not easy guests , and were regarded with scorn and contempt by the press and public of the New and Old World alike , derided as enemies of liberty . An expression ran in the Navy ; `` A messmate before a shipmate , a shipmate before a stranger , a stranger before a dog , a dog before a soldier '' . Parliament suffered chronic difficulties in obtaining sufficient manpower , and found it impossible to fill the quotas they had set . The Army was a deeply unpopular profession , one contentious issue being pay . A Private infantryman was paid a wage of just 8 d. per day , the same pay as for a New Model Army infantryman , 130 years earlier . The rate of pay in the army was insufficient to meet the rising costs of living , turning off potential recruits , as service was nominally for life . To entice people to enrol , Parliament offered a bounty of £ 1.10 s for every recruit . As the war dragged on , Parliament became desperate for manpower ; criminals were offered military service to escape legal penalties , and deserters were pardoned if they re-joined their units . After the defeat at Saratoga , Parliament doubled the bounty to £ 3 , and increased it again the following year , to £ 3.3 s , as well as expanding the age limit from 17 -- 45 to 16 -- 50 years of age . Impressment , essentially conscription by the `` press gang '' , was a favored recruiting method , though it was unpopular with the public , leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service . Attempts were made to draft such levies , much to the chagrin of the militia commanders . Competition between naval and army press gangs , and even between rival ships or regiments , frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit . Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs , while many deserted at the first opportunity . Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies , purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting . By 1781 , the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally , 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas . Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict , around a quarter were pressed . Interestingly , this same proportion , approximately 42,000 men , deserted during the conflict . At its height , the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line , 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service . Hessian soldiers of the Leibregiment Loyalists and Hessians In 1775 , Britain unsuccessfully attempted to secure 20,000 mercenaries from Russia , and the use of the Scots Brigade from the Dutch Republic , such was the shortage of manpower . Parliament managed to negotiate treaties with the princes of German states for large sums of money , in exchange for mercenary troops . In total , 29,875 troops were hired for British service from six German states ; Brunswick ( 5,723 ) , Hesse - Kassel ( 16,992 ) , Hesse - Hannau ( 2,422 ) , Ansbach - Bayreuth ( 2,353 ) , Waldeck - Pyrmont ( 1,225 ) and Anhalt - Zerbst ( 1,160 ) . King George III , who also ruled Hanover as a Prince - elector of the Holy Roman Empire , was approached by Parliament to loan the government Hanoverian soldiers for service in the war . Hanover supplied 2,365 men in five battalions , however , the lease agreement permitted them to only be used in Europe . Without any major allies , the manpower shortage became critical when France and Spain entered the war , forcing a major diversion of military resources from the Americas . Recruiting adequate numbers of Loyalist militia in America proved difficult due to high Patriot activity . To bolster numbers , the British promised freedom and grants of land to slaves who fought for them . Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war , and provided some of the best troops in the British service ; the British Legion , a mixed regiment of 250 dragoons and 200 infantry commanded by Banastre Tarleton , gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies , especially in the South . Leadership Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America . Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war , was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists . Jeffrey Amherst , who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778 , refused a direct command in America , due to unwillingness to take sides in the war . Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command , stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause '' . The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America , while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis . Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants , and were only following orders . As was the case in many European armies , except the Prussian Army , officers in British service could purchase commissions to ascend the ranks . Despite repeated attempts by Parliament to suppress it , the practise was common in the Army . Values of commissions varied , but were usually in line with social and military prestige , for example , regiments such as the Guards commanded the highest prices . The lower ranks often regarded the treatment to high - ranking commissions by wealthier officers as `` plums for ( their ) consumption '' . Wealthy individuals lacking any formal military education , or practical experience , often found their way into positions of high responsibility , diluting the effectiveness of a regiment . Though Royal authority had forbade the practise since 1711 , it was still permitted for infants to hold commissions . Young boys , often orphans of deceased wealthy officers , were taken from their schooling and placed in positions of responsibility within regiments . Logistics Logistical organization of eighteenth century armies was chaotic at best , and the British Army was no exception . No logistical corps existed in the modern sense ; while on campaign in foreign territories such as America , horses , wagons , and drivers were frequently requisitioned from the locals , often by impressment or by hire . No centrally organized medical corps existed . It was common for surgeons to have no formal medical education , and no diploma or entry examination was required . Nurses sometimes were apprentices to surgeons , but many were drafted from the women who followed the army . Army surgeons and doctors were poorly paid and were regarded as social inferiors to other officers . Soldiers of the Black Watch armed with Brown Bess muskets , c. 1790 . Grenadier of the 40th Regiment of Foot in 1767 , armed with a Brown Bess musket . The heavy personal equipment and wool uniform of the regular infantrymen were wholly unsuitable for combat in America , and the outfit was especially ill - suited to comfort and agile movement . During the Battle of Monmouth in late June 1778 , the temperature exceeded 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) and is said to have claimed more lives through heat stroke than through actual combat . The standard - issue firearm of the British Army was the Land Pattern Musket . Some officers preferred their troops to fire careful , measured shots ( around two per minute ) , rather than rapid firing . A bayonet made firing difficult , as its cumbersome shape hampered ramming down the charge into the barrel . British troops had a tendency to fire impetuously , resulting in inaccurate fire , a trait for which John Burgoyne criticized them during the Saratoga campaign . Burgoyne instead encouraged bayonet charges to break up enemy formations , which was a preferred tactic in most European armies at the time . Every battalion in America had organized its own rifle company by the end of the war , although rifles were not formally issued to the army until the Baker Rifle in 1801 . Flintlocks were heavily dependent on the weather ; high winds could blow the gunpowder from the flash pan , while heavy rain could soak the paper cartridge , ruining the powder and rendering the musket unable to fire . Furthermore , flints used in British muskets were of notoriously poor quality ; they could only be fired around six times before requiring resharpening , while American flints could fire sixty . This led to a common expression among the British : `` Yankee flint was as good as a glass of grog '' . Provisioning troops and sailors proved to be an immense challenge , as the majority of food stores had to be shipped overseas from Britain . The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the Army from living off the land . Other factors also impeded this option ; the countryside was too sparsely populated and the inhabitants were largely hostile or indifferent , the network of roads and bridges was poorly developed , and the area which the British controlled was so limited that foraging parties were frequently in danger of being ambushed . After France entered the war , the threat of the French navy increased the difficulty of transporting supplies to America . The food that could be bought in America was purchased at vastly inflated prices . Soldiers stationed in the West Indies perhaps suffered the worst ; the garrison commander of Tobago , Barbados , and Antigua frequently complained of the near - total lack of regular supply from Britain , and the food that could be bought was so expensive that the pay of the troops was inadequate to cover the costs . Food supplies were frequently in terrible condition , infested with mould , weevils , worms , and maggots . Provisions were frequently destroyed by rats , and their containers were too fragile to sustain a long ocean voyage or the rigors of campaigning . The climate was also against the British in the southern colonies and the Caribbean , where the intense summer heat caused food supplies to sour and spoil . British troops stationed in America were often on the verge of starvation . Life at sea was little better . Sailors and passengers were issued a daily food ration , largely consisting of hardtack and beer . The hardtack was often infested by weevils and was so tough that it earned the nicknames `` molar breakers '' and `` worm castles '' , and it sometimes had to be broken up with cannon shot . Meat supplies often spoiled on long voyages . The lack of fresh fruit and vegetables gave rise to scurvy , one of the biggest killers at sea . Rum was issued as part of a daily ration and was a popular drink among soldiers and sailors alike , often mixed with fresh water to make grog . Discipline Flogging of a delinquent in Germany , 17th century Discipline in the armed forces was harsh , and the lash was used to punish even trivial offences , nor was it applied