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-7761052307870988922	Meat analogue	Meat analogue - wikipedia Meat analogue `` Vegetarian meat '' redirects here . For the rock band , see Vegetarian Meat ( band ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hong Kong style tofu from Buddhist cuisine is prepared as an alternative to meat Tempeh burger A vegan faux - meat pie , containing soy protein and mushrooms , from an Australian bakery Two slices of vegetarian bacon A meat analogue , also called a meat alternative , meat substitute , mock meat , faux meat , imitation meat , vegetarian meat , or vegan meat , approximates certain aesthetic qualities ( e.g. texture , flavor , appearance ) and / or chemical characteristics of specific types of meat . Generally , meat analogue means a food made from vegetarian ingredients , and sometimes without animal products such as dairy . Many analogues are soy - based ( e.g. tofu , tempeh ) or gluten - based , but now may also be pea protein - based . The market for meat analogues includes vegetarians , vegans , non-vegetarians seeking to reduce their meat consumption , and people following religious dietary laws in Hinduism , Judaism , Islam , and Buddhism . Tofu , a popular meat analogue made from soybeans , was invented in China during the Han dynasty . A document written by Tao Gu ( 903 -- 970 ) describes how tofu was called `` small mutton '' and valued as an imitation meat . Meat analogues such as tofu and wheat gluten are associated with Buddhist cuisine in China and other parts of East Asia . In Medieval Europe , meat analogues were popular during the Christian observance of Lent , when the consumption of meat from warm - blooded animals is forbidden . Chipotle and imitation chicken quesadilla Meat analogue may also refer to a meat - based and / or less - expensive alternative to a particular meat product , such as surimi . An alternative modern technology is cultured meat grown in vitro from the muscle tissue of animals . Contents 1 History 2 Animal protein analogues 3 Composition 4 Processing 5 Physical structure 6 Surimi and similar meat - based meat analogues 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) Tofu , a popular meat analogue , was invented in China by the Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) . Drawings of tofu production have been discovered in a Han dynasty tomb . Its use as a meat analogue is recorded in a document written by Tao Gu ( simplified Chinese : 陶谷 ; traditional Chinese : 陶穀 ; pinyin : Táo Gǔ , 903 -- 970 ) . Tao describes how tofu was popularly known as `` small mutton '' ( Chinese : 小宰羊 ; pinyin : xiǎo zǎiyáng ) , which shows that the Chinese valued tofu as an imitation meat . Tofu was widely consumed during the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , and likely spread to Japan during the later Tang or early Song dynasty . Prior to the arrival of Buddhism , China was predominantly a meat consuming culture . The vegetarian dietary laws of Buddhism led to development of meat analogues as a replacement for the meat - based dishes that the Chinese were no longer able to consume as Buddhists . Meat analogues such as tofu and wheat gluten are still associated with Buddhist cuisine in China and other parts of East Asia . Meat analogues were also popular in Medieval Europe during Lent , which prohibited the consumption of warm - blooded animals , eggs , and dairy products . Chopped almonds and grapes were used as a substitute for mincemeat . Diced bread was made into imitation cracklings and greaves . The American medical physician , inventor and businessman John Harvey Kellogg developed meat replacements variously from nuts , grains , and soy , starting around 1877 , to feed patients in his vegetarian sanitarium . Animal protein analogues ( edit ) Veggie burgers garnished with onion , ketchup , and Cheddar cheese Some vegetarian meat analogues are based on centuries - old recipes for seitan ( wheat gluten ) , rice , mushrooms , legumes , tempeh , yam flour or pressed - tofu , with flavoring added to make the finished product taste like chicken , beef , lamb , ham , sausage , seafood , etc . Other alternatives use modified defatted peanut flour , Yuba and textured vegetable protein ( TVP ) ; yuba and TVP are both soy - based meat analogues , the former made by layering the thin skin which forms on top of boiled soy milk. , and the latter being a dry bulk commodity derived from soy and soy protein concentrate . Some meat analogues include mycoprotein , such as Quorn which usually uses egg white as a binder . In April 2013 , Beyond Meat began selling Beyond Chicken in Whole Foods stores in the US . A mixture of soy and pea proteins , fiber , and other ingredients , the well - received product was marketed as a healthy alternative to chicken meat . The California - based company developed a number of other imitation meat products including three different products to mimic beef and one to mimic pork sausage . In 2016 , Impossible Foods introduced a beef substitute , which it claimed offered appearance , taste and cooking properties very similar to meat . It uses a synthetic heme compound that is produced by genetically modified yeasts . To replicate fat , flecks of coconut oil are mixed into ground textured wheat and potato protein . Dairy analogues may be composed of processed rice , soy ( tofu , soymilk , soy protein isolate ) , almond , cashew , gluten ( such as with the first non-dairy creamers ) , nutritional yeast , or a combination of these , as well as flavoring to make it taste like milk , cheeses , yogurt , mayonnaise , ice cream , cream cheese , sour cream , whipped cream , buttermilk , rarebit or butter . Many dairy analogues contain casein , which is extracted dried milk proteins , making them unsuitable for vegans . Egg substitutes include tofu , tapioca starch , ground flax seed , aquafaba , mashed bananas , applesauce and commercially prepared products that recreate the leavening , binding and / or textural effects of eggs in baked goods . Composition ( edit ) Soy protein isolates or soybean flour and gluten are usually used as foundation for most meat analogs that are available on the market . Soy protein isolate is a highly pure form of soy protein with a minimum protein content of 90 % . The process of extracting the protein from the soybeans starts with the dehulling , or decortication , of the seeds . The seeds are then treated with solvents such as hexane in order extract the oil from them . The oil - free soybean meal is then suspended in water and treated with alkali to dissolve the protein while leaving behind the carbohydrates . The alkaline solution is then treated with acidic substances in order to precipitate the protein , before being washed and dried . The removal of fats and carbohydrates , results in a product that has a relatively neutral flavor . Soy protein is also considered a `` complete protein '' as it contains all of the essential amino acids that are crucial for proper human growth and development . Lipids are added to the meat analog in the form of liquid or semi-liquid glyceride shortening from synthesis , or other sources such as plants or animals . The glycerides could potentially contain unsaturated or saturated long chain acyl radicals ranging from 12 to around 22 carbon atoms . Due to the target audience of meat analogs , plant based lipid sources such as soybean oil , olive oil , canola oil , and others alike are usually used . While lipids do not contribute to the structure of the meat analog , it is crucial in increasing the palatability and broadening the appeal of the product across the consumer base . Food additives include flavor compounds , coloring agents , leavening agents , and emulsifiers . Sodium bicarbonate is a commonly used leavening agent in a variety of baked products such as bread and pancakes . The carbon dioxide released by sodium bicarbonate aids in the expansion and the unilateral stretching of the protein network during production . A variety of emulsifiers can be used to stabilize the meat analog system . These could include , but are not limited to polyglycerol monoesters of fatty acids , monoacylglycerol esters of dicarboxylic acids , sucrose monoesters of fatty acids , and phospholipids . Polyglycerol monoesters consist on average of 2 to 10 glycerol units and an average of one acyl fatty acid group per glycerol component . The polymer is created from esterification reactions with fatty acids and contains 14 to 16 carbons per polyglycerol moiety . Sucrose monoesters are derived from the esterification of sucrose with a fatty acid ester or a fatty acid and it ideally should have a fatty acyl group ranging from 14 to 18 carbon atoms . Lastly , phospholipid such as lecithin , cephalin , and sphingomyelin can also be used as effective emulsifiers . In addition , some of the emulsifier act as a lubricant during the extrusion process . Overall the composition of dry protein mix can contain between 30 % to 100 % water - hydratable , heat - coagulable protein by weight . A dry mix that contains 100 % protein content yields the most desirable fibrous texture , but from the palatability standpoint between 50 % to 70 % was determined to generate the most positive feedback . Protein content of lower than 30 % would inhibit the formation of meat - like fibers during processing . The optimal fat content for the desirable mouth feel was determined to be around 30 % to 40 % by weight . Processing ( edit ) Meat analog products are currently made by two basic processes , through either thermoplastic extrusion or fiber spinning . Thermoplastic extrusion involves the adaptation of production processes that are more commonly associated with the making of ready - to - eat cereal products . Extruders are simple in nature and are considered to be a cost effective method of accommodating large - scale productions . It also provides the conditions that are crucial to the formation of the desirable fibers . The wet mix is mixed in a heated vessel at a temperature lower than the coagulation temperature of the proteins . The elevated temperature assists in lowering the viscosity of the dough and allows for a more homogenized mixing process . Special caution must be taken as to not overmix the dough as it has been known to substantially decrease the amount of fibers formed . Extruders should be set to the temperature in which the protein used will start to coagulate for max efficiency . Gluten and soy proteins coagulate at 75 ° C and 68 ° C respectively . Due to the fact that the extruder also cooks the product , the temperature of the inner walls of extruder should be within the range of 77 ° C to 149 ° C. Turbulent conditions caused by aggressive mixing and agitation should be avoided during processing as it contributes to the undesirable formation of randomly oriented , non-meat like fibers . Unidirectional and parallel fibers can only be formed through extruding and stretching under none turbulent , or laminar , conditions . Laminar flow condition occurs under low velocities where the fluid in question flows smoothly with overlapping layers , and it is characterized by having a Reynold number of less than 2040 . Stretching of the meat analog would take place simultaneously during the extrusion . Ideally , the amount of linear expansion of the protein dough should be around 50 % in either direction . Fiber spinning method is not commonly used to produce meat analogs due to its complexity , and it also negates one of the key advantages of meat analogs . This method of production increases the cost of production , which eliminates the advantage of creating an inexpensive meat / protein substitute . The fiber spinning techniques were adopted from the spun fiber method used to create synthetic fibers in the textile industry . In general , fibers are made through creating filaments out of the protein used as the starting material . The process begins through the dispersion of proteins into a dispersing medium such as an alkaline aqueous solution . This dispersion is then fed through a spinneret , a device used to extrude a polymer solution to form fibers , and deposited into an acidic salt solution with a pH range of 5.6 to 6.4 for coagulation . The filaments after exiting the small die of the spinneret would have a diameter of around . 003 inches . These filaments are then stretched and elongated until the average thickness is around 20 microns . Excess salt solution is then removed from the fibers through squeezing or centrifuging prior to further processing . After the drying process , edible binders such as proteins , starches , cereals , dextrins , carboxy methyl cellulose , or a combination of them , are added to keep the fibers physically tied together through functioning as an adhesive or serving as a matrix in which the fibers embed upon . The fibers are then passed through a bath of melted fat and proceed to be pressed together to form the final product . The meat analog is then cut into suitable length for either packaging and distribution or further processing . Overall this method allows for the desirable formation of highly fine fibers , but at the cost of longer and more complicated processing steps , as well as incurring an increase in cost . Regardless of which method was used , the final product should be stored under at temperatures ranging from 13 ° C to 21 ° C. Ideally the humidity should be around 15 % . The expected shelf life of meat analog products while in an air tight package is up to 10 years , while it is only up to 1 year when it has been opened . Physical structure ( edit ) The formation of fibers through protein coagulation can be described through the wool and fiber models . `` Silk '' fibers are characterized by its relatively high content of alanine , glycine , and serine ; these make up over 80 % of the protein residue . In order to give sufficient cohesion to resist flow , these protein chains form a tight fit over a large area . The proximity of the chains allows for firm hydrogen bonding to occur along the peptide bonds of the chain backbone . Although hydrogen bonds are relatively weak non-covalent interaction , the sheer quantity of them increases their overall effectiveness in maintaining the structure . The `` wool '' model is the more important model of the two as the composition of natural protein resembles wool rather than silk . This type of fiber is stabilized through cross-linkages as it provides strength and prevents plastic flow resulting from slippage of protein chains . Wool is much less crystalline due to its greater bulkiness of its side chains . About 50 % of the weight is composed of side chains . Due to the abundance of hydrophobic groups , wet wool fibers are considerably stronger than other synthetically made protein fibers . This is the result of stabilizing through disulfide linkages . When these bonds are broken at elevated temperature through hydrolysis or reduction , the wet wool fibers lose its unique strength and act like typical synthetic protein fibers . The folding and the unfolding of the proteins also contribute to the physical and mechanical properties of the fibers formed . Studies have shown that reversible `` sol - gel '' transformations take place within the amorphous areas of the fibers . Sol - gel refers to the production of solid materials from small molecules . In material science , the process involves the transformation of monomers into a colloidal solution ( sol ) that acts as the precursor to an integrated matrix ( gel ) . When the stabilizing bond between the fibers are broken , the system responds by unfolding or slipping in attempt to relieve the tension . The bonds would then rearrange in a less stressed position . The uncoiling of the fibers , and to a less extent the stretching of bonds , contributes to the elastic properties of the fiber . While the plastic properties , or flow , are due to the slipping of protein chains pass one another . Theoretical mechanical model and mathematical representation of fiber deformation The behavior of the fibers can be shown by mechanical models consisting of combinations of springs and dashpots connected in various combinations as demonstrated in figure 2 . The deformation of fibers can either be reversible , in the form of elastic properties , or irreversible , in the form of plastic properties . The elastic properties are represented by Hooke 's law constant ( g and g ) , while the plastic properties are presented by a dashpot characterized by viscosity ( μ ) . The system in which the spring is in conjunction with the dashpot on the right side of figure is known as the Maxwell viscoelastic unit . The deformation can then be described by the spring system in conjunction with the Maxwell unit . An applied force , f , on this model would be the sum of the partial forces f on the spring at the left and f on the Maxwell unit . The resulting strain on the system is dependent on the spring constants and the viscosity of the dashpot . The general assumption is that the dashpot behavior is Newtonian , in which the flow of the viscous elements is directly proportional to the applied stress on the element . This model only provides a simplified behavior of fibers , but in most cases , especially the protein fibers , the characteristics are much more complex . The matrix formed by the protein network is also affected by temperature . Temperature has a large impact on the elastic properties of the fibers . The interaction is similar to the influence of temperature on a gas . The elastic tension of the stretched fibers is dependent upon the entropy of the system in a manner analogous to the pressure of a confined gas . When the temperature of the fiber is increased the thermal motion , like the pressure of a heated gas is increased . Equilibrium force acting on the rubber - like fiber is determined by thermal kinetic motions of free chain segments between network junctions . The thermal motions of the free chain segments promote random coiling at the junctions , thus maximizing entropy . A larger force is then required to displace the chains from the position similar to the pressure required to compress a gas . The elasticity of the fiber is increased as a direct result . The emulsion in this instance is a water - in - oil one . Studies have shown that by surrounding the water - soluble flavor extracts with the continuous oil phase of the emulsion resulted in a slower rate of flavor dispersion from the water , leading to the prolonged taste of flavor in the final product . The oil phase effectively prevents the flavor - containing water particles from leaching out from the product and transferring to the surrounding environment , such as sauces or other food materials . Surimi and similar meat - based meat analogues ( edit ) Surimi , a processed hash of fish plus flavorings , is used to make products such as imitation crab meat . In some regions , `` surimi '' refers only to products made from fish . Examples of surimi include : Surimi from fish , such as imitation crab , imitation shrimp , or imitation lobster . Surimi products are often marketed as `` imitation '' meats ( e.g. , `` imitation crab meat '' , `` imitation shrimp '' ) . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of bacon substitutes List of meat substitutes List of vegetarian and vegan companies Nut roast , an alternative to a Sunday roast Nuteena , former ( until 2005 ) vegetarian meat analogue made primarily from peanut meal , soy , corn , and rice flour Single - cell protein , meat analogues containing protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae , yeasts , fungi or bacteria Tofurkey , faux turkey , a meat substitute in the form of a loaf or casserole of vegetarian protein , usually made from tofu ( soybean protein ) or seitan ( wheat protein ) with a stuffing made from grains or bread , flavored with a broth and seasoned with herbs and spices Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DuBois , Christine ; Tan , Chee - Beng ; Mintz , Sidney ( 2008 ) . The World of Soy . National University of Singapore Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 69 - 413 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , E.N. ( 2014 ) . `` China '' . Food in Time and Place . University of California Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95934 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Adamson , Melitta Weiss ( 2004 ) . Food in Medieval Times . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32147 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Shurtleff ; Akiko Aoyagi ( 18 December 2014 ) . History of Meat Alternatives ( 965 CE to 2014 ) : Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook . Soyinfo Center . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928914 - 71 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods '' . www.soyinfocenter.com . Jump up ^ Patterson , Daniel . The Way We Eat : I Ca n't Believe It 's Tofu , New York Times , 2006 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Michael ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Fake meat companies might finally cure our addiction to animal flesh '' . Technology Review . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ HOSHAW , LINDSEY ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley 's Bloody Plant Burger Smells , Tastes And Sizzles Like Meat '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Sedgwick , Tali ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Meat Analogs '' . Food and Nutrition . Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) US patent 5285709 , Robert A. Boyer , `` Meat Analog Compositions . '' , issued 1954 - 06 - 29 ^ Jump up to : US patent 3814823 , Yang J. and R. Olsen , `` Meat Analogs Having the Fiber Structure of Meat . '' , issued 1974 - 06 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Lundgren , Harold ( 1949 ) . `` Synthetic fibers made from proteins '' . Advances in Protein Chemistry . 5 : 305 -- 327 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meat substitutes . Research Market : vegetarian profits Soyfoods Association of North America Meat - analogues on `` FutureFood -- Meat without livestock '' Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal - free agriculture Fruitarianism History Juice fasting Low - carbon diet Raw veganism Nutrition Vegan organic gardening Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History Lacto vegetarianism Ovo vegetarianism Ovo - lacto vegetarianism Cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Ecofeminism Nutrition By country Lists Vegans Vegetarians Vegetarian festivals Vegetarian organizations Vegetarian restaurants Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Speciesism Tirukkural Religious Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Sattvic Ahimsa Jainism Judaism Pythagoreanism Rastafari Sikhism Food , drink Agar Agave nectar Meat analogue List of meat substitutes Miso Mochi Mock duck Nutritional yeast Plant cream Plant milk Quinoa Quorn Seitan Soy yogurt Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Cheese Vegepet Hot dog Vegetarian mark Sausage Beer Wine Veggie burger Groups , events , companies Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Movement for Compassionate Living Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Ireland Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group The Vegan Society Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian American Vegetarian Party Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union Happidog Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Linda McCartney Foods Meat - free days Meatless Monday Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society ( Singapore ) Veggie Pride Viva ! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Books , reports Thirty - nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian ( 1903 ) The Benefits of Vegetarianism ( 1927 ) Diet for a Small Planet ( 1971 ) Moosewood Cookbook ( 1977 ) Fit for Life ( 1985 ) Diet for a New America ( 1987 ) The China Study ( 2004 ) Raw Food Made Easy for 1 or 2 People ( 2005 ) Skinny Bitch ( 2005 ) Livestock 's Long Shadow ( 2006 ) Eating Animals ( 2009 ) The Kind Diet ( 2009 ) Why We Love Dogs , Eat Pigs , and Wear Cows ( 2009 ) Eat & Run ( 2012 ) Meat Atlas ( annual ) Films Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) Earthlings ( 2005 ) A Sacred Duty ( 2007 ) Fat , Sick and Nearly Dead ( 2010 ) Planeat ( 2010 ) Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) Vegucated ( 2011 ) Live and Let Live ( 2013 ) Cowspiracy ( 2014 ) What the Health ( 2017 ) Carnage ( 2017 ) Magazines Naked Food Vegetarian Times VegNews Physicians , academics Neal D. Barnard Rynn Berry T. Colin Campbell Caldwell Esselstyn Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Michael Greger Melanie Joy Michael Klaper John A. McDougall Reed Mangels Jack Norris Dean Ornish Richard H. Schwartz Related Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Food substitutes Artificial fat substitutes Olestra Trans fat Artificial protein substitutes Acid - hydrolyzed vegetable protein Artificial sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Alitame Aspartame Aspartame - acesulfame salt Dulcin Glucin Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Neotame NutraSweet Nutrinova Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sucralose Natural food substitutes Cheese analogues Coffee substitutes Egg substitutes Meat analogues bacon list Milk substitutes Phyllodulcin Salt substitutes GND : 7846459 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meat_analogue&oldid=855275915 '' Categories : Meat substitutes American inventions Buddhist cuisine Chinese inventions Imitation foods Lent Vegetarian cuisine Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Polski Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 04 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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-182593187857899055	Educational attainment in the United States	Educational attainment in the United States - Wikipedia Educational attainment in the United States This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2015 ) This graph shows the educational attainment since 1940 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with Advanced Degree in 2009 . Map of states percentage of population 25 years old with bachelor 's degree or higher in 2009 . High school graduation rate per state in 2017 90.0 -- 90.4 % 85.0 -- 89.9 % 80.0 -- 84.9 % 69.9 -- 79.9 % 2008 - 2012 Bachelor 's Degree or Higher ( 5 - year estimate ) by County ( percent ) The educational attainment of the U.S. population is similar to that of many other industrialized countries with the vast majority of the population having completed secondary education and a rising number of college graduates that outnumber high school dropouts . As a whole , the population of the United States is spending more years in formal educational programs . As with income , levels differ by race , age , household configuration and geography . Overall , the households and demographics featuring the highest educational attainment in the United States are also among those with the highest household income and wealth . Thus , while the population as a whole is proceeding further in formal educational programs , income and educational attainment remain highly correlated . Contents 1 General attainment of degrees / diplomas 2 Gender 2.1 Gender gap in literacy 2.2 Graduation rates 3 Ethnicity and race 3.1 Foreign born and immigrants 4 Income 5 Occupation 6 Geography 7 Social class and education 8 Educational attainment in social theory 8.1 Bourdieu and cultural capital 8.2 Lareau and concerted cultivation 8.3 Collins and credentialism 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links General attainment of degrees / diplomas ( edit ) Educational attainment in the United States ( 2014 ) Education Age 25 and over Age 25 - 29 High school diploma or GED 88.31 % 90.83 % Some college 58.57 % 64.31 % Associate and / or bachelor 's degree 41.89 % 44.08 % Bachelor 's degree 31.96 % 34.04 % Master 's and / or doctorate and / or professional degree 11.77 % 7.57 % Doctorate and / or professional degree 3.27 % 1.70 % Doctorate 1.77 % 0.89 % In 2003 , over four - fifths ( 85 percent ) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school , or obtained a GED / high school equivalency certificate . Over one in four adults ( 27 percent ) had attained at least a bachelor 's degree . Both of these measures are all time highs . In 2003 , the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000 , when it was 84 percent . This increase follows a general trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947 . In 2015 , among adults aged 65 and older , 84 percent had either completed high school or more education , or had failed to complete high school but obtained at least a GED certification , compared to 91 percent of adults aged 25 to 34 and 89 percent of adults aged 35 to 44 years or 45 to 64 years . In addition , 27 percent of the population aged 65 and older reported a bachelor 's degree or more education compared to 36 percent of adults 25 to 34 years old and 32 percent of adults aged 45 to 64 years . Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from high school or failing to complete high school but getting a GED certification has increased from 85 % to 88 % . The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s , 60s and 70s . In the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50 % of those considered adults ( 25 and above ) . For young adults aged between 25 and 29 , the percentage of either high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50 % in 1950 versus 90 % today . Gender ( edit ) For the past fifty years , there has been a gap in the educational achievement of males and females in the United States , but which gender has been disadvantaged has fluctuated over the years . In the 1970s and 1980s , data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of academic performance measures , specifically in test scores in math and science . Achievement gaps between boys and girls in the United States are more pronounced in reading and writing than in math and science . Data in the last twenty years shows the general trend of girls outperforming boys in academic achievement in terms of class grades across all subjects and college graduation rates , but boys scoring higher on standardized tests and being better represented in the higher - paying and more prestigious STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and math ) . Gender gap in literacy ( edit ) Traditionally , girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing . Although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten , it grows as students continue their education . According to the 2004 National Reading Assessment measured by the US Department of Education , the gap between boys and girls , only slightly noticeable in 4th grade , left boys 14 points behind girls during their 12th grade year . On the 2008 test , female students continued to have higher average reading scores than male students at all three ages . The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008 . By 12th grade , there was an 11 - point gap between males and females . On the 2002 National Writing Assessment , boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade . The average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school . In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills , female students continued to score higher than male students , though margins closed slightly from previous assessments . The average score for female eighth - graders was 20 points higher than males , down 1 point from the 2002 score . For twelfth - graders , females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002 . All of these assessments were conducted on a 100 - point scale . Graduation rates ( edit ) Overall , women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed . In 2006 , 10.3 % of males and 8.3 % of females dropped out of high school . In 2005 / 2006 , women earned 62 % of associate degrees , 58 % of bachelor 's degrees , 60.0 % of master 's degrees , and 48.9 % of Doctorates . According to recent data , 55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males . From 1995 until 2005 , the number of males enrolled in college increased by 18 percent , while the number of female students rose by 27 percent . Males are enrolling in college in greater numbers than ever before , yet fewer than two - thirds of them are graduating with a bachelor 's degree . The numbers of both men and women receiving a bachelor 's degree have increased significantly , but the increasing rate of female college graduates exceeds the increasing rate for males . In 2007 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 18,423,000 males over the age of 18 held a bachelor 's degree , while 20,501,000 females over the age 18 held one . In addition , fewer males held master 's degrees : 6,472,000 males compared to 7,283,000 females . However , more men held professional and doctoral degrees than women . 2,033,000 males held professional degrees compared to 1,079,000 , and 1,678,000 males had received a doctoral degree compared to 817,000 females . In 2015 , the United States Census Bureau estimated that 36.1 % of individuals between the ages of 25 to 34 had a bachelor 's degree , with 36.3 % in individuals aged 35 to 44 , 32 % in individuals 45 to 64 , and 26.7 % in individuals 65 and older . In 2016 / 2017 , women are projected to earn 64.2 % of associate degrees , 59.9 % of bachelor 's degrees , 62.9 % of master 's degrees , and 55.5 % of Doctorates . Ethnicity and race ( edit ) Further information : Racial achievement gap in the United States While the educational attainment of all races increased during the 1990s , with the gap between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites decreasing , differences between the races remain , especially among those with a bachelor 's degree or higher . Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment of any race , followed by whites who had a higher percentage of high school graduates but a lower percentage of college graduates . Persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino , without regard to race , had the lowest educational attainment . The gap was the largest between foreign - born Asian Americans , over half ( 50.1 % ) of whom had a bachelor 's degree or higher and foreign - born Hispanics , 9.8 % of whom had a four - year college degree . Hispanics and Latinos also trailed far behind in terms of graduating from high school ; it was the only major group for which high school graduates constituted less than 80 % of the population . This large inequality might partially be explained by the influx of uneducated foreign - born Hispanic Americans who had not been offered the chance to complete secondary education in their home country and who had not completed secondary education in the United States . Overall , nearly half ( 49.8 % ) of Asian Americans , nearly a third ( 30 % ) of non-Hispanic Whites , 17.3 % of non-Hispanic Blacks , and just over a tenth ( 11.4 % ) of Hispanics or Latinos had a four - year college degree . The same differences decrease significantly at the high school level with 89.4 % of non-Hispanic whites , 87.6 % of Asian Americans , 80.0 % of African Americans , and 57 % of Hispanics or Latinos having graduated from high school . The Racial achievement gap in the United States refers to these educational disparities between minority students and Caucasian students . Evidence of the racial achievement gap remains present today because not all groups of students are advancing at the same rates . The racial achievement gap has many individual and economic implications and there have been many efforts in education reform to narrow this gap . Foreign born and immigrants ( edit ) The difference among races and cultures , both native and foreign born , in regard to those who have earned a bachelor 's degree or higher . A trend becomes visible when comparing the foreign - born to the native - born populace of some races . Foreign - born Asian , European , and African immigrants had a higher educational attainment in terms of having earned a four - year college degree than their native - born counterparts . According to the U.S census about 43.8 percent of African immigrants achieved the most college degrees , compared to 42.5 percent of Asian - Americans , 28.9 percent for immigrants from Europe , Russia and Canada and 23.1 percent of the U.S. population as a whole . The opposite is true on the high school level and among Hispanics , where the dramatically lower educational attainment of the foreign - born population decreased the educational attainment of the general Hispanophone populace , statistically . The percentage of the foreign born with a high school diploma ( 67 percent ) was dramatically lower than that of the native population ( 88 percent ) , but paradoxically , the percentage with a bachelor 's degree was the same ( 27 percent ) ... At the bachelor 's level , foreign born Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites fared better than their native counterparts . Foreign - born Hispanics , in contrast , had a smaller proportion with a bachelor 's degree than the native population ... The low educational attainment of foreign - born Hispanics , who compose more than 50 percent of the Hispanic population , contributes to the low attainment levels of the entire Hispanic population . -- US Census Bureau , 2003 Only among Hispanics and Latinos was the proportion of college graduates larger among the native born population . In the general population the proportion of persons with a bachelor 's degree or higher was the same among the foreign - born and native - born population ( 27.2 % ) . As stated above fewer foreign born Americans completed high school than native born Americans . Overall , 87.5 % of the native born population had graduated from high school , versus 67.2 % . Among whites the difference was three percentage points , the same as for African Americans . Among Asian Americans the difference was five percentage points . It was thirty percentage points among Hispanics or Latinos . African immigrants have been among the more highly educated group in the United States since the 1990s . This phenomenon is related to the large `` brain drain '' in Africa . Income ( edit ) Chart of unemployment and salary based on education attainment Data are for persons age 25 and over . Earnings are for full - time wage and salary workers Educational attainment is strongly correlated with income in the United States . Although the incomes of both men and women are associated with higher educational attainment ( higher incomes for higher educational attainment ) , large income gaps linked to race and gender remained at each educational level . In 2003 , average incomes ranged from $13,459 for a male high - school dropout to $90,761 for a male with an advanced degree . The most significant average income difference was between those who had some college education or an Associates degree and those who had a Bachelor 's degree . While those with some college averaged $31,046 , those with a bachelor 's degree averaged $51,194 , over $20,000 ( 64.9 % ) a year more . The second most dramatic difference in average income was between those with a Bachelor 's degree with $51,940 and those with an advanced degree who made $72,824 , roughly $21,000 ( 42.2 % ) more . The least significant difference was between those who had graduated from high school and those who had either some college or an Associates degree . Here the difference was a mere $3,766 or 13.8 % . The difference between those with a high school diploma ( $30,000 ) and those who did not complete high school ( $18,826 ) was $8,454 or 45 % . Overall , the income in the United States for all sexes , races and levels of educational attainment was $36,308 annually . Even though African immigrants are claimed to have higher educational attainment rates than any other group , they were the hardest hit during the most recent recession beginning in 2007 . This shows that race and / or ethnicity may play a role in income levels and job selection . Criteria Overall Less than 9th grade High school drop - out High school graduate Some college Associates degree Bachelor 's degree Bachelor 's degree or more Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Median individual income Male , age 25 + $33,517 $15,461 $18,990 $28,763 $35,073 $39,015 $50,916 $55,751 $61,698 $88,530 $73,853 Female , age 25 + $19,679 $9,296 $10,786 $15,962 $21,007 $24,808 $31,309 $35,125 $41,334 $48,536 $53,003 Median household income $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 This graph shows the median household income in 2003 dollars according to educational attainment . Income by education and gender . The change in median personal and household income since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment . While both the overall median personal and household income increased since 1991 , this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment . The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s , reaching its high in 1999 , but has been decreasing ever since . In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars , while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016 . In 1999 , however , the median household income was $46,236 , 2.7 % higher than today . While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extent of chorinical fluctuations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment . Overall , the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four - year college degree since 1991 . In other words , the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop - outs and graduate , some - college , and an Associates degree level . Income did , however , increase for those with a Bachelor 's degree or more . The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder . All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty - five or older . The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face . Year Overall Median Less than 9th grade High school drop - out High school graduate Some college Associates degree Bachelor 's degree Bachelor 's degree or more Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree 1991 $40,873 $17,414 $23,096 $37,520 $46,296 $52,289 $64,150 $68,845 $72,669 $102,667 $92,614 $40,324 $17,450 $22,523 $35,979 $44,153 $49,622 $64,537 $70,349 $75,645 $109,900 $93,712 1995 $42,235 $18,031 $21,933 $37,609 $44,537 $50,485 $63,357 $69,584 $77,865 $98,302 $95,899 $43,648 $17,762 $22,688 $38,607 $45,734 $51,726 $67,487 $72,338 $77,850 $105,409 $99,699 1999 $46,236 $19,008 $23,977 $39,322 $48,588 $54,282 $70,925 $76,958 $82,097 $110,383 $107,217 $45,300 $18,830 $24,162 $37,468 $47,605 $53,166 $69,796 $75,116 $81,993 $103,918 $96,442 2003 $45,016 $18,787 $22,718 $36,835 $45,854 $51,970 $68,728 $73,446 $78,541 $100,000 $96,830 Average $43,376 $18,183 $23,013 $37,620 $46,109 $51,934 $66,997 $72,376 $78,094 $104,368 $94,487 SOURCE : US Census Bureau , 2003 Yellow indicates the year with the lowest median income while green indicates the year with the highest reported median income . Income by education and race . Among the races , educational attainment retains its dramatic effect on average income which varies significantly at each educational level . European Americans ( White Americans ) had the highest average income at every level of educational attainment . However , the proportion of those having college degrees is greater among Asian Americans than among non-Hispanic whites , and the overall highest average income is found among Asians . All races except Whites ranked last on at least one level with African Americans ranking last on the non-high school , high school and advanced degree level . Asians were second highest on the college graduate level and had the highest overall income among the general population . They also had the lowest average annual income for those with some college education or an Associates degree . Racial income difference were also significant at every level of educational attainment with the largest racial inequality being between European and African Americans who did not complete high school and those with advanced college degrees . Overall , European Americans with an advanced degree had the highest average annual income with $74,122 . Asian Americans had the second highest with $72,852 . Hispanics and African Americans had the lowest annual incomes among those with advanced degrees averaging $67,679 and $59,944 annually . The largest racial inequity was between European Americans with a Bachelor 's degree who made $53,185 and Hispanics who made $12,263 or 29.9 % less with an average annual income of $40,949 . However , Asian Americans as a whole earn more than any other race due to a greater percentage of them being educated overall , an example of Simpson 's paradox . Occupation ( edit ) The educational attainment of employed civilians age 25 to 64 according to occupational field . The educational attainment varied significantly among the different types of occupations . The highest occupational attainment was among those in the Professional and related fields followed by those Business , Management and financial related occupations . The professional / managerial fields were the only two occupational fields where college graduates with a Bachelor 's degree or higher represented the majority . Among professional occupations , 99.1 % of the population graduated from high school , 90.2 % had some college education or an Associates degree and over two thirds , 68.2 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . Business and managerial occupations were second with 97.8 % having graduated from high school , 79.5 % having some college or an associates degree and just over half , 53.4 % having a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While nearly all employment fields feature a population where over 80 % had graduated from high school with over a third having some college education or an Associates degree , the fields relating to agriculture , construction , manufacturing , and transportation did not . These , often described as blue collar , fields featured a labor force where less than a tenth of the population had a Bachelor 's degree or higher , less than half had some college or an Associates , and less than 80 % had graduated from high school . Overall , the least educated occupational field was agriculture , ranking last on all educational levels . Here 55.4 % had graduated from high school , roughly one fifth ( 20.8 % ) had some college education or an Associates degree and 6.8 % had a Bachelor 's degree or higher . While the largest occupational field , that consisting of professionals and relating occupations was also the largest field , the fields with lower educational attainment combined were larger than the professional and managerial fields combined . Overall , 38.02 % were employed in the professional and managerial fields while 61.89 % were employed in the other white and blue collar fields were those with a bachelor 's degree or higher constituted less than a third of the work force . The percent of the labor force in the Professional / Managerial and relating occupations , white collar occupations and blue collar occupations . Geography ( edit ) Educational attainment among the population aged 25 and above varied rather slightly with geography region . The population of the Northeastern United States , which had the smallest population of any region with thirty - six million residents , had the highest percentage of high - school and college graduates . The western United States had the highest percentage of those with some college or an Associates degree and ranked second for college graduates . The South which had by far the largest population with roughly sixty - six million people had the lowest educational attainment at every level . The proportion of high school graduates was the largest in the Midwest while the proportion of those with some college or an Associates degree was the second and that of those with a Bachelor 's degree or higher was the third largest of any region . Social class and education ( edit ) Educational attainment is one of the primary indicators of social class in the United States . While the American social class system is a vaguely defined concept with many contradicting theories , educational attainment emerges as one of the top assessments of social class . Not only is a high educational attainment a status symbol by itself , but it is also very closely related to the other two main indicators of social class : occupation and income . A graduate degree and the roughly seven to eight years of post-secondary education serve as the main requirement for entering the `` professions '' and becoming part of the professional middle class . Education is a major key in becoming a more privileged member of the American middle class . Overall , educational attainment is the main entrance barrier into more privileged parts of the middle class as it is not only of high value but is also the requirement for becoming a professional and earning the corresponding income . This corresponding income is typically significantly higher than that of someone without this higher level of educational attainment in the United States . Exceptions include some entrepreneurs who can rank anywhere in the class system but are usually not referred to as professional middle class unless they are of the professions . In the United States , it is also important to differentiate between the statistical middle class , often defined as consisting of those who are neither rich nor poor , and the professional middle class . Recent research has shown that not only is the statistical middle of society ( those with income roughly 80 % to 120 % of the national median or members of the mid-quintile ) no longer able to afford the lifestyle indicative of the middle class , but there also seems to be a widening income gap in between those who may be described as being middle class . Education is not only the main requirement for becoming a member of the professional middle class , it is also key to a comfortable lifestyle and economic security . Those in the statistical middle may have to fear lay - offs and cost - cutting downsizing as well as out - sourcing , while some of those in the professional middle class are less subject to economic fluctuations and are more likely to enjoy upper - middle range incomes even in the face of recessions . Increasingly however even the professional middle class is facing lay - offs and job elimination due to downsizing and replacement of full - time workers with part - time workers -- this is particularly evident in colleges and universities where , by 2009 , half of the faculty were part - time ; another 25 % were full - time but with short - term contracts , thus showing that advanced education is not necessarily associated with high salaries and economic stability . Academic class models Dennis Gilbert , 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey , 2005 Leonard Beeghley , 2004 Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Capitalist class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , high - rung politicians , heirs . Ivy League education common . Upper class ( 1 % ) Top - level executives , celebrities , heirs ; income of $500,000 + common . Ivy league education common . The super-rich ( 0.9 % ) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000 ; includes celebrities and powerful executives / politicians . Ivy League education common . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) , most commonly salaried , professionals and middle management with large work autonomy . Upper middle class ( 15 % ) Highly - educated ( often with graduate degrees ) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5 - figure range to commonly above $100,000 . The rich ( 5 % ) Households with net worth of $1 million or more ; largely in the form of home equity . Generally have college degrees . Middle class ( plurality / majority ? ; ca . 46 % ) College - educated workers with considerably higher - than - average incomes and compensation ; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical . Lower middle class ( 30 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living . Most have some college education and are white - collar . Lower middle class ( 32 % ) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy ; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000 . Typically , some college education . Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins . Educational attainment in social theory ( edit ) Mean financial wealth of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . Mean income of U.S. families by education of the head of household , 1989 -- 2010 . Bourdieu and cultural capital ( edit ) Many scholars have studied educational attainment in the US as a form of social reproduction and stratification . In 1977 , Pierre Bourdieu presented the idea that education leads to social reproduction and a stratified society by honoring the cultural capital of elite classes . Students who possess the valued cultural capital , according to Bourdieu , are rewarded with high academic achievement . When elite class members enter the workforce , they are channeled into high paying jobs and powerful positions within society , while those who did not achieve the same level of academic success fall into subordinate occupations and status levels . By rewarding the desired cultural capital with high academic achievement , upper classes are able and prepared to reach higher levels of educational attainment . Members of the working class , on the other hand , are not rewarded for their cultural capital in schools , and are instead socialized for working class jobs . Lareau and concerted cultivation ( edit ) Annette Lareau also addresses the factors that lead to social stratification in educational attainment . Lareau 's idea of concerted cultivation refers to an active involvement of parents in a child 's learning and development experiences by creating and controlling organized activities for their children . According to Lareau , middle - class parents engage in concerted cultivation to teach their children , while lower - and working - class parents do not . Laureau further explains that schools firmly encourage and expect parents to use concerted cultivation as a child - rearing strategy . The child - rearing practices of lower - and working - class families thus do not comply with the standards of educational institutions . As a result , lower - and working - class students develop a sense of `` distance , distrust , and constraint '' in educational institutions , while children of middle - class families gain a sense of entitlement . These differences in child - rearing practices lead to children of lower - and working - class families to lack the necessary life skills that the children of the middle class possess , further isolating them from educational opportunities . In the United States , education attainment typically is viewed as a sign of social status . Collins and credentialism ( edit ) Randall Collins contributed the idea of credentialism to the study of class - based differences in educational attainment . Collins maintains that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle - class values of competition and achievement . In this view , elites are selectively separated from other students and placed into prestigious schools and colleges , where they are trained to hold positions of power . By teaching middle - class culture through the public education system , the elite class ensures a monopoly over positions of power , while others acquire the credentials to compete in a subordinate job market and economy . In this way , schools of medicine , law , and elite institutions have remained closed to members of lower classes . See also ( edit ) American middle class Education in the United States Household income in the United States Literacy in the United States Poverty in the United States List of U.S. States by Education attainment Racial achievement gap in the United States General : Academic degree Status attainment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryan , Camille ; Siebens , Julie ( March 2016 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Note that these add up to more than 100 % because they are cumulative ; e.g. it is assumed that all people with doctorates also have undergraduate and high school degrees , and are thus counted twice in the `` lower '' categories . Age 25 is used rather than age 18 because there are few people aged 18 or over with advanced degrees . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2014 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Percentages are calculated based on Census data by counting people that had attained that level or higher . Jump up ^ Census . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Kafir , Krista ( April 2007 ) . `` Taking the Boy Crisis in Education Seriously : How School Choice can Boost Achievement Among Boys and Girls . '' Independent Women 's Forum . ^ Jump up to : Perie , M. ( 2005 ) . NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress . Washington , DC : US Department of Education . ^ Jump up to : Persky , H. ( 2003 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2002 . US Department of Education . ^ Jump up to : Salahu - Din , Debra ( 2008 ) . The Nation 's Report Card : Writing 2007 . US Department of Education . Jump up ^ `` Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 through 24 years old ( status dropout rate ) , by sex and race / ethnicity : Selected years , 1960 through 2006 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical summary of faculty , students , degrees , and finances in degree - granting institutions : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2005 -- 06 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Digest of Education Statistics 2007 Jump up ^ Mead , Sara . ( 2006 ) . The Evidence Suggests Otherwise : The Truth About Boys and Girls . Washington : Education Sector . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau , Current Population Survey , Annual Social and Economic Supplement 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Degrees conferred by degree - granting institutions , by level of degree and sex of student : Selected years , 1869 -- 70 through 2016 -- 17 '' . Nces.ed.gov . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` African Immigrants are the Most Educated '' . Africaresource.com. April 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migration Information Source - African Immigrants in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AAME : '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affirmative Action Minorities - Affirmative Action College Admissions '' . Racerelations.about.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( Logan & Deane , 2003 ; Williams , 2005 ; The Economist , 1996 ; Arthur , 2000 ; Selassie , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` AAME : image '' . Inmotionaame.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sub-Saharan African immigrants arrive with the most education but struggle with underemployment '' . FSRN Radio News . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Harry ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign - Born Blacks Hit Hardest Of All Immigrant Groups By Jobs Crisis '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Migration Information Source - Characteristics of the African Born in the United States '' . Migrationinformation.org . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.aracorporation.org/files/14._africans_most_educated.pd . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Educational attainment and median household income '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Personal income and educational attainment , US Census Bureau '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 1989 ) . Fear of Falling , The Inner Life of the Middle Class . New York , NY : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 097333 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Middle class according to The Drum Major Institute for public policy '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fussel , Paul ( 1983 ) . Class , A Guide through the American status system . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79225 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Middle income ca n't buy Middle class lifestyle '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ James Monks . `` Who are the Part - time Faculty ? '' Academe , July -- August 2009 . http://www.aaup.org/article/who-are-part-time-faculty#.UsU90fQW0oo Jump up ^ Bourdieu , P. ( 1977 ) Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction . In : Karabel , J. , & Halsey , A.H. ( eds . ) Power and Ideology in Education . Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 487 - 511 . Jump up ^ Lareau , A. ( 2003 ) . Unequal Childhoods ; Class , Race , and Family Life . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23950 - 4 . Jump up ^ Collins , R ( 1979 ) . The Credential Society ; An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification . New York , NY : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 181360 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Sunny Decker ( 1969 ) , An Empty Spoon , New York : Harper & Row . James Herndon ( 1968 / 1969 ) , The Way It Spozed to Be , reprint , New York : Bantam . James Herndon ( 1971 / 1997 ) , How to Survive in Your Native Land , reprint , Portsmouth , NH : Boynton / Cook . James Herndon ( 1985 ) , Notes from a Schoolteacher , New York : Simon and Schuster . Holly Yettick and Sterling C. Lloyd ( 2015 ) , `` Graduation Rate Hits High , But Some Groups Lag , '' Education Week . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what percentage of the us population have a college degree	[ "\nEducational attainment in the United States (2014)[3]\n\n\nEducation\n\nAge 25 and over\n\nAge 25-29\n\n\nHigh school diploma or GED\n\n88.31%\n\n90.83%\n\n\nSome college\n\n58.57%\n\n64.31%\n\n\nAssociate and/or bachelor's degree\n\n41.89%\n\n44.08%\n\n\nBachelor's degree\n\n31.96%\n\n34.04%\n\n\nMaster's and/or doctorate and/or professional degree\n\n11.77%\n\n7.57%\n\n\nDoctorate and/or professional degree\n\n3.27%\n\n1.70%\n\n\nDoctorate\n\n1.77%\n\n0.89%\n" ]	[ "41.89%" ]
1139627060899088282	Government	Government - wikipedia Government This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Government ( disambiguation ) and Gov ( disambiguation ) . Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( show ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( hide ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community , often a state . In the case of its broad associative definition , government normally consists of legislature , executive , and judiciary . Government is a means by which state policies are enforced , as well as a mechanism for determining the policy . Each government has a kind of constitution , a statement of its governing principles and philosophy . Typically the philosophy chosen is some balance between the principle of individual freedom and the idea of absolute state authority ( tyranny ) . While all types of organizations have governance , the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth , as well as subsidiary organizations . Historically prevalent forms of government include monarchy , aristocracy , timocracy , oligarchy , democracy , theocracy and tyranny . The main aspect of any philosophy of government is how political power is obtained , with the two main forms being electoral contest and hereditary succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and etymology 2 History 3 Political science 3.1 Classifying government 3.2 Social - political ambiguity 3.3 The dialectical forms of government 4 Forms of government 4.1 Autocracy 4.2 Aristocracy 4.3 Democracy 4.3. 1 Republics 5 Scope of government 5.1 Federalism 6 Economic systems 7 Maps 8 See also 8.1 Principles 8.2 Autonomy 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Definitions and etymology ( edit ) A government is the system to govern a state or community . The word government derives , ultimately , from the Greek verb κυβερνάω ( kubernáo ) ( meaning to steer with gubernaculum ( rudder ) , the metaphorical sense being attested in Plato 's Ship of State ) . The Columbia Encyclopedia defines government as `` a system of social control under which the right to make laws , and the right to enforce them , is vested in a particular group in society '' . While all types of organizations have governance , the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth , as well as their subsidiary organizations . In the Commonwealth of Nations , the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the ministry ( collective executive ) , a collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state or , metonymically , to the governing cabinet as part of the executive . Finally , government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance . History ( edit ) Main articles : Political history of the world and Political philosophy The moment and place that the phenomenon of human government developed is lost in time ; however , history does record the formations of early governments . About 5,000 years ago , the first small city - states appeared . By the third to second millenniums BC , some of these had developed into larger governed areas : Sumer , Ancient Egypt , the Indus Valley Civilization , and the Yellow River Civilization . The development of agriculture and water control projects were a catalyst for the development of governments . For many thousands of years when people were hunter - gatherers and small scale farmers , humans lived in small , non-hierarchical and self - sufficient communities . On occasion a chief of a tribe was elected by various rituals or tests of strength to govern his tribe , sometimes with a group of elder tribesmen as a council . The human ability to precisely communicate abstract , learned information allowed humans to become ever more effective at agriculture , and that allowed for ever increasing population densities . David Christian explains how this resulted in states with laws and governments : As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities , interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until , in a striking parallel with star formation , new structures suddenly appeared , together with a new level of complexity . Like stars , cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field . -- David Christian , p. 245 , Maps of Time Starting at the end of the 17th century , the prevalence of republican forms of government grew . The Glorious Revolution in England , the American Revolution , and the French Revolution contributed to the growth of representative forms of government . The Soviet Union was the first large country to have a Communist government . Since the fall of the Berlin Wall , liberal democracy has become an even more prevalent form of government . In the nineteenth and twentieth century , there was a significant increase in the size and scale of government at the national level . This included the regulation of corporations and the development of the welfare state . Political science ( edit ) Classifying government ( edit ) In political science , it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities , as typologies of political systems are not obvious . It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations . Like all categories discerned within forms of government , the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill - defined . Superficially , all governments have an official or ideal form . The United States is a constitutional republic , while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic . However self - identification is not objective , and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue , defining regimes can be tricky . For example , elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy , but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not `` free and fair '' and took place in a one - party state . Voltaire argued that `` the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy , nor Roman , nor an Empire '' . Many governments that officially call themselves a `` democratic republic '' are not democratic , nor a republic ; they are usually a dictatorship de facto . Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term . For example , the official name of North Vietnam was `` The Democratic Republic of Vietnam '' . China uses a variant , `` The People 's Republic of China '' . Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic . Identifying a form of government is also difficult because many political systems originate as socio - economic movements and are then carried into governments by parties naming themselves after those movements ; all with competing political - ideologies . Experience with those movements in power , and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government , can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves . Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate `` distortion or bias '' of reasonable technical definitions to political ideologies and associated forms of governing , due to the nature of politics in the modern era . For example : The meaning of `` conservatism '' in the United States has little in common with the way the word 's definition is used elsewhere . As Ribuffo notes , `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism '' . Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party . However , during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives , and they played a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963 . Social - political ambiguity ( edit ) Every country in the world is ruled by a system of governance that combines at least three or more political or economic attributes . Additionally , opinions vary by individuals concerning the types and properties of governments that exist . `` Shades of gray '' are commonplace in any government and its corresponding classification . Even the most liberal democracies limit rival political activity to one extent or another while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support thereby creating difficulties for `` pigeonholing '' governments into narrow categories . Examples include the claims of the United States as being a plutocracy rather than a democracy since some American voters believe elections are being manipulated by wealthy Super PACs . The dialectical forms of government ( edit ) Main article : Plato 's five regimes The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses five types of regimes : aristocracy , timocracy , oligarchy , democracy and tyranny . Plato also assigns a man to each of these regimes to illustrate what they stand for . The tyrannical man would represent tyranny for example . These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom . Forms of government ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of forms of government . One method of classifying governments is through which people have the authority to rule . This can either be one person ( an autocracy , such as monarchy ) , a select group of people ( an aristocracy ) , or the people as a whole ( a democracy , such as a republic ) . The division of governments as monarchy , aristocracy and democracy has been used since Aristotle 's Politics . In his book Leviathan , Thomas Hobbes expands on this classification . The difference of Commonwealths consisteth in the difference of the sovereign , or the person representative of all and every one of the multitude . And because the sovereignty is either in one man , or in an assembly of more than one ; and into that assembly either every man hath right to enter , or not every one , but certain men distinguished from the rest ; it is manifest there can be but three kinds of Commonwealth . For the representative must needs be one man , or more ; and if more , then it is the assembly of all , or but of a part . When the representative is one man , then is the Commonwealth a monarchy ; when an assembly of all that will come together , then it is a democracy , or popular Commonwealth ; when an assembly of a part only , then it is called an aristocracy . Other kind of Commonwealth there can be none : for either one , or more , or all , must have the sovereign power ( which I have shown to be indivisible ) entire . Autocracy ( edit ) An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection ) . A despotism is a government ruled by a single entity with absolute power , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for implicit threat ) . That entity may be an individual , as in an autocracy , or it may be a group , as in an oligarchy . The word despotism means to `` rule in the fashion of despots '' . A monarchy is where a family or group of families ( rarely another type of group ) , called the royalty , represents national identity , with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals , called the monarch , who mostly rule kingdoms . The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical ( crowned republic ) to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) to completely despotic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the post of the monarch is inherited , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Aristocracy ( edit ) Aristocracy ( Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía , from ἄριστος aristos `` excellent '' , and κράτος kratos `` power '' ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small , privileged ruling class . An oligarchy is ruled by a small group of segregated , powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations . These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally . An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things . An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic . An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers . Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy . The Athenian democracy used sortition to elect candidates , almost always male , Greek , educated citizens holding a minimum of land , wealth and status . A theocracy is rule by a religious elite ; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity . The Vatican 's ( see Pope ) , Iran 's ( see Supreme Leader ) , Tibetan government 's ( see Dalai Lama ) , Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies . Democracy ( edit ) In a general sense , in a democracy , all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs . Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised . The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person 's wealth or race ( the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age ) . A democratic government is , therefore , one supported ( at least at the time of the election ) by a majority of the populace ( provided the election was held fairly ) . A `` majority '' may be defined in different ways . There are many `` power - sharing '' ( usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion ) or `` electoral - college '' or `` constituency '' systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one - vote - per - person headcount . In democracies , large proportions of the population may vote , either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions . Commonly significant in democracies are political parties , which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed . Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems . Liberal democracy is a variant of democracy . It is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world . A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a republic , such as France , Germany , India , Ireland , Italy , Taiwan , or the United States ; or a constitutional monarchy , such as Japan , Spain , or the United Kingdom . It may have a presidential system ( Argentina , Brazil , Mexico , or the United States ) , a semi-presidential system ( France , Portugal , or Taiwan ) , or a parliamentary system ( Australia , Canada , Germany , Ireland , India , Italy , New Zealand , or the United Kingdom ) . Republics ( edit ) A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter '' ( Latin : res publica ) , not the private concern or property of the rulers , and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited . The people , or some significant portion of them , have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people . A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch . Montesquieu included both democracies , where all the people have a share in rule , and aristocracies or oligarchies , where only some of the people rule , as republican forms of government . Other terms used to describe different republics include Democratic republic , Parliamentary republic , Federal republic , and Islamic Republic . Scope of government ( edit ) Rule by authoritarian governments is identified in societies where a specific set of people possess the authority of the state in a republic or union . It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom . Rule by a totalitarian government is characterised by a highly centralised and coercive authority that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life . In contrast , a constitutional republic is rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution , and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace ( Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic , though most inhabitants were disenfranchised ) . Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens ( by defining people without the vote as `` non-citizens '' ) . Examples include the United States , South Africa , India , etc . Federalism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant ( Latin : foedus , covenant ) with a governing representative head . The term `` federalism '' is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units ( such as states or provinces ) . Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments , creating what is often called a federation . Proponents are often called federalists . Economic systems ( edit ) Further information : Economic system Historically , most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies . Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves . Term Definition Capitalism A social - economic system in which the means of production ( machines , tools , factories , etc . ) are under private ownership and their use is for profit . Communism A social - economic system in which means of production are commonly owned ( either by the people directly , through the commune or by communist society ) , and production is undertaken for use , rather than for profit . Communist society is thus stateless , classless , moneyless , and democratic . Distributism A social - economic system in which widespread property ownership as fundamental right ; the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state ( state socialism ) , a few individuals ( plutocracy ) , or corporations ( corporatocracy ) . Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism , which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative . In contrast , distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole , to our spiritual life , our intellectual life , our family life `` . Feudalism A social - economic system of land ownership and duties . Under feudalism , all the land in a kingdom was the king 's . However , the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him . These presents of land were called manors . Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals . The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles . The lands of vassals were called fiefs . Socialism A social - economic system in which workers , democratically and socially own the means of production and the economic framework may be decentralized , distributed or centralized planned or self - managed in autonomous economic units . Public services would be commonly , collectively , or state owned , such as healthcare and education . Statism A social - economic system that concentrates power in the state at the expense of individual freedom . Among other variants , the term subsumes theocracy , absolute monarchy , Nazism , fascism , authoritarian socialism , and plain , unadorned dictatorship . Such variants differ on matters of form , tactics and ideology . Welfare state A social - economic system in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well - being of its citizens . It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity , equitable distribution of wealth , and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life . Maps ( edit ) States by their systems of government . For the complete list of systems by country , see List of countries by system of government . presidential republics semi-presidential republics parliamentary republics parliamentary republics , an executive presidency elected by and dependent on parliament parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power , often alongside a weak parliament absolute monarchies republics whose constitutions grant only one party the right to govern republics where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended states that do not fit in any of the above listed systems no government Democracy Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit , 2017 . Full Democracies 9 -- 10 8 -- 9 Flawed Democracies 7 -- 8 6 -- 7 Hybrid Regimes 5 -- 6 4 -- 5 Authoritarian Regimes 3 -- 4 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 Not determined World administrative levels A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations ( green ) from unitary states ( blue ) . Unitary states Federations See also ( edit ) List of forms of government Central government Civics Comparative government Constitutional economics Deep state Digital democracy E-Government History of politics Legal rights List of countries by system of government List of European Union member states by political system Ministry Political economy Political history Politics Prime ministerial government State ( polity ) Voting system World government Principles ( edit ) Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types ; others are historically associated with certain types of government . Rule according to higher law ( unwritten ethical principles ) vs. written constitutionalism Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights Androcracy ( patriarchy ) or gynarchy ( matriarchy ) vs. gender quotas , gender equality provision , or silence on the matter Autonomy ( edit ) This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty , and the autonomy of regions within the state . Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction . Empire Unitary state Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas . Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy Diverging degrees of sovereignty . Alliance Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Corpus separatum Colony Crown colony Chartered company Dependent territory Occupied territory Occupied zone Mandate Exclusive mandate Military Frontier Neutral zone Colonial dependency Protectorate Vassal state Satellite state Puppet state Thalassocracy Unrecognized state States with limited recognition Separatist movement Government in exile Micronation Provisional government Territorial disputes Non-self - governing territories League of Nations League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution ( powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` government '' . Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press . November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences . Elsevier . 2001 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 043076 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` government '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . November 2010 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica Company . 1911 . Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th edition . Columbia University Press . 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Christian 2004 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Christian 2004 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 15th edition ) Jump up ^ Christian 2004 , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Christian , David ( 2004 ) . Maps of Time . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24476 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper ( ed . ) . The Social Science Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47635 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957967 - 9 Jump up ^ Lewellen , Ted C. Political Anthropology : An Introduction Third Edition . Praeger Publishers ; 3rd edition ( 30 November 2003 ) Jump up ^ Comparative politics : interests , identities , and institutions in a changing global order , Jeffrey Kopstein , Mark Lichbach ( eds . ) , 2nd ed , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0521708400 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Renna , Thomas ( Sep 2015 ) . `` The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy , nor Roman , nor an empire '' . Michigan Academician. 42 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 75 . doi : 10.7245 / 0026 - 2005 - 42.1. 60 . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo , `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy , '' Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v. 12 # 1 pp. 2 -- 6 , quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Kari Frederickson , The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South , 1932 -- 1968 , p. 12 , `` ... conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region 's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy . '' , The University of North Carolina Press , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4910 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Plutocrats -- The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else '' Chrystia Free land is Global Editor - at - Large at Reuters news agency , following years of service at the Financial Times both in New York and London . She was the deputy editor of Canada 's Globe and Mail and has reported for the Financial Times , Economist , and Washington Post . She lives in New York City . Jump up ^ Hobbes , Thomas . Leviathan . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Paul M. Johnson . `` Autocracy : A Glossary of Political Economy Terms '' . Auburn.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aristocracy '' . Oxford English Dictionary . December 1989 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montesquieu , The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) , Bk. II , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Republic '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` republic '' . WordNet 3.0 . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Montesquieu , Spirit of the Laws , Bk. II , ch. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Steele , David Ramsay ( September 1999 ) . From Marx to Mises : Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0875484495 . Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism : an initial phase , with labor vouchers , and a higher phase , with free access . Jump up ^ Busky , Donald F. ( July 20 , 2000 ) . Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey . Praeger . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0275968861 . Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services . The communist slogan , ' From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs ' ( as opposed to ' work ' ) would then rule Jump up ^ Shiach , Morag ( 2004 ) . Modernism , Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture , 1890 -- 1930 . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83459 - 9 Jump up ^ Zwick , Mark and Louise ( 2004 ) . The Catholic Worker Movement : Intellectual and Spiritual Origins . Paulist Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4315 - 3 Jump up ^ Boyle , David ; Simms , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The New Economics . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 675 - 8 Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ; Younkins , Edward W. ( 2001 ) . Three in One : Essays on Democratic Capitalism , 1976 -- 2000 . Rowman and Littlefield . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1171 - 2 Jump up ^ Storck , Thomas . `` Capitalism and Distributism : two systems at war , '' in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism . Tobias J. Lanz , ed . IHS Press , 2008 . p. 75 Jump up ^ Sinclair , Upton ( 1918 - 01 - 01 ) . Upton Sinclair 's : A Monthly Magazine : for Social Justice , by Peaceful Means If Possible . Socialism , you see , is a bird with two wings . The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production . ' Jump up ^ Schweickart , David . Democratic Socialism Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice ( 2006 ) : `` Virtually all ( democratic ) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with ' socialism , ' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market , centrally - planned economy ... Some have endorsed the concept of ' market socialism , ' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition , but socializes the means of production , and , in some versions , extends democracy to the workplace . Some hold out for a non-market , participatory economy . All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism . '' Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2017 -- Economist Intelligence Unit '' ( PDF ) . EIU.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 4th ed . ) . 222 Berkeley Street , Boston , MA 02116 : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 82517 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Krader , Lawrence ( 1968 ) . Formation of the State , in Foundations of Modern Anthropology Series . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . x , 118 p . Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith ( 2011 ) . The Dictator 's Handbook : Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics . Random House . p. 272 . ISBN 9781610390446 . OCLC 701015473 . Friedrich , Carl J. ; Brzezinski , Zbigniew K. ( 1965 ) . Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy ( 2nd ed . ) . Praeger . Bueno de Mesquita , Bruce ; Smith , Alastair ; Siverson , Randolph M. ; Morrow , James D. ( 2003 ) . The Logic of Political Survival . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 63315 - 9 . William J. Dobson ( 2013 ) . The Dictator 's Learning Curve : Inside the Global Battle for Democracy . Anchor . ISBN 978 - 0307477552 . External links ( edit ) Look up government in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up Appendix : List of forms of government in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Government Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government . The Phrontistery Word List : Types of Government and Leadership What Are the Different Types of Governments ? 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-8084413015044250550	Atlanta Braves	Atlanta Braves - wikipedia Atlanta Braves `` Braves '' redirects here . For other uses , see Brave ( disambiguation ) . Atlanta Braves 2018 Atlanta Braves season Established in 1871 Based in Atlanta since 1966 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1876 -- present ) East Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 10 21 29 31 35 41 44 47 42 Colors Navy blue , scarlet red , white Name Atlanta Braves ( 1966 -- present ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Boston Braves ( 1941 -- 1952 ) Boston Bees ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Boston Braves ( 1912 -- 1935 ) Boston Rustlers ( 1911 ) Boston Doves ( 1907 -- 1910 ) Boston Beaneaters ( 1883 -- 1906 ) Boston Red Caps ( 1876 -- 1882 ) Boston Red Stockings ( 1871 -- 1875 ) Other nicknames The Bravos , The Team of the 90s , America 's Team Ballpark SunTrust Park ( 2017 -- present ) Turner Field ( 1997 -- 2016 ) Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium ( 1966 -- 1996 ) a.k.a. Atlanta Stadium ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Braves Field ( 1915 -- 1952 ) a.k.a. National League Park ( 1936 -- 1941 ) Fenway Park ( 1914 -- 1915 ) South End Grounds ( 1894 -- 1914 ) Congress Street Grounds ( 1894 ) South End Grounds ( 1871 -- 1894 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1914 1957 1995 NL Pennants ( 17 ) 1877 1878 1883 1891 1892 1893 1897 1898 1914 1948 1957 1958 1991 1992 1995 1999 East Division titles ( 12 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2013 West Division titles ( 5 ) 1969 1982 1991 1992 1993 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) Liberty Media Manager Brian Snitker General Manager Alex Anthopoulos The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball franchise based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . The franchise competes in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . The Braves played home games at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been SunTrust Park , a new stadium 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in the Cumberland neighborhood of Cobb County . The Braves play spring training games in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . The Braves have agreed to move their spring training home to North Port , Florida in 2019 . The `` Braves '' name , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed `` the Bravos '' , and often referred to as `` America 's Team '' in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike - shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . The Braves won the NL West 1991 -- 93 and the NL East 1995 -- 2005 , and they returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 . The Braves advanced to the World Series five times in the 1990s , winning the title in 1995 . Since their debut in the National League in 1876 , the franchise has won 17 divisional titles , 17 National League pennants , and three World Series championships -- in 1914 as the Boston Braves , in 1957 as the Milwaukee Braves , and in 1995 in Atlanta . The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities . The Braves and the Chicago Cubs are the National League 's two remaining charter franchises . The Braves were founded in Boston , Massachusetts , in 1871 , as the Boston Red Stockings ( not to be confused with the American League 's Boston Red Sox ) . The team states it is `` the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in America . '' After various name changes , the team eventually began operating as the Boston Braves , which lasted for most of the first half of the 20th century . Then , in 1953 , the team moved to Milwaukee , Wisconsin , and became the Milwaukee Braves , followed by the final move to Atlanta in 1966 . The team 's tenure in Atlanta is noted for Hank Aaron breaking Babe Ruth 's career home run record in 1974 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) 1.1. 