sparingly . For instance , during the Saratoga campaign , two redcoats received 1,000 lashes each for robbery , while another received 800 lashes for striking a superior officer . During the Napoleonic Wars , one soldier received 700 lashes for stealing a beehive , while another , whom had received only 175 strikes of his 400 - lash sentence , spent three weeks in hospital from his injuries . The practise could often be a contentious source of resentment ; during the Battle of Quatre Bras in 1815 , the commander of the 92nd Foot was shot and killed by a soldier whom he had recently flogged . Flogging was a common punishment in the Royal Navy , and came to be associated with the stereotypical hardiness of sailors . Despite the harsh discipline , a distinct lack of self - discipline pervaded all ranks . Soldiers had an intense passion for gambling , reaching such excesses that troops would often wager their own uniforms . Soldiers drank heavily , and was not exclusive to the lower ranks ; William Howe was said to have seen many `` crapulous mornings '' while campaigning in New York . John Burgoyne drank heavily on a nightly basis towards the end of the Saratoga campaign . The two generals were also reported to have found solace with the wives of subordinate officers to ease the stressful burdens of command . During the Philadelphia campaign , British officers deeply offended local Quakers by entertaining their mistresses in the houses they had been quartered in . Despite such issues , British troops are reported to have been generally scrupulous in their treatment of non-combatants . This is contrasted by Hessian diaries , who wrote of their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists , such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners . The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety amongst the colonists , both Patriot and Loyalist , who viewed them as brutal mercenaries . British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops , despite orders from General Howe that `` the English should treat the Germans as brothers '' . The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English , which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord them any respect . During peacetime , the Army 's idleness led to it becoming riddled with corruption and inefficiency , resulting in a myriad of administrative difficulties once campaigning began . Strategic deficiencies The British leadership soon discovered it had overestimated the capabilities of its own troops , while underestimating those of the colonists , causing a sudden re-think in British planning . The ineffective initial response of British military and civil officials to the onset of the rebellion had allowed the advantage to shift to the colonists , as British authorities rapidly lost control over every colony . A microcosm of these shortcomings were evident at the Battle of Bunker Hill . It took ten hours for the British leadership to respond following the sighting of the Americans on the Charlestown Peninsula , giving the colonists ample time to reinforce their defenses . Rather than opt for a simple flanking attack that would have rapidly succeeded with minimal loss , the British decided on repeated frontal attacks . The results were telling ; the British suffered 1,054 casualties of a force of around 3,000 after repeated frontal assaults . The British leadership had nevertheless remained excessively optimistic , believing that just two regiments could suppress the rebellion in Massachusetts . Debate persists over whether a British defeat was a guaranteed outcome . Ferling argues that the odds were so long , the defeat of Britain was nothing short of a miracle . Ellis , however , considers that the odds always favored the Americans , and questions whether a British victory by any margin was realistic . Ellis argues that the British squandered their only opportunities for a decisive success in 1777 , and that the strategic decisions undertaken by William Howe underestimated the challenges posed by the Americans . Ellis concludes that , once Howe failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again '' . Conversely , the United States Army 's official textbook argues that , had Britain been able to commit 10,000 fresh troops to the war in 1780 , a British victory was within the realms of possibility . William Howe A 1777 mezzotint of Sir William Howe , British Commander - in - Chief from 1775 -- 1778 Historians such as Ellis and Stewart have observed that , under William Howe 's command , the British squandered several opportunities to achieve a decisive victory over the Americans . Throughout the New York and Philadelphia campaigns , Howe made several strategic errors , errors which cost the British opportunities for a complete victory . At Long Island , Howe failed to even attempt an encirclement of Washington , and actively restrained his subordinates from mounting an aggressive pursuit of the defeated American army . At White Plains , he refused to engage Washington 's vulnerable army , and instead concentrated his efforts upon a hill which offered the British no strategic advantage . After securing control of New York , Howe dispatched Henry Clinton to capture Newport , a measure which Clinton was opposed to , on the grounds the troops assigned to his command could have been put to better use in pursuing Washington 's retreating army . Despite the bleak outlook for the revolutionary cause and the surge of Loyalist activity in the wake of Washington 's defeats , Howe made no attempt to mount an attack upon Washington while the Americans settled down into winter quarters , much to their surprise . During planning for the Saratoga campaign , Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne , or capture Philadelphia , the revolutionary capital . Howe decided upon the latter , determining that Washington was of a greater threat . The decision left Burgoyne precariously isolated , and left the Americans confounded at the decision . Alden argues Howe may have been motivated by political opportunism ; if Burgoyne was successful , he would receive the credit for a decisive victory , and not Howe . However , the confusion was further compounded by the lack of explicit and contradictory instructions from London . When Howe launched his campaign , he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey , or by sea through the Delaware Bay . The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him . The decision so confused Parliament , that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason . During the Philadelphia campaign , Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine , and again after the Battle of Germantown . At the Battle of White Marsh , Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear , and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes , astonishing both sides . While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away , Howe made no effort to attack their camp , which critics argue could have ended the war . Following the conclusion of the campaign , Howe resigned his commission , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 . Contrary to Howe 's more hostile critics , however , there were strategic factors at play which impeded aggressive action . Howe may have been dissuaded from pursuing aggressive manoeuvres due to the memory of the grievous losses the British suffered at Bunker Hill . During the major campaigns in New York and Philadelphia , Howe often wrote of the scarcity of adequate provisions , which hampered his ability to mount effective campaigns . Howe 's tardiness in launching the New York campaign , and his reluctance to allow Cornwallis to vigorously pursue Washington 's beaten army , have both been attributed to the paucity of available food supplies . During the winter of 1776 -- 1777 , Howe split his army into scattered cantonments . This decision dangerously exposed the individual forces to defeat in detail , as the distance between them was such that they could not mutually support each other . This strategic failure allowed the Americans to achieve victory at the Battle of Trenton , and the concurrent Battle of Princeton . While a major strategic error to divide an army in such a manner , the quantity of available food supplies in New York was so low that Howe had been compelled to take such a decision . The garrisons were widely spaced so their respective foraging parties would not interfere with each other 's efforts . Howe 's difficulties during the Philadelphia campaign were also greatly exacerbated by the poor quality and quantity of available provisions . Clinton and Cornwallis General Charles Cornwallis , who led British forces in the southern campaign . In 1780 , the primary British strategy hinged upon a Loyalist uprising in the south , for which Charles Cornwallis was chiefly responsible . After an encouraging success at Camden , Cornwallis was poised to invade North Carolina . However , any significant Loyalist support had been effectively destroyed at the Battle of Kings Mountain , and the British Legion , the cream of his army , had been decisively defeated at the Battle of Cowpens . Following both defeats , Cornwallis was fiercely criticized for detaching a significant portion of his army without adequate mutual support . Despite the defeats , Cornwallis chose to proceed into North Carolina , gambling his success upon a large Loyalist uprising which never materialized . As a result , subsequent engagements cost Cornwallis valuable troops he could not replace , as at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse , and the Americans steadily wore his army down in an exhaustive war of attrition . Cornwallis had thus left the Carolinas ripe for reconquest . The Americans had largely achieved this aim by the end of 1781 , effectively confining the British to the coast , and undoing all the progress they had made in the previous year . In a last - ditch attempt to win the war in the South , Cornwallis resolved to invade Virginia , in order to cut off the American 's supply base to the Carolinas . Henry Clinton , Cornwallis ' superior , strongly opposed the plan , believing the decisive confrontations would take place between Washington in the North . London had approved Cornwallis plan , however they had failed to include Clinton in the decision - making , despite his seniority over Cornwallis , leading to a muddled strategic direction . Cornwallis then decided to invade Virginia without informing Clinton of his intentions . Clinton , however , had wholly failed to construct a coherent strategy for British campaigning that year , owing to his fractious relationship that he shared with Mariot Arbuthnot , his naval counterpart . As the Franco - American army approached Cornwallis at Yorktown , he made no attempt to sally out and engage before siege lines could be erected , despite the repeated urging of his subordinate officers . Expecting relief to soon arrive from Clinton , Cornwallis prematurely abandoned all of his outer defences , which were then promptly occupied by the besiegers , serving to hasten the British defeat . These factors contributed to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis ' entire army , and the end of major operations in North America . Like Howe before him , Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues . In 1778 , Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies , even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland . That winter , the supply issue had deteriorated so badly , that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed . Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779 , launching few major campaigns . This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food . By 1780 , the situation had not improved . Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain , voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve . By October that year , Clinton again wrote to Germain , angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain . Campaign issues Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems . The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic , and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived . The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance . Traditionally , the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict , yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York , Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ) , and Charleston . Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy , allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports . However , the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian , not urban . As a result , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects . Black Loyalist soldiers fought alongside British regulars in the 1781 Battle of Jersey , from The Death of Major Peirson The need to maintain Loyalist support prevented the British from using the harsh methods of suppressing revolts that they had used in Scotland and Ireland . For example , British troops looted and pillaged the locals during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 , enraging both Patriots and Loyalists . Neutral colonists were often driven into the ranks of the Patriots when brutal combat broke out between Tories and Whigs across the Carolinas in the later stages of the war . Conversely , Loyalists were often emboldened when Patriots resorted to intimidating suspected Tories , such as destroying property or tarring and feathering . The vastness of the American countryside and the limited manpower available meant that the British could never simultaneously defeat the Americans and occupy captured territory . One British statesman described the attempt as `` like trying to conquer a map '' . Wealthy Loyalists wielded great influence in London and were successful in convincing the British that the majority view in the colonies was sympathetic toward the Crown . Consequently , British planners pinned the success of their strategies on popular uprisings of Loyalists , which never transpired on the scale required . Historians have estimated that Loyalists made up only 15 -- 20 % of the population ( vs. 40 - 45 % Patriots ) and that they continued to deceive themselves on their level of support as late as 1780 . The British discovered that any significant level of organized Loyalist activity would require the continued presence of British regulars , which presented them with a major dilemma . The manpower that the British had available was insufficient to both protect Loyalist territory and counter American advances . The vulnerability of Loyalist militias was repeatedly demonstrated in the South , where they suffered strings of defeats to their Patriot neighbors . The most crucial juncture of this was at Kings Mountain , and the victory of the Patriot partisans irreversibly crippled Loyalist military capability in the South . Upon the entry of France and Spain into the conflict , the British were forced to severely limit the number of troops and warships that they sent to North America in order to defend other key territories and the British mainland . As a result , King George III abandoned any hope of subduing America militarily while he had a European war to contend with . The small size of Britain 's army left them unable to concentrate their resources primarily in one theater as they had done in the Seven Years ' War , leaving them at a critical disadvantage . The British were compelled to disperse troops from the Americas to Europe and the East Indies , and these forces were unable to assist one other as a result , precariously exposing them to defeat . In North America , the immediate strategic focus of the French , Spanish , and British shifted to Jamaica , whose sugar exports were more valuable to the British than the economy of the Thirteen Colonies combined . Following the end of the war , Britain had lost some of her most populous colonies . However , the economic effects of the loss were negligible in the long - term , and she became a global superpower just 32 years after the end of the conflict . Patriots Main articles : Continental Army and Minutemen 1st Maryland Regiment holding the line at the Battle of Guilford The Americans began the war with significant disadvantages compared to the British . They had no national government , no national army or navy , no financial system , no banks , no established credit , and no functioning government departments , such as a treasury . The Congress tried to handle administrative affairs through legislative committees , which proved inefficient . The state governments were themselves brand new and officials had no administrative experience . In peacetime the colonies relied heavily on ocean travel and shipping , but that was now shut down by the British blockade and the Americans had to rely on slow overland travel . However , the Americans had multiple advantages that in the long run outweighed the initial disadvantages they faced . The Americans had a large prosperous population that depended not on imports but on local production for food and most supplies , while the British were mostly shipped in from across the ocean . The British faced a vast territory far larger than Britain or France , located at a far distance from home ports . Most of the Americans lived on farms distant from the seaports -- the British could capture any port but that did not give them control over the hinterland . They were on their home ground , had a smoothly functioning , well organized system of local and state governments , newspapers and printers , and internal lines of communications . They had a long - established system of local militia , previously used to combat the French and Native Americans , with companies and an officer corps that could form the basis of local militias , and provide a training ground for the national army created by Congress . Motivation was a major asset . The Patriots wanted to win ; over 200,000 fought in the war ; 25,000 died . The British expected the Loyalists to do much of the fighting , but they did much less than expected . The British also hired German mercenaries to do much of their fighting . At the onset of the war , the Americans had no major international allies . Battles such as the Battle of Bennington , the Battles of Saratoga and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations such as France and Spain , who moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies , to overtly supporting them militarily , moving the war to a global stage . The new Continental Army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime , and largely inexperienced officers and sergeants . The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers ; officers such as George Washington , Horatio Gates , Charles Lee , Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War . The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge , where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff . He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline , drills , tactics and strategy , and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual . When the Army emerged from Valley Forge , it proved its ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth . Population density in the American Colonies in 1775 When the war began , the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy . Each colony sponsored local militia . Militiamen were lightly armed , had little training , and usually did not have uniforms . Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time , were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations , and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience . If properly used , however , their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces , as at the battles of Concord , Bennington and Saratoga , and the siege of Boston . Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area . Seeking to coordinate military efforts , the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14 , 1775 , and appointed George Washington as commander - in - chief . The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress , and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war . Three current branches of the United States Military trace their institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War ; the United States Army comes from the Continental Army , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14 , 1775 . The United States Navy recognizes October 13 , 1775 as the date of its official establishment , the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy . And the United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war , formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10 , 1775 , a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps . At the beginning of 1776 , Washington 's army had 20,000 men , with two - thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias . At the end of the American Revolution in 1783 , both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded . About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war , but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time . About 55,000 American sailors served aboard privateers during the war . The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships , and they captured 2,283 enemy ships . John Paul Jones became the first great American naval hero , capturing HMS Drake on April 24 , 1778 , the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters . Armies were small by European standards of the era , largely attributable to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities on the American side . It was also difficult for Great Britain to transport troops across the Atlantic and they depended on local supplies that the Patriots tried to cut off . By comparison , Duffy notes that Frederick the Great usually commanded from 23,000 to 50,000 in battle . Both figures pale in comparison to the armies that were fielded in the early 19th century , where troop formations approached or exceeded 100,000 men . African Americans 1780 drawing of American soldiers from the Yorktown campaign shows a black infantryman from the 1st Rhode Island Regiment . African Americans -- slave and free -- served on both sides during the war . The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation . Because of manpower shortages , George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776 . Small all - black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving . Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters , after the war was over , out of political convenience . Another all - black unit came from Saint - Domingue with French colonial forces . At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines ; others simply moved off in the chaos . For instance , in South Carolina , nearly 25,000 slaves ( 30 % of the enslaved population ) fled , migrated or died during the disruption of the war . This greatly disrupted plantation production during and after the war . When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston , the British also evacuated 10,000 slaves belonging to Loyalists . Altogether , the British evacuated nearly 20,000 blacks at the end of the war . More than 3,000 of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia ; other blacks were sold in the West Indies . American Indians Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war , and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict . A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans , but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory . Approximately 13,000 Indians fought on the British side , with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes , who fielded around 1,500 men . The powerful Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the conflict , although they did not take sides ; the Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga nations sided with the British . Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides . Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists . The Continental Army sent the Sullivan Expedition on raids throughout New York to cripple the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British . Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively , and this further exacerbated the split . A watercolor painting depicting a variety of Continental Army soldiers . Early in July 1776 , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina . Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people , and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain . Creek and Seminole allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina . In 1778 , a force of 800 Creeks destroyed American settlements along the Broad River in Georgia . Creek warriors also joined Thomas Brown 's raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the Siege of Savannah . Many Indians were involved in the fighting between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi River -- mostly on the British side . Thousands of Creeks , Chickasaws , and Choctaws fought in major battles such as the Battle of Fort Charlotte , the Battle of Mobile , and the Siege of Pensacola . Race and class Pybus ( 2005 ) estimates that about 20,000 slaves defected to or were captured by the British , of whom about 8,000 died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots . The British took some 12,000 at the end of the war ; of these 8000 remained in slavery . Including those who left during the war , a total of about 8000 to 10,000 slaves gained freedom . About 4000 freed slaves went to Nova Scotia and 1200 blacks remained slaves . Baller ( 2006 ) examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts . He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible . Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life . Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation . A man 's birth order often influenced his military recruitment , as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm . A person 's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization . Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant 's orders . Some relatives might be Loyalists , creating internal strains . On the whole , historians conclude the Revolution 's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism . McDonnell ( 2006 ) shows a grave complication in Virginia 's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes , which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause . The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave - owning planters , the middling yeomen ( some owning a few slaves ) , and landless indentured servants , among other groups . The Assembly used deferments , taxes , military service substitute , and conscription to resolve the tensions . Unresolved class conflict , however , made these laws less effective . There were violent protests , many cases of evasion , and large - scale desertion , so that Virginia 's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels . With the British invasion of the state in 1781 , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son , George Washington , made desperate appeals for troops . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown , 1781 See also American Revolutionary War portal United States Army portal Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Bibliography of George Washington Conrad Heyer Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War British Army during the American War of Independence First Treaty of San Ildefonso First League of Armed Neutrality Fourth Anglo - Dutch War George Washington in the American Revolution Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Lemuel Cook List of American Revolutionary War battles List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War List of plays and films about the American Revolution List of revolutions and rebellions Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War Treaty of El Pardo ( 1778 ) War of the Bavarian Succession Notes Jump up ^ This article primarily refers to the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies who supported the American Revolution as `` Americans '' , with occasional references to `` Patriots '' or `` Revolutionaries '' . Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as `` America '' . References Jump up ^ ( from 1777 ) Jump up ^ ( from 1778 ) Jump up ^ The term `` French Empire '' colloquially refers to the empire under Napoleon , but it is used here for brevity to refer to France proper and to the colonial empire that the Kingdom of France ruled Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 83 ) Jump up ^ ( 1780 -- 84 ) Jump up ^ ( until 1779 ) Jump up ^ Hanover supplied troops per Personal union treaty , not as mercenaries Jump up ^ Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II . Quote : `` Five battalions of the Hanoverian subjects of George III were despatched to Gibraltar and Menorca '' Jump up ^ ( from 1779 ) ^ Jump up to : A ceasefire in America was proclaimed by Congress on April 11 , 1783 in response to a ceasefire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20 , 1783 . The final peace treaty was signed on September 3 , 1783 and ratified in the U.S. on January 14 , 1784 , with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12 , 1784 . Hostilities in India continued until July 1783 . Jump up ^ Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : F-O . p. 720 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaques ( 2007 ) , p. 666 ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Louis C. MEDICAL MEN IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ( 1931 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael Lanning ( 2009 ) . American Revolution 100 : The Battles , People , and Events of the American War for Independence , Ranked by Their Significance . Sourcebooks . pp. 195 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2003 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Paullin , Charles Oscar ( 1906 ) . The navy of the American Revolution : its administration , its policy and its achievements . The Burrows Brothers Co . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howarth 1991 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Montero 1860 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( Yale University Press , 1985 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Coats Facts -- British Soldiers in the American Revolution '' . totallyhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The British Army 1775 -- 1783 '' ( PDF ) . orbat . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006 , p. 63 : `` Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September ( including 400 in hospital ) , some 3,430 were always on duty '' Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail : 1714 -- 1792 ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 700 - 6 Jump up ^ Winfield , Rif , British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714 -- 1792 : Design , Construction , Careers and Fates ( Seaforth Publishing , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) . ^ Jump up to : Savas and Dameron ( 2006 ) , p. xli Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Lowell , Edward J ( 1884 ) , `` The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War '' , Harper and Brothers Publishers , New York , Chapter II Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . ^ Jump up to : Howard H. Peckham , ed. , The Toll of Independence : Engagements and Battle Casualties of the American Revolution ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ) . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Edwin G. ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Patriots or Terrorists '' . American Heritage . 58 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Warrington . `` The 2112 Frenchmen who died in the United States from 1777 to 1783 while fighting for the American Independence '' . Washington - Rochambeau Revolutionary Route . Journal de la societe des Americanistes . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war . '' . Necrometrics . ^ Jump up to : Annual Register , 1783 ( 1785 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , pp. 263 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth Century Death Tolls '' . necrometrics.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Register ( 1781 ) , p. 269 . ^ Jump up to : Mackesy ( 1964 ) , pp. 6 , 176 ( British seamen ) Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin . `` Forgotten Patriots : The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War . '' Basic Books . New York , 2008 . Page 203 . Jump up ^ Modern British writers generally favor `` American War of Independence '' , rather than `` American Rebellion '' or `` War of American Independence '' . `` National Curriculum England '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The colony of Georgia joined later . Jump up ^ Brooks , Richard ( editor ) . Atlas of World Military History . HarperCollins , 2000 , p. 101 `` Washington 's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory , but French intervention won the war . '' Jump up ^ `` status quo ante bellum '' . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 -- 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . JSTOR 2123771 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 -- 57 , 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Lovejoy , pp. 180 , 192 -- 93 , 197 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - e99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` American Revolution '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Debt & Taxes , John Makim & Norman Ornstein P. 54 Jump up ^ Spain & the Independence of the United States ; An Intrinsic Gift . Thomas E , Chavez P. 22 Jump up ^ Gladney , Henry M. ( 2014 ) . No Taxation without Representation : 1768 Petition , Memorial , and Remonstrance ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liberty and Property : Political Ideology in Eighteenth - century Britain -- H.T. Dickinson -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1977 . p. 218 . ISBN 9780416729306 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Charles Howard McIlwain ( 1938 ) . The American Revolution : A Constitutional Interpretation . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Paul Boyer ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 48 ; Thomas , Duties Crisis , 76 Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 69 Jump up ^ `` What was the Boston Massacre ? '' . Boston Massacre Society . Jump up ^ `` Boston Tea Party '' . History.com . Jump up ^ Young , Shoemaker , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp Jump up ^ Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree , Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 ( New York : Norton , 1976 ) p. 188 . Jump up ^ Ammerman , David ( 1974 ) . In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 . New York : Norton . , p. 9 Jump up ^ Ammerman points out that the act only permitted soldiers to be quartered in unoccupied buildings -- although they were still private property . ( Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 10 ) Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 15 . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash ; Carter Smith ( 2007 ) . Atlas Of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 64 . ISBN 9781438130132 . Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 184 -- 85 . ISBN 9781576078129 . Jump up ^ Georgia did not attend Jump up ^ Ferling , John . ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kindig , Thomas E. ( 1995 ) . `` Galloway 's Plan for the Union of Great Britain and the Colonies '' . Declaration of Independence . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA : Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members , as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole , and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament . After a sincere debate , it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22 , 1774 . It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County ( Boston ) resolutions that killed it . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resolved , 4 . That the foundation of English liberty , and of all free government , is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council : and as the English colonists are not represented , and from their local and other circumstances , can not properly be represented in the British parliament , they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures , where their right of representation can alone be preserved , in all cases of taxation and internal polity , subject only to the negative of their sovereign , in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed : But , from the necessity of the case , and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries , we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament , as are bonfide , restrained to the regulation of our external commerce , for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country , and the commercial benefits of its respective members ; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external , for raising a revenue on the subjects , in America , without their consent . '' quoted from the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress October 14 , 1774 . Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . Routledge , 1999 . pp. 47 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Revolutionary America , 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Alan Axelrod , The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past , p. 83 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 76 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 18 , 54 Jump up ^ Ketchum , pp. 2 -- 9 Jump up ^ Ketchum pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Adams , Charles Francis , `` The Battle of Bunker Hill '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 401 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 183 , 198 -- 209 Jump up ^ Hugh F. Rankin , ed. ( 1987 ) . Rebels and Redcoats : The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those who Fought and Lived it . Da Capo Press . p. 63 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth CentuIry ( 1882 ) , pp. 449 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 53 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ John R. Alden ( 1989 ) . A History of the American Revolution . Da Capo Press . pp. 188 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 1 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Glatthaar ( 2006 ) , p. 93 Jump up ^ Quebec was officially ceded in 1763 Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , vol 1 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Gabriel , Michael P. ( 2002 ) . Major General Richard Montgomery : The Making of an American Hero . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3931 - 3 . , p. 141 Jump up ^ Mark R. Anderson , The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony : America 's War of Liberation in Canada , 1774 -- 1776 ( University Press of New England ; 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Alden , The American Revolution ( 1954 ) p. 206 Jump up ^ Willard Sterne Randall , `` Benedict Arnold at Quebec '' , MHQ : Quarterly Journal of Military History , Summer 1990 , Vol. 2 , Issue 4 , pp 38 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davies , Blodwen ( 1951 ) . Quebec : Portrait of a Province . Greenberg . p. 32. Carleton 's men had won a quick and decisive victory Jump up ^ Lanctot ( 1967 ) , pp. 141 -- 146 Jump up ^ Thomas A. Desjardin , Through a Howling Wilderness : Benedict Arnold 's March to Quebec , 1775 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Stanley , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ Watson ( 1960 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Lefkowitz , Benedict Arnold 's Army : The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1907 ) , volume 2 , pp. 459 -- 552 Jump up ^ Selby and Higginbotham , p. 2 Jump up ^ Levy , Andrew ( Jan 9 , 2007 ) . The First Emancipator : Slavery , Religion , and the Quiet Revolution of Robert Carter . Random House Trade Paperbacks . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0375761041 . Jump up ^ Scribner , Robert L. ( 1983 ) . Revolutionary Virginia , the Road to Independence . University of Virginia Press . pp. xxiv . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0748 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell , p. 73 Jump up ^ McCrady , p. 89 Jump up ^ Landrum , John Belton O'Neall ( 1897 ) . Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina . Greenville , SC : Shannon . OCLC 187392639 . , pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 56951286 . , p. 33 Jump up ^ Hibbert , C : Rebels and Redcoats , p. 106 Jump up ^ Kepner , F , `` A British View of the Siege of Charleston , 1776 '' , The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 11 , No. 1 . ( Feb. , 1945 ) , p. 94 Jstor link Jump up ^ Bicheno , H : Rebels and Redcoats , p. 154 , 158 Jump up ^ Field , Edward ( 1898 ) . Esek Hopkins , commander - in - chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution , 1775 to 1778 . Providence : Preston & Rounds . OCLC 3430958 . , p. 104 Jump up ^ McCusker , John J ( 1997 ) . Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16841 - 0 . OCLC 470415294 . , p. 185 - 187 Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 117 -- 118 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 120 -- 125 Jump up ^ `` DECLARATION OF TAKING UP ARMS : RESOLUTIONS OF THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS '' . Constitution Society . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 211 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Frank A. Biletz ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Ireland . Scarecrow Press . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lecky . A History of England . pp. 162 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Vincent Morley ( 2002 ) . Irish Opinion and the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1783 . Cambridge UP . pp. 154 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , pp. 208 -- 209 ^ Jump up to : Frothingham ( 1903 ) , p. 298 ^ Jump up to : John C. Miller ( 1959 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford UP . pp. 410 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Scheer , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : http://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/hessiansotherge00lowe Jump up ^ David Smith ( 2012 ) . New York 1776 : The Continentals ' First Battle . Osprey Publishing . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the American Revolution Mark M. Botner III , ( 1974 ) P. 1094 . Jump up ^ Liberty 's Exiles ; American Loyalists & the Revolutionary World . Maya Jasanoff ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ The American Revolution ; Colin Bonwick ( 1991 ) P. 152 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of American History . Richard B. Morris and Jeffrey B. Morris , eds. , 6th Edition ( New York : Harper & Row Publishers , 1982 ) , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Flight of the Tories from the Republic , The Tories of the American Revolution . North Callahan ( 1967 ) P. 120 . Jump up ^ Land confiscation Records of north Carolina -- Vol. 1 ( 1779 -- 1800 ) Stewart Dunaway P. 9 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 89 , 381 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis , `` Battle of Long Island '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , pp. 668 -- 669 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis , `` Battle of Long Island '' , in American Historical Review ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , p. 657 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 88 -- 102 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 117 Jump up ^ Thomas J. McGuire ( 2011 ) . Stop the Revolution : America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace . Stackpole Books . pp. 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 102 -- 107 ^ Jump up to : Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 102 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barnet Schecter , The battle for New York : The city at the heart of the American Revolution ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 130 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 111 - `` The most disastrous defeat of the entire war '' Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 109 -- 125 ^ Jump up to : Ridpath , John Clark ( 1915 ) . The new complete history of the United States of America , Volume 6 . Cincinnati : Jones Brothers . OCLC 2140537 . , p. 2531 Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ) . 1776 . p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Stedman , Charles , The History of the Origin , Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ) , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Larry Lowenthal , Hell on the East River : British Prison Ships in the American Revolution ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Mary Tucker ( March 1 , 2002 ) . Washington Crossing the Delaware . Lorenz Educational Press . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Charles , The History of the Origin , Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 266 -- 267 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 138 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lecky . A History of England . pp. 70 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , p. 191 , 269 Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Schecter , pp. 259 -- 263 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 254 -- Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces , usually between 21 -- 23 killed , 80 -- 95 wounded and 890 -- 920 captured ( including the wounded ) , but it is generally agreed that the casualties were in this area . Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 206 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. J ( 1995 ) . Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80617 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) , p. 72 - 74 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 307 Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 286 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1973 ) , pp. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Schecter , p. 268 Jump up ^ McCullough p. 290 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 208 Jump up ^ Fischer ( 2004 ) , pp. 345 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Lecky , William , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century , Vol. IV ( 1891 ) , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ John Martin Carroll ; Colin F. Baxter ( 2007 ) . The American Military Tradition : From Colonial Times to the Present . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ketchum , Saratoga ( 1999 ) , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Martin , p. 11 - 15 ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , The First of Men : A Life of George Washington ( 2010 ) p . ^ Jump up to : Alden , The American Revolution ( 1954 ) p. 118 Jump up ^ Samuel B. Griffith , The War for American Independence : From 1760 to the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Martin , p. 11 Jump up ^ Fisher , Sydney George . The Struggle for American Independence Vol. II ( 1908 ) pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 1991 ) . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 06713 - 5 . , p. 126 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1977 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 146 -- 157 , 438 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 244 - 249 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1977 ) , p. 145 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 271 -- 275 Jump up ^ Gabriel , Michael P. ( 2012 ) . The Battle of Bennington : Soldiers and Civilians . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609495152 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 285 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 283 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 296 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 337 -- 378 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 343 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 327 . Jump up ^ Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . pp. 249 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 403 -- 425 . Jump up ^ Edmund Morgan , The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 ( 1956 ) pp 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 188 -- 98 Jump up ^ Stedman , Charles , The History of the Origin , Progress and Termination of the American War Volume I ( 1794 ) , pp. 287 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis . Campaign of 1777 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society , Volume 44 ( 1910 -- 11 ) pp. 25 -- 26 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence , pp. 181 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Charles Francis . `` Campaign of 1777 '' , Massachusetts Historical Society , Vol. 44 ( 1910 -- 11 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ward , Christopher . The War of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes . New York : Macmillan , 1952 . ) History of land battles in North America. , p. 362 Jump up ^ Stephen R. Taaffe , The Philadelphia Campaign , 1777 -- 1778 ( 2003 ) , pp. 95 -- 100 except and text search . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Michael ( 2007 ) , Washington 's War : From Independence to Iraq , ( 1 ) , Retrieved on May 24 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : McGuire , p. 254 Jump up ^ Cadwalader , Richard McCall ( 1901 ) . Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army . Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh , November 2 , 1777 : . pp. 20 -- 28 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . 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Scarecrow Press . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ronald , and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society , 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution , The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9 , 2013 ). ( 2 ) Jump up ^ James Brown Scott , Historical Introduction , p. 8 -- 9 in Samuel Flagg Bemis , Ed . The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy V. 1 -- 2 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Springfield Armory '' . Nps.gov. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ) . Beaumarchais . Kessinger Publishing . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson ; et al. ( 2009 ) . American Foreign Relations , Volume 1 : A History to 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 13 -- 15 . 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Jump up ^ Fortescue , Sir John William ( 1902 ) , A history of the British army , 3 , Macmillan , pp. 481 -- 485 Jump up ^ Paine , Lincoln P. ( 2000 ) . Warships of the world to 1900 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 98414 - 7. , p. 75 Jump up ^ Mahan , p. 416 Jump up ^ Hagan , Kenneth J. ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` The birth of American naval strategy '' . In Hagan , Kenneth J. ; McMaster , Michael T. ; Stoker , Donald . Strategy in the American War of Independence : A Global Approach . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 21039 - 8 . , p. 51 Jump up ^ Fortescue , p. 483 - 489 Jump up ^ Jerome R. Reich ( 1997 ) . British friends of the American Revolution . M.E. Sharpe . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0074 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rideau , Roger . A Brief History of Canada . Facts on File . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Fiske , John The Critical Period of American History 1783 -- 1789 Boston , Houghton Mifflin ( 1896 ) , via unimelb.edu.au -- accessed 2008 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Dwight L. 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There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans ' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole , eds. , A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) chapters 42 , 48 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 Jump up ^ `` Not worth a continental '' , `` Creating the United States '' , Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Trescott , Paul . `` Federal - State Financial Relations , 1790 -- 1860 '' . 