1 1871 -- 1913 1.1. 2 1914 : Miracle 1.1. 3 1915 -- 1953 1.2 Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 1.3 Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) 1.3. 1 1966 -- 1974 1.3. 2 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team 1.3. 3 1978 -- 1990 1.3. 4 1991 -- 2005 : Division dominance 1.3. 4.1 1991 -- 1994 1.3. 4.2 1995 -- 2005 1.3. 4.3 Cy Young dominance 1.3. 4.4 2005 : A new generation 1.3. 5 2006 : Struggles 1.3. 6 Sale to Liberty Media 1.3. 7 2007 : More struggles 1.3. 8 2009 : The return of solid pitching 1.3. 9 2010 : Cox 's final season 1.3. 10 2011 : Fredi González takes over 1.3. 10.1 September collapse 1.3. 11 2012 : Chipper 's last season 1.3. 12 2013 : Braves win the East 1.3. 13 2014 : Losing season 1.3. 14 2015 -- 2016 : Rebuilding 1.3. 15 2017 : SunTrust Park and front office changes 1.3. 15.1 MLB investigation and penalties 2 World Series championships 3 Major rivalries 3.1 New York Mets 3.2 Philadelphia Phillies 4 Uniforms 5 Logos 6 Achievements 6.1 Awards 6.2 Team records 6.3 Team captains 6.4 Retired numbers 6.5 Braves Hall of Fame 6.6 Baseball Hall of Famers 6.7 Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) 6.8 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 8 Minor league affiliates 9 Home attendance 9.1 Turner Field 9.2 SunTrust Park 10 Radio and television 11 References 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Atlanta Braves Boston ( 1871 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Braves 1871 -- 1913 ( edit ) 1873 Boston Red Stockings team picture ; it finished first with a record of 43 -- 16 The Cincinnati Red Stockings , established in 1869 as the first openly all - professional baseball team , voted to dissolve after the 1870 season . Player - manager Harry Wright , with brother George and two other Cincinnati players , then went to Boston , Massachusetts at the invitation of Boston Red Stockings founder Ivers Whitney Adams to form the nucleus of the Boston Red Stockings , a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( NAPBBP ) . The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports . ( The only other team that has been organized as long , the Chicago Cubs , did not play for the two years following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . ) Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford , Illinois , turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years : pitcher Al Spalding ( founder of Spalding sporting goods ) and second baseman Ross Barnes . Led by the Wright brothers , Barnes , and Spalding , the Red Stockings dominated the National Association , winning four of that league 's five championships . The team became one of the National League 's charter franchises in 1876 , sometimes called the `` Red Caps '' ( as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member ) . The Boston Red Caps played in the first game in the history of the National League , on Saturday , April 22 , 1876 , defeating the Athletics , 6 -- 5 . 1888 Boston Beaneaters Although somewhat stripped of talent in the National League 's inaugural year , Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants . The Red Caps / Beaneaters were one of the league 's dominant teams during the 19th century , winning a total of eight pennants . For most of that time , their manager was Frank Selee . Boston came to be called the Beaneaters in 1883 , while retaining red as the team color . The 1898 team finished 102 -- 47 , a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century . Stars of those 1890s Beaneater teams included the `` Heavenly Twins '' , Hugh Duffy and Tommy McCarthy , as well as `` Slidin ' '' Billy Hamilton . Hugh Duffy played with the franchise from 1892 to 1900 and won the third Triple Crown in MLB history The team was decimated when the American League 's new Boston entry set up shop in 1901 . Many of the Beaneaters ' stars jumped to the new team , which offered contracts that the Beaneaters ' owners did not even bother to match . They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913 , and lost 100 games five times . In 1907 , the Beaneaters ( temporarily ) eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected ( as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team 's entry had a history of its nickname ( s ) . The American League club 's owner , Charles Taylor , wasted little time in adopting Red Sox as his team 's first official nickname ( up to that point they had been called by the generic `` Americans '' ) . Media - driven nickname changes to the Doves in 1907 and the Rustlers in 1911 did nothing to change the National League club 's luck . The team became the Braves for the first time in 1912 . Their owner , James Gaffney , was a member of New York City 's political machine , Tammany Hall , which used an Indian chief as their symbol . 1914 : Miracle ( edit ) Main article : 1914 Boston Braves season Two years later , the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history . After a dismal 4 -- 18 start , the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish . On July 4 , 1914 , the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The consecutive losses put their record at 26 -- 40 and the Braves were in last place , 15 games behind the league - leading New York Giants , who had won the previous three league pennants . After a day off , the Braves started to put together a hot streak , and from July 6 through September 5 , the Braves went 41 -- 12 . On September 7 and 8 , the Braves took two of three games from the New York Giants and moved into first place . The Braves tore through September and early October , closing with 25 wins against six losses , while the Giants went 16 -- 16 . They were the only team , under the old eight - team league format , to win a pennant after being in last place on the Fourth of July . They were in last place as late as July 18 , but were close to the pack , moving into fourth on July 21 and second place on August 12 . Starting pitcher Bill James was 2 -- 0 in the 1914 World Series , and the Braves recorded the first sweep in World Series history Despite their amazing comeback , the Braves entered the World Series as a heavy underdog to Connie Mack 's Philadelphia A 's . Nevertheless , the Braves swept the Athletics -- the first unqualified sweep in the young history of the modern World Series ( the 1907 Series had one tied game ) to win the world championship . Meanwhile , Johnny Evers won the Chalmers Award . The Braves played the World Series ( as well as the last few games of the 1914 season ) at Fenway Park , since their normal home , the South End Grounds , was too small . However , the Braves ' success inspired owner Gaffney to build a modern park , Braves Field , which opened in August 1915 . It was the largest park in the majors at the time , with 40,000 seats and a very spacious outfield . The park was novel for its time ; public transportation brought fans right to the park . 1915 -- 1953 ( edit ) After contending for most of 1915 and 1916 , the Braves only twice posted winning records from 1917 to 1932 . The lone highlight of those years came when Judge Emil Fuchs bought the team in 1923 to bring his longtime friend , pitching great Christy Mathewson , back into the game . However , Mathewson died in 1925 , leaving Fuchs in control of the team . Fuchs was committed to building a winner , but the damage from the years prior to his arrival took some time to overcome . The Braves finally managed to be competitive in 1933 and 1934 under manager Bill McKechnie , but Fuchs ' revenue was severely depleted due to the Great Depression . Looking for a way to get more fans and more money , Fuchs worked out a deal with the New York Yankees to acquire Babe Ruth , who had started his career with the Red Sox . Fuchs made Ruth team vice president , and promised him a share of the profits . He was also granted the title of assistant manager , and was to be consulted on all of the Braves ' deals . Fuchs even suggested that Ruth , who had long had his heart set on managing , could take over as manager once McKechnie stepped down -- perhaps as early as 1936 . At first , it appeared that Ruth was the final piece the team needed in 1935 . On opening day , he had a hand in all of the Braves ' runs in a 4 -- 2 win over the Giants . However , that proved to be the only time the Braves were over . 500 all year . Events went downhill quickly . While Ruth could still hit , he could do little else . He could not run , and his fielding was so terrible that three of the Braves ' pitchers threatened to go on strike if Ruth were in the lineup . It soon became obvious that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only and Fuchs ' promise of a share of team profits was hot air . In fact , Ruth discovered that Fuchs expected him to invest some of his money in the team . Seeing a franchise in complete disarray , Ruth retired on June 1 -- only six days after he clouted what turned out to be the last three home runs of his career . He had wanted to quit as early as May 12 , but Fuchs wanted him to hang on so he could play in every National League park . The Braves finished 38 -- 115 , the worst season in franchise history . Their . 248 winning percentage is the third - worst in baseball history , and the second - worst in National League history ( behind only the 1899 Cleveland Spiders ) . Fuchs lost control of the team in August 1935 , and the new owners tried to change the team 's image by renaming it the Boston Bees . This did little to change the team 's fortunes . After five uneven years , a new owner , construction magnate Lou Perini , changed the nickname back to the Braves . He immediately set about rebuilding the team . World War II slowed things down a little , but the team rode the pitching of Warren Spahn to impressive seasons in 1946 and 1947 . Spahn ( right ) with Johnny Sain In 1948 , the team won the pennant , behind the pitching of Spahn and Johnny Sain , who won 39 games between them . The remainder of the rotation was so thin that in September , Boston Post writer Gerald Hern wrote this poem about the pair : First we 'll use Spahn then we 'll use Sain Then an off day followed by rain Back will come Spahn followed by Sain And followed we hope by two days of rain . The poem received such a wide audience that the sentiment , usually now paraphrased as `` Spahn and Sain and pray for rain '' , entered the baseball vocabulary . However , in the 1948 season , the Braves actually had the same record in games that Spahn and Sain started that the team had overall , in terms of winning percentage . The 1948 World Series , which the Braves lost in six games to the Indians , turned out to be the Braves ' last hurrah in Boston . In 1950 , Sam Jethroe became the team 's first African American player , making his major league debut on April 18 . Amid four mediocre seasons , attendance steadily dwindled until , on March 13 , 1953 , Perini , who had recently bought out his original partners , announced he was moving the team to Milwaukee , where the Braves had their top farm club , the Brewers . Milwaukee had long been a possible target for relocation . Bill Veeck had tried to return his St. Louis Browns there earlier the same year ( Milwaukee was the original home of that franchise ) , but his proposal had been voted down by the other American League owners . Milwaukee ( 1953 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Atlanta Braves § Milwaukee Milwaukee went wild over the Braves , drawing a then - NL record 1.8 million fans . The Braves finished 92 -- 62 in their first season in Milwaukee . The success of the relocated team showed that baseball could succeed in new markets , and the Philadelphia Athletics , St. Louis Browns , Brooklyn Dodgers , and New York Giants would leave their hometowns within the next five years . Milwaukee Braves cap logo As the 1950s progressed , the reinvigorated Braves became increasingly competitive . Sluggers Eddie Mathews and Hank Aaron drove the offense ( they would hit a combined 1,226 home runs as Braves , with 850 of those coming while the franchise was in Milwaukee ) , often aided by another power hitter , Joe Adcock , while Warren Spahn , Lew Burdette , and Bob Buhl anchored the rotation . The 1956 Braves finished second , only one game behind the Brooklyn Dodgers . In 1957 , the Braves celebrated their first pennant in nine years spearheaded by Aaron 's MVP season , as he led the National League in home runs and RBI . Perhaps the most memorable of his 44 round - trippers that season came on September 23 , a two - run walk - off home run that gave the Braves a 4 -- 2 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals and clinched the League championship . The team then went on to its first World Series win in over 40 years , defeating the powerful New York Yankees of Berra , Mantle , and Ford in seven games . One - time Yankee Burdette , the Series MVP , threw three complete game victories against his former team , giving up only two earned runs . In 1958 , the Braves again won the National League pennant and jumped out to a three games to one lead in the World Series against the New York Yankees once more , thanks in part to the strength of Spahn 's and Burdette 's pitching . But the Yankees stormed back to take the last three games , in large part to World Series MVP Bob Turley 's pitching . The 1959 season saw the Braves finish the season in a tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers , both with 86 -- 68 records . Many residents of Chicago and Milwaukee were hoping for a Sox - Braves Series , as the cities are only about 75 miles ( 121 km ) apart , but it was not to be because Milwaukee fell in a best - of - 3 playoff with two straight losses to the Dodgers . The Dodgers would go on to defeat the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Milwaukee Braves logo ( 1953 -- 1956 ) The next six years were up - and - down for the Braves . The 1960 season featured two no - hitters by Burdette and Spahn , and Milwaukee finished seven games behind the Pittsburgh Pirates , who ultimately were to win the World Series that year , in second place , one year after the Braves were on the winning end of the 13 - inning near - perfect game of Pirates pitcher Harvey Haddix . The 1961 season saw a drop in the standings for the Braves down to fourth , despite Spahn recording his 300th victory and pitching another no - hitter that year . Aaron hit 45 home runs in 1962 , a Milwaukee career high for him , but this did not translate into wins for the Braves , as they finished fifth . The next season , Aaron again hit 44 home runs and notched 130 RBI , and Spahn was once again the ace of the staff , going 23 -- 7 . However , none of the other Braves produced at that level , and the team finished in the `` second division '' , for the first time in its short history in Milwaukee . The Braves were mediocre as the 1960s began , with an inflated win total fed by the expansion New York Mets and Houston Colt . 45s . To this day , the Milwaukee Braves are the only major league team who played more than one season and never had a losing record . Perini sold the Braves to a Chicago - based group led by William Bartholomay in 1962 . Almost immediately Bartholomay started shopping the Braves to a larger television market . Keen to attract them , the fast - growing city of Atlanta , led by Mayor Ivan Allen , Jr. constructed a new $18 million , 52,000 - seat ballpark in less than one year , Atlanta Stadium , which was officially opened in 1965 in hopes of luring an existing major league baseball and / or NFL / AFL team . After the city failed to lure the Kansas City A 's to Atlanta ( the A 's would move to Oakland in 1968 ) , the Braves announced their intention to move to Atlanta for the 1965 season . However , an injunction filed in Wisconsin kept the Braves in Milwaukee for one final year . In 1966 , the Braves completed the move to Atlanta . Eddie Mathews is the only Braves player to have played for the organization in all three cities that they have been based in . Mathews played with the Braves for their last season in Boston , the team 's entire tenure in Milwaukee , and their first season in Atlanta . Atlanta ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) 1966 -- 1974 ( edit ) The Braves were a . 500 team in their first few years in Atlanta ; 85 -- 77 in 1966 , 77 -- 85 in 1967 , and 81 -- 81 in 1968 . The 1967 season was the Braves ' first losing season since 1952 , their last year in Boston . In 1969 , with the onset of divisional play , the Braves won the first - ever National League West Division title , before being swept by the `` Miracle Mets '' in the National League Championship Series . They would not be a factor during the next decade , posting only two winning seasons between 1970 and 1981 -- in some cases , fielding teams as bad as the worst Boston teams . The fence over which Hank Aaron hit his 715th career home run still exists outside of Turner Field . In the meantime , fans had to be satisfied with the achievements of Hank Aaron . In the relatively hitter - friendly confines and higher - than - average altitude of Atlanta Stadium ( `` The Launching Pad '' ) , he actually increased his offensive production . Atlanta also produced batting champions in Rico Carty ( in 1970 ) and Ralph Garr ( in 1974 ) . In the shadow of Aaron 's historical home run pursuit , was the fact that three Atlanta sluggers hit 40 or more home runs in 1973 -- Darrell Evans , Davey Johnson and , of course , Aaron . By the end of the 1973 season , Aaron had hit 713 home runs , one short of Ruth 's record . Throughout the winter he received racially motivated death threats , but stood up well under the pressure . The next season , it was only a matter of time before he set a new record . On April 4 , opening day , he hit No. 714 in Cincinnati , and on April 8 , in front of his home fans and a national television audience he finally beat Ruth 's mark with a home run to left - center field off left - hander Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers . Aaron spent most of his career as a Milwaukee and Atlanta Brave before asking to be traded to the Milwaukee Brewers , while Ruth finished his career as a Boston Brave . In fact , until Barry Bonds eclipsed the 714 home runs hit by Babe Ruth in 2006 , the top two home run hitters in Major League history had at one time been Braves . 1976 -- 1977 : Ted Turner buys the team ( edit ) Media magnate Ted Turner purchased the team in 1976 , and played a large role in the team 's operation . In 1976 , the team was purchased by media magnate Ted Turner , owner of superstation WTBS , as a means to keep the team ( and one of his main programming staples ) in Atlanta . The financially strapped Turner used money already paid to the team for their broadcast rights as a down - payment . It was then that Atlanta Stadium was renamed Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . Turner quickly gained a reputation as a quirky , hands - on baseball owner . On May 11 , 1977 , Turner appointed himself manager , but because MLB passed a rule in the 1950s barring managers from holding a financial stake in their teams , Turner was ordered to relinquish that position after one game ( the Braves lost 2 -- 1 to the Pittsburgh Pirates to bring their losing streak to 17 games ) . Turner used the Braves as a major programming draw for his fledgling cable network , making the Braves the first franchise to have a nationwide audience and fan base . WTBS marketed the team as `` The Atlanta Braves : America 's Team '' , a nickname that still sticks in some areas of the country , especially the South . Among other things , in 1976 Turner suggested the nickname `` Channel '' for pitcher Andy Messersmith and jersey number 17 , in order to promote the television station that aired Braves games . Major League Baseball quickly nixed the idea . 1978 -- 1990 ( edit ) Phil Niekro played with the Braves from 1964 to 1983 and in 1987 ; he holds the MLB record for most wins by a knuckleball pitcher After three straight losing seasons , Bobby Cox was hired for his first stint as manager for the 1978 season . He promoted 22 - year - old slugger Dale Murphy into the starting lineup . Murphy hit 77 home runs over the next three seasons , but he struggled on defense , unable to adeptly play either catcher or first base . In 1980 , Murphy was moved to center field and demonstrated excellent range and throwing ability , while the Braves earned their first winning season since 1974 . Cox was fired after the 1981 season and replaced with Joe Torre , under whose leadership the Braves attained their first divisional title since 1969 . Strong performances from Bob Horner , Chris Chambliss , pitcher Phil Niekro , and short relief pitcher Gene Garber helped the Braves , but no Brave was more acclaimed than Murphy , who won both a Most Valuable Player and a Gold Glove award . Murphy also won an MVP award the following season , but the Braves began a period of decline that defined the team throughout the 1980s . Murphy , excelling in defense , hitting , and running , was consistently recognized as one of the league 's best players , but the Braves averaged only 65 wins per season between 1985 and 1990 . Their lowest point came in 1988 , when they lost 106 games . The 1986 season saw the return of Bobby Cox as general manager . Also in 1986 , the team stopped using their Indian - themed mascot , Chief Noc - A-Homa . 1991 -- 2005 : division dominance ( edit ) 1991 -- 1994 ( edit ) Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and John Smoltz combined for six Cy Young Awards during their time in the Braves pitching rotation Cox returned to the dugout as manager in the middle of the 1990 season , replacing Russ Nixon . The Braves finished the year with the worst record in baseball , at 65 -- 97 . They traded Dale Murphy to the Philadelphia Phillies after it was clear he was becoming a less dominant player . Pitching coach Leo Mazzone began developing young pitchers Tom Glavine , Steve Avery , and John Smoltz into future stars . That same year , the Braves used the number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft to select Chipper Jones , who became one of the best hitters in team history . Perhaps the Braves ' most important move was not on the field , but in the front office . Immediately after the season , John Schuerholz was hired away from the Kansas City Royals as general manager . The following season , Glavine , Avery , and Smoltz would be recognized as the best young pitchers in the league , winning 52 games among them . Meanwhile , behind position players David Justice , Ron Gant and unexpected league Most Valuable Player and batting champion Terry Pendleton , the Braves overcame a 39 -- 40 start , winning 55 of their final 83 games over the last three months of the season and edging the Los Angeles Dodgers by one game in one of baseball 's more memorable playoff races . The `` Worst to First '' Braves , who had not won a divisional title since 1982 , captivated the city of Atlanta ( and the entire southeast ) during their improbable run to the flag . They defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in a very tightly contested seven - game NLCS only to lose the World Series , also in seven games , to the Minnesota Twins . The series , considered by many to be one of the greatest ever , was the first time a team that had finished last in its division one year went to the World Series the next ; both the Twins and Braves accomplished the feat . Despite the 1991 World Series loss , the Braves ' success would continue . In 1992 , the Braves returned to the NLCS and once again defeated the Pirates in seven games , culminating in a dramatic game seven win . Francisco Cabrera 's two - out single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream capped a three - run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning that gave the Braves a 3 -- 2 victory . It was the first time in post season history that the tying and winning runs had scored on a single play in the ninth inning . The Braves lost the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays , however . In 1993 , the Braves signed Cy Young Award winning pitcher Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs , leading many baseball insiders to declare the team 's pitching staff the best in baseball . The 1993 team posted a franchise - best 104 wins after a dramatic pennant race with the San Francisco Giants , who won 103 games . The Braves needed a stunning 55 -- 19 finish to edge out the Giants , who led the Braves by nine games in the standings as late as August 11 . However , the Braves fell in the NLCS to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . In 1994 , in a realignment of the National League 's divisions following the 1993 expansion , the Braves moved to the Eastern Division . This realignment was the main cause of the team 's heated rivalry with the New York Mets during the mid-to - late 1990s . The player 's strike cut short the 1994 season , prior to the division championships , with the Braves six games behind the Montreal Expos with 48 games left to play . 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) The Braves returned strong the following strike - shortened ( 144 games instead of the customary 162 ) year and beat the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 World Series . This squelched claims by many Braves critics that they were the `` Buffalo Bills of Baseball '' ( January 1996 issue of Beckett Baseball Card Monthly ) . With this World Series victory , the Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball to win world championships in three different cities . With their strong pitching as a constant , the Braves appeared in the 1996 and 1999 World Series ( losing both to the New York Yankees , managed by Joe Torre , a former Braves manager ) , and had a streak of division titles from 1991 to 2005 ( three in the Western Division and eleven in the Eastern ) interrupted only in 1994 when the strike ended the season early . Pitching was not the only constant in the Braves organization -- Cox was the Braves ' manager , while Schuerholz remained the team 's GM until after the 2007 season when he was promoted to team president . Terry Pendleton finished his playing career elsewhere , but returned to the Braves system as the hitting coach . In October 1996 , Time Warner acquired Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System and all of its assets , including its cable channels and the Atlanta Braves . Over the next few years , Ted Turner 's presence as owner of the team would diminish . The 1995 World Series Commissioner 's Trophy on display in the Ivan Allen Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame at Turner Field A 95 -- 67 record in 2000 produced a ninth consecutive division title . However , a sweep by the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Division Series prevented the Braves from reaching the NL Championship Series . In 2001 , Atlanta won the National League East division yet again , swept the Houston Astros in the NLDS , then lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series four games to one . One memorable game the Braves played that year came on September 21 , when they played rival New York Mets in the first major professional sporting event held in New York City since 9 / 11 . In 2002 , 2003 and 2004 , the Braves won the Eastern division again , but lost in the NLDS in all three years in the same fashion : 3 games to 2 to the San Francisco Giants , Chicago Cubs , and Houston Astros . Cy young dominance ( edit ) Six National League Cy Young Awards in the 1990s were awarded to three Braves pitchers : In 1991 , left - handed pitcher Tom Glavine received his first award . Right - handed pitcher Greg Maddux won four in a row , three of them with the Braves from 1993 through 1995 . His first award came in 1992 with the Cubs . In 1996 , right - handed pitcher John Smoltz received his only Cy Young Award . In 1998 , Glavine won his second . 2005 : a new Generation ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Atlanta Braves season In 2005 , the Braves won the Division championship for the 14th consecutive time from 1991 to 2005 . 14 consecutive division titles stands as the record for all major league baseball . The 2005 title marked the first time any MLB team made the postseason with more than 4 rookies who each had more than 100 ABs ( Wilson Betemit , Brian McCann , Pete Orr , Ryan Langerhans , Jeff Francoeur ) . Catcher Brian McCann , right fielder Jeff Francoeur , and pitcher Kyle Davies all grew up in the suburbs of Atlanta . The large number of rookies to debut in 2005 were nicknamed the `` Baby Braves '' by fans and became an Atlanta - area sensation , helping to lead the club to a record of 90 -- 72 . However , the season would end on a sour note as the Braves lost the National League Division Series to the Astros in four games . In Game 4 , with the Braves leading by 5 in the eighth inning , the Astros battled back with a Lance Berkman grand slam and a two - out , ninth inning Brad Ausmus home run off of Braves closer Kyle Farnsworth . The game did not end until the 18th inning , becoming the longest game in playoff history at 5 hours 50 minutes . Chris Burke ended the marathon with a home run off of Joey Devine . After the 2005 season , the Braves lost their long - time pitching coach Leo Mazzone , who left to go to the Baltimore Orioles . Roger McDowell took his place in the Atlanta dugout . Unable to re-sign shortstop Rafael Furcal , the Braves acquired shortstop Édgar Rentería from the Boston Red Sox . 2006 : struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Atlanta Braves season Andruw Jones at bat for the Braves in 2006 In 2006 , the Braves did not perform at the level they had grown accustomed to . Due to an offensive slump , injuries to their starting rotation , and subpar bullpen performances , the Braves compiled a 6 -- 21 record during June , the worst month ever in Atlanta with a winning percentage of . 222 ; this was only better than the woeful Boston Braves in May 1935 ( 4 -- 20 ) with a . 166 winning percentage . After the break , the Braves came out with their bats swinging , setting many franchise records . They won five straight , sweeping the Padres and taking two from the Cardinals , tallying a total of 65 runs in that span . The 65 runs in five games is the best by the franchise since 1897 , when the Boston Beaneaters totaled 78 , including 25 in one game and 21 in another , from May 31 -- June 3 ; the 2006 Braves also became the first team since the 1930 New York Yankees to score ten runs or more in five straight games . The Braves had a total of 81 hits during their five - game run and 98 hits in their last six games , going back to an 8 -- 3 victory over Cincinnati on July 9 , the last game before the All - Star break . Additionally , Chipper Jones was able to maintain a 20 - game hitting streak and tie Paul Waner 's 69 - year - old Major League record with a 14 - game extra-base hit streak . However , on September 18 , the New York Mets ' win over the Florida Marlins mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL East , ending the Atlanta Braves ' 11 - year reign over the NL East . On September 24 , the Braves ' loss to the Colorado Rockies mathematically eliminated the Braves from winning the NL Wild Card , making 2006 the first year that the Braves would not compete in the postseason since 1990 , not counting the strike - shortened 1994 season . Also , a loss to the Mets on September 28 guaranteed the Braves their first losing season since 1990 . Although the Braves won two of their last three games against the Astros , including rookie Chuck James besting Roger Clemens , Atlanta finished the season in third place , one game ahead of the Marlins , at 79 -- 83 . Sale to Liberty Media ( edit ) In December 2005 , team owner Time Warner , who inherited the Braves after purchasing TBS in 1996 , announced it was placing the team for sale . Liberty Media began negotiations to purchase the team . In February 2007 , after more than a year of negotiations , Time Warner agreed to a deal that would sell the Braves to Liberty Media Group ( a company which owned a large amount of stock in Time Warner , Inc . ) , pending approval by 75 percent of MLB owners and the Commissioner of Baseball , Bud Selig . The deal included the exchange of the Braves , valued in the deal at $450 million , a hobbyist magazine publishing company , and $980 million cash , for 68.5 million shares of Time Warner stock held by Liberty Media , then worth approximately $1.48 billion . Team President Terry McGuirk anticipated no change in the current front office structure , personnel , or day - to - day operations of the Braves . Liberty Media is not expected to take any type of `` active '' ownership in terms of day - to - day operations . On May 16 , 2007 , Major League Baseball 's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media . The Braves are one of only two Major League Baseball teams under majority corporate ownership ( and the only NL team with this distinction ) ; the other team is the Toronto Blue Jays ( owned by Canadian media conglomerate Rogers Communications ) . 2007 : more struggles ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Atlanta Braves season Brian McCann bats for Atlanta in July 2007 On July 5 , Chipper Jones surpassed Dale Murphy for the Atlanta club record of 372 home runs by belting two against the Los Angeles Dodgers . After struggling during the second half of the 2007 season , Atlanta finished over . 500 and missed the post season again . On October 12 , 2007 , John Schuerholz stepped down as General Manager to take over as team president . Assistant GM Frank Wren took over as General Manager . 2009 : the return of solid pitching ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Atlanta Braves season Kenshin Kawakami pitching for the Braves in 2009 On December 4 , 2008 , the Atlanta Braves received Javier Vázquez and Boone Logan , while the Chicago White Sox received prospects catcher Tyler Flowers , shortstop Brent Lillibridge , third baseman Jon Gilmore and pitcher Santos Rodriguez . On January 13 , 2009 , the Braves signed Japanese pitcher Kenshin Kawakami to a three - year deal , and two days later signed free agent pitcher Derek Lowe to a four - year contract . During the course of the offseason , the Braves signed veteran pitcher and former Brave Tom Glavine , while losing long - time Brave John Smoltz to the Boston Red Sox . On February 25 , 2009 , just before the start of spring training , Atlanta agreed to terms on a one - year contract with free - agent outfielder Garret Anderson . The additional outfield depth allowed the Braves to trade Josh Anderson to the Detroit Tigers for minor league pitcher Rudy Darrow on March 30 , 2009 . On June 3 , 2009 , the Braves acquired Nate McLouth from the Pittsburgh Pirates for prospects Jeff Locke , Charlie Morton and Gorkys Hernández . They also released veteran pitcher Tom Glavine . On July 10 , 2009 , the Braves traded outfielder Jeff Francoeur to the New York Mets for outfielder Ryan Church . On July 31 , 2009 , hours before the trade deadline , the Braves and Boston Red Sox swapped 1st basemen : Atlanta dealt Casey Kotchman to Boston and reacquired Adam LaRoche , whom the Braves had traded away during the 2006 -- 07 off - season to Pittsburgh . The Braves made a late - season surge , coming within 2 games of the wild card leading Colorado Rockies in late September . On October 1 , 2009 with the Braves four games back , Colorado beat the Milwaukee Brewers 9 -- 2 to clinch the wild card spot and end the Braves ' 2009 postseason hopes . 2010 : Cox 's final season ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Atlanta Braves season Braves manager Bobby Cox retired in 2010 after 25 years of management The 2010 Atlanta Braves Season features the Braves ' attempt to reclaim a postseason berth for the first time since 2005 . The Braves were once again skippered by Bobby Cox , now in his 25th and final season managing the team . The Braves started the 2010 season slowly and had a nine - game losing streak in April . Then they had a nine - game winning streak from May 26 through June 3 , the Braves longest since 2000 when they won 16 in a row . On May 31 , the Atlanta Braves defeated the then - first place Philadelphia Phillies at Turner Field to take sole possession of first place in the National League East standings , a position they had maintained through the middle of August . The last time the Atlanta Braves led the NL East on August 1 was in 2005 . On July 13 , 2010 at the 2010 MLB All - Star Game in Anaheim , Braves catcher Brian McCann was awarded the All - Star Game MVP Award for his clutch two - out , three - run double in the seventh inning to give the National League its first win in the All - Star Game since 1996 . He became the first Brave to win the All - Star Game MVP Award since Fred McGriff did so in 1994 . The Braves made two deals before the trade deadline to acquire Álex González , Rick Ankiel and Kyle Farnsworth from the Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals , giving up shortstop Yunel Escobar , pitchers Jo - Jo Reyes and Jesse Chavez , outfielder Gregor Blanco and three minor leaguers . On August 18 , 2010 they traded three pitching prospects for first baseman Derrek Lee from the Chicago Cubs . On August 22 , 2010 against the Chicago Cubs , Mike Minor struck out 12 batters across 6 innings ; an Atlanta Braves single game rookie strikeout record . The Braves dropped to second in the NL East in early September , but won the NL Wild Card . They lost to the San Francisco Giants in the National League Division Series in four games . Every game of the series was determined by one run . After the series - clinching victory for the Giants in Game 4 , Bobby Cox was given a standing ovation by the fans , also by players and coaches of both the Braves and Giants . 2011 : Fredi González takes over ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Atlanta Braves season Braves closer Craig Kimbrel pitching in 2011 On October 13 , 2010 , the Atlanta Braves announced that Fredi González would replace long - time Braves manager Bobby Cox as manager of the team in 2011 . The announcement came just two days after the 2010 Braves were eliminated from the postseason . It was also announced that pitching coach Roger McDowell , third - base coach Brian Snitker , and bullpen coach Eddie Pérez would retain their current positions , while former hitting coach Terry Pendleton would replace Glenn Hubbard as the first - base coach and newcomer Carlos Tosca would become the new bench coach . Hubbard and former bench coach Chino Cadahia were not offered positions on the new coaching staff . Larry Parrish was hired as hitting coach on October 29 , 2010 . On November 16 , 2010 in an offseason trade , the Braves acquired Dan Uggla from the Florida Marlins in exchange for left - handed reliever Mike Dunn and infielder Omar Infante . According to Elias Sports Bureau , the Braves had an all - time franchise win - loss record over . 500 for the first time since 1923 after their win over the Houston Astros on June 11 , 2011 . The Braves franchise became the third franchise in MLB history to reach 10,000 wins with their win over the Washington Nationals on July 15 , 2011 . On July 31 , 2011 , just sixteen days after registering their 10,000 th win , the Florida Marlins defeated the Braves by a score of 3 -- 1 , handing the team the 10,000 th loss in franchise history . The Braves become only the second team in big league history with 10,000 losses after the Philadelphia Phillies reached the plateau in 2007 . Players from the Braves ' farm system , such as Freddie Freeman and Brandon Beachy , played regularly with the big league club , while Julio Teherán , Randall Delgado , and Mike Minor were called up for spot starts . With late season injuries to starters Jair Jurrjens and Tommy Hanson , these three young pitchers made their way into the starting rotation in their absence . Eight players made their major league debuts for the team in 2011 . September collapse ( edit ) The Braves led the National League Wild Card standings for much of the 2011 season , with the division - rival Philadelphia Phillies firmly in control of first place in the National League East . The Braves entered the final month of the regular season 25 games above . 500 with a record of 80 -- 55 and an 8 ⁄ - game lead in the Wild Card standings . The nearest team trailing them , the St. Louis Cardinals , who also trailed the National League Central - leading Milwaukee Brewers by 8 ⁄ games at the time , were considered a long - shot to gain a spot in the postseason . Just days prior on August 26 , the Cardinals found themselves 10 ⁄ games behind and in third place . With 27 games to play , the Braves went 9 -- 18 in September to finish the season with a record of 89 -- 73 . The Cardinals , meanwhile , went 18 -- 8 to finish at 90 -- 72 . Braves closer Craig Kimbrel , who had not surrendered a single earned run in July or August , carried a 4.76 ERA in September with three blown saves . After being dominant in his role for much of the season , Braves setup man Jonny Venters posted a 5.11 September ERA . These sharp declines in both relievers led many critics to question the handling of the bullpen by Braves manager Fredi González . Veteran starter Derek Lowe posted a win - loss record of 0 -- 5 in September with an ERA of 8.75 . Shortly into the offseason , Lowe would be traded to the Cleveland Indians . The Braves starters lasted six or more innings only three times over the last 23 games . Over the last five games , all of which were losses for the Braves , the team managed to score only seven runs . Braves catcher Brian McCann , often regarded as the best offensive catcher in the Majors , hit only . 183 with two home runs in September . The offense as a whole hit for only a . 235 batting average and a . 300 on - base percentage in September , both second - worst in the National League . The . 195 RISP average by Braves hitters was second worst in the Majors . Hitting coach Larry Parrish was fired two days following the last game of the season . 2012 : Chipper 's last season ( edit ) Chipper Jones salutes the crowd at Turner Field prior to his final regular season game on September 30 , 2012 . Jones announced he would retire after 19 seasons with the Braves In 2012 , the Braves began their 138th season after an upsetting end to the 2011 season . On March 22 , the Braves announced that third baseman Chipper Jones would retire following the 2012 season after 19 Major League seasons with the team . The Braves also lost many key players through trades or free agency , including pitcher Derek Lowe , shortstop Alex González , and outfielder Nate McLouth . To compensate for this , the team went on to receive many key players such as outfielder Michael Bourn , along with shortstops Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons . To fill the void of a quality starting pitcher left by Lowe ( as well as a mid-season injury to Brandon Beachy ) , manager Fredi González elected relief pitcher Kris Medlen to the starting pitching rotation . The Braves went on to win every game Medlen started , setting the MLB record for most consecutive wins when a single pitcher starts ( total of 23 ) . Atlanta stayed close to the Washington Nationals in the race to win the National League East title . They also stayed on top of the National League Wild Card race . Washington ended up winning their first division title in franchise history , but the Braves remained in first place of the NL wild card race . Keeping with a new MLB rule for the 2012 season , the top two wild card teams in each league must play each other in a playoff game before entering into the Division Series . The Braves played the St. Louis Cardinals in the first ever Wild Card Game . The Braves were behind 6 -- 3 in the bottom of the eighth inning when Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between the Cardinals shortstop and left fielder . Umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out , citing the infield fly rule . Had an infield fly not been called , Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out . Fans at Turner Field began to litter the field with debris , prompting the game to be delayed for 19 minutes . The Braves lost the game 6 -- 3 , ending their season . 2013 : Braves win the East ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Atlanta Braves season Evan Gattis catching for the Braves in 2013 During the offseason following a gut wrenching exit against the St. Louis Cardinals in the Wild Card Game , the Braves spent the 2012 -- 2013 offseason revamping and retooling their offense . The Braves turned heads across baseball by acquiring B.J. Upton from the Tampa Bay Rays , signing him to a 5 - year $75.25 million contract and making him their starting center fielder , and uniting him with his younger brother Justin Upton from the Arizona Diamondbacks in a seven player trade that sent fan favorite utility man Martín Prado to the Diamondbacks , they also filled a need for a new Third Baseman in Chris Johnson after the retirement of Chipper Jones the previous year . The Braves began the 2013 season with a hot start in April by going 17 -- 9 for the month , which saw the emergence of rookie sensation Evan Gattis , while taking hold of first place in the National League East division , a lead they would never relinquish for the rest of the season . The Braves suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season , including injuries to Jason Heyward , Brian McCann , Freddie Freeman , Eric O'Flaherty , Jonny Venters , Ramiro Pena and others , but found a way to win despite these blows to the team . Leading up to the All Star break , First Baseman Freddie Freeman was voted in to play for the 2013 National League All - Star Team , in the 2013 All Star Game , which he did not play . The Braves also witnessed the emergence of rookie pitcher Julio Teherán after much hype during Spring training . From July 26 to August 10 , the Braves won 14 games in a row . The winning streak was the longest of its kind since April -- May 2000 . On June 28 , 2013 the Atlanta Braves retired former third baseman Chipper Jones ' jersey , number 10 , before the game against the Arizona Diamondbacks . He was honored before 51,300 fans at Turner Field in Atlanta . He served as a staple of the Braves franchise for 19 years before announcing his retirement at the beginning of the 2012 season . Chipper Jones played his last regular season game for the Braves on September 30 , 2012 . The Braves opened up a 15 - game lead on the Washington Nationals in the National League East on September 3 , 2013 , riding that lead en route to its first division title since 2005 , the last of 14 straight division titles . This was also Braves manager Fredi González 's first division title since beginning his managerial career in 1990 ; including his first since becoming the manager of the Braves after the 2010 season . The Braves clinched the 18th division title in team history on September 22 , 2013 after a Nationals loss to the Marlins in the first game of a double header ; the Braves also won their game that day , beating the Chicago Cubs 5 -- 2 at Wrigley Field . After clinching the division title , they lost to the Dodgers 3 -- 1 in the Division Series . 2014 : losing season ( edit ) Jason Heyward runs the bases in 2014 On November 11 , 2013 , the Braves announced that they would vacate Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County , in the northwest suburbs outside of Atlanta in 2017 . The move is to follow the expiration of the Braves ' 20 - year lease on Turner Field in 2016 . The new stadium is to be constructed in a public / private partnership . During the offseason the Braves signed few of their young talents to multi year contracts ; Craig Kimbrel ( 4 years / $42 M ) , Freddie Freeman ( 8 years / $135 M ) , Kris Medlen ( 1 year / $5.8 M ) , Jason Heyward ( 2 years / $13.3 M ) , Julio Teherán ( 6 years / $32.4 M ) and Andrelton Simmons ( 7 years / $58 M ) . The Braves finished the season in a distant second place with a 79 -- 83 record , which was their first losing season since 2008 and only their third since 1990 . 2015 -- 2016 : rebuilding ( edit ) Prior to the 2015 season , the Braves fired their General Manager Frank Wren , and John Hart replaced him as interim general manager , choosing to only take the title of President of Baseball Operations . The Braves promptly traded Gold Glove Award winner Jason Heyward to the St. Louis Cardinals along with pitcher Jordan Walden for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins . Hart would then trade All Star left fielder Justin Upton to the San Diego Padres for Max Fried , Jace Peterson , Dustin Peterson , and Mallex Smith . Catcher Evan Gattis and minor league prospect James Hoyt were traded to the Houston Astros for minor leaguers Mike Foltynewicz , Rio Ruiz , and Andrew Thurman . A day before the season began , the Braves made a final trade involving former All - Star Craig Kimbrel and outfielder Melvin Upton Jr ... They were traded to the San Diego Padres for outfielders Cameron Maybin and Carlos Quentin along with two minor league players . By the beginning of the season , the Braves did 11 trades in all . Prior to the start of the 2016 regular season , the Braves continued their offseason rebuilding by trading Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar , and pitching prospects Sean Newcomb and Chris Ellis and $2.5 million . They agreed to 1 year contracts with Kelly Johnson , Chris Withrow , and Arodys Vizcaino , and agreed to terms on a minor league contract for Carlos Torres and Jeff Francoeur . The Braves would end up purchasing the Major League contract of Francoeur . On April 13 , 2016 , Hector Olivera was arrested and charged with the assault of a woman at the team hotel when the Braves were in Washington D.C. facing the Nationals . He was placed on Administrative Leave by Major League Baseball and was placed on the Braves Restricted List until further disciplinary action is given . The Braves began the season on a nine - game losing streak , which is the worst opening by the franchise since 1988 , when they dropped the first 10 games of that season . After a 9 -- 28 start in 2016 , Fredi González was fired on May 17 and replaced by third base coach Brian Snitker as interim general manager . Snitker replaced González once before in the 2006 -- 07 off - season as the Braves third base coach when González left the Braves to manage the Marlins . The Braves finished the season 68 -- 93 and in last place in NL East . During the 2016 off - season , the Braves signed pitchers R.A. Dickey and Bartolo Colón and promoted interim manager Brian Snitker to full - time manager . 2017 : SunTrust park and front office changes ( edit ) SunTrust Park prior to its first regular - season game The Braves opened their new stadium , SunTrust Park , on April 14 , 2017 , with a four - game sweep of the San Diego Padres . The park received positive reviews . Woody Studenmund of the Hardball Times called the park a `` gem '' and he was impressed with `` the compact beauty of the stadium and its exciting approach to combining baseball , business and social activities . '' J.J. Cooper of Baseball America praised the `` excellent sight lines for pretty much every seat . '' Cooper also noted that `` the Wi - Fi works and it 's very fast , even with a park full of smartphone users . '' On October 2 , 2017 , John Coppolella resigned as general manager of the Braves amid a Major League Baseball investigation into Atlanta 's international signings , having committed what the Braves termed `` a breach of MLB rules regarding the international player market '' . On November 13 , 2017 , the Braves announced Alex Anthopoulos as the new general manager and executive vice president . John Hart was removed as team president and assumed a senior adviser role with the organization . Braves chairman Terry McGuirk apologized to fans `` on behalf of the entire Braves family '' for the scandal . McGuirk described Anthopoulos as `` a man of integrity '' and that `` he will operate in a way that will make all of our Braves fans proud . '' On November 17 , 2017 , the Braves announced that John Hart had stepped down as senior advisor for the organization . Hart said in a statement that `` with the hiring of Alex Anthopoulos as general manager , this organization is in great hands . '' MLB investigation and penalties ( edit ) On November 21 , 2017 , Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred announced the findings of the MLB investigation into Atlanta 's international signings . Manfred ruled that the Braves must forfeit 13 international prospects , including highly touted Kevin Maitan , an infielder from Venezuela who signed for $4.25 million in 2016 . The team also forfeited a third - round draft pick in the 2018 draft . Former Braves general manager John Coppolella was placed on baseball 's permanently ineligible list . Additionally , the Braves shall be prohibited from signing any international player for more than $10,000 during the 2019 -- 20 signing period and their international signing bonus pool for the 2020 -- 21 signing period will be reduced by 50 percent . For a full season - by - season list , see List of Atlanta Braves seasons . World Series championships ( edit ) Over its 138 seasons , the Braves franchise has won a total of three World Series Championships , one in each of the three cities they have played in . Season Manager Opponent Series Score Record 1914 ( Boston ) George Stallings Philadelphia Athletics 4 -- 0 94 -- 59 1957 ( Milwaukee ) Fred Haney New York Yankees 4 -- 3 95 -- 59 1995 ( Atlanta ) Bobby Cox Cleveland Indians 4 -- 2 90 -- 54 Total World Series championships : 3 Major rivalries ( edit ) New York Mets ( edit ) Main article : Braves -- Mets rivalry The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between the two teams , featuring the Braves and the New York Mets as they both play in the National League East . Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS , en route to their first World Series championship , the first playoff series won by an expansion team ( also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team ) , the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1994 season when division realignment put both the Mets and the Braves in the NL East division . During this time the Braves became one of the most dominant teams in professional baseball , earning 14 straight division titles through 2005 , including five world series berths , and one world series championship during the 1995 season . The rivalry remained heated through the early 2000s . Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) While their rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies lacks the history and hatred of the Mets , it has been the more important one in the last decade . Between 1993 and 2013 , the two teams reigned almost exclusively as NL East champions , the exceptions being in 2006 , when the Mets won their first division title since 1988 ( no division titles were awarded in 1994 due to the player 's strike ) , and in 2012 , when the Washington Nationals claimed their first division title since 1981 when playing as the Montreal Expos . The Phillies 1993 championship was also part of a four - year reign of exclusive division championships by the Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates , their in - state rivals . While rivalries are generally characterized by mutual hatred , the Braves and Phillies deeply respect each other . Each game played ( 18 games in 2011 ) is vastly important between these two NL East giants , but at the end of the day , they are very similar organizations . Overall , the Braves have one more National League East division title than the Phillies , having won 12 times each since 1969 , with the Braves holding it for eleven consecutive years from 1995 through 2005 . Uniforms ( edit ) The Braves currently have five different game baseball uniform combinations . The home uniforms consist of a standard white uniform , a red , military appreciation jersey worn with the standard white pants , and a cream alternate uniform . The road uniforms consist of a standard gray uniform , and an alternate navy blue jersey worn with the standard gray pants . The white home uniform , introduced in 1987 , is the primary home uniform . The jersey has `` Braves '' written in script across the chest with the tomahawk logo underneath . The jersey also includes piping around the collar and down the front of the jersey and around the bottom of the sleeves . Player numbers appear on the back of the jersey with a nameplate above . The Braves script , player numbers , and piping are red with a navy blue border . The tomahawk is primarily red with blue and yellow detail and a navy blue border . The white pants have identical piping to the jersey about the belt loops and down the outside seam of the pants . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a white nameplate . The player names originally used vertically arched lettering but , since 2006 , the team has used radially arched lettering . The white uniform is paired with the standard home cap . It is a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a white embroidered `` script A '' logo . The home batting helmet is identical to the primary home cap . The gray road uniforms are the primary road uniform . The uniforms are identical to the white home uniforms with the exception of the `` Braves '' script , which is replaced by the `` Atlanta '' script . Player names are sewn to a gray nameplate . The primary uniforms are very similar to the uniforms that the Braves wore from 1946 to 1965 -- during their latter years in Boston and throughout their tenure in Milwaukee . The red , military appreciation jersey was introduced on February 5 , 2014 . The jerseys feature navy blue piping with a white border , the Braves script in blue with white stars , and the American Flag on the left sleeve . The updated red jerseys will not include the tomahawk logo . The jerseys will be worn for five home games in 2014 : April 26 vs. the Cincinnati Reds ( military family night ) , June 13 vs. the LA Angels of Anaheim ( celebrating the Army ) , July 26 vs. the San Diego Padres ( celebrating the Marines ) , Aug. 30 vs. the Miami Marlins ( celebrating the Navy ) , and September 19 vs. NY Mets ( celebrating the Air Force ) . The jerseys will be paired with camouflage caps . The military appreciation jerseys replace the red jerseys introduced in 2005 . Worn with the white pants , these jerseys included the same elements as the white jerseys , with the Braves script , player numbers , and piping in navy blue with a white border . The tomahawk was primarily blue , with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player names consisted of white lettering sewn to a red nameplate . These jerseys were paired with an alternate home cap , which was a red brimmed , navy blue cap with a red , embroidered `` script A '' logo with a tomahawk , outlined in white . The alternate cap did not have a matching batting helmet . The red alternate jerseys were worn for Sunday home games from 2005 to 2011 . The only exceptions to this were the opening game of the 2005 NLDS , which was played on a Wednesday , and on Memorial Day in 2006 . The 2006 Memorial Day game is also the only time the red jerseys were paired with the primary home cap . With the introduction of the cream uniform in 2012 , the red jerseys were worn for Friday night home games from 2012 to 2013 . However , the Braves chose to wear the traditional white jerseys for their 2012 home opener , which took place on Friday , April 13 . The cream alternate uniforms were introduced in February 2012 as a tribute to the Braves ' first season in Atlanta in 1966 . The jersey includes the `` Braves '' script across the breastplate , but the player number replaces the tomahawk underneath the `` Braves '' script on the left placket . Player numbers and the `` Braves '' script are in red with a navy blue border . The player names consist of navy blue lettering sewn to a cream nameplate . The jersey has a thin , navy piping about the collar and down the front of the jersey . There is no piping around the sleeves . The cream pants include piping identical to the jersey down the outside seam . The left sleeve of the jersey has a `` crossed tomahawk '' logo that replaces the `` screaming Indian '' logo that appeared on the 1966 jerseys . The new logo has two , primarily red , crossed tomahawks . Underneath the tomahawks is a blue circle outlined in red , with `` 1876 '' in red above ( commemorating the year the franchise was founded ) , and `` Atlanta Braves '' in white below . The cream uniforms are paired with the standard home cap and are worn for Saturday and Sunday home games . The alternate navy blue road jerseys were introduced on opening night of the 2008 season against the Washington Nationals . Worn with the gray road pants , the jerseys feature the `` Atlanta '' script on the breastplate in navy blue with a white outline . The tomahawk is primarily navy blue with red and yellow detail and a white border . The player numbers are blue with white borders and the player names are white letters sewn to a navy blue nameplate . The navy blue jerseys have no piping either on the sleeves or around the collar . From 1987 to 2008 , the red brimmed , primary home cap was also worn on the road . However , when the navy blue jerseys were introduced in 2008 , they were paired with a navy blue cap , similar to the team 's road cap worn from 1966 to 1971 . While the red brimmed cap was still primarily worn with the gray road uniforms , the team sometimes wore the navy blue cap with the gray jerseys , and the red brimmed cap was occasionally worn with the navy blue jerseys . The red brimmed home batting helmets were also worn on the road from 1987 through 2008 . Beginning in 2009 , the navy blue cap became the official road cap and was paired with a navy blue road batting helmet . Unlike the home uniforms , which are worn based on a schedule , the road uniforms are chosen on game day by the starting pitcher . However , they are also subject to Major League Baseball rules requiring the road team to wear uniforms that contrast with the uniforms worn by the home team . Due to this rule , the gray uniforms are worn when the home team chooses to wear navy blue , and sometimes when the home team chooses to wear black . Logos ( edit ) See also : Native American , Atlanta Braves logo information From 1945 to 1955 the Braves primary logo consisted of the head of an Indian warrior . From 1956 to 1965 it was a laughing Indian with a mohawk and one feather in his hair . When the Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966 , the `` Braves '' script was added underneath the laughing Indian . In 1985 , the Braves made a small script change to the logo . The Braves modern logo debuted in 1987 . The modern logo is the word `` Braves '' in cursive with a tomahawk below it . In 2018 , the Braves made a subtle color change to the primary logo . Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders Team records ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves team records Team captains ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Johnny Evers 1914 -- 1917 Eddie Mathews 1965 -- 1966 Hank Aaron 1969 -- 1974 Bob Horner 1982 -- 1986 Dale Murphy 1987 - 1990 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Braves have retired eleven numbers in the history of the franchise , including most recently Chipper Jones ' number 10 in 2013 , John Smoltz 's number 29 in 2012 , Bobby Cox 's number 6 in 2011 , Tom Glavine 's number 47 in 2010 , and Greg Maddux 's number 31 in 2009 . Additionally , Hank Aaron 's 44 , Dale Murphy 's 3 , Phil Niekro 's 35 , Eddie Mathews ' 41 , Warren Spahn 's 21 and Jackie Robinson 's 42 , which is retired for all of baseball with the exception of Jackie Robinson Day , have also been retired . The color and design of the retired numbers reflect the uniform design at the time the person was on the team , excluding Robinson . Dale Murphy OF Retired June 13 , 1994 Bobby Cox Retired August 12 , 2011 Chipper Jones 3B Retired June 28 , 2013 Warren Spahn Retired December 11 , 1965 Smoltz Retired June 8 , 2012 Greg Maddux Retired July 17 , 2009 Phil Niekro Retired August 6 , 1984 Eddie Mathews 3B Retired July 26 , 1969 Hank Aaron RF Retired April 15 , 1977 Tom Glavine Retired August 6 , 2010 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Of the ten Braves whose numbers have been retired , all who are eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame have been elected with the exception of Murphy , whose eligibility has expired . Braves Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Ivan Allen , Jr . Braves Museum and Hall of Fame Baseball Hall of famers ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Atlanta Braves Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Boston Braves Earl Averill Dave Bancroft Dan Brouthers John Clarkson * Jimmy Collins Hugh Duffy * Johnny Evers Burleigh Grimes Billy Hamilton Billy Herman Rogers Hornsby Joe Kelley King Kelly Ernie Lombardi Rabbit Maranville Rube Marquard Tommy McCarthy Bill McKechnie Joe Medwick Kid Nichols * Jim O'Rourke Charley Radbourn Babe Ruth Frank Selee * * Al Simmons George Sisler Casey Stengel Ed Walsh Lloyd Waner Paul Waner Deacon White Vic Willis * * George Wright Harry Wright Cy Young Milwaukee Braves Eddie Mathews Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Warren Spahn Atlanta Braves Hank Aaron Orlando Cepeda Bobby Cox Tom Glavine Chipper Jones Greg Maddux * * * Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry John Schuerholz * * John Smoltz Bruce Sutter Joe Torre Hoyt Wilhelm Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Braves cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Hall of Fame plaque depiction is without a cap . In Schuerholz ' case , this is because he was elected as an executive . * * * No cap insignia on Hall of Fame plaque . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( broadcasters ) ( edit ) Atlanta Braves Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milo Hamilton Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Braves . Georgia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Georgia Sports Hall of Fame Braves in the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Paul Richards GM 1967 -- 1972 -- John Schuerholz GM President 1990 -- 2007 2007 -- present -- Skip Caray Broadcaster 1976 -- 2008 -- George Stallings Manager 1913 -- 1920 Born in Augusta Dale Murphy OF 1976 -- 1990 Jo - Jo White Coach 1963 -- 1966 Born in Red Oak 5 , 31 Whit Wyatt Coach 1958 -- 1967 Born in Kensington , attended Georgia Tech 6 Bobby Cox Manager 1978 -- 1981 1990 -- 2010 10 Chipper Jones 3B / LF 1993 -- 2012 13 Blue Moon Odom Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's , grew up in Macon 29 John Smoltz 1988 -- 1999 2001 -- 2008 32 Ernie Johnson Broadcaster 1950 , 1952 -- 1958 1962 -- 1999 35 Phil Niekro 1964 -- 1983 , 1987 36 Bob Hendley 1961 -- 1963 Born in Macon 44 Hank Aaron RF 1954 -- 1974 Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Atlanta Braves roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 26 Mike Foltynewicz 45 Kevin Gausman 15 Sean Newcomb 19 Aníbal Sánchez 49 Julio Teherán Bullpen 63 Jesse Biddle 46 Brad Brach 39 Sam Freeman 64 Luke Jackson 33 A.J. Minter 61 Chad Sobotka 48 Jonny Venters 58 Daniel Winkler Catchers 25 Tyler Flowers 24 Kurt Suzuki Infielders 1 Ozzie Albies 17 Johan Camargo 5 Freddie Freeman 14 Rio Ruiz 7 Dansby Swanson Outfielders 13 Ronald Acuña Jr . 16 Charlie Culberson 23 Adam Duvall 11 Ender Inciarte 22 Nick Markakis Pitchers 36 Kolby Allard 51 Shane Carle 54 Max Fried 53 Luiz Gohara 68 Adam McCreery 30 Peter Moylan 67 Wes Parsons 65 Ricardo Sánchez 62 Touki Toussaint 38 Arodys Vizcaíno 72 Bryse Wilson Outfielders 18 Dustin Peterson 57 Michael Reed Manager 43 Brian Snitker Coaches 59 José Castro ( assistant hitting ) 60 Sal Fasano ( catching coach ) 55 Chuck Hernandez ( pitching ) 34 Marty Reed ( bullpen ) 28 Kevin Seitzer ( hitting ) -- Dave Wallace ( special assistant to pitching ) 37 Ron Washington ( third base ) 4 Walt Weiss ( bench ) 99 José Yepez ( bullpen catcher ) 2 Eric Young ( first base ) 60 - day disabled list 75 Grant Dayton -- Jacob Lindgren 32 Brandon McCarthy 56 Darren O'Day 52 Jose Ramirez 40 Mike Soroka 25 active , 13 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 27 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Atlanta Braves minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Gwinnett Stripers International League Lawrenceville , Georgia AA Mississippi Braves Southern League Pearl , Mississippi Advanced A Florida Fire Frogs Florida State League Kissimmee , Florida Rome Braves South Atlantic League Rome , Georgia Rookie Danville Braves Appalachian League Danville , Virginia GCL Braves Gulf Coast League Lake Buena Vista , Florida DSL Braves Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Home attendance ( edit ) Turner Field ( edit ) Home Attendance at Turner Field Year Total Attendance Game Average Stadium Capacity by % Major League Rank by # Major League Rank by % 1997 3,464,488 42,771 1998 3,360,860 41,492 1999 3,284,897 40,554 2000 3,234,304 39,930 2001 2,823,530 34,858 69.6 % 12th 15th 2002 2,603,484 32,142 64.2 % 13th 14th 2003 2,401,084 30,393 60.7 % 10th 14th 2,327,565 29,399 58.7 % 16th 21st 2005 2,521,167 31,126 62.9 % 16th 19th 2006 2,550,524 31,488 63.6 % 14th 16th 2007 2,745,207 33,891 67.7 % 14th 16th 2008 2,532,834 31,270 62.4 % 14th 19th 2009 2,373,631 29,304 58.5 % 15th 17th 2,510,119 30,989 61.9 % 13th 17th 2011 2,372,940 30,037 60.4 % 15th 20th 2012 2,420,171 29,879 60.1 % 15th 21st 2013 2,548,679 31,465 63.3 % 13th 21st 2014 2,354,305 29,065 58.4 % 18th 23rd 2015 2,001,392 25,017 50.3 % 24th 28th 2016 2,020,914 24,949 50.3 % 22nd 28th SunTrust Park ( edit ) Home Attendance at SunTrust Park Year Total Attendance Game Average Stadium Capacity by % Major League Rank by # Major League Rank by % 2017 2,505,252 30,929 75.3 % 13th 10th Radio and television ( edit ) Main articles : List of Atlanta Braves broadcasters , Braves TBS Baseball , and Atlanta Braves Radio Network After years of stability , the Braves have faced a period of transition in their radio and television coverage . The 2007 season was the last for Braves baseball on the TBS Superstation . TBS showed 70 games throughout the country , then cleared the decks to make way for a new national broadcast package that began in earnest with the 2007 postseason , and expanded to Sunday afternoon games in 2008 . Until his dismissal in 2009 , Chip Caray , one of the Braves ' current broadcasters , called play - by - play for the national package , which includes the Division Series every season and alternating coverage of the ALCS and NLCS . Caray is joined by Joe Simpson , who has provided color commentary for the Braves since 1992 . Braves baseball had been on TBS since it was WTCG in 1972 and had been a cornerstone of the national superstation since it began in 1976 . WPCH - TV / Peachtree TV , formerly WTBS Atlanta , still carried Braves games after 2007 , but only in parts of the Southern United States . After the transfer of the channel 's operations from Time Warner to Meredith Corporation , all Peachtree TV games were simulcast on Fox Sports South outside of the Peachtree TV coverage area in 2011 and 2012 . On February 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Fox Sports South and SportSouth ( now called Fox Sports Southeast ) would carry every regionally televised Braves game exclusively , ending the team 's partnership with WPCH - TV after 40 years . After the 2004 season , longtime radio flagship station 750 WSB was replaced by WGST 640AM . Due to WGST 's weak signal at night , which fails to cover the entire Atlanta metropolitan area , all games began to be simulcast on FM radio when the rights were transferred . The games first appeared on 96.1 WKLS ( formerly `` 96 Rock '' ) in 2005 , but moved to country music station 94.9 WUBL ( `` 94.9 The Bull '' ) in 2007 after WKLS underwent a change in format from classic rock to active rock and became Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 . As of the 2009 season , the Braves returned to WKLS on the FM frequency but remained on WGST on AM . It was announced that for the 2010 season , the Braves will be flagshipped on WCNN 680 The Fan and in Atlanta on the AM dial and WNNX 100.5 FM . The Atlanta Braves radio network currently serves 134 radio stations across the Southern United States , including 20 in Alabama , 4 in Florida , 68 in Georgia , 1 in Mississippi , 13 in North Carolina , 14 in South Carolina , and 14 in Tennessee . Since 2009 , the radio announcers have been former Brewers announcer Jim Powell and Don Sutton . Sutton was released after the 2006 season and called Washington Nationals games on television from 2007 to 2008 , but he has since returned for the 2009 season . Longtime Braves voices Skip Caray and Pete Van Wieren were the primary play - by - play voices of Braves baseball until Skip 's sudden death on August 3 , 2008 , and Van Wieren 's retirement after the 2008 season . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The team 's official colors are navy blue and scarlet red , according to the team 's mascot ( BLOOPER ) 's official website . Jump up ^ The Braves were founded in 1871 . The Cubs are a full season older ( originally formed as the Chicago White Stockings in 1870 ) , Chicago did not sponsor a White Stockings team for two seasons due to the Great Chicago Fire . The Braves have played more consecutive seasons . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet BLOOPER '' . Braves.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Atlanta Braves Style Guide '' . Major League Baseball Properties . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves sale is approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Offices '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Atlanta Braves hire Alex Anthopoulos as next general manager '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Braves leaving Turner Field for Cobb County '' . Braves.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Braves eye new Spring Training complex in North Port '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Zack ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Atlanta Braves pick Sarasota County for spring training '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yanks celebrate ninth straight East title '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Braves have set lofty benchmark '' . Braves.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Story of the Braves '' . Atlanta Braves . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Events of Saturday , April 22 , 1876 . Retrosheet . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Noble , Marty ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` MLB carries on strong , 200,000 games later : Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . ( B ) aseball is about to celebrate its 200,000 th game -- ( in the division series on ) Saturday ( October 1 , 2011 ) ... Jump up ^ Thorn , John ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Why Is the National Association Not a Major League ... and Other Records Issues '' . OurGame.MLBlogs.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . The National Association , 1871 -- 1875 , shall not be considered as a ' major league ' due to its erratic schedule and procedures , but it will continue to be recognized as the first professional baseball league . Jump up ^ Kaese , Harold The Boston Braves , Northeaster University Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Boston Braves Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 New York Giants Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Neft , Johnson and Deutsch , The World Series , The Dial Press , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Neyer , Rob ( 2006 ) . Rob Neyer 's Big Book of Baseball Blunders . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8491 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates OK new realignment '' . USA Today . p. 1C . The Pirates will switch from the East next season . They opposed the move last week when realignment was approved , but agreed to allow Atlanta to move to the East . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Lisa ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Crazy scene at Shea takes luster off Mets - Braves rivalry '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : The subway series : the Yankees , the Mets and a season to remember . St. Louis , Mo. : The Sporting News . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89204 - 659 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( October 17 , 2000 ) . `` From Wild Card to World Series '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Baseball Record Book , 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Pelline , Jeff ( September 23 , 1995 ) . `` Time Warner Closes Deal for Turner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Time Warner considers Braves sale '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Braves ' New World -- Forbes Magazine '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Braves excited by news of team sale '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Atlanta Braves . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` GM Schuerholz was Braves ' guiding force '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowman . Mark. `` Atlanta adds Vazquez to new - look staff , Braves complete deal for durable veteran starter , reliever Logan '' . mlb.com , December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers acquire Josh Anderson from Atlanta Braves '' MLB.com , March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Bloom . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman . `` MLB.mlb.com '' . MLB.mlb.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scores.espn.go.com '' . ESPN . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves act quickly , name Gonzalez skipper '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . October 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Elias Says : Sports Statistics -- Stats from the Elias Sports Bureau -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Game Recap -- Nationals v Braves ajc.com '' . Ajc.stats.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Florida vs. Atlanta Recap : Marlins beat Atlanta 3 -- 1 , Braves ' 10,000 th loss '' . Sports Illustrated . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Atlanta team statistics for 2010 , 2011 . baseball-reference.com . Accessed May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves collapsed before playoffs '' . ESPN . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anatomy of a Collapse ( Or Three ) '' . MLB Blog Buzz . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , David ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` Chronology of Braves ' collapse '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lowe dealt to Tribe for Minor League reliever '' . atlantabraves.com. 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves complete colossal collapse , lose to Phils '' . CBS Sports . 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parrish let go as Braves hitting coach '' . atlantabraves.com. 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Upton introduced in Atlanta after signing deal '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Upton introduced , takes his place with Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves beat Miami Marlins for 14th straight win '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Braves retire Chipper 's No. 10 before game '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves overcome injuries to capture National League East title '' . Jump up ^ `` The Braves are leaving Turner Field after the 2016 season '' . NBCSports.com . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Braves plan to build new stadium in Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Atlanta Braves Plan On Moving Into New $672 Million Ballpark In Cobb Co . -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves announce plans to move to new stadium '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ The Marietta Daily Journal -- Braves headed to Cobb in 2017 Jump up ^ `` Stunning news : Atlanta Braves moving to Cobb '' . Jump up ^ Braves leaving Turner Field , building new stadium in Cobb Co . -- Atlanta News , Weather , Traffic , and Sports FOX 5 Archived November 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Braves trade Gattis to Astros for 3 prospects '' . Jump up ^ `` Padres acquire Kimbrel , M. Upton from Braves '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ' Hector Olivera arrested for assault '' . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` R.A. Dickey Is n't Done ; Signs One - Year Deal With Atlanta Braves '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL : Atlanta Braves officially sign pitcher Bartolo Colon '' . savannahnow.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Studenmund , Woody ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Atlanta 's SunTrust Park : The First of a New Generation ? '' . Hardball Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , J.J. ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Braves ' New Ballpark Has All Modern Touches , But It 's What Surrounds SunTrust Park That Makes It Stand Out '' . Baseball America . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Braves GM John Coppolella Resigns Amid MLB Investigation Over International Signings '' . Sports Illustrated . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Braves hire former Dodgers , Blue Jays exec Alex Anthopoulos as GM '' . ESPN . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hart steps down as senior advisor for Braves '' . ESPN . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ex-Braves GM John Coppolella permanently banned ; team loses prospects '' . ESPN . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates Relent on New Alignment '' . New York Times . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Collier , Gene ( September 27 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates , Phillies Have Owned the Outgoing NL East Division '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeff . `` If Braves send message to Phillies , it will be done nicely '' . The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Uniforms '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walton , Carroll Rogers ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Braves to honor military with alternative jerseys '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Braves introduce alternate jersey '' . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Braves ' home - red jerseys dropped from lineup '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves unveil a new alternate home uniform '' . MLB Advanced Media . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Braves Logos '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Braves Logos '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Braves Logos '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera Is the Last No. 42 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pahigian , Josh ; Kevin O'Connell ( 2004 ) . The Ultimate Baseball Road - trip : A Fan 's Guide to Major League Stadiums . Globe Pequot . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 159 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Braves Attendance '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB NOTEBOOK : FSN reaches agreement with Peachtree TV to broadcast 45 Braves games in 2011 ; Ex-Braves Jones signs with Yanks '' . Albanyherald.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tim ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Braves ' TV deal changes ; games move off Peachtree TV '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Press Release - `` Atlanta Braves and Clear Channel Announce Move to Project 9 -- 6 -- 1 for 2009 Games . '' March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Affiliate Radio Stations braves.com : Schedule '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Carroll ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sutton rejoins Braves ' broadcast team '' . Ajc.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportingnews.com '' . Sportingnews.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Bowman ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Atlanta.braves.mlb.com '' . Atlanta.braves.mlb.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Wilkinson , Jack ( 2007 ) . Game of my Life : Atlanta Braves . Champaign , Illinois : Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59670 - 099 - 4 . Green , Jr. , Ron ( 2008 ) . 101 Reasons to Love the Braves . Stewart , Tabori & Chang . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58479 - 670 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlanta Braves . Atlanta Braves official website Team index page at Baseball Reference Milwaukee Braves informational website Sports Illustrated Atlanta Braves Page ESPN Atlanta Braves Page History of the Boston Braves on MassHistory.com Achievements Preceded by Philadelphia Athletics 1913 World Series champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 1915 Preceded by New York Yankees 1956 World Series champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1958 Preceded by Toronto Blue Jays 1993 World Series champions Atlanta Braves 1995 Succeeded by New York Yankees hide Achievements Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1876 National League champions Boston Red Caps 1877 and 1878 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1879 Preceded by Chicago White Stockings 1882 National League champions Boston Beaneaters 1883 Succeeded by Providence Grays 1884 Preceded by Brooklyn Bridegrooms 1890 National League champions Boston Beaneaters 1891 -- 1893 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1894 Preceded by Baltimore Orioles 1896 National League champions Boston Beaneaters 1897 and 1898 Succeeded by Brooklyn Superbas 1899 Preceded by New York Giants 1913 National League champions Boston Braves 1914 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1915 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1947 National League champions Boston Braves 1948 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 National League champions Milwaukee Braves 1957 and 1958 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1959 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 National League champions Atlanta Braves 1991 and 1992 Succeeded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 1993 National League champions Atlanta Braves 1995 and 1996 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 1997 Preceded by San Diego Padres 1998 National League champions Atlanta Braves 1999 Succeeded by New York Mets 2000 Atlanta Braves Established in 1871 Formerly the Boston Red Stockings , Boston Red Caps , Boston Beaneaters , Boston Doves , Boston Rustlers , Boston Bees , Boston Braves and the Milwaukee Braves Based in Atlanta , Georgia Franchise History Boston Braves Museum & Hall of Fame Award winners & league leaders Records No - hitters Seasons Owners and executives Managers Opening Day Starters Atlanta Boston and Milwaukee First - round draft picks Ballparks South End Grounds Congress Street Grounds South End Grounds Fenway Park Braves Field Milwaukee County Stadium Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Turner Field SunTrust Park Spring training St. Petersburg Athletic Park Braves Field Municipal Stadium Champion Stadium New spring training stadium ( future ) Culture Continental League Ted Turner Braves Bleacher Creature Chief Noc - A-Homa Homer Rally Braves TBS Baseball The Slugger 's Wife Big Three Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream Trouble with the Curve Lore 1897 Temple Cup Hank Aaron 's 715th home run 1959 NL tie - breaker series Francisco Cabrera game Grand Slam Single 2012 NL Wild Card Game Fort Bragg Game Rivalries New York Mets Key personnel Owner : John C. 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-5191718003245630813	MTV Roadies (season 15)	MTV roadies ( season 15 ) - Wikipedia MTV roadies ( season 15 ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : MOS : TV issues . Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` MTV Roadies '' season 15 -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MTV Roadies Xtreme ( MTV Roadies Season 15 ) Genre Reality show Directed by Sagar More Presented by Rannvijay Singh Judges Neha Dhupia Prince Narula Nikhil Chinapa Raftaar Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 28 Production Producer ( s ) Tarun Release Original network MTV India Original release February 18 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) -- August 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 04 ) Chronology Preceded by MTV Roadies Rising External links Website MTV Roadies Xtreme is the fifteenth season of Indian reality show MTV Roadies . The show is hosted by Rannvijay Singh . It started airing on MTV India from February 18 , 2018 . The audition episodes were aired from 18 February 2018 . The audition was done by the four aspiring gang leaders - Raftaar , Nikhil Chinapa , Neha Dhupia and Prince Narula and this season , Rannvijay Singh serves as a mentor and host . Contents 1 Roadies ' selection ( Episodes - 1 to 7 ) 2 Culling process ( Episode - 8 ) 3 Battleground ( Episode - 8 ) 4 Roadies Distribution ( Shillong Journey ) ( Episodes - 9 to 14 ) 4.1 Episode 12 5 Finalists 6 Gangs 7 Gangs vs Gangs ( Kaziranga Journey ) ( Episodes - 14 to 18 ) 8 Gangs vs Gangs ( Bhalukpong Journey ) ( Episodes - 19 to 22 ) 9 Gangs vs Gangs ( Itanagar Journey ) ( Episodes - 23 to 25 ) 10 Final Destination ( Ziro Journey ) ( Episodes - 26 and 27 ) 11 Vote Out Order 12 Voting History 13 Top 20 Xtreme Moments from this season 14 References Roadies ' selection ( episodes - 1 to 7 ) This season the auditions were different from past seasons , the contestants had to get a least of 3 votes from the gang leaders and as a twist Rannvijay had a special power and had 2 votes . Date of episode Venue of audition Contestant Gang leader 's choice Rannvijay 's Final Call Result Nikhil Neha Raftaar Prince Feb 18 Delhi Samiksha Malik - Advanced Udayveer Singh - Not selected Nishkarsh Arora Advanced Preeti Kuntal - Advanced Feb 25 Kashish Thakur Pundir - Advanced Richa Sharma Advanced Dolly Sharma - Advanced Hardik Nanda - Not selected Mar 4 Rashmeet Kaur Advanced Navpreet Singh - Not selected Chandigarh Harpawit Singh - Not selected Shubhada Nishtala - Advanced Mar 11 Surbhi Rana - Advanced Ishaan Raj - Not selected Mahekdeep Singh - - Advanced Supriya Gauniyal - Not selected Geetika Sood - Advanced Mar 18 Pune Shruti Sinha Red Buzzer - Direct entry to the Journey Hemanth Gangwani - Not selected Alisha N Danvijay - Not selected Minni Rohilla - Advanced Vidit Sharma Red Buzzer - Direct entry to the Journey Mar 25 Priya Sindhu Red Buzzer - Direct entry to the Journey Snehal Karkera - Not selected Kawalpreet Singh - Not selected Kriti Verma Advanced Pavneet Singh Bagga - Advanced Abhishek Dubey Advanced Farah Fatima Khan Advanced Apr 1 Kolkata Harshvardhan Bhan - Advanced Sonu Jat - Advanced Sandy Saha - Advanced Bibek Bora - Advanced Pratik Raj Nahata - Not selected Delhi Gurleen Kaur - Advanced RJ Anamika - Advanced Chandigarh Reethi Gotia - Advanced Yash Preet Sindu Advanced Pune Shivani Anil Kamle - Advanced Khursheed Syed Advanced Kolkata Sharan Sobhani - Advanced Pune Rohan Hingorani - Advanced Indicates the contestant is male . Indicates the contestant is female . Culling process ( Episode - 8 ) Direct Entries : Shruti Sinha , Vidit Sharma and Priya Sindhu . Batch Contestants Advanced Contestants Yash Preet Sindu Kashish Thakur Pundir Pavneet Singh Bagga Rohan Hingorani Kashish Thakur Pundir Rohan Hingorani Pavneet Singh Bagga Farah Fatima Khan Minni Rohilla Richa Sharma Rashmeet Kaur Farah Fatima Khan Minni Rohilla Syed khursheed Sandy Saha Nishkarsh Arora Sandy Saha Syed Khursheed Nishkarsh Arora Sharan Sobhani Mahekdeep Singh Sonu Jat Sonu Jat 5 Gurleen Kaur Geetika Sood Preeti Kuntal Samiksha Malik Preeti Kuntal Geetika Sood Samiksha Malik 6 RJ Anamika Shivani Anil Kamle Kriti Verma Surbhi Rana Surbhi Rana Kriti Verma 7 Bibek Bora Abhishek Dubey Harshvardhan Bhan Bibek Bora Abhishek Dubey 8 Reethi Gotia Dolly Sharma Shubhada Nishtala Shubhada Nishtala Total count : Male contestants = 10 Female contestants = 10 Battleground ( Episode - 8 ) It is an online selection process in which participants are given various tasks to perform in order to get shortlisted . Four contestants , namely Mazer and N / A , Iram and Nikav were shortlisted . Iram and Nikav won the Final Battleground challenge and entered in Episode - 18 . Roadies distribution ( shillong journey ) ( episodes - 9 to 14 ) 1st Task : Reck & Roll For this task , gang leaders had to select 2 male roadies each . 1 of the roadies had to break a set of materials into small pieces and the other roadie was tied hanging on top . The tied roadie had to free himself and put as many pieces into a jar , the pair with more number of pieces will win . The winners will then get to choose in which gang they want to be in . Gang leader 1st Preference 2nd Preference Nikhil Kashish Rohan Neha Bibek Abhishek Raftaar Sonu Pavneet Prince Nishkarsh Vidit Neha vs Prince : None of them was able to finish the task . Nikhil vs Raftaar : Team Nikhil won . Rohan chose Nikhil 's Gang and Kashish chose Prince 's Gang . 2nd Task : ID Shoes Lag Gai For this task , gang leaders had to select 1 male roadie each whom they do n't want to be in other gang leader 's gang . The 4 roadies will compete to earn immunity from the 1st Vote - out . The task was divided in 3 rounds . Round 1 : The roadies have to pull a log of wood tied with a rope along a pulley and drop it on a box to break it and get the flag in it . The first 3 roadies to get the flag move to the next round . Round 2 : The 3 roadies have to wrestle in a circle marked on the ground to push a contestant out of the circle . The remaining 2 roadies move to the last round . Round 3 : The roadies have to climb a ladder and reach the top to place their flag . One of their leg is tied to a metal weight covered by wooden planks . The roadies have to pull the weight up breaking the planks and reaching the top . The one who will reach first , will win the task . Gang leader Choice Nikhil Abhishek Neha Bibek Raftaar Vidit Prince Sonu Sonu was eliminated in 1st Round and was directly in the danger in the 1st Vote - out . Vidit was eliminated in 2nd Round and was in the danger in the 1st Vote - out . Abhishek was eliminated in 3rd Round and was in the danger in the 1st Vote - out . Bibek won the task and won immunity . 1st Vote Out In Danger Votes Got Vidit Sharma 11 Sonu Jat 6 Abhishek Dubey Vidit Sharma Voted Out . 3rd Task : Ice Ice Baby For this task , gang leaders had to select 1 female contestant as their first choice , the selected girl had to select her best friend for this task . All four girls had to put her hand inside ice to raise flag and see the sequence of artifacts which she had to arrange in perfect order . If she fails , she had to convince other performers to join to raise the flag again but the sequence will be changed . After completing her friend should do the same . The winner who is the first choice will get the advantage . Gang leader 1st Preference Friend Choice Nikhil Shruti Minni Neha Samiksha Preeti Raftaar Priya Kriti Prince Geetika Shubhada Shruti and Minni won the task . Shruti chose Nikhil 's gang which gave him the two powers . i ) He had to put Shruti 's partner Minni in one of the other three gangs . Minni joined Prince 's gang . ii ) He had to put any one female roadie each in the other two gangs . Nikhil put Farah in Raftaar 's gang and Surbhi in Neha 's gang . Bibek quit the show , because he could not survive the politics running in the camps . 4th Task : Daawat - e-Darts For this task , gang leaders had to select 1 female roadie each whom they do n't want to be in other gang leader 's gang . The 4 roadies will compete to earn immunity from the 2nd Vote - out . The four girls had to sit on a platform and throw darts at the four poles or the board having the names of all the other roadies along with the gang leaders behind the poles . If the dart hit the pole , the girl would herself perform the task . If the dart hit a name on the board , the girl should convince that roadie or gang leader to perform for her . The contestant performing had to spin the wheel having the names of four local delicacies and had to eat that dish on which the arrow landed . When a contestant ate the dish , the concerned girl got one point . The girl who will get 5 points will win the task . Gang leader Choice Nikhil Priya Neha Preeti Raftaar Samiksha Prince Geetika Preeti won the task and won immunity . Samiksha got 0 points . Priya , Samiksha and Geetika were in the danger . Episode 12 Special Vote Out 1 . The gang leaders had to write the name of the roadie in the danger zone whom they wanted to eliminate . 2 . The roadies had to write the name of the roadie whom they wanted to eliminate , along with the name of the gang leader whom they think must have written that name . 3 . If their vote matched with the gang leader whose name has been written , only then the vote will be counted . 2nd Vote Out Gang Leader Voted Out Nikhil Priya Sindhu Neha Samiksha Malik Prince Samiksha Malik Raftaar Samiksha Malik In Danger Votes Got Votes Counted Samiksha 8 8 Priya 8 5 Geetika 0 1 . No Gang Leader Voted for Geetika , so her 2 votes were cancelled . 2 . 5 rodies voted for Priya with Gang Leader name Nikhil and 3 rodies voted for Priya with Gang Leader Neha . 3 . 6 rodies voted for Samiksha with Gang Leader name Prince and 2 rodies voted for Samiksha with Gang Leader Raftar . 4 . Samiksha voted out with 8 votes . 5th Task : Rang Dheela For this task the gang leaders had to decide who would go against whom , but the competition would be between all 4 of them . Raftaar went against Prince and Neha against Nikhil . One gang leader had to decide which roadies ( one girl and one boy ) would play for the gang leader going against him and vice versa . Gang leader Choice for Choice Nikhil Neha Abhishek Kriti Neha Nikhil Nishkarsh Priya Raftaar Prince Pavneet Geetika Prince Raftaar Khursheed Shubhada The task has 3 phases . Each phase is to be performed by either of the two roadies and the gang leader . Phase 1 : The first member has to climb up a structure and pull out bamboos having colored bricks , which will fall down when the bamboo is pulled out . Phase 2 : The second member has to duel the second member of the opposite team to pick up the brick and give it to the third member . Phase 3 : The third member has to balance the bricks in the order of colors VIBGYOR on a platform that has to be balanced by a rope . The team who balances the entire correct sequence for five seconds will win the task and that gang leader will get the power . Gang Nikhil Neha Raftaar Prince Phase 1 Nishkarsh Neha Raftaar Prince Phase 2 Priya Kriti Khursheed Pavneet Phase 3 Nikhil Abhishek Shubhada Geetika Team Nikhil won the task and Nikhil got the power to choose any one male and any one female roadie to join his gang . Nishkarsh and Shubhada joined Gang Nikhil . Wild Card Sharan Vs Mahekdeep The roadies had to choose between Sharan and Mahekdeep to ' vote in ' for the journey . Mahekdeep entered into the competition by getting majority of votes . 6th Task Nikhil was given a choice to replace wild card roadie Mahekdeep with anyone in his gang . Mahekdeep joined Nikhil 's gang after Nikhil chose to remove Nishkarsh . For this task remaining 4 girls who were not in any gang were paired up with one male roadie each by the gang leaders . The girl has to describe traditional ornaments from a picture of a couple . Each ornament is allotted a number which their partner has to check from Oppo phone . Then the partner has to ride a cart up to the numbers and pick up the ornament of that number , giving it to the girl . The girl finally has to dress those correct ornaments on a local couple . 1 . The pair with maximum number of correct ornaments will get to choose which gang they want to join together . 2 . The pair who came second will choose one gang leader who will decide that into which gang that pair should go . 3 . The remaining two pairs will go directly into the danger zone . Position 1st Khursheed Preeti 2nd Sonu Geetika 3rd Nishkarsh Priya 4th Abhishek Kriti Khursheed and Preeti chose Prince 's Gang . Sonu and Geetika chose Prince to decide that into which gang that pair should go and Prince decided Raftaar 's Gang . Vote Out 3 ( Last Vote out of Shillong ) Nishkarsh , Priya , Abhishek and Kriti were in danger zone . Rodies had to vote out one boy and one girl . Priya and Abhishek were eliminated with majority votes . Kriti , Nishkarsh and Sandy joined Neha 's Gang . Pavneet joined Raftaar 's Gang . Finalists Gang Neha : - Kashish Thakur Pundir - Winner Gang Prince : - 1 . Preeti Kuntal - 1st Runner - up 2 . Nishkarsh Arora - 2nd Runner - up Gangs Gang leader Contestants Battleground Contestants Nikhil Rohan Shruti Shubhada Mehakdeep - Neha Surbhi Kriti Nishkarsh Sandy Iram Raftaar Farah Sonu Geetika Pavneet - Prince Kashish Minni Priti Khursheed Nikav Gangs after Auction : ( Ep - 22 ) Gang leader Contestants Nikhil Shruti Mahekdeep Rohan Iram Neha Surbhi Kriti Kashish Nikav Raftaar Sonu Geetika Shubhada Abhishek Prince Priti Nishkarsh Sharan Gangs Vs gangs ( kaziranga journey ) ( episodes - 14 to 18 ) 7th Task : Bihu - bali For this task , gangs and gang leaders had to create an entertainment performance with the Bihu Dance . The winning gang will become immune from the next vote - out . Judges : Rannvijay Singh and Gaelyn Mendonca The Gang Leaders had a power to disqualify one Gang from this Task . Gang Neha , Nikhil and Prince voted Raftaar and Raftaar voted Nikhil . As a 3 - 1 vote , Gang Raftaar was disqualified from the task results . Gang Raftaar were in 1st Place in the Task but due to disqualification , they did n't win Immunity . Gang Prince were 2nd Place , Gang Nikhil were in 3rd and Gang Neha were in 4th . Gang Prince won task and immunity . 8th Task : Ande ka Funda For this task , Gang Raftaar competed against Gang Nikhil and Gang Neha combined for 3 immunities because of Gang Raftaar being targeted in the 7th task . So 2 members from Gang Raftaar would compete against one member each from the other two gangs . The task had 3 phases . 1 . One member has to dig eggs buried in a landmine and throw them to the second member through a net . After ten minutes , their positions will be interchanged . 2 . One member has to throw those collected eggs to his partner . Any member from the opposite team has to stand in the middle of them with a bamboo in the hand and break the eggs before they reached the second member . 3 . The team member has to throw the collected eggs to his gang leader who has to put one egg each in an inverted pot and break the pot without cracking the egg . The team with more number of uncracked , perfect eggs will win the immunity . Team Nikhil and Neha collected one egg but because Nikhil cracked the egg while breaking the pot , they lost the immunity . Gang Raftaar could n't collect a single egg and they lost immunity as well . Team Bamboo Raftaar Geetika Sonu Mahekdeep Nikhil and Neha Rohan Nishkarsh Sonu 9th Task : Jaalbaaz For this task the gang leaders had to choose one strongest and one weakest member respectively . Team Strongest Weakest Nikhil Mahekdeep Shruti Neha Nishkarsh Surbhi Raftaar Geetika Pavneet Prince Kashish Minni Two gangs had to form an alliance . In each alliance the strongest member of one gang will perform the task with the weakest member of the other gang . Prince and Nikhil formed one alliance . Neha and Raftaar formed the other alliance Alliance Team Prince and Nikhil Kashish - Shruti Minni - Mahekdeep Neha and Raftaar Nishkarsh - Pavneet Surbhi - Geetika The task had 2 phases . Phase 1 : Both the contestants have to enter the grid from opposite directions and reach the central disc . According to the instructions given by their gang leaders with the help of Oppo phone , they have to construct a tower over the central disc . Phase 2 : One contestant then has to move around the grid and collect 5 flags without disturbing the wires , which on slight touch can make the tower collapse . The team completing the task in the least time will win . Amongst the two winners , the member who has been selected as the strongest , will have immunity along with the other two members of his / her gang ( except the weakest member of the gang ) The other winning member who has been selected will have immunity alone . Team Mahekdeep and Minni won the challenge . Hence , 3 members of Gang Nikhil and Minni from Gang Prince won immunity . Mahekdeep , Rohan , Shubhada and Minni won immunity . 10th Task : Dung Charades For this task the gang leaders had to participate along with their gang members . The task had 3 stages . Stage 1 : The remaining members excluding one member each at stage 2 and stage 3 has to perform at this stage . The contestants have to enter a pit filled with rhinoceros poop and dig out tokens with their mouth and legs , with their hands tied at the back . Once a team collects 10 tokens , they can move to the second stage . Stage 2 : The contestant has to decipher a Bollywood movie name from emoticons and act it out to the team member at stage 3 . Stage 3 : The contestant has to guess the Bollywood movies . The team which guesses two movies first wins the task and wins one immunity . Stage Nikhil Neha Raftaar Prince Stage 1 Nikhil Rohan Mahekdeep Nishkarsh Surbhi Kriti Sonu Geetika Kashish Preeti Minni Stage 2 Shruti Sandy Raftaar Khursheed Stage 3 Shubhada Neha Pavneet Prince Gang Nikhil won the task . Shruti got immunity . Gangs Vs gangs ( bhalukpong journey ) ( episodes - 19 to 22 ) 11th Task : Macho survival of the toughest For this task , one boy and one girl from each gang will perform the task . The pair coming first will get immunity as well as one advantage . The pair coming second will get one advantage . The pair coming third will get an envelope . If the gang uses it correctly , it will be an advantage . If it does n't , it will be a disadvantage . The task has 3 stages : Stage 1 : ( 1 ) The girl has to free herself from a bamboo cage . ( 2 ) The boy has to break the log of wood in which a chain is attached , which locks one of his leg , thus freeing himself . Stage 2 : The pair has to climb a net wall and reach to the other side by monkey crawling . The first 3 pairs to complete stage 2 only move on to the last stage . Stage 3 : The pair has to row a boat across the river and wave their flag . Position Gang Boy Girl Prince Kashish Preeti Nikhil Mahekdeep Shubhada Raftaar Sonu Geetika Neha Nishkarsh Surbhi Gang Prince won the task and got immunity as well as one advantage . Gang Nikhil won an advantage . Gang Raftaar would get an envelope . Kashish and Preeti got immunity . Minni was sent directly into the vote out for physically pushing Kriti out of anger as physical violence is against the rule . 12th Task : Renault Duster Tangle of the road For this task , one girl and one boy from each gang had to perform along with their gang leader . Two gangs had to form an alliance , but which has never been formed before . Gang Prince and Gang Neha formed one alliance while Gang Nikhil and Gang Raftaar formed the other . 1 . One teammate has to drive the car off road . 2 . The second teammate has to navigate the driver . 3 . The third teammates of each alliance have to balance a rope between them and pick up 5 pots in the way with the help of a hook on the rope . At the end , both alliances have to throw the pots in a fire pit and break them . On breaking one pot , the other alliance gets 30 seconds added in their time . Prince - Neha broke 3 pots. 1 minute 30 seconds got added to the other alliance . Nikhil - Raftaar broke 4 pots. 2 minutes got added to the other alliance . The alliance completing the task in less time will win 2 immunities . Position Alliance Driver Navigator Collector Prince Prince Minni Kashish Neha Nishkarsh Neha Iram Nikhil Nikhil Rohan Shruti Raftaar Raftaar Sonu Geetika Alliance Prince - Neha won the task . Surbhi and Kriti got immunity . 13th Task : Durex India Murghabazi In this task one girl and one boy from each gang had to go against each other . Rohan and Shubdha from Gang Nikhil , Nishkarsh and Iram from Gang Neha , Kashish and Preeti from Prince 's Gang and Sonu and Geetika from Raftaar 's Gang . The Gangleaders had 100 fruits and they had to bet before every fight . The winners ( 1 girl and 1 boy ) will get immunity along with all the other members of their gang who are not performing the task . Round 1 : Nishkarsh Vs Rohan Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Rohan : 30 Rohan : 30 Rohan : 10 Rohan : 20 Total Fruits : 70 70 90 80 Won : Nishkarsh Preeti Vs Geetika Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Geetika : 10 Preeti : 10 Preeti : 20 Preeti : 10 Total Fruits : 60 80 110 90 Won : Preeti Kashish Vs Sonu Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Sonu : 10 Kashish : 20 Kashsih : 20 Kashish : 30 Total Fruits : 70 60 90 60 Won : Sonu Shubdha Vs Iram : Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Shubdha : 20 Iram : 10 Shubdha : 10 Shubdha : 10 Total Fruits : 60 90 100 60 Won : Iram Round 2 : Sonu Vs Nishkarsh : Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Sonu : 50 Sonu : 40 Sonu : 100 Sonu : 50 Total Fruits : 110 130 200 110 Won : Sonu Preeti Vs Iram : Gang Leader : Raftaar Neha Nikhil Prince Choice and Bet : Preeti : 30 Preeti : 60 Preeti : 40 Preeti : 30 Total Fruits : 130 170 200 130 Won : Preeti Preeti , Nikav and Sonu got immunity . Gangs Vs gangs ( itanagar journey ) ( episodes - 23 to 25 ) 14th Task : Tag Buddy For this task two gangs will compete against each other . The two winning gangs will immunity . There will be five rounds . In each round , there will be one raider and two defenders . The raider has to tag the defender 's face with their gang colour . # Nikhil vs Raftaar Gang Raftaar won the match . # Prince vs Neha Gang Prince won the match . Sonu , Geetika , Shubhada , Abhishek , Sharan , Nishkarsh and Preeti won immunity . 15th Task : Oppo F7 Rescue Plan For this task , Gang Nikhil and Gang Neha had to compete against each other for one immunity . Shruti and Surbhi from the respective gangs were half buried in sand booths , with their hands tied with a rope . Two boys from each gang had to rescue their girl . One boy had to swim in the lake and fetch : ( 1 ) A nail filer : To cut the rope , hence freeing their hands . ( 2 ) An axe : To break open the booth . ( 3 ) The key to the lock on the ankle of their girl . The booth had another lock which was to be opened by the QR code on the oppo phone , unlocked by the girl via face recognition . The first girl to come out of the booth and ring the bell wins one immunity for the gang . Gang Nikhil won the task and won one immunity . Rohan got the immunity . 16th Task : Tick Tock Boom For this task , two gang members and the gang leader has to perform the task . 1 ) The first roadie has to crash through a pile of boxes and make his way forward by crossing the path , hanging on the hooks from the ceiling . 2 ) After crossing the obstacles , the first member has to pull down a bar , acting as a counter weight by which the second member gets pulled up to a certain height . 3 ) The second member has to see through a binoculars and guide the third member in cutting four coloured wires in the given order , thus diffusing a time bomb . The gang which diffuses the bomb in the least amount of time will win complete immunity . Position Gang Counterweight Binoculars Bomb diffusion Raftaar Abhishek Shubhada Raftaar Neha Kashish Neha Surbhi Prince Sharan Prince Preeti Nikhil Rohan Nikhil Shruti Gang Raftaar won the task and won immunity . Sonu , Abhishek , Geetika and Shubhada got immunity . 17th Task : Renault Duster - Warrior Buster For this task , the roadies had to challenge previous seasons champions and finalists . 1 ) The roadie and the challenger will each be balancing on a cart tied to a car and have a joystick in their hands . 2 ) If the roadie could make the challenger fall off the cart with the joystick in one of the three rounds , he / she would win the challenge and get immunity . Gang Roadie Challenger Result Nikhil Rohan Gaurav Alugh ( MTV Roadies ( season 13 ) ) Finalist Lost Prince Preeti Shweta Mehta ( MTV Roadies ( season 14 ) ) Winner Lost Neha Kashish Balraj Singh Khehra ( MTV Roadies ( season 13 ) ) Winner Won Kashish won the task and got immunity . ( Karan Kundra ) Special Immunity . Karan Kundra interacted with all the roadies . He had a power to take away an immunity and give it to someone else . He took Geetika 's immunity and gave it to Shruti . Shruti got immunity . Final destination ( ziro journey ) ( episodes - 26 and 27 ) 18th Task : Renault Duster Ringer Swinger . For this task , two gangs had to form an alliance . The winning alliance would get 4 immunities . 1 ) One member would be swinging on a plank controlled by 4 members and directed by the 5th member . 2 ) The swinging member had to pick up 10 flags one by one from post A and place them at post B . 3 ) While the alliance performed , the other alliance would drive a car across a path and keep ringing the bells in the path . 4 ) After every 3 bells , one member of the performing alliance had to discontinue from the task . Neha - Raftaar alliance won the task . Sonu , Abhishek , Kashish and Surbhi won immunity . 19th Task : Ball Ball Bachke . For this task the unimmune roadies had to perform individually . The boys and the girls competed separately . The goal was to protect your own ball and at the same time get your opponent 's ball out of the ring . Preeti won in girls and Nishkarsh won in boys . Preeti and Nishkarsh got immunity . 20th Task : Semi Finale Task - Round 1 . For this task : - Shruti and Sonu are one team . Abhisek Sharan and Surbhi second team . Kashish Preeti and Niskarsh third team . Kashish , Preeti , Niskarsh , Abhisek , Sharan and Surbhi are in for Round 2 of semi finale Vote Out Order Order Gang Roadie Total votes Winner Neha Kashish Thakur Pundir Winner 1st Runner up Prince Preeti Kuntal Finalist 2nd Runner up Prince Nishkarsh Arora Finalist 22 Neha Surbhi Rana Semi-Finalist 21 Prince Sharan Sobani Semi-Finalist 20 Raftaar Abhishek Dubey Semi-Finalist 19 Nikhil Shruti Sinha Eliminated 18 Raftaar Sonu Jat Eliminated 17 Nikhil Rohan Hingorani 16 Raftaar Shubhada Nishtala 15 Neha Nikav Bharucha 6 14 Raftaar Geetika Sood 6 13 Nikhil Mahekdeep Singh 9 12 Neha Kriti Verma 11 Nikhil Iram Khan 6 10 Prince Minni Rohilla 8 9 Neha Sandy Saha 8 Raftaar Pavneet Singh 7 Prince Syed Khursheed 6 Raftaar Farah Fatima Khan 10 5 None Priya Sindhu 10 None Abhishek Dubey 10 None Samiksha Malik 11 None Bibek Bora ( Quit ) 0 None Vidit Sharma 11 Voting history Shillong Kaziranga Bhalukpong Itanagar Ziro Ep - 10 Ep - 12 Ep - 13 Ep - 14 Ep - 16 Ep - 18 Ep - 20 Ep - 22 Ep - 24 Ep - 25 Ep - 27 Ep - 28 Last Vote - out Semi-Final 1 Semi-Final 2 Final Gang Leaders Vote to : None Vote Out None Nominate None Vote Out None Give a G - Shock None Raftaar Not eligible Samiksha Not eligible Not eligible Pavneet Farah Not eligible Minni Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Shubhada Not eligible Prince Not eligible Samiksha Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Preeti Not eligible Neha Not eligible Samiksha Not eligible Not eligible Sandy Nishkarsh Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Kashish Not eligible Nikhil Not eligible Priya Not eligible Not eligible Shurthi Shubhada Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Not eligible Shruti Not eligible Roadies Vote to : Vote Out Vote In Vote Out None Kashish Abhishek Samiksha Mahekdeep Priya Abhishek Farah Khursheed Nishkarsh Geetika Shruti Sharan Rohan Sharan Safe Safe Winner Preeti Vidit Priya Mahekdeep Priya Abhishek Farah Khursheed Nishkarsh Iram Mahekdeep Geetika Nikav Rohan Safe Safe Runner - up Nishkarsh Vidit Samiksha Sharan `` Kriti Abhishek Farah Sandy Minni Iram Mahekdeep Nikav Geetika Rohan Safe Safe Runner - up Surbhi Vidit Priya Mahekdeep Kriti Nishkarsh Shruti Sandy Minni Shubhada Mahekdeep Geetika Nishkarsh Rohan Safe Eliminated Sharan Not in Journey Wild Card Not Voted In Wild Card Iram Mahekdeep Nikav Geetika Shubhada Safe Eliminated Abhishek Vidit Geetika Sharan Kriti Nishkarsh Voted Out Wild Card Kriti Mahekdeep Rohan Surbhi Shruti Safe Eliminated Shruti Sonu Priya Sharan Priya Abhishek Farah Not eligible Nishkarsh Iram Mahekdeep Nikav Geetika Shubhada Eliminated Sonu Abhishek Samiksha Mahekdeep Kriti Nishkarsh Shruti Pavneet Minni Kriti Shruti Surbhi Sharan Sharan Eliminated Rohan Sonu Priya Sharan Priya Abhishek Farah Not eligible Nishkarsh Iram Mahekdeep Geetika Nikav Shubhada ' Voted Out Shubhada Vidit Samiksha Sharan Priya Abhishek Farah Not eligible Nishkarsh Kriti Mahekdeep Sharan Surbhi Sharan Voted Out Nikav Not in Journey Battleground Nishkarsh Abhishek Mahekdeep Rohan Sharan Voted Out Geetika Vidit Samiksha Mahekdeep Kriti Nishkarsh Shruti Pavneet Minni Kriti Shruti Nikav Sharan Voted Out Mahekdeep Not in Journey Wild Card Kriti Nishkarsh Sandy Not eligible Minni Iram Nikav Voted Out Kriti Abhishek Priya Mahekdeep Priya Abhishek Shruti Sandy Minni Shubhada Voted Out Iram Not in Journey Battleground Minni Shruti Voted Out Minni Sonu Samiksha Sharan Priya Abhishek Farah Khursheed Nishkarsh Voted Out Sandy Vidit Priya Mahekdeep Priya Abhishek Farah Kriti Voted Out Pavneet Sonu Samiksha Mahekdeep Priya Nishkarsh Shruti Geetika Voted Out Khursheed Vidit Geetika Sharan Priya Abhishek Farah Preeti Voted Out Farah Vidit Priya Mahekdeep Kriti Nishkarsh Shurti Voted Out Priya Vidit Samiksha Mahekdeep Kriti Nishkarsh Voted Out Samiksha Vidit Priya Voted Out Bibek Sonu Quit Vidit Abhishek Voted Out Quit None Bibek None Voted out Vidit Samiksha Sharan Priya Farah Khursheed Minni Iram Mahekdeep Geetika Shubhada Shruti Surbhi Kashish Pavneet Abhishek Kriti Nikav Rohan Sonu Sharan Preeti Sandy Abhishek Nishkarsh Raftaar Gang Prince Gang Neha Gang Nikhil Gang The numbers 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 in the chart represent the gangs in which the roadies were originally in before the auction ( i.e , 1 - Raftaar , 2 - Prince , 3 - Neha & 4 - Nikhil ) . Indicates the contestant was immune that week . Indicates the contestant was in the danger that week . Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . The contestant quit the competition Indicates the contestant wild card entry in the competition . Indicates the contestant won the task and was saved from elimination . Indicates the contestant was eliminated outside vote out that week . Indicates the contestant is the runner up . Indicates the contestant won the competition . ( # ) Ep12 Special Vote out 1 . The gang leaders had to write the name of the roadie in the danger zone whom they wanted to eliminate . 2 . The roadies had to write the name of the roadie whom they wanted to eliminate , along with the name of the gang leader whom they think must have written that name . 3 . If their vote matched with the gang leader whose name has been written , only then the vote will be counted . Top 20 Xtreme moments from this season https://www.voot.com/shows/mtv-roadies-xtreme/16/567520/high-voltage-drama-ahead-/619819 Sonu & Shruti miss out on Semi-Finals ! 11 Minni & Kriti Showdown Nishkarsh The Dark Horse ! ( In Ball Ball Bachke ) 12 Dungsharas ! The Winner vs The Contender ! ( Balraj ( Winner of Roadies X4 ) vs Kashish ) 13 The Xtreme Surprise ( Taking - off of a bed from each tent ) Neha vs Prince Round 2 ! 14 Nikhil , Neha & Prince vs Raftaar 5 An Xtreme Face Tag ! ( Sonu slapping Rohan & Mehakdeep , Sharan slapping Kashish ) 15 Surbhi wrecks Khursheed 6 Minni 's Shocking Vote - out ! 16 Priya & Sandy fight 7 Prince vs Neha 17 Taskmaster Nikhil 8 Minni & Kriti Round 2 ! 18 Sharan & Mehakdeep Enter 9 Triple Vote - out & Another Surprise ( Entry of Battleground Winners ) 19 Vidit 's Voteout 10 Kriti wants to quit 20 Vivek Quits References Jump up ^ Roadies 16 returns with Xtreme adventure and thrill . Times Now 15 February 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MTV_Roadies_(season_15)&oldid=856603768 '' Categories : MTV Roadies 2018 Indian television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2018 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox television with alias parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 11 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-2600079244670959406	List of medical colleges in India	List of Medical colleges in India - wikipedia List of Medical colleges in India As of 2017 , there are 460 medical colleges in India where qualifications are recognised by the Medical Council of India ; these medical schools have a combined capacity to provide medical education for 63,985 students . The Medical Council of India 's motto is to provide quality medical care to all Indians through promotion and maintenance of excellence in medical education . Its website maintains an up - to - date list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background information 2 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3 Andhra Pradesh 4 Assam 5 Bihar 6 Chandigarh 7 Chhattisgarh 8 Goa 9 Gujarat 10 Haryana 10.1 Government Medical Colleges 10.2 Private medical colleges 11 Jammu & Kashmir 12 Jharkhand 13 Karnataka 14 Kerala 15 Maharashtra 15.1 Colleges run by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai 15.2 Colleges run by the Government of Maharashtra 15.3 Private and other colleges 16 Madhya Pradesh 17 Manipur 18 Meghalaya 19 New Delhi 20 Odisha 20.1 Government 20.2 Private 21 Puducherry 22 Punjab 23 Rajasthan 24 Sikkim 25 Tamil Nadu 26 Telangana 27 Uttar Pradesh 28 Uttrakhand 29 West Bengal 30 References 31 External links Background Information India 's medical schools are usually called medical colleges . Medical school quality is controlled by the central regulatory authority , the Medical Council of India , which inspects the institutes from time to time and recognises institutes for specific courses . Most of the medical school were set up by the central and state governments in the 1950s and 60s . But in the 1980s , several private medical institutes were founded in several states , particularly in Karnataka . Andhra Pradesh state allowed the founding of several private institutions in the new millennium . Medical education in a private institute is very expensive . The basic medical qualification obtained in Indian medical schools is MBBS . The MBBS course is four - and - a-half years , followed by one year of Compulsory Rotating Residential Internship ( CRRI ) . The MBBS course is followed by MS , a post-graduation course in surgical specialities , MS or MD and DNB ( Highly qualified P.G. and Super specialization ) , which are postgraduate courses in medical specialities usually of three years duration , or by diploma postgraduate courses of two years duration . Super or sub-specialities can be pursued and only a MS or MD holder is eligible . A qualification in a super - or sub-speciality is called DM or M.Ch . In most Indian states , entry to medical education is based on entrance examinations . Some prestigious institutes like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences ( AIIMS ) , Christian Medical College & Hospital ( CMCH ) Vellore , Kasturba Medical College ( Manipal and Mangalore ) , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research ( JIPMER ) , Armed Forces Medical College ( AFMC ) , St. John 's Medical College ( Bangalore ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS ) conduct entrance tests at the national level and attract candidates from all over India . Though India has many medical schools and produces thousands of medical graduates every year , there is a great shortage of doctors in rural areas . Most graduates do not wish to practice in rural areas due to understaffed hospitals and inadequate facilities . India is one of only a few countries where graduates from local medical schools end up working in other countries all over the world , but particularly in the Middle East , the UK and the USA . Indian states with the most medical colleges include Karnataka , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , and Andhra Pradesh . States with the fewest include Manipur , Tripura , Chandigarh , Goa , and Sikkim . Following is an incomplete list of medical colleges in India . Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences , Port Blair Andhra Pradesh Andhra Medical College , Visakhapatnam Dr. N.T.R. University of Health Sciences Government Medical College , Anantapur Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Guntur Medical College Katuri Medical College Kurnool Medical College Narayan Medical College and Hospital , Nellore NRI Academy of Medical Sciences , Mangalagiri , Guntur Rangaraya Medical College , Kakinada Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Kadapa Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Ongole Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Srikakulam Siddhartha Medical College , Vijayawada Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences , Puttaparthi Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences , Tirupati Assam Assam Medical College and Hospital ( AMCH ) , Dibrugarh Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College , Barpeta Gauhati Medical College and Hospital ( GMCH ) , Guwahati Jorhat Medical College and Hospital ( JMCH ) , Jorhat Medical Institute Jorhat Silchar Medical College and Hospital ( SMCH ) , Silchar Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences , Guwahati Tezpur Medical College and Hospital ( TMCH ) , Tezpur Bihar Name Established City University Type Degrees Awarded Comments Ref . Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital 1969 Gaya Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 2012 Patna Autonomous Public Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital 1946 Darbhanga Lalit Narayan Mithila University Government Government Medical College , Bettiah 2008 Bettiah Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Patna Autonomous Public Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital 1970 Bhagalpur Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government Katihar Medical College and Hospital Katihar Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University Private Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital 2012 Saharsa Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University Private Patna Medical College and Hospital 1925 Patna Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government Nalanda Medical College Hospital 1970 Patna Magadh University Government Narayan Medical College and Hospital 2008 Sasaram Veer Kunwar Singh University Private Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences 1963 Patna Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University , Calcutta University Government Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital 1970 Muzaffarpur Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences 2013 Pawapuri Aryabhatta Knowledge University Government Chandigarh Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Government Medical College and Hospital Chandigarh Chhattisgarh All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Raipur Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences , Bilaspur Government Medical College , Raigarh Government Medical College , Rajnandgaon Late Baliram Kashyap Memorial Government Medical College , Jagdalpur Pt . Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College , Raipur Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences , Raipur Goa Goa Medical College , Bambolim , Panaji Shri Kamaxshi Devi Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital Gujarat AMC MET Medical College , Maninagar Baroda Medical College , Vadodara B.J. Medical College , Ahmedabad Government Medical College , Surat Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhuj M.P. Shah Medical College Manubhai Patel Dental College , Baroda Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Medical College Smt . NHL Municipal Medical College , Ahmedabad Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research Haryana Main article : List of Medical , Ayurvedic , Dental , Physiotherapy , Nursing and Para-medical colleges in Haryana Government Medical Colleges Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College , Sonipat , 100 seats ESIC Medical College , Faridabad , 100 seats Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College , Karnal , 100 seats Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Rohtak , 200 seats Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College , Nalhar , Mewat , 100 seats Total : 600 seats Private medical colleges Adesh Medical College and Hospital Shahabad , Kurukshetra , 150 seats Maharaja Agrasen Medical College , Agroha , Hisar , 100 seats Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research , Ambala , 100 seats NC Medical College and Hospital , Panipat , 150 seats Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University ( SGT Medical College ) , Bhudera , Gurgaon , 150 seats World College of Medical Sciences and Research , Jhajjar , 150 seats Total : 1400 seats Jammu & Kashmir Government Medical College , Srinagar Sher - i - Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Jharkhand Name Established City University Type Degrees Awarded Comments Ref . Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College , Jamshedpur 1961 Jamshedpur Kolhan University Government Patliputra Medical College and Hospital 1971 Dhanbad Vinoba Bhave University Government Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences 1960 Ranchi Autonomous Public Karnataka AJ Institute of Medical Science , Mangalore Al - Ameen Medical College , Bijapur Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute , Bangalore Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences , Bidar Father Muller Medical College , Mangalore Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences , Gulbarga Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College , Belgaum JSS medical college , Mysore Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences , Hubli Kasturba Medical College , Mangalore Kasturba Medical College , Manipal Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangalore Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences , Gulbarga Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences , Koppal KS Hegde Medical Academy Mangalore Mysore Medical College Mahadevappa Rampure Medical College , Gulbarga . National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore Navodaya Medical College , Raichur Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital , Bangalore S Nijalingappa Medical College , HSK ( Hanagal Shree Kumareshwar ) Hospital and Research Centre S.S. Institute of Medical Sciences , Davangere Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College , Kolar Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences , Shimoga St John 's Medical College , Bangalore Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Kerala Amala Institute of Medical Sciences , Thrissur Amritha Institute Of Medical Sciences , Kochi Government Medical College , Ernakulam , Kochi Azeezia Medical College , Kollam Government Medical College , Kozhikode Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College , Karakonam Employee 's State Insurance Corporation Medical College Hospital , Kollam Government Medical College , Manjeri Government Medical College , Thrissur Government TD Medical College , Alappuzha Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute , Thrissur Government Medical College , Kottayam Pushpagiri Medical College , Thiruvalla Travancore Medical College Hospital , Kollam Government Medical College , Thiruvananthapuram Maharashtra Colleges run by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Cooper Hospital and H.B.T. Medical College , Juhu King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College , Parel Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital ( Municipal hospital and medical college ) , Sion Topiwala National Medical College ( BYL Nair Charitable Hospital ) , Mumbai Central Colleges run by the Government of Maharashtra Armed Forces Medical College , Pune ( run by the Government of India ; exams conducted by Maharashtra University of Health Sciences ) B.J. Medical College , Pune Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College , Nanded Dr. V.M. Government Medical College Government Medical College , Akola Government Medical College , Aurangabad Government Medical College , Chandrapur Government Medical College , Latur Government Medical College , Miraj Government Medical College , Nagpur Indira Gandhi Government Medical College , Nagpur ( run by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation ) Grant Medical College , Byculla , Mumbai Rajiv Gandhi Medical College , Kalwa , Thane ( run by the Thane Municipal Corporation ) R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital , Kolhapur Shri Bhausaheb Hire Government Medical College , Dhule Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College , Yavatmal Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Medical College , Ambajogai Private and other colleges ACPM Medical College Ashwini Medical College Hospital , Solapur Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital , Pune Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital , Sangli Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College , Hospital & Research Centre , Kohlapur Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College K.J. Somaiya Medical College & Research Centre , Mumbai Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research , Latur Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research ( MIMER ) , Talegaon ( D ) , Pune Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Terna Medical College , Navi Mumbai Madhya Pradesh All India Institute of Medical Science , Bhopal ( AIIMS - Bhopal ) Gandhi Medical College , Bhopal Shyam Shah Medical College , Rewa Gajara Raja Medical College , Gwalior Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College , Indore Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College , Jabalpur People 's Medical College , Bhopal Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College , Ujjain Manipur Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences Regional Institute of Medical Sciences Meghalaya North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences New Delhi All India Institute of Medical Sciences Army College of Medical Sciences University College of Medical Sciences Maulana Azad Medical College Lady Hardinge Medical College Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research ( New Delhi ) Vardhman Mahavir Medical College Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Odisha Government All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhubaneswar SCB Medical College and Hospital , Cuttack MKCG Medical College and Hospital , Brahmapur VSS Institute of Medical Sciences And Research , Burla , Sambalpur SLN Medical College and Hospital , Koraput PRM Medical College and Hospital , Baripada Private Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhubaneswar Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital , Bhubaneswar Hi - Tech Medical College & Hospital , Bhubaneswar Hi - Tech Medical College , Rourkela Puducherry Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute , Kirumampakkam , Pondicherry Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Punjab Government Medical College , Amritsar Government Medical College , Patiala Christian Medical College , Ludhiana Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences & Research , Bathinda Guru Gobind Singh Medical College , Faridkot Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences , Jalandhar Dayanand Medical College Rajasthan All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Jodhpur Dr. S.N. Medical College , Jodhpur Geetanjali Medical College , Udaipur Government Medical College , Kota Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College , Ajmer Jhalawar Medical College , Jhalawar Pacific Medical College and Hospital , Udaipur Rabindranath Tagore Medical College Sardar Patel Medical College , Bikaner SMS Medical College , Jaipur Sikkim Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences , Gangtok Tamil Nadu Thanjavur Medical College , Thanjavur Madras Medical College and Research Institute , Park Town , Chennai Stanley Medical College , Royapuram , Chennai Government Kilpauk Medical College , Chetput ( Chennai ) Chengalpattu Medical College , Chengalpattu , Kanchipuram district Madurai Medical College , Madurai Coimbatore Medical College , Coimbatore Tirunelveli Medical College , Tirunelveli Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College , Salem , Tamil Nadu K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College , Trichy , Tamil Nadu Government Vellore Medical College , Adukamparai , Vellore Christian Medical College , Bagayam , Vellore Thoothukudi Medical College , Thoothukudi Government Villupuram Medical College , Villupuram Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College and Hospital , Tiruvannamalai Government Dharmapuri Medical College , Dharmapuri Government Sivagangai Medical College and Hospital , Sivagangai IRT Perundurai Medical College . Perundurai , Erode Kanyakumari Government Medical College , Kanyakumari Telangana Deccan College of Medical Sciences Gandhi Medical College Government Medical College , Nizamabad Government Nizamia Tibbi College Kakatiya Medical College , Warangal Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences , Narketpally Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences , Hyderabad Mamata Medical College , Khammam Mediciti Institute Of Medical Sciences , Ghanpur Nizam 's Institute of Medical Sciences Osmania Medical College Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences , Adilabad Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences Uttar Pradesh Baba Raghav Das Medical College , Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University , Gorakhpur Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College , Kanpur Government Medical College , Azamgarh Government Medical College , Jalaun Government Medical College , Kannauj Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh Kansiram medical college , Saharanpur King George 's Medical University ( KGMU ) , Lucknow , formerly known as Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University , Lucknow Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College , Meerut Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College Jhansi Motilal Nehru Medical College , Allahabad Muzaffarnagar Medical College , Muzaffarnagar Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Subharti Medical college , Meerut , Uttar Pradesh Rajkiya Alopathic Medical College , Akbarpur , Ambedkar Nagar Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Santosh Medical college , Ghaziabad Saraswati Medical College , Hapur , Uttar Pradesh Sarojini Naidu Medical College , Agra School of Medical Sciences & Research ( SMSR ) , Sharda University , Greater Noida Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences , Bareilly Subharti Medical College , Swami Vivekananda Subharti University Meerut , Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences , Saifai , Etawah University Institute of Health Sciences , Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University , Kanpur Uttrakhand AIIMS Rishikesh Government Medical College , Haldwani , formerly known as Uttarakhand Forest Hospital Trust Medical College ( until 2010 ) Government Medical College , Srinagar , Pauri Garhwal , Srinagar Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences , Patel Nagar , Dehradun Swami Rama Himalayan University , Doiwala ( adjacent to Jolly Grant / Dehradun Airport ) , Dehradun West Bengal Name Established City University Type Degrees Awarded Comments Ref . Bankura Sammilani Medical College 1956 Bankura West Bengal University of Health Sciences Burdwan Medical College 1969 Bardhaman West Bengal University of Health Sciences Calcutta National Medical College 1948 Kolkata West Bengal University of Health Sciences College Of Medicine & JNM Hospital Kalyani College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital Kolkata ICARE Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Haldia IPGMER and SSKM Hospital Kolkata KPC Medical College and Hospital Kolkata Malda Medical College and Hospital Malda Medical College and Hospital , Kolkata Kolkata Midnapore Medical College and Hospital Midnapore Murshidabad Medical College Berhampore , Murshidabad Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital Kolkata North Bengal Medical College Siliguri R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital Kolkata References ^ Jump up to : `` Information desk : For students : List of Colleges Teaching MBBS '' . Mciindia.org . Medical Council of India . Archived from the original on 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100340200.htm Jump up ^ `` Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital '' . Government of Bihar . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AIIMS Patna '' . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Darbhanga Medical College '' . collegedunia.com . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Government Medical College , Bettiah . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences '' . Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College Bhagalpur '' . Government of Bihar . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Katihar Medical College '' . Katihar Medical College . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital '' . Medical Council of India . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About PMCH '' . Patna Medical College and Hospital . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About College -- Nalanda Medical College '' . Government of Bihar . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Narayan Medical College & Hospital '' . Nalanda Medical College and Hospital . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RMRI Patna '' . Government of India . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Institution Information '' . Sri Krishna Medical College . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WELCOME TO VARDHMAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES '' . Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.bjmc.org/ Jump up ^ `` Gov medical college '' . Gmcsurat.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` From the Desk of Dean ... '' Mpsmc.in. 2011 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://m.hindustantimes.com/education/number-of-medical-seats-touch-1-400-in-haryana-with-new-college-opening-in-kurukshetra/story-B8WQtU9bM9wDZqTyAcHSnM.html Jump up ^ `` MGM Medical College and Hospital '' . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Name of the Colleges '' . Medical Council of India . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Bankura Sammilani Medical College . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Burdwan Medical College '' . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . External links Status of Medical Colleges in India for Admission for the Academic Year 2011 - 12 List of MCI Recognized Medical Colleges Teaching MBBS List Of MCI Recognized Medical Colleges Teaching PG Courses hide List of medical schools in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_colleges_in_India&oldid=836116462 '' Categories : Lists of medical colleges in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of all private medical colleges in india	[]	[]
201435814536310688	Appellate court	Appellate court - wikipedia Appellate court `` Court of appeal '' and `` Court of appeals '' redirect here . For other uses , see Court of appeal ( disambiguation ) and Court of appeals ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An appellate court , commonly called an appeals court , court of appeals ( American English ) , appeal court ( British English ) , court of second instance or second instance court , is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal . In most jurisdictions , the court system is divided into at least three levels : the trial court , which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case ; at least one intermediate appellate court ; and a supreme court ( or court of last resort ) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts . A jurisdiction 's supreme court is that jurisdiction 's highest appellate court . Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules . The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another . In some areas , the appellate court has limited powers of review . Generally , an appellate court 's judgment provides the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed , setting out with specificity the court 's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed , reversed , remanded or modified . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Zealand 2 Sri Lanka 3 United States 3.1 Institutional titles 4 See also 5 References New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Court of Appeal of New Zealand The Court of Appeal of New Zealand , located in Wellington , is New Zealand 's principal intermediate appellate court . In practice , most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level , rather than in the Supreme Court . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka The Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka , located in Colombo , is the second senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system . United States ( edit ) Main articles : United States Supreme Court and United States courts of appeals In the United States , both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations , rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were . Furthermore , U.S. appellate courts are usually restricted to hearing appeals based on matters that were originally brought up before the trial court . Hence , such an appellate court will not consider an appellant 's argument if it is based on a theory that is raised for the first time in the appeal . In most U.S. states , and in U.S. federal courts , parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right . This means that a party who is unsatisfied with the outcome of a trial may bring an appeal to contest that outcome . However , appeals may be costly , and the appellate court must find an error on the part of the court below that justifies upsetting the verdict . Therefore , only a small proportion of trial court decisions result in appeals . Some appellate courts , particularly supreme courts , have the power of discretionary review , meaning that they can decide whether they will hear an appeal brought in a particular case . Institutional titles ( edit ) Many U.S. jurisdictions title their appellate court an court of appeal or court of appeals . Historically , others have titled their appellate court a court of errors ( or court of errors and appeals ) , on the premise that it was intended to correct errors made by lower courts . Examples of such courts include the New Jersey Court of Errors and Appeals ( which existed from 1844 to 1947 ) , the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors ( which has been renamed the Connecticut Supreme Court ) , the Kentucky Court of Errors ( renamed the Kentucky Supreme Court ) , and the Mississippi High Court of Errors and Appeals ( since renamed the Supreme Court of Mississippi ) . In some jurisdictions , a court able to hear appeals is known as an appellate division . The phrase `` court of appeals '' most often refers to intermediate appellate courts . However , the Maryland and New York systems are different . The Maryland Court of Appeals and the New York Court of Appeals are the highest appellate courts in those states . The New York Supreme Court is a trial court of general jurisdiction . Depending on the system , certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts , hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction . Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts , such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals , which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases , and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases , on one hand , and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other . See also ( edit ) Court of Criminal Appeal ( disambiguation ) Court of Criminal Appeals ( disambiguation ) Court of Appeal ( Hong Kong ) High Court ( Hong Kong ) Court of Appeal ( England and Wales ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Court of appeals '' . Education.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court '' . Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to Illinois Civil Appellate Procedure '' ( PDF ) . Appellate Lawyers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ State v. Randolph , 210 N.J. 330 , 350 n. 5 ( 2012 ) , citing Mandel , New Jersey Appellate Practice ( Gann Law Books 2012 ) , chapter 28 : 2 Jump up ^ `` Court of Appeal '' . justice.govt.nz . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of court system -- Courts of New Zealand '' . www.courtsofnz.govt.nz . Courts of New Zealand . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Court Role and Structure '' . United States Courts . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Courts Work Public Education '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The term court of appeals is not capitalized in carefully edited texts such as reference works , for example West 's Encyclopedia of American Law unless referring to a specific court or courts , but many legal professionals do not comply with this most common English usage shown in major dictionaries but rather capitalize this and many other legal texts . Lax , Jeffrey R. `` Constructing Legal Rules on Appellate Courts . '' American Political Science Review 101.3 ( 2007 ) : 591 - 604 . Sociological Abstracts ; Worldwide Political Science Abstracts . Web . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellate_court&oldid=846591704 '' Categories : Courts by type Appellate courts Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2010 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska اردو 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of cases do the court of appeals hear	[ "An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court, court of appeals (American English),[1] appeal court (British English), court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A jurisdiction's supreme court is that jurisdiction's highest appellate court.[2] Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules.[3]" ]	[ "an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal" ]
-2364724266095277090	Peripheral nervous system	Peripheral nervous system - wikipedia Peripheral nervous system Jump to : navigation , search Peripheral nervous system The human nervous system . Blue is PNS ; yellow is CNS . Identifiers Acronym ( s ) PNS TA A14. 2.00. 001 FMA 9903 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is one of the two components of the nervous system , the other part is the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs , essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body . Unlike the CNS , the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull , or by the blood -- brain barrier , which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . In the somatic nervous system , the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , along with the retina . The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon . Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS . However , the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS . The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states : sympathetic and parasympathetic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Somatic nervous system 1.1. 1 Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) 1.1. 2 Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) 1.1. 3 Lumbosacral plexus ( L1 -- Co1 ) 1.2 Autonomic nervous system 1.2. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.2. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 2 Disease 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system , and the autonomic nervous system . The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control , and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s . The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch ( including fine touch and gross touch ) to the spinal cord and brain . The autonomic nervous system is a ' self - regulating ' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control , such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . Somatic nervous system ( edit ) See also : List of nerves of the human body The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves , and many nerves which hold both functions . In the head and neck , cranial nerve s carry somatosensory data . There are twelve cranial nerves , ten of which originate from the brainstem , and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions . The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve s lie in the forebrain and thalamus , respectively , and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves . One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve , which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen . The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles , neither of which being exclusively in the head . For the rest of the body , spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information . These arise from the spinal cord . Usually these arise as a web ( `` plexus '' ) of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves . These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body . In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves : 8 cervical , 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar , 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal . These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to . In the cervical region , the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae ( i.e. , nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1 ) . From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region , the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae . It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 ( so it is called spinal nerve root C8 ) . In the lumbar and sacral region , the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina . Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) ( edit ) Further information : Cervical plexus The first 4 cervical spinal nerves , C1 through C4 , split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head . Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve , which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull . C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck , providing both sensory and motor control . These include the greater occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the back of the head , the lesser occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the area behind the ears , the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve . The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3 , C4 and C5 . It supplies the thoracic diaphragm , enabling breathing . If the spinal cord is transected above C3 , then spontaneous breathing is not possible . Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Brachial plexus The last four cervical spinal nerves , C5 through C8 , and the first thoracic spinal nerve , T1 , combine to form the brachial plexus , or plexus brachialis , a tangled array of nerves , splitting , combining and recombining , to form the nerves that subserve the upper - limb and upper back . Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled , it is highly organized and predictable , with little variation between people . See brachial plexus injuries . Lumbosacral plexus ( l1 -- co1 ) ( edit ) The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves , sacral nerves , and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus , the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic . For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts : lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions . The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle , such as the heart , bladder , and other cardiac , exocrine , and endocrine related organs , by ganglionic neurons . The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation , and salivation of saliva . The autonomic nervous system is always activated , but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state . Depending on the situation , one state can overshadow the other , resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters . There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system . Located only around the digestive tract , this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches , though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body . The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) The sympathetic system is activated during a `` fight or flight '' situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered . Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine , and epinephrine are released , which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle , while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival , like digestion . The systems are independent to each other , which allows activation of certain parts of the body , while others remain rested . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) as a mediator , the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a `` rest and digest '' state . Consequently , when the parasympathetic system dominates the body , there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion , while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease . Unlike the sympathetic system , humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system . The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation . Disease ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral neuropathy Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves , or affect the system as a whole . Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged , called a mononeuropathy . Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma , or compression . Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury . Alternatively , if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size , such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome . Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb , index and middle finger . In peripheral neuropathy , the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means . Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy ) , alcohol , heavy metals or other toxins ; some infections ; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis . Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a `` glove and stocking '' distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards , and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain . Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves , but the autonomic nervous system too ( autonomic neuropathy ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system . Classification of Peripheral Nerves Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system Preferential motor reinnervation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` peripheral nervous system '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Slide show : How your brain works - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Board Review Series : Neuroanatomy , 4th Ed. , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ James S. White ( 21 March 2008 ) . Neuroscience . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 1 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149623 - 0 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Laight , David ( September 2013 ) . `` Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology '' . Nurse Prescribing . ISSN 1479 - 9189 . ^ Jump up to : Matic , Agnella Izzo ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction to the Nervous System , Part 2 : The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System '' . AMWA Journal : American Medical Writers Association Journal ( AMWA J ) . ISSN 1075 - 6361 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH Neuropathy : Causes , Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peripheral_nervous_system&oldid=816883687 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Neuroscience Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 10 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the pns located in the body	[ "The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.[2] Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon.[3] Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS.[4] The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic." ]	[ "outside the brain and spinal cord" ]
6615870996792987038	Marshall Islands	Marshall Islands - Wikipedia Marshall Islands Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 9 ° N 168 ° E / 9 ° N 168 ° E / 9 ; 168 Republic of the Marshall Islands Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ( Marshallese ) Flag Seal Motto : `` Jepilpilin ke ejukaan '' `` Accomplishment through joint effort '' Anthem : `` Forever Marshall Islands ! ( English ) '' Status Sovereign state in free association with the United States Capital and largest city Majuro 7 ° 7 ′ N 171 ° 4 ′ E / 7.117 ° N 171.067 ° E / 7.117 ; 171.067 Official languages Marshallese English Ethnic groups ( 2006 ) 92.1 % Marshallese 5.9 % mixed Marshallese 2 % others Demonym Marshallese Government Unitary parliamentary republic President Hilda Heine Speaker Kenneth Kedi Legislature Nitijela Independence from the United States Self - government 1979 Compact of Free Association October 21 , 1986 Area Total 181.43 km ( 70.05 sq mi ) ( 189th ) Water ( % ) n / a ( negligible ) Population 2016 estimate 53,066 ( United Nations ) ( 203rd ) 2011 census 53,158 Density 293.0 / km ( 758.9 / sq mi ) ( 28th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2001 estimate Total $115 million ( 220th ) Per capita $2,900 ( 195th ) Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone MHT ( UTC + 12 ) Date format MM / DD / YYYY Drives on the right Calling code + 692 ISO 3166 code MH Internet TLD . mh 2005 estimate . The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 53,158 people ( at the 2011 Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west , Wake Island to the north , Kiribati to the southeast , and Nauru to the south . About 27,797 of the islanders ( at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro , which contains the capital . Data from the United Nations indicates an estimated population in 2016 of 53,066 . In 2016 , 73.3 % of the population were defined as being `` urban '' . The UN also indicates a population density of 295 per km ( 765 people per mi ) and its projected 2020 population is 53,263 . Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC , with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . They eventually settled here . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , starting with Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal and Miguel de Saavedra of Spain . Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar reported sighting an atoll in August 1526 . Other expeditions by Spanish and English ships followed . The islands derive their name from British explorer John Marshall , who visited in 1788 . The islands were historically known by the inhabitants as `` jolet jen Anij '' ( Gifts from God ) . Spain claimed the islands in 1592 and the European powers recognized its sovereignty over the islands in 1874 . They had been part of the Spanish East Indies formally since 1528 . Later , Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1885 , and they became part of German New Guinea that year , run by the trading companies doing business in the islands , particularly the Jaluit Company . In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands , which in 1920 , the League of Nations combined with other former German territories to form the South Pacific Mandate . During World War II , the United States conquered the islands in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign in 1944 . Nuclear testing began in 1946 on Bikini Atoll after residents were evacuated . Over the years , 67 weapon tests were conducted , including the 15 - megaton Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb test that created significant fallout in the region . The testing concluded in 1958 . Over the years , some cleanup was completed by the US government . The US government formed the Congress of Micronesia in 1965 , a plan for increased self - governance of Pacific islands . The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1979 provided independence to the Marshall Islands , whose constitution and president ( Amata Kabua ) were formally recognized by the US . Full sovereignty or Self - government was achieved in a Compact of Free Association with the United States . Marshall Islands has been a United Nations member state since 1991 . Politically , the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States , with the US providing defense , subsidies , and access to U.S. based agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and the United States Postal Service . With few natural resources , the islands ' wealth is based on a service economy , as well as some fishing and agriculture ; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands ' gross domestic product . The country uses the United States dollar as its currency . The majority of the citizens of the Republic of Marshall Islands , formed in 1982 , are of Marshallese descent , though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States , China , Philippines , and other Pacific islands . The two official languages are Marshallese , which is a member of the Malayo - Polynesian languages , and English . Almost the entire population of the islands practices some religion , with three - quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands ( UCCCMI ) or the Assemblies of God . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Shark sanctuary 2.2 Territorial claim on Wake Island 2.3 Climate 2.4 Fauna 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 3.2 Health 4 Government 4.1 Foreign affairs and defense 5 Culture 6 Economy 6.1 Labour 6.2 Taxation 6.3 Foreign assistance 6.4 Agriculture 6.5 Industry 6.6 Fishing 6.7 Energy 7 Education 8 Transportation 9 Media and communications 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Marshall Islanders sailing in traditional costume , circa 1899 - 1900 . Marshall Islanders sailing , with sails brailed ( reefed ) , circa 1899 - 1900 . Mushroom cloud from the largest atmospheric nuclear test the United States ever conducted , Castle Bravo . Main article : History of the Marshall Islands This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evidence suggests that around 3,000 years ago successive waves of human migrants from Southeast Asia spread across the Western Pacific populating its many small islands . The Marshall Islands were settled by Micronesians in the 2nd millennium BC . Little is known of the islands ' early history . Early settlers traveled between the islands by canoe using traditional stick charts . The Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar landed there in 1529 . They were named by Krusenstern , after English explorer John Marshall , who visited them together with Thomas Gilbert in 1788 , en route from Botany Bay to Canton ( two ships of the First Fleet ) . The Marshall Islands were claimed by Spain in 1874 . Following papal mediation and German compensation of $4.5 million , Spain recognized Germany 's claim in 1885 , which established a protectorate and set up trading stations on the islands of Jaluit and Ebon to carry out the flourishing copra ( dried coconut meat ) trade . Marshallese Iroij ( high chiefs ) continued to rule under indirect colonial German administration . At the beginning of World War I , Japan assumed control of the Marshall Islands . The Japanese headquarters was established at the German center of administration , Jaluit . On January 31 , 1944 American forces landed on Kwajalein atoll and U.S. Marines and Army troops later took control of the islands from the Japanese on February 3 , following intense fighting on Kwajalein and Enewetak atolls . In 1947 , the United States , as the occupying power , entered into an agreement with the UN Security Council to administer much of Micronesia , including the Marshall Islands , as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands . From 1946 to 1958 , it served as the Pacific Proving Grounds for the United States , and was the site of 67 nuclear tests on various atolls . The world 's first hydrogen bomb , codenamed `` Mike '' , was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1 ( local date ) in 1952 , by the United States . A significant radar installation was constructed on Kwajalein atoll . On May 1 , 1979 , in recognition of the evolving political status of the Marshall Islands , the United States recognized the constitution of the Marshall Islands and the establishment of the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The constitution incorporates both American and British constitutional concepts . There have been a number of local and national elections since the Republic of the Marshall Islands was founded . The United Democratic Party , running on a reform platform , won the 1999 parliamentary election , taking control of the presidency and cabinet . The islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1986 . Trusteeship was ended under United Nations Security Council Resolution 683 of December 22 , 1990 . Until 1999 the islanders received US $180 M for continued American use of Kwajalein atoll , US $250 M in compensation for nuclear testing , and US $600 M in other payments under the compact . Despite the constitution , the government was largely controlled by Iroij . It was not until 1999 , following political corruption allegations , that the aristocratic government was overthrown , with Imata Kabua replaced by the ' commoner ' Kessai Note . Geography ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of the Marshall Islands , Administrative divisions of the Marshall Islands , and Effects of climate change on island nations Map of the Marshall Islands Aerial view of Majuro , one of the many atolls that makes up the Marshall Islands Beach scenery at Laura , Majuro . View of the coast of Bikini Atoll from above The Marshall Islands sit atop ancient submerged volcanoes rising from the ocean floor , about halfway between Hawaii and Australia , north of Nauru and Kiribati , east of the Federated States of Micronesia , and south of the disputed U.S. territory of Wake Island , to which it also lays claim . The atolls and islands form two groups : the Ratak ( sunrise ) and the Ralik ( sunset ) . The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another , running northwest to southeast , comprising about 750,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km ) of ocean but only about 70 square miles ( 180 km ) of land mass . Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls . The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands situated in about 180,000 square miles ( 470,000 km ) of the Pacific . The largest atoll with a land area of 6 square miles ( 16 km ) is Kwajalein . It surrounds a 655 - square - mile ( 1,700 km ) lagoon . Twenty - four of the atolls and islands are inhabited . Atolls are uninhabited due to poor living conditions , lack of rain , or nuclear contamination . The uninhabited atolls are : Ailinginae Atoll Bikar ( Bikaar ) Atoll Bikini Atoll Bokak Atoll Erikub Atoll Jemo Island Nadikdik Atoll Rongerik Atoll Toke Atoll Ujelang Atoll The average altitude above sea level for the entire country is 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) . Shark sanctuary ( edit ) In October 2011 , the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 772,000 sq mi ) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary . This is the world 's largest shark sanctuary , extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometers ( 1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi ) . In protected waters , all shark fishing is banned and all by - catch must be released . However , some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone . Territorial claim on Wake Island ( edit ) The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island . While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899 , the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen - kio . Climate ( edit ) Average monthly temperatures ( red ) and precipitation ( blue ) on Majuro . The climate has a dry season from December to April and a wet season from May to November . Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region , and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines . Due to its very low elevation , the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise . According to the president of Nauru , the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change . Population has outstripped the supply of freshwater , usually from rainfall . The northern atolls get 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) of rainfall annually ; the southern atolls about twice that . The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains . Fauna ( edit ) Main articles : List of mammals of the Marshall Islands and List of butterflies of the Marshall Islands Crabs include hermit crabs , and coconut crabs . Birds Main article : List of birds of the Marshall Islands Most birds found in the Marshall Islands , with the exception of those few introduced by man , are either sea birds or a migratory species . There are about 70 species of birds , including 31 seabirds. 15 of these species actually nest locally . Sea birds include the black noddy and the white tern . The only land bird is the house sparrow , introduced by man . Marine There are about 300 species of fish , 250 of which are reef fish . Turtles : green turtles , hawksbill , Leatherback sea turtles , and Olive ridley sea turtles . Sharks : There are at least 22 shark species including : Blue shark , Silky shark , Bigeye thresher shark , Pelagic thresher shark , Oceanic whitetip shark , and Tawny nurse shark . Insects Scorpions : dwarf wood scorpion , and Common house scorpion . Pseudoscorpions are occasionally found . Spiders : Two : a scytodes , Dictis striatipes ; and Jaluiticola a genus of jumping spiders endemic to the Marshall Islands . Its only species is Jaluiticola hesslei . Amphipod : One - Talorchestia spinipalma . Orthoptera : cockroaches , American cockroaches , short - horned grasshopper , crickets . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Marshall Islands Historical population figures are unknown . In 1862 , the population was estimated at about 10,000 . In 1960 , the entire population was about 15,000 . In the 2011 Census , the number of island residents was 53,158 . Over two - thirds of the population live in the capital , Majuro and Ebeye , the secondary urban center , located in Kwajalein Atoll . This excludes many who have relocated elsewhere , primarily to the United States . The Compact of Free Association allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there . A large concentration of about 4,300 Marshall Islanders have relocated to Springdale , Arkansas , the largest population concentration of natives outside their island home . Most of the residents are Marshallese , who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago . A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry , mainly Japanese . About one - half of the nation 's population lives on Majuro , the capital , and Ebeye , a densely populated island . The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development . Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional . The official languages of the Marshall Islands are English and Marshallese . Both languages are widely spoken . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in the Marshall Islands Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ -- Congregational in the Marshall Islands , with 51.5 % of the population ; the Assemblies of God , 24.2 % ; the Roman Catholic Church , 8.4 % ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Mormons ) , 8.3 % . Also represented are Bukot Nan Jesus ( also known as Assembly of God Part Two ) , 2.2 % ; Baptist , 1.0 % ; Seventh - day Adventists , 0.9 % ; Full Gospel , 0.7 % ; and the Baha'i Faith , 0.6 % . Persons without any religious affiliation account for a very small percentage of the population . There is also a small community of Ahmadiyya Muslims based in Majuro , with the first mosque opening in the capital in September 2012 . Health ( edit ) A 2007 -- 2008 study revealed that the rate of type 2 diabetes is among the highest in the world ; 28 % over the age of 15 ; 50 % over 35 . Approximately 75 % of women , and 50 % of men are overweight or obese . This is mostly due to the adoption of an unhealthy diet and lack of exercise . About 50 % of all surgeries performed on the island are amputations due to complications from diabetes . There are no facilities for renal dialysis . According to a report by the BBC , life expectancy is 67 years for men and 71 years for women . Government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands Capitol building The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary - presidential system as set forth in its Constitution . Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage ( for all citizens above 18 ) , with each of the twenty - four constituencies ( see below ) electing one or more representatives ( senators ) to the lower house of RMI 's unicameral legislature , the Nitijela . ( Majuro , the capital atoll , elects five senators . ) The President , who is head of state as well as head of government , is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela . Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional paramount chiefs . In January 2016 , senator Hilda Heine was elected by Parliament as the first female president of the Marshall Islands ; previous president Casten Nemra lost office after serving two weeks in a vote of no confidence . Legislative power lies with the Nitijela . The upper house of Parliament , called the Council of Iroij , is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs . The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet , which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela . The twenty - four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls . There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands : Aelon̄ Kein Ad ( AKA ) , United People 's Party ( UPP ) , Kien Eo Am ( KEA ) and United Democratic Party ( UDP ) . Rule is shared by the AKA and the UDP . The following senators are in the legislative body : Ailinglaplap Atoll -- Christopher Loeak ( AKA ) , Ruben R. Zackhras ( UDP ) Ailuk Atoll -- Maynard Alfred ( UDP ) Arno Atoll -- Loe ( IDC ) Aur Atoll -- Hilda C. Heine ( AKA ) Ebon Atoll -- Loe ( IDC ) Enewetak Atoll -- Jack J. Ading ( KEA ) Jabat Island -- Kessai H. Note ( UDP ) Jaluit Atoll -- Rien J. Morris ( UDP ) , Alvin T. Jacklick ( KEA ) Kili Island -- Vice Speaker Tomaki Juda ( UDP ) Kwajalein Atoll -- Loe ( IDC ) Lae Atoll -- Thomas Heine ( AKA ) Lib Island -- Jerakoj Jerry Bejang ( AKA ) Likiep Atoll -- Speaker Wayne T. Kijner ( AKA ) Majuro Atoll -- Loe ( IDC ) Maloelap Atoll -- Michael Konelios ( UDP ) Mejit Island -- Dennis Momotaro ( AKA ) Mili Atoll -- Wilbur Heine ( AKA ) Namdrik Atoll -- Loe ( IDC ) Namu Atoll -- Tony Aiseia ( AKA ) Rongelap Atoll -- Kenneth A. Kedi ( IND ) Ujae Atoll -- Caious Lucky ( AKA ) Utirik Atoll -- Hiroshi V. Yamamura ( AKA ) Wotho Atoll -- David Kabua ( AKA ) Wotje Atoll -- Litokwa Tomeing ( UPP ) Enid Atoll - Loe ( IDC ) Foreign Affairs and defense ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands and Compact of Free Association The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands . It gives islanders the right to emigrate to the United States and to work there . The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council 's recommendation on August 9 , 1991 , in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly 's approval on September 17 , 1991 , in Resolution 46 / 3 . In international politics within the United Nations , the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions . On 28 April 2015 , the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island - flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz . The ship had been chartered by Germany 's Rickmers Ship Management , which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons . The ship was reported to be under the control of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard according to the Pentagon . Tensions escallated in the region due to the intensifying of Saudi - led coalition attacks in Yemen . The Pentagon reported that the destroyer USS Farragut and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship Tigris and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained . US defense officials have said that they would review U.S. defense obligations to the Government of the Marshall Islands in the wake of recent events and also condemned the shots fired at the bridge as `` inappropriate '' . It was reported in May 2015 that Tehran would release the ship after it paid a penalty . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Marshall Islands Marshallese fans Although the ancient skills are now in decline , the Marshallese were once able navigators , using the stars and stick - and - shell charts . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the Marshall Islands Graphical depiction of Marshall Islands 's product exports in 28 colour - coded categories . The islands have few natural resources , and their imports far exceed exports . According to the CIA , the value of exports in 2013 was approximately $53.7 million while estimated imports were $133.7 million . Agricultural products include coconuts , tomatoes , melons , taro , breadfruit , fruits , pigs and chickens . Industry is made of the production of copra and craft items , tuna processing and tourism . The GDP in 2016 was an estimated $180 million , with a real growth rate of 1.7 % . The GDP per capita was $3,300 . The International Monetary Fund reported in mid 2016 that the economy of the Republic had expanded by about 0.5 percent in the Fiscal Year 2015 thanks to an improved fisheries sector . A surplus of 3 % of GDP was recorded `` owing to record - high fishing license fees . Growth is expected to rise to about 1.5 percent and inflation to about 0.5 percent in FY2016 , as the effects of the drought in earlier 2016 are offset by the resumption of infrastructure projects . '' Labour ( edit ) In 2007 , the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization , which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks . This may impact business conditions in the islands . Taxation ( edit ) The income tax has two brackets , with rates of 8 % and 12 % . The corporate tax is 3 % of revenue . Foreign assistance ( edit ) United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy . Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association , the U.S. is committed to provide US $57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands ( RMI ) through 2013 , and then US $62.7 million through 2023 , at which time a trust fund , made up of U.S. and RMI contributions , will begin perpetual annual payouts . The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll . Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base . Agriculture ( edit ) Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms . The most important commercial crops is Copra followed by coconut , breadfruit , pandanus , banana , taro and arrowroot . The livestock consists primarily of pigs and chickens . Industry ( edit ) Small - scale industry is limited to handicrafts , fish processing , and copra . Fishing ( edit ) Fishing has been critical to the economy of this island nation since its settlement . In 1999 , a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees , mostly women . But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks , a process that requires half as many employees . Operating costs exceeded revenue , and the plant 's owners tried to partner with the government to prevent closure . But government officials personally interested in an economic stake in the plant refused to help . After the plant closed , it was taken over by the government , which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business . Fishing license fees ( primarily for tuna ) do provide noteworthy income for the government . In 2015 , for example , this source produced $197.8 million , in Australian dollars ( AUD ) , although estimates for 2016 suggested that a significant decline was probable in 2016 . Energy ( edit ) On September 15 , 2007 , Witon Barry ( of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro ) said power authorities , private companies , and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles , power generators , and ships . Coconut trees abound in the Pacific 's tropical islands . Copra , the meat of the coconut , yields coconut oil ( 1 liter for every 6 to 10 coconuts ) . In 2009 , a 57 kW solar power plant was installed , the largest in the Pacific at the time , including New Zealand . It is estimated that 330 kW of solar and 450 kW of wind power would be required to make the College of the Marshall Islands energy self - sufficient . Marshalls Energy Company ( MEC ) , a government entity , provides the islands with electricity . In 2008 , 420 solar home systems of 200 Wp each were installed on Ailinglaplap Atoll , sufficient for limited electricity use . Education ( edit ) The Ministry of Education ( Marshall Islands ) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands . There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands , the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in the Marshall Islands The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro , the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein , and other small airports and airstrips . Airlines include United Airlines , Our Airline , Air Marshall Islands , and Asia Pacific Airlines . Media and Communications ( edit ) The Marshall Islands have several AM and FM radio stations . AM stations are 1098 5 kW V7AB Majuro ( Radio Marshalls , national coverage ) and 1224 AFN Kwajalein ( both public radio ) as well as 1557 Micronesia Heatwave . The FM stations are 97.9 V7AD Majuro , V7AA 96.3 FM Uliga and 104.1 V7AA Majuro ( Baptist religious ) . BBC World is broadcast on 98.5 FM Majuro . The most recent station is Power 103.5 which started broadcasting in 2016 . AFRTS stations include 99.9 AFN Kwajalein ( country ) , 101.1 AFN ( adult rock ) and 102.1 AFN ( hot AC ) . There is one broadcast television station , MBC - TV operated by the state . Cable TV is available . On cable TV , most programs are shown two weeks later than in North America but news in real time can be viewed on CNN , CNBC and BBC . American Forces Radio and Television also provides TV service to Kwajalein Atoll The Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority ( NTA ) provides telephone , cable TV ( MHTV ) , FAX , cellular and Internet services . The Authority is a private corporation with significant ownership by the national government . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Oceania portal Micronesia portal Outline of the Marshall Islands Index of Marshall Islands - related articles List of island countries The Plutonium Files Visa policy of the Marshall Islands Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pronunciations : * English : Republic of the Marshall Islands / ˈmɑːrʃəl ˈaɪləndz / ( listen ) * Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ( ( ɑ̯ɑ͡ɒɔ̯ɔ͡ɛljɛbjænj ɑ̯ɑ͡ɒo̯o͡ɤrɣɤɡɯ͡inj mɣɑɑ̯zjɛ͡ʌɫ ) ) Jump up ^ Wake Island is claimed as a territory of the Marshall Islands , but is also claimed as an unorganized , unincorporated territory of the United States , with de facto control vested in the Office of Insular Affairs ( and all military defenses managed by the United States military ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The largest cities in Marshall Islands , ranked by population . population.mongabay.com . Retrieved on May 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marshall Islands Geography '' . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` Members '' . rmiparliament.org . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of the Marshall Islands 2011 Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Prism.spc.int . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands Population ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . Worldometers.info . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marshall Islands profile - Timeline '' . Bbc.com . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of the Marshall Islands '' . Pacific RISA . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ France - Press , Agence ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` Bikini Atoll nuclear test : 60 years later and islands still unliveable '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The History of Mankind Archived 2013 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . by Professor Friedrich Ratzel , Book II , Section A , The Races of Oceania page 165 , picture of a stick chart from the Marshall Islands . MacMillan and Co. , published 1896 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography '' . Rmiembassyus.org . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beardslee , L.A. ( 1870 ) . Marshall Group . North Pacific Islands . Washington DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 33 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Alcalay , Glenn ; Fuchs , Andrew . `` History of the Marshall Islands '' . atomicatolls.com . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vast shark sanctuary created in Pacific '' . BBC News . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Island '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Julia Pyper , ClimateWire . `` Storm Surges , Rising Seas Could Doom Pacific Islands This Century '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ `` The Marshall Islands Are Disappearing '' . The New York Times . December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Marcus ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` A sinking feeling : why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Meligard ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Perishing oO Thirst In A Pacific Paradise '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kwajalein Atoll Causeway Project , Marshall Islands , USA Permit Application , Discharge of Fill Material : Environmental Impact Statement '' . Google Books . August 22 , 1986 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan , E.H. ( 1965 ) . Life in Micronesia : Birds of the Marshalls . Kwajalein , Marshall Islands : Kwajalein Hourglass . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals in Marshall Islands '' . Listofcountriesoftheworld.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MIMRA. 2008 , 2009 , 2010 . Republic of the Marshall Islands Annual Report Part 1 . Information of Fisheries , Statistics and Research . Annual Report to the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Scientific Committee Fourth Regular Session . WCPFC - SC4 - AR / CCM - 12 . Oceanic and Industrial Affairs Division , Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority , Republic of the Marshall Islands , Majuro Jump up ^ Bromhead , D. , Clarke , S. , Hoyle , S. , Muller , B. , Sharples , P. , Harley , S. 2012 . Identification of factors influencing shark catch and mortality in the Marshall Islands tuna longline fishery and management implications . Journal of Fish Biology 80 : 1870 - 1894 Jump up ^ dos Reis , M.A.F. ( 2005 ) . `` Chondrichthyan Fauna from the Pirabas Formation , Miocene of Northern Brazil , with Comments on Paleobiogeography '' . Anuário do Instituto de Geociências. 28 : 31 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , E.H. ( 1965 ) . Life in Micronesia : Marshall Island Insects , Part 1 . Kwajalein , Marshall Islands : Kwajalein Hourglass . Jump up ^ `` Salticidae '' . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gwynne , S.C. ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Paradise With an Asterisk '' . Outside Magazine . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Schulte , Bret ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` For Pacific Islanders , Hopes and Troubles in Arkansas '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David Vine ( 2006 ) . `` The Impoverishment of Displacement : Models for Documenting Human Rights Abuses and the People of Diego Garcia '' ( PDF ) . Human Rights Brief. 13 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ David Vine ( January 7 , 2004 ) Exile in the Indian Ocean : Documenting the Injuries of Involuntary Displacement . Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies . Web.gc.cuny.edu . Retrieved on September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Vine ( 2006 ) . Empire 's Footprint : Expulsion and the United States Military Base on Diego Garcia . ProQuest . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 542 - 85100 - 1 . Jump up ^ David Vine ( 2011 ) . Island of Shame : The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia ( New in Paper ) . Princeton University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14983 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Marshall Islands '' . cia.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Look under tab for `` People and Society '' . ^ Jump up to : International Religious Freedom Report 2009 : Marshall Islands . United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor ( September 14 , 2007 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ First Mosque opens up in Marshall Islands by Radio New Zealand International , September 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Defeating Diabetes : Lessons From the Marshall Islands '' . Todaysdietitian.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marshall Islands country profile '' . Bbc.com . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Marshall Islands '' . Paclii.org . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giff Johnson ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Huge funeral recognizes late Majuro chief '' . Marianas Variety News & Views . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Coral ; Haner , Josh ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Marshall Islands Are Disappearing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46 / 3 , Admission of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to Membership in the United Nations , adopted 17 September 1991 . Archived November 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ General Assembly -- Overall Votes -- Comparison with U.S. vote lists the Marshall Islands as the country with the second highest incidence of votes . Micronesia has always been in the top two . Jump up ^ Armin Rosen ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` Iran to release cargo vessel after it pays fine -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands Economy 2017 , CIA World Factbook '' . Theodora.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republic of the Marshall Islands : 2016 Article IV Consultation - Press Release ; Staff Report ; and Statement by the Executive Director for Republic of the Marshall Islands '' . Imf.org . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Marshall Islands becomes 181st ILO member State '' . Ilo.org . July 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Homepage of the NITIJELA ( PARLIAMENT ) '' . NITIJELA ( PARLIAMENT ) of the Republic of the Marshall Islands . July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` COMPACT OF FREE ASSOCIATION AMENDMENTS ACT OF 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 108 -- 188 , 108th Congress . December 17 , 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Copra Processing Plant Marshall Islands Guide '' . Infomarshallislands.com . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copra production up on 2014 - The Marshall Islands Journal '' . Marshallislandsjournal.com . October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speedy , Andrew . `` Marshall Islands '' . Fao.org . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FISHING LICENSE REVENUES IN KIRIBATI : 2016 Report '' ( PDF ) . Mfed.gov.ki . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fisheries -- Invest Marshall Islands '' . Investmarshallislands.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Islands look to coconut power to fuel future growth '' . afp.google.com . September 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ College of the Marshall Islands . ( PDF ) . reidtechnology.co.nz . June 2009 Jump up ^ College of the Marshall Islands : Reiher Returns from Japan Solar Training Program with New Ideas . Yokwe.net . Retrieved on September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Marshall Islands '' . Rep5.eu . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Education . Office of the President , Republic of the Marshall Islands . rmigovernment.org . Retrieved on May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ College of the Marshall Islands ( CMI ) . Cmi.edu . Retrieved on September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Marshall Islands -- Amata Kabua International Airport '' . Republic of the Marshall Islands Ports Authority . Jump up ^ `` Airlines Serving the Marshall Islands - RMIPA '' . Rmipa.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Majuro 979 - Listen Radio Majuro 979 online radio FM - Marshall Islands '' . Topradiofree.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` V7AA - 96.3 FM Uliga Radio Online '' . radio.gjoy24.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Radio Station Marshall Islands Guide '' . Infomarshallislands.com . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands : Radio Station Listings '' . Radiostationworld.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Micronesia Heatwave 1557 - Listen Micronesia Heatwave 1557 online radio FM - Marshall Islands '' . Topradiofree.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands profile - Media '' . Bbc.com . July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Islands facts , information , pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Marshall Islands '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIA - OCEANIA : MARSHALL ISLANDS '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Options Marshall Islands Guide '' . Infomarshallislands.com . June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa . `` MHTV '' . Ntamar.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa . `` About Us '' . Minta.mh . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Sharp , Andrew ( 1960 ) . Early Spanish Discoveries in the Pacific . Further reading ( edit ) Barker , H.M. ( 2004 ) . Bravo for the Marshallese : Regaining Control in a Post-nuclear , Post-colonial World . Belmont , California : Thomson / Wadsworth . Carucci , L.M. ( 1997 ) . Nuclear Nativity : Rituals of Renewal and Empowerment in the Marshall Islands . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press . Hein , J.R. , F.L. Wong , and D.L. Mosier ( 2007 ) . Bathymetry of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Vicinity . Miscellaneous Field Studies ; Map - MF - 2324 . Reston , VA : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Niedenthal , J. ( 2001 ) . For the Good of Mankind : A History of the People of Bikini and Their Islands . Majuro , Marshall Islands : Bravo Publishers . Rudiak - Gould , P. ( 2009 ) . Surviving Paradise : One Year on a Disappearing Island . New York : Union Square Press . Woodard , Colin ( 2000 ) . Ocean 's End : Travels Through Endangered Seas . New York : Basic Books . ( Contains extended account of sea - level rise threat and the legacy of U.S. Atomic testing . ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMarshall Islandsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Washington , DC official government site Chief of State and Cabinet Members General information `` Marshall Islands '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Country Profile from New Internationalist Marshall Islands from UCB Libraries GovPubs Marshall Islands at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Marshall Islands from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of the Marshall Islands News media Marshall Islands Journal Weekly independent national newspaper Other Digital Micronesia -- Marshalls by Dirk HR Spennemann , Associate Professor in Cultural Heritage Management Plants & Environments of the Marshall Islands Book turned website by Dr. Mark Merlin of the University of Hawaii Atomic Testing Information Pictures of victims of U.S. nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands on Nuclear Files.org `` Kenner hearing : Marshall Islands - flagged rig in Gulf oil spill was reviewed in February '' NOAA 's National Weather Service -- Marshall Islands Canoes of the Marshall Islands Alele Museum -- Museum of the Marshall Islands WUTMI -- Women United Together Marshall Islands Marshall Islands articles History Spanish East Indies John Marshall German New Guinea South Pacific Mandate Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Pacific Proving Grounds Geography Administrative divisions Climate Islands Towns and villages Politics Compact of Free Association Elections Foreign relations Law enforcement Legislature LGBT rights ( history ) Military Political parties President Economy Telecommunications Transport airports Culture Anthem Demographics Flag Language Music Public holidays Religion Seal Outline Index Portal Articles relating to the Marshall Islands ( hide ) Islands of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Bold indicates populated islands Italics indicate single island Ratak Chain ( Sunrise , Eastern ) Bokak ( Taongi ) Bikar Utirik Toke Mejit Ailuk Jemo Likiep Wotje Erikub Maloelap Aur Majuro Arno Mili Knox ( Nadikdik ) Ralik Chain ( Sunset , Western ) Enewetak Ujelang Bikini Rongerik Rongelap Ailinginae Wotho Ujae Lae Kwajalein Lib Namu Jabat Ailinglaplap Jaluit Kili Namorik Ebon Geographic locale Lat. and Long . 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-7107736652309029839	Sistine Chapel ceiling	Sistine Chapel ceiling - wikipedia Sistine Chapel ceiling For a collection of images , see Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling . The interior of the Sistine Chapel showing the ceiling in relation to the other frescoes . The Sistine Chapel ceiling , painted by Michelangelo between 1508 and 1512 , is a cornerstone work of High Renaissance art . The ceiling is that of the Sistine Chapel , the large papal chapel built within the Vatican between 1477 and 1480 by Pope Sixtus IV , for whom the chapel is named . It was painted at the commission of Pope Julius II . The chapel is the location for papal conclaves and many other important services . The ceiling 's various painted elements form part of a larger scheme of decoration within the Chapel , which includes the large fresco The Last Judgment on the sanctuary wall , also by Michelangelo , wall paintings by several leading painters of the late 15th century including Sandro Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio and Pietro Perugino , and a set of large tapestries by Raphael , the whole illustrating much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church . Central to the ceiling decoration are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis of which The Creation of Adam is the best known , having an iconic standing equaled only by Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa , the hands of God and Adam being reproduced in countless imitations . The complex design includes several sets of individual figures , both clothed and nude , which allowed Michelangelo to fully demonstrate his skill in creating a huge variety of poses for the human figure and which have provided an enormously influential pattern book of models for other artists ever since . Contents 1 Context and history 2 Method 3 Content 4 Michelangelo 's scheme realised 5 Architectural scheme 5.1 Real 5.2 Illusionary 6 Pictorial scheme 6.1 Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis 6.1. 1 Creation 6.1. 2 Adam and Eve 6.1. 3 Story of Noah 6.1. 4 Shields 6.2 Twelve prophetic figures 6.2. 1 Prophets 6.2. 2 Sibyls 6.3 Pendentives 6.4 Ancestors of Christ 6.4. 1 Subject 6.4. 2 Treatment 6.5 Ignudi 7 Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy 8 Restoration 9 Quotations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Reference images 12.2 Biblical sources 13 Bibliography 14 External links Context and history ( edit ) Pope Julius II by Raphael Pope Julius II was a `` warrior pope '' who in his papacy undertook an aggressive campaign for political control , to unite and empower Italy under the leadership of the Church . He invested in symbolism to display his temporal power , such as his procession , in the Classical manner , through a triumphal arch in a chariot after one of his many military victories . It was Julius who began the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica in 1506 , as the most potent symbol of the source of papal power . In the same year 1506 , Pope Julius conceived a program to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel . The walls of the chapel had been decorated twenty years earlier . The lowest of three levels is painted to resemble draped hangings and was ( and sometimes still is ) hung on special occasions with the set of tapestries designed by Raphael . The middle level contains a complex scheme of frescoes illustrating the Life of Christ on the right side and the Life of Moses on the left side . It was carried out by some of the most renowned Renaissance painters : Botticelli , Ghirlandaio , Perugino , Pinturicchio , Signorelli and Cosimo Rosselli . The upper level of the walls contains the windows , between which are painted pairs of illusionistic niches with representations of the first thirty - two popes . A draft by Matteo d'Amelia indicates that the ceiling was painted blue like that of the Arena Chapel and decorated with gold stars , possibly representing the zodiacal constellations . It is probable that , because the chapel was the site of regular meetings and Masses of an elite body of officials known as the Papal Chapel who would observe the decorations and interpret their theological and temporal significance , it was Pope Julius ' intention and expectation that the iconography of the ceiling was to be read with many layers of meaning . Michelangelo , who was not primarily a painter but a sculptor , was reluctant to take on the work . Also , he was occupied with a very large sculptural commission for the pope 's own tomb . The pope was adamant , leaving Michelangelo no choice but to accept . But a war with the French broke out , diverting the attention of the pope , and Michelangelo fled from Rome to continue sculpting . The tomb sculptures , however , were never to be finished because in 1508 the pope returned to Rome victorious and summoned Michelangelo to begin work on the ceiling . The contract was signed on 10 May 1508 . The scheme proposed by the pope was for twelve large figures of the Apostles to occupy the pendentives . However , Michelangelo negotiated for a grander , much more complex scheme and was finally permitted , in his own words , `` to do as I liked '' . His scheme for the ceiling eventually comprised some three hundred figures and took four years to execute , being completed and shown to the public on All Saints Day in 1512 after a preliminary showing and papal Mass on August 14 , 1511 . It is unknown and is the subject of much speculation among art historians whether Michelangelo was really able to `` do as he liked '' . It has been suggested that the Augustinian friar and cardinal , Giles of Viterbo , was a consultant for the theological aspect of the work . Many writers consider that Michelangelo had the intellect , the Biblical knowledge , and the powers of invention to have devised the scheme himself . This is supported by Ascanio Condivi 's statement that Michelangelo read and reread the Old Testament while he was painting the ceiling , drawing his inspiration from the words of the scripture , rather than from the established traditions of sacral art . A total of 343 figures were painted on the ceiling . Method ( edit ) The location of the scaffolding is evident on this lunette To reach the chapel 's ceiling , Michelangelo designed his own scaffold , a flat wooden platform on brackets built out from holes in the wall near the top of the windows , rather than being built up from the floor . Mancinelli speculates that this was in order to cut the cost of timber . According to Michelangelo 's pupil and biographer Ascanio Condivi , the brackets and frame that supported the steps and flooring were all put in place at the beginning of the work and a lightweight screen , possibly cloth , was suspended beneath them to catch plaster drips , dust , and splashes of paint . Only half the building was scaffolded at a time and the platform was moved as the painting was done in stages . The areas of the wall covered by the scaffolding still appear as unpainted areas across the bottom of the lunettes . The holes were re-used to hold scaffolding in the latest restoration . Contrary to popular belief , he painted in a standing position , not lying on his back . According to Vasari , `` The work was carried out in extremely uncomfortable conditions , from his having to work with his head tilted upwards '' . Michelangelo described his physical discomfort in a humorous sonnet accompanied by a little sketch . The painting technique employed was fresco , in which the paint is applied to damp plaster . Michelangelo had been an apprentice in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio , one of the most competent and prolific of Florentine fresco painters , at the time that the latter was employed on a fresco cycle at Santa Maria Novella and whose work was represented on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . At the outset , the plaster , intonaco , began to grow mold because it was too wet . Michelangelo had to remove it and start again . He then tried a new formula created by one of his assistants , Jacopo l'Indaco , which resisted mold and entered the Italian building tradition . The evidence of the plaster laid for a day 's work can be seen around the head and arm of this ignudo Because he was painting fresco , the plaster was laid in a new section every day , called a giornata . At the beginning of each session , the edges would be scraped away and a new area laid down . The edges between giornate remain slightly visible ; thus , they give a good idea of how the work progressed . It was customary for fresco painters to use a full - sized detailed drawing , a cartoon , to transfer a design onto a plaster surface -- many frescoes show little holes made with a stiletto , outlining the figures . Here Michelangelo broke with convention ; once confident the intonaco had been well applied , he drew directly onto the ceiling . His energetic sweeping outlines can be seen scraped into some of the surfaces , while on others a grid is evident , indicating that he enlarged directly onto the ceiling from a small drawing . Michelangelo painted onto the damp plaster using a wash technique to apply broad areas of colour , then as the surface became drier , he revisited these areas with a more linear approach , adding shade and detail with a variety of brushes . For some textured surfaces , such as facial hair and woodgrain , he used a broad brush with bristles as sparse as a comb . He employed all the finest workshop methods and best innovations , combining them with a diversity of brushwork and breadth of skill far exceeding that of the meticulous Ghirlandaio . The work commenced at the end of the building furthest from the altar , with the latest of the narrative scenes , and progressed towards the altar with the scenes of the Creation . The first three scenes , from the story of Noah , contain a much larger number of small figures than the later panels . This is partly because of the subject matter , which deals with the fate of Humanity , but also because all the figures at that end of the ceiling , including the prophets and Ignudi , are smaller than in the central section . As the scale got larger , Michelangelo 's style became broader ; the final narrative scene of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day . The bright colours and broad , cleanly defined outlines make each subject easily visible from the floor . Despite the height of the ceiling , the proportions of the Creation of Adam are such that when standing beneath it , `` it appears as if the viewer could simply raise a finger and meet those of God and Adam '' . Vasari tells us that the ceiling is `` unfinished '' , that its unveiling occurred before it could be reworked with gold leaf and vivid blue lapis lazuli as was customary with frescoes and in order to better link the ceiling with the walls below it which were highlighted with a great deal of gold . But this never took place , in part because Michelangelo was reluctant to set up the scaffolding again , and probably also because the gold and particularly the intense blue would have distracted from his painterly conception . Some areas were , in fact , decorated with gold : the shields between the Ignudi and the columns between the Prophets and Sibyls . It seems very likely that the gilding of the shields was part of Michelangelo 's original scheme , since they are painted to resemble a certain type of parade shield , a number of which still exist and are decorated in a similar style with gold . Section reference . Michelangelo wrote a poem describing the arduous conditions under which he worked The image of God in the act of Creation was painted in a single day , and reflects Michelangelo himself in the act of creating the ceiling Michelangelo 's illustration to his poem shows him painting God . I 've grown a goitre by dwelling in this den -- As cats from stagnant streams in Lombardy , Or in what other land they hap to be -- Which drives the belly close beneath the chin : My beard turns up to heaven ; my nape falls in , Fixed on my spine : my breast - bone visibly Grows like a harp : a rich embroidery Bedews my face from brush - drops thick and thin . My loins into my paunch like levers grind : My buttock like a crupper bears my weight ; My feet unguided wander to and fro ; In front my skin grows loose and long ; behind , By bending it becomes more taut and strait ; Crosswise I strain me like a Syrian bow : Whence false and quaint , I know , Must be the fruit of squinting brain and eye ; For ill can aim the gun that bends awry . Come then , Giovanni , try To succour my dead pictures and my fame ; Since foul I fare and painting is my shame . Content ( edit ) Detail from The Creation of Adam , portraying the creation of mankind by God The overt subject matter of the ceiling is the doctrine of humanity 's need for Salvation as offered by God through Jesus . It is a visual metaphor of Humankind 's need for a covenant with God . The Old Covenant of the Children of Israel through Moses and the New Covenant through Christ had already been represented around the walls of the chapel . Some experts , including Benjamin Blech and Vatican art historian Enrico Bruschini , have also noted less overt subject matter , which they describe as being `` concealed '' and `` forbidden . '' The main components of the design are nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , of which five smaller ones are each framed and supported by four naked youths or Ignudi . At either end , and beneath the scenes are the figures of twelve men and women who prophesied the birth of Jesus . On the crescent - shaped areas , or lunettes , above each of the chapel 's windows are tablets listing the Ancestors of Christ and accompanying figures . Above them , in the triangular spandrels , a further eight groups of figures are shown , but these have not been identified with specific Biblical characters . The scheme is completed by four large corner pendentives , each illustrating a dramatic Biblical story . The narrative elements of the ceiling illustrate that God made the World as a perfect creation and put humanity into it , that humanity fell into disgrace and was punished by death and by separation from God . Humanity then sank further into sin and disgrace , and was punished by the Great Flood . Through a lineage of Ancestors -- from Abraham to Joseph -- God sent the saviour of humanity , Christ Jesus . The coming of the Saviour was prophesied by Prophets of Israel and Sibyls of the Classical world . The various components of the ceiling are linked to this Christian doctrine . Traditionally , the Old Testament was perceived as a prefiguring of the New Testament . Many incidents and characters of the Old Testament were commonly understood as having a direct symbolic link to some particular aspect of the life of Jesus or to an important element of Christian doctrine or to a sacrament such as Baptism or the Eucharist . Jonah , for example , was readily recognisable by his attribute of the large fish and was commonly seen to symbolise Jesus ' death and resurrection . While much of the symbolism of the ceiling dates from the early church , the ceiling also has elements that express the specifically Renaissance thinking that sought to reconcile Christian theology with the philosophy of Renaissance Humanism . During the 15th century in Italy , and in Florence in particular , there was a strong interest in Classical literature and the philosophies of Plato , Socrates and other Classical writers . Michelangelo , as a young man , had spent time at the Humanist academy established by the Medici family in Florence . He was familiar with early Humanist - inspired sculptural works such as Donatello 's bronze David and had himself responded by carving the enormous nude marble David , which was placed in the piazza near the Palazzo Vecchio , the home of Florence 's council . The Humanist vision of humanity was one in which people responded to other people , to social responsibility , and to God in a direct way , not through intermediaries , such as the Church . This conflicted with the Church 's emphasis . While the Church emphasized humanity as essentially sinful and flawed , Humanism emphasized humanity as potentially noble and beautiful . These two views were not necessarily irreconcilable to the Church , but only through a recognition that the unique way to achieve this `` elevation of spirit , mind and body '' was through the Church as the agent of God . To be outside the Church was to be beyond Salvation . In the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Michelangelo presented both Catholic and Humanist elements in a way that does not appear visually conflicting . The inclusion of `` non-biblical '' figures such as the Sibyls or Ignudi is consistent with the rationalising of Humanist and Christian thought of the Renaissance . This rationalisation was to become a target of the Counter Reformation . The iconography of the ceiling has had various interpretations in the past , some elements of which have been contradicted by modern scholarship . Others , such as the identity of the figures in the lunettes and spandrels , continue to defy interpretation . Modern scholars have sought , as yet unsuccessfully , to determine a written source of the theological program of the ceiling and have questioned whether or not it was entirely devised by the artist himself , who was both an avid reader of the Bible and a genius . Also of interest to some modern scholars is the question of how Michelangelo 's own spiritual and psychological state is reflected in the iconography and the expression of the ceiling . One such speculation is that Michelangelo was tormented by conflict between homosexual desires and passionate Christian beliefs . Michelangelo 's scheme realised ( edit ) The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , `` an artistic vision without precedent '' Architectural scheme ( edit ) Real ( edit ) The Sistine Chapel is 40.9 metres long and 14 metres wide . The ceiling rises to 13.4 metres above the main floor of the chapel . The vault is of quite a complex design and it is unlikely that it was originally intended to have such elaborate decoration . Pier Matteo d'Amelia provided a plan for its decoration with the architectural elements picked out and the ceiling painted blue and dotted with gold stars , similar to that of the Arena Chapel decorated by Giotto at Padua . The chapel walls have three horizontal tiers with six windows in the upper tier down each side . There were also two windows at each end , but these have been closed up above the altar when Michelangelo 's Last Judgement was painted , obliterating two lunettes . Between the windows are large pendentives which support the vault . Between the pendentives are triangularly shaped arches or spandrels cut into the vault above each window . Above the height of the pendentives , the ceiling slopes gently without much deviation from the horizontal . This is the real architecture . Michelangelo has elaborated it with illusionary or fictive architecture . Illusionary ( edit ) God dividing the waters , showing the illusionary architecture , and the positions of the Ignudi and shields The first element in the scheme of painted architecture is a definition of the real architectural elements by accentuating the lines where spandrels and pendentives intersect with the curving vault . Michelangelo painted these as decorative courses that look like sculpted stone moldings . These have two repeating motifs , a formula common in Classical architecture . Here , one motif is the acorn , the symbol of the family of both Pope Sixtus IV , who built the chapel , and Pope Julius II , who commissioned Michelangelo 's work . The other motif is the scallop shell , one of the symbols of the Madonna , to whose assumption the chapel was dedicated in 1483 . The crown of the wall then rises above the spandrels , to a strongly projecting painted cornice that runs right around the ceiling , separating the pictorial areas of the biblical scenes from the figures of Prophets , Sibyls , and Ancestors , who literally and figuratively support the narratives . Ten broad painted crossribs of travertine cross the ceiling and divide it into alternately wide and narrow pictorial spaces , a grid that gives all the figures their defined place . A great number of small figures are integrated with the painted architecture , their purpose apparently purely decorative . These include two faux marble putti below the cornice on each rib , each one a male and female pair ; stone rams - heads are placed at the apex of each spandrel ; copper - skinned nude figures in varying poses , hiding in the shadows , propped between the spandrels and the ribs like animated bookends ; and more putti , both clothed and unclothed strike a variety of poses as they support the nameplates of the Prophets and Sibyls . Above the cornice and to either side of the smaller scenes are an array of round shields , or medaillons . They are framed by a total of twenty more figures , the so - called Ignudi , which are not part of the architecture but sit on inlaid plinths , their feet planted convincingly on the fictive cornice . Pictorially , the Ignudi appear to occupy a space between the narrative spaces and the space of the chapel itself . ( see below ) Pictorial scheme ( edit ) Plan of the pictorial elements of the ceiling showing the division of the narrative scenes into three parts themes Nine scenes from the Book of Genesis ( edit ) Along the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo depicted nine scenes from the Book of Genesis , the first book of the Bible . The pictures are organized into three groups of three alternating large and small panels . The first group shows God creating the Heavens and the Earth . The second group shows God creating the first man and woman , Adam and Eve , and their disobedience of God and consequent expulsion from the Garden of Eden where they have lived and where they walked with God . The third group of three pictures shows the plight of Humanity and in particular the family of Noah . The pictures are not in strictly chronological order . If they are perceived as three groups , then the pictures in each of the three units inform upon each other , in the same way as was usual in Medieval paintings and stained glass . The three sections of Creation , Downfall , and Fate of Humanity appear in reverse order , when read from the entrance of the chapel . However , each individual scene is painted to be viewed when looking toward the altar . This is not easily apparent when viewing a reproduced image of the ceiling but becomes clear when the viewer looks upward at the vault . Paoletti and Radke suggest that this reversed progression symbolises a return to a state of grace . However , the three sections are generally described in the order of Biblical chronology . Detail of the Face of God The scenes , from the altar toward the main door , are ordered as follows : The Separation of Light and Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Earth The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Temptation and Expulsion The Sacrifice of Noah The Great Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Creation ( edit ) Main articles : Separation of Light from Darkness and The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Planets The three Creation pictures show scenes from the first chapter of Genesis , which relates that God created the Earth and all that is in it in six days , resting on the seventh day . In the first scene , the First Day of Creation , God creates light and separates light from darkness . Chronologically , the next scene takes place in the third panel , in which , on the Second Day , God divides the waters from the heavens . In the central panel , the largest of the three , there are two representations of God . On the Third Day , God creates the Earth and makes it sprout plants . On the Fourth Day , God puts the Sun and the Moon in place to govern the night and the day , the time and the seasons of the year . According to Genesis , on the Fifth Day , God created the birds of the air and fish and creatures of the deep , but we are not shown this . Neither do we see God 's creation of the creatures of the earth on the Sixth Day . These three scenes , completed in the third stage of painting , are the most broadly conceived , the most broadly painted and the most dynamic of all the pictures . Of the first scene Vasari says `` ... Michelangelo depicted God dividing Light from Darkness , showing him in all his majesty as he rests self - sustained with arms outstretched , in a revelation of love and creative power . '' Adam and Eve ( edit ) Main article : The Creation of Adam The Creation of Adam For the central section of the ceiling , Michelangelo has taken four episodes from the story of Adam and Eve as told in the first , second and third chapters of Genesis . In this sequence of three , two of the panels are large and one small . In the first of the pictures , and one of the most widely recognised images in the history of painting , Michelangelo shows God reaching out to touch Adam , who , in the words of Vasari , is `` a figure whose beauty , pose and contours are such that it seems to have been fashioned that very moment by the first and supreme creator rather than by the drawing and brush of a mortal man . '' From beneath the sheltering arm of God , Eve looks out , a little apprehensively . The `` glory '' of God , represented by a dark shaded area around him , has the same anatomical geometry as a human brain . The central scene , of God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam has been taken in its composition directly from another Creation sequence , the relief panels that surround the door of the Basilica of San Petronio , Bologna by Jacopo della Quercia whose work Michelangelo had studied in his youth . In the final panel of this sequence Michelangelo combines two contrasting scenes into one panel , that of Adam and Eve taking fruit from the forbidden tree , Eve trustingly taking it from the hand of the Serpent and Adam eagerly picking it for himself ; and their banishment from the Garden of Eden , where they have lived in the company of God , to the world outside where they have to fend for themselves and experience death . Detail from the Great Flood Story of Noah ( edit ) As with the first sequence of pictures , the three panels concerning Noah , taken from the sixth to ninth chapters of Genesis are thematic rather than chronological . In the first scene is shown the sacrifice of a sheep . Vasari , in writing about this scene mistakes it for the sacrifices by Cain and Abel , in which Abel 's sacrifice was acceptable to God and Cain 's was not . What this image almost certainly depicts is the sacrifice made by the family of Noah , after their safe deliverance from the Great Flood which destroyed the rest of Humankind . The central , larger , scene shows the Great Flood . The Ark in which Noah 's family escaped floats at the rear of the picture while the rest of humanity tries frantically to scramble to some point of safety . This picture , which has a large number of figures , conforms the most closely to the format of the paintings that had been done around the walls . The final scene is the story of Noah 's drunkenness . After the Flood , Noah tills the soil and grows vines . He is shown doing so , in the background of the picture . He becomes drunk and inadvertently exposes himself . His youngest son , Ham , brings his two brothers Shem and Japheth to see the sight but they discreetly cover their father with a cloak . Ham is later cursed by Noah and told that the descendants of Ham 's son Canaan will serve Shem and Japheth 's descendants forever . Taken together , these three pictures serve to show that Humankind had moved a long way from God 's perfect creation . However , it is through Shem and his descendants , the Israelites , that Salvation will come to the world . Since Michelangelo executed the nine Biblical scenes in reverse chronological order , some analyses of the frescoes of the vault commence with the Drunkenness of Noah . Tolnay 's Neoplatonic interpretation sees the story of Noah at the beginning and the act of Creation by God as the conclusion of the process of deificatio and the return from physical to spiritual being . Shields ( edit ) Adjacent to the smaller Biblical scenes and supported by the Ignudi are ten circular parade shields , sometimes described as being painted to resemble bronze . Known examples are actually of lacquered and gilt wood . Each is decorated with a picture drawn from the Old Testament or the Book of Maccabees from the Apocrypha . The subjects are the more gruesome or shameful of Biblical episodes , the only exception seeming to be that of Elijah being swept up to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire , leaving his mantle to fall on Elisha . However , Elijah 's role as a prophet was one marked by accusation and warnings to repent , and the purpose of his translation into Heaven was traditionally seen as so that he might stand before God to condemn Israel for its sins . In four of the five most highly finished `` medallions '' the space is crowded with figures in violent action , similar to Michelangelo 's cartoon for the Battle of Cascina . The application of gold on the shields , in contrast to its absence on the rest of the ceiling , serves to link the ceiling to some extent with the frescoes around the walls . In the latter , gold leaf has been applied lavishly to many details and in some of the frescoes , notably those by Perugino , has been most expertly used not just to detail the robes but to highlight the folds by subtle graduation in the density of golden flecks . It is this technique that Michelangelo has picked up on and carried a step further , inspired also perhaps by the medallions that appear on a Roman triumphal arch in Botticelli 's episode from the Life of Moses , showing the Punishment of the Rebels . Detail of The Idol of Baal , showing the linear use of black paint and gold leaf defining forms . The incomplete medallion at the left The medallions represent : Abraham about to sacrifice his son Isaac The Destruction of the Statue of Baal The worshippers of Baal being brutally slaughtered . Uriah being beaten to death . Nathan the priest condemning King David for murder and adultery . King David 's traitorous son Absalom caught by his hair in a tree while trying to escape and beheaded by David 's troops . Joab sneaking up on Abner to murder him Joram being hurled from a chariot onto his head . Elijah being carried up to Heaven On one medallion the subject is either obliterated or incomplete . Section references Twelve prophetic figures ( edit ) On the five pendentives along each side and the two at either end , Michelangelo painted the largest figures on the ceiling : twelve people who prophesied or represented some aspect of the Coming of Christ . Of those twelve , seven were Prophets of Israel and were male . The remaining five were prophets of the Classical World , called Sibyls and were female . The prophet Jonah is placed above the altar and Zechariah at the further end . The other male and female figures alternate down each side , each being identified by an inscription on a painted marble panel supported by a putto . The Libyan Sibyl Jonah ( IONAS ) -- above the altar Jeremiah ( HIEREMIAS ) Persian Sibyl ( PERSICHA ) Ezekiel ( EZECHIEL ) Erythraean Sibyl . ( ERITHRAEA ) Joel ( IOEL ) Zechariah ( ZACHERIAS ) -- above the main door of the chapel Delphic Sibyl . ( DELPHICA ) Isaiah ( ESAIAS ) Cumaean Sibyl . ( CVMAEA ) Daniel ( DANIEL ) Libyan Sibyl ( LIBICA ) Prophets ( edit ) The seven prophets of Israel chosen for depiction on the ceiling include the four so - called Major prophets : Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel and Daniel . Of the remaining possibilities among the Twelve Minor Prophets , the three represented are Joel , Zechariah and Jonah . Although the prophets Joel and Zechariah are considered `` minor '' because of the comparatively small number of pages that their prophecy occupies in the Bible , each one produced prophesies of profound significance . The prophet Joel They are often quoted , Joel for his `` Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy , your elderly shall dream dreams and your youth shall see visions '' . These words are significant for Michelangelo 's decorative scheme , where women take their place among men and the youthful Daniel sits across from the brooding Jeremiah with his long white beard . Zechariah prophesied , `` Behold ! Your King comes to you , humble and riding on a donkey '' . His place in the chapel is directly above the door through which the Pope is carried in procession on Palm Sunday , the day on which Jesus fulfilled the prophecy by riding into Jerusalem on a donkey and being proclaimed King . Jesus below Jonah ( IONAS ) Jonah is of symbolic and prophetic significance , which was commonly perceived and had been represented in countless works of art including manuscripts and stained glass windows . Through his reluctance to obey God , he was swallowed by a `` mighty fish '' . He spent three days in its belly and was eventually spewed up on dry land where he went about God 's business . Jonah was thus seen as presaging Jesus , who having died by crucifixion , spent part of three days in a tomb and was raised on the third day . So , on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Jonah , with the `` great fish '' beside him and his eyes turned towards God the Creator , represents a `` portent '' of the Passion and Resurrection of Christ . The Jonah figure placed right over the altar activated the Passion motif . `` When Perugino 's altar painting was removed and ... Last Judgement fresco came to cover the altar wall '' , after at least twenty five years Michelangelo depicted Christ just below Jonah : not only for his role as precursor of Christ , Christianity and Christocentrism , but also because his powerful torsion of the body , bent backwards from the bust to the eyes and with his forefingers that now point the glorious Jesus to the characters of the ceiling , assumes a function of link between the Old and New Testament . In Vasari 's description of the Prophets and Sibyls he is particularly high in his praise of the portrayal of Isaiah : `` Anyone who studies this figure , copied so faithfully from nature , the true mother of the art of painting , will find a beautifully composed work capable of teaching in full measure all the precepts to be followed by a good painter . '' Sibyls ( edit ) The Persian Sibyl The Sibyls were prophetic women who were resident at shrines or temples throughout the Classical World . The five depicted here are each said to have prophesied the birth of Christ . The Cumaean Sibyl , for example , is quoted by Virgil in his Fourth Eclogue as declaring that `` a new progeny of Heaven '' would bring about a return of the `` Golden Age '' . This was interpreted as referring to Jesus . In Christian doctrine , Christ came not just to the Jews but also to the Gentiles . It was understood that , prior to the Birth of Christ , God prepared the world for his coming . To this purpose , God used Jews and Gentiles alike . Jesus would not have been born in Bethlehem ( where it had been prophesied that his birth would take place ) , except for the fact that the pagan Roman Emperor Augustus decreed that there should be a census . Likewise , when Jesus was born , the announcement of his birth was made to rich and to poor , to mighty and to humble , to Jew and to Gentile . The Three Wise Men ( the `` Magi '' of the Bible ) who sought out the infant King with precious gifts were pagan foreigners . In the Roman Catholic Church , where there was an increasing interest in the remains of the city 's pagan past , where scholars turned from reading Medieval Church Latin to Classical Latin and the philosophies of the Classical world were studied along with the writings of St Augustine , the presence , in the Sistine Chapel of five pagan prophets is not surprising . It is not known why Michelangelo selected the five particular Sibyls that were depicted , given that , as with the Minor Prophets , there were ten or twelve possibilities . It is suggested by John O'Malley that the choice was made for a wide geographic coverage , with the Sibyls coming from Africa , Asia , Greece and Ionia . Vasari says of the Erythraean Sibyl `` Many aspects of this figure are of exceptional loveliness : the expression of her face , her headdress and the arrangement of her draperies : and her arms , which are bared , are as beautiful as the rest . '' Pendentives ( edit ) In each corner of the chapel is a triangular pendentive filling the space between the walls and the arch of the vault and forming the spandrel above the windows nearest the corners . On these curving shapes Michelangelo has painted four scenes from Biblical stories that are associated with the salvation of Israel by four great male and female heroes of the Jews : Moses , Esther , David and Judith . The Brazen Serpent The Punishment of Haman David and Goliath Judith and Holofernes The first two stories were both seen in Medieval - and Renaissance theology as prefiguring the Crucifixion of Jesus . In the story of the Brazen Serpent , the people of Israel become dissatisfied and grumble at God . As punishment they receive a plague of venonous snakes . God offers the people relief by instructing Moses to make a snake of brass and set it up on a pole , the sight of which gives miraculous healing . Michelangelo chooses a crowded composition , depicting a dramatic mass of suffering men , women , and writhing snakes , separated from redeemed worshipers by the snake before an epiphanic light . The pendentive of the Brazen serpent with its crowded composition was imitated by Mannerist painters . ( unrestored state ) In the Book of Esther it is related that Haman , a public servant , plots to get Esther 's husband , the King of Persia , to slay all the Jewish people in his land . The King , who is going over his books during a sleepless night , realises something is amiss . Esther , discovering the plot , denounces Haman , and her husband orders his execution on a scaffold he has built . The King 's eunuchs promptly carry this out . Michelangelo shows Haman crucified with Esther looking at him from a doorway , the King giving orders in the background . The other two stories , those of David and Judith , were often linked in Renaissance art , particularly by Florentine artists as they demonstrated the overthrow of tyrants , a popular subject in the Republic . In this image , the shepherd boy , David , has brought down the towering Goliath with his sling , but the giant is alive and is trying to rise as David forces his head down to chop it off . The depiction of Judith and Holofernes has an equally gruesome detail . As Judith loads the enemy 's head onto a basket carried by her maid and covers it with a cloth , she looks towards the tent , apparently distracted by the limbs of the decapitated corpse flailing about . There are obvious connections in the design of the Slaying of Holofernes and the Slaying of Haman at the opposite end of the chapel . Although in the Holofernes picture the figures are smaller and the space less filled , both have the triangular space divided into two zones by a vertical wall , allowing us to see what is happening on both sides of it . There are actually three scenes in the Haman picture because as well as seeing Haman punished , we see him at the table with Esther and the King and get a view of the King on his bed . Mordechai sits on the steps , making a link between the scenes . While the Slaying of Goliath is a relatively simple composition with the two protagonists centrally placed and the only other figures being dimly seen observers , the Brazen Serpent picture is crowded with figures and separate incidents as the various individuals who have been attacked by snakes struggle and die or turn toward the icon that will save them . This is the most Mannerist of Michelangelo 's earlier compositions at the Sistine Chapel , picking up the theme of human distress begun in the Great Flood scene and carrying it forward into the torment of lost souls in the Last Judgement , which was later painted below . Ancestors of Christ ( edit ) Subject ( edit ) The composition is similar to a Flight into Egypt . Between the large pendentives that support the vault are windows , six on each side of the chapel . There were two more windows in each end of the chapel , now closed , and those above the High Altar covered by the Last Judgement . Above each window is an arched shape , referred to as a lunette and above eight of the lunettes at the sides of the chapel are triangular spandrels filling the spaces between the side pendentives and the vault , the other eight lunettes each being below one of the corner pendentives . Michelangelo was commissioned to paint these areas as part of the work on the ceiling . The structures form visual bridges between the walls and the ceiling , and the figures which are painted on them are midway in size ( approximately 2 metres high ) between the very large prophets and the much smaller figures of Popes which had been painted to either side of each window in the 15th century . Michelangelo chose the Ancestors of Christ as the subject of these images , thus portraying Jesus ' physical lineage , while the papal portraits are his spiritual successors , according to Church doctrine . ( see gallery ) Centrally placed above each window is a faux marble tablet with a decorative frame . On each is painted the names of the male line by which Jesus , through his Earthly father , Joseph , is descended from Abraham , according to the Gospel of Matthew . However , the genealogy is now incomplete , since the two lunettes of the windows in the Altar wall were destroyed by Michelangelo when he returned to the Sistine Chapel in 1537 to paint The Last Judgment . Only engravings , based on a drawing that has since been lost , remain of them . The sequence of tablets seems a little erratic as one plaque has four names , most have three or two , and two plaques have only one . Moreover , the progression moves from one side of the building to the other , but not consistently , and the figures the lunettes contain do not coincide closely with the listed names . These figures vaguely suggest various family relationships ; most lunettes contain one or more infants , and many depict a man and a woman , often sitting on opposing sides of the painted plaque that separates them . O'Malley describes them as `` simply representative figures , almost ciphers '' . The lunette of Jacob and Joseph , the husband of Mary . The suspicious old man may represent Joseph . There is also an indeterminate relationship between the figures in the spandrels and the lunettes beneath them . Because of the constraints of the triangular shape , in each spandrel the figures are seated on the ground . In six of the eight spandrels the compositions resemble traditional depictions of the Flight into Egypt . Of the two remaining , one shows a woman with shears trimming the neck of a garment she is making while her toddler looks on . The Biblical woman who is recorded as making a new garment for her child is Hannah , the mother of Samuel , whose child went to live in the temple , and indeed , the male figure in the background is wearing a distinctive hat that might suggest that of a priest . The other figure who differs from the rest is a young woman who sits staring out of the picture with prophetic intensity . Her open eyes have been closed in the restoration . Section References Treatment ( edit ) Detail of the Eleazar and Mathan lunette . Michelangelo 's depiction of the Genealogy of Jesus departs from an artistic tradition for this topic that was common in medieval times , especially in stained - glass windows . This so - called Jesse Tree shows Jesse lying prone and a tree growing from his side with the ancestors on each branch , in a visual treatment of a biblical verse . The figures in the lunettes appear to be families , but in every case they are families that are divided . The figures in them are physically divided by the name tablet but they are also divided by a range of human emotions that turn them outward or in on themselves and sometimes towards their partner with jealousy , suspicion , rage or simply boredom . In them Michelangelo has portrayed the anger and unhappiness of the human condition , painting `` the daily round of merely domestic life as if it were a curse '' . In their constraining niches , the ancestors `` sit , squat and wait '' . Of the fourteen lunettes , the two that were probably painted first , the families of Eleazar and Mathan and of Jacob and Joseph are the most detailed . They become progressively broader towards the altar end , one of the last being painted in only two days . The Eleazar and Mathan picture contains two figures with a wealth of costume detail that is not present in any other lunette . The female to the left has had as much care taken with her clothing as any of the Sibyls . Her skirt is turned back showing her linen petticoat and the garter that holds up her mauve stockings and cuts into the flesh . She has a reticule and her dress is laced up under the arms . On the other side of the tablet sits the only male figure among those on the lunettes who is intrinsically beautiful . This blonde young man , elegantly dressed in white shirt and pale green hose , with no jerkin but a red cloak , postures with an insipid and vain gesture , in contrast to the Ignudi which he closely resembles . Prior to restoration , of all the paintings in the Sistine Chapel , the lunettes and spandrels were the dirtiest . Added to this , there has always been a problem of poor daytime visibility of the panels nearest the windows because of halination . Consequently , they were the least well known of all Michelangelo 's publicly accessible works . The recent restoration has made these masterly studies of human nature and inventive depiction of the human form known once more . Section References This figure is one of the most reproduced on the ceiling . Ignudi ( edit ) ( For images , see gallery ) The Ignudi are the 20 athletic , nude males that Michelangelo painted as supporting figures at each corner of the five smaller narrative scenes that run along the centre of the ceiling . The figures hold or are draped with or lean on a variety of items which include pink ribbons , green bolsters and enormous garlands of acorns . The Ignudi , although all seated , are less physically constrained than the Ancestors of Christ . While the pairs of the monochrome male and female figures above the spandrels are mirrors of each other , these Ignudi are all different . In the earliest paintings , they are paired , their poses being similar but with variation . These variations become greater with each pair until the postures of the final four bear no relation to each other whatsoever . The meaning of these figures has never been clear . They are certainly in keeping with the Humanist acceptance of the classical Greek view that `` the man is the measure of all things '' . But Michelangelo knew the Bible well . He would have been well aware of the fact that although seraphim and cherubim are described as being winged creatures , they are described as looking like men . When Michelangelo later painted the altar wall of the chapel , he included a great number of angels , particularly in the lunettes which are decorated with scenes of angels carrying the symbols of the Passion . Other angels are employed sounding the trumpets which call forth the dead , displaying books in which the names of the saved and the damned are written and casting sinners down to Hell . In all , the Last Judgement contains more than forty angels , all closely resembling the Ignudi . It is reasonable to conclude that the Ignudi represent angels . If the Ignudi are indeed angels , they are the ever - present attendants and messengers of God , impassively watching and waiting on the fate of Humankind . Their painting demonstrates , more than any other figures on the ceiling , Michelangelo 's mastery of anatomy and foreshortening and his enormous powers of invention . In their reflection of classical antiquity they resonate with Pope Julius ' aspirations to lead Italy towards a new ' age of gold ' ; at the same time , they staked Michelangelo 's claim to greatness . However , a number of critics were angered by their presence and nudity , including Pope Adrian VI who wanted the ceiling stripped . Stylistic analysis and artistic legacy ( edit ) Raphael 's The Prophet Isaiah was painted in imitation of Michelangelo 's prophets . Michelangelo was the artistic heir to the great 15th - century sculptors and painters of Florence . He learned his trade first under the direction of a masterly fresco painter , Domenico Ghirlandaio , known for two great fresco cycles in the Sassetti Chapel and Tornabuoni Chapel , and for his contribution to the cycle of paintings on the walls of the Sistine Chapel . As a student Michelangelo studied and drew from the works of the two most renowned Florentine fresco painters of the early Renaissance , Giotto and Masaccio . Masaccio 's figures of Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden had a profound effect on the depiction of the nude in general , and in particular on the use of the nude figure to convey human emotion . Helen Gardner says that in the hands of Michelangelo `` the body is simply the manifestation of the soul , or of a state of mind and character '' . Michelangelo was also almost certainly influenced by the paintings of Luca Signorelli whose paintings , particularly the Death and Resurrection Cycle in Orvieto Cathedral contain a great number of nudes and inventive figurative compositions . In Bologna , Michelangelo saw the relief sculptures of Jacopo della Quercia around the doors of the cathedral . In Michelangelo 's depiction of the Creation of Eve the whole composition , the form of the figures and the relatively conservative concept of the relationship between Eve and her Creator adheres closely to Jacopo 's design . Other panels on the ceiling , most particularly the iconic Creation of Adam show `` ... unprecedented invention '' . The Deposition by Pontormo . The Mannerist style developed from Michelangelo 's painting . The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was to have a profound effect upon other artists , even before it was completed . Vasari , in his Life of Raphael , tells us that Bramante , who had the keys to the chapel , let Raphael in to examine the paintings in Michelangelo 's absence . On seeing Michelangelo 's prophets , Raphael went back to the picture of the Prophet Isaiah that he was painting on a column in the Church of Sant'Agostino and , according to Vasari , although it was finished , he scraped it off the wall and repainted it in a much more powerful manner , in imitation of Michelangelo . John O'Malley points out that even earlier than the Isaiah is Raphael 's inclusion of the figure of Heraclitus in the School of Athens , a brooding figure similar to Michelangelo 's Jeremiah , but with the countenace of Michelangelo himself , and leaning on a block of marble . There was hardly a design element on the ceiling that was not subsequently imitated : the fictive architecture , the muscular anatomy , the foreshortening , the dynamic motion , the luminous colouration , the haunting expressions of the figures in the lunettes , the abundance of putti . Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König have said of the Ignudi , `` There is no image that has had a more lasting effect on following generations than this . Henceforth similar figures disported themselves in innumerable decorative works , be they painted , formed in stucco or even sculpted . '' Within Michelangelo 's own work , the chapel ceiling led to the later and more Mannerist painting of the Last Judgement in which the crowded compositions gave full rein to his inventiveness in painting contorted and foreshortened figures expressing despair or jubilation . Among the artists in whose work can be seen the direct influence of Michelangelo are Pontormo , Andrea del Sarto , Correggio , Tintoretto , Annibale Carracci , Paolo Veronese and El Greco . In January 2007 , it was claimed that as many as 10,000 visitors passed through the Vatican Museums in a day and that the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is the biggest attraction . The Vatican , anxious at the possibility that the newly restored frescoes will suffer damage , announced plans to reduce visiting hours and raise the price in an attempt to discourage visitors . Five hundred years earlier Vasari had said `` The whole world came running when the vault was revealed , and the sight of it was enough to reduce them to stunned silence . '' Restoration ( edit ) Main article : Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The frescoes of the Sistine Chapel were restored between June 1980 and December 1999 , with preliminary tests taking place in 1979 . The first stage of restoration , the work upon Michelangelo 's lunettes , was achieved in October 1984 . The work then proceeded on the ceiling , completed December 1989 and from there to the Last Judgement . The restoration was unveiled by Pope John Paul II on 8 April 1994 . The restoration team comprised Gianluigi Colalucci , Maurizio Rossi , Piergiorgio Bonetti , Bruno Baratti and others . The final stage was the restoration of the wall frescoes by Botticelli , Domenico Ghirlandaio , Perugino and others , This was unveiled on 11 December 1999 . The colours , which now appear so fresh and spring - like with pale pink , apple green , vivid yellow and sky blue against a background of warm pearly grey , were so discoloured by candle smoke as to make the pictures seem almost monochrome . The restoration has removed the filter of grime to reveal the colours again . However , the restoration was met with both praise and criticism . Critics assert that much original work by Michelangelo -- in particular pentimenti , highlights and shadows , and other detailing painted a secco -- was lost in the removal of various accretions . Quotations ( edit ) This painting by Tintoretto shows the influence of the Ignudi , this time in female form . Vasari `` The work has proved a veritable beacon to our art , of inestimable benefit to all painters , restoring light to a world that for centuries had been plunged into darkness . Indeed , painters no longer need to seek for new inventions , novel attitudes , clothed figures , fresh ways of expression , different arrangements , or sublime subjects , for this work contains every perfection possible under those headings . '' Johann Wolfgang Goethe `` Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable idea of what one man is capable of achieving . '' Waldemar Januszczak The art critic and television producer Waldemar Januszczak wrote that when the Sistine Chapel ceiling was recently cleaned , he `` was able to persuade the man at the Vatican who was in charge of Japanese TV access to let me climb the scaffold while the cleaning was in progress . '' `` I sneaked up there a few times . And under the bright , unforgiving lights of television , I was able to encounter the real Michelangelo . I was so close to him I could see the bristles from his brushes caught in the paint ; and the mucky thumbprints he 'd left along his margins . The first thing that impressed me was his speed . Michelangelo worked at Schumacher pace . Adam 's famous little penis was captured with a single brushstroke : a flick of the wrist , and the first man had his manhood . I also enjoyed his sense of humour , which , from close up , turned out to be refreshingly puerile . If you look closely at the angels who attend the scary prophetess on the Sistine ceiling known as the Cumaean Sibyl , you will see that one of them has stuck his thumb between his fingers in that mysteriously obscene gesture that visiting fans are still treated to today at Italian football matches . '' Gabriele Bartz and Eberhard König `` In a world where all experience was based in the glorious lost past of Antiquity , he made a new beginning . Michelangelo , more even than Raphael or Leonardo , embodies a standard of artistic genius which reveals a radically changed image of human beings and their potential ... '' Pope John Paul II `` It seems that Michelangelo , in his own way , allowed himself to be guided by the evocative words of the Book of Genesis which , as regards the creation of the human being , male and female , reveals : ' The man and his wife were both naked , yet they felt no shame ' . The Sistine Chapel is precisely -- if one may say so -- the sanctuary of the theology of the human body . In witnessing to the beauty of man created by God as male and female , it also expresses in a certain way , the hope of a world transfigured , the world inaugurated by the Risen Christ . '' See also ( edit ) Index of Vatican City - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. , in the Creation of Adam Jump up ^ Vasari says that Michelangelo , even as a boy , had `` the ability and judgement , fire and boldness to improve upon the work of his master '' Jump up ^ This was epitomised by Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 's Oration on the Dignity of Man . O'Malley , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Vasari interpreted the Sacrifice of Noah as that of Cain and Abel Jump up ^ Anthony Bertram ( 1970 ) discusses this as a hidden layer in the meanings of these works and notes that `` The principal opposed forces in this conflict were his passionate admiration for classical beauty and his profound , almost mystical Catholicism , his homosexuality , and his horror of carnal sin combined with a lofty Platonic concept of love . '' Jump up ^ These are not marked on the drawn plan but are clearly visible in the photographs . Jump up ^ e.g. `` egg and dart '' , `` bead and reel '' . ^ Jump up to : Sixtus IV , and Julius II were both of the Della Rovere family . `` Rovere '' in Italian means `` Oak '' , Quercus robur . Jump up ^ The scallop shell ( and pearl ) is a symbol of the doctrine of divine conception in renaissance and baroque art . Jump up ^ The technique that Michelangelo has employed is unusual in fresco , and may be original in its employment on this scale , but is not unique . He has utilised the same technique that was employed for decorating shields used in pageants and is similar to that used when drawing in metal point and white chalk on a coloured ground . The ground colour ( in this case red ochre streaked with black ) makes the background and all the mid tones in the composition . The shadowed edges are then painted or rather , drawn with a brush and the shadows drawn in a highly linear manner that defines the contours of the forms . On coloured paper , the highlights and brightly lit contours would usually be drawn with white chalk or finely painted in white paint . But in this case , gold leaf entirely replaces the white and has been applied exactly as if it had been drawn on , using the same method of defining contour as the black lines . A number of shields decorated by this technique are displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum , London . Jump up ^ Which is usually interpreted as a whale . Jump up ^ The lunettes specifically follow the genealogy according to Matthew , not the somewhat longer genealogy according to Luke . Over large stretches , the two genealogies differ , and choosing Matthew 's over Luke 's has interesting theological implications ( see Genealogy of Jesus ) . Jump up ^ In accordance with chapter 9 of the apocryphal Gospel of James , where Joseph says `` I am an old man '' , Renaissance art used to depict him in this way . See also The Cherry - Tree Carol : `` Joseph was an old man , and a bad old man was he , when he wedded Mary in the land of Galilee '' ( English 15th century ) . Traditionally , he is often dressed in a blue garment with a yellow cloak , e.g. Fra Angelico 's Adoration . Jump up ^ This is apparent from the giornata , the area plastered and painted in a single day . Jump up ^ `` Halination '' is the effect of bright areas blurring over less bright ones . Jump up ^ singular : Ignudo ; from the Italian adjective nudo , meaning `` naked '' Jump up ^ see Vasari 's comments under `` Quotations '' . Jump up ^ This is pure fantasy on behalf of the writer . It is true , however , that a single brushstroke has been used for the dark shadow that defines the underside of Adam 's penis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 , pp. 22 -- 36 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986b , pp. 38 -- 87 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , pp. 92 -- 148 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Goldscheider 1953 . Jump up ^ Shearman 1986b , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Partridge , 1996 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Vasari 1568 . Jump up ^ ' Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation ' by Bard Thompson , p. 267 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley 1986 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bartz 1998 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 181ff . ^ Jump up to : Mancinelli 1986 , pp. 220 -- 259 ^ Jump up to : Condivi 1553 . Jump up ^ Goldscheider 1951 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Art Through the Ages , pp. 469 -- 472 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 55 Jump up ^ Hurst 1986 Jump up ^ Buonarotti ( trans . Symonds 1878 ) Jump up ^ Blech , Benjamin . The Sistine Secrets : Michelangelo 's Forbidden Messages in the Heart of the Vatican , HarperOne , ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ wrote Foreword to Blech 's book , Enrico bruschini website Archived 2015 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 112 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 466 -- 467 Jump up ^ Aston 1979 , pp. 111 -- 112 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 102 -- 110 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Shearman 1986 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 100 Jump up ^ Partridge 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ O'Malley , p. 95 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 104 -- 105 , 160 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Paoletti and Radke p. 402 -- 403 ^ Jump up to : See Poor Man 's Bible Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 54 Jump up ^ Gardner , p. 467 Jump up ^ Charles de Tolnay , translated by Nan Buranelli , The Art and Thought of Michelangelo , Pantheon , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Renaissance at the V&A . Accessed 19 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Shearman 1986 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 120 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Jaritz , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 116 Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 107 -- 117 Jump up ^ Paoletti and Radke , p. 407 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , picture captions , pp. 162 -- 169 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 56 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , p. 238 ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , p. 170 -- 174 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , p. 44 Jump up ^ Mancinelli , pp. 234 -- 236 Jump up ^ Protagoras of Abdera , ( c. 480 -- 410 B.C. ) . Jump up ^ Hersey 1993 . Jump up ^ Graham - Dixon 2008 , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Gardner 1970 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , pp. 156 -- 158 Jump up ^ Bartz and König , pages 45 and 52 Jump up ^ Richard Owen , `` Vatican puts a squeeze on visitors '' , Timesonline , January 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pietrangeli 1994 Jump up ^ Beck 1995 . Jump up ^ Januszczak , Waldemar . `` The Michelangelo Code '' . Sunday Times ( London ) , March 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Paul II 1994 Reference images ( edit ) Jump up ^ First Day of Creation , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Dividing Water and Heavens , in context with shields and Ignudi ( restored ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Earth and the celestial bodies , ( restored ) Jump up ^ God creating Eve from the side of the sleeping Adam , in context with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Adam and Eve : temptation and banishment ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Sacrifice of Noah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Great Flood ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Noah 's drunkenness in context , with shields and Ignudi ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The `` Uriah '' shield Jump up ^ The incomplete medallion on the left - hand side of the `` Separation of the Waters '' panel ^ Jump up to : The prophet Jonah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Jeremiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Persian Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Ezekiel ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The Erithraean Sibyl ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Joel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The prophet Zechariah ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Delphic Sibyl ( restored ) ^ Jump up to : The prophet Isaiah ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Cumean Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The prophet Daniel ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ The Libyan Sibyl ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Brazen Serpent ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The crucifixion of Haman ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ David slaying Goliath ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ Judith carrying the head of Holofernes ( Before restoration ) Jump up ^ The destroyed lunettes : Abraham / Isaac / Jacob / Judah and Pharez / Hezron / Ram , engravings by William Young Ottley . Jump up ^ Woman cutting garment The `` Salmon Spandrel '' ( restored ) Jump up ^ The Blessed Virgin Mary ( ? ) looking from a spandrel before and after restoration . Jump up ^ Eleazar and Mathan lunette ( before restoration ) Jump up ^ Masaccio : The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden fresco , 208 cm × 88 cm ( 82 in × 35 in ) Cappella Brancacci , Santa Maria del Carmine , Florence Jump up ^ Luca Signorelli : Resurrection of the Flesh ( 1499 -- 1502 ) Chapel of San Brizio , Duomo , Orvieto Jump up ^ Raphael ( ca . 1509 ) Heraclitus Detail from the School of Athens , a portrait of Michelangelo Biblical sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Genesis , chapter 1 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Genesis , chapters 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Second Book of Kings , chapter 2 : 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Joel , chapter 2 , verse 28 . Jump up ^ Zechariah , chapter 9 , verse 9 ; Matthew , chapter 21 , verses 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ The Book of Jonah Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew 12 : 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Book of Micah , chapter 5 , verse 2 ; Gospel of Matthew , chapter 2 , verse 6 . Jump up ^ Gospel of Luke Jump up ^ Gospel of Matthew Jump up ^ The Book of Numbers , chapter 21 : 4 -- 9 Jump up ^ The Book of Esther Jump up ^ First Book of Samuel , chapter 2 : 18 Jump up ^ Isaiah 11 : 1 Jump up ^ e.g. Genesis , chapter 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aston , Margaret ( 1979 ) `` The fifteenth century : the prospect of Europe '' . W.W. Norton , New York . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95097 - 2 Bartz , Gabriele ; König , Eberhard ( 1998 ) . Michelangelo , Könemann . ISBN 3 - 8290 - 0253 - X Beck , James ; Daley , Michael ( 1995 ) . Art Restoration , the Culture , the Business and the Scandal , W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31297 - 6 Bertram , Anthony ( 1970 ) . Michelangelo , 1970 , Studio Vista . ISBN B00071KTVA Buonarotti , Michelangelo ; Campanella , Tommaso ( 1878 ) . The Sonnets of Michael Angelo Buonarotti and Tommaso Campanella Now For the First Time Translated into Rhymed English . Project Gutenberg EBooks. 10314 . Translated by John Addington Symonds . Retrieved 2 June 2009 . Condivi , Ascanio ( 1553 ) . Life of Michelangelo Efetov , Konstantin ( 2006 ) , A shocking secret of the Sistine Chapel , Simferopol : CSMU Press , ISBN 966 - 2969 - 17 - 9 Freidenthal , Richard ( 1963 ) . Letters of the Great Artists , 1963 , Thames and Hudson Gardner , Helen ( 1970 ) Art through the Ages , Harcourt , Brace and World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 508315 - 8 Giacometti , Massimo ( 1984 ) . The Sistine Chapel , a collection of essays on aspects of the chapel , its decoration and the restoration of Michelangelo 's frescoes , by Carlo Pietrangeli , André Chastel , John Shearman , John O'Malley S.J. , Pierluigi de Vecchi , Michael Hirst , Fabrizio Mancinelli , Gianluigi Colallucci , and Franco Bernabei. 1984 , Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 56274 - X Graham - Dixon , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85365 - 7 . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1951 ) . Michelangelo : Drawings , Phaidon . Goldscheider , Ludwig ( 1953 ) . Michelangelo : Paintings , Sculpture , Architecture , Phaidon . Hale , J.R. ( 1979 ) . Renaissance Europe , 1480 -- 1520 , Fontana / Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 632435 - 5 Hersey , George L. ( 1993 ) High Renaissance Art in St. Peter 's and the Vatican , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32782 - 5 Hirst , Michael ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti The Holy Bible , various authors , King James version . Jaritz , Gerhard ( 2012 ) . Ritual , Images , and Daily Life . The Medieval Perspective . Münster : LIT Verlag . p. 16 . ISBN 3 - 643 - 90113 - 5 . John Paul II ( 1994 ) . `` Homily of His Holiness John Paul II , 8 April 1994 '' . Homily preached at the mass of to celebrate the unveiling of the restorations of Michelangelo 's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel . Vatican Publishing House . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Mancinelli , Fabrizio ( 1986 ) . in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti O'Malley , John ( 1986 ) . The Theology behind Michelangelo 's Ceiling in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Paoletti , John T. ; Radke , Gary M. ( 2005 ) . Art in Renaissance Italy , Laurence King . ISBN 1 - 85669 - 439 - 9 Partridge , Loren ( 1996 ) . Michelangelo . The Sistine Chapel Ceiling , Rome . New York : George Braziller . ISBN 0 - 8076 - 1315 - 0 . Pietrangeli , Hirst and Colalucci , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration . Italy , Harry N Abrams Shearman , John ( 1986 ) The Chapel of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Shearman , John ( 1986b ) The Fresco Decoration of Sixtus IV in The Sistine Chapel , ed . Massimo Giacometti . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1568 ) . Lives of the Artists , ' Michelangelo ' . Trans . George Bull , 1965 , Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044164 - 6 Vecchi , Pierluigi de , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Sistine Chapel : A Glorious Restoration , Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3840 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sistine Chapel ceiling . Vatican Museum 3 - D interior view Visual / Interactive Tour of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and upper walls , with identifications and detail images Zoomable Panoramic View of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling ( HTML5 ) Michelangelo 's Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel , Smarthistory video ( 22 : 03 ) Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings The Sistine Ceiling and the Holy Spirit Michelangelo List of works Key : * Attributed , † Lost Sculptures Florence , c. 1488 -- 1492 † Head of a Faun Madonna of the Stairs Battle of the Centaurs Crucifix Bologna , 1494 -- 1495 Additions to the Arca di San Domenico ( St Petronius , St Proclus , Angel ) Rome , 1496 -- 1500 † Sleeping Cupid Bacchus † Standing Cupid Pietà Florence , 1501 -- 1505 David Madonna of Bruges Additions to the Piccolomini Altarpiece ( Saints Peter , Paul , Pius and Gregory ) Pitti Tondo Taddei Tondo St. Matthew * Rothschild Bronzes Tomb of Pope Julius II , 1505 -- 1545 Moses Rebellious Slave Dying Slave Young Slave Bearded Slave Atlas Slave Awakening Slave The Genius of Victory Rachel Leah Florence , 1516 -- 1534 Christ Carrying the Cross Medici Chapel Giuliano de ' Medici Night Day Dusk Dawn Medici Madonna Apollo Crouching Boy Rome , 1534 -- 1564 Brutus Florentine Pietà * Palestrina Pietà Rondanini Pietà Paintings Panel paintings The Torment of Saint Anthony Manchester Madonna The Entombment Doni Tondo † Leda and the Swan Salone dei Cinquecento † Battle of Cascina Sistine Chapel Ceiling Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Creation of Adam Prophet Daniel Prophet Isaiah Prophet Jeremiah Prophet Joel Prophet Jonah The Last Judgment Cappella Paolina The Martyrdom of St Peter The Conversion of Saul Architecture Florence New Sacristy and Laurentian Library in the Basilica of San Lorenzo Rome Capitoline Museums Piazza del Campidoglio Palazzo Farnese St. Peter 's Basilica San Giovanni dei Fiorentini Porta Pia Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri More Works on paper Study of a Kneeling Nude Girl for The Entombment Male Back With a Flag Epifania Milieu Cecchino dei Bracci Tommaso dei Cavalieri Vittoria Colonna Ascanio Condivi Gherardo Perini Sebastiano del Piombo Febo di Poggio Luigi del Riccio Related Art patronage of Julius II Casa Buonarroti Lives of the Most Excellent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects Michelangelo and the Medici Replicas of David Replicas of the Pietà Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The Titan : Story of Michelangelo ( 1950 documentary ) The Agony and the Ecstasy ( 1961 novel , 1965 film ) A Season of Giants ( 1990 TV film ) Michelangelo quadrangle Decoration of the Sistine Chapel Life of Moses Moses Leaving to Egypt Youth of Moses The Crossing of the Red Sea The Descent from Mount Sinai The Punishment of the Rebels The Testament and Death of Moses Life of Christ The Baptism of Christ The Temptations of Christ The Vocation of the Apostles The Sermon on the Mount The Delivery of the Keys The Last Supper Ceiling ( Gallery ) Scenes from Genesis The Separation of Light from Darkness The Creation of the Sun , Moon and Vegetation The Separation of Land and Water The Creation of Adam The Creation of Eve The Fall of Man and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden The Sacrifice of Noah The Flood The Drunkenness of Noah Prophets Jonah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Zechariah Isaiah Daniel Sibyls Persian Sibyl Erythraean Sibyl Delphic Sibyl Cumaean Sibyl Libyan Sibyl Altar wall The Last Judgment Tapestries The Lives of Saints Peter and Paul Related Art patronage of Julius II Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes The Agony and the Ecstasy ( 1965 film ) Key : Pietro Perugino Sandro Botticelli Cosimo Rosselli Domenico Ghirlandaio Biagio d'Antonio Piero di Cosimo Luca Signorelli Bartolomeo della Gatta Michelangelo Raphael Pope Sixtus IV Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Vatican City articles Index * Outline * Holy See History History of the papacy `` Prisoner in the 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Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Architecture and art Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Sistine Chapel ceiling Fountains Fontana dell'Acqua Felice Fontana dell'Acqua Paola Trevi Fountain Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistine_Chapel_ceiling&oldid=861002429 '' Categories : 1512 paintings Sistine Chapel ceiling Michelangelo Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar 日本語 Norsk Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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-2622200827870185507	Père Lachaise Cemetery	Père Lachaise cemetery - wikipedia Père Lachaise cemetery Cimetière du Père - Lachaise Details Established 1804 Location Paris Country France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 36 '' N 2 ° 23 ′ 46 '' E / 48.860 ° N 2.396 ° E / 48.860 ; 2.396 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 36 '' N 2 ° 23 ′ 46 '' E / 48.860 ° N 2.396 ° E / 48.860 ; 2.396 Type Public , non-denominational Size 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) No. of interments Over one million Find a Grave Cimetière du Père - Lachaise Père Lachaise Cemetery ( French : Cimetière du Père - Lachaise , ( simtjɛːʁ dy pɛːʁ laʃɛːz ) ; formerly , cimetière de l'Est , `` Cemetery of the East '' ) is the largest cemetery in the city of Paris ( 44 hectares or 110 acres ) , although there are larger cemeteries in the city 's suburbs . Père Lachaise is in the 20th arrondissement and is notable for being the first garden cemetery , as well as the first municipal cemetery . It is also the site of three World War I memorials . The cemetery is on Boulevard de Ménilmontant . The Paris Métro station Philippe Auguste on line 2 is next to the main entrance , while the station named Père Lachaise , on both lines 2 and 3 , is 500 metres away near a side entrance that has been closed to the public . Many tourists prefer the Gambetta station on line 3 , as it allows them to enter near the tomb of Oscar Wilde and then walk downhill to visit the rest of the cemetery . Each year , Père Lachaise Cemetery has more than 3.5 million visitors , making it the most visited cemetery in the world . Contents 1 History and description 1.1 Origin 1.2 The Crematorium and Columbarium 1.3 Cemetery today 1.4 Aux Morts ossuary 2 See also 3 Gallery 4 References 5 External links History and description ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The cemetery takes its name from the confessor to Louis XIV , Père François de la Chaise ( 1624 -- 1709 ) , who lived in the Jesuit house rebuilt during 1682 on the site of the chapel . The property , situated on the hillside from which the king watched skirmishing between the armies of the Condé and Turenne during the Fronde , was bought by the city during 1804 . Established by Napoleon during this year , the cemetery was laid out by Alexandre - Théodore Brongniart and later extended . As the city graveyards of Paris filled , several new , large cemeteries , outside the precincts of the capital , replaced them : Montmartre Cemetery in the north , Père Lachaise in the east , and Montparnasse Cemetery in the south . Near the middle of the city is Passy Cemetery . Père Lachaise Cemetery was opened on 21 May 1804 . The first person buried there was a five - year - old girl named Adélaïde Paillard de Villeneuve , the daughter of a door bell - boy of the Faubourg St. Antoine . Her grave no longer exists as the plot was a temporary concession . Napoleon , who had been proclaimed Emperor by the Senate three days earlier , had declared during the Consulate that `` Every citizen has the right to be buried regardless of race or religion '' . At the time of its opening , the cemetery was considered to be situated too far from the city and attracted few funerals . Moreover , many Roman Catholics refused to have their graves in a place that had not been blessed by the Church . During 1804 , the Père Lachaise contained only 13 graves . Consequently , the administrators devised a marketing strategy and during 1804 , with great fanfare , organized the transfer of the remains of Jean de La Fontaine and Molière . The next year there were 44 burials , with 49 during 1806 , 62 during 1807 and 833 during 1812 . Then , in another great spectacle of 1817 , the purported remains of Pierre Abélard and Héloïse d'Argenteuil were also transferred to the cemetery with their monument 's canopy made from fragments of the abbey of Nogent - sur - Seine ( by tradition , lovers or lovelorn singles leave letters at the crypt in tribute to the couple or in hope of finding true love ) . This strategy achieved its desired effect : people began clamouring to be buried among the famous citizens . Records show that the Père Lachaise contained more than 33,000 graves during 1830 . Père Lachaise was expanded five times : during 1824 , 1829 , 1832 , 1842 and 1850 . Presently there are more than 1 million bodies buried there , and many more in the columbarium , which holds the remains of those who had requested cremation . The Communards ' Wall ( Mur des Fédérés ) is also located in the cemetery . This is the site where 147 Communards , the last defenders of the workers ' district of Belleville , were shot on 28 May 1871 -- the last day of the `` Bloody Week '' ( Semaine Sanglante ) in which the Paris Commune was crushed . The site is today a traditional rallying point for members of the French political Left . Ironically , Adolphe Thiers , the French president who directed `` Bloody Week , '' is also interred in the cemetery , where his tomb has occasionally been subject to vandalism . The crematorium and columbarium ( edit ) A funerary chapel was erected during 1823 by Étienne - Hippolyte Godde at the exact place of the ancient Jesuit house . This same Neoclassical architect created the monumental entrance a few years later . A columbarium and a crematorium of a Neo-Byzantine style were designed in 1894 by Jean - Camille Formigé . Cemetery today ( edit ) Map of the Père - Lachaise Cemetery . Père Lachaise is still an operating cemetery and accepting new burials . However , the rules to be buried in a Paris cemetery are rather strict : people may be buried in one of these cemeteries if they die in the French capital city or if they lived there . Being buried in Père Lachaise is even more difficult nowadays as there is a waiting list : very few plots are available . The grave sites at Père Lachaise range from a simple , unadorned headstone to towering monuments and even elaborate mini chapels dedicated to the memory of a well - known person or family . Many of the tombs are about the size and shape of a telephone booth , with just enough space for a mourner to step inside , kneel to say a prayer , and leave some flowers . The cemetery manages to squeeze an increasing number of bodies into a finite and already crowded space . One way it does this is by combining the remains of multiple family members in the same grave . At Père Lachaise , it is not uncommon to reopen a grave after a body has decomposed and inter another coffin . Some family mausoleums or multi-family tombs contain dozens of bodies , often in several separate but contiguous graves . Shelves are usually installed to accommodate them . During relatively recent times , the Père Lachaise has adopted a standard practice of issuing 30 - year leases on grave sites , so that if a lease is not renewed by a family , the remains can be removed , space made for a new grave , and the overall deterioration of the cemetery minimized . Abandoned remains are boxed , tagged and moved to Aux Morts ossuary , in Père Lachaise cemetery . Plots can be bought in perpetuity or for 50 , 30 or 10 years , the last being the least expensive option . Even for the case of mausoleums and chapels , coffins are most of the time below ground . Although some sources incorrectly estimate the number of interred as 300,000 in Père Lachaise , according to the official website of the city of Paris , one million people have been buried there to date . Along with the stored remains in the Aux Morts ossuary , the number of human remains exceeds 2 -- 3 million . Aux Morts ossuary ( edit ) Behind the Aux Morts ( To the Dead ) monument sculpted by Paul - Albert Bartholomé lies an ossuary of the bones of Parisians from cemeteries all over the city , a smaller kind of modern - day catacombs . Although the monument is well known , it is not general knowledge that it is also an ossuary , and its doors usually remain closed and locked to the public . When it became overcrowded recently , the bones were removed for cremation and returned to the ossuary after the incineration process . In the Père Lachaise ossuary , efforts are made to store bones and ashes in separate boxes . See also ( edit ) Paris portal Death portal List of burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Gallery ( edit ) Main entrance of Père Lachaise Cemetery A winding path through the cemetery Oscar Wilde 's tomb Père Lachaise , Chemin Errazu Père Lachaise crematorium Memorial to the dead Samuel Hahnemann 's bust and mausoleum Opened tomb Honoré de Balzac 's bust and tomb Georges Bizet 's grave Tomb of Pierre Bourdieu Cenotaph of Maria Callas Tomb of Luigi Cherubini Frédéric Chopin 's grave Jean - François Champollion 's grave Tomb of Colette Eugène Delacroix 's tomb Tomb of Joseph Louis Gay - Lussac Tomb of Sadeq Hedayat Grave of Édith Piaf Tomb of Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Tomb of Allan Kardec Tomb of Georges Méliès Tomb of Molière Tomb of Michel Petrucciani Marcel Proust 's grave The Raspail family grave Now empty tomb of Rossini Tomb of Gholam - Hossein Sa'edi Tomb of Jim Morrison Tomb of Henri Salvador and his wife Jacqueline Salvador Tomb of Jean Anthelme Brillat - Savarin Tomb of Marie Trintignant Dominique Vivant , Baron de Denon 's grave References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cimetière du Père - Lachaise '' , Paris Tourist Office article Jump up ^ `` Burial Grounds . '' International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences . Ed . William A. Darity , Jr. 2nd ed . Vol. 1 . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 . 392 - 393 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Web . 27 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Passy Cemetery '' . www.fodors.com . Fodors . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Cemetery of The Père - Lachaise '' . Parissweethome.com . Jump up ^ See Peter Abelard # Disputed resting place / lovers ' pilgrimage for more on the dispute as to their burial site . ^ Jump up to : Mairie de Paris ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` Père - Lachaise cemetery '' . Paris.fr . Archived from the original on 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Planet , Lonely . `` Cimetière du Père Lachaise in Paris , France '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about Paris Cemeteries '' . Pariscemeteries.com . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Père - Lachaise Cemetery : Interesting Thing of the Day '' . Itotd.com. 15 March 2005 . 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3587178024594337324	NAACP	NAACP - wikipedia NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Abbreviation NAACP Formation February 12 , 1909 ; 109 years ago ( 1909 - 02 - 12 ) Purpose `` To ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination . '' Headquarters Baltimore , Maryland , US Membership 300,000 Chairman Leon W. Russell President and CEO Derrick Johnson Main organ Board of directors Budget $27,624,433 Website naacp.org African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil rights movement Origins of the civil rights movement Civil rights movement Black Power movement Post -- civil rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians ( Seminoles ) Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English ( American ) ( African American ) Gullah ( Afro - Seminole Creole ) Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) is a civil rights organization in the United States , formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group , including , W.E.B. Du Bois , Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey . Its mission in the 21st century is `` to ensure the political , educational , social , and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race - based discrimination . '' Their national initiatives included political lobbying , publicity efforts , and litigation strategies developed by their legal team . The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct , the status of black foreign refugees , and questions of economic development . Its name , retained in accordance with tradition , uses the once common term colored people , referring to people of some African ancestry . The NAACP bestows annual awards to people of color in two categories : Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment , and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind . Its headquarters is in Baltimore , Maryland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 2 Predecessor : The Niagara Movement 3 History 3.1 Formation 3.2 Jim Crow and disenfranchisement 3.3 Legal Defense Fund 3.4 Desegregation 3.5 The 1990s 3.6 Lee Alcorn controversy 3.7 George W. Bush 3.8 Tax exempt status 3.9 LGBT rights 3.10 Travel warning regarding Missouri 4 Geography 5 Current activities 5.1 Youth 5.1. 1 Youth and College Division 5.1. 2 ACT - SO program 6 Partner organizations 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Archives Organization The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore , with additional regional offices in New York , Michigan , Georgia , Maryland , Texas , Colorado and California . Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region . Local , youth , and college chapters organize activities for individual members . In the U.S. , the NAACP is administered by a 64 - member board , led by a chairperson . The board elects one person as the president and one as chief executive officer for the organization ; Benjamin Jealous is its most recent ( and youngest ) president , selected to replace Bruce S. Gordon , who resigned in March 2007 . Julian Bond , Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia State Senator , was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by health - care administrator Roslyn Brock . For decades in the first half of the 20th century , the organization was effectively led by its executive secretary , who acted as chief operating officer . James Weldon Johnson and Walter F. White , who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958 , were much more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years . Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action . Local chapters are supported by the ' Branch and Field Services ' department and the ' Youth and College ' department . The ' Legal ' department focuses on court cases of broad application to minorities , such as systematic discrimination in employment , government , or education . The Washington , D.C. , bureau is responsible for lobbying the U.S. government , and the Education Department works to improve public education at the local , state and federal levels . The goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education . As of 2007 , the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members . The NAACP 's non-current records are housed at the Library of Congress , which has served as the organization 's official repository since 1964 . The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACP 's history from the time of its founding until 2003 . In 2011 , the NAACP teamed with the digital repository ProQuest to digitize and host online the earlier portion of its archives , through 1972 -- nearly two million pages of documents , from the national , legal , and branch offices throughout the country , which offer first - hand insight into the organization 's work related to such crucial issues as lynching , school desegregation , and discrimination in all its aspects ( in the military , the criminal justice system , employment , housing ) . Predecessor : the Niagara Movement The Pan-American Exposition of 1901 in Buffalo , New York featured many American innovations and achievements , but also included a disparaging caricature of slave life in the South as well as a depiction of life in Africa , called `` Old Plantation '' and `` Darkest Africa , '' respectively . A local African American women , Mary Talbert of Ohio was appalled by the exhibit , as a similar one in Paris highlighted black achievements . She informed W.E.B. DuBois of the situation , and a coalition began to form . In 1905 , a group of thirty - two prominent African - American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing people of color and possible strategies and solutions . They were particularly concerned by the Southern states ' disenfranchisement of blacks starting with Mississippi 's passage of a new constitution in 1890 . Through 1908 , southern legislatures dominated by white Democrats ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules . In practice , this caused the exclusion of most blacks and many poor whites from the political system in southern states , crippling the Republican Party in most of the South . Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation . Men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not `` qualify '' to register . White - dominated legislatures also passed segregation and Jim Crow laws . Because hotels in the US were segregated , the men convened in Canada at the Erie Beach Hotel on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in Fort Erie , Ontario . As a result , the group came to be known as the Niagara Movement . A year later , three non-African - Americans joined the group : journalist William English Walling , a wealthy socialist ; and social workers Mary White Ovington and Henry Moskowitz . Moskowitz , who was Jewish , was then also Associate Leader of the New York Society for Ethical Culture . They met in 1906 at Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , and in 1907 in Boston , Massachusetts . The fledgling group struggled for a time with limited resources and internal conflict , and disbanded in 1910 . Seven of the members of the Niagara Movement joined the Board of Directors of the NAACP , founded in 1909 . Although both organizations shared membership and overlapped for a time , the Niagara Movement was a separate organization . Historically , it is considered to have had a more radical platform than the NAACP . The Niagara Movement was formed exclusively by African Americans . Three European Americans were among the founders of the NAACP . History See also : African - American -- Jewish relations Formation Founders of the NAACP : Moorfield Storey , Mary White Ovington and W.E.B. Du Bois . The Race Riot of 1908 in Springfield , Illinois , the state capital and President Abraham Lincoln 's hometown , was a catalyst showing the urgent need for an effective civil rights organization in the U.S. In the decades around the turn of the century , the rate of lynchings of blacks , particularly men , was at a high . Mary White Ovington , journalist William English Walling and Henry Moskowitz met in New York City in January 1909 to work on organizing for black civil rights . They sent out solicitations for support to more than 60 prominent Americans , and set a meeting date for February 12 , 1909 . This was intended to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of President Abraham Lincoln , who emancipated enslaved African Americans . While the first large meeting did not take place until three months later , the February date is often cited as the founding date of the organization . The NAACP was founded on February 12 , 1909 , by a larger group including African Americans W.E.B. Du Bois , Ida B. Wells , Archibald Grimké , Mary Church Terrell , and the previously named whites Henry Moskowitz , Mary White Ovington , William English Walling ( the wealthy Socialist son of a former slave - holding family ) , Florence Kelley , a social reformer and friend of Du Bois ; Oswald Garrison Villard , and Charles Edward Russell , a renowned muckraker and close friend of Walling . Russell helped plan the NAACP and had served as acting chairman of the National Negro Committee ( 1909 ) , a forerunner to the NAACP . On May 30 , 1909 , the Niagara Movement conference took place at New York City 's Henry Street Settlement House ; they created an organization of more than 40 , identifying as the National Negro Committee . Among other founding members was Lillian Wald , a nurse who had founded the Henry Street Settlement where the conference took place . Du Bois played a key role in organizing the event and presided over the proceedings . Also in attendance was Ida B. Wells - Barnett , an African - American journalist and anti-lynching crusader . At their second conference on May 30 , 1910 , members chose the new organization 's name to be the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and elected its first officers : National President , Moorfield Storey , Boston Chairman of the Executive Committee , William English Walling Treasurer , John E. Milholland ( a Lincoln Republican and Presbyterian from New York City and Lewis , New York ) Disbursing Treasurer , Oswald Garrison Villard Executive Secretary , Frances Blascoer Director of Publicity and Research , W.E.B. Du Bois . The NAACP was incorporated a year later in 1911 . The association 's charter expressed its mission : To promote equality of rights and to eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States ; to advance the interest of colored citizens ; to secure for them impartial suffrage ; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts , education for the children , employment according to their ability and complete equality before law . The larger conference resulted in a more diverse organization , where the leadership was predominantly white . At its founding , the NAACP had one African American on its executive board , Du Bois . It did not elect a black president until 1975 , but the executive directors , who were the chief operating officers , were primarily African Americans since the early 20th century . The Jewish community contributed greatly to the NAACP 's founding and continued financing . Jewish historian Howard Sachar writes in his book A History of Jews in America that `` In 1914 , Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff , Jacob Billikopf , and Rabbi Stephen Wise . '' Du Bois continued to play a pivotal leadership role in the organization . He served as editor of the association 's magazine , The Crisis , which had a circulation of more than 30,000 . It was used both for news reporting and for publishing African - American poetry and literature . During the organization 's campaigns against lynching , Du Bois encouraged the writing and performance of plays and other expressive literature about this issue . Moorfield Storey , a white attorney from a Boston abolitionist family , served as the president of the NAACP from its founding to 1915 . Storey was a long - time classical liberal and Grover Cleveland Democrat who advocated laissez - faire free markets , the gold standard , and anti-imperialism . Storey consistently and aggressively championed civil rights , not only for blacks but also for Native Americans and immigrants ( he opposed immigration restrictions ) . Jim Crow and disenfranchisement An African American drinks out of a segregated water cooler designated for `` colored '' patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City . Sign for the `` colored '' waiting room at a bus station in Durham , North Carolina , 1940 In its early years , the NAACP was based in New York City . It concentrated on litigation in efforts to overturn disenfranchisement of blacks , which had been established in every southern state by 1908 , excluding most from the political system , and the Jim Crow statutes that legalized racial segregation . In 1913 , the NAACP organized opposition to President Woodrow Wilson 's introduction of racial segregation into federal government policy , workplaces , and hiring . African - American women 's clubs were among the organizations that protested Wilson 's changes , but the administration did not alter its assuagement of Southern cabinet members and the Southern block in Congress . By 1914 , the group had 6,000 members and 50 branches . It was influential in winning the right of African Americans to serve as military officers in World War I. Six hundred African - American officers were commissioned and 700,000 men registered for the draft . The following year , the NAACP organized a nationwide protest , with marches in numerous cities , against D.W. Griffith 's silent movie The Birth of a Nation , a film that glamorized the Ku Klux Klan . As a result , several cities refused to allow the film to open . The NAACP began to lead lawsuits targeting disfranchisement and racial segregation early in its history . It played a significant part in the challenge of Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) to Oklahoma 's discriminatory grandfather clause , which effectively disenfranchised most black citizens while exempting many whites from certain voter registration requirements . It persuaded the Supreme Court of the United States to rule in Buchanan v. Warley in 1917 that state and local governments can not officially segregate African Americans into separate residential districts . The Court 's opinion reflected the jurisprudence of property rights and freedom of contract as embodied in the earlier precedent it established in Lochner v. New York . In 1916 , chairman Joel Spingarn invited James Weldon Johnson to serve as field secretary . Johnson was a former U.S. consul to Venezuela and a noted African - American scholar and columnist . Within four years , Johnson was instrumental in increasing the NAACP 's membership from 9,000 to almost 90,000 . In 1920 , Johnson was elected head of the organization . Over the next ten years , the NAACP escalated its lobbying and litigation efforts , becoming internationally known for its advocacy of equal rights and equal protection for the `` American Negro . '' The NAACP devoted much of its energy during the interwar years to fighting the lynching of blacks throughout the United States by working for legislation , lobbying and educating the public . The organization sent its field secretary Walter F. White to Phillips County , Arkansas , in October 1919 , to investigate the Elaine Race Riot . More than 200 black tenant farmers were killed by roving white vigilantes and federal troops after a deputy sheriff 's attack on a union meeting of sharecroppers left one white man dead . White published his report on the riot in the Chicago Daily News . The NAACP organized the appeals for twelve black men sentenced to death a month later based on the fact that testimony used in their convictions was obtained by beatings and electric shocks . It gained a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision in Moore v. Dempsey 261 U.S. 86 ( 1923 ) that significantly expanded the Federal courts ' oversight of the states ' criminal justice systems in the years to come . White investigated eight race riots and 41 lynchings for the NAACP and directed its study Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States . NAACP leaders Henry L. Moon , Roy Wilkins , Herbert Hill , and Thurgood Marshall in 1956 . The NAACP also worked for more than a decade seeking federal anti-lynching legislation , but the Solid South of white Democrats voted as a bloc against it or used the filibuster in the Senate to block passage . Because of disenfranchisement , African Americans in the South were unable to elect representatives of their choice to office . The NAACP regularly displayed a black flag stating `` A Man Was Lynched Yesterday '' from the window of its offices in New York to mark each lynching . In alliance with the American Federation of Labor , the NAACP led the successful fight to prevent the nomination of John Johnston Parker to the Supreme Court , based on his support for denying the vote to blacks and his anti-labor rulings . It organized legal support for the Scottsboro Boys . The NAACP lost most of the internecine battles with the Communist Party and International Labor Defense over the control of those cases and the legal strategy to be pursued in that case . The organization also brought litigation to challenge the `` white primary '' system in the South . Southern state Democratic parties had created white - only primaries as another way of barring blacks from the political process . Since southern states were dominated by the Democrats , the primaries were the only competitive contests . In 1944 in Smith v. Allwright , the Supreme Court ruled against the white primary . Although states had to retract legislation related to the white primaries , the legislatures soon came up with new methods to severely limit the franchise for blacks . Legal Defense Fund The board of directors of the NAACP created the Legal Defense Fund in 1939 specifically for tax purposes . It functioned as the NAACP legal department . Intimidated by the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service , the Legal and Educational Defense Fund , Inc. , became a separate legal entity in 1957 , although it was clear that it was to operate in accordance with NAACP policy . After 1961 serious disputes emerged between the two organizations , creating considerable confusion in the eyes and minds of the public . Desegregation NAACP representatives E. Franklin Jackson and Stephen Gill Spottswood meeting with President Kennedy at the White House in 1961 By the 1940s the federal courts were amenable to lawsuits regarding constitutional rights , which Congressional action was virtually impossible . With the rise of private corporate litigators such as the NAACP to bear the expense , civil suits became the pattern in modern civil rights litigation . The NAACP 's Legal department , headed by Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall , undertook a campaign spanning several decades to bring about the reversal of the `` separate but equal '' doctrine announced by the Supreme Court 's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson . The NAACP 's Baltimore chapter , under president Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson , challenged segregation in Maryland state professional schools by supporting the 1935 Murray v. Pearson case argued by Marshall . Houston 's victory in Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada ( 1938 ) led to the formation of the Legal Defense Fund in 1939 . Locals viewing the bomb - damaged home of Arthur Shores , NAACP attorney , Birmingham , Alabama , on September 5 , 1963 . The bomb exploded on September 4 , the previous day , injuring Shores ' wife . The campaign for desegregation culminated in a unanimous 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that held state - sponsored segregation of public elementary schools was unconstitutional . Bolstered by that victory , the NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South . NAACP activists were excited about the judicial strategy . Starting on December 5 , 1955 , NAACP activists , including Edgar Nixon , its local president , and Rosa Parks , who had served as the chapter 's Secretary , helped organize a bus boycott in Montgomery , Alabama . This was designed to protest segregation on the city 's buses , two - thirds of whose riders were black . The boycott lasted 381 days . The State of Alabama responded by effectively barring the NAACP from operating within its borders because of its refusal to divulge a list of its members . The NAACP feared members could be fired or face violent retaliation for their activities . Although the Supreme Court eventually overturned the state 's action in NAACP v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) , the NAACP lost its leadership role in the Civil Rights Movement while it was barred from Alabama . New organizations such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) rose up with different approaches to activism . These newer groups relied on direct action and mass mobilization to advance the rights of African Americans , rather than litigation and legislation . Roy Wilkins , NAACP 's executive director , clashed repeatedly with Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders over questions of strategy and leadership within the movement . The NAACP continued to use the Supreme Court 's decision in Brown to press for desegregation of schools and public facilities throughout the country . Daisy Bates , president of its Arkansas state chapter , spearheaded the campaign by the Little Rock Nine to integrate the public schools in Little Rock , Arkansas . By the mid-1960s , the NAACP had regained some of its preeminence in the Civil Rights Movement by pressing for civil rights legislation . The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place on August 28 , 1963 . That fall President John F. Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress before he was assassinated . President Lyndon B. Johnson worked hard to persuade Congress to pass a civil rights bill aimed at ending racial discrimination in employment , education and public accommodations , and succeeded in gaining passage in July 1964 . He followed that with passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which provided for protection of the franchise , with a role for federal oversight and administrators in places where voter turnout was historically low . After Kivie Kaplan died in 1975 , scientist W. Montague Cobb became President of the NAACP and served until 1982 . Benjamin Hooks , a lawyer and clergyman , was elected as the NAACP 's executive director in 1977 , after the retirement of Roy Wilkins . The 1990s In the 1990s , the NAACP ran into debt . The dismissal of two leading officials further added to the picture of an organization in deep crisis . In 1993 the NAACP 's Board of Directors narrowly selected Reverend Benjamin Chavis over Reverend Jesse Jackson to fill the position of Executive Director . A controversial figure , Chavis was ousted eighteen months later by the same board . They accused him of using NAACP funds for an out - of - court settlement in a sexual harassment lawsuit . Following the dismissal of Chavis , Myrlie Evers - Williams narrowly defeated NAACP chairperson William Gibson for president in 1995 , after Gibson was accused of overspending and mismanagement of the organization 's funds . In 1996 Congressman Kweisi Mfume , a Democratic Congressman from Maryland and former head of the Congressional Black Caucus , was named the organization 's president . Three years later strained finances forced the organization to drastically cut its staff , from 250 in 1992 to 50 . In the second half of the 1990s , the organization restored its finances , permitting the NAACP National Voter Fund to launch a major get - out - the - vote offensive in the 2000 U.S. presidential elections . 10.5 million African Americans cast their ballots in the election . This was one million more than four years before . The NAACP 's effort was credited by observers as playing a significant role in Democrat Al Gore 's winning several states where the election was close , such as Pennsylvania and Michigan . Lee Alcorn controversy During the 2000 Presidential election , Lee Alcorn , president of the Dallas NAACP branch , criticized Al Gore 's selection of Senator Joe Lieberman for his Vice-Presidential candidate because Lieberman was Jewish . On a gospel talk radio show on station KHVN , Alcorn stated , `` If we get a Jew person , then what I 'm wondering is , I mean , what is this movement for , you know ? Does it have anything to do with the failed peace talks ? '' ... `` So I think we need to be very suspicious of any kind of partnerships between the Jews at that kind of level because we know that their interest primarily has to do with money and these kind of things . '' NAACP President Kweisi Mfume immediately suspended Alcorn and condemned his remarks . Mfume stated , `` I strongly condemn those remarks . I find them to be repulsive , anti-Semitic , anti-NAACP and anti-American . Mr. Alcorn does not speak for the NAACP , its board , its staff or its membership . We are proud of our long - standing relationship with the Jewish community and I personally will not tolerate statements that run counter to the history and beliefs of the NAACP in that regard . '' Alcorn , who had been suspended three times in the previous five years for misconduct , subsequently resigned from the NAACP . He founded what he called the Coalition for the Advancement of Civil Rights . Alcorn criticized the NAACP , saying , `` I ca n't support the leadership of the NAACP . Large amounts of money are being given to them by large corporations that I have a problem with . '' Alcorn also said , `` I can not be bought . For this reason I gladly offer my resignation and my membership to the NAACP because I can not work under these constraints . '' Alcorn 's remarks were also condemned by the Reverend Jesse Jackson , Jewish groups and George W. Bush 's rival Republican presidential campaign . Jackson said he strongly supported Lieberman 's addition to the Democratic ticket , saying , `` When we live our faith , we live under the law . He ( Lieberman ) is a firewall of exemplary behavior . '' Al Sharpton , another prominent African - American leader , said , `` The appointment of Mr. Lieberman was to be welcomed as a positive step . '' The leaders of the American Jewish Congress praised the NAACP for its quick response , stating that : `` It will take more than one bigot like Alcorn to shake the sense of fellowship of American Jews with the NAACP and black America ... Our common concerns are too urgent , our history too long , our connection too sturdy , to let anything like this disturb our relationship . '' George W. Bush Louisiana NAACP leads Jena 6 March . In 2004 , President George W. Bush declined an invitation to speak to the NAACP 's national convention . Bush 's spokesperson said that Bush had declined the invitation to speak to the NAACP because of harsh statements about him by its leaders . In an interview , Bush said , `` I would describe my relationship with the current leadership as basically nonexistent . You 've heard the rhetoric and the names they 've called me . '' Bush said he admired some members of the NAACP and would seek to work with them `` in other ways . '' On July 20 , 2006 , Bush addressed the NAACP national convention . He made a bid for increasing support by African Americans for Republicans , in the midst of a midterm election . He referred to Republican Party support for civil rights . Tax exempt status In October 2004 the Internal Revenue Service informed the NAACP that it was investigating its tax - exempt status based on chairman Julian Bond 's speech at its 2004 Convention , in which he criticized President George W. Bush as well as other political figures . In general , the US Internal Revenue Code prohibits organizations granted tax - exempt status from `` directly or indirectly participating in , or intervening in , any political campaign on behalf of ( or in opposition to ) any candidate for elective public office . '' The NAACP denounced the investigation as retaliation for its success in increasing the number of African Americans who were voting . In August 2006 , the IRS investigation concluded with the agency 's finding `` that the remarks did not violate the group 's tax - exempt status . '' LGBT rights As the American LGBT rights movement gained steam after the Stonewall riots of 1969 , the NAACP became increasingly affected by the movement to gain rights for lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender people . Bond , while chairman of the NAACP , became an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians , and stated his support for same - sex marriage . He boycotted the 2004 funeral services for Coretta Scott King , as he said the King children had chosen an anti-gay megachurch . This was in contradiction to their mother 's longstanding support for the rights of gay and lesbian people . In a 2005 speech in Richmond , Virginia , Bond said : African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries , but we were far from the only Americans suffering discrimination then and now ... Sexual disposition parallels race . I was born this way . I have no choice . I would n't change it if I could . Sexuality is unchangeable . In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at Clayton State University in Morrow , Georgia , Bond said , `` If you do n't like gay marriage , do n't get gay married . '' His positions have pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in the Civil Rights Movement who oppose gay marriage , mostly within the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The NAACP became increasingly vocal in opposition against state - level constitutional amendments to ban same - sex marriage and related rights . State NAACP leaders such as William J. Barber , II of North Carolina participated actively against North Carolina Amendment 1 in 2012 , but it was passed by conservative voters . On May 19 , 2012 , the NAACP 's board of directors formally endorsed same - sex marriage as a civil right , voting 62 - 2 for the policy in a Miami , Florida quarterly meeting . Benjamin Jealous , the organization 's president , said of the decision , `` Civil marriage is a civil right and a matter of civil law ... The NAACP 's support for marriage equality is deeply rooted in the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution and equal protection of all people . '' Possibly significant in the NAACP 's vote was its concern with the HIV / AIDS crisis in the black community ; while AIDS support organizations recommend that people live a monogamous lifestyle , the government did not recognize same - sex relationships as part of this . As a result of this endorsement , Rev. Keith Ratliff Sr. of Des Moines , Iowa resigned from the NAACP board . Travel warning regarding Missouri On June 7 , 2017 , the NAACP issued a warning for African - American travelers to Missouri : Individuals traveling in the state are advised to travel with extreme CAUTION . Race , gender and color based crimes have a long history in Missouri . Missouri , home of Lloyd Gaines , Dred Scott and the dubious distinction of the Missouri Compromise and one of the last states to lose its slaveholding past , may not be safe ... ( Missouri Senate Bill ) SB 43 legalizes individual discrimination and harassment in Missouri and would prevent individuals from protecting themselves from discrimination , harassment , and retaliation in Missouri . Moreover , over-zealous enforcement of routine traffic violations in Missouri against African Americans has resulted in an increasing trend that shows African Americans are 75 % more likely to be stopped than Caucasians . Missouri NAACP Conference president Rod Chapel , Jr. , suggested that visitors to Missouri `` should have bail money . '' Geography This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The organization 's national initiatives , political lobbying , and publicity efforts were handled by the headquarters staff in New York and Washington DC . Court strategies were developed by the legal team based for many years at Howard University . NAACP local branches have also been important . When , in its early years , the national office launched campaigns against The Birth of a Nation , it was the local branches that carried out the boycotts . When the organization fought to expose and outlaw lynching , the branches carried the campaign into hundreds of communities . And while the Legal Defense Fund developed a federal court strategy of legal challenges to segregation , many branches fought discrimination using state laws and local political opportunities , sometimes winning important victories . Those victories were mostly achieved in Northern and Western states before World War II . When the Southern civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1940s and 1950s , credit went both to the Legal Defense Fund attorneys and to the massive network of local branches that Ella Baker and other organizers had spread across the region . Local organizations built a culture of Black political activism . Current activities Youth Youth sections of the NAACP were established in 1936 ; there are now more than 600 groups with a total of more than 30,000 individuals in this category . The NAACP Youth & College Division is a branch of the NAACP in which youth are actively involved . The Youth Council is composed of hundreds of state , county , high school and college operations where youth ( and college students ) volunteer to share their opinions with their peers and address issues that are local and national . Sometimes volunteer work expands to a more international scale . Youth and College Division `` The mission of the NAACP Youth & College Division shall be to inform youth of the problems affecting African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities ; to advance the economic , education , social and political status of African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities and their harmonious cooperation with other peoples ; to stimulate an appreciation of the African Diaspora and other people of color 's contribution to civilization ; and to develop an intelligent , militant effective youth leadership . '' Act - SO program Since 1978 the NAACP has sponsored the Afro - Academic , Cultural , Technological and Scientific Olympics ( ACT - SO ) program for high school youth around the United States . The program is designed to recognize and award African - American youth who demonstrate accomplishment in academics , technology , and the arts . Local chapters sponsor competitions in various categories for young people in grades 9 -- 12 . Winners of the local competitions are eligible to proceed to the national event at a convention held each summer at locations around the United States . Winners at the national competition receive national recognition , along with cash awards and various prizes . Partner organizations The Emerald Cities Collaborative is a partner organization with the NAACP . Criticism Main article : Resignation of Shirley Sherrod In May 2010 right - wing journalist Andrew Breitbart publicized an edited video of a speech at a NAACP - sponsored Georgia event by USDA worker Shirley Sherrod . The mainstream press repeated his words without criticism , and the organization itself added their own words without properly checking what had happened . The NAACP president and CEO has since apologized . The organization has never had a woman president , except on a temporary basis , and there have been calls to name one . Lorraine C. Miller served as interim president after Benjamin Jealous stepped down . Maya Wiley was rumored to be in line for the position in 2013 , but Cornell William Brooks was selected . See also African American portal African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Chicago Better Housing Association The Crisis , official magazine NAACP New Orleans Branch NAACP Theatre Awards NAACP Theatre Award -- President 's Award Niagara Movement Racial integration References Jump up ^ NAACP is usually pronounced `` N double - A C P . '' Jump up ^ naacp.org , August 4 , 2011 , `` NAACP Passes Resolution Supporting Strong Clean Air Act Archived August 8 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Accessed December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charitynavigator.org Jump up ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah , Henry Louis Gates , Jr. , eds . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , in articles `` Civil Rights Movement '' by Patricia Sullivan ( pp 441 - 455 ) and `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People '' by Kate Tuttle ( pp 1,388 - 1,391 ) . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAACP History and Geography '' . Mapping American Social Movements Through the 20th Century . University of Washington . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP -- Our Mission '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NAACP , `` Youth and College -- Advisor 's Manual '' , p 9 . Jump up ^ Ian Urbina , `` Health Executive Named Chairwoman of N.A.A.C.P. '' , The New York Times , February 21 , 2010 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Texeira , Erin ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` NAACP president to step down , cites discord with board '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The NAACP Records '' . Information Bulletin , March 2010 . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Beth ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` NAACP Archives Go Digital '' . ProQuest . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laguardia , Cheryl ; Swoger , Bonnie J.M. ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` ProQuest 's NAACP Papers , History Vault & Treehouse '' . Reference eReviews . Library Journal . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Mark ( 2007 ) . City on the edge : Buffalo , New York . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 9781591024576 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Movement First Annual Meeting '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story of the Niagara Movement and the N.A.A.C.P. '' Jump up ^ `` Niagara Movement '' . W.E.B. DuBois Papers , Special Collections and University Archives W.E.B Du Bois Library , UMass , Amherst , Massachusetts . ^ Jump up to : `` NAACP Timeline '' . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simkin , John . `` William English Walling biography '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Kish Sklar , `` Florence Kelley '' , in Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast ( eds ) , Women Building Chicago , 1790 -- 1990 : A Biographical Dictionary , Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 2001 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` NAACP Founder Charles Edward Russell '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marlin , John Tepper . `` NAACP , Happy 100th Birthday '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP -- How NAACP Began '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Howard Sachar . `` Working to Extend America 's Freedoms : Jewish involvement in the Civil Rights movement '' . Excerpt from A History of Jews in America , published by Vintage Books . MyJewishLearning.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Robert Janken , Walter White : Mr. NAACP , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina , 2006 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Kenneth Robert Janken , Walter White : Mr. NAACP , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina , 2006 , p. 2 and 42 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Hooks , `` Birth and Separation of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund , '' Crisis 1979 86 ( 6 ) : 218 - 220 . 0011 - 1422 Jump up ^ Richard L. Pacelle , Jr ; Brett W. Curry ; Bryan W. Marshall ( 2011 ) . Decision Making by the Modern Supreme Court . Cambridge University Press . p. 111 . Jump up ^ James T. Patterson and William W. Freehling , Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Randall Kennedy , `` Martin Luther King 's constitution : a legal history of the Montgomery bus boycott . '' Yale Law Journal 98.6 ( 1989 ) : 999 - 1067 . Jump up ^ Judith Bloom Fradin , and Dennis B. Fradin , The power of one : Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Marable , Manning ( August 2002 ) . `` The NAACP 's 93rd Convention : An Assessment ( archived copy ) '' ( PDF ) . Along the Color Line . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAACP Leader Quits Under Fire '' . CBS News . August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Bush campaign denounces Dallas NAACP comments on Lieberman '' . CNN . August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Duncan Campbell ( August 10 , 2000 ) . `` Black leader suspended for anti-semitic Lieberman slur '' . London : The Guardian . Jump up ^ AJCongress on Statement by NAACP Chapter Director on Lieberman , American Jewish Congress ( AJC ) , August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : No mutual respect : Mr. Bush unwisely forgoes NAACP meeting '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . July 17 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Mike ( July 10 , 2004 ) . `` Bush Criticizes NAACP 's Leadership '' . The Washington Post . p . A05 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush addresses the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 's ( NAACP ) national convention '' ( video ) . FORA.tv . July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bush invokes civil rights in NAACP speech , Associated Press ( reprinted by MSNBC.com ) , July 20 , 2006 . ( retrieved on October 14 , 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Janofsky , Michael ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Citing July Speech , I.R.S. Decides to Review N.A.A.C.P. '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` NAACP chairman calls for Bush 's ouster '' . CNN . July 13 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Election Year Activities and the Prohibition on Political Campaign Intervention for Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Organizations '' . Internal Revenue Service . February 2006 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Makebra M ( February 8 , 2005 ) . `` NAACP says IRS has no `` Legitimate '' Claim `` . National Newspaper Publishers Association . Amsterdam News . Jump up ^ Fears , Darryl ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` IRS Ends 2 - Year Probe Of NAACP 's Tax Status '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Bronner , Angela ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` BV Q&A With Julian Bond ; Why This Civil Rights Icon Embraces Gay Rights '' . Blackvoices.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP chair says ' gay rights are civil rights ' '' . Washington Blade . April 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Barbaro ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` N.A.A.C.P. Endorses Same - Sex Marriage '' . The Caucus . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Passes Resolution in Support of Marriage Equality '' . NAACP . May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Castellanos , Dalina ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` NAACP endorses same - sex marriage , says it 's a civil right '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ After NAACP 's Gay Marriage Stance , Discord And Discussion . NPR ( June 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.monaacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/170605-NAACP-MO-Travel-Advisory.pdf . The following linguistic corrections have been made : loose > lose , over zealous > over-zealous , Dredd > Dred , African - Americans > African Americans. − Jump up ^ Nancy Coleman , `` NAACP issues its first statewide travel advisory , for Missouri , '' CNN , August 3 , 2017 , http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/us/naacp-missouri-travel-advisory-trnd/index.html . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Proudly Announces 30th Anniversary ACT - SO Medalists '' . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( May 28 , 2012 ) . `` Post-Racial Farce '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Amid Tumult , N.A.A.C.P. Elects 18th Leader '' . The New York Times . May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's going to be the next president of the NAACP ? '' . The Washington Post . September 20 , 2013 . Further reading Alexander , Shawn Leigh . An Army of Lions : The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP . ( University of Pennsylvania Press , 2012 ) . Berg , Manfred . The Ticket to Freedom : The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration ( Univ . Press of Florida . 2007 ) . Browne - Marshall , Gloria J. The Voting Rights War : The NAACP and the Ongoing Struggle for Justice . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield , 2016 . Bynum , Thomas L. NAACP : Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom , 1936 -- 1965 . Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press , 2013 . Carle , Susan D. Defining the Struggle : National Racial Justice Organizing , 1880 -- 1915 ( Oxford UP , 2013 ) . 404pp . focus on NAACP . Dalfiume , Richard . `` The Forgotten Years of the Negro Revolution , '' Journal of American History 55 ( June 1969 ) : 99 - 100 . fulltext in JSTOR Fleming , Cynthia Griggs . In the Shadow of Selma : The Continuing Struggle for Civil Rights in the Rural South . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield , 2004 . Goings , Kenneth W . The NAACP Comes of Age : The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker . ( 1990 ) . Hughes , Langston . Fight for Freedom : The Story of the NAACP. ( 1962 ) Janken , Kenneth Robert . White : The Biography of Walter White , Mr. NAACP . New York : The New Press , 2003 . Jonas , Gilbert S. Freedom 's Sword : The NAACP and the Struggle against Racism in America , 1909 -- 1969 . London : Routledge , 2005 . Kellogg , Charles Flint . NAACP : A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1967 . Lewis , David Levering . W.E.B. DuBois . In Two Volumes. ( 1994 , 2001 ) . Mosnier , L. Joseph . Crafting Law in the Second Reconstruction : Julius Chambers , the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , and Title VII . University of North Carolina , 2005 . Reed , Christopher Robert . The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership , 1910 -- 1966 . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , 1997 . Ring , Natalie J. `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People '' in Encyclopedia of American Studies , ed . Simon J. Bronner ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2015 ) , online . Ross , Barbara Joyce . J.E. Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP , 1911 -- 1939 . ( 1972 ) Ryan , Yvonne . Roy Wilkins : The Quiet Revolutionary and the NAACP . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky , 2014 . Sartain , Lee . Borders of Equality : The NAACP and the Baltimore Civil Rights Struggle , 1914 -- 1970 . Jackson , MS : University Press of Mississippi , 2013 . Sartain , Lee . Invisible Activists : Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights , 1915 -- 1945 . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press . Press 2007 . St. James , Warren D . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People : A Case Study in Pressure Groups . ( 1958 ) Schneider , Mark Robert . We Return Fighting : The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press , 2001 . Sullivan , Patricia . Lift Every Voice : The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : The New Press , 2010 . Thompson , Christina M. ( 2010 ) . A More Perfect Union : Race , Rights , and Rhetoric in the NAACP and the White Citizens ' Council . ( M.A. thesis ) Simmons College . OCLC 754658741 . Topping , Simon ; `` ' Supporting Our Friends and Defeating Our Enemies ' : Militancy and Nonpartisanship in the NAACP , 1936 -- 1948 , '' Journal of African American History , Vol. 89 , 2004 in JSTOR Tushnet , Mark V . The NAACP 's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education , 1925 -- 1950 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1987 . Wedin , Carolyn . Inheritors of the Spirit : Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP . Wiley 1998 . Woodley , Jenny . Art for Equality : The NAACP 's Cultural Campaign for Civil Rights . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky , 2014 . Verney , Kevern and Lee Sartain ( eds . ) , Long Is the Way and Hard : One Hundred Years of the NAACP. ( 2009 ) . Zangrando , Robert . The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching , 1909 -- 1950 . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press , 1980 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to NAACP . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Barack Obama 's Remarks at NAACP centennial Official website NAACP History and Geography Map of NAACP branches One Person , One Vote project Civil Rights Movement Veterans , crmvet.org Annual ACT - SO Contest , naacp - Los Angeles.org Official site of the Brooklyn , New York Branch , brooklynnaacp.org NAACP in Georgia , georgiaencyclopedia.org President Obama NAACP Speech : `` Your Destiny Is In Your Hands ... No Excuses '' -- video by The Huffington Post NAACP Turns 100 : The History and Future of the Nation 's Oldest and Largest Civil Rights Organization , democracywow.org video FBI file on the NAACP Archives Overview of NAACP records at the Library of Congress , the official repository of the national organization NAACP branches database , including membership numbers and officer names . From the Mapping American Social Movements project at the University of Washington . Niagara Movement Du Bois Papers , Special Collections and University Archives , Umass Amherst National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , Region 1 Photograph Collection , ca . 1940 -- 1982 at The Bancroft Library National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , Region I , Records , 1942 -- 1986 ( bulk 1945 -- 1977 ) at The Bancroft Library National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , Vancouver Branch records . 1914 -- 1967 . 2.10 cubic feet ( 5 boxes ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections NAACP Convention in Atlanta , Civil Rights Digital Library . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Leaders Presidents / CEOs ( executive secretaries 1910 -- 77 ; executive directors 1977 -- 96 ) Frances Blascoer ( 1910 -- 11 ) Mary White Ovington ( 1911 -- 12 ) Mary Childs Nerney ( 1912 -- 16 ) Mary White Ovington ( 1916 ) Royall Freeman Nash ( 1916 -- 17 ) James Weldon Johnson ( 1917 -- 18 ) John R. Shillady ( 1918 -- 20 ) James Weldon Johnson ( 1920 -- 31 ) Walter Francis White ( 1931 -- 55 ) Roy Wilkins ( 1955 -- 77 ) Benjamin Hooks ( 1977 -- 92 ) Benjamin Chavis ( 1993 -- 94 ) Earl Shinhoster ( 1994 -- 96 ) Kweisi Mfume ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Dennis Courtland Hayes ( 2005 ) Bruce S. Gordon ( 2005 -- 7 ) Dennis Courtland Hayes ( 2007 -- 8 ) Benjamin Jealous ( 2008 -- 13 ) Lorraine Miller ( interim , 2013 -- 2014 ) Cornell William Brooks ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Elected presidents ( 1909 -- 96 , abolished ) Moorfield Storey ( 1909 -- 29 ) Joel Elias Spingarn ( 1930 -- 39 ) Arthur B. Spingarn ( 1940 -- 65 ) Kivie Kaplan ( 1966 -- 75 ) William Montague Cobb ( 1976 -- 82 ) James Kemp ( 1983 ) Enolia McMillan ( 1984 -- 90 ) Hazel N. Dukes ( 1990 -- 92 ) Rupert Richardson ( 1992 -- 96 ) Chairpersons William English Walling ( 1910 -- 11 ) Oswald Garrison Villard ( 1911 -- 14 ) Joel Elias Spingarn ( 1914 -- 19 ) Mary White Ovington ( 1919 -- 34 ) Louis T. Wright ( 1934 -- 53 ) Channing Heggie Tobias ( 1953 -- 60 ) Robert C. Weaver ( 1960 -- 61 ) Stephen Gill Spottswood ( 1961 -- 75 ) Margaret Bush Wilson ( 1975 -- 83 ) Kelly Alexander Sr ( 1983 -- 84 ) William Gibson ( 1985 -- 95 ) Myrlie Evers - Williams ( 1995 -- 98 ) Julian Bond ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Roslyn Brock ( 2010 -- present ) See also NAACP Theatre Awards NAACP Image Awards NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund NAACP Youth Council Afro - Academic , Cultural , Technological and Scientific Olympics Spingarn Medal Niagara Movement National Negro Committee The Crisis Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. 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-2792127740778709752	The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - wikipedia The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For the historical events , see History of the Roman Empire and Fall of the Western Roman Empire . For the historiography spawned by Gibbon 's theories , see Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire . For publication details and chapter listings , see Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Author Edward Gibbon Country England Language English Subject History of the Roman Empire Publisher Strahan & Cadell , London Publication date 1776 -- 1789 Media type Print LC Class DG311 Edward Gibbon ( 1737 -- 1794 ) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is a six - volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon . It traces Western civilization ( as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests ) from the height of the Roman Empire to the fall of Byzantium . Volume I was published in 1776 and went through six printings . Volumes II and III were published in 1781 ; volumes IV , V , and VI in 1788 -- 1789 . The original volumes were published in quarto sections , a common publishing practice of the time . The work covers the history , from 98 to 1590 , of the Roman Empire , the history of early Christianity and then of the Roman State Church , and the history of Europe , and discusses the decline of the Roman Empire in the East and West . Because of its heavy use of primary sources , unusual at the time , its methodology became a model for later historians . This led to Gibbon 's being called the first `` modern historian of ancient Rome '' . His work remains a great literary achievement and a very readable introduction to the period , but considerable progress has since been made in history and archaeology , and his interpretations no longer represent current academic knowledge or thought . In The World of Late Antiquity ( 1971 ) , Peter Brown offers an alternative interpretation of the period between the second and eighth centuries AD , and Framing the Early Middle Ages ( 2005 ) by Christopher Wickham presents hitherto unavailable evidence from both documentary and archaeological sources . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thesis 2 Style 2.1 Citations and footnotes 3 Criticism 4 Gibbon 's views on religion 4.1 Criticism of Quran and Muhammad 4.2 Views on Judaism and Jews 4.3 Number of Christian martyrs 4.4 Christianity as a contributor to the fall and to stability : chapters XV , XVI 4.5 Tolerant paganism 5 Misinterpretation of Byzantium 6 Gibbon 's reflections 7 Editions 8 Legacy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Thesis ( edit ) Gibbon offers an explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire , a task made difficult by a lack of comprehensive written sources , though he was not the only historian to attempt it . According to Gibbon , the Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasions in large part due to the gradual loss of civic virtue among its citizens . He began an ongoing controversy about the role of Christianity , but he gave great weight to other causes of internal decline and to attacks from outside the Empire . The story of its ruin is simple and obvious ; and , instead of inquiring why the Roman empire was destroyed , we should rather be surprised that it had subsisted so long . The victorious legions , who , in distant wars , acquired the vices of strangers and mercenaries , first oppressed the freedom of the republic , and afterwards violated the majesty of the purple . The emperors , anxious for their personal safety and the public peace , were reduced to the base expedient of corrupting the discipline which rendered them alike formidable to their sovereign and to the enemy ; the vigour of the military government was relaxed , and finally dissolved , by the partial institutions of Constantine ; and the Roman world was overwhelmed by a deluge of Barbarians . -- Edward Gibbon . The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , `` General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West '' , Chapter 38 Like other Enlightenment thinkers and British citizens of the age steeped in institutional anti-Catholicism , Gibbon held in contempt the Middle Ages as a priest - ridden , superstitious Dark Age . It was not until his own era , the `` Age of Reason , '' with its emphasis on rational thought , it was believed , that human history could resume its progress . Style ( edit ) Gibbon 's tone was detached , dispassionate , and yet critical . He can lapse into moralisation and aphorism : ( A ) s long as mankind shall continue to bestow more liberal applause on their destroyers than on their benefactors , the thirst of military glory will ever be the vice of the most exalted characters . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . The influence of the clergy , in an age of superstition , might be usefully employed to assert the rights of mankind ; but so intimate is the connection between the throne and the altar , that the banner of the church has very seldom been seen on the side of the people . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 59 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . ( H ) istory ( ... ) is , indeed , little more than the register of the crimes , follies , and misfortunes of mankind . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1872 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 1 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 72 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . If we contrast the rapid progress of this mischievous discovery ( of gunpowder ) with the slow and laborious advances of reason , science , and the arts of peace , a philosopher , according to his temper , will laugh or weep at the folly of mankind . -- Gibbon , Edward ( 1890 ) . The decline and fall of the Roman Empire . 3 ( Chandos ed . ) . London : Frederick Warne & Co. p. 649 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Citations and footnotes ( edit ) Gibbon provides the reader with a glimpse of his thought process with extensive notes along the body of the text , a precursor to the modern use of footnotes . Gibbon 's footnotes are famous for their idiosyncratic and often humorous style , and have been called `` Gibbon 's table talk . '' They provide an entertaining moral commentary on both ancient Rome and 18th - century Great Britain . This technique enabled Gibbon to compare ancient Rome to his own contemporary world . Gibbon 's work advocates a rationalist and progressive view of history . Gibbon 's citations provide in - depth detail regarding his use of sources for his work , which included documents dating back to ancient Rome . The detail within his asides and his care in noting the importance of each document is a precursor to modern - day historical footnoting methodology . The work is notable for its erratic but exhaustively documented notes and research . John Bury , following him 113 years later with his own History of the Later Roman Empire , commended the depth and accuracy of Gibbon 's work . Unusually for 18th century historians , Gibbon was not content with second - hand accounts when the primary sources were accessible . `` I have always endeavoured '' , Gibbon wrote , `` to draw from the fountain - head ; that my curiosity , as well as a sense of duty , has always urged me to study the originals ; and that , if they have sometimes eluded my search , I have carefully marked the secondary evidence , on whose faith a passage or a fact were reduced to depend . '' The Decline and Fall is a literary monument and a massive step forward in historical method . Criticism ( edit ) Numerous tracts were published criticising his work . In response , Gibbon defended his work with the 1779 publication of , A Vindication ... of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . His remarks on Christianity aroused particularly vigorous attacks , but in the mid-twentieth century , at least one author claimed that `` church historians allow the substantial justness of ( Gibbon 's ) main positions . '' Gibbon 's views on religion ( edit ) Criticism of Quran and Muhammad ( edit ) Gibbon 's comments on the Quran and Muhammad reflected his view of the secular , rather than divine , origin of the text . He outlined in chapter 33 the widespread tale , possibly Jewish in origin , of the Seven Sleepers , and remarked `` This popular tale , which Mahomet might learn when he drove his camels to the fairs of Syria , is introduced , as a divine revelation , into the Quran . '' His presentation of Muhammad 's life again reflected his secular approach : `` in his private conduct , Mahomet indulged the appetites of a man , and abused the claims of a prophet . A special revelation dispensed him from the laws which he had imposed on his nation : the female sex , without reserve , was abandoned to his desires ; and this singular prerogative excited the envy , rather than the scandal , the veneration , rather than the envy , of the devout Mussulmans . '' Views on judaism and Jews ( edit ) Gibbon described the Jews as `` a race of fanatics , whose dire and credulous superstition seemed to render them the implacable enemies not only of the Roman government , but also of humankind '' . Number of Christian martyrs ( edit ) Gibbon challenged Church history by estimating far smaller numbers of Christian martyrs than had been traditionally accepted . The Church 's version of its early history had rarely been questioned before . Gibbon , however , knew that modern Church writings were secondary sources , and he shunned them in favor of primary sources . Christianity as a contributor to the Fall and to stability : chapters xv , XVI ( edit ) Historian S.P. Foster says that Gibbon : blamed the otherworldly preoccupations of Christianity for the decline of the Roman empire , heaped scorn and abuse on the church , and sneered at the entirety of monasticism as a dreary , superstition - ridden enterprise . The Decline and Fall compares Christianity invidiously with both the pagan religions of Rome and the religion of Islam . Volume I was originally published in sections , as was common for large works at the time . The first two were well received and widely praised . The last quarto in Volume I , especially Chapters XV and XVI , was highly controversial , and Gibbon was attacked as a `` paganist '' . Gibbon thought that Christianity had hastened the Fall , but also ameliorated the results : As the happiness of a future life is the great object of religion , we may hear without surprise or scandal that the introduction , or at least the abuse of Christianity , had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire . The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity ; the active virtues of society were discouraged ; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister : a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the specious demands of charity and devotion ; and the soldiers ' pay was lavished on the useless multitudes of both sexes who could only plead the merits of abstinence and chastity . Faith , zeal , curiosity , and more earthly passions of malice and ambition , kindled the flame of theological discord ; the church , and even the state , were distracted by religious factions , whose conflicts were sometimes bloody and always implacable ; the attention of the emperors was diverted from camps to synods ; the Roman world was oppressed by a new species of tyranny ; and the persecuted sects became the secret enemies of their country . Yet party - spirit , however pernicious or absurd , is a principle of union as well as of dissension . The bishops , from eighteen hundred pulpits , inculcated the duty of passive obedience to a lawful and orthodox sovereign ; their frequent assemblies and perpetual correspondence maintained the communion of distant churches ; and the benevolent temper of the Gospel was strengthened , though confirmed , by the spiritual alliance of the Catholics . The sacred indolence of the monks was devoutly embraced by a servile and effeminate age ; but if superstition had not afforded a decent retreat , the same vices would have tempted the unworthy Romans to desert , from baser motives , the standard of the republic . Religious precepts are easily obeyed which indulge and sanctify the natural inclinations of their votaries ; but the pure and genuine influence of Christianity may be traced in its beneficial , though imperfect , effects on the barbarian proselytes of the North . If the decline of the Roman empire was hastened by the conversion of Constantine , his victorious religion broke the violence of the fall , and mollified the ferocious temper of the conquerors ( chap. 38 ) . Voltaire was deemed to have influenced Gibbon 's claim that Christianity was a contributor to the fall of the Roman Empire . As one pro-Christian commenter put it in 1840 : As Christianity advances , disasters befall the ( Roman ) empire -- arts , science , literature , decay -- barbarism and all its revolting concomitants are made to seem the consequences of its decisive triumph -- and the unwary reader is conducted , with matchless dexterity , to the desired conclusion -- the abominable Manicheism of Candide , and , in fact , of all the productions of Voltaire 's historic school -- viz. , `` that instead of being a merciful , ameliorating , and benignant visitation , the religion of Christians would rather seem to be a scourge sent on man by the author of all evil . '' Tolerant Paganism ( edit ) Gibbon wrote : The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true ; by the philosophers as equally false ; and by the magistrate as equally useful . He has been criticized for his portrayal of Paganism as tolerant and Christianity as intolerant . In an article that appeared in 1996 in the journal Past & Present , H.A. Drake challenges an understanding of religious persecution in ancient Rome , which he considers to be the `` conceptual scheme '' that was used by historians to deal with the topic for the last 200 years , and whose most eminent representative is Gibbon . Drake counters : With such deft strokes , Gibbon enters into a conspiracy with his readers : unlike the credulous masses , he and we are cosmopolitans who know the uses of religion as an instrument of social control . So doing , Gibbon skirts a serious problem : for three centuries prior to Constantine , the tolerant pagans who people the Decline and Fall were the authors of several major persecutions , in which Christians were the victims ... Gibbon covered this embarrassing hole in his argument with an elegant demur . Rather than deny the obvious , he adroitly masked the question by transforming his Roman magistrates into models of Enlightenment rulers -- reluctant persecutors , too sophisticated to be themselves religious zealots . Misinterpretation of Byzantium ( edit ) Others such as John Julius Norwich , despite their admiration for his furthering of historical methodology , consider Gibbon 's hostile views on the Byzantine Empire flawed and blame him somewhat for the lack of interest shown in the subject throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries . This view might well be admitted by Gibbon himself : `` But it is not my intention to expatiate with the same minuteness on the whole series of the Byzantine history . '' However the Russian historian George Ostrogorsky writes , `` Gibbon and Lebeau were genuine historians -- and Gibbon a very great one -- and their works , in spite of factual inadequacy , rank high for their presentation of their material . '' Gibbon 's reflections ( edit ) Gibbon 's initial plan was to write a history `` of the decline and fall of the city of Rome '' , and only later expanded his scope to the whole Roman Empire . Although he published other books , Gibbon devoted much of his life to this one work ( 1772 -- 89 ) . His autobiography Memoirs of My Life and Writings is devoted largely to his reflections on how the book virtually became his life . He compared the publication of each succeeding volume to a newborn child . Editions ( edit ) Gibbon continued to revise and change his work even after publication . The complexities of the problem are addressed in Womersley 's introduction and appendices to his complete edition . In - print complete editions J.B. Bury , ed. , 7 volumes ( London : Methuen , 1909 -- 1914 ) , currently reprinted ( New York : AMS Press , 1974 ) . ISBN 0 - 404 - 02820 - 9 . Hugh Trevor - Roper , ed. , 6 volumes ( New York : Everyman 's Library , 1993 -- 1994 ) . The text , including Gibbon 's notes , is from Bury but without his notes . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 ( vols. 1 -- 3 ) ; ISBN 0 - 679 - 43593 - X ( vols. 4 -- 6 ) . David Womersley , ed. , 3 volumes . hardback - ( London : Allen Lane , 1994 ) ; paperback ( New York : Penguin Books , 2005 ; 1994 ) . Includes the original index , and the Vindication ( 1779 ) , which Gibbon wrote in response to attacks on his caustic portrayal of Christianity . The 2005 print includes minor revisions and a new chronology . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9124 - 0 ( 3360 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043393 - 7 ( v. 1 , 1232 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043394 - 5 ( v. 2 , 1024 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 043395 - 3 ( v. 3 , 1360 p . ) In - print abridgements David Womersley , ed. , 1 volume ( New York : Penguin Books , 2000 ) . Includes all footnotes and seventeen of the original seventy - one chapters . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043764 - 9 ( 848 p . ) Hans - Friedrich Mueller , ed. , one volume abridgment ( New York : Random House , 2003 ) . Includes excerpts from all seventy - one chapters . It eliminates footnotes , geographic surveys , details of battle formations , long narratives of military campaigns , ethnographies and genealogies . Based on the Rev. H.H. ( Dean ) Milman edition of 1845 ( see also Gutenberg etext edition ) . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75811 - 9 , ( trade paper , 1312 p . ) ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 47884 - 3 ( mass market paper , 1536 p . ) Legacy ( edit ) Many writers have used variations on the series title ( including using `` Rise and Fall '' in place of `` Decline and Fall '' ) , especially when dealing with large nations or empires . Piers Brendon notes that Gibbon 's work , `` became the essential guide for Britons anxious to plot their own imperial trajectory . They found the key to understanding the British Empire in the ruins of Rome . '' An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Decline and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations . Designed To Shew How The Prosperity Of The British Empire May Be Prolonged ( 1805 ) , William Playfair The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1868 ) , Jefferson Davis The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody ( 1950 ) , by the satirist Will Cuppy The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1959 ) , William Shirer The Death and Life of Great American Cities ( 1961 ) , Jane Jacobs The Rising Sun : The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire ( 1970 ) , John Toland ( author ) The Decline and Fall of Science ( 1976 ) , Celia Green The Ottoman Centuries : The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire ( 1977 ) , Lord Kinross The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church ( 1983 ) , Malachi Martin Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire ( 1986 ) , Hans Eysenck The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) , Paul Kennedy The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) , David Cannadine The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( 1998 ) , Lawrence James The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain ( 2000 ) , Neil Faulkner Empire : The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power ( 2002 ) , Niall Ferguson The Decline and Fall of the Catholic Church in America ( 2003 ) , David Carlin The Decline and Fall of the British Empire ( 2007 ) , Piers Brendon Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire ( 2008 ) , Brendan Simms Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire ( 2008 ) , Parvaneh Pourshariati Decline and Fall of the American Republic ( 2010 ) , Bruce Ackerman Triumph and Tragedy : The Rise and Fall of Rome 's Immortal Emperors ( 2010 ) , Alexander Canduci The Rise and Fall of the British Empire : Mercantilism , Diplomacy and the Colonies ( 2015 ) , Phillip J. Smith and in film : The Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1964 ) The Decline of Western Civilization ( 1981 ) , Penelope Spheeris The Decline of the American Empire ( 1986 ) , Denys Arcand and in television : Ancient Rome : The Rise and Fall of an Empire ( 2006 ) The title and author are also cited in Noël Coward 's comedic poem `` I Went to a Marvellous Party '' . And in the poem `` The Foundation of Science Fiction Success '' , Isaac Asimov acknowledged that his Foundation series -- an epic tale of the fall and rebuilding of a galactic empire -- was written `` with a tiny bit of cribbin ' / from the works of Edward Gibbon '' . In 1995 , an established journal of classical scholarship , Classics Ireland , published punk musician 's Iggy Pop 's reflections on the applicability of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire to the modern world in a short article , Caesar Lives , ( vol. 2 , 1995 ) in which he noted America is Rome . Of course , why should n't it be ? We are all Roman children , for better or worse ... I learn much about the way our society really works , because the system - origins -- military , religious , political , colonial , agricultural , financial -- are all there to be scrutinised in their infancy . I have gained perspective . See also ( edit ) Decline of the Roman Empire Outline of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ sometimes shortened to Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Jump up ^ See for example Henri Pirenne 's ( 1862 -- 1935 ) famous thesis published in the early 20th century . As for sources more recent than the ancients , Gibbon certainly drew on Montesquieu 's short essay , Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline , and on previous work published by Bossuet ( 1627 -- 1704 ) in his Histoire universelle à Monseigneur le dauphin ( 1763 ) . see Pocock , EEG . for Bousset , pp. 65 , 145 ; for Montesquieu , pp. 85 -- 88 , 114 , 223 . Jump up ^ In the early 20th century , biographer Sir Leslie Stephen ( `` Gibbon , Edward ( 1737 -- 1794 ) , '' Dictionary of National Biography , vol. 7 , ( Oxford , 1921 ) , p. 1134 . ) summarized The History 's reputation as a work of unmatched erudition , a degree of professional esteem which remains as strong today as it was then : The criticisms upon his book ... are nearly unanimous . In accuracy , thoroughness , lucidity , and comprehensive grasp of a vast subject , the History is unsurpassable . It is the one English history which may be regarded as definitive ... Whatever its shortcomings , the book is artistically imposing as well as historically unimpeachable as a vast panorama of a great period . Jump up ^ Link to notes on the poem here . Excerpt : `` If you have any mind at all , Gibbon 's divine Decline and Fall , Seems pretty flimsy , No more than a whimsy ... '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1776 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . I. W. Strahan and T. Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . II . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . III . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire . IV . Strahan and Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . V. W. Strahan and T. Cadell . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1788 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . VI . Jump up ^ Charlotte Roberts ( 2014 ) . Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History . Oxford UP . p. 137 . Jump up ^ David S. Potter ( 2006 - 05 - 22 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . Wiley . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22644 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Between Machiavelli and Hume : Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian , '' Daedalus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 153 -- 169 ; and in Further reading : Pocock , EEG , 303 -- 304 ; FDF , 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ J.G.A. Pocock , `` Between Machiavelli and Hume : Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian , '' Daedalus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 153 -- 169 ; and in Further reading : Pocock , EEG , 303 -- 304 ; FDF , 304 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Foster ( 2013 ) . Melancholy Duty . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Dero A. , ed. ( 1952 ) . Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . New York : Penguin . p. 23 ( Introduction ) . Jump up ^ Preface to Gibbon 's Volume the Fourth in David Womersley ed. , Edward Gibbon -- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol. 2 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1994 ) , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon ( 1779 ) . A vindication of some passages in the fifteenth and sixteenth chapters of The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire : By the author . Printed for W. Strahan ; and T. Cadell , in the Strand . Jump up ^ The New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , vol. IV , eds . S.M. Jackson , et al. ( Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker Book House , 1952 ) , 483 -- 484 . online . Jump up ^ Rashid Iqbal , ( 2017 ) . `` A New Theory on Aṣḥāb al - kahf ( The Sleepers of the Cave ) Based on Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls ( DSS ) '' . Al - Bayān -- Journal of Qurʾān and ḤadĪth Studies 15 ( 2017 ) . doi : 10.1163 / 22321969 - 12340044 . pp. 20 -- 47 . Retrieved from http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22321969-12340044# Jump up ^ CCEL.org Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . `` Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire '' , page 521 in the first volume . Jump up ^ S.P. Foster ( 2013 ) . Melancholy Duty : The Hume - Gibbon Attack on Christianity . Springer . p. 16 . Jump up ^ General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West . Fall In The West -- The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon . At Christian Classics Ethereal Library , Calvin College Computer Science . http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap39.htm Jump up ^ Dublin review : a quarterly and critical journal . Burns , Oates and Washbourne. 1840 . pp. 208 -- . p. 208 image at Google Books Jump up ^ John Julius Norwich , Byzantium ( New York : Knopf , 1989 ) ; Byzantium : the apogee ( London and New York : Viking Press , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Preface of 1782 online . Jump up ^ Georgije Ostrogorski History of the Byzantine State ( 1986 ) p. 5 online Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1781 ) . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . 3 . chapter 36 , footnote 43 . If I prosecute this History , I shall not be unmindful of the decline and fall of the city of Rome ; an interesting object , to which my plan was originally confined . Jump up ^ Patricia B. Craddock , Edward Gibbon , Luminous Historian . ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Press , 1989 ) , 249 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 - 1997 ( 2008 ) p. xv . Jump up ^ http://www.noelcoward.net/ncmiindex/i1.html#iwtamp Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( October 1954 ) . `` The Foundation of S.F. Success '' . The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Pop , Iggy ( 1995 ) . `` Caesar lives '' . Classics Ireland . Classical Association of Ireland . 2 : 94 -- 96 . JSTOR 25528281 . Further reading ( edit ) Brownley , Martine W. `` Appearance and Reality in Gibbon 's History , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 38 : 4 ( 1977 ) , 651 -- 666 . Brownley , Martine W. `` Gibbon 's Artistic and Historical Scope in the Decline and Fall , '' Journal of the History of Ideas 42 : 4 ( 1981 ) , 629 -- 642 . Cosgrove , Peter . Impartial Stranger : History and Intertextuality in Gibbon 's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Newark : Associated University Presses , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 87413 - 658 - X . Craddock , Patricia . `` Historical Discovery and Literary Invention in Gibbon 's ' Decline and Fall ' , '' Modern Philology 85 : 4 ( May 1988 ) , 569 -- 587 . Drake , H.A. , `` Lambs into Lions : explaining early Christian intolerance , '' Past and Present 153 ( 1996 ) , 3 -- 36 . Oxford Journals Furet , Francois . `` Civilization and Barbarism in Gibbon 's History , '' Daedalus 105 : 3 ( 1976 ) , 209 -- 216 . Gay , Peter . Style in History ( New York : Basic Books , 1974 ) ISBN 0 - 465 - 08304 - 8 . Ghosh , Peter R. `` Gibbon 's Dark Ages : Some Remarks on the Genesis of the Decline and Fall , '' Journal of Roman Studies 73 ( 1983 ) , 1 -- 23 . Homer - Dixon , Thomas `` The Upside of Down : Catastrophe , Creativity and the Renewal of Civilization '' , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97723 - 3 , Chapter 3 pp. 57 -- 60 Kelly , Christopher . `` A Grand Tour : Reading Gibbon 's ' Decline and Fall ' , '' Greece & Rome 2nd ser. , 44 : 1 ( Apr. 1997 ) , 39 -- 58 . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Eighteenth - Century Prelude to Mr. Gibbon , '' in Pierre Ducrey et al. , eds. , Gibbon et Rome à la lumière de l'historiographie moderne ( Geneva : Librairie Droz , 1977 ) . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Gibbon from an Italian Point of View , '' in G.W. Bowersock et al. , eds. , Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( Cambridge : Harvard Univ . Press , 1977 ) . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` Declines and Falls , '' American Scholar 49 ( Winter 1979 ) , 37 -- 51 . Momigliano , Arnaldo . `` After Gibbon 's Decline and Fall , '' in Kurt Weitzmann , ed . Age of Spirituality : a symposium ( Princeton : 1980 ) ; ISBN 0 - 89142 - 039 - 8 . Pocock , J.G.A. Barbarism and Religion , 4 vols . Cambridge Univ . Press . vol. 1 , The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon , 1737 -- 1764 , 1999 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 63345 - 1 ) . cited as `` Pocock , EEG '' ; vol. 2 , Narratives of Civil Government , 1999 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 64002 - 4 ) ; vol. 3 , The First Decline and Fall , 2003 ( pb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 82445 - 1 ) . cited as `` Pocock , FDF . '' vol. 4 , Barbarians , Savages and Empires , 2005 ( hb : ISBN 0 - 521 - 85625 - 6 ) . The Work of J.G.A. Pocock : Edward Gibbon section . Roberts , Charlotte . Edward Gibbon and the Shape of History . 2014 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0198704836 Trevor - Roper , H.R. `` Gibbon and the Publication of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , 1776 -- 1976 , '' Journal of Law and Economics 19 : 3 ( Oct. 1976 ) , 489 -- 505 . Womersley , David . The Transformation of ' The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ' ( Cambridge : 1988 ) . Womersley , David , ed . Religious Scepticism : Contemporary Responses to Gibbon ( Bristol , England : Thoemmes Press , 1997 ) . Wootton , David . `` Narrative , Irony , and Faith in Gibbon 's Decline and Fall , '' History and Theory 33 : 4 ( Dec. 1994 ) , 77 -- 105 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Wikimedia Commons has media related to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire author record at Project Gutenberg . Based on the Rev. H.H. Milman edition of 1845 . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire from the Online Library of Liberty . The J.B. Bury edition , in 12 volumes . Memoirs of My Life and Writings at Project Gutenberg The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Google Book Search ( pdf version ) DeclineandFallResources.com : Maps , Translations , Illustrations Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Audiobook from the Internet Archive . 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-4241278668016737208	Sound localization	Sound localization - Wikipedia Sound localization Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biological process of sound localization . For sound localization via mechanical or electrical means , see acoustic location . Sound localization is a listener 's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance . It may also refer to the methods in acoustical engineering to simulate the placement of an auditory cue in a virtual 3D space ( see binaural recording , wave field synthesis ) . The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied . The auditory system uses several cues for sound source localization , including time - and level - differences ( or intensity - difference ) between both ears , spectral information , timing analysis , correlation analysis , and pattern matching . These cues are also used by other animals , but there may be differences in usage , and there are also localization cues which are absent in the human auditory system , such as the effects of ear movements . Animals with the ability to localize sound have a clear evolutionary advantage . Contents ( hide ) 1 How sound reaches the brain 2 Neural interactions 3 The cone of confusion 4 Sound localization by the human auditory system 4.1 General Introduction 4.2 Duplex Theory 4.2. 1 Duplex Theory 4.2. 2 ITD and IID 4.2. 3 Evaluation for low frequencies 4.2. 4 Evaluation for high frequencies 4.3 Pinna Filtering Effect Theory 4.3. 1 Motivations 4.3. 2 Math Model 4.3. 3 HRTF Database 4.4 Other Cues for 3D Space Localization 4.4. 1 Monaural cues 4.4. 2 Dynamic binaural cues 4.5 Distance of the sound source 4.6 Signal processing 4.7 Localization in enclosed rooms 5 Specific techniques with applications 5.1 Auditory transmission stereo system 5.2 3D para-virtualization stereo system 5.3 Multichannel stereo virtual reproduction 6 Animals 6.1 Lateral information ( left , ahead , right ) 6.2 Odontocetes 6.3 In the median plane ( front , above , back , below ) 6.4 Head tilting 6.5 Localization with coupled ears ( flies ) 6.6 Bi-coordinate sound localization ( owls ) 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 External links How sound reaches the brain ( edit ) Sound is the perceptual result of mechanical vibrations traveling through a medium such as air or water . Through the mechanisms of compression and rarefaction , sound waves travel through the air , bounce off the pinna and concha of the exterior ear , and enter the ear canal . The sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) , causing the three bones of the middle ear to vibrate , which then sends the energy through the oval window and into the cochlea where it is changed into a chemical signal by hair cells in the organ of corti , which synapse onto spiral ganglion fibers that travel through the cochlear nerve into the brain . Neural interactions ( edit ) In vertebrates , inter-aural time differences are known to be calculated in the superior olivary nucleus of the brainstem . According to Jeffress , this calculation relies on delay lines : neurons in the superior olive which accept innervation from each ear with different connecting axon lengths . Some cells are more directly connected to one ear than the other , thus they are specific for a particular inter-aural time difference . This theory is equivalent to the mathematical procedure of cross-correlation . However , because Jeffress ' theory is unable to account for the precedence effect , in which only the first of multiple identical sounds is used to determine the sounds ' location ( thus avoiding confusion caused by echoes ) , it can not be entirely used to explain the response . Furthermore , a number of recent physiological observations made in the midbrain and brainstem of small mammals have shed considerable doubt on the validity of Jeffress ' original ideas Neurons sensitive to inter-aural level differences ( ILDs ) are excited by stimulation of one ear and inhibited by stimulation of the other ear , such that the response magnitude of the cell depends on the relative strengths of the two inputs , which in turn , depends on the sound intensities at the ears . In the auditory midbrain nucleus , the inferior colliculus ( IC ) , many ILD sensitive neurons have response functions that decline steeply from maximum to zero spikes as a function of ILD . However , there are also many neurons with much more shallow response functions that do not decline to zero spikes . The cone of confusion ( edit ) Most mammals are adept at resolving the location of a sound source using interaural time differences and interaural level differences . However , no such time or level differences exist for sounds originating along the circumference of circular conical slices , where the cone 's axis lies along the line between the two ears . Consequently , sound waves originating at any point along a given circumference slant height will have ambiguous perceptual coordinates . That is to say , the listener will be incapable of determining whether the sound originated from the back , front , top , bottom or anywhere else along the circumference at the base of a cone at any given distance from the ear . Of course , the importance of these ambiguities are vanishingly small for sound sources very close to or very far away from the subject , but it is these intermediate distances that are most important in terms of fitness . These ambiguities can be removed by tilting the head , which can introduce a shift in both the amplitude and phase of sound waves arriving at each ear . This translates the vertical orientation of the interaural axis horizontally , thereby leveraging the mechanism of localization on the horizontal plane . Moreover , even with no alternation in the angle of the interaural axis ( i.e. without tilting one 's head ) the hearing system can capitalize on interference patterns generated by pinnae , the torso , and even the temporary re-purposing of a hand as extension of the pinna ( e.g. , cupping one 's hand around the ear ) . As with other sensory stimuli , perceptual disambiguation is also accomplished through integration of multiple sensory inputs , especially visual cues . Having localized a sound within the circumference of a circle at some perceived distance , visual cues serve to fix the location of the sound . Moreover , prior knowledge of the location of the sound generating agent will assist in resolving its current location . Sound localization by the human auditory system ( edit ) Sound localization is the process of determining the location of a sound source . Objectively speaking , the major goal of sound localization is to simulate a specific sound field , including the acoustic sources , the listener , the media and environments of sound propagation . The brain utilizes subtle differences in intensity , spectral , and timing cues to allow us to localize sound sources . In this section , to more deeply understand the human auditory mechanism , we will briefly discuss about human ear localization theory . General introduction ( edit ) Localization can be described in terms of three - dimensional position : the azimuth or horizontal angle , the elevation or vertical angle , and the distance ( for static sounds ) or velocity ( for moving sounds ) . The azimuth of a sound is signaled by the difference in arrival times between the ears , by the relative amplitude of high - frequency sounds ( the shadow effect ) , and by the asymmetrical spectral reflections from various parts of our bodies , including torso , shoulders , and pinnae . The distance cues are the loss of amplitude , the loss of high frequencies , and the ratio of the direct signal to the reverberated signal . Depending on where the source is located , our head acts as a barrier to change the timbre , intensity , and spectral qualities of the sound , helping the brain orient where the sound emanated from . These minute differences between the two ears are known as interaural cues . Lower frequencies , with longer wavelengths , diffract the sound around the head forcing the brain to focus only on the phasing cues from the source . Helmut Haas discovered that we can discern the sound source despite additional reflections at 10 decibels louder than the original wave front , using the earliest arriving wave front . This principle is known as the Haas effect , a specific version of the precedence effect . Haas measured down to even a 1 millisecond difference in timing between the original sound and reflected sound increased the spaciousness , allowing the brain to discern the true location of the original sound . The nervous system combines all early reflections into a single perceptual whole allowing the brain to process multiple different sounds at once . The nervous system will combine reflections that are within about 35 milliseconds of each other and that have a similar intensity . Duplex theory ( edit ) To determine the lateral input direction ( left , front , right ) , the auditory system analyzes the following ear signal information : Duplex Theory ( edit ) In 1907 , Lord Rayleigh utilized tuning forks to generate monophonic excitation and studied the lateral sound localization theory on a human head model without auricle . He first presented the interural clue difference based sound localization theory , which is known as Duplex Theory . Human ears are on the different sides of the head , thus they have different coordinates in space . As shown in fig. 2 , since the distances between the acoustic source and ears are different , there are time difference and intensity difference between the sound signals of two ears . We call those kinds of differences as Interaural Time Difference ( ITD ) and Interaural Intensity Difference ( IID ) respectively . fig. 2 Duplex Theory ITD and IID ( edit ) Interaural Time Difference ( ITD ) between left ear ( top ) and right ear ( bottom ) . ( sound source : 100 ms white noise from right ) Interaural Level Difference ( ILD ) between left ear ( left ) and right ear ( right ) . ( sound source : a sweep from right ) From fig. 2 we can see that no matter for source B1 or source B2 , there will be a propagation delay between two ears , which will generate the ITD . Simultaneously , human head and ears may have shadowing effect on high frequency signals , which will generate IID . Interaural Time Difference ( ITD ) Sound from the right side reaches the right ear earlier than the left ear . The auditory system evaluates interaural time differences from : ( a ) Phase delays at low frequencies and ( b ) group delays at high frequencies . Massive experiments demonstrate that ITD relates to the signal frequency f . Suppose the angular position of the acoustic source is θ , the head radius is r and the acoustic velocity is c , the function of ITD is given by : I T D = ( 300 × r × sin ⁡ θ / c , if f ≤ 4000Hz 200 × r × sin ⁡ θ / c , if f > 4000Hz ( \ displaystyle ITD = ( \ begin ( cases ) 300 \ times ( \ text ( r ) ) \ times \ sin \ theta / ( \ text ( c ) ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) f \ leq ( \ text ( 4000Hz ) ) \ \ 200 \ times ( \ text ( r ) ) \ times \ sin \ theta / ( \ text ( c ) ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) f > ( \ text ( 4000Hz ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) . In above closed form , we assumed that the 0 degree is in the right ahead of the head and counter-clockwise is positive . Interaural Intensity Difference ( IID ) or Interaural Level Difference ( ILD ) Sound from the right side has a higher level at the right ear than at the left ear , because the head shadows the left ear . These level differences are highly frequency dependent and they increase with increasing frequency . Massive theoretical researches demonstrate that IID relates to the signal frequency f and the angular position of the acoustic source θ . The function of IID is given by : I I D = 1.0 + ( f / 1000 ) 0.8 × sin ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle IID = 1.0 + ( f / 1000 ) ^ ( 0.8 ) \ times \ sin \ theta ) For frequencies below 1000 Hz , mainly ITDs are evaluated ( phase delays ) , for frequencies above 1500 Hz mainly IIDs are evaluated . Between 1000 Hz and 1500 Hz there is a transition zone , where both mechanisms play a role . Localization accuracy is 1 degree for sources in front of the listener and 15 degrees for sources to the sides . Humans can discern interaural time differences of 10 microseconds or less . Evaluation for low frequencies ( edit ) For frequencies below 800 Hz , the dimensions of the head ( ear distance 21.5 cm , corresponding to an interaural time delay of 625 μs ) are smaller than the half wavelength of the sound waves . So the auditory system can determine phase delays between both ears without confusion . Interaural level differences are very low in this frequency range , especially below about 200 Hz , so a precise evaluation of the input direction is nearly impossible on the basis of level differences alone . As the frequency drops below 80 Hz it becomes difficult or impossible to use either time difference or level difference to determine a sound 's lateral source , because the phase difference between the ears becomes too small for a directional evaluation . Evaluation for high frequencies ( edit ) For frequencies above 1600 Hz the dimensions of the head are greater than the length of the sound waves . An unambiguous determination of the input direction based on interaural phase alone is not possible at these frequencies . However , the interaural level differences become larger , and these level differences are evaluated by the auditory system . Also , group delays between the ears can be evaluated , and is more pronounced at higher frequencies ; that is , if there is a sound onset , the delay of this onset between the ears can be used to determine the input direction of the corresponding sound source . This mechanism becomes especially important in reverberant environments . After a sound onset there is a short time frame where the direct sound reaches the ears , but not yet the reflected sound . The auditory system uses this short time frame for evaluating the sound source direction , and keeps this detected direction as long as reflections and reverberation prevent an unambiguous direction estimation . The mechanisms described above can not be used to differentiate between a sound source ahead of the hearer or behind the hearer ; therefore additional cues have to be evaluated . Pinna filtering effect theory ( edit ) fig. 4 HRTF Motivations ( edit ) Duplex theory clearly points out that ITD and IID play significant roles in sound localization but they can only deal with lateral localizing problems . For example , based on duplex theory , if two acoustic sources are symmetrically located on the right front and right back of the human head , they will generate equal ITDs and IIDs , which is called as cone model effect . However , human ears can actually distinguish this set of sources . Besides that , in natural sense of hearing , only one ear , which means no ITD or IID , can distinguish the sources with a high accuracy . Due to the disadvantages of duplex theory , researchers proposed the pinna filtering effect theory . The shape of human pinna is very special . It is concave with complex folds and asymmetrical no matter horizontally or vertically . The reflected waves and the direct waves will generate a frequency spectrum on the eardrum , which is related to the acoustic sources . Then auditory nerves localize the sources by this frequency spectrum . Therefore , a corresponding theory was proposed and called as pinna filtering effect theory . Math model ( edit ) These spectrum clue generated by pinna filtering effect can be presented as Head - Related Transfer Functions ( HRTF ) . The corresponding time domain expressions are called as Head - Related Impulse Response ( HRIR ) . HRTF is also called as the transfer function from the free field to a specific point in the ear canal . We usually recognize HRTFs as LTI systems : H L = H L ( r , θ , φ , ω , α ) = P L ( r , θ , φ , ω , α ) / P 0 ( r , ω ) ( \ displaystyle H_ ( L ) = H_ ( L ) ( r , \ theta , \ varphi , \ omega , \ alpha ) = P_ ( L ) ( r , \ theta , \ varphi , \ omega , \ alpha ) / P_ ( 0 ) ( r , \ omega ) ) H R = H R ( r , θ , φ , ω , α ) = P R ( r , θ , φ , ω , α ) / P 0 ( r , ω ) ( \ displaystyle H_ ( R ) = H_ ( R ) ( r , \ theta , \ varphi , \ omega , \ alpha ) = P_ ( R ) ( r , \ theta , \ varphi , \ omega , \ alpha ) / P_ ( 0 ) ( r , \ omega ) ) , where L and R represent the left ear and right ear respectively . P L ( \ displaystyle P_ ( L ) ) and P R ( \ displaystyle P_ ( R ) ) represent the amplitude of sound pressure at entrances of left and right ear canal . P 0 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( 0 ) ) is the amplitude of sound pressure at the center of the head coordinate when listener does not exist . In general , HRTFs H L ( \ displaystyle H_ ( L ) ) and H R ( \ displaystyle H_ ( R ) ) are functions of source angular position θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) , elevation angle φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ) , distance between source and center of the head r ( \ displaystyle r ) , the angular velocity ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) and the equivalent dimension of the head α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) . HRTF database ( edit ) At present , the main institutes that work on measuring HRTF database includes CIPIC International Lab , MIT Media Lab , The Graduate School in Psychoacoustics at the University of Oldenburg , Neurophysiology Lab in University of Wisconsin - Madison and Ames Lab of NASA . They carefully measures the HRIRs from both humans and animals and share the results on Internet for people who want to study . fig. 5 HRIR Other cues for 3D space localization ( edit ) Monaural cues ( edit ) The human outer ear , i.e. the structures of the pinna and the external ear canal , form direction - selective filters . Depending on the sound input direction in the median plane , different filter resonances become active . These resonances implant direction - specific patterns into the frequency responses of the ears , which can be evaluated by the auditory system ( directional bands ) for vertical sound localization . Together with other direction - selective reflections at the head , shoulders and torso , they form the outer ear transfer functions . These patterns in the ear 's frequency responses are highly individual , depending on the shape and size of the outer ear . If sound is presented through headphones , and has been recorded via another head with different - shaped outer ear surfaces , the directional patterns differ from the listener 's own , and problems will appear when trying to evaluate directions in the median plane with these foreign ears . As a consequence , front -- back permutations or inside - the - head - localization can appear when listening to dummy head recordings , or otherwise referred to as binaural recordings . It has been shown that human subjects can monaurally localize high frequency sound but not low frequency sound . Binaural localization , however , was possible with lower frequencies . This is likely due to the pinna being small enough to only interact with sound waves of high frequency . It seems that people can only accurately localize the elevation of sounds that are complex and include frequencies above 7,000 Hz , and a pinna must be present . Dynamic binaural cues ( edit ) When the head is stationary , the binaural cues for lateral sound localization ( interaural time difference and interaural level difference ) do not give information about the location of a sound in the median plane . Identical ITDs and ILDs can be produced by sounds at eye level or at any elevation , as long as the lateral direction is constant . However , if the head is rotated , the ITD and ILD change dynamically , and those changes are different for sounds at different elevations . For example , if an eye - level sound source is straight ahead and the head turns to the left , the sound becomes louder ( and arrives sooner ) at the right ear than at the left . But if the sound source is directly overhead , there will be no change in the ITD and ILD as the head turns . Intermediate elevations will produce intermediate degrees of change , and if the presentation of binaural cues to the two ears during head movement is reversed , the sound will be heard behind the listener . Hans Wallach artificially altered a sound 's binaural cues during movements of the head . Although the sound was objectively placed at eye level , the dynamic changes to ITD and ILD as the head rotated were those that would be produced if the sound source had been elevated . In this situation , the sound was heard at the synthesized elevation . The fact that the sound sources objectively remained at eye level prevented monaural cues from specifying the elevation , showing that it was the dynamic change in the binaural cues during head movement that allowed the sound to be correctly localized in the vertical dimension . The head movements need not be actively produced ; accurate vertical localization occurred in a similar setup when the head rotation was produced passively , by seating the blindfolded subject in a rotating chair . As long as the dynamic changes in binaural cues accompanied a perceived head rotation , the synthesized elevation was perceived . Distance of the sound source ( edit ) The human auditory system has only limited possibilities to determine the distance of a sound source . In the close - up - range there are some indications for distance determination , such as extreme level differences ( e.g. when whispering into one ear ) or specific pinna ( the visible part of the ear ) resonances in the close - up range . The auditory system uses these clues to estimate the distance to a sound source : Direct / Reflection ratio : In enclosed rooms , two types of sound are arriving at a listener : The direct sound arrives at the listener 's ears without being reflected at a wall . Reflected sound has been reflected at least one time at a wall before arriving at the listener . The ratio between direct sound and reflected sound can give an indication about the distance of the sound source . Loudness : Distant sound sources have a lower loudness than close ones . This aspect can be evaluated especially for well - known sound sources . Sound spectrum : High frequencies are more quickly damped by the air than low frequencies . Therefore , a distant sound source sounds more muffled than a close one , because the high frequencies are attenuated . For sound with a known spectrum ( e.g. speech ) the distance can be estimated roughly with the help of the perceived sound . ITDG : The Initial Time Delay Gap describes the time difference between arrival of the direct wave and first strong reflection at the listener . Nearby sources create a relatively large ITDG , with the first reflections having a longer path to take , possibly many times longer . When the source is far away , the direct and the reflected sound waves have similar path lengths . Movement : Similar to the visual system there is also the phenomenon of motion parallax in acoustical perception . For a moving listener nearby sound sources are passing faster than distant sound sources . Level Difference : Very close sound sources cause a different level between the ears . Signal processing ( edit ) Sound processing of the human auditory system is performed in so - called critical bands . The hearing range is segmented into 24 critical bands , each with a width of 1 Bark or 100 Mel . For a directional analysis the signals inside the critical band are analyzed together . The auditory system can extract the sound of a desired sound source out of interfering noise . This allows the listener to concentrate on only one speaker if other speakers are also talking ( the cocktail party effect ) . With the help of the cocktail party effect sound from interfering directions is perceived attenuated compared to the sound from the desired direction . The auditory system can increase the signal - to - noise ratio by up to 15 dB , which means that interfering sound is perceived to be attenuated to half ( or less ) of its actual loudness . Localization in enclosed rooms ( edit ) In enclosed rooms not only the direct sound from a sound source is arriving at the listener 's ears , but also sound which has been reflected at the walls . The auditory system analyses only the direct sound , which is arriving first , for sound localization , but not the reflected sound , which is arriving later ( law of the first wave front ) . So sound localization remains possible even in an echoic environment . This echo cancellation occurs in the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus ( DNLL ) . In order to determine the time periods , where the direct sound prevails and which can be used for directional evaluation , the auditory system analyzes loudness changes in different critical bands and also the stability of the perceived direction . If there is a strong attack of the loudness in several critical bands and if the perceived direction is stable , this attack is in all probability caused by the direct sound of a sound source , which is entering newly or which is changing its signal characteristics . This short time period is used by the auditory system for directional and loudness analysis of this sound . When reflections arrive a little bit later , they do not enhance the loudness inside the critical bands in such a strong way , but the directional cues become unstable , because there is a mix of sound of several reflection directions . As a result , no new directional analysis is triggered by the auditory system . This first detected direction from the direct sound is taken as the found sound source direction , until other strong loudness attacks , combined with stable directional information , indicate that a new directional analysis is possible . ( see Franssen effect ) Specific techniques with applications ( edit ) Auditory transmission stereo system ( edit ) This kind of sound localization technique provides us the real virtual stereo system . It utilizes `` smart '' manikins , such as KEMAR , to glean signals or use DSP methods to simulate the transmission process from sources to ears . After amplifying , recording and transmitting , the two channels of received signals will be reproduced through earphones or speakers . This localization approach uses electroacoustic methods to obtain the spatial information of the original sound field by transferring the listener 's auditory apparatus to the original sound field . The most considerable advantages of it would be that its acoustic images are lively and natural . Also , it only needs two independent transmitted signal to reproduce the acoustic image of a 3D system . fig. 6 Sound Localization with Manikin 3D para-virtualization stereo system ( edit ) The representatives of this kind of system are SRS Audio Sandbox , Spatializer Audio Lab and Qsound Qxpander . They use HRTF to simulate the received acoustic signals at the ears from different directions with common binary - channel stereo reproduction . Therefore , they can simulate reflected sound waves and improve subjective sense of space and envelopment . Since they are para-virtualization stereo systems , the major goal of them is to simulate stereo sound information . Traditional stereo systems use sensors that are quite different from human ears . Although those sensors can receive the acoustic information from different directions , they do not have the same frequency response of human auditory system . Therefore , when binary - channel mode is applied , human auditory systems still can not feel the 3D sound effect field . However , the 3D para-virtualization stereo system overcome such disadvantages . It uses HRTF principles to glean acoustic information from the original sound field then produce a lively 3D sound field through common earphones or speakers . Multichannel stereo virtual reproduction ( edit ) Since the multichannel stereo systems require lots of reproduction channels , some researchers adopted the HRTF simulation technologies to reduce the number of reproduction channels . They use only two speakers to simulate multiple speakers in a multichannel system . This process is called as virtual reproduction . Essentially , such approach uses both interaural difference principle and pinna filtering effect theory . Unfortunately , this kind of approach can not perfectly substitute the traditional multichannel stereo system , such as 5.1 surround sound system . That is because when the listening zone is relatively larger , simulation reproduction through HRTFs may cause invert acoustic images at symmetric positions . Animals ( edit ) Since most animals have two ears , many of the effects of the human auditory system can also be found in other animals . Therefore , interaural time differences ( interaural phase differences ) and interaural level differences play a role for the hearing of many animals . But the influences on localization of these effects are dependent on head sizes , ear distances , the ear positions and the orientation of the ears . Lateral information ( left , ahead , right ) ( edit ) If the ears are located at the side of the head , similar lateral localization cues as for the human auditory system can be used . This means : evaluation of interaural time differences ( interaural phase differences ) for lower frequencies and evaluation of interaural level differences for higher frequencies . The evaluation of interaural phase differences is useful , as long as it gives unambiguous results . This is the case , as long as ear distance is smaller than half the length ( maximal one wavelength ) of the sound waves . For animals with a larger head than humans the evaluation range for interaural phase differences is shifted towards lower frequencies , for animals with a smaller head , this range is shifted towards higher frequencies . The lowest frequency which can be localized depends on the ear distance . Animals with a greater ear distance can localize lower frequencies than humans can . For animals with a smaller ear distance the lowest localizable frequency is higher than for humans . If the ears are located at the side of the head , interaural level differences appear for higher frequencies and can be evaluated for localization tasks . For animals with ears at the top of the head , no shadowing by the head will appear and therefore there will be much less interaural level differences , which could be evaluated . Many of these animals can move their ears , and these ear movements can be used as a lateral localization cue . Odontocetes ( edit ) Dolphins ( and other odontocetes ) rely on echolocation to aid in detecting , identifying , localizing , and capturing prey . Dolphin sonar signals are well suited for localizing multiple , small targets in a three - dimensional aquatic environment by utilizing highly directional ( 3 dB beamwidth of about 10 deg ) , broadband ( 3 dB bandwidth typically of about 40 kHz ; peak frequencies between 40 kHz and 120 kHz ) , short duration clicks ( about 40 μs ) . Dolphins can localize sounds both passively and actively ( echolocation ) with a resolution of about 1 deg . Cross-modal matching ( between vision and echolocation ) suggests dolphins perceive the spatial structure of complex objects interrogated through echolocation , a feat that likely requires spatially resolving individual object features and integration into a holistic representation of object shape . Although dolphins are sensitive to small , binaural intensity and time differences , mounting evidence suggests dolphins employ position - dependent spectral cues derived from well - developed head - related transfer functions , for sound localization in both the horizontal and vertical planes . A very small temporal integration time ( 264 μs ) allows localization of multiple targets at varying distances . Localization adaptations include pronounced asymmetry of the skull , nasal sacks , and specialized lipid structures in the forehead and jaws , as well as acoustically isolated middle and inner ears . In the median plane ( front , above , back , below ) ( edit ) For many mammals there are also pronounced structures in the pinna near the entry of the ear canal . As a consequence , direction - dependent resonances can appear , which could be used as an additional localization cue , similar to the localization in the median plane in the human auditory system . There are additional localization cues which are also used by animals . Head tilting ( edit ) For sound localization in the median plane ( elevation of the sound ) also two detectors can be used , which are positioned at different heights . In animals , however , rough elevation information is gained simply by tilting the head , provided that the sound lasts long enough to complete the movement . This explains the innate behavior of cocking the head to one side when trying to localize a sound precisely . To get instantaneous localization in more than two dimensions from time - difference or amplitude - difference cues requires more than two detectors . Localization with coupled ears ( flies ) ( edit ) The tiny parasitic fly Ormia ochracea has become a model organism in sound localization experiments because of its unique ear . The animal is too small for the time difference of sound arriving at the two ears to be calculated in the usual way , yet it can determine the direction of sound sources with exquisite precision . The tympanic membranes of opposite ears are directly connected mechanically , allowing resolution of sub-microsecond time differences and requiring a new neural coding strategy . Ho showed that the coupled - eardrum system in frogs can produce increased interaural vibration disparities when only small arrival time and sound level differences were available to the animal 's head . Efforts to build directional microphones based on the coupled - eardrum structure are underway . Bi-coordinate sound localization ( owls ) ( edit ) Main article : Sound localization in owls Most owls are nocturnal or crepuscular birds of prey . Because they hunt at night , they must rely on non-visual senses . Experiments by Roger Payne have shown that owls are sensitive to the sounds made by their prey , not the heat or the smell . In fact , the sound cues are both necessary and sufficient for localization of mice from a distant location where they are perched . For this to work , the owls must be able to accurately localize both the azimuth and the elevation of the sound source . History ( edit ) The term ' binaural ' literally signifies ' to hear with two ears ' , and was introduced in 1859 to signify the practice of listening to the same sound through both ears , or to two discrete sounds , one through each ear . It was not until 1916 that Carl Stumpf ( 1848 -- 1936 ) , a German philosopher and psychologist , distinguished between dichotic listening , which refers to the stimulation of each ear with a different stimulus , and diotic listening , the simultaneous stimulation of both ears with the same stimulus . Later , it would become apparent that binaural hearing , whether dichotic or diotic , is the means by which sound localization occurs . Scientific consideration of binaural hearing began before the phenomenon was so named , with speculations published in 1792 by William Charles Wells ( 1757 -- 1817 ) based on his research into binocular vision . Giovanni Battista Venturi ( 1746 -- 1822 ) conducted and described experiments in which people tried to localize a sound using both ears , or one ear blocked with a finger . This work was not followed up on , and was only recovered after others had worked out how human sound localization works . Lord Rayleigh ( 1842 -- 1919 ) would do these same experiments and come to the results , without knowing Venturi had first done them , almost seventy - five years later . Charles Wheatstone ( 1802 -- 1875 ) did work on optics and color mixing , and also explored hearing . He invented a device he called a `` microphone '' that involved a metal plate over each ear , each connected to metal rods ; he used this device to amplify sound . He also did experiments holding tuning forks to both ears at the same time , or separately , trying to work out how sense of hearing works , that he published in 1827 . Ernst Heinrich Weber ( 1795 -- 1878 ) and August Seebeck ( 1805 -- 1849 ) and William Charles Wells also attempted to compare and contrast what would become known as binaural hearing with the principles of binocular integration generally . Understanding how the differences in sound signals between two ears contributes to auditory processing in such a way as to enable sound localization and direction was considerably advanced after the invention of the stethophone by Somerville Scott Alison in 1859 , who coined the term ' binaural ' . Alsion based the stethophone on the stethoscope , which had been invented by René Théophile Hyacinthe Laennec ( 1781 -- 1826 ) ; the stethophone had two separate `` pickups '' , allowing the user to hear and compare sounds derived from two discrete locations . See also ( edit ) Acoustic location Animal echolocation Binaural fusion Coincidence detection in neurobiology Human echolocation Perceptual - based 3D sound localization Psychoacoustics Spatial hearing loss References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffress L.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A place theory of sound localization '' . Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology . 41 : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1037 / h0061495 . PMID 18904764 . Jump up ^ Schnupp J. , Nelken I & King A.J. , 2011 . Auditory Neuroscience , MIT Press , chapter 5 . Jump up ^ Blauert , J. : Spatial hearing : the psychophysics of human sound localization ; MIT Press ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ( 1983 ) ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Daniel M. Understanding Audio : Getting the Most out of Your Project or Professional Recording Studio . Boston , MA : Berklee , 2005 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Roads , Curtis . The Computer Music Tutorial . Cambridge , MA : MIT , 2007 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Benade , Arthur H. Fundamentals of Musical Acoustics . New York : Oxford UP , 1976 . Print . Jump up ^ Rayleigh L. XII . On our perception of sound direction ( J ) . The London , Edinburgh , and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science , 1907 , 13 ( 74 ) : 214 - 232 . ^ Jump up to : Zhou X . Virtual reality technique ( J ) . Telecommunications Science , 1996 , 12 ( 7 ) : 46 - 50 . Jump up ^ Ian Pitt . `` Auditory Perception '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ DeLiang Wang ; Guy J. Brown ( 2006 ) . Computational auditory scene analysis : principles , algorithms and applications . Wiley interscience . ISBN 9780471741091 . For sinusoidal signals presented on the horizontal plane , spatial resolution is highest for sounds coming from the median plane ( directly in front of the listener ) with about 1 degree MAA , and it deteriorates markedly when stimuli are moved to the side -- e.g. , the MAA is about 7 degrees for sounds originating at 75 degrees to the side . Jump up ^ http://acousticslab.org/psychoacoustics/PMFiles/Module07a.htm ^ Jump up to : Wallach , , H ; Newman , E.B. ; Rosenzweig , M.R. ( July 1949 ) . `` The precedence effect in sound localization '' . American Journal of Psychology . 62 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 336 . doi : 10.2307 / 1418275 . ^ Jump up to : Wallach , Hans ( October 1940 ) . `` The role of head movements and vestibular and visual cues in sound localization '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 27 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 368 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054629 . Jump up ^ Batteau D W . The role of the pinna in human localization ( J ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences , 1967 , 168 ( 1011 ) : 158 - 180 . Jump up ^ Musicant AD , Butler R A . The influence of pinnae - based spectral cues on sound localization ( J ) . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 1984 , 75 ( 4 ) : 1195 - 1200 . Jump up ^ `` The CIPIC HRTF Database '' . Jump up ^ Robert A. BUTLER ; Richard A. HUMANSKI ( 1992 ) . `` Localization of sound in the vertical plane with and without high - frequency spectral cues '' ( PDF ) . Perception & Psychophysics. 51 ( 2 ) : 182 -- 186 . doi : 10.3758 / bf03212242 . Jump up ^ Roffler Suzanne K. ; Butler Robert A. ( 1968 ) . `` Factors That Influence the Localization of Sound in the Vertical Plane '' . J. Acoust . Soc . Am. 43 ( 6 ) : 1255 -- 1259 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1910976 . Jump up ^ Thurlow , W.R. `` Audition '' in Kling , J.W. & Riggs , L.A. , Experimental Psychology , 3rd edition , Holt Rinehart & Winston , 1971 , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Wallach , H ( 1939 ) . `` On sound localization '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 10 ( 4 ) : 270 -- 274 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1915985 . ^ Jump up to : Zhao R. Study of Auditory Transmission Sound Localization System ( D ) , University of Science and Technology of China , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miles RN , Robert D , Hoy RR ( Dec 1995 ) . `` Mechanically coupled ears for directional hearing in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea '' . J Acoust Soc Am. 98 ( 6 ) : 3059 -- 70 . doi : 10.1121 / 1.413830 . PMID 8550933 . Jump up ^ Robert D , Miles RN , Hoy RR ( 1996 ) . `` Directional hearing by mechanical coupling in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea '' . J Comp Physiol ( A ) . 179 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00193432 . PMID 8965258 . Jump up ^ Mason AC , Oshinsky ML , Hoy RR ( Apr 2001 ) . `` Hyperacute directional hearing in a microscale auditory system '' . Nature . 410 ( 6829 ) : 686 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / 35070564 . PMID 11287954 . Jump up ^ Ho CC , Narins PM ( Apr 2006 ) . `` Directionality of the pressure - difference receiver ears in the northern leopard frog , Rana pipiens pipiens '' . J Comp Physiol ( A ) . 192 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 29 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 005 - 0080 - 7 . Jump up ^ Payne , Roger S. , 1962 . How the Barn Owl Locates Prey by Hearing . The Living Bird , First Annual of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology , 151 - 159 ^ Jump up to : Wade , NJ ; Ono , H ( 2005 ) . `` From dichoptic to dichotic : historical contrasts between binocular vision and binaural hearing '' . Perception. 34 ( 6 ) : 645 -- 68 . doi : 10.1068 / p5327 . PMID 16042189 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Robert T. ( 1999 ) . Sounds of our times : two hundred years of acoustics . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 98435 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wade , Nicholas J. ; Deutsch , Diana ( July 2008 ) . `` Binaural Hearing -- Before and After the Stethophone '' ( PDF ) . Acoustics Today : 16 -- 27 . External links ( edit ) auditoryneuroscience.com : Collection of multimedia files and flash demonstrations related to spatial hearing Collection of references about sound localization Scientific articles about the sound localization abilities of different species of mammals Interaural Intensity Difference Processing in Auditory Midbrain Neurons : Effects of a Transient Early Inhibitory Input Online learning center - Hearing and Listening HearCom : Hearing in the Communication Society , an EU research project Research on `` Non-line - of - sight ( NLOS ) Localisation for Indoor Environments '' by CMR at UNSW An introduction to sound localization Sound and Room An introduction to acoustic holography An introduction to acoustic beamforming ( hide ) Neuroethology Concepts Feedforward Coincidence detector Umwelt Instinct Feature detection Central pattern generator ( CPG ) NMDA receptor Lateral inhibition Fixed action pattern Krogh 's Principle Hebbian theory Anti-Hebbian learning Sound localization Ultrasound avoidance in insects People Theodore Holmes Bullock Walter Heiligenberg Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz Donald Griffin Donald Kennedy Karl von Frisch Erich von Holst Jörg - Peter Ewert Franz Huber Bernhard Hassenstein Werner E. Reichardt Eric Knudsen Eric Kandel Nobuo Suga Masakazu Konishi Fernando Nottebohm Methods Patch clamp Slice preparation Systems Animal echolocation Waggle dance Jamming avoidance response Vision in toads Frog hearing and communication Infrared sensing in snakes Caridoid escape reaction Vocal learning Surface wave detection Electroreception Mechanoreception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_localization&oldid=842825225 '' Categories : Acoustics Neuroethology Hearing Sound Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 51 . 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1976299131998936387	Rail Budget	Rail Budget - Wikipedia Rail Budget Jump to : navigation , search Rail Budget of India was the Annual Financial Statement of the state - owned Indian Railways , which handles rail transport in India . It was presented every year by the Minister of Railways , representing the Ministry of Railways , in the Parliament . The Railway Budget was presented every year , a few days before the Union budget , till 2016 . Modi government on 21 September 2016 approved merger of the Rail and General budgets from next year , ending a 92 - year - old practice of a separate budget for the nation 's largest transporter . Railways Minister Suresh Prabhu said that his merger proposal was in the long term interest of railways as well as the country 's economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Following the recommendation of the Acworth Committee in 1920 - 21 , headed by British railway economist William Acworth The `` Acworth Report '' led to reorganisation of railways , the railway finances were separated from the general government finances in 1921 . After that in 1924 the budget was announced , a practice that continued till 2016 . John Mathai presented the first Railway Budget for independent India in November 1947 . The first live telecast took place on 24 March 1994 . Lalu Prasad Yadav , who remained Railways Minister from 2004 to May 2009 , presented the railway budget 6 times in a row . In 2009 , under his tenure a ₹ 108 billion ( US $1.7 billion ) budget was passed . In the year 2000 , Mamata Banerjee ( later Chief Minister of West Bengal ) became the first female Railway Minister . In 2002 , she became the first female to present the Railway budget and is the only woman to do so for two different governing coalitions ( NDA and UPA ) . In 2014 budget , Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda announced the first bullet train and 9 High - Speed Rail routes . The last Railway Budget was presented on 25 February 2016 by Mr. Suresh Prabhu . Also , according to Mid-day , a mumbai centric local tabloid newspaper , railway minister Piyush Goyal is planning to introduce 210 air - conditioned suburban local trains and convert the existing fleet into closed - door , cool trains at the cost of R16 , 3809 crore in the Rail Budget of 2018 which is to be presented on 1st February 2018 . See also ( edit ) Union budget of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railway-budget-to-be-merged-with-general-budget-from-2017/article8988441.ece Jump up ^ `` No. 32188 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 January 1921 . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Powell Anstey , Vera ( 1952 ) . The Economic Development of India . Ayer Publishing . pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Headrick , Daniel R ( 1988 ) . The tentacles of progress : technology transfer in the age of imperialism , 1850 - 1940 . Oxford University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9780195051162 . Jump up ^ Debroy , Bibek ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Railway Budget 2012 : Best time to raise fares is now '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lalu announces some more trains '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gowda 's announces first bullet train between Mumbai - Ahmedabad '' . Patrika Group . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After 92 years , Rail Budget is history '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai s rail infrastructure development top on February 1 budget agenda '' . mid-day. 2018 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Railway Budget Speech 2010 Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India . Railway Budget , 2012 - 13 Press Information Bureau Railway Budget , 2013 - 14 Press Information Bureau External links ( edit ) Official website of the Ministry of Railways `` Railway Budget Archive ( 1997 - present ) '' . Press Information Bureau . Budgets of India Union 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Railway 2014 2015 2016 Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related Organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . 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-5925501023563976945	List of Test cricket triple centuries	List of Test cricket triple centuries - wikipedia List of Test cricket triple centuries Australian Donald Bradman is one of only four players in Test cricket to have scored 300 or more runs in a single innings on more than one occasion . The others are Brian Lara and Chris Gayle ( both West Indies ) , and Virender Sehwag ( India ) . A triple century ( an individual score of 300 or more ) in Test cricket has been scored on 30 occasions by 26 different batsmen from eight of the twelve Test - cricket playing nations . No player from Bangladesh or Zimbabwe has scored 300 . The first Test triple century was achieved by Andy Sandham of England against the West Indies in 1930 in the first Test series hosted in the West Indies . The frequency of a batsman scoring a Test triple century is slightly less than that of a bowler taking a Test hat - trick ( 30 triple centuries versus 43 hat - tricks as of July 2017 ) . The quickest Test triple - century was scored in 4 hours 48 minutes , by Wally Hammond for England against New Zealand at Auckland in 1932 -- 33 . The fastest Test triple - century by number of balls faced , where that figure is recorded , is Virender Sehwag 's 278 - ball triple century for India against South Africa in the first Test of the Future Cup in Chennai in 2008 . Brian Lara and Chris Gayle of the West Indies , Donald Bradman of Australia and Virender Sehwag of India are the only batsmen to reach 300 more than once . Lara 's 400 not out against England in 2004 , his second Test triple - century , is the highest score in Test cricket and the only instance of a Test quadruple century ; Lara is also the only player to have surpassed 350 twice . Bradman also scored 299 not out against South Africa in 1932 . Sehwag also scored 293 off 254 balls in the third Test between Sri Lanka and India in December 2009 . The two cricket grounds with the most triple centuries scored at them are Headingley in Leeds , England , and the Antigua Recreation Ground in St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda , which have both had three triple centuries scored at them . The most triple centuries from one country is seven , by Australia . Contents 1 Key 2 Triple centuries and above 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Footnotes 6 References Key ( edit ) * denotes that the batsman remained not out . Test denotes the number of the Test match played in that series . Innings denotes which of the team 's batting innings the triple century was scored in . Date denotes the date the match started on . denotes that the total was the highest Test match score at the time . Triple centuries and above ( edit ) No Score Batsman For Against Innings Test Ground Date 325 Andy Sandham England West Indies 1st 4th Sabina Park , Kingston 3 April 1930 334 Donald Bradman Australia England 1st 3rd Headingley , Leeds 11 July 1930 336 * Wally Hammond England New Zealand 1st 2nd Eden Park , Auckland 31 March 1933 304 Donald Bradman Australia England 1st 4th Headingley , Leeds 20 July 1934 5 364 Len Hutton England Australia 1st 5th The Oval , London 20 August 1938 6 337 Hanif Mohammad Pakistan West Indies 2nd 1st Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 17 January 1958 7 365 * Garfield Sobers West Indies Pakistan 1st 3rd Sabina Park , Kingston 26 February 1958 8 311 Bob Simpson Australia England 1st 4th Old Trafford , Manchester 23 July 1964 9 310 * John Edrich England New Zealand 1st 3rd Headingley , Leeds 8 July 1965 10 307 Bob Cowper Australia England 1st 5th Melbourne Cricket Ground 11 February 1966 11 302 Lawrence Rowe West Indies England 1st 3rd Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 6 March 1974 12 333 Graham Gooch England India 1st 1st Lord 's Cricket Ground , London 26 July 1990 13 375 Brian Lara West Indies England 1st 5th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 16 April 1994 14 340 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka India 1st 1st R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2 August 1997 15 334 * Mark Taylor Australia Pakistan 1st 2nd Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 15 October 1998 16 329 Inzamam - ul - Haq Pakistan New Zealand 1st 1st Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 1 May 2002 17 380 Matthew Hayden Australia Zimbabwe 1st 1st WACA Ground , Perth 9 October 2003 18 309 Virender Sehwag India Pakistan 1st 1st Multan Cricket Stadium 28 March 2004 19 400 * Brian Lara West Indies England 1st 4th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 10 April 2004 20 317 Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa 1st 4th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 29 April 2005 21 374 Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka South Africa 1st 1st Sinhalese S.C. , Colombo 27 July 2006 22 319 Virender Sehwag India South Africa 1st 1st M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 26 March 2008 23 313 Younis Khan Pakistan Sri Lanka 1st 1st National Stadium , Karachi 21 February 2009 24 333 Chris Gayle West Indies Sri Lanka 1st 1st Galle International Stadium 15 November 2010 25 329 * Michael Clarke Australia India 1st 2nd Sydney Cricket Ground 3 January 2012 26 311 * Hashim Amla South Africa England 1st 1st The Oval , London 19 July 2012 27 319 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka Bangladesh 1st 2nd Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 5 February 2014 28 302 Brendon McCullum New Zealand India 2nd 2nd Basin Reserve , Wellington 18 February 2014 29 302 * Azhar Ali Pakistan West Indies 1st 1st Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai 13 October 2016 30 303 * Karun Nair India England 1st 5th M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 16 December 2016 See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket double centuries List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries Notes ( edit ) ^ Batting first , in a timeless Test , Sandham shared stands of 173 with George Gunn ( 85 ) for the first wicket , 148 with Bob Wyatt ( 58 ) for the second wicket , and 249 with Leslie Ames ( 149 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to an England total of 849 . West Indies replied with 286 , but England did not enforce the follow - on , setting West Indies a target of 835 to win . After bad weather prevented any play on the match 's eighth day , a draw was agreed with West Indies at 408 for 5 , George Headley having scored 223 . It was the first triple hundred in Tests . Sandham was 39 years and 275 days old , and playing his last Test match : he is Test cricket 's oldest triple - centurion . ^ Bradman came in to bat after Australia had lost Archie Jackson off the eleventh ball of the match . He shared stands of 192 with Bill Woodfull ( 50 ) for the second wicket and 229 with Alan Kippax ( 77 ) for the third wicket , and helped Australia to a total of 566 . Bradman was 105 * at lunch , 220 * at tea and 309 * at the close of the first day 's play . It is the only instance in Tests of a batsman scoring 300 in a day . Bradman scored 200 in 214 minutes . England scored 391 in reply , including a century from Wally Hammond ( 113 ) . Forced to follow on , they salvaged a draw . ^ Batting second , in a three - day match , Hammond shared a stand of 149 with Eddie Paynter ( 36 ) for the third wicket , on the way to an England total of 548 for 7 declared . New Zealand had batted first , scoring 158 . Hammond reached 300 in 287 minutes , going between 200 and 300 in 48 minutes . It has been estimated that he received about 355 balls to get there . Hammond hit 10 sixes in his innings , three off them off consecutive balls from Jack Newman . The third day was affected by rain , and the match was drawn . Hammond made 227 in his previous innings against New Zealand and finished the two - match series with a batting average of 563 . ^ Batting second , Bradman shared a stand of 388 with Bill Ponsford ( 181 ) for the fourth wicket on the way to an Australian total of 584 , in reply to England 's 200 all out . Bradman came in to join Ponsford after Australia had lost their first three wickets for 39 . England salvaged a draw . This was Bradman 's second successive triple century in matches at Headingley , in only his second match at the ground . Shortly before his dismissal his average in Test matches at Headingley stood at 638 . ^ Batting first , Hutton shared stands of 382 with Maurice Leyland ( 187 ) for the second wicket , 135 with Wally Hammond ( 59 ) for the third wicket , and 215 with Joe Hardstaff junior ( 169 * ) for the sixth wicket , on the way to an England total of 903 for 7 declared , the first time a Test team scored over 900 . Hutton was dismissed with the score at 770 , the greatest number of runs added during one batsman 's Test innings . Don Bradman and Jack Fingleton were both unable to bat in either Australia innings , and England won by a Test record margin of an innings and 579 runs . ^ Hanif shared stands of 152 with Imtiaz Ahmed ( 97 ) for the first wicket , 112 with Alimuddin ( 37 ) for the second wicket , 154 with Saeed Ahmed ( 65 ) for the third wicket , and 121 with Wazir Mohammad ( 35 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a Pakistan score of 657 for 8 declared . His 970 - minute innings is the longest in Test cricket and was the only instance of a Test triple century scored in a team 's second innings until Brendon McCullum 's in 2014 . Pakistan had followed on , having scored 106 in the first innings in reply to West Indies ' 579 for 9 declared , including centuries for Conrad Hunte ( 142 ) and Everton Weekes ( 197 ) . The six - day Test match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Sobers shared stands of 446 with Conrad Hunte ( 260 ) for the second wicket , and 188 unbroken with Clyde Walcott ( 88 * ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 790 for 3 declared . It was Sobers ' first hundred in Test cricket . Pakistan had batted first , scoring 328 , including a century for Imtiaz Ahmed ( 122 ) . Wazir Mohammad scored 106 in Pakistan 's second innings , but could not prevent West Indies winning by an innings and 174 runs . ^ Batting first , Simpson shared stands of 201 with Bill Lawry ( 106 ) for the first wicket and 219 with Brian Booth ( 98 ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 656 for 8 declared . Ken Barrington ( 256 ) and Ted Dexter ( 174 ) ensured that the match was drawn , England scoring 611 . ^ Batting first , Edrich shared stands of 369 with Ken Barrington ( 163 ) for the second wicket and 109 with Peter Parfitt ( 32 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to an England total of 546 for 4 declared . England won by an innings and 187 runs . Edrich hit a Test record 52 boundaries in addition to five sixes in his innings and was on the field for every ball of the match . ^ Batting second , Cowper shared stands of 212 with Bill Lawry ( 108 ) for the third wicket and 172 for the fourth wicket with Doug Walters ( 60 ) on the way to a total of 543 for 8 declared ( the lowest total to include a Test triple - hundred ) . England had batted first , scoring 485 including a century for Ken Barrington ( 115 ) . The match was drawn . A wet outfield meant that Cowper 's innings included only 20 fours but 26 threes . ^ Batting second , Rowe shared stands of 126 with Roy Fredericks ( 32 ) for the first wicket and 249 with Alvin Kallicharran ( 119 ) for the second wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 596 . England had batted first , scoring 395 including a century for Tony Greig ( 148 ) . Keith Fletcher scored 129 * in England 's second innings and the match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Gooch shared stands of 127 with David Gower ( 40 ) for the second wicket , 308 with Allan Lamb ( 139 ) for the third wicket , and 192 with Robin Smith ( 100 * ) for the fourth wicket . England declared on 653 for 4 . With centuries from Ravi Shastri ( 100 ) and Mohammad Azharuddin ( 121 ) , and Kapil Dev 's four sixes in a row off Eddie Hemmings with the last man in , India saved the follow on . Graham Gooch hit a second century ( 123 ) in England 's second innings ( the first instance in any form of cricket of a triple - century and a century in the same match ) and India lost by 247 runs . ^ Batting first , Lara shared stands of 179 with Jimmy Adams ( 59 ) for the third wicket , 183 with Keith Arthurton ( 47 ) for the fourth wicket , and 219 with Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 75 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 593 for 5 declared . In reply , England also scored 593 , with centuries for Mike Atherton ( 135 ) and Robin Smith ( 175 ) . The match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Jayasuriya shared a stand of 576 with RS Mahanama ( 225 ) for the second wicket , on the way to a Test record total of 952 for 6 declared . Sri - Lanka 's second wicket stand was the highest in Test history , was Sri Lanka 's first in Test cricket over 400 runs , and is the only instance of two batsmen batting throughout two uninterrupted days of a Test match . India had batted first , scoring 537 for 8 declared with centuries from Navjot Singh Sidhu , Sachin Tendulkar and Mohammad Azharuddin . The match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Taylor shared stands of 279 with Justin Langer ( 116 ) for the second wicket , 123 with Mark Waugh ( 77 ) for the third wicket , and an undefeated 168 for the fifth wicket with Ricky Ponting ( 76 * ) , on the way to an Australian total of 599 for 4 declared . Pakistan hit 580 in reply , including centuries for Saeed Anwar ( 126 ) and Ijaz Ahmed ( 155 ) . Most of the play on the third day was lost , and the match was drawn . Taylor scored 103 runs before lunch on the second day of the match , but it was a three - hour session . Taylor deliberately declared with his score on 334 so as not to overtake the highest score by an Australian of Don Bradman . Taylor also scored 92 in Australia 's second innings . ^ Batting first , Inzamam shared stands of 204 with Imran Nazir ( 127 ) for the third wicket and 111 with Saqlain Mushtaq ( 30 ) for the seventh wicket . He was last out with the Pakistan score on 643 . New Zealand were bowled out for 73 , followed on , and were defeated by an innings and 324 runs inside three days . ^ Batting first , Hayden shared stands of 207 with Steve Waugh ( 59 ) for the fourth wicket and 233 with Adam Gilchrist ( 113 * ) for the sixth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 735 for 6 declared . Hayden hit thirty - eight fours and eleven sixes , scored 102 between tea and stumps on day one and 105 runs between lunch and tea on the second day . Australia won by an innings and 175 runs . ^ Batting first , Sehwag shared stands of 160 with Akash Chopra ( 42 ) for the first wicket and 336 with Sachin Tendulkar ( 194 * ) for the third wicket , on the way to an Indian total of 675 for 5 declared . India won by an innings and 52 runs , despite Yousuf Youhana scoring 117 in Pakistan 's second innings ( following on ) . It is the only Test triple hundred reached with a six . ^ Batting first , Lara , who was playing in his 106th Test , shared stands of 232 with Ramnaresh Sarwan ( 90 ) for the third wicket , and 282 with Ridley Jacobs ( 107 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 751 for 5 declared . Despite a century for Andrew Flintoff ( 102 * ) , England were bowled out for 285 in their first innings and forced to follow on . However , England managed to hold out in their second innings , with a century for Michael Vaughan ( 140 ) , and the match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Gayle shared stands of 341 with Ramnaresh Sarwan ( 127 ) for the second wicket and 149 with Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( also 127 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 747 ; Dwayne Bravo ( 107 ) also scored a century . South Africa had batted first , scoring 588 , with four batsmen scoring centuries ( Abraham de Villiers ( 114 ) , Graeme Smith ( 126 ) , Jacques Kallis ( 147 ) and Ashwell Prince ( 131 ) ) making a record eight centuries in the Test . The match was drawn . ^ Batting second , coming in to bat at 14 for 2 , Jayawardene shared a partnership of 624 with Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) for the third wicket , a record for any wicket in first - class cricket . It eclipsed the previous Test partnership record , also held by two Sri Lankans . He also shared a stand of 117 with Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 45 ) . Sri Lanka declared on the fall of Jayawardene 's wicket , at 756 for 5 , a first - innings lead of 587 . Sri Lanka won by an innings and 153 runs . ^ Batting second , Sehwag shared stands of 213 with Wasim Jaffer ( 74 ) for the first wicket and 268 with Rahul Dravid ( 111 ) for the second wicket on the way to an India total of 627 . Sehwag reached his second triple - ton off only 278 balls , the fastest triple century in Test cricket , and his innings lasted 304 balls in total . The match ended in a draw . ^ The first ever Test triple hundred to be made against Sri Lanka , with the previous highest being Martin Crowe 's 299 . Khan brought up the milestone with a reverse sweep . After Sri Lanka had declared their first innings on 644 for 7 , with captain Mahela Jayawardene and Thilan Samaraweera hitting for 240 and 231 respectively and teaming for a record fourth - wicket partnership of 437 , Pakistan 's captain led his side to a response of 765 for 6 . The match was ultimately drawn . It was also the first Test in history in which both captains scored double centuries , and only the second in which three double centuries were scored . ^ Batting first , Gayle shared stands of 110 for the first wicket with Adrian Barath ( 50 ) , 196 for the second wicket with Darren Bravo ( 58 ) and 167 for the fourth wicket with Brendan Nash before being bowled by Ajantha Mendis with the score at 566 for 6 . The West Indies later declared at 580 for 9 . The match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Clarke shared a stand of 288 with Ricky Ponting ( 134 ) for the fourth wicket , and an unbroken stand of 334 with Michael Hussey ( 150 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 659 for 4 declared . Australia won the match by an innings and 68 runs . ^ Batting second , Amla shared a stand of 259 with Graeme Smith ( 131 ) and an unbroken partnership of 377 with Jacques Kallis ( 182 * ) . He was left unbeaten on 311 when South Africa declared on 637 for 2 . It was the first triple century by a South African cricketer . South Africa won by an innings and 12 runs . ^ Batting first , Sangakkara shared stands of 178 with Mahela Jayawardene ( 72 ) for the third wicket and 100 with Ajantha Mendis ( 47 ) for the eighth wicket . Sangakkara was last out , with Sri Lanka making 587 . Sangakkara also scored a century ( 105 ) in the second innings , the second player to achieve the feat of a triple century and a century in the same Test . The match was drawn . ^ McCullum shared a record stand of 352 with BJ Watling ( 124 ) for the sixth wicket and 179 with James Neesham ( 137 * ) for the seventh wicket . New Zealand were 246 runs behind after the first innings , and finished their second innings on 680 for 8 declared . McCullum 's triple century was the first by a New Zealander , and only the second to be scored in a team 's second innings . The match was drawn . ^ Azhar Ali became the first batsman to score a triple century in a day / night test match as well a first in a match to be played with a pink ball . Azhar played against West Indies in Dubai and began his innings on the first day of the 1st Test match . He hit 23 fours and two sixes in his marathon of 469 - ball 302 not out . He shared a 215 - run opening stand with Sami Aslam . Pakistan declared the innings on 579 at the loss of only three batsmen while Azhar and Misbah remained unbeaten at the crease . Pakistan won by 56 runs . ^ Karun Nair became the second Indian batsman to score a triple century , the first being Virender Sehwag . Nair also became the first Indian and the third batsman overall to convert a maiden test century into a triple hundred . Nair played against England in Chennai and shared a stand of 161 with K.L. Rahul ( 199 ) for the fourth wicket , 181 with Ravichandran Ashwin ( 67 ) for the sixth wicket , and 138 with Ravindra Jadeja ( 51 ) for the seventh wicket on the way to a total of 759 for 7 declared . India won by an innings and 75 runs . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in an innings '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in an innings ( progressive record holder ) '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Hat - tricks '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/sport/stories/2009/12/10/2768343.htm?site=sport§ion=cricket References ( edit ) Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack Highest Individual Test Scores ( from Cricinfo ) Triple - centurions in Test cricket ( from rediff.com ) Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Records WTest records WODI records WT20I records Batting WTest centuries WODI centuries WT20I centuries Bowling WTest five - wicket hauls on debut WODI five - wicket hauls WT20I five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_triple_centuries&oldid=845875925 '' Categories : Test cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who scored 300 runs in test match for india	[ "\n\n\nNo\n\nScore\n\nBatsman\n\nFor\n\nAgainst\n\nInnings\n\nTest\n\nGround\n\nDate\n\n\n1\n325 \nAndy Sandham[1]\n England\n West Indies\n\n1st\n4th\n\nSabina Park, Kingston\n3 April 1930\n\n\n2\n334 \nDonald Bradman[2]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n11 July 1930\n\n\n3\n336* \nWally Hammond[3]\n England\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nEden Park, Auckland\n31 March 1933\n\n\n4\n304\nDonald Bradman[4]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n4th\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n20 July 1934\n\n\n5\n364 \nLen Hutton[5]\n England\n Australia\n\n1st\n5th\n\nThe Oval, London\n20 August 1938\n\n\n6\n337\nHanif Mohammad[6]\n Pakistan\n West Indies\n\n2nd\n1st\n\nKensington Oval, Bridgetown\n17 January 1958\n\n\n7\n365* \nGarfield Sobers[7]\n West Indies\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nSabina Park, Kingston\n26 February 1958\n\n\n8\n311\nBob Simpson[8]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n4th\n\nOld Trafford, Manchester\n23 July 1964\n\n\n9\n310\nJohn Edrich[9]\n England\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n8 July 1965\n\n\n10\n307\nBob Cowper[10]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n5th\n\nMelbourne Cricket Ground\n11 February 1966\n\n\n11\n302\nLawrence Rowe[11]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nKensington Oval, Bridgetown\n6 March 1974\n\n\n12\n333\nGraham Gooch[12]\n England\n India\n\n1st\n1st\n\nLord's Cricket Ground, London\n26 July 1990\n\n\n13\n375 \nBrian Lara[13]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n5th\n\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n16 April 1994\n\n\n14\n340\nSanath Jayasuriya[14]\n Sri Lanka\n India\n\n1st\n1st\n\nR. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo\n2 August 1997\n\n\n15\n334\nMark Taylor[15]\n Australia\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nArbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar\n15 October 1998\n\n\n16\n329\nInzamam-ul-Haq[16]\n Pakistan\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n1st\n\nGaddafi Stadium, Lahore\n1 May 2002\n\n\n17\n380 \nMatthew Hayden[17]\n Australia\n Zimbabwe\n\n1st\n1st\n\nWACA Ground, Perth\n9 October 2003\n\n\n18\n309\nVirender Sehwag[18]\n India\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n1st\n\nMultan Cricket Stadium\n28 March 2004\n\n\n19\n400* \nBrian Lara[19]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n4th\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n10 April 2004\n\n\n20\n317\nChris Gayle[20]\n West Indies\n South Africa\n\n1st\n4th\n\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n29 April 2005\n\n\n21\n374\nMahela Jayawardene[21]\n Sri Lanka\n South Africa\n\n1st\n1st\n\nSinhalese S.C., Colombo\n27 July 2006\n\n\n22\n319\nVirender Sehwag[22]\n India\n South Africa\n\n1st\n1st\n\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\n26 March 2008\n\n\n23\n313\nYounis Khan[23]\n Pakistan\n Sri Lanka\n\n1st\n1st\n\nNational Stadium, Karachi\n21 February 2009\n\n\n24\n333\nChris Gayle[24]\n West Indies\n Sri Lanka\n\n1st\n1st\n\nGalle International Stadium\n15 November 2010\n\n\n25\n329\nMichael Clarke[25]\n Australia\n India\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nSydney Cricket Ground\n3 January 2012\n\n\n26\n311\nHashim Amla[26]\n South Africa\n England\n\n1st\n1st\nThe Oval, London\n19 July 2012\n\n\n27\n319\nKumar Sangakkara[27]\n Sri Lanka\n Bangladesh\n\n1st\n2nd\nZohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong\n5 February 2014\n\n\n28\n302\nBrendon McCullum[28]\n New Zealand\n India\n\n2nd\n2nd\nBasin Reserve, Wellington\n18 February 2014\n\n\n29\n302\nAzhar Ali[29]\n Pakistan\n West Indies\n1st\n1st\nDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai\n13 October 2016\n\n\n30\n303\nKarun Nair[30]\n India\n England\n\n1st\n5th\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\n16 December 2016\n", "\n\n\nNo\n\nScore\n\nBatsman\n\nFor\n\nAgainst\n\nInnings\n\nTest\n\nGround\n\nDate\n\n\n1\n325 \nAndy Sandham[1]\n England\n West Indies\n\n1st\n4th\n\nSabina Park, Kingston\n3 April 1930\n\n\n2\n334 \nDonald Bradman[2]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n11 July 1930\n\n\n3\n336* \nWally Hammond[3]\n England\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nEden Park, Auckland\n31 March 1933\n\n\n4\n304\nDonald Bradman[4]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n4th\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n20 July 1934\n\n\n5\n364 \nLen Hutton[5]\n England\n Australia\n\n1st\n5th\n\nThe Oval, London\n20 August 1938\n\n\n6\n337\nHanif Mohammad[6]\n Pakistan\n West Indies\n\n2nd\n1st\n\nKensington Oval, Bridgetown\n17 January 1958\n\n\n7\n365* \nGarfield Sobers[7]\n West Indies\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nSabina Park, Kingston\n26 February 1958\n\n\n8\n311\nBob Simpson[8]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n4th\n\nOld Trafford, Manchester\n23 July 1964\n\n\n9\n310\nJohn Edrich[9]\n England\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nHeadingley, Leeds\n8 July 1965\n\n\n10\n307\nBob Cowper[10]\n Australia\n England\n\n1st\n5th\n\nMelbourne Cricket Ground\n11 February 1966\n\n\n11\n302\nLawrence Rowe[11]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n3rd\n\nKensington Oval, Bridgetown\n6 March 1974\n\n\n12\n333\nGraham Gooch[12]\n England\n India\n\n1st\n1st\n\nLord's Cricket Ground, London\n26 July 1990\n\n\n13\n375 \nBrian Lara[13]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n5th\n\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n16 April 1994\n\n\n14\n340\nSanath Jayasuriya[14]\n Sri Lanka\n India\n\n1st\n1st\n\nR. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo\n2 August 1997\n\n\n15\n334\nMark Taylor[15]\n Australia\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nArbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar\n15 October 1998\n\n\n16\n329\nInzamam-ul-Haq[16]\n Pakistan\n New Zealand\n\n1st\n1st\n\nGaddafi Stadium, Lahore\n1 May 2002\n\n\n17\n380 \nMatthew Hayden[17]\n Australia\n Zimbabwe\n\n1st\n1st\n\nWACA Ground, Perth\n9 October 2003\n\n\n18\n309\nVirender Sehwag[18]\n India\n Pakistan\n\n1st\n1st\n\nMultan Cricket Stadium\n28 March 2004\n\n\n19\n400* \nBrian Lara[19]\n West Indies\n England\n\n1st\n4th\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n10 April 2004\n\n\n20\n317\nChris Gayle[20]\n West Indies\n South Africa\n\n1st\n4th\n\nAntigua Recreation Ground, St John's\n29 April 2005\n\n\n21\n374\nMahela Jayawardene[21]\n Sri Lanka\n South Africa\n\n1st\n1st\n\nSinhalese S.C., Colombo\n27 July 2006\n\n\n22\n319\nVirender Sehwag[22]\n India\n South Africa\n\n1st\n1st\n\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\n26 March 2008\n\n\n23\n313\nYounis Khan[23]\n Pakistan\n Sri Lanka\n\n1st\n1st\n\nNational Stadium, Karachi\n21 February 2009\n\n\n24\n333\nChris Gayle[24]\n West Indies\n Sri Lanka\n\n1st\n1st\n\nGalle International Stadium\n15 November 2010\n\n\n25\n329\nMichael Clarke[25]\n Australia\n India\n\n1st\n2nd\n\nSydney Cricket Ground\n3 January 2012\n\n\n26\n311\nHashim Amla[26]\n South Africa\n England\n\n1st\n1st\nThe Oval, London\n19 July 2012\n\n\n27\n319\nKumar Sangakkara[27]\n Sri Lanka\n Bangladesh\n\n1st\n2nd\nZohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong\n5 February 2014\n\n\n28\n302\nBrendon McCullum[28]\n New Zealand\n India\n\n2nd\n2nd\nBasin Reserve, Wellington\n18 February 2014\n\n\n29\n302\nAzhar Ali[29]\n Pakistan\n West Indies\n1st\n1st\nDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai\n13 October 2016\n\n\n30\n303\nKarun Nair[30]\n India\n England\n\n1st\n5th\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\n16 December 2016\n" ]	[ "Virender Sehwag", "Karun Nair" ]
2599488146782767557	The Kissing Booth	The Kissing Booth - wikipedia The Kissing Booth This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Kissing Booth Film release poster Directed by Vince Marcello Produced by Ed Glauser Andrew Cole - Bulgin Vince Marcello Michele Weisler Screenplay by Vince Marcello Based on The Kissing Booth by Beth Reekles Starring Joey King Jacob Elordi Joel Courtney Molly Ringwald Music by Patrick Kirst Edited by Paul Millspaugh Production company Komixx Entertainment Netflix Distributed by Netflix Release date May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English The Kissing Booth is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Vince Marcello , based on the novel of the same name by Beth Reekles . It stars Molly Ringwald , Joey King , Jacob Elordi and Joel Courtney . The film was released on May 11 , 2018 on Netflix . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 The Kissing Booth on Wattpad 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Born on the same day and time in the same hospital , Elle Evans ( Joey King ) and Lee Flynn ( Joel Courtney ) have been best friends all their lives . To protect their special relationship , the pair created a set of friendship rules they are sworn to follow including # 9 : relatives totally off limits , especially Lee 's bad boy older brother Noah ( Jacob Elordi ) . On the first day of school Elle 's pants rip forcing her to go to school wearing a skirt that is too small . Tuppen , another student , touches her which almost gets Lee into a fight but Noah intervenes . Elle , having violated the dress code , has to serve detention with Noah and Tuppen . Tuppen later apologizes to Elle . She later agrees to go out with him however she is stood up . He goes to see her later that night to let her know that he was threatened by Noah not to go out with her . Elle and Lee have to create a booth for the school carnival and decide on a kissing booth . The two have difficulty finding people to participate but get a group of popular girls called the OMG 's ( Olivia , Mia , and Gwyneth ) to participate by lying to them saying that Noah likes one of them and will go if they go . That night , the kissing booth is a success . However , girls including the OMG 's become angry when they discover that Noah is not actually working the kissing booth . For payback , the girls send Elle up to the booth to kiss a nerdy kid while blindfolded . The boy switches with Noah having him next in line to kiss Elle . When Elle wo n't stop talking Noah kisses her , not knowing who it is she takes off her blindfold and Noah goes in for a second kiss . After cleaning up Elle sees Noah flirting with another girl so she runs home while Noah looks at her . While on her way home it starts to rain and Noah offers her a ride on his motorcycle . However , the rain gets too heavy and they have to stop . They shelter in a nearby glass ' bandstand ' in a park . Elle kisses Noah again and he pulls away . After staring at each other Noah goes in for another kiss . Elle ends up pulling away , telling him she ca n't be another one of his conquests . He looks hurt but tells Elle why he likes her . They kiss again but are interrupted by a security guard who recognizes Noah and tells him to stop bringing girls there . Elle gets upset that Noah brought her to the place where he brings his other girlfriends and leaves . The next day while at a party Elle is harassed by another student and Noah almost starts a fight with him . This causes her to storm off but Noah requests her to get in his car . Instead of going home he takes her to the Hollywood Sign and they talk about their relationship . They both admit to liking each other and decide to come up with rules for their relationship , one being that Lee never finds out . The two kiss and end up having sex . Elle and Noah start to see each other secretly and are careful that Lee or anyone else do n't find out . While in Noah 's room his mom almost walks in on them and Elle has to hide . While hiding she overhears her say that he had been accepted to an Ivy League school . Soon after he reveals to her that he is going to Harvard and she starts to realize that he wo n't be around next year . One day while hanging out with Noah , Lee walks in on him tending to a cut on her face . He become suspicious and asks Elle if it was Noah who hurt her . This infuriates Noah and they are about to get involved in a fight , but Elle stops them and takes Lee away . Lee asks her is there is something going on between the two of them , to which she denies . She ends up feeling guilty about lying to Lee and goes back to Noah and tells him that they need to come clean that night and when Noah agrees he says that way he can take her to prom . They kiss but Lee ends up seeing it . Hurt , Lee attempts to leave his house but Elle tries to get him to talk before Noah intervenes and eventually get into a fight . After backing off , Lee leaves and Elle tells Noah to leave her alone . Lee starts giving Elle the silent treatment and Noah goes missing . While at the arcade one day Lee invites Elle over to play a game and they make up and make plans for their upcoming birthday party . Before prom , Noah finally returns but to talk to Elle 's dad who says he does not approve but it is her decision . Elle goes to prom with Lee and his girlfriend Rachel and has a good time until a replica of their kissing booth is revealed . Noah comes out from behind the curtains to tell Elle that he loves her but she responds by saying that she can not keep on hurting the people she loves because of him and that no one wants them to be together . Noah agrees to this but then asks her what does she want . To this Elle does not seem to have an answer and she runs away sobbing . Rachel chases after her but she gets away before they can say anything . The next day at their costume themed birthday party , Elle begins missing Noah and decides to leave . Lee stops her and Elle tells him that she loves him but she also loves Noah and if he ca n't accept that then maybe they should n't be friends . Lee , finally accepts that Noah makes her happy and agrees to help Elle find him . Elle and Lee get in the car and leave for the airport . She starts sharing her true feelings for Noah to Lee and then it is revealed that all this time in the car it was Noah in Lee 's costume . Elle is surprised to see Noah and admits to him that she loves him . They embrace and kiss . During the next few weeks , Elle and Noah spend every day together before he has to leave for college . When it is time to go Elle goes with him to the airport and he leaves . After watching him leave , she drives off on Noah 's motorcycle saying that she does not know if they will be together forever but she knows that a part of her heart will always belong to Noah Flynn . The story ends with Elle stating that everything happened just because of the Kissing Booth . Cast ( edit ) Joey King as Shelley `` Elle '' Evans Joel Courtney as Lee Flynn Jacob Elordi as Noah Flynn Molly Ringwald as Mrs. Flynn Production ( edit ) In June 2014 , Vince Marcello was hired to write the film adaptation of teenage author Beth Reekles ' young adult novel The Kissing Booth , which was originally published on Wattpad . In November 2016 , it was announced that Netflix had purchased rights to the film , with Marcello now set to helm his screenplay . In January 2017 , Joey King and Molly Ringwald signed on to star in the film . The filming took place in Los Angeles , California , and in Cape Town , South Africa between January and April 2017 . Release ( edit ) The film was released on 11 May 2018 on Netflix . According to Netflix , one in three viewers of the film have re-watched it , `` which is 30 percent higher than the average movie re-watch rate on the ( streaming service ) . '' Deeming the film a huge success for the service , CCO Ted Sarandos called the film `` one of the most - watched movies in the country , and maybe in the world . '' Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 13 % , based on 8 reviews , and an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . The Kissing Booth was panned by critics . IndieWire 's Kate Erbland gave the film a `` D '' grade , adding that `` Unfortunately , the high school - set rom - com is a sexist and regressive look at relationships that highlights the worst impulses of the genre . '' Ani Bundel of NBCNews criticized the film 's `` problematic stereotyping of masculinity and relationships '' and lack of original ideas . `` It feels like it was written by someone who simply digested everything she was told ' romance ' was supposed to be by the patriarchy , and vomited back at us . Nearly every cliché in the film feels cribbed from another movie , like a song made completely of samples from better - known hits . '' Despite being deemed `` sexist '' and `` objectively bad '' by several critics , The Kissing Booth was widely consumed among audiences . Netflix 's Ted Sarandos , CCO affirmed the film 's success as a `` hugely popular original movie '' for the streaming service . The Kissing Booth on Wattpad ( edit ) The Kissing Booth was written in 2011 by author Beth Reekles . It originated as a story on Wattpad where it won a Watty Award for `` Most Popular Teen Fiction '' in Wattpad 's annual writing contest . By 2012 it had amassed over 19 million reads and , in 2013 , was published by Penguin Random House . In an interview with Forbes , Reekles explains what drew her to Wattpad : `` I loved the feeling of community on the site , and when I began to share , I liked the anonymity of it because I was so self - conscious about my writing and had n't shared it with anyone before . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Zombie Prom ' Scribe Hired To Pen Teenage Publishing Sensation Beth Reekles ' ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' The Kissing Booth ' ; YA Adaptation To Be Produced By Komixx '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Joey King & Molly Ringwald To Pucker Up In ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hemmert , Kylie ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` The Kissing Booth Official Trailer Released '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Set It Up ' and the Rise of the Non-Studio Rom - Com '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Binge Factory '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Kissing Booth ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bundel , Ani ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Kissing Booth ' is a runaway teen phenomenon that critics hate and adults have never heard of '' . NBCNews . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Kissing Booth ' : Netflix 's Teen Comedy Sensation Is Sexist and Outdated -- Review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Tess ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix celebrates the male gaze with puzzlingly sexist teen flick , ' The Kissing Booth ' '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rowles , Dustin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is The Objectively Bad Netflix Movie ' The Kissing Booth ' So Insanely Popular ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Alison ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Kissing Booth ' is the problematic , lazy dumpster fire dominating Netflix '' . Mashable . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/04/beth-reekles-kissing-booth/316454/ Jump up ^ https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/14/netflixs-latest-hit-the-kissing-booth-is-a-wattpad-success-story/ Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamrowe1/2018/06/26/why-beth-reekles-is-the-wattpad-success-story-behind-netflix-hit-the-kissing-booth/#46dd974e28d5/ External links ( edit ) The Kissing Booth on Netflix The Kissing Booth on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kissing_Booth&oldid=857000612 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen romance films British coming - of - age films British films British romantic comedy films British teen comedy films British teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on British novels Films based on young adult literature Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in South Africa Netflix original films Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2018 Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-3936549402848051107	United States presidential elections in Wisconsin	United states presidential elections in Wisconsin - wikipedia United states presidential elections in Wisconsin Presidential elections in Wisconsin No. of elections 43 Voted Democrat 17 Voted Republican 25 Voted other Voted for winning candidate 33 Voted for losing candidate 10 Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Wisconsin , ordered by year . Since its admission to statehood in 1848 , Wisconsin has participated in every U.S. presidential election . Winners of the state are in bold . Contents 1 Elections from 1864 to present 2 Election of 1860 3 Elections prior to 1860 4 Notes Elections from 1864 to present ( edit ) Year Winner ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Other national candidates Votes Percent Electoral Votes Notes 2016 Donald Trump 1,405,284 47.22 Hillary Clinton 1,382,536 46.45 - 10 2012 Barack Obama 1,620,985 52.83 Mitt Romney 1,407,966 45.89 - 10 2008 Barack Obama 1,677,211 56.22 John McCain 1,262,393 42.31 - 10 George W. Bush 1,478,120 49.32 John Kerry 1,489,504 49.70 - 10 2000 George W. Bush 1,237,279 47.61 Al Gore 1,242,987 47.83 - 11 Bill Clinton 1,071,971 48.81 Bob Dole 845,029 38.48 Ross Perot 227,339 10.35 11 1992 Bill Clinton 1,041,066 41.13 George H.W. Bush 930,855 36.78 Ross Perot 544,479 21.51 11 1988 George H.W. Bush 1,047,499 47.8 Michael Dukakis 1,126,794 51.41 - 11 1984 Ronald Reagan 1,198,800 54.19 Walter Mondale 995,847 45.02 - 11 1980 Ronald Reagan 1,088,845 47.90 Jimmy Carter 981,584 43.18 John B. Anderson 160,657 7.07 11 1976 Jimmy Carter 1,040,232 49.50 Gerald Ford 1,004,987 47.83 - 11 1972 Richard Nixon 989,430 53.40 George McGovern 810,174 43.72 - 11 1968 Richard Nixon 809,997 47.89 Hubert Humphrey 748,804 44.27 George Wallace 127,835 7.56 12 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 1,050,424 62.09 Barry Goldwater 638,495 37.74 - 12 1960 John F. Kennedy 830,805 48.05 Richard Nixon 895,175 51.77 - 12 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 954,844 61.58 Adlai Stevenson II 586,768 37.84 T. Coleman Andrews / Unpledged Electors 6,918 0.45 12 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 979,744 60.95 Adlai Stevenson II 622,175 38.71 - 12 1948 Harry S. Truman 647,310 50.70 Thomas E. Dewey 590,959 46.28 Strom Thurmond - 12 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 650,413 48.57 Thomas E. Dewey 674,532 50.37 - 12 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 704,821 50.15 Wendell Willkie 679,206 48.32 - 12 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 802,984 63.80 Alf Landon 380,828 30.26 - 12 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 707,410 63.46 Herbert Hoover 347,741 31.19 - 12 1928 Herbert Hoover 544,205 53.52 Al Smith 450,259 44.28 - 13 1924 Calvin Coolidge 311,614 37.06 John W. Davis 68,115 8.10 Robert M. La Follette Sr . 453,678 53.96 13 1920 Warren G. Harding 498,576 71.10 James M. Cox 113,422 16.17 - 13 1916 Woodrow Wilson 191,363 42.80 Charles E. Hughes 220,822 49.39 - 13 1912 Woodrow Wilson 164,230 41.06 Theodore Roosevelt 62,448 15.61 William H. Taft 130,596 32.65 13 1908 William H. Taft 247,747 54.52 William Jennings Bryan 166,662 36.67 - 13 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 280,315 63.21 Alton B. Parker 124,205 28.01 - 13 1900 William McKinley 265,760 60.06 William Jennings Bryan 159,163 35.97 - 12 1896 William McKinley 268,135 59.93 William Jennings Bryan 165,523 37.00 - 12 1892 Grover Cleveland 177,325 47.72 Benjamin Harrison 171,101 46.05 James B. Weaver 10,019 2.7 12 1888 Benjamin Harrison 176,553 49.79 Grover Cleveland 155,232 43.77 - 11 1884 Grover Cleveland 146,453 45.79 James G. Blaine 161,135 50.38 - 11 1880 James A. Garfield 144,398 54.04 Winfield S. Hancock 114,644 42.91 James B. Weaver 7,986 2.99 10 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 130,067 50.57 Samuel J. Tilden 123,926 48.19 - 10 1872 Ulysses S. Grant 104,994 54.6 Horace Greeley 86,477 44.97 - 10 1868 Ulysses S. Grant 108,920 56.3 Horatio Seymour 84,708 43.7 - 8 1864 Abraham Lincoln 83,458 55.9 George B. McClellan 65,884 44.1 - 8 Election of 1860 ( edit ) The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two - party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country . The result of the election , with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery , spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War . Year Winner ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Electoral Votes 1860 Abraham Lincoln 86,110 56.6 Stephen A. Douglas 65,021 42.7 John C. Breckinridge 887 0.6 John Bell 161 0.1 5 Elections prior to 1860 ( edit ) Year Winner ( nationally ) Votes Percent Loser ( nationally ) Votes Percent Other national candidates Votes Percent Electoral Votes Notes 1856 James Buchanan 52,843 44.22 John C. Frémont 66,090 55.3 Millard Fillmore 579 0.48 5 1852 Franklin Pierce 33,658 52.04 Winfield Scott 22,210 34.34 John P. Hale 8,814 13.63 5 1848 Zachary Taylor 13,747 35.1 Lewis Cass 15,001 38.3 Martin Van Buren 10,418 26.6 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert La Follette Sr. , 1924 ^ Jump up to : For purposes of these lists , other national candidates are defined as those who won at least one electoral vote , or won at least ten percent of the vote in multiple states . Jump up ^ Was allied with a slate of unpledged electors in Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin&oldid=855124926 '' Categories : United States presidential elections in Wisconsin Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 03 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time wisconsin voted for a republican president	[]	[]
3098212685817134704	Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides	Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides - Wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides Jump to : navigation , search `` Pirates 4 '' redirects here . For the 3D short film , see Pirates 4 - D. For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.045 billion Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World 's End ( 2007 ) . It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer . The film is technically a stand - alone sequel to the previous installments . In the film , which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D formats . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides during the back - to - back production of Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and At World 's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series . Pre-production started after the end of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design . Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010 , with locations in Hawaii , the United Kingdom , Puerto Rico and California . Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film 's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million . On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release , and it stands as the 23rd - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation . Critical reviews were mixed , with the film receiving criticism over its writing , directing , excessiveness and lack of originality ; positive mentions were given on the acting , action sequences , music , visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films . A sequel , titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's story occurs in 1750 , set roughly sixteen years after At World 's End ( and six after its post-credits scene ) After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate , Joshamee Gibbs , in London , Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it . Jack 's old nemesis , Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship , the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk , is heading the expedition . Jack refuses the offer and escapes . He meets up with his father , Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain 's rituals . Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain . The impostor is Angelica , Jack 's former lover , and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard 's ship , Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack 's map showing the Fountain 's location , forcing Barbossa to take him along . Meanwhile , after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain . Blackbeard seeks the Fountain 's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one - legged man '' , who happened to be Barbossa . Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship , the Santiago . The Fountain 's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices . Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life ; the second person dies , their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker . Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard 's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles . The Queen Anne 's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears . After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara , she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away . A mermaid named Syrena is caught , but Philip Swift , a captive missionary , falls in love with her . Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island , Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices . Jack locates the grounded , decaying vessel , only to find Barbossa there . Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices , after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel . Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices . Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated . Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices . Meanwhile , Syrena , reciprocating Philip 's love , is tricked into shedding a tear . Blackbeard collects it , leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them . Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica 's safety , Jack 's confiscated magical compass ( which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices ) , and Gibbs ' release . In return , Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain ; Blackbeard agrees , and Gibbs is set free with the compass . At the Fountain , Blackbeard 's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight . The Spanish suddenly arrive , intending to destroy the Fountain , believing its power an abomination against God . They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp . When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword , Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned . Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices . Barbossa obtains Blackbeard 's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne 's Revenge and her crew . Despite resistance from Blackbeard 's crew , the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar , crushing the Fountain of Youth . The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins . Philip is mortally wounded , but he returns to free Syrena . She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him , telling him not to waste her tear . Syrena goes back to the dying Philip . She says she can save him if he asks her to . When he asks for her forgiveness , she kisses him and takes him underwater . With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death , Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them . Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed , he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear . Instead , Blackbeard drinks it , asking his daughter to save him . Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice . Jack is upset to lose Angelica , but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear . Neither of the two are happy , and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them . Angelica 's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard 's body . Eventually , Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other , yet he distrusts her intentions ( aware that she may try to avenge her father ) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard 's magical sword , Barbossa captains the Queen Anne 's Revenge and returns to piracy . Jack finds Gibbs , who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles , carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave , hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life . In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica , who then smiles . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Captain Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate . Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew . Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew . Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington . Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent . Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid . Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death . Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Shortly before the premiere of At World 's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy , but the idea of a spin - off was still possible . After the film 's successful opening weekend , Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment . Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought . Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007 , but they were interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008 . In June 2009 , Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film , which he , Johnny Depp , Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20 , 2011 . He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film , as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold . As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year , Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker '' , stating that `` Every film ( Marshall ) made I thought was unique and different . '' On July 21 , 2009 , Marshall accepted the job , because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters . It felt new , and that was important to me . '' Marshall said the film provided him a long - awaited opportunity to work with Depp , and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer -- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers . '' On September 11 , 2009 , at Disney 's D23 convention during a Disney event , Cook and Johnny Depp , in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume , announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development . The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration , eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship . An appearance of `` Old Bill '' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat , was also filmed but cut . Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance , but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut . Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years . Depp 's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation , with Depp explaining that `` There 's a fissure , a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment . It was all born in that office '' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow : `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character , Dick was there from the first moment . He trusted me '' . Writing ( edit ) During production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter '' in the Pirates series . Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007 . Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book , `` but whenever you say those words , Powers ' novel comes to mind . There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored . '' However , they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel : `` Blackbeard came from the book , and in the book there is a daughter character , too . But Jack Sparrow is not in the book , nor is Barbossa . So I would n't call this an adaptation . '' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film , `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing '' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy '' structure of the previous installments . They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters , '' as characters such as Will Turner would not return . Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit , make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow '' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World 's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length . The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes : mermaids , which are briefly referenced in the book . The mermaids ' role expanded in the script , which included a vast attack sequence . Depp was deeply involved with the story design , frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing , and in the words of Rossio , being `` involved in coming up with story lines , connecting characters , creating moments that we would then fashion , shape and then go back . '' Among Depp 's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists . Afterwards , Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot , and did alterations of their own , including building the female lead . Casting ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , and Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow , Captain Hector Barbossa , and Joshamee Gibbs respectively . Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008 , saying that he would come back if the script was good . Almost a year later , Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role , realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried . '' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa , and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence . Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg , as he considered the disability made him `` angrier , more forceful and resilient as a character '' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch , particularly during sword fighting scenes . While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush 's leg , the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk . Three other actors from the previous films returned , Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves , and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette . Keith Richards also had a cameo , reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World 's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder . Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles , as they wanted to be involved in different films . They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could . On August 1 , 2009 , Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones , who died in the previous film , saying the possibility to resurrect the character , but at the end , his inclusion was scrapped . On February 5 , 2010 , Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating , `` They have n't asked me . But actually I do n't mind that at all . I 'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we 've made is great . I 'd almost like them to leave it there . '' New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film , Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica , Jack Sparrow 's love interest . According to Marshall , McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there 's always humor behind it as well '' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming '' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall . The beard took one hour and a half to get applied , and McShane likened the character 's costume to `` a real biker pirate -- it 's all black leather . '' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him , but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way . She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful '' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum , a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow , and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths ' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience , was chosen to play the missionary Philip , and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast . Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors : Cruz , Bergès - Frisbey , Óscar Jaenada , and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz . Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts -- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I do n't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s , ( ... ) So it 's natural for casting people to say , ' We want real people . ' '' Marshall invited Spanish - French actress Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up - and - coming actresses . Bergès - Frisbey had to take lessons of English , swimming and breath control for the role . The rest of the mermaid portrayers , such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense , an otherworldly sensibility , but also under those layers a deadly quality '' , according to Marshall , and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack . After the joint production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End cost over $300 million , Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment . Many costs had to be cut , including moving primary production to Hawaii and London , where tax credits are more favorable , and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World 's End . The tighter schedule -- according to Bruckheimer , `` We had a 22 - week post , and for a picture like this , with almost 1,200 visual effects shots , it 's usually 40 weeks '' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming . The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ( $410.6 million ) by 2013 , with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government , making Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date . Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking ; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you 're part of the screen . '' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie '' to be shot in 3D , as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages . At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D , but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format . `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure . '' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production , the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras . Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility . This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle . The Queen Anne 's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments . On February 2010 , the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms , where a big concern was to make it imposing , with three stories , without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series , the look for the Queen Anne 's Revenge was ominous , with sails dyed blood red , various elements on fire , and a decoration based on skulls and bones ( drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic ) . Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man , but his ship is also a dying ship '' . The ship 's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard 's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa 's ship , the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii . Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth , with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain , which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life '' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood . Effects ( edit ) On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer - generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies . Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley - Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D : `` Rotoscoping is tricky . Cleaning up plates is double the work , and tracking has to be spot on . '' The lead companies , with over 300 effects each , were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for , among others , the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions , such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls . Filming the mermaids involved eight model - actresses , who portrayed them outside the water , as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen , both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids . Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models . The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature , instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater , the faces of the actresses had some digital touch - ups on the underwater scenes , adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin . ILM also handled Blackbeard 's death , where Ian McShane 's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing '' , and a hurricane - like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life '' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa 's peg leg , CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots , and Method Studios created matte paintings . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise ; being the main composer for the second and third installments . Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n ' roll sound , as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n ' rollers of many , many years ago '' , and Spanish elements , which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz 's brother Eduardo . American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir - based cues , as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli . Release ( edit ) Penélope Cruz and Johnny Depp promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . On January 6 , 2010 , Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20 , 2011 , following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider - Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6 , 2011 . The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format , with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects . It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas . The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7 , 2011 , at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series . Many of the film 's stars were in attendance . Two other early screenings followed , one in Moscow on May 11 , and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14 . The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20 , with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18 , in Australia on May 19 , and in North America on May 20 . The film was released on a then - record 402 IMAX screens , 257 screens in North America , and 139 in other territories . The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide . Promotion ( edit ) Disney 's marketing president , MT Carney , said that the film 's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant '' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president , Valerie Van Galder , was hired as a consultant . The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4 , 2010 . Three trailers were released , one in December , which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron : Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011 , which was later released online in an extended version ; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials . Promotional tie - ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate 's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI , clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins , which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2011 in the UK , topping both the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks . The film had its high - definition home release on October 18 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . Three different physical packages were made available : a 2 - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( 2 - disc Blu - ray , 1 - disc Blu - ray 3D , 1 - disc DVD , and 1 - disc Digital Copy ) , and a 15 - disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies . On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D . The regular DVD edition came out on December 6 . In its first week of release , it sold 1.71 million Blu - ray units and generated $48.50 million , topping the weekly Blu - ray chart . However these results were quite skewed due to the one - month delay of its DVD - only release . It sold 3.20 million Blu - ray units ( $83.46 million ) after 11 weeks . It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ( $19.32 million ) . Upon its television premiere on December 29 , 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers , making it the third-most watched program that night , according to overnight figures . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802 . It is the 22nd highest - grossing film worldwide , the third - highest - grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh - highest - grossing Disney feature and the second - highest - grossing fourth film in a franchise ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $350.6 million , surpassing At World 's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh - highest worldwide opening . It scored an IMAX worldwide opening - weekend record with $16.7 million ( first surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) . It set records for the least time to reach $500 , $600 , and $700 million worldwide ( in 10 , 12 and 16 days , respectively ) . The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters ( July 2 , 2011 ) , it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1 - billion - mark . It set a record for the fastest Disney - distributed film to reach the milestone ( first surpassed by Marvel 's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth - fastest film overall to achieve this . North America ( edit ) During its Thursday - midnight showings , On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters , and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day . It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend , topping the weekend box office , but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World 's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man 's Chest -- $135.6 million ) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million ) . 3D showings accounted for only 46 % of its opening - weekend gross . It closed on September 29 , 2011 , with a $241.1 million gross , ranking as the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise . However , it was the top - grossing movie during May 2011 ( with $166.8 million by May 31 ) . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , On Stranger Tides is the sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing 2011 film and the highest - grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . It is the highest - grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories . During its opening day ( Wednesday , May 18 , 2011 ) , On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories . It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday , for a two - day total of $44.2 million , and on Friday , it expanded to almost all countries , earning $46.2 million for a three - day total of $92.1 million . On its five - day opening weekend as a whole , it earned a then - record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories , in all which it reached first place at the box office . The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3 - D showings accounted for 66 % of the weekend gross , which was a much greater share than in North America . Its highest - grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ( $31.42 million including previews ) , China ( $22.3 million ) and Germany ( $20.53 million ) . It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men : First Class . It reached the $300 , $400 and $500 - million - mark at the box office outside North America in record time ( 7 , 11 and 14 days respectively ) , records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia ( including the CIS ) and Sweden . Subsequently , it set opening - weekend records in Latin America , the Middle East , Russia , Norway , Ukraine and Turkey , still retaining the record in Russia ( $26.8 million ) and Ukraine ( $2.15 million ) . Its highest - grossing market after North America is Japan ( $108.9 million ) , followed by China ( $71.8 million ) and Russia and the CIS ( $63.7 million ) . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS , Austria , Ukraine , Greece , Portugal and Angola , South Africa , Romania , Bulgaria , Egypt , Estonia , and Latvia . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33 % based on 259 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel , but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars , saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects , the film in general was `` too much of a muchness '' for him . Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+ , saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome '' . Despite the more linear plot , `` the movie is still ridiculous '' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you 'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride : a whole lot of noise , plenty of stunts and complete silliness . '' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show , saying `` it 's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part , because it is just nothing , it is just a big empty nothing , whereas part three I think was an active atrocity , it 's just nothing at all '' . As with the previous films , the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing . The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five , stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story . That never really happens . '' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces '' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable ... often incoherent and crammed with pointless details . '' Mike Scott from The Times - Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter is n't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting , it 's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh - inducing . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments , by design and necessity '' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining '' as the film `` feels lightweight , but that 's still better than bloated . '' On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews ; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well - made . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ , describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first '' , calling the story `` pure cartoon , but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels '' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired , but Penelope energizes it . '' Along the same lines , Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle , infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails '' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye - popping escapism '' and praised Depp , Cruz , and McShane 's performances . Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights , and he handles the 3D well '' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz 's character , saying she `` brings her Oscar - winning vivacity '' and had `` lively sexual tension '' with Depp . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered '' , but he was pleased with the overall result , calling McShane a `` fresh villain '' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere '' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative , but accessible . `` It has nary an original idea and still does n't make much sense , but it 's lost all pretensions that it should '' . He praised Geoffrey Rush , stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots , but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp 's stock and trade . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress , and Villain . Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Kon - Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia . See also ( edit ) Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Production costs : $410.6 million ; rebate : $32.1 million Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` The pirates ' treasure '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Josh ( May 29 , 2007 ) . `` 4th ` Pirates ' film already on horizon '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp ( in Jack Sparrow costume ) surprises Disney D23 Expo audience '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Deleted / Extended Scenes . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wordplayer.com : WORDPLAY / Archives / '' We Sail With the Tide '' by Terry Rossio `` . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn C. ; Eller , Claudia ; Fritz , Ben ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Walt Disney Studios chief Dick Cook abruptly leaves the company '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp says he 's ' shocked and very sad ' about Dick Cook 's departure '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Surprised author Tim Powers finds himself setting sail with ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Screenwriter Terry Rossio On Set Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 2 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney , Depp return to ' Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES NO 4 NETS £ 33M FOR JOHNNY '' . The Daily Express . November 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Says He 's Planning To Shoot ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' In The Spring '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Marshall , John DeLuca . Audio commentary for Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - Ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Damian O'Hare '' . Hamilton Hodell Talent Management . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Wants Another Rolling Stone to Join Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Express . April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pirates enough for Keira '' . The Independent . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Wo n't Return For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp Provides Updates on Dark Shadows , The Tourist and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook : More than just the Office boy '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides production notes '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McShane talks Pirates 4 '' . Total Film . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` La armada invencible española viaja a ' Piratas del Caribe 4 ' '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . June 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Packing for two , Penelope ? Pregnant star leaves London with a LOT of luggage '' . The Daily Mail . November 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shennan , Paddy . `` This is England star Stephen Graham on why he 's celebrating Halloween in Liverpool this year '' Archived January 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Liverpool Echo ( October 22 , 2010 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Savvas , George ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` New ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Cast Members Find Inspiration at Disneyland Park '' . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rull , Carles ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Cuatro españoles en ' Piratas del Caribe 4 '' . 20 minutos . Multiprensa & Mas S.L. Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Óscar Jaenada , a punto de ser un ' pirata del Caribe ' '' . El Periódico de Catalunya ( in Spanish ) . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' : Jerry Bruckheimer explains why you need real breasts to play a mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JMO and Elle ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate tale for Gemma Ward '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Under the Scene : Bringing Mermaids to Life . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruckheimer , Jerry ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Announcement of initial shooting '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney open casting calls for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' in Los Angeles '' . Disney Feature Film Casting . July 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Puerto Rico boosts tax incentives for bigger Hollywood role '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Debra ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the Lens : A look at VFX in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Creative COW Magazine . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Pirates of the Caribbean epic to film '' . Pinewood Studios Group . August 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' spokesman lets the wind out of the sails of New Orleans fans '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon . `` Impersonator gets on to Pirates of the Caribbean 4 set dressed as Captain Jack '' Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Sun . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` The New 3D Technology Behind ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Last Sail / First Voyage . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Art of Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Disney Editions . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 3946 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : In Search of the Fountain . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` A Splash of Mermaids for Fourth Pirates '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` MPC 's pirates & their ships sail on Stranger Tides '' . fxguide . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Houston , Kimberly ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` INTERVIEW : PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN VFX Art Director Aaron McBride on Creating the Film 's Mermaids '' . The Daily BLAM ! . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` CIS Hollywood and Method Studios Discuss On Stranger Tides '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Soundtrack Sets Sail With Oscar ® - Winning Composer Hans Zimmer at the Helm With Acclaimed Guitar Duo Rodrigo y Gabriela '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Records . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Hans Zimmer Interview '' . MovieWeb . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schweiger , Daniel ( May 6 , 2011 ) . `` Audio : On The Score With Hans Zimmer '' . Film Music Magazine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitacre , Eric . `` Pirates IV ! -- Blog '' Archived September 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( January 25 , 2011 ) EricWhitacre.com Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Spider - Man 4 ' release date squeezed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Disney Sign New 3 Picture Deal '' . IMAX Corporation . June 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean Teaser Trailer with TRON : Legacy '' Archived October 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean , ' ' Kung Fu Panda 2 ' to Use Dolby 7.1 Surround Sound '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ García Sánchez , Rubén ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cinépolis presenta sus salas más costosas '' . El Economista . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Mexico 's Cinepolis Going First - class in the U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates ' set for first Russian bow '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates 4 ' headed for Cannes Film Festival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown Read more : UPDATE : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . OK Magazine Australia . January 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . IMAX . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides ' to Be Released on a Record 402 Imax Screens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' posts year 's best opening with $90.1 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates ' Makes $260.4 Million Overseas , Largest Offshore Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Disney hires new marketing guru for `` Pirates 4 '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` First Footage From ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goetzel , David ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` ESPN Airs 3D Ads , Movie Trailers '' . Media Post . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lichtig , Max ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Super Bowl Spot '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Disney spills even more story details in new ' Pirates 4 ' trailer and stills '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO Group and Disney Consumer Products Announce Building Sets Inspired by Pirates of the Caribbean Films '' ( Press release ) . The LEGO Group . November 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean is ' perfect foundation ' for a LEGO game '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Verizon Wireless Delivers Official Mobile App For Walt Disney Pictures And Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Verizon Wireless . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirate 's Booty Collaborates with Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' '' ( Press release ) . Pirate Brands . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discover a Treasure Trove of Color with New BRIGHTS by OPI , Inspired by Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer Film 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Walt Disney Corporation . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Hot Topic Present Treasure - Filled `` Pirates Day '' Fan Events to Celebrate Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides '' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swarovski -- Swarovski 's Collaboration with Disney Continues with `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Collection `` . Swarovski . December 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goldline Coin Giveaway '' . Goldline International . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guy , Timothy ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's magic undergoes changes '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Clip : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Mermaid Magic '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Matthew ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-Ray.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates ' Stranger Tides Revealed '' . Blu-Ray.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Will Delay Pirates Of The Caribbean DVD For A Month After Blu - Ray '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Strange Week on the Home Market '' . November 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Domestic Blu - ray Sales Chart for Week Ending January 1 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides -- DVD Sales '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides thrills 5.4 m on BBC One '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Disney 's ' Pirates ' $346 million Opening Fourth Biggest Worldwide Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Transformers : Dark of the Moon ' Scores Third - Best Global Bow Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Hangover 2 ' No. 1 With $30 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Sails Past $700 Mil Mark '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Blowing Up Worldwide Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Pirates '' treasure mounts to $1 billion worldwide `` . Reuters . July 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- in Just 19 Days '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Becomes Tenth Billion - Dollar Movie Ever ; ' Potter ' Hits Another Worldwide Milestone '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Pirates ' Has Some Life Left in It '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Pirates ' Rides Smaller ' Tides ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : Why did n't more American moviegoers opt to see Jack Sparrow in 3 - D ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May Posts Record Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Shocker : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Is Disney 's Top Film of All Time Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Earns $18.5 Million Internationally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Opens to $4.7 Million at Midnight Showings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' Already Making Waves Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : ON STRANGER TIDES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OVERSEAS TOTAL ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . EntGroup . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Box Office May 19 -- 22 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . May 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Out - Class ' X-Men ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hits $400 Million Worldwide in Less Than a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA -- CIS ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UKRAINE ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Christian Bale 's ' Flowers of War ' Already Top - Grossing Chinese Film of 2011 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal and Angola Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa ( Entire Region ) Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estonia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom . `` Review : Fourth ' Pirates ' movie makes little sense but a lot of noise '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates : On Stranger Tides ' in precarious position '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : Ahoy me hearties , there 's treasure amid the bloat '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marianne ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominees Announced '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Golden Trailer Awards ® Posts Nominations for Best Movie Promos of 2011 : Live Gala Award Show Will be Held June 29 at the Music Box Theatre in L.A. '' . Golden Trailer Awards.com . June 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide Awards . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . the Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming '' . Disney Blogs . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates 5 ' Starts Shooting in 2 Weeks ; First Set Photo Revealed '' . MovieWeb.com . January 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Official US website Official UK website Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Rotten Tomatoes Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides at Metacritic Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Rob Marshall Annie ( 1999 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_On_Stranger_Tides&oldid=802130957 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2011 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American sequel films Films directed by Rob Marshall Fantasy adventure films Cultural depictions of people Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films set in London Films set in Spain Films set in the 1750s Films set in the 18th century Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Puerto Rico Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Mermaids in film Treasure hunt films Zombie films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films based on multiple works Vodou in fiction American films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who starred in pirates of the caribbean 4	[ "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats." ]	[ "Johnny Depp", "Penélope Cruz", "Ian McShane" ]
2499251214596199543	Capitals of Persia	Capitals of persia - wikipedia Capitals of persia Jump to : navigation , search Persia ( Iran ) has had numerous capital cities and royal centers throughout its history . Anshan ; pre-Achaemenid era Ardabil ; early Safavid era Asaak , Parthian era royal center Babylon ; Achaemenid era Baghdad ; caliphates , Jalayerid , Buyid Bukhara ; Taherid dynasty , Samanid Ctesiphon ; Parthian , Sassanid era Shahr - e Qumis ( Hecatompylos ) ; Parthian era Gor ( Firuzabad ) ; Sassanid era Esfahan ; Seljuk , Safavid era Istakhr , Sassanian era Ecbatana ( later Hamadan ) , Median Empire , Achaemenid era , Seljuks ( Greater and Iraq Seljuks ) Kunya Urgench ; early Khwarezmid era Maragheh ; Ilkhanid Mashad ; Afsharid Merv ; capital during al - Mamun 's caliphate , and Taherid era Nishapur ; Ilkhanid , Seljuq , Taherid eras Nisa , Turkmenistan ; periodical capital of the Parthian era Pasargadae ; Achaemenid Persepolis ; Achaemenid Rey ( Rhagae ) ; Median Qazvin ; early Safavid era Samarkand ; Khwarazmid , Timurid era Shiraz ; Buyid dynasty , Zand dynasty Susa ; Achaemenid , Parthian era Tabriz ; Ilkhanid , Khwarezmid , Safavid Tehran ; 1796 -- 2018 See also ( edit ) Iran Ancient Iran Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Persia&oldid=807128594 '' Categories : History of Iran Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Hrvatski مازِرونی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the capital of the ancient persian empire	[]	[]
-1223873234213637247	Mi Gna	Mi Gna - wikipedia Mi Gna `` Mi Gna '' Single by Super Sako featuring Spitakci Hayko from the album Love Crimes Released 2016 Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2016 Genre R&B , popular Armenian music Length 3 : 37 Songwriter ( s ) Artak Aramyan Sarkis Balasanyan Producer ( s ) Super Sako Spitakci Hayko singles chronology `` Mi Gna '' ( 2017 ) Mi Gna2017 Music video `` Mi Gna '' on YouTube `` Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' Single by Maître Gims and Super Sako featuring Hayko Released 19 January 2018 Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2017 Genre R&B , Popular Armenian music , dance music Length 3 : 34 Label Chahawat / B1 ( Sony Music ) Songwriter ( s ) Artak Aramyan ( Armenian ) Sarkis Balasanyan ( English ) Maître Gims ( French ) Araik Mouradian Producer ( s ) Maître Gims MG Mouradian Maître Gims singles chronology `` Caméléon '' ( 2017 ) `` Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' ( 2018 ) `` Caméléon '' ( 2017 ) `` Mi Gna '' ( 2018 ) Super Sako singles chronology `` Mi Gna '' ( 2018 ) Mi Gna2018 Music video `` Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix '' on YouTube `` Mi Gna '' ( Armenian : Մի Գնա , `` Do n't Go '' ) is a song in Armenian and English by the Armenian American DJ Super Sako ( Sarkis Balasanyan ) and features vocals by the Armenian rabiz singer Spitakci Hayko ( Hayk Ghevondyan ) . `` Mi Gna '' was written by Artak Aramyan with added English lyrics by Sarkis Balasanyan ( Super Sako ) and appeared in Super Sako 's 2016 album Love Crimes . The song was uploaded to YouTube on August 17 , 2016 . And without even the release of any official music video for the song , it became a huge hit in Armenia , the Armenian diaspora , Turkey , the Arab countries , and elsewhere worldwide . The video attracted 50 million views by June 2017 , making it the most viewed song on YouTube by Armenian artists . The video has garnered more than 171 million views as of July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Maître Gims Remix 2 Versions 2.1 Language versions 2.2 Samplings and adaptations 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 References 6 External links Maître Gims Remix ( edit ) Notable artists who have covered the song include French rapper Maître Gims in a trilingual Armenian , French and English version titled `` Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' . This version included additional French - language lyrics by Maître Gims and Araik Mouradian and was produced by Gims and MG Mouradian . The remix was released on 19 January 2018 in France . The release was accompanied by an official music video filmed in New York . The video with Maître Gims version attracted 134 million views as of June 2018 . In its first week of release in France on Chahawat / B1 labels and distributed by Sony Music , `` Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' entered the French Singles Chart at number 7 , peaking eventually at number 4 . It also reached # 14 on the SNEP Telecharged Singles chart and # 35 on SNEP `` Top Singles - Streaming '' chart . In Belgium , where the single is released by Play Two and distributed by Warner Music , it reached number 38 in the Belgian Ultratop Wallonia chart . and peaked at number 8 on Belgian Wallonia Urban Top 50 Chart . The single also charted in the Swiss Hitparade , entering at number 74 . Versions ( edit ) Language versions ( edit ) The song has been subject to a great number language versions including : Language Performer Original title Title English transliteration Link Arabic including dialects Rachelle مي غنا Mi Gna ( 1 ) Haitham Dassouki and Nazo Nazarian شعّل نار / Mi Gna Sha33el Nar / Mi Gna ( 2 ) Maya توحشتك آنا - Mi Gna ( Cover Mashup Song ) Twahachtek Ana - Mi Gna ( Cover Mashup Song ) ( 3 ) Big Shift & Dr Black تانبغيك أنا Tanibghik ana ( 4 ) Bulgarian Toni Storaro and Fiki feat . Ustata Moyata Jena ( 5 ) French Maître Gims & Super Sako ( feat . Hayko ) Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) ( 6 ) Georgian Shai Gal დღე არის თუ ღამეა Dghe aris tu ghamea Greek Grigoris Markelis feat . Patro Όσα έρθουν Osa ertun ( 7 ) Super Sako feat . Panos Kiamos & Bo Θέλω να σε ξαναδώ Thelo na se xanado ( 8 ) Hebrew Dj Avi Panel feat . Zehava Cohen מי גנה Mi Gna ( 9 ) Kurdish Navid Zardi & Hardi Salami Ishqt ( عيشقت ) Romanian Elis Armeanca feat Mr Juve Cine e inima mea ( 10 ) Turkish Berat Toksöz feat . Barış Koçak Bitti Artık Bu Sevda ( 11 ) There are also versions in Albanian , Dutch , German and Russian amongst many . Samplings and adaptations ( edit ) Armenian singer Agas released an adaptation `` Nazani , Mi Gna , Sirun Kuku '' sampling heavily from the song . `` Mi Gna '' has also been subject to many remixes , samplings and adaptations notably by DJ Pantelis ( Greece ) . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 21 Bulgaria ( ARC Top 40 ) 14 France ( SNEP ) Lebanon ( Top 20 ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 sales figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Mi Gna ' by Armenian rapper Super Sako becomes top hit in Turkey '' . Armenpress. 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hakhverdyan , Nune ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Newsmakers in Armenia in 2017 '' . media.am . Media Initiatives Center . Jump up ^ `` Под `` взрывной '' армянский хит `` Ми Гна '' в Египте `` заснули '' ? `` . Rambler ( in Russian ) . 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mi Gna ' by Super Sako Hits 50 Million Views on YouTube '' . Asbarez. 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mi Gna by rapper Super Sako and Spitaktsi Hayko hits record number YouTube views in Armenian show - biz '' . Armenpress. 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Super Sako YouTube channel : Super Sako - Mi Gna ft . Hayko ^ Jump up to : `` Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko - `` Mi gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' `` . LesCharts.com . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maître Gims - Mi Gna ft . Super Sako , Hayko ( Clip Officiel ) '' . Maître GIMS. 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Johann Ruelle ( 19 January 2018 ) . `` Clip `` Mi Gna '' : Maître Gims remixe le tube phénomène de Super Sako et Hayko '' ( in French ) . chartsinfrance.net . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ultratop.be/fr/ - Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko - Mi Gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) song page Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko -- Mi gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mi Gna '' . Acharts.co . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko -- Mi gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Sako '' . olt20.com . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Charts '' . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko -- Mi gna ( Maître Gims Remix ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Maître Gims & Super Sako feat . Hayko -- Mi Gna '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Super Sako Official website Super Sako YouTube channel Super Sako YouTube channel : Super Sako - `` Mi Gna '' ft . Hayko Maître Gims YouTube channel : Maître Gims & Super Sako - `` Mi Gna '' ft . Hayko Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mi_Gna&oldid=849074932 '' Categories : Multilingual songs Armenian songs Armenian - language songs 2016 songs 2017 singles Maître Gims songs Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Armenian - language text Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Հայերեն Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 10 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dj avi panel ft. zehava cohen - mi gna lyrics	[]	[]
-1505041257985617165	Miranda Hobbes	Miranda Hobbes - wikipedia Miranda Hobbes This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Miranda Hobbes First appearance Pilot ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Sex and the City 2 Created by Candace Bushnell Portrayed by Cynthia Nixon Information Gender Female Occupation Lawyer Family Mrs. Hobbes ( mother ; deceased ) Betsy ( sister ) David ( brother - in - law ; Betsy 's husband ) Catherine ( sister ) John ( brother - in - law ; Catherine 's husband ) Unnamed niece Mary Brady ( mother - in - law ) Paul Brady ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Paul Brady Sr. ( grandfather - in - law ; deceased ) Jackie Brady ( sister - in - law ) Mr. Brady ( brother - in - law ) Mrs. Brady ( sister - in - law ) Unnamed nephew - in - law ( deceased ) Patrick ( cousin - in - law and godfather to Brady ) Spouse ( s ) Steve Brady ( since 2004 ) Children Brady Hobbes ( son ) Nationality American Alma mater Harvard University Miranda Hobbes is a fictional character on the American HBO television sitcom Sex and the City and its subsequent film spinoffs . She is portrayed by actress Cynthia Nixon . Nixon received an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance . Contents 1 Character analysis 2 Sex and the City : The Movie 3 Sex and the City 2 4 Relationships 4.1 Skipper Johnston 4.2 Dr. Robert Leeds 4.3 Steve Brady 5 References 6 External links Character analysis ( edit ) Do any of you have a completely unremarkable friend or maybe a houseplant I could go to dinner with on Saturday night ? Miranda Hobbes is a career - minded lawyer with extremely cynical views on relationships and men . A 1990 Harvard Law School J.D. from the Philadelphia area , she is Carrie 's confidante and voice of reason . In the early seasons she is portrayed as masculine and distrustful and resentful of men , but this image softens over the years , particularly after she becomes pregnant by her on - again , off - again boyfriend , Steve Brady , whom she eventually marries . The birth of her son , Brady Hobbes , brings up new issues for her Type A , workaholic personality , but she eventually finds a way to balance career , being single , and motherhood . Of the four women , she is the first to purchase an apartment ( an indicator of her success ) , which she gives up when she moves into a Brooklyn townhouse in the final season to make room for her growing family . Sex and the City : the movie ( edit ) In the movie , Miranda is still married to Steve , and they are living in Brooklyn with their son Brady , who is now five years old . We learn that she is still employing Magda and that Steve 's mother Mary is living in a nursing home , as she now suffers from advancing Alzheimer 's . Miranda and Steve 's relationship has become stale , with Miranda under pressure of her job and caring for Brady . After a shared laugh one night over Miranda having a milk moustache , the two have sex in a moment of newfound passion , but midway through Miranda tells Steve to hurry up because she has to get up early , which upsets him . At one of their coffee dates , Miranda tells the girls that she and Steve have not had sex in six months , and shortly afterwards Steve confesses he had sex with another woman one time out of frustration . Although Steve begs for forgiveness , Miranda insists on splitting up , and she moves to the Lower East Side . In a moment of shortsighted selfishness , she tells Big the night before his and Carrie 's wedding that they are crazy to get married because it ruins everything , causing him to leave Carrie at the altar . Miranda wants to confess everything right after , but Charlotte convinces her it was not really her fault but Big 's . The girls change the honeymoon trip into a vacation trip for themselves . Almost a ( lonely ) year passes by before Miranda confesses it on Valentine 's Day to Carrie about her wrongdoing . Carrie berates Miranda for wanting forgiveness for her own mistake but refusing to forgive Steve . Miranda and Steve go to couples ' therapy , during which they decide to meet on the Brooklyn Bridge in two weeks if they want to forgive and forget what happened and start over . Miranda starts contemplating her relationship with Steve by making a pro and cons list . She looks in the mirror and sees that she has a milk moustache . This makes her realize she wants to be with Steve after all and she hurries to the Brooklyn Bridge to reconcile with him . Sex and the City 2 ( edit ) In Sex and the City 2 , Miranda is an overworked lawyer who barely has enough time to show up to her son 's school activities . She feels that she 's being taken advantage of at work , overlooked because she is a woman . When Steve suggests she quit her job , she is reluctant but does after she is overlooked -- then shushed -- by her boss during a meeting . To get over the shock , she decides to accompany Samantha , Carrie and Charlotte to Abu Dhabi . While there , she is obsessed with learning the language and enjoying the traditions . She also sympathizes with Charlotte at her feeling inadequate , confessing that it 's exhausting being a `` good '' mother . When she arrives home , after they 're kicked out of the hotel , she looks for and finds a more self - fulfilling job . She is last seen at an outdoor staff meeting ( having found a new position at another , more relaxed law firm ) where she is obviously flourishing and appreciated . Relationships ( edit ) Skipper Johnston ( edit ) Skipper Johnston ( Ben Weber ) is a 27 - year - old website developer with whom Miranda enters into a tentative relationship in the first season . Originally introduced by Carrie , Miranda finds Skipper young and immature , and is irritated by his romantic view of life and love , which contrasts sharply with her cynical outlook . Although they occasionally engage in an on - again , off - again sexual relationship , she never plans for him to become a serious interest . In contrast , Skipper is terribly smitten with Miranda from the start , even going so far as to break up with a girl in mid-intercourse when Miranda calls , as he believes it means that `` the woman he loves most '' wants to be with him . Horrified at learning this , Miranda suggests dating other people but Skipper , angered by Miranda 's attitude , breaks it off and leaves . He is next seen when his latest girlfriend ends things with him and as this has happened a lot , Skipper is angry - attracting Miranda 's attention again . Dr. Robert Leeds ( edit ) Dr. Robert Leeds ( Blair Underwood ) is a successful sports medicine doctor for the New York Knicks , whom Miranda meets while interviewing him with fellow members of her building 's tenant board to occupy a vacant apartment . Upon Robert 's arrival , Miranda is instantly charmed by him , and somewhat hijacks the interview in order to learn more about him . Robert is eventually approved to move in , and in time the two begin a short but lively romantic relationship . Despite Miranda and Robert 's sparks of chemistry , Miranda can not control her longing for her current on - again , off - again boyfriend , Steve Brady . Eventually , at her son 's first birthday party , Miranda professes her love to Steve , and her relationship with Robert is ended off - screen . After a few awkward encounters , Robert overcomes his anger towards Miranda and Steve , and is last seen in the series with two scantily dressed women in his apartment . Steve Brady ( edit ) Steve Brady ( David Eigenberg ) and Miranda meet during the second season when Miranda is waiting for Carrie at the bar where Steve works . Although Miranda simply sees Steve as a one - night stand after they meet , Steve senses a strong connection , and he asks to see her again . Miranda refuses at first , but they become a couple after she realizes her strong attraction for Steve . The couple 's difference in economic status creates tension in their relationship , and they eventually break up . However , they remain on friendly terms , often leading to a sexual relationship between the two . After Steve loses one of his testicles to cancer , Miranda sleeps with him to convince him that having one ball will not prevent women from having sex with him . This union results in her pregnancy . She initially decides to have an abortion without planning to inform Steve of her pregnancy . At the clinic , she changes her mind , and decides to keep the baby . Miranda tells Steve she is pregnant and will take on full responsibility , including raising the child and providing all the related finances , but Steve can visit whenever he wants and generally be a part of the baby 's life . Steve later proposes to Miranda , which prompts her to yell at him that she does n't want to marry him , to which Steve responds that he does n't really want to marry her . Miranda gives birth to Brady Hobbes ( an homage to their respective surnames ) , and the two try to raise him together as platonic partners , with difficulty . Miranda initially pretends that she does n't love Steve , but when she attempts to admit her feelings for him , she discovers he is now seeing another woman , Debbie . Eventually , at Brady 's first birthday party , Miranda ends up blurting out her love for Steve and , to her delight and surprise , Steve admits that he , too , loves Miranda , and that she is `` the one . '' They kiss , and within three weeks they are back together ; they remain together for the rest of the series , eventually getting married in a simple ceremony with their closest friends and family in a community garden and purchasing a townhouse in Brooklyn for their growing family . In Sex and the City : The Movie , the pair go through a rough part whereby Steve cheats on Miranda . The couple split and then go through counselling and reunite at the end of the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Season 4 episode 8 : actress Becky Ann Baker as Betsy and Elizabeth Canavan as Catherine . ^ Jump up to : Existence mentioned in season 1 episode 10 . Jump up ^ Mentioned in season 4 episode 17 ^ Jump up to : Steve said that his father and grandfather had that name ; season 4 episode 18 Jump up ^ Mentioned by Mary Brady in season 6 episode 14 ^ Jump up to : Mentioned by Mary Brady in season 5 episode 2 External links ( edit ) Official Sex and the City website Archive of the original Sex and the City newspaper columns Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Others Seasons 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_Hobbes&oldid=862171263 '' Categories : Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters from Philadelphia Fictional lawyers Sex and the City characters Fictional Harvard University people Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional feminists and women 's rights activists Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Français Italiano Magyar Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how old was miranda when she had brady	[]	[]
-127871746823205683	Sarah Hyland	Sarah Hyland - wikipedia Sarah Hyland This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Sarah Hyland Hyland at the 2015 PaleyFest Sarah Jane Hyland ( 1990 - 11 - 24 ) November 24 , 1990 ( age 26 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Education Professional Performing Arts School Occupation Actress Years active 1997 -- present Television Modern Family Sarah Jane Hyland ( born November 24 , 1990 ) is an American actress . Born in New York City , Hyland attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan , followed by small roles in the films Private Parts ( 1997 ) , Annie ( 1999 ) , and Blind Date ( 2007 ) . She gained her first major role as Haley Dunphy on the ABC sitcom Modern Family , for which she has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades and nominations , sharing four Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series with her cast members and garnering a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Hyland is also known for her roles in the films Struck by Lightning ( 2012 ) , Scary Movie 5 ( 2013 ) , Vampire Academy ( 2014 ) , and XOXO ( 2016 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hyland was born in Manhattan , New York , the daughter of actors Melissa Canaday and Edward James Hyland . She is the sister of actor Ian Hyland . She attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan . Career ( edit ) Hyland has been acting since her first role as Howard Stern 's daughter in the film Private Parts in 1997 . She went on to portray such roles as Molly in the 1999 television remake of Annie , and Maddie Healy in Lipstick Jungle on NBC . Hyland is featured in an Olive Garden commercial along with actress Molly Culver , and has also appeared on Broadway as the young Jacqueline Bouvier in Grey Gardens . Since 2009 , Hyland has played Haley Dunphy on the ABC sitcom Modern Family , for which she and the rest of the show 's cast have won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series each year from 2011 through 2014 . In 2011 , Hyland co-starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Geek Charming . In 2012 , Hyland appeared in the film Struck by Lightning . In September 2012 , it was announced that she would be part of a Nintendo 3DS ad campaign . Dianna Agron and Gabby Douglas are part of the campaign as well . Personal life ( edit ) Hyland was diagnosed with kidney dysplasia as a young child and received a kidney transplant in April 2012 . The kidney she received was from her father . She has had 10 surgeries since she was born to improve her health . Hyland is on regular anti-rejection medicines and steroids to ensure that her body does not reject the kidney . Consequently , Hyland has difficulty gaining weight and muscle mass , and has been put on bed - rest several times , even continuing to film Modern Family simultaneously . Hyland dated her Geek Charming co-star Matt Prokop for several years until August 2014 . In August 2014 , Hyland obtained a domestic violence temporary restraining order against Prokop for physically and verbally abusing her for the last four years of their relationship . In October 2014 , the restraining order became permanent . From February 2015 , Hyland was dating her Vampire Academy co-star Dominic Sherwood . They broke up after two years of dating in August 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Hyland at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes A Tall Winter 's Tale Elizabeth Private Parts Howard 's Daughter 1998 The Object of My Affection Molly Advice from a Caterpillar Lizbeth 1999 Cradle Will Rock Silvano -- Giovanna 2000 Joe Gould 's Secret Elizabeth Mitchell 2002 The Empath Young Christine Spanglish Sleepover friend 2007 Blind Date Child Voice role Monster Heroes Delilah Cougars , Inc . Courtney 2011 Conception Tracey 2012 Struck by Lightning Claire Mathews 2013 Scary Movie 5 Mia April Apocalypse Samm 2014 Vampire Academy Natalie Dashkov Date and Switch Ava 2015 See You in Valhalla Johana Burwood Also producer 2016 Satanic Chloe Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout Batgirl Voice role XOXO Krystal Also executive producer Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 199 ? Another World Rain Wolfe Unknown episodes 1998 Trinity Shy Girl Episode : `` No Secrets '' The Audrey Hepburn Story Audrey Hepburn ( age 8 ) Movie 1999 Annie Molly Television film 2000 All My Children Karen 2 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Lily Ramsey Episode : `` Repression '' 2002 Touched by an Angel Grace Episode : `` A Feather on the Breath of God '' Law & Order Kristine McLean Episode : `` The Dead Wives Club '' 2005 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Brianne Colby Episode : `` Vigilante '' 2007 One Life to Live Heather 7 episodes 2008 -- 2009 Lipstick Jungle Maddie Healy 15 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jennifer Banks Episode : `` Hothouse '' 2009 -- present Modern Family Haley Dunphy Main role Cubed Herself Episode 2.4 2011 Childrens Hospital Famous Person Episode : `` Nip / Tug '' Geek Charming Dylan Schoenfield Television film 2012 Punk 'd Herself / Accomplice 1 episode 2012 -- 2015 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Theresa Fowler ( voice ) 11 episodes 2013 Call Me Crazy : A Five Film Grace Movie ; segment : `` Grace '' Bonnie & Clyde Blanche Barrow Miniseries 2014 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise Lena Luthor ( voice ) Movie Hot in Cleveland Ivy Episode : `` Rusty Banks Rides Again '' 2015 Repeat After Me Herself Premiere episode The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar Tiifu ( voice ) Movie 2016 The Lion Guard Tiifu ( voice ) 3 episodes Lip Sync Battle Shorties Herself / Host Special 2017 Lip Sync Battle Herself Dated on February 9 , 2017 Dirty Dancing Lisa Houseman Television film Shadowhunters Seelie Queen Guest star The Lion Guard : The Rise of Scar Tiifu ( voice ) Television film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref . 2000 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film or TV Movie -- Young Ensemble ( shared with cast ) Annie Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Modern Family Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Female Breakout Star Nominated 2011 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2012 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer Nominated 2013 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2014 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won Glamour Awards Comedy Actress Won 2015 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star -- Family Show Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Hyland Biography ( 1990 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland : Haley Dunphy on ABC 's `` Modern Family '' . ABC Studio . Jump up ^ `` It 's Evening in America '' . Vanity Fair . May 2012 . Page 159 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland Theatre Credits '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family 's ' Sarah Hyland is loving life in Disney 's film ' Geek Charming ' '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2011 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Dish Of Salt : Sarah Hyland Gets ' Struck By Lightning ' . Access Hollywood ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland Talks Struck by Lightning and Modern Family '' . Collider. 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland Style Savvy '' . Jump up ^ `` Dianna Agron Spills Her Gadget Must Haves and Secret LOLcat Obsession '' . POPSUGAR. 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo courts female gamers with new 3DS ad campaign '' . Polygon. 2012 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hyland Reveals She Had a Kidney Transplant '' . People . 2012 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Zoe ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Modern Family 's Sarah Hyland reveals she will be missing SAG Awards due to health reasons '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Modern Family Star Sarah Hyland and Matt Prokop Talk Maintaining an On and Off Screen Romance Celebuzz. 2011 - 10 - 21 Jump up ^ `` Matt Prokop Interview - Matt Prokop Gushes About Sarah Hyland '' . Seventeen . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Are Sarah Hyland & Boyfriend Matt Prokop Getting Engaged ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family ' Star Sarah Hyland Ex-BF Choked Me ... I Fear For My Life '' . TMZ . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Judge grants Sarah Hyland permanent restraining order '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Bayley , Leanne ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Hyland is reportedly dating Dominic Sherwood '' . Glamour Magazine UK . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Hyland & Boyfriend Dominic Sherwood Split After 2 Years of Dating '' . People . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Sarah Hyland to Guest Star on Freeform 's ' Shadowhunters ' This Summer '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twentyfirst Annual Young Artist Awards 1998 - 1999 '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2010 Nominations Announced '' . MTV UK . 2010 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : Nominees and Winners '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks & Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine. 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The live stream from the 2014 Glamour Awards '' . Glamour Magazine . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are The Nominees For The 2016 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah Hyland . Sarah Hyland on IMDb Sarah Hyland at the Internet Broadway Database Sarah Hyland at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Sarah Hyland on Twitter ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) : Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 2012 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 ( 2013 ) : Anderson - Emmons ; Bowen ; Burrell ; Ferguson ; Gould ; Hyland ; O'Neill ; Rodriguez ; Stonestreet ; Vergara ; Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 ( 2014 ) : Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland , McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel , Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 ( 2015 ) : Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin , DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 ( 2016 ) : Aduba , Aisenberg , Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover , Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters , Petty , Pimentel , Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 61324526 LCCN : no2007068523 ISNI : 0000 0000 4709 1932 GND : 1011846624 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Hyland&oldid=802198268 '' Categories : 1990 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City American child actresses American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Living people Organ transplant recipients People from Manhattan Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl that plays haley in modern family	[ "Sarah Jane Hyland (born November 24, 1990)[1] is an American actress. Born in New York City, Hyland attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan, followed by small roles in the films Private Parts (1997), Annie (1999), and Blind Date (2007). She gained her first major role as Haley Dunphy on the ABC sitcom Modern Family, for which she has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades and nominations, sharing four Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series with her cast members and garnering a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series." ]	[ "Sarah Jane Hyland" ]
-1082182582223252651	Lee–Enfield	Lee -- Enfield - wikipedia Lee -- Enfield Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the early twentieth - century British rifle . For other uses , see Lee rifle and Enfield rifle ( disambiguation ) . Lee -- Enfield Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk I ( 1903 ) , Swedish Army Museum , Stockholm . Type Bolt - action rifle Place of origin United Kingdom Service history In service MLE : 1895 -- 1926 SMLE : 1904 -- present Used by See Users Wars Second Boer War World War I Easter Rising Various Colonial conflicts Irish War of Independence Irish Civil War World War II Indonesian National Revolution Indo - Pakistani Wars Greek Civil War Malayan Emergency French Indochina War Korean War Arab - Israeli War Suez Crisis Border Campaign ( Irish Republican Army ) Mau Mau Uprising Vietnam War The Troubles Sino - Indian War Bangladesh Liberation War Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Nepalese Civil War Afghanistan conflict Production history Designer James Paris Lee , RSAF Enfield Produced MLE : 1895 -- 1904 SMLE : 1904 -- present No. built 17,000,000 + Variants See Models / marks Specifications Weight 4.19 kg ( 9.24 lb ) ( Mk I ) 3.96 kg ( 8.73 lb ) ( Mk III ) 4.11 kg ( 9.06 lb ) ( No. 4 ) Length MLE : 49.6 in ( 1,260 mm ) SMLE No. 1 Mk III : 44.57 in ( 1,132 mm ) SMLE No. 4 Mk I : 44.45 in ( 1,129 mm ) LEC : 40.6 in ( 1,030 mm ) SMLE No. 5 Mk I : 39.5 in ( 1,003 mm ) Barrel length MLE : 30.2 in ( 767 mm ) SMLE No. 1 Mk III : 25.2 in ( 640 mm ) SMLE No. 4 Mk I : 25.2 in ( 640 mm ) LEC : 21.2 in ( 540 mm ) SMLE No. 5 Mk I : 18.8 in ( 480 mm ) Cartridge . 303 Mk VII SAA Ball Action Bolt - action Rate of fire 20 -- 30 aimed shots per minute Muzzle velocity 744 m / s ( 2,441 ft / s ) Effective firing range 550 yd ( 503 m ) Maximum firing range 3,000 yd ( 2,743 m ) Feed system 10 - round magazine , loaded with 5 - round charger clips Sights Sliding ramp rear sights , fixed - post front sights , `` dial '' long - range volley ; telescopic sights on sniper models . Fixed and adjustable aperture sights incorporated onto later variants . The Lee -- Enfield is a bolt - action , magazine - fed , repeating rifle that was the main firearm used by the military forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth during the first half of the 20th century . It was the British Army 's standard rifle from its official adoption in 1895 until 1957 . It is often referred to as the `` SMLE , '' which is short for the common `` Short Magazine Lee - Enfield '' variant . A redesign of the Lee -- Metford ( adopted by the British Army in 1888 ) , the Lee -- Enfield superseded the earlier Martini -- Henry , Martini -- Enfield , and Lee -- Metford rifles . It featured a ten - round box magazine which was loaded with the . 303 British cartridge manually from the top , either one round at a time or by means of five - round chargers . The Lee -- Enfield was the standard issue weapon to rifle companies of the British Army and other Commonwealth nations in both the First and Second World Wars ( these Commonwealth nations included Australia , New Zealand , Canada , India and South Africa , among others ) . Although officially replaced in the UK with the L1A1 SLR in 1957 , it remained in widespread British service until the early / mid-1960s and the 7.62 mm L42 sniper variant remained in service until the 1990s . As a standard - issue infantry rifle , it is still found in service in the armed forces of some Commonwealth nations , notably with the Bangladesh Police , which makes it the second longest - serving military bolt - action rifle still in official service , after the Mosin -- Nagant . The Canadian Rangers unit still use Enfield rifles , with plans to replace the weapons sometime in 2017 -- 2018 with the new Sako - designed Colt C - 19 . Total production of all Lee -- Enfields is estimated at over 17 million rifles . The Lee -- Enfield takes its name from the designer of the rifle 's bolt system -- James Paris Lee -- and the factory in which it was designed -- the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield . In Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Southern Africa and India the rifle became known simply as the `` three - oh - three '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and history 1.1 Models / marks of Lee -- Enfield Rifle and service periods 2 Magazine Lee -- Enfield 3 Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk I 4 Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk III 4.1 Pattern 1913 Enfield 5 Pattern 1914 / US M1917 6 Inter-war period 7 Lee -- Enfield No. 1 Mk V 8 Rifle No. 4 9 Rifle No. 5 Mk I -- the `` Jungle Carbine '' 10 Lee -- Enfield conversions and training models 10.1 Sniper rifles 10.2 . 22 Training Rifles 10.3 Muskets and Shotguns 10.4 Civilian conversions and variants 10.5 L59A1 Drill Rifle 11 Special Service Lee -- Enfields : Commando and Automatic models 11.1 Charlton Automatic Rifles 11.2 De Lisle Commando carbine 11.3 Ekins Automatic Rifle 11.4 Howard Francis carbine 11.5 Howell Automatic Rifle 11.6 Rieder Automatic Rifle 12 Conversion to 7.62 × 51mm NATO 12.1 Ishapore 2A / 2A1 13 Production and manufacturers 13.1 List of manufacturers 13.1. 1 Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV 13.2 Khyber Pass Copies 13.3 Armalon 14 The Lee -- Enfield in military / police use today 15 The Lee -- Enfield in civilian use 16 Users 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links Design and History ( edit ) The Lee -- Enfield rifle was derived from the earlier Lee -- Metford , a mechanically similar black - powder rifle , which combined James Paris Lee 's rear - locking bolt system with a barrel featuring rifling designed by William Ellis Metford . The Lee action cocked the striker on the closing stroke of the bolt , making the initial opening much faster and easier compared to the `` cock on opening '' ( i.e. , the firing pin cocks upon opening the bolt ) of the Mauser Gewehr 98 design . The bolt has a relatively short bolt throw and features rear - mounted lugs and the bolt operating handle places the bolt knob just rearwards of the trigger at a favorable ergonomic position close to the operator 's hand . The action features helical locking surfaces ( the technical term is interrupted threading ) . This means that final head space is not achieved until the bolt handle is turned down all the way . The British probably used helical locking lugs to allow for chambering imperfect or dirty ammunition and that the closing cam action is distributed over the entire mating faces of both bolt and receiver lugs . This is one reason the bolt closure feels smooth . The rifle was also equipped with a detachable sheet - steel , 10 - round , double - column magazine , a very modern development in its day . Originally , the concept of a detachable magazine was opposed in some British Army circles , as some feared that the private soldier might be likely to lose the magazine during field campaigns . Early models of the Lee -- Metford and Lee -- Enfield even used a short length of chain to secure the magazine to the rifle . To further facilitate rapid aimed fire the rifle can be cycled by most rifleman without loss of sight picture . These design features facilitate rapid cycling and fire compared to other bolt - action designs like the Mauser . The Lee bolt - action and 10 - round magazine capacity enabled a well - trained rifleman to perform the `` mad minute '' firing 20 to 30 aimed rounds in 60 seconds , making the Lee -- Enfield the fastest military bolt - action rifle of the day . The current world record for aimed bolt - action fire was set in 1914 by a musketry instructor in the British Army -- Sergeant Instructor Snoxall -- who placed 38 rounds into a 12 - inch - wide ( 300 mm ) target at 300 yards ( 270 m ) in one minute . Some straight - pull bolt - action rifles were thought faster , but lacked the simplicity , reliability , and generous magazine capacity of the Lee -- Enfield . Several First World War accounts tell of British troops repelling German attackers who subsequently reported that they had encountered machine guns , when in fact it was simply a group of well - trained riflemen armed with SMLE Mk III rifles . Standard Mk VII . 303 inch cartridge for Lee -- Enfield rifle The Lee -- Enfield was adapted to fire the . 303 British service cartridge , a rimmed , high - powered rifle round . Experiments with smokeless powder in the existing Lee -- Metford cartridge seemed at first to be a simple upgrade , but the greater heat and pressure generated by the new smokeless powder wore away the shallow , rounded , Metford rifling after approximately 6000 rounds . Replacing this with a new square - shaped rifling system designed at the Royal Small Arms Factory ( RSAF ) Enfield solved the problem , and the Lee -- Enfield was born . Models / marks of Lee -- Enfield rifle and service periods ( edit ) Model / Mark In Service Magazine Lee -- Enfield 1895 -- 1926 Charger Loading Lee -- Enfield 1906 -- 1926 Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk I 1904 -- 1926 Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk II 1906 -- 1927 Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk III / III * 1907 -- present Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk V 1922 -- 1924 ( trials only ; 20,000 produced ) Rifle No. 1 Mk VI 1930 -- 1933 ( trials only ; 1,025 produced ) Rifle No. 4 Mk I 1931 -- present ( 2,500 trials examples produced in the 1930s , then mass production from mid-1941 onwards ) Rifle No. 4 Mk I * 1942 -- present Rifle No 5 Mk I `` Jungle Carbine '' 1944 -- present ( produced 1944 -- 1947 ) BSA - Shirley produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley 169,807 rifles . Rifle No. 4 Mk 2 1949 -- present Rifle 7.62 mm 2A 1964 -- present Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1 1965 -- present Magazine Lee -- Enfield ( edit ) The Lee -- Enfield rifle was introduced in November 1895 as the . 303 calibre , Rifle , Magazine , Lee -- Enfield , or more commonly Magazine Lee -- Enfield , or MLE ( sometimes spoken as `` emily '' instead of M , L , E ) . The next year , a shorter version was introduced as the Lee -- Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I , or LEC , with a 21.2 - inch ( 540 mm ) barrel as opposed to the 30.2 - inch ( 770 mm ) one in the `` long '' version . Both underwent a minor upgrade series in 1899 ( the omission of the cleaning / clearing rod ) , becoming the Mk I * . Many LECs ( and LMCs in smaller numbers ) were converted to special patterns , namely the New Zealand Carbine and the Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine , or NZ and RIC carbines , respectively . Some of the MLEs ( and MLMs ) were converted to load from chargers , and designated Charger Loading Lee -- Enfields , or CLLEs . Short magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk I ( edit ) A shorter and lighter version of the original MLE -- the famous Rifle , Short , Magazine , Lee -- Enfield , or SMLE ( sometimes spoken as `` Smelly '' , rather than S , M , L , E ) -- was introduced on 1 January 1904 . The barrel was now halfway in length between the original long rifle and the carbine , at 25.2 inches ( 640 mm ) . The SMLE 's visual trademark was its blunt nose , with only the bayonet boss protruding a small fraction of an inch beyond the nosecap , being modeled on the Swedish Model 1894 Cavalry Carbine . The new rifle also incorporated a charger loading system , another innovation borrowed from the Mauser rifle ' and is notably different from the fixed `` bridge '' that later became the standard , being a charger clip ( stripper clip ) guide on the face of the bolt head . The shorter length was controversial at the time : many Rifle Association members and gunsmiths were concerned that the shorter barrel would not be as accurate as the longer MLE barrels , that the recoil would be much greater , and the sighting radius would be too short . Short magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk III ( edit ) Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield No. 1 Mk . III Israeli female soldiers equipped with the SMLE Mk III during the 1948 Arab Israeli War . Magazine Cut - Off on an SMLE Mk III rifle -- this feature was removed on the Mk III * rifle . The iconic Lee -- Enfield rifle , the SMLE Mk III , was introduced on 26 January 1907 , along with a Pattern 1907 ( P'07 ) sword bayonet and featured a simplified rear sight arrangement and a fixed , rather than a bolt - head - mounted sliding , charger guide . The design of the handguards and the magazine were also improved , and the chamber was adapted to fire the new Mk VII High Velocity spitzer . 303 ammunition . Many early model rifles , of Magazine Lee -- Enfield ( MLE ) , Magazine Lee -- Metford ( MLM ) , and SMLE type , were upgraded to the Mk III standard . These are designated Mk IV Cond. , with various asterisks denoting subtypes . During the First World War , the SMLE Mk III was found to be too complicated to manufacture ( an SMLE Mk III rifle cost the British Government £ 3 / 15 / - ) and demand was outstripping supply , so in late 1915 the Mk III * was introduced , which incorporated several changes , the most prominent of which were the deletion of the magazine cut - off mechanism , which when engaged permits the feeding and extraction of single cartridges only while keeping the cartridges in the magazine in reserve , and the long - range volley sights . The windage adjustment of the rear sight was also dispensed with , and the cocking piece was changed from a round knob to a serrated slab . Rifles with some or all of these features present are found , as the changes were implemented at different times in different factories and as stocks of existing parts were used . The magazine cut - off was reinstated after the First World War ended and not entirely dispensed with until 1942 . The inability of the principal manufacturers ( RSAF Enfield , The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited and London Small Arms Co. Ltd ) to meet military production demands , led to the development of the `` peddled scheme '' , which contracted out the production of whole rifles and rifle components to several shell companies . The SMLE Mk III * ( renamed Rifle No. 1 Mk III * in 1926 ) saw extensive service throughout the Second World War as well , especially in the North African , Italian , Pacific and Burmese theatres in the hands of British and Commonwealth forces . Australia and India retained and manufactured the SMLE Mk III * as their standard - issue rifle during the conflict and the rifle remained in Australian military service through the Korean War , until it was replaced by the L1A1 SLR in the late 1950s . The Lithgow Small Arms Factory finally ceased production of the SMLE Mk III * in 1953 . The Rifle Factory at Ishapore , West Bengal , India produced the MkIII * in . 303 British and then upgraded the manufactured strength by heat treatment of the receiver and bolt to fire 7.62 × 51mm NATO ammunition , the model 2A , which retained the 2000 yard rear sight as the metric conversion of distance was very close to the flatter trajectory of the new ammunition nature , then changed the rear sight to 800m with a re-designation to model 2A1 . Manufactured until at least the 1980s and continues to produce a sporting rifle based on the MkIII * action . Pattern 1913 Enfield ( edit ) Main article : Pattern 1913 Enfield Due to the poor performance of the . 303 British cartridge during the Second Boer War from 1899 -- 1902 , the British attempted to replace the round and the Lee -- Enfield rifle that fired it . The main deficiency of the rounds at the time was that they used heavy , round - nosed bullets that had low muzzle velocities and poor ballistic performance . The 7mm Mauser rounds fired from the Mauser Model 1895 rifle had a higher velocity , flatter trajectory and longer range , making them superior on the open country of the South African plains . Work on a long - range replacement cartridge began in 1910 and resulted in the . 276 Enfield in 1912 . A new rifle based on the Mauser design was created to fire the round , called the Pattern 1913 Enfield . Although the . 276 Enfield had better ballistics , troop trials in 1913 revealed problems including excessive recoil , muzzle flash , barrel wear and overheating . Attempts were made to find a cooler - burning propellant but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset of World War I . This proved fortunate for the Lee -- Enfield , as wartime demand and the improved Mk VII loading of the . 303 round , caused it to be retained for service . Pattern 1914 / US M1917 ( edit ) Main articles : Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield The Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield rifles are based on the Enfield - designed P1913 , itself a Mauser 98 derivative and not based on the Lee action , and are not part of the Lee -- Enfield family of rifles , although they are frequently assumed to be . Inter-war period ( edit ) Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk I Longbranch aperture sights In 1926 , the British Army changed their nomenclature ; the SMLE became known as the Rifle No. 1 Mk III or III * , with the original MLE and LEC becoming obsolete along with the earlier SMLE models . Many Mk III and III * rifles were converted to . 22 rimfire calibre training rifles , and designated Rifle No. 2 , of varying marks . ( The Pattern 1914 became the Rifle No. 3 . ) The SMLE design was a relatively expensive long arm to manufacture , because of the many forging and machining operations required . In the 1920s , a series of experiments resulting in design changes were carried out to help with these problems , reducing the number of complex parts and refining manufacturing processes . The SMLE Mk V ( later Rifle No. 1 Mk V ) , adopted a new receiver - mounted aperture sighting system , which moved the rear sight from its former position on the barrel . The increased gap resulted in an improved sighting radius , improving sighting accuracy and the aperture improved speed of sighting over various distances . In the stowed position , a fixed distance aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd ( 274 m ) protruded saving further precious seconds when laying the sight to a target . An alternative developed during this period was to be used on the No. 4 variant , a `` battle sight '' was developed that allowed for two set distances of 300 yards and 600 yards to be quickly deployed and was cheaper to produce than the `` ladder sight '' . The magazine cutoff was also reintroduced and an additional band was added near the muzzle for additional strength during bayonet use . The design was found to be even more complicated and expensive to manufacture than the Mk III and was not developed or issued , beyond a trial production of about 20,000 rifles between 1922 and 1924 at RSAF Enfield . The No. 1 Mk VI also introduced a heavier `` floating barrel '' that was independent of the forearm , allowing the barrel to expand and contract without contacting the forearm and interfering with the ' zero ' , the correlation between the alignment of the barrel and the sights . The floating barrel increased the accuracy of the rifle by allowing it to vibrate freely and consistently , whereas wooden forends in contact with barrels , if not properly fitted , affected the harmonic vibrations of the barrel . The receiver - mounted rear sights and magazine cutoff were also present and 1,025 units were produced between 1930 and 1933 . Lee -- Enfield No. 1 Mk V ( edit ) Long before the No. 4 Mk I , Britain had obviously settled on the rear aperture sight prior to WWI , with modifications to the SMLE being tested as early as 1911 , as well as later on the No. 1 Mk III pattern rifle . These unusual rifles have something of a mysterious service history , but represent a missing link in SMLE development . The primary distinguishing feature of the No. 1 Mk V is the rear aperture sight . Like the No. 1 Mk III * it lacked a volley sight and had the wire loop in place of the sling swivel at the front of magazine well along with the simplified cocking piece . The Mk V did retain a magazine cut - off , but without a spotting hole , the piling swivel was kept attached to a forward barrel band , which was wrapped over and attached to the rear of the nose cap to reinforce the rifle for use with the standard Pattern 1907 bayonet . Other distinctive features include a nose cap screw was slotted for the width of a coin for easy removal , a safety lever on the left side of the receiver was slightly modified with a unique angular groove pattern , and the two - piece hand guard being extended from the nose cap to the receiver , omitting the barrel mounted leaf sight . No. 1 Mk V rifles were manufactured solely by R.S.A.F. Enfield from 1922 -- 1924 , with a total production of roughly 20,000 rifles , all of which marked with a `` V '' . Rifle No. 4 ( edit ) Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk I Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk 2 with the ladder aperture sight flipped up and 5 - round charger By the late 1930s , the need for new rifles grew and the Rifle , No. 4 Mk I was officially adopted in 1941 . The No. 4 action was similar to the Mk VI , but stronger and most importantly , easier to mass - produce . Unlike the SMLE , that had a nose cap , the No 4 Lee -- Enfield barrel protruded from the end of the forestock . The charger bridge was no longer rounded for easier machining . The iron sight line was redesigned and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd ( 274 m ) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200 -- 1,300 yd ( 183 -- 1,189 m ) in 100 yd ( 91 m ) increments . This sight line like other aperture sight lines proved to be faster and more accurate than the typical mid-barrel rear sight elements sight lines offered by Mauser , previous Lee -- Enfields or the Buffington battle sight of the 1903 Springfield . The No. 4 rifle was heavier than the No. 1 Mk . III , largely due to its heavier barrel and a new bayonet was designed to go with the rifle : a spike bayonet , which was essentially a steel rod with a sharp point and was nicknamed `` pigsticker '' by soldiers . Towards the end of the Second World War , a bladed bayonet was developed , originally intended for use with the Sten gun -- but sharing the same mount as the No. 4 's spike bayonet -- and subsequently the No. 7 and No. 9 blade bayonets were issued for use with the No. 4 rifle as well . However , in McAuslan in the Rough , George MacDonald Fraser alleges that the Pattern 1907 bladed bayonet used with the SMLE was also compatible with the No. 4 rifle . During the course of the Second World War , the No. 4 rifle was further simplified for mass - production with the creation of the No. 4 Mk I * in 1942 , with the bolt release catch replaced by a simpler notch on the bolt track of the rifle 's receiver . It was produced only in North America , by Long Branch Arsenal in Canada and Savage - Stevens Firearms in the USA . The No. 4 Mk I rifle was primarily produced for the United Kingdom . In the years after the Second World War , the British produced the No. 4 Mk 2 ( Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals for official designations in 1944 ) rifle , a refined and improved No. 4 rifle with the trigger hung forward from the butt collar and not from the trigger guard , beech wood stocks ( with the original reinforcing strap and centre piece of wood in the rear of the forestock on the No. 4 Mk I / Mk I * being removed in favour of a tie screw and nut ) and brass buttplates ( during World War II , the British replaced the brass buttplates on the No. 4 rifles with zinc alloy ( Zamak ) ones to reduce costs and to speed up rifle production ) . With the introduction of the No. 4 Mk 2 rifle , the British refurbished many of their existing stocks of No. 4 rifles and brought them up to the same standard as the No. 4 Mk 2 . No. 4 Mk 1 rifles so upgraded were re-designated No. 4 Mk I / 2 , whilst No. 4 Mk I * rifles that were brought up to Mk 2 standard were re-designated No. 4 Mk I / 3 . Rifle No. 5 Mk I -- the `` Jungle Carbine '' ( edit ) Main article : Jungle Carbine Later in the war , the need for a shorter , lighter rifle forced the development of the Rifle , No. 5 Mk I ( the `` Jungle Carbine '' ) . With a cut - down stock , a prominent flash hider , and a `` lightening - cut '' receiver machined to remove all unnecessary metal , reduced barrel length of 18.8 in ( 478 mm ) the No. 5 was shorter and 2 lb ( 0.9 kg ) lighter . Despite a rubber butt - pad , the . 303 round produced excessive recoil due to the shorter barrel . It was unsuitable for general issue and production ceased in 1947 , due to an `` inherent fault in the design '' , often claimed to be a `` wandering zero '' and accuracy problems . The No. 5 iron sight line was similar to the No. 4 marks and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd ( 274 m ) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200 -- 800 yd ( 183 -- 732 m ) in 100 yd ( 91 m ) increments . The No. 5 Mk I was popular with soldiers owing to its light weight , portability and shorter length than a standard Lee -- Enfield rifle . The No. 5 was first issued to the British 1st Airborne Division and used during their liberation of Denmark and Norway in 1945 . BSA - Shirley , Birmingham produced 81329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley , Liverpool 169807 rifles . An Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I , designated Rifle , No. 6 , Mk I was also developed , using an SMLE MK III * as a starting point ( as opposed to the No. 4 Mk I used to develop the No. 5 Mk I ) . The Australian military were not permitted to manufacture the No. 4 Mk I , because the Lithgow Small Arms Factory was producing the SMLE Mk III . The No. 6 Mk I never entered full production and examples are rare and valuable to collectors . A `` Shortened and Lightened '' version of the SMLE Mk III * rifle was also tested by the Australian military and a very small number were manufactured at SAF Lithgow during the course of the Second World War . The term `` Jungle Carbine '' was popularised in the 1950s by the Santa Fe Arms Corporation , a U.S. importer who refurbished many surplus rifles , converting many of the No. 4 marks , in the hope of increasing sales of a rifle that had little U.S. market penetration . It was never an official military designation but British and Commonwealth troops serving in the Burmese and Pacific theatres during World War II had been known to unofficially refer to the No. 5 Mk I as a `` Jungle Carbine '' . The No. 4 and No. 5 rifles served in Korea ( as did the No. 1 Mk III * SMLE and sniper ' T ' variants , mostly with Australian troops ) . Lee -- Enfield conversions and Training models ( edit ) Sniper rifles ( edit ) Canadian sniper Sergeant Harold Marshall carries a No. 4 Mk . I ( T ) chambered in . 303 British . L42A1 sniper rifle chambered in 7.62 × 51mm NATO . During both World Wars and the Korean War , a number of Lee -- Enfield rifles were modified for use as sniper rifles . The Australian Army modified 1,612 Lithgow SMLE No. 1 Mk . III * rifles by adding a heavy target barrel , cheek - piece , and a World War I era Pattern 1918 telescope , creating the SMLE No. 1 Mk . III * ( HT ) . ( HT standing for `` Heavy Barrel , Telescopic Sight ) , which saw service in the Second World War , Korea , and Malaya and was used for Sniper Training through to the late 1970s . There is evidence that some SMLE No. 1 Mk . III * ( HT ) sniper rifles were used by Australian forces during the later stages of the Vietnam War . During the Second World War , standard No. 4 rifles , selected for their accuracy during factory tests , were modified by the addition of a wooden cheek - piece , and telescopic sight mounts designed to accept a No. 32 3.5 × telescopic sight . The accuracy requirement was ability to place 7 of 7 shots in a 5 inches ( 12.7 cm ) circle at 200 yards ( 183 m ) . The wooden cheek - piece was attached with two screws . The rear `` battle sight '' was ground off to make room to attach the No. 32 telescope sight to the left side of the receiver . Each No. 32 and its bracket ( mount ) were matched and serial numbered to a specific rifle . This particular sight progressed through three marks with the Mk. 1 introduced in 1942 , the Mk. 2 in 1943 and finally the Mk. 3 in 1944 . Many Mk . 3s and Mk. 2 / 1s ( Mk . 2s Modified to Mk. 3 standard ) were later modified for use with the 7.62 × 51mm NATO L42A1 Sniper Rifle . They were known by the designation Telescope Straight , Sighting L1A1 . Initial production was 1,403 conversions of 1931 -- 1933 troop trials No. 4 Mk . I rifles at RSAF Enfield and a few others including Stevens - Savage No. 4s . These were converted in late 1941 and into the later part of 1942 . Then , the work was assigned to Holland & Holland , the famous British sporting gun manufacturers , which converted about 23,000 No. 4 Mk . I ( T ) and No. 4 Mk . I * ( T ) sniper rifles . The H&H conversions usually have the contractor code `` S51 '' on the buttstock . BSA Shirley undertook 100 conversions to . 22 `` . James Purdey and Sons fitted special buttstocks later in the war . About 3,000 rifles , mostly Stevens - Savage , appear to have been partially converted by Holland & Holland , but never received brackets , scopes of the final `` T '' mark . Canada converted about 1,588 rifles at Small Arms Limited ( to the end of 1945 ) and , in 1946 , at Canadian Arsenals Limited . Both were located at Long Branch , Ontario . Most of the Canadian made No. 4 Mk. I * ( T ) sniper equipments went into British service . The No. 4 ( T ) rifles were extensively employed in various conflicts until the late 1960s . The British military switched over to the 7.62 × 51mm NATO round in the 1950s ; starting in 1970 , many of the No. 4 Mk I ( T ) sniper rifles were converted to this new calibre and designated L42A1 . The L42A1 sniper rifle continued as the British Army 's standard sniper weapon being phased out by 1993 , and replaced by Accuracy International 's L96 . . 22 Training rifles ( edit ) Numbers of Lee -- Enfield rifles were converted to . 22 calibre training rifles , in order to teach cadets and new recruits the various aspects of shooting , firearms safety , and marksmanship at a markedly reduced cost per round . Initially , rifles were converted from obsolete Magazine Lee -- Metford and Magazine Lee -- Enfield rifles but from the First World War onwards SMLE rifles were used instead . These were known as . 22 Pattern 1914 Short Rifles during The First World War and Rifle , No. 2 Mk. IV from 1921 onwards . They were generally single - shot affairs , originally using Morris tubes chambered for cheap . 22L cartridge and some larger types , circa 1907 . Some were later modified with special adaptors to enable magazine loading . In 1914 , Enfield produced complete . 22 barrels and bolts specifically for converting . 303 units , and these soon became the most common conversion . A five - round . 22 cal ' Parker - Hiscock ' magazine was also developed and in service for a relatively short period during the later period of the First World War , but was subsequently withdrawn from issue due to reliability problems with its quite complicated loading and feeding mechanism . No. 2 Mk. IV rifles are externally identical to a . 303 calibre SMLE Mk III * rifle , the only difference being the . 22 calibre barrel , empty magazine case , bolthead and extractor which have been modified to fire . 22 calibre rimfire cartridges . After the Second World War , the Rifle , No. 7 , Rifle , No. 8 and Rifle , No. 9 , all . 22 rimfire trainers and / or target rifles based on the Lee action , were adopted or in use with Cadet units and target shooters throughout the Commonwealth , the No. 8 as of 2017 has been replaced among cadet forces due to obsolescence . In Britain , a . 22RF version of the No. 5 Rifle was prototyped by BSA and trialled with a view to it becoming the British Service training rifle when the . 303 `` CF No. 5 was initially mooted as being a potential replacement for the No. 4 Rifle . The C No. 7 22 '' MK. I rifle is a . 22 single shot , manually fed , training version of the No. 4 Mk I * rifle manufactured at Long Branch . Muskets and shotguns ( edit ) Conversion of rifles to smoothbored guns was carried out in several locations , at various times , for varying reasons . SAF Lithgow , in Australia , produced shotguns based on the MkIII action under the `` Slazenger '' name , chambering the common commercial . 410 shotgun shell . Commercial gunsmiths in Australia and Britain converted both MkIII and No4 rifles to . 410 shotguns . These conversions were prompted by firearms legislation that made possession of a rifle chambered in a military cartridge both difficult and expensive . Smoothbored shotguns could be legally held with far less trouble . RFI , in India , converted a large number of MkIII rifles to single shot muskets , chambered for the . 410 Indian Musket cartridge . These conversions were for issue to police and prison guards , to provide a firearm with a much - reduced power and range in comparison to the . 303 cartridge . A further likely consideration was the difficulty of obtaining replacement ammunition in the event of the rifle 's theft or the carrier 's desertion . While British and Australian conversions were to the standard commercially available . 410 shotgun cartridge ( though of varying chamber lengths ) the Indian conversions have been the source of considerable confusion . The Indian conversions were originally chambered for the . 410 Indian Musket cartridge , which is based on the . 303 British cartridge , and will not chamber the common . 410 shotgun cartridge . Many of these muskets were rechambered , after being sold as surplus , and can now be used with commercially available ammunition . Unmodified muskets require handloading of ammunition , as the . 410 Indian Musket cartridge was not commercially distributed and does not appear to have been manufactured since the 1950s . Numerous attempts have been made to convert the various single - shot . 410 shotgun models to a bolt - action repeating model by removing the wooden magazine plug and replacing it with a standard 10 - round SMLE magazine . None of these is known to have been successful , though some owners have adapted 3 - round magazines for Savage and Stevens shotguns to function in a converted SMLE shotgun , or even placing such a magazine inside a gutted SMLE magazine . Civilian conversions and variants ( edit ) From the late 1940s , legislation in New South Wales , Australia , heavily restricted . 303 British calibre ( and other `` military calibre '' ) rifles , so large numbers of SMLEs were converted to `` wildcat '' calibres such as . 303 / 25 , . 303 / 22 , . 303 / 270 and the popular 7.7 × 54mm round . 303 / 25 calibre sporterised SMLEs are very common in Australia today , although ammunition for them has been very scarce since the 1980s . The restrictions placed on `` military calibre '' rifles in New South Wales were lifted in 1975 , and many people who had converted their Lee -- Enfields to the `` wildcat '' rounds converted their rifles back to . 303 British . Post-Second World War , SAF Lithgow converted a number of SMLE rifles to commercial sporting rifles - notably the . 22 Hornet model - under the `` Slazenger '' brand . In the early 1950s Essential Agencies Ltd . ( E.A.L. ) , of Toronto , Ontario , produced a run of several thousand survival rifles based on the No. 4 action , but lightened and shortened , chambered in . 303 British . Serial numbers below 6000 were for civilian sale , serial numbers 6000 and higher were built under contract to the Canadian government . The Royal Canadian Air Force also used these as a survival rifle in the remote parts of Canada . L59A1 Drill rifle ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The L59A1 was a conversion of the No4 Rifle ( all Marks ) to a Drill Purpose Rifle that was incapable of being restored to a firing configuration . It was introduced in service in the 1970s . A conversion specification of No. 1 rifles to L59A2 Drill Purpose was also prepared but was abandoned due to the greater difficulty of machining involved and the negligible numbers still in the hands of cadet units . The L59A1 arose from British government concerns over the vulnerability of Army Cadet Force and school Combined Cadet Forces ' ( CCF ) stocks of small arms to theft by terrorists , in particular the Irish Republican Army following raids on CCF armouries in the 1950s and 1960s . Previous conversions to Drill Purpose ( DP ) of otherwise serviceable rifles were not considered to be sufficiently incapable of restoration to fireable state and were a potential source of reconversion spares . L59A1 Drill Rifles were rendered incapable of being fired , and of being restored to a fireable form , by extensive modifications that included the welding of the barrel to the receiver , modifications to the receiver that removed the supporting structures for the bolt 's locking lugs and blocking the installation of an unaltered bolt , the removal of the striker 's tip , the blocking of the striker 's hole in the bolt head and the removal of most of the bolt body 's locking lugs . Most bolts were copper plated for identification . A plug was welded in place forward of the chamber , and a window was cut in the side of the barrel . The stock and fore end was marked with broad white painted bands and the letters `` DP '' for easy identification . Special service Lee -- Enfields : Commando and Automatic models ( edit ) Charlton Automatic rifles ( edit ) Main article : Charlton Automatic Rifle Charlton Automatic Rifle . Small numbers of Lee -- Enfield rifles were built as , or converted to , experimental automatic loading systems , such as the British Howell and South African Rieder and the best - known of which was the Charlton Automatic Rifle , designed by a New Zealander , Philip Charlton in 1941 to act as a substitute for the Bren and Lewis gun light machine guns which were in chronically short supply at the time . During the Second World War , the majority of New Zealand 's land forces were deployed in North Africa . When Japan entered the war in 1941 , New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for local defence should Japan choose to invade , and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of self - loading conversions for the Lee -- Enfield rifle . The end result was the Charlton Automatic Rifle ( based on the obsolete MLE ) , which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942 . Over 1,500 conversions were made , including a handful by Electrolux using Lithgow SMLE Mk III * rifles . The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance ( amongst other things , the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod , whilst the Australian one did not ) , but shared the same operating mechanism . Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World War , but a few examples survive in museums and private collections . De Lisle Commando Carbine ( edit ) Main article : De Lisle carbine The initial wooden - stocked De Lisle with a fitted suppressor . The Commando units of the British military requested a suppressed rifle for killing sentries , guard dogs and other clandestine operational uses during the Second World War . The resulting weapon , designed by W.G. De Lisle , was effectively an SMLE Mk III * receiver redesigned to take a . 45 ACP cartridge and associated magazine , with a barrel from a Thompson submachine gun and an integral suppressor . It was produced in very limited numbers and an experimental folding stock version was made . Ekins Automatic rifle ( edit ) The Ekins Automatic Rifle was one of the numerous attempts to convert a Lee -- Enfield SMLE to an automatic rifle . Similar developments were the South African Rieder and Charlton of Australian / New Zealand origin . Howard Francis Carbine ( edit ) Howard Francis Self - Loading Carbine Type Carbine Place of origin United Kingdom Production history Designer Howard Francis Specifications Weight 3.7 kg ( 8.2 lb ) Length 812 mm ( 32.0 in ) Barrel length 324 mm ( 12.8 in ) Cartridge 7.63 × 25mm Mauser Rate of fire Semi-automatic Feed system 12 - round box magazine Sights Iron sights The Howard Francis Self - Loading Carbine was a conversion of a No. 1 Mk III to the 7.63 × 25mm Mauser pistol cartridge . It fired in semi-automatic only and suffered some feeding and extraction problems and , despite meeting accuracy and soundness of design concept , never made it past the prototype stage . Howell Automatic rifle ( edit ) Main article : Howell Automatic Rifle The Howell Automatic Rifle was the first attempt to convert the Lee -- Enfield SMLE into a semi-automatic rifle . The weapon was reliable but unergonomic for the user as the force of the recoiling bolt interfered with handling . The Howell Automatic Rifle was used by the British Home Guard as an anti-aircraft weapon . Rieder Automatic rifle ( edit ) Main article : Rieder Automatic Rifle The Rieder Automatic Rifle was an automatic ( full automatic only ) Lee -- Enfield SMLE rifle of South African origin . The Rieder device could be installed straight away without the use of tools . Conversion to 7.62 × 51mm NATO ( edit ) During the 1960s , the British Government and the Ministry of Defence converted a number of Lee -- Enfield No. 4 rifles to 7.62 × 51mm NATO as part of a programme to retain the Lee -- Enfield as a reserve weapon . The Lee -- Enfield No. 4 series rifles that were converted to 7.62 × 51mm NATO were re-designated as the L8 series of rifles with the rifles being refitted with 7.62 × 51mm NATO barrels , new bolt faces and extractor claws , new rear sights and new 10 - round 7.62 × 51mm NATO magazines that were produced by RSAF Enfield to replace the old 10 - round . 303 British magazines . The appearance of the L8 series rifles were no different from the original No. 4 rifles , except for the new barrel ( which still retained the original No. 4 rifle bayonet lugs ) and magazine . The L8 series of rifles consisted of L8A1 rifles ( converted No. 4 Mk2 rifles ) , L8A2 rifles ( converted No. 4 Mk1 / 2 rifles ) , L8A3 rifles ( converted No. 4 Mk1 / 3 rifles ) , L8A4 rifles ( converted No. 4 Mk1 rifles ) , and L8A5 rifles ( converted No. 4 Mk1 * rifles ) . Sterling Armaments of Dagenham , Essex produced a conversion kit comprising a new 7.62 mm barrel , magazine , extractor and ejector for commercial sale . The main difference between the two conversions was in the cartridge ejection arrangement ; the Enfield magazine carried a hardened steel projection that struck the rim of the extracted case to eject it , the Sterling system employed a spring - loaded plunger inserted into the receiver wall . The results of the trials that were conducted on the L8 series rifles were mixed and the British Government and the Ministry of Defence decided not to convert their existing stocks of Lee -- Enfield No. 4 rifles to 7.62 × 51mm NATO . Despite this , the British learned from the results of the L8 test program and used them in successfully converting their stocks of No. 4 ( T ) sniper rifles to 7.62 × 51mm NATO , which led to the creation of the L42A1 series sniper rifles . In the late 1960s , RSAF Enfield entered the commercial market by producing No. 4 - based 7.62 × 51mm rifles for sale . The products were marketed under alliterative names e.g. Enfield Envoy , a rifle intended for civilian competition target shooting and Enfield Enforcer , a rifle fitted with a Pecar telescopic sight to suit the requirements of police firearms teams . Ishapore 2A / 2A1 ( edit ) Main article : Ishapore 2A1 rifle Ishapore 2A1 . At some point just after the Sino - Indian War of 1962 , the Ishapore Rifle Factory in India began producing a new type of rifle known as the Rifle 7.62 mm 2A , which was based on the SMLE Mk III * and was slightly redesigned to use the 7.62 × 51mm NATO round . Externally the new rifle is very similar to the classic Mk III * , with the exception of the buttplate ( the buttplate from the 1A SLR is fitted ) and magazine , which is more `` square '' than the SMLE magazine , and usually carries twelve rounds instead of ten , although a number of 2A1s have been noted with 10 - round magazines . Ishapore 2A and Ishapore 2A1 receivers are made with improved ( EN ) steel ( to handle the increased pressures of the 7.62 × 51mm round ) and the extractor is redesigned to suit the rimless cartridge . From 1965 -- 1975 ( when production is believed to have been discontinued ) , the sight ranging graduations were changed from 2000 to 800 , and the rifle re-designated Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1 . The original 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) rear sight arm was found to be suitable for the ballistics of the 7.62 × 51mm , which is around 10 % more powerful and equates to a flatter trajectory than that of the . 303 British MkVII ammunition , so it was a simple matter to think of the ' 2000 ' as representing metres rather than yards . It was then decided that the limit of the effective range was a more realistic proposition at 800 m . The Ishapore 2A and 2A1 rifles are often incorrectly described as ``. 308 conversions '' . The 2A / 2A1 rifles are not conversions of . 303 calibre SMLE Mk III * rifles . Rather , they are newly manufactured firearms and are not technically chambered for commercial . 308 Winchester ammunition . However , many 2A / 2A1 owners shoot such ammunition in their rifles with no problems , although it should be noted that some factory loaded . 308 Winchester cartridges may appear to generate higher pressures than 7.62 × 51mm NATO , even though the rounds are otherwise interchangeable -- this is due to the different systems of pressure measurement used for NATO and commercial cartridges . Production and manufacturers ( edit ) In total , over 16 million Lee -- Enfields had been produced in several factories on different continents when production in Britain shut down in 1956 , at the Royal Ordnance Factory ROF Fazakerley in Liverpool after that factory had been plagued with industrial unrest . The machinery from ROF Fazakerley was sold to Pakistan Ordnance Factories ( POF ) in Rawalpindi where production and repair of the No. 4 rifle was continued . Also contributing to the total was the Rifle Factory Ishapore ( RFI ) at Ishapore in India , which continued to produce the SMLE in both . 303 and 7.62 × 51mm NATO until the 1980s , and is still manufacturing a sporting rifle based on the SMLE Mk III action , chambered for a . 315 calibre cartridge the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory at Shirley near Birmingham , and SAF Lithgow in Australia , who finally discontinued production of the SMLE Mk III * with a final ' machinery proving ' batch of 1000 rifles in early 1956 , using 1953 - dated receivers . During the First World War alone , 3.8 million SMLE rifles were produced in the UK by RSAF Enfield , BSA , and LSA . The wristguard markings on a 1918 - dated Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk III * rifle manufactured by the London Small Arms Co. Ltd . The `` G.R. '' under the crown stands for `` George Rex '' and refers to the reigning monarch at the time the rifle was manufactured . List of manufacturers ( edit ) The manufacturer 's names found on the MLE , CLLE , and SMLE Mk I -- Mk III * rifles and variants are : Marking Manufacturer Country Enfield Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield United Kingdom Sparkbrook Royal Small Arms Factory Sparkbrook United Kingdom BSA Co The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited United Kingdom LSA Co London Small Arms Co. Ltd United Kingdom Lithgow Lithgow Small Arms Factory Australia GRI Ishapore Rifle Factory British India RFI Ishapore Rifle Factory India ( Post-Independence ) Note 1 : `` SSA '' and `` NRF '' markings are sometimes encountered on First World War - dated SMLE Mk III * rifles . These stand for `` Standard Small Arms '' and `` National Rifle Factory '' , respectively . Rifles so marked were assembled using parts from various other manufacturers , as part of a scheme during the First World War to boost rifle production in the UK . Only SMLE Mk III * rifles are known to have been assembled under this program . Note 2 : GRI stands for `` Georgius Rex , Imperator '' ( Latin for `` King George , Emperor ( of India ) '' , denoting a rifle made during the British Raj . RFI stands for `` Rifle Factory , Ishapore '' , denoting a rifle made after the Partition of India in 1947 . For the No. 4 Mk I , No. 4 Mk I * and No. 4 Mk 2 rifles : Marking Manufacturer Country ROF ( F ) Royal Ordnance Factory Fazakerley United Kingdom ROF ( M ) Royal Ordnance Factory Maltby United Kingdom The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited United Kingdom M47 and later M47C Birmingham Small Arms Factory ( Shirley ) United Kingdom Long Branch Small Arms Limited and later , Canadian Arsenals Limited Canada Squared S and US PROPERTY Savage Arms U.S. POF Pakistan Ordnance Factories Pakistan Note 1 : Second World War UK production rifles had manufacturer codes for security reasons . For example , BSA Shirley is denoted by M47C , ROF ( M ) is often simply stamped `` M '' , and BSA is simply stamped `` B '' . Note 2 : Savage - made Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk I and No. 4 Mk I * rifles are all stamped `` US PROPERTY '' . They were supplied to the UK under the Lend - Lease programme during the Second World War . No Savage Lee -- Enfields were ever issued to the US military ; the markings existed solely to maintain the pretence that American equipment was being lent to the UK rather than permanently sold to them . Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV ( edit ) AIA M10 - B2 Match Rifle The Brisbane - based Australian International Arms also manufactured a modern reproduction of the No. 4 Mk II rifle , which they marketed as the AIA No. 4 Mk IV . The rifles were manufactured by parts outsourcing and were assembled and finished in Australia , chambered in 7.62 × 51mm NATO and fed from modified M14 magazines . The No. 4 Mk IV was designed with the modern shooter in mind , and has the ability to mount a telescopic sight without drilling and tapping the receiver . AIA also offered the AIA M10 - A1 rifle , a Jungle Carbine - styled version chambered in 7.62 × 39mm Russian , which uses AK - 47 magazines . Magazine supply / importation ( M14 and AK 10 single stack mag ) whilst legal in Australia , it has been spasmodically curtailed by Australian Federal Customs ( for more information , see Gun politics in Australia ) . It is possible to obtain a 10 - round ( the maximum allowed by law ) M14 magazines for the M10 - B2 match rifles in particular , provided an import permit from the appropriate Licensing Services Division can be obtained in some States , yet Australian Federal Customs may still refuse importation on no valid grounds . Khyber Pass Copies ( edit ) A number of British Service Rifles , predominantly the Martini -- Henry and Martini -- Enfield , but also the various Lee -- Enfield rifles , have been produced by small manufacturers in the Khyber Pass region of the Pakistani / Afghan border . `` Khyber Pass Copies '' , as they are known , tend to be copied exactly from a `` master '' rifle , which may itself be a Khyber Pass Copy , markings and all , which is why it 's not uncommon to see Khyber Pass rifles with the `` N '' in `` Enfield '' reversed , amongst other things . The quality on such rifles varies from `` as good as a factory - produced example '' to `` dangerously unsafe '' , tending towards the latter end of the scale . Khyber Pass Copy rifles can not generally stand up to the pressures generated by modern commercial ammunition , and are generally considered unsafe to fire under any circumstances . Khyber Pass Copies can be recognised by a number of factors , notably : Spelling errors in the markings ; as noted the most common of which is a reversed `` N '' in `` Enfield '' ) V.R. ( Victoria Regina ) cyphers dated after 1901 ; Queen Victoria died in 1901 , so any rifles made after 1901 should be stamped `` E.R '' ( Edwardius Rex -- King Edward VII or King Edward VIII ) or `` G.R '' ( Georgius Rex -- King George V or King George VI ) . Generally inferior workmanship , including weak / soft metal , poorly finished wood , and badly struck markings . Armalon ( edit ) British company Armalon Ltd developed a number of rifles based on the Lee Enfield No 4 . The PC Gallery Rifle is a carbine in pistol and revolver calibres , the AL42 a 5.56 mm rifle and the AL30C , a carbine in . 30 Carbine . The Lee -- Enfield in military / Police use today ( edit ) An Afghan mujahid carries a Lee -- Enfield in August 1985 Canadian Rangers , photographed in Nunavut , June 2011 The Lee -- Enfield family of rifles is the second oldest bolt - action rifle design still in official service , after the Mosin -- Nagant. Lee -- Enfield rifles are used by reserve forces and police forces in many Commonwealth countries , including Malawi . In Canada the . 303 '' and . 22 '' models are being phased out ( 2016 ) . Indian police officers carrying SMLE Mk III * and Ishapore 2A1 rifles were a familiar sight throughout railway stations in India after Mumbai train bombings of 2006 and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks . They are also still seen in the hands of Pakistani and Bangladeshi second - line and police units . However , the Lee -- Enfield was mainly replaced in main - line service in the Pakistani Police in the mid-1980s by the AK 47 , in response to increasing proliferation of the Kalashnikov in the black market and civilian use . In Jordan , the Lee -- Enfield was in use with the Police and Gendarmerie until 1971 , and with the Armed Forces until 1965 . In Iraq and Egypt , the Lee -- Enfield was replaced by the Kalashnikov as the standard issue rifle in the Armed Forces by the late 1950s , and in Police Forces by the late 1970s . In the UK , the single - shot . 22 calibre Rifle No. 8 is in regular use with UK Cadet Forces as a light target rifle . Enfields continue to be used as drill weapons by the National Ceremonial Guard of the South African National Defence Force ( SANDF ) . Many Afghan participants in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were armed with Lee -- Enfields . The CIA 's Operation Cyclone provided hundreds of thousands of Enfields to the Mujahideen , funneling them through Pakistan 's ISI . CIA officer Gust Avrakotos later arranged for the Egyptian Ministry of Defence to set up production lines of Enfield . 303 ammunition specifically for the conflict . Later on when Avrakotos asked Michael Vickers to revamp their strategy , he stopped the Enfield system and , with the large amounts of money available thanks to Charlie Wilson , replaced them with a mix of modern weapons like AK - 47s and mortars . An SMLE owned by Maoist rebels in Nepal , 2005 . Khyber Pass Copies patterned after the Lee -- Enfield are still manufactured in the Khyber Pass region , as bolt - action rifles remain effective weapons in desert and mountain environments where long - range accuracy is more important than rate of fire . Lee -- Enfield rifles are still popular in the region , despite the presence and ready availability of more modern weapons such as the SKS - 45 , the AKM , the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle , and the AK - 74 . As of 2012 , Lee -- Enfield rifles ( along with Mosin -- Nagants ) are still being used by the Taliban insurgents against NATO / Allied forces in Afghanistan . Photos from the recent civil war in Nepal showed that the government troops were being issued SMLE Mk III / III * rifles to fight the Maoist rebels , and that the Maoists were also armed with SMLE rifles , amongst other weapons . Police in Kathmandu may also be seen equipped with SMLE rifles . Lee -- Enfield rifles have also been seen in the hands of both the Naxalites and the Indian police in the ongoing Maoist insurgency in rural India . Police forces in both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu continue to operate and maintain stocks of SMLE Mk IVs . The Tongan security forces also retain a substantial number of Mk IVs donated from New Zealand 's reserve stocks . The Lee -- Enfield in civilian use ( edit ) Lee -- Enfields are very popular as hunting rifles and target shooting rifles . Many surplus Lee -- Enfield rifles were sold in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , the United Kingdom and the United States after the Second World War , and a fair number have been ' sporterised ' , having had the front furniture reduced or removed and a scope fitted so that they resemble a bolt - action sporting rifle . Top - notch accuracy is difficult to achieve with the Lee -- Enfield design , as it was intended to be a battle rifle rather than a sharpshooter 's weapon , and thus the Enfield is nowadays overshadowed by derivatives of Paul Mauser 's design as a target shooting arm . They did , however , continue to be used at Bisley up into the 1970s with some success , and continue to perform extremely well at Military Service Rifle Competitions throughout the world . Many people still hunt with as - issued Lee -- Enfield rifles , with commercial . 303 British ammunition proving especially effective on medium - sized game . Soft - point . 303 ammunition is widely available for hunting purposes , though the Mark 7 military cartridge design often proves adequate because its tail - heavy design makes the bullet yaw violently and deform after hitting the target . The Lee -- Enfield rifle is a popular gun for historic rifle enthusiasts and those who find the 10 - round magazine , loading by charger clips , and the rapid bolt - action useful for Practical Rifle events . Since formation in 1998 , organisations such as the Lee Enfield Rifle Association have assisted in not just preserving rifles in shooting condition ( many Lee -- Enfields are being deactivated and sold as `` wall - hangers '' to collectors who do not hold a Firearms Licence in countries where they are required ) , but holding events and competitions. Lee -- Enfields are also popular with competitors in service rifle competitions in many Commonwealth countries . The Lee -- Enfield series is very popular for service rifle shooting competitions in the UK and Australia due to the prohibitions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Great Britain and restrictions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Australia . ( For more information see Gun politics in the United Kingdom and Gun politics in Australia . ) Rhineland Arms produces . 45 ACP conversion kits for the Lee -- Enfield action using M1911 pistol magazines . The Lee - Speed Sporter was a higher quality British made version of the Lee -- Enfield . Users ( edit ) Turkish 8 × 57mm conversion of a Lee -- Enfield captured during World War I . Members of the Milice , armed with captured British No. 4 Lee -- Enfield Rifles and Bren Guns Afghanistan Australia : No. 1 MkIII / MkIII * manufactured at Lithgow Arsenal in Lithgow , New South Wales Bangladesh : extensively used during 1971 war . Used by Police , Ansar and BNCC personnel in modern times . Barbados Belgium : post-WW2 British and Canadian donations were used by Belgian soldiers in the Korean War until 1952 . Bermuda : used by the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps British Hong Kong : used by the Royal Hong Kong Regiment Brunei : used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Royal Brunei Police Force during the early days , replaced by M16 series . Canada : The No. 4 rifle was manufactured starting in 1941 by Small Arms Limited and later by Canadian Arsenals Limited , in Long Branch , Ontario , Canada . The Canadian Militia received the MK . I Long Lee Enfield rifle in 1896 . They used this rifle in the Boer War 1899 to 1902 . They used the MK. III & MK. III * in WWI as well as the No. 4 Lee Enfield in WWII , the Korean War and into the late 1950s in general is due . The No. 4 rifle is still used for drill and was used for range shooting by the Royal Canadian Army Cadets , Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Air Cadets . Most units are stripped of the mechanism that fires the round but at many Cadet Training Centres the rifles are in full working order , the rifle is used at the Vernon Summer Training Center for Feu du joix . The No. 4 was being phased out by the Canadian Rangers as a service rifle starting in 2016 . Czechoslovakia : used by free Czechoslovak forces during WWII . Denmark : used as Rifle M / 45E by the Danish brigade in occupied Germany from 1945 , eventually replaced by the US M1 rifle as Rifle M / 50 in 1950 . Falkland Islands Fiji Finland Used some small numbers during Finnish Civil War and WWII . France : ( Foreign Legion , Free French Forces ) . Also used during WW2 by the French Resistance and some captured from the Resistance were used by the pro-Nazi French militia Milice française ( see picture to the right ) Nazi Germany : some captured No. 1 Mk . III * Lee -- Enfields were used by the Volkssturm in 1944 and 1945 The German designation was Gewehr 281 ( e ) . Kingdom of Greece : Used by Hellenic armed forces during World War II and post-World War II period . Greece used the Lee -- Enfield and British small arms until they were replaced by the M1 Garand and American small arms . Grenada Hong Kong Iceland : Once used by Icelandic Coast Guard and National Police of Iceland . British Raj India : In service with British Indian Army throughout First and Second World Wars . Now made under licence by Ishapore Rifle Factory as the Ishapore 2A1 rifle Indonesia : Used by republicans in Indonesian National Revolution ; some were taken from the Dutch . Italy : post-World War II Italian Army and Navy Kingdom of Iraq Ireland : both No1 MkIII / III * and No4 were used by Irish Defence Forces . Also looted and used by Irish Republican Army and other Irish Republican groups . Israel : used during the first few years of independence . Jamaica : still used by the Jamaica Constabulary Force , Correctional Services and Jamaica Combined Cadet Force Japan : Captured from British Army during World War II . Jordan Katanga : bought for police force but also used by army Kenya Kiribati Luxembourg : used by the Luxembourg detachment in the Korean War Malaysia Malta Myanmar : still use in Myanmar Police Force Nepal Netherlands : Both the Lee -- Enfield No. 1 Mark III and No. 4 Mark I would be adopted in 1941 and serve until 1952 , until replaced by the M1 Garand . New Zealand Nigeria : Used by the Nigeria Regiment . Norway : Parachuted to the resistance movement as military aid during WWII . Used by the post-war Norwegian Army until replaced by the US M1 Rifle in the early 1950s . Oman Ottoman Empire : Captured rifles , used as reserve weapons . Pakistan Papua New Guinea Poland : used by the Polish exiled army Portugal : used by the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps , during the First World War Qatar Rhodesia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Singapore : reserve units until the late 1960s . Still used by Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command for ceremonial purposes . Solomon Islands : used by the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force . South Africa South Korea South Yemen Sri Lanka Tibet Thailand : ( the contract was concluded on 10 December 1920 when the king received shipment of 10,000 rifles . ) Tonga Trinidad & Tobago : Trinidad & Tobago Cadet Force Turkey : converted Ottoman - captured rifles to 7.92 × 57mm Mauser . Uganda United Kingdom United States : Used by units of the American Expeditionary Force attached to British and Australian units during the First World War . No. 4 MkI / MkI * rifles manufactured by Savage - Stevens Firearms under Lend - Lease for the British and Commonwealth forces during WWII . Some US Army units attached to British Commonwealth units in Burma during WWII were issued Lee -- Enfield rifles on logistics grounds . Vanuatu See also ( edit ) Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1993 , p. 153 , 230 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rifle , Short Magazine Lee Enfield '' . The Lee -- Enfield Rifle Website . Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg 1978 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 587 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2007 . Jump up ^ Pugliese , David ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` Military draws blanks in bids for rifles Firms do n't want to give up secrets '' . The Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Military Production at Lithgow SAF Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Skennerton , Ian . `` Arms and Militaria , Bulletin Board '' . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Tucker 2013 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 453 -- 454 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 1997 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1994c , p. 5 . Jump up ^ LOC § 11715 ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1994c , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2001 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 1994c , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ THE . 256 INCH BRITISH : A LOST OPPORTUNITY by Anthony G Williams Archived 6 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ War Office 1999 , p. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1994c , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 189 , 194 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 1994b , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 1979 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ Fraser , George MacDonald . McAuslan in the Rough ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . ) , 1974 , page 179 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1994b , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 1994b , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 1994b , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2006 . Jump up ^ Skennerton ( 1994a ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Skennerton 1994a , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 347 . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2004a , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Mark A. IV ( 2007 ) . `` British Lee -- Enfield No. 4 ( T ) Sniper Rifle '' . American Rifleman . National Rifle Association ( August ) : 88 . Jump up ^ `` Enfield Enforcer '' . Amstevens.fsnet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield and other Training Rifles and Associated Equipment '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield Rifle RF Short Mks. I and II ( II ) '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Skennerton ( 2007 ) , pp. 481 -- 483 Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield Rifle . 22RF Pattern 14 '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 484 -- 489 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield Pattern 18 -- ``. 303 cum . 22 '' ( II ) `` . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 484,488 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield and other Training Rifles and Associated Equipment '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 504 -- 509 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` Lee -- Enfield Rifle No. 5 . 22RF '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ SHOT Backwards Design Company . `` The Lee -- Enfield Rifle C. No. 7 ( Canadian ) '' . Rifleman.org.uk . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Griffiths 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Enright 1998 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2001 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Special Service Lee Enfields : Commando and Auto Models by Ian Skennerton . Published by Ian D Skennerton , PO Box 80 , Labrador 4215 , Australia , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 37 - 0 . Paperback , 48 pp , 50 plus b & w drawings and photos , 210 × 274 mm Jump up ^ Skennerton 2001 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Special Service Lee Enfields : Commando and Auto Models by Ian Skennerton . Published by Ian D Skennerton , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 37 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Blogger : Aanmelden '' . Anonymous-generaltopics.blogspot.com . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Skennerton ( 2007 ) , pp. 255 -- 259 Jump up ^ Skennerton 2007 , p. 255 -- 260 . 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External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heber , Dr Thorsten ( 2008 ) , Kennblätter fremden Geräts : Heft 1 , Handwaffen , Books on Demand , ISBN 978 - 3837040425 p. 85 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Sazanidis 1995 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference jones2010 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 , Chapter 11 . Jump up ^ `` Enfield Rifles From Italian Navy '' . Euroarms . Archived from the original on 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference bishop2017 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Skennerton 2007 . Jump up ^ Talens , Martien . De ransel op de rug deel 2 . Brabantia Nostra . p. 372 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enfauser '' . Turk Mauser . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Alpers , Philip ( 2010 ) . Karp , Aaron , ed . The Politics of Destroying Surplus Small Arms : Inconspicuous Disarmament . 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Retrieved 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Shurtleff , Leonard G. ( 2003 ) . `` Doughboy 's Rifle : ( It was n't necessarily a Springfield ) '' . Doughboy Center : The Story of the American Expeditionary Forces . The Great War Society . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . References ( edit ) UK - NRA -- Historic Arms Resource Centre -- Enfield and Lee -- Enfield Training Rifles Reference Pages § 11715 , List of Changes in British War Material ( `` LoC '' ) , H.M. Stationer 's Office ( HMSO ) , periodical Enright , John ( February 1998 ) . Centrefires in Australia -- 1948 and On . Australian Shooter 's Journal . Griffiths , Clarrie ( February 1998 ) . 1948 ? Yes , I Remember ... Australian Shooter 's Journal . Hogg , Ian V. ( 1978 ) . The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World 's Firearms . A&W Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89479 - 031 - 7 . Sazanidis , Christos ( 1995 ) . Τα όπλα των Ελλήνων ( Arms of the Greeks ) . Thessaloniki ( Greece ) : Maiandros . Skennerton , Ian ( 2007 ) . The Lee -- Enfield . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 82 - 6 . Skennerton , Ian ( 2004a ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 19 : Australian S.M.L.E. Variations . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 49 - 4 . Skennerton , Ian ( 2004b ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 18 : 7.62 mm L42A1 Sniper , L39A1 , 2A & Lee -- Enfield Conversions . Labrador , QLD : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 48 - 6 . Skennerton , Ian ( 2001 ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 12 : Special Service Lee -- Enfields ( Commando & Auto Models ) . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 29 - X . Skennerton , Ian ( 2001 ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 14 : . 303 Lewis Machine Gun . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 42 - 7 . Skennerton , Ian ( 1997 ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 7 : . 303 Magazine Lee -- Metford and Magazine Lee -- Enfield . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 25 - 7 . Skennerton , Ian ( 1994a ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 4 : . 303 Rifle , No. 5 Mk I. Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 21 - 4 . Skennerton , Ian ( 1994b ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 2 : . 303 Rifle , No. 4 , Marks I & I * , Marks 1 / 2 , 1 / 3 & 2 . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 20 - 6 . Skennerton , Ian ( 1994c ) . Small Arms Identification Series No. 1 : . 303 Rifle , No. 1 , S.M.L.E. Marks III and III * . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 0 - 949749 - 19 - 2 . Skennerton , Ian ( 1993 ) . The Lee -- Enfield Story . Gold Coast QLD ( Australia ) : Arms & Militaria Press . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 138 - X . Tucker , Spencer. C ( 2013 ) . The European Powers in the First World War . An Encyclopedia . New York ( USA ) : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 8 . Smith , W.H.B. ( 1979 ) . 1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms ( Facsimile Edition ) . Harrisburg PA ( USA ) : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1699 - 6 . War Office ( 1999 ) ( 1929 ) . Textbook of Small Arms 1929 . London : Dural ( NSW ) : H.M.S.O / Rick Landers . Wilson , Royce ( September 2007 ) . SMLE : The Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield Mk III . Australian Shooter Magazine . Wilson , Royce ( May 2006 ) . Jungle Fever : The Lee -- Enfield . 303 Rifle . Australian Shooter Magazine . Wilson , Royce ( August 2007 ) . Straight Up With a Twist : The Martini -- Enfield . 303 Rifle . Australian Shooter Magazine . Lee Enfield No1 Mk. V External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee - Enfield . Demonstration of rapid aimed fire at Bisley Demonstration of rapid fire -- 10 aimed shots in 9 seconds British Empire small arms and ordnance of the First World War Rifles Lee - Metford Magazine Lee - Enfield ( MLE ) rifle Short Magazine Lee -- Enfield ( SMLE ) rifle Pattern 1914 Enfield rifle Ross Rifle ( Canada ) Machine guns Maxim gun Vickers machine gun Hotchkiss Mark I Lewis Gun Side arms Webley . 455 '' Revolver Mk. IV -- VI Webley . 455 '' Pistol Mk . I Colt New Service Smith & Wesson Triple Lock Hand grenades No. 1 No. 2 Hales Pattern Nos. 3 , 20 , 24 , 35 Hales rifle grenades Nos. 5 , 23 , 36 Mills No. 6 Nos. 8 , 9 Jam Tin No. 13 Battye No. 14 Pitcher No. 15 Ball No. 16 Oval No. 17 Opera hat No. 18 No. 19 No. 21 `` Spherical '' No. 22 Newton - Pippin No. 25 Sangster No. 27 No. 28 Chemical No. 29 Gas No. 31 Day Signal No. 32 Night Signal No. 32 `` Spherical E '' No. 34 Egg No. 37 No. 39 Steuart Pattern Artillery Tank guns QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss QF 6 pounder 6 cwt Infantry guns 1.59 - inch Breech - Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun , Mk II ( `` Vickers - Crayford rocket gun '' ) Field Artillery BL 12 pounder 6 cwt QF 12 pounder 8 cwt QF 12 pounder 18 cwt QF 13 pounder BL 15 pounder BLC 15 pounder QF 15 pounder QF 18 pounder QF 4 inch gun Mk III BL 4 inch gun Mk VII QF 4.5 inch Howitzer Mountain artillery RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun BL 2.75 - inch Mountain Gun QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun QF 3.7 - inch mountain howitzer Howitzers , medium , and heavy artillery QF 4.7 inch Gun BL 5 inch Howitzer BL 5.4 inch Howitzer BL 60 pounder gun BLC 6 inch siege gun BL 6 inch Gun Mk VII BL 6 inch Gun Mk XIX BL 6 - inch 26 cwt howitzer BL 6 - inch 30 cwt howitzer BL 8 inch Howitzer Mk I - V BL 8 inch Howitzer Mk VI - VIII Siege artillery BL 7.5 inch Mk III naval gun BL 9.2 - inch howitzer BL 9.2 inch Mk X naval gun BL 12 inch Howitzer BL 12 inch Mk X naval gun BL 15 inch Howitzer Coastal artillery QF 12 pounder 12 cwt QF 4 inch naval gun Mk I -- III BL 6 inch Mk VII naval gun BL 9.2 inch gun Mk IX -- X RML 9 inch Mortars Garland Trench Mortar 3 inch Stokes Mortar Light Mortar ( IJA Artillery ) 3.7 inch mortar 4 inch mortar Vickers 1.57 inch mortar 2 inch Medium Mortar Newton 6 inch Mortar 9.45 inch Heavy Mortar Grenade launchers Leach Trench Catapult West Spring Gun Sauterelle Smoke and chemical weapons 4 inch Stokes Mortar Livens Projector Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector Railway guns BL 9.2 inch Railway Gun BL 12 inch Railway Gun BL 12 inch railway howitzer BL 14 inch Railway Gun Anti-aircraft guns QF 1 pounder pom - pom QF 2 pounder `` pom - pom '' Mk II 75 mm AA gun QF 12 pounder 12 cwt QF 3 inch 5 cwt QF 13 pounder 6 cwt QF 13 pounder Mk IV QF 13 pounder 9 cwt QF 3 inch 20 cwt QF 18 pounder QF 4 inch Mk V Foreign weapon designs in British Empire Armies use Hotchkiss Mark I Lewis Gun Light Mortar ( IJA Artillery ) 75 mm AA gun QF 15 pounder 9.45 inch Heavy Mortar Sauterelle British Commonwealth small arms of World War II and Korea Side - arms Webley Mk IV & Mk VI Revolvers Enfield No. 2 Mk I Revolver Browning P - 35 `` High Power '' Pistol M1911 / M1911A1 pistol Smith & Wesson `` Victory '' Revolver Welrod Rifles & submachine guns SMLE No. 1 Mk III * & Lee - Enfield No. 4 Mk. I Pattern 1914 Enfield Lee - Enfield No. 5 Mk. I `` Jungle Carbine '' Ross Rifle Mk. III De Lisle Commando Carbine Sten Lanchester Sterling Austen Kokoda Owen Gun Welgun M1921 / M1928 / M1 Thompson Machine - guns & other larger weapons Besa machine gun Bren Gun Charlton Automatic Rifle Lewis Gun Vickers MG PIAT Rifle , Anti-Tank , . 55 in , Boys 29 mm Spigot Mortar `` Blacker Bombard '' SBML 2inch Mortar Projector , 21⁄2 - inch Mk. II `` Northover '' ML 3 - inch Mortar ML 4.2 inch Mortar 3 - inch Mk . I OSB Gun `` Smith Gun '' No. 2 `` Lifebuoy '' Flamethrower Grenades British grenades of WWI and WW2 Mills Bomb Small arms cartridges . 303 British 9mm Parabellum . 45 ACP . 455 Webley . 38 / 200 . 38 Special . 50 BMG . 55 Boys 15 × 104 mm Brno Current UK individual weapons and cartridges Pistols L9A1 L106A1 L117A2 L131A1 Assault rifles carbines Designated marksman rifles L85A2 IW L86A2 LSW L22A2 L129A1 L119A1 HK 417 Sniper rifles Arctic Warfare Covert L96A1 , L118A1 L115A1 , L115A3 L121A1 L82A1 Submachine guns L80A1 ( MP5K ) , L90A1 ( MP5K A1 ) L91A1 ( MP5 A2 / A3 ) , L92A1 ( MP5 SD2 / SD3 ) Shotguns L74A1 L128A1 Machine guns L108A1 , L110A1 L7A2 L2A1 ( M2HB ) , L111A1 ( M2HB - QCB ) Grenade non-lethal launchers L17A1 / A2 L67A1 L134A1 Rockets LASM LAW 80 M3 Carl Gustav L2A1 ( ILAW ) L142A1 ( AT4CS HP ) Missiles MILAN FGM - 148 Javelin Starstreak SAM ( shoulder launched or 3 - shot multiple launcher ) Mortars L9A1 M6 - 640 L16A2 Modern cartridges used 5.56 × 45mm NATO 7.62 × 51mm NATO 12.7 × 99mm NATO . 338 Lapua 9 × 19mm Parabellum 12 gauge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee -- Enfield&oldid = 808956000 '' Categories : 7.62 mm rifles Bolt - action rifles History of the London Borough of Enfield Police weapons Rifles of the United Kingdom Sniper rifles Victorian - era weapons of the United Kingdom World War I British infantry weapons World War II infantry weapons of the United Kingdom Rifles of the Cold War Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Accuracy disputes from January 2015 CS1 errors : external links Pages with broken reference names Use British English from October 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 07 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many rounds does a lee enfield hold	[ "A redesign of the Lee–Metford (adopted by the British Army in 1888), the Lee–Enfield superseded the earlier Martini–Henry, Martini–Enfield, and Lee–Metford rifles. It featured a ten-round box magazine which was loaded with the .303 British cartridge manually from the top, either one round at a time or by means of five-round chargers. The Lee–Enfield was the standard issue weapon to rifle companies of the British Army and other Commonwealth nations in both the First and Second World Wars (these Commonwealth nations included Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and South Africa, among others).[5] Although officially replaced in the UK with the L1A1 SLR in 1957, it remained in widespread British service until the early/mid-1960s and the 7.62 mm L42 sniper variant remained in service until the 1990s. As a standard-issue infantry rifle, it is still found in service in the armed forces of some Commonwealth nations,[6] notably with the Bangladesh Police, which makes it the second longest-serving military bolt-action rifle still in official service, after the Mosin–Nagant.[7] The Canadian Rangers unit still use Enfield rifles, with plans to replace the weapons sometime in 2017–2018 with the new Sako-designed Colt C-19.[8] Total production of all Lee–Enfields is estimated at over 17 million rifles.[1]" ]	[ "ten-round" ]
5971362901984313810	Rugby league playing field	Rugby league playing field - wikipedia Rugby league playing field `` Rugby pitch '' and `` Rugby field '' redirect here . This article is about the rugby league playing field . For the rugby union playing field see Laws of rugby union # Field and equipment Standard dimensions and markings of a rugby league field . Not all playing fields are the same size . The rugby league playing field , also referred to as a pitch or paddock , is the playing surface for the sport of rugby league football and is surfaced exclusively with grass . The dimensions and markings of a full - sized playing area are defined in Section 1 of the Laws of the Game . These Laws are the agreed upon and maintained by the Rugby League International Federation . The playing field is defined as `` the area bounded by , but not including , the touch lines and dead ball lines '' by Section 2 . If the ball or any player in possession of it makes contact with the touch lines or dead ball lines or the ground beyond them it is deemed to be out of play . The rugby league field also has markings to denote where restarts , such as scrums , should be placed . Contents 1 Dimensions 2 Field 2.1 Markings 2.2 Objects 2.2. 1 Rule variation 3 Scoring 4 See also 5 References 5.1 In - line 5.2 General 6 External links Dimensions ( edit ) Rugby league is played on a field 112 -- 122 by 68 metres ( 122.5 -- 133.4 × 74.3 yards ) . The longer boundary lines are touch lines , while the shorter boundary lines are dead ball lines . The touch lines and dead ball lines are out of play . Field ( edit ) Near each end of the field is a goal line , or try - line ; they are 100 metres ( 109.4 yards ) apart . A scoring area called the in - goal area extends 6 -- 11 metres ( 6.6 -- 12 yards ) from each try - line to each dead ball line . Most play will occur within the field of play , this `` is the area bounded by , but not including , the touch lines and goal lines '' . When the team in possession of the ball is attempting to score a try , the goal line is included in the in - goal area , grounding the ball correctly on either is a try . When the team in possession is attempting to return the ball to the field of play from their own in - goal area the goal line is part of the field of play . A team caught with the ball in their own in - goal must restart play with a drop kick of the ball from between their posts , this usually results in the other team gaining possession . Between the goal lines , broken lines run parallel to each touch line at 10 and 20 metres from touch . Free kicks are taken 10 metres in from the point where the ball entered touch after being kicked out to gain ground from a penalty . If a scrum is required to restart play and the event that caused it occurred `` within 20 metres of a touch line or ten metres of a goal line the scrum shall be brought in twenty metres from the touch line and ten metres from the goal line '' . Markings ( edit ) Lines with distance markers transverse the field every 10 metres perpendicular to the touch lines . The distances ascend from each goal line towards the halfway line , which is marked `` 50 '' ( similar to a typical American football field ) . These lines , as well as the goal lines , dead ball lines and touch lines are 15 centimetres wide and white in colour , the only exception being the 40 - metre lines , which are usually coloured red to distinguish them for the determination of 40 -- 20 kicks in play . The broken lines 10 metres and 20 metres in from the touch lines are 10 centimetres wide and white in colour . The distance markers on the playing field are white with a red outline . These numbers are 2 metres high . Objects ( edit ) On each goal line are two goal posts 5.5 metres apart connected by a cross bar 3 metres from the ground . Each goal post is 16 metres in height ( however they can be built higher ) and for the purpose of judging a goal are considered to extend upwards indefinitely . The posts and crossbar form an `` H '' shape . Goal posts supported by only one post below the crossbar are permissible . The bottom two metres of a goal post is recommended to be padded to protect players from injury . At professional level , these pads are usually cuboids that encase each post . A corner post is placed at the points where each touch line meets each goal line . The post must consist of non-rigid material and should be at least 1.25 metres in height . The corner posts are in touch in - goal , that is to say they act in the same way as sidelines and the ball - carrier touching them immediately halts play . Rule variation ( edit ) During the 2010 NRL season , a rule change to the playing field was implemented so that if a player in possession of the ball made contact with the corner post that player would no longer be considered to be touch in - goal . Proponents of the move argued a series a possible future scenarios made this preventative measure necessary , with ARL chief executive Geoff Carr stating , `` no one has thought of the possibility of using the corner post as a weapon to defuse a try and we want to stop it before they do '' . One scenario was that a defending player might manipulate the corner post to put an attacker out of play . Another concern cited was that the corner post might be made to make contact with a rolling ball to ensure the defending team gains possession with a 20 - metre restart . Corner posts , which sometimes lean to one side , have no upper height limit set and this led to a fear that corner posts might become `` long rubber snakes , biting attackers and sending them into touch '' , in the words of Roy Masters . Other laws concerning the corner posts remained unchanged . A ball that makes contact with the corner post while not in the possession of a player will be deemed to be touch in - goal as before . There was no attempt to remove the corner posts from the playing field as they are used to promote sponsors and are also a useful aid for players to judge their kicks . The change was agreed by the NRL Board and approved by the RLIF as an experimental rule . Implementation occurred mid-season following feedback from clubs . Scoring ( edit ) A try can be scored by grounding the ball on the try - line or in the in - goal area between it and the dead ball line . A goal ( conversion , penalty or drop goal ) is scored when the ball travels above the crossbar and between the posts of the goal which is situated in the middle of the try - line . A penalty try is awarded if a player is fouled in the act of scoring a try but does n't ground the ball . The conversion is taken from in front of the goal posts . An 8 - point try is awarded if a player is fouled in the act of scoring a try but still grounds the ball . The conversion kicks are from where the try is scored and in front of the goal posts See also ( edit ) Laws of rugby league References ( edit ) In - line ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : RLIF , 2004 : 2 Jump up ^ Hickey , Julia ( 2006 ) . Understanding Rugby League . Coachwise 1st4sport . p. 15 . ISBN 9781905540105 . Jump up ^ Geraint John , Rod Sheard ( 2000 ) . Stadia : a design and development guide . Architectural Press . p. 85 . ISBN 9780750645348 . ^ Jump up to : RLIF , 2004 : 6 Jump up ^ BBC Sport ( 6 September 2005 ) . `` The basics of rugby league '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : RLIF , 2004 : 5 Jump up ^ RLIF , 2004 : 12 Jump up ^ RLIF , 2004 : 32 ^ Jump up to : Dept . Recreation and Sport . `` Dimensions for Rugby League '' . Government of Western Australia . Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : RLIF , 2004 : 3 ^ Jump up to : RLIF , 2004 : 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Finally , NRL dumps corner posts '' . heraldsun.com.au. 2 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Roy ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Carr wants corner posts out of the field of play '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : NRL ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` NRL changes rules to corner post & player registration '' . National Rugby League . Archived from the original on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . General ( edit ) RLIF ( 2004 ) . `` The International Laws of the Game and Notes on the Laws '' . Rugby League International Federation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . External links ( edit ) Dimensions for rugby league -- Government of Western Australia , Department of Sport and Recreation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby_league_playing_field&oldid=857427130 '' Categories : Rugby league Rugby league equipment Sports rules and regulations Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 August 2018 , at 16 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how far is a lap of a rugby pitch	[]	[]
-5304871749396306751	List of average human height worldwide	List of average Human height worldwide - wikipedia List of average Human height worldwide Jump to : navigation , search Below are average adult human heights by country or geographical region . The original studies and sources should be consulted for details on methodology and the exact populations measured , surveyed , or considered . As with any statistical data , the accuracy of such data may be questionable for various reasons : Some studies may allow subjects to self - report values . Generally speaking , self - reported height tends to be taller than its measured height , although the overestimation of height depends on the reporting subject 's height , age , gender and region . Test subjects may have been invited instead of chosen at random , resulting in sampling bias . Some countries may have significant height gaps between different regions . For instance , one survey shows there is 10.8 cm ( 4 ⁄ in ) gap between the tallest state and the shortest state in Germany . Under such circumstances , the mean height may not represent the total population unless sample subjects are appropriately taken from all regions with using weighted average of the different regional groups . Different social groups can show different mean height . According to a study in France , executives and professionals are 2.6 cm ( 1 in ) taller , and university students are 2.55 cm ( 1 in ) taller than the national average . As this case shows , data taken from a particular social group may not represent a total population in some countries . A relatively small sample of the population may have been measured , which makes it uncertain whether this sample accurately represents the entire population . The height of persons can vary over the course of a day , due to factors such as a height decrease from exercise done directly before measurement ( i.e. inversely correlated ) , or a height increase since lying down for a significant period of time ( i.e. positively correlated ) . For example , one study revealed a mean decrease of 1.54 centimetres ( 0.61 in ) in the heights of 100 children from getting out of bed in the morning to between 4 and 5 p.m. that same day . Such factors may not have been controlled in some of the studies . Data is representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population . Note : Letters in grey indicate non-measured height . Country / Region Average male height Average female height Stature ratio ( male to female ) Sample population / age range Share of pop . over 18 covered Methodology Year Source Albania 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 649 f : 1,806 ) 23.5 % Measured 2008 -- 2009 Argentina N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 19 -- 49 60.4 % Measured 2004 -- 2005 Argentina 174.46 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.01 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Healthy , 18 ( N = m : 90 f : 97 , SD = m : 7.43 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.99 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.9 % Measured 1998 -- 2001 Armenia N / A 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,218 , SD = f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 48.6 % Self - reported 2005 Australia 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Australia 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 -- 24 12.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2012 Austria 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 54.3 % Measured 2006 Austria 180 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 7.7 % Measured 2006 Austria 178.80 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A 1.07 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Austria 179.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 167.6 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 53 f : 69 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2001 Azerbaijan 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.04 16 + 106.5 % Measured 2005 Bahrain 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.2 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.07 19 + ( N = m : 1,120 f : 1,181 , SD = m : 9.0 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) f : 7.8 cm ( 3 in ) ) 97.7 % Measured 2002 Bahrain 171.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 1.9 % Measured 2009 Bangladesh N / A 150.6 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,368 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 56.2 % Self - reported 2007 Belgium 178.70 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Belgium 178.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 168.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.7 % Self - reported 2001 Benin N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,015 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.5 % Self - reported 2006 Bolivia N / A 151.8 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,302 , SD = f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.6 % Self - reported 2003 Bolivia 160.0 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 142.2 cm ( 4 ft 8 in ) 1.13 Aymara , 20 -- 29 N / A Measured 1970 Bosnia and Herzegovina 183.9 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 171.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Students at UBL , 19 -- 32 ( N = m : 178 f : 34 , SD = m : 7.11 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.56 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured 2014 Brazil 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + ( N = m : 62,037 f : 65,696 ) 100.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil 173.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 8,299 f : 7,938 ) 13.0 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Urban 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 6,360 f : 6,305 ) 10.9 % Measured 2009 Brazil -- Rural 170.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,939 f : 1,633 ) 2.1 % Measured 2009 Bulgaria 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.2 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 N / A N / A N / A Bulgaria -- Sofia 178.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 N / A N / A N / A Burkina Faso N / A 161.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 7,337 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.5 % Self - reported 2003 Cambodia N / A 152.4 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,081 , SD = f : 5.4 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.2 % Self - reported 2005 Cameroon -- Urban 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 15 + ( N = m : 3,746 f : 5,078 ) 53.6 % Measured 2003 Cameroon -- Urban 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.06 35 - 44 ( N = m : 558 f : 1,156 ) 8.7 % Measured 2003 Canada 175.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 94.7 % Measured 2007 -- 2009 Canada 176.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 25 -- 44 36.5 % Measured 2005 Central African Republic N / A 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,408 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 50.0 % Self - reported 1994 Chad N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.9 % Self - reported Chile 169.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 156.1 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.09 15 + 107.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.09 25 -- 44 41.2 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 Chile 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 15 -- 24 23.7 % Measured 2009 -- 2010 China , People 's Republic of 167.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 + 100.0 % Measured 2012 China , Mainland 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 19 2.1 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Urban 170.2 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 17 0.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Rural 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 157.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 17 1.6 % Measured 2002 China , People 's Republic of -- Beijing 174.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 21 0.2 % Measured China , People 's Republic of -- Sichuan 169.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 0.7 % Measured Colombia 170.6 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 22 ( N = m : 1,528,875 f : 1,468,110 ) 14.1 % Measured 2002 Colombia N / A 155.0 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 22,947 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.8 % Self - reported Comoros N / A 154.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 644 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Congo , Democratic Republic of the N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,727 , SD = f : 8.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.7 % Self - reported 2005 Congo , Republic of the N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,922 , SD = f : 8.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 55.7 % Self - reported 2007 Croatia 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 166.49 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 18 ( N = m : 358 f : 360 , SD = m : 6.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.6 % Measured 2006 -- 2008 Cuba -- Urban 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 15 + 79.2 % Measured 1999 Czech Republic 180.31 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.22 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 17 1.6 % Measured 2001 Denmark 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 20 ( N = m : 38,025 ) 5.3 % Measured 2012 Denmark 181.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Denmark 182.6 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.7 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 23 ( N = m : -- 20 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : NA f : 7.4 cm ( 3 in ) ) 1.6 % Self - reported 2001 Dinaric Alps 185.6 cm ( 6 ft 1 in ) 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 1.08 17 N / A Measured 2005 Dominican Republic 172.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,763 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.8 % Self - reported 2014 El Salvador N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 50.9 % Self - reported 2007 Egypt 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 845 f : 1,059 ) 16.6 % Measured 2008 Egypt N / A 159.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 13,813 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.2 % Self - reported 2008 Estonia 179.1 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 17 2.3 % Measured 2003 Ethiopia N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,868 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.8 % Self - reported 1997 Europe 177.6 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 17 -- 29 N / A Measured and Self - reported 2001 -- 2012 Finland 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m / f : 2,305 ) 19.0 % Measured 1994 Finland 180.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 − 25 ( N = m / f : 26,636 ) 9.2 % Measured 2010 -- 2011 Finland 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.4 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 France 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 70 ( N = m / f : 11,562 ) 85.9 % Measured 2003 -- 2004 France 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 + 96.6 % Measured 2001 France 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 29 17.5 % Measured 2001 France 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.3 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Gabon N / A 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,576 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.1 % Self - reported 2000 Gambia -- Rural 168.0 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.06 21 -- 49 ( N = m : 9,559 f : 13,160 , SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured 1950 -- 1974 Germany 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 162.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 18 -- 79 ( N = m / f : 19,768 ) 94.3 % Measured 2007 Germany 178.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 166.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 29.2 % Measured 2007 Germany -- Urban 180.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 37 7.1 % Measured 2007 Germany 180.17 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.2 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Germany 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 25,112 f : 25,560 ) 100.0 % Self - reported 2009 Germany 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 -- 25 ( N = m : 2,501 f : 2,227 ) 11.3 % Self - reported 2009 Ghana N / A 159.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,958 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2008 Ghana 169.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 14.7 % Measured 1987 -- 1989 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 18 -- 49 56.3 % Measured 2003 Greece 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 24 8.5 % Measured 2003 Greece 178.06 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 26 ( N = m : 3,982 , SD = m : 7.05 cm ( 3 in ) ) 13.7 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Greece 177.29 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Greece 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 20 -- 49 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Guatemala N / A 147.3 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,773 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.3 % Self - reported 1998 Guinea N / A 158.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,563 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2005 Haiti N / A 158.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,932 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2005 Honduras N / A 152.0 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 11,219 , SD = f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.3 % Self - reported 2005 Hong Kong 171.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 468 f : 453 , SD = m : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.4 % Measured 2006 Hong Kong 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 University students , 19 -- 20 ( N = m : 291 f : 200 , SD = m : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.2 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.6 % Measured 2005 Hungary 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Adults N / A Measured 2000s Hungary 177.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 1,080 , SD = m : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.7 % Measured 2005 India 164.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 ( N = m : 69,245 f : 118,796 ) 69.8 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Iceland 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 43.6 % Self - reported 2007 India -- Rural 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 152.1 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.06 17 + ( SD = m : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 72.1 % Measured 2007 India 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 152.6 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.09 20 3.0 % Predicted 2005 -- 2006 Indonesia 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) 1.07 50 + ( N = m : 2,041 f : 2,396 , Median = m : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) f : 147 cm ( 4 ft 10 in ) ) 22.5 % Self - reported 1997 Iran 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 21 + ( N = m / f : 89,532 , SD = m : 8.05 cm ( 3 in ) f : 7.22 cm ( 3 in ) ) 88.1 % Measured 2005 Iran 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.09 21 -- 25 17.9 % Measured 2005 Iraq -- Baghdad 165.4 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.8 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 700 f : 800 , SD = m : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) f : 16.0 cm ( 6 ⁄ in ) ) 76.3 % Measured 1999 -- 2000 Ireland 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 20 -- 49 61.8 % Measured 2007 Ireland 179 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.10 20 -- 24 10.4 % Measured 2007 Ireland 176.60 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Ireland 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 21 ( N = m : 54 f : 20 -- 49 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.6 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.4 % Self - reported 2001 Israel 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 18 -- 21 9.7 % Measured Italy 176.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 1.4 % Measured 1999 -- 2004 Italy 174.48 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 1.6 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Italy 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 167.8 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 106 f : 92 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.4 % Self - reported 2001 Ivory Coast 170.1 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.67 cm ( 2 in ) ) 14.6 % Measured 1985 -- 1987 Ivory Coast N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Jamaica 171.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 74 71.4 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Japan 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 47.2 % Measured 2005 Japan 172.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 158.70 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 1,708 f : 1,559 , SD = m : 5.42 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.30 cm ( 2 in ) ) 7.2 % Measured Japan 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 17 1.2 % Measured 2013 Jordan N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,484 , SD = f : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.6 % Self - reported 2007 Kazakhstan N / A 159.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Self - reported 1999 Kenya 170.0 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) N / A N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,600 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.7 % Summary 2016 Kenya N / A 158.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,856 , SD = f : 7.3 cm ( 3 in ) ) 52.5 % Survey 2016 Korea , North North Korea 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.9 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Defectors , 20 -- 39 ( N = m / f : 1,075 ) 46.4 % Measured 2005 Korea , South South Korea 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 20 + ( N = m : 2,750 f : 2,445 , Median = m : 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.40 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.99 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 96.5 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 378 f : 298 , Median = m : 174.0 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 160.5 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) , SD = m : 5.16 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.26 cm ( 2 in ) ) 8.0 % Measured Korea , South South Korea 173.5 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 363,827 ) 3.8 % Measured 2014 Korea , South South Korea -- Seoul 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 19 ( N = m : 65,876 ) 0.8 % Measured 2014 Kyrgyzstan N / A 158.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,424 , SD = f : 5.8 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.4 % Self - reported 1997 Lesotho N / A 157.6 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,879 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 49.8 % Self - reported Liberia N / A 157.3 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,281 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported 2006 Lithuania 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 197 SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 14.7 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Urban 178.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 91 SD = m : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania -- Rural 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 -- 25 ( N = m : 106 SD = m : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.9 % Measured 2005 Lithuania 181.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 18 2.1 % Measured 2001 Madagascar N / A 154.3 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,024 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.6 % Self - reported 2