15 : 227 -- 45 . Jump up ^ David Kennedy ; et al. ( 2011 ) . The Brief American Pageant : A History of the Republic , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Robert Tombs and Isabelle Tombs ( 2006 ) . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present . Knopf Doubleday . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. 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Jump up ^ Belcher , Henry ( 1911 ) , `` The First American Civil War ; First Period , 1775 -- 1778 , with chapters on the Continental or Revolutionary army and on the forces of the Crown '' , Volume 1 , London Macmillan , p. 250 , 258 Jump up ^ War Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 1 : 992 -- 1008 , passim Jump up ^ War Officer Papers , 4 : 275 , Jenkinson to Clinton , 5 Dec. 1780 Jump up ^ 9th Report on Public Accounts ( 1783 ) in 39 House of Commons Journal , H.M. Stationery Office , 1803 , pp. 325 -- 344 Jump up ^ Plant , David , `` The New Model Army '' , BCW Project , http://bcw-project.org/military/new-model-army , Retrieved 9 June 2017 Jump up ^ Fortescue , Volume III , p. 41 Jump up ^ Owen , Captain Wheeler ( 1914 ) , `` The War Office Past and Present '' , Methuen & Co . 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Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 92 , Dartmouth to Howe , 5 Sept. 1775 Jump up ^ Edler 2001 , pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Knesebeck , Ernst von dem ( 1845 ) , `` Geschichte de churhannoverschen Truppen in Gibraltar , Menorca und Ostindien '' , Published by Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof - Buchhandlung . Note : The strength of a Hanoverian battalion is listed as 473 men ^ Jump up to : Black ( 2001 ) , p. 59 . On militia see Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 707 , and Weigley ( 1973 ) , ch. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Dunmore 's Proclamation '' . Digital History . 2007 - 10 - 18 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , 327 Jump up ^ Babits , page 46 , `` British Legion Infantry strength at Cowpens was between 200 and 271 enlisted men '' . However , this statement is referenced to a note on pages 175 -- 176 , which says , `` The British Legion infantry at Cowpens is usually considered to have had about 200 -- 250 men , but returns for the 25 December 1780 muster show only 175 . Totals obtained by Cornwallis , dated 15 January , show that the whole legion had 451 men , but approximately 250 were dragoons '' . There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than 200 . Jump up ^ Review by : Hugh F. Rankin ; Reviewed Work : The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson by Robert D. Bass , The North Carolina Historical Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 ( October , 1957 ) , pp. 548 -- 550 Jump up ^ Bass , Robert. D ( August 1957 ) . `` The Green Dragoon : The Lives of Banastre Tarleton and Mary Robinson `` . North Carolina Office of Archives and History . JSTOR 23517100 . 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Jump up ^ Sawyer , Charles Winthrop ( 1910 ) , `` Firearms in American History '' , p. 99 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Volume IV , p. 224 Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Volume IV , p. 34 Jump up ^ Minute Book of a Board of General Officers of the British Army in New York , 1781 . New York Historical Society Collections , 1916 , p. 81 . 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Jump up ^ `` Life at sea in the age of sail '' . National Maritime Museum . Jump up ^ Lamb , Memoir , p. 74 Jump up ^ Riedesel , Mrs. General , Letters and Journals , translated from the original German by W.L. Stone ( Albany , 1867 ) p. 125 Jump up ^ Stedman , Charles , History of the American War ( London , 1794 ) , Volume I , p. 309 Jump up ^ Fortescue , The British Army , 1783 -- 1802 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Steven Schwamenfeld. `` The Foundation of British Strength : National Identity and the Common British Soldier . '' Ph. D. diss. , Florida State University 2007 , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ) , p. 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Schwamenfeld ( 2007 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Clayton , Anthony ( 2007 ) . The British Officer : Leading the Army from 1660 to the Present . Routledge . ISBN 178159287X , p. 65 Jump up ^ French , pp. 263 -- 265 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 155 Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 191 , 194 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 156 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2015 , p. 127 - 129 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) , pp. 562 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . ^ Jump up to : Richard W. Stewart , ed. , American Military History Volume 1 The United States Army And The Forging Of A Nation , 1775 -- 1917 '' ( 2005 ) ch 4 `` The Winning of Independence , 1777 -- 1783 '' ( 2005 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ David McCullough ( 2006 ) . 1776 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 1991 ) . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 06713 - 5 . , p. 126 Jump up ^ Cadwalader , Richard McCall ( 1901 ) . Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty - third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army . Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh , November 2 , 1777 : . pp. 20 -- 28 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frothingham pp. 152 -- 153 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T ; Dunbar , David S ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10909 - 3 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , Manuscripts in the Public Record Office , 5 : 93 , Howe to Dartmouth , 1st December 1775 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 7 June and 7 July 1776 Jump up ^ A View of the Evidence ( London , 1783 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Correspondence of George III with Lord North , Volume II , p. 57 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 93 , Howe to Germain , 30 Nov 1776 Jump up ^ Stedman , American War , Volume I , p. 287 ^ Jump up to : Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , Sir George Otto ( 1914 ) . George the Third and Charles Fox : The Concluding Part of The American Revolution . New York and elsewhere : Longmans , Green and Co . Jump up ^ Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7. , p. 221 Jump up ^ Clinton , H. ; The American Rebellion . Note : This lack of notification was one of Clinton 's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown . Jump up ^ Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a Reassessment . Woodbridge , NJ : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . , p. 29 Jump up ^ Wickwire , Franklin and Mary ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis : The American Adventure . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 62690 . p. 362 Jump up ^ Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2. , p. 337 Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 96 , Clinton to Germain , 15 September 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 97 , Clinton to Germain , 15 December 1778 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 98 , Haldimand to Clinton , 19 July and 29 August 1779 Jump up ^ Colonial Office Papers , 5 : 100 , Clinton to Germain , 31st October 1780 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 39 ; Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , pp. 298 , 306 Jump up ^ Rossman , Vadim ( 2016 ) , `` Capital Cities : Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation '' , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 1317562852 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Edward E. Curtis , The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion , ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) , ( 4 ) Retrieved 10 June 2017 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , David K ( 2005 ) . The Southern Strategy : Britain 's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia , 1775 -- 1780 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 573 - 3 . OCLC 232001108 . p. 112 Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 ( Harsh methods ) , pp. 35 , 38 ( slaves and Indians ) , p. 16 ( neutrals into revolutionaries ) . Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp 164 -- 65 Jump up ^ Calhoon , Robert M. The Loyalists in Revolutionary America , 1760 -- 1781 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Curtis , `` The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution , Conclusion Jump up ^ Lorenzo Sabine , Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution , Vol . I ( 1864 ) p. 48 ; Sabine adds they were certainly wrong . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ William Edward Hartpole Lecky ( 1891 ) . A History of England : In the Eighteenth Century . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Black ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Ferling ( 2007 ) , p. 294 Jump up ^ Dull , ( 1985 ) p. 244 Jump up ^ Tellier , L. - N. ( 2009 ) . Urban World History : an Economic and Geographical Perspective . Quebec : PUQ . p. 463 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , ch. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Philander D. Chase . `` Steuben , Friedrich Wilhelm von '' ; American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) . Accessed January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2007 ) , pp. 294 -- 95 '' Jump up ^ `` Establishment of the Navy , 13 October 1775 '' . United States Navy . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crocker ( 2006 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Privateers or Merchant Mariners help win the Revolutionary War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham ( 1983 ) , pp. 331 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 264 says the largest force Washington commanded was `` under 17,000 '' ; Duffy ( 1987 ) , p. 17 , estimates Washington 's maximum was `` only 13,000 troops '' . Jump up ^ Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989 ) , pp. 64 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1994 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , p. 73 Jump up ^ William Weir ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of African American Military History . Prometheus Books . pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Cassadra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 2005 ) 62 # 2 pp : 243 -- 264 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1999 ) , p. 393 ; Boatner ( 1974 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ John Finger , Tennessee Frontiers : Three Regions in Transition ( Bloomington , Ind. : Indiana University Press , 2001 ) , pp. 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ward , Harry M. ( 1999 ) . The war for independence and the transformation of American society . Psychology Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 656 - 4 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Greg ( April 30 , 2008 ) . Pre-removal Choctaw history : exploring new paths . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 123 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3916 - 6 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cassandra Pybus , `` Jefferson 's Faulty Math : the Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2005 62 # 2 : 243 -- 264 . Jump up ^ John N. Grant , `` Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia , 1776 -- 1815 . '' Journal of Negro History ( 1973 ) : 253 -- 270 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ James W. St G. Walker , The Black Loyalists : The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone , 1783 -- 1870 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ William Baller , `` Farm Families and the American Revolution , '' Journal of Family History ( 2006 ) 31 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 44 . ISSN 0363 - 1990 . Fulltext : online in EBSCO . Jump up ^ Michael A. McDonnell , `` Class War : Class Struggles During the American Revolution in Virginia '' , William and Mary Quarterly 2006 63 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 344 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 Fulltext : online at History Cooperative . Further reading Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . 2001 . Analysis from a noted British military historian . Benn , Carl . Historic Fort York , 1793 -- 1993 . Toronto : Dundurn Press Ltd. 1993 . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 79 - 9 . Boatner , Mark Mayo , III . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . 1966 ; revised 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0578 - 1 . Military topics , references many secondary sources . Chambers , John Whiteclay II , ed. in chief . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Conway , Stephen . The British Isles and the War of American Independence ( 2002 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199254552.001. 0001 online Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Curtis , Edward E. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution ( Yale U.P. 1926 ) online Duffy , Christopher . The Military Experience in the Age of Reason , 1715 -- 1789 Routledge , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7102 - 1024 - 1 . Edler , Friedrich . The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution . University Press of the Pacific , 1911 , reprinted 2001 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 269 - 8 . Ellis , Joseph J. His Excellency : George Washington . ( 2004 ) . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4031 - 0 . David Hackett Fischer . Washington 's Crossing . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 . Fletcher , Charles Robert Leslie . An Introductory History of England : The Great European War , Volume 4 . E.P. Dutton , 1909 . OCLC 12063427 . Greene , Jack P. and Pole , J.R. , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Malden , Massachusetts : Blackwell , 1991 ; reprint 1999 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 547 - 7 . Collection of essays focused on political and social history . Gilbert , Alan . Black Patriots and Loyalists : Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29307 - 3 . Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 44 - 8 . Overview of military topics ; online in ACLS History E-book Project . Morrissey , Brendan . Monmouth Courthouse 1778 : The Last Great Battle in the North . Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 772 - 7 . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Kaplan , Sidney and Emma Nogrady Kaplan . The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution . Amherst , Massachusetts : The University of Massachusetts Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 663 - 6 . Ketchum , Richard M. Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . Henry Holt , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 4681 - X . Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . London , 1964 . Reprinted University of Nebraska Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 7 . Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership . McCullough , David . 1776 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . Middleton , Richard , The War of American Independence , 1775 -- 1783 . London : Pearson , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 22942 - 6 Reynolds , Jr. , William R. ( 2012 ) . Andrew Pickens : South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War . Jefferson NC : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6694 - 8 . Riddick , John F. The History of British India : a Chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32280 - 8 . Savas , Theodore P. and Dameron , J. David . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie LLC , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Schama , Simon . Rough Crossings : Britain , the Slaves , and the American Revolution , New York , NY : Ecco / HarperCollins , 2006 O'Shaughnessy , Andrew Jackson . The Men who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale UP , 2014 ) . Shy , John . A People Numerous and Armed : Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence . New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 502013 - 8 ) ; revised University of Michigan Press , 1990 ( ISBN 0 - 472 - 06431 - 2 ) . Collection of essays . Stephenson , Orlando W . `` The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776 '' , American Historical Review , Vol. 30 , No. 2 ( Jan. 1925 ) , pp. 271 -- 281 in JSTOR . Tombs , Robert and Isabelle . That Sweet Enemy : The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present Random House , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4024 - 7 . Trevelyan , George Otto . George the Third and Charles Fox : the concluding part of The American revolution Longmans , Green , 1912 . Watson , J. Steven . The Reign of George III , 1760 -- 1815 . 1960 . Standard history of British politics . Weigley , Russell F. The American Way of War . Indiana University Press , 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 28029 - 9 . Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire : 1775 -- 1783 . New York : Free Press , 2005 ( a division of Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2687 - 9 . An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war . Reference literature These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above ; books about specific campaigns , battles , units , and individuals can be found in those articles . Billias , George Athan . George Washington 's Generals and Opponents : Their Exploits and Leadership ( 1994 ) scholarly studies of key generals on each side. \ Black , Jeremy . `` Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence ? . '' Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research . ( Fall 1996 ) , Vol. 74 Issue 299 , pp 145 -- 154 . online video lecture , uses Real Player Conway , Stephen . The War of American Independence 1775 -- 1783 . Publisher : E. Arnold , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 62520 - 1 . 280 pages . Lowell , Edward J. The Hessians in the Revolution Williamstown , Massachusetts , Corner House Publishers , 1970 , Reprint Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol. 7 -- 10 . Bobrick , Benson . Angel in the Whirlwind : The Triumph of the American Revolution . Penguin , 1998 ( paperback reprint ) . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Ryerson , Richard A. , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO , 2006 ) 5 volume paper and online editions ; 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Frey , Sylvia R . The British Soldier in America : A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period ( University of Texas Press , 1981 ) . Hibbert , Christopher . Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution through British Eyes . New York : Norton , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02895 - X . Kwasny , Mark V. Washington 's Partisan War , 1775 -- 1783 . Kent , Ohio : 1996 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 546 - 2 . Militia warfare . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press , 1984 ; revised 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516247 - 1 . online edition Savas , Theodore ; J. David Dameron ( 2006 ) . Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . Contains a detailed listing of American , French , British , German , and Loyalist regiments ; indicates when they were raised , the main battles , and what happened to them . Also includes the main warships on both sides , And all the important battles . Simms , Brendan . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 ( 2008 ) 802 pp. , detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint Symonds , Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1989 ) , newly drawn maps emphasizing the movement of military units Ward , Christopher . The War of the Revolution . ( 2 volumes . New York : Macmillan , 1952 . ) History of land battles in North America . Wood , W.J. Battles of the Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1781 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81329 - 7 ( 2003 paperback reprint ) . Analysis of tactics of a dozen battles , with emphasis on American military leadership . Men - at - Arms series : short ( 48pp ) , very well illustrated descriptions : Zlatich , Marko ; Copeland , Peter . General Washington 's Army ( 1 ) : 1775 -- 78 ( 1994 ) Zlatich , Marko . General Washington 's Army ( 2 ) : 1779 -- 83 ( 1994 ) Chartrand , Rene . The French Army in the American War of Independence ( 1994 ) May , Robin . The British Army in North America 1775 -- 1783 ( 1993 ) The Partisan in War , a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich in 1789 . External links Look up American Revolutionary War in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Revolutionary War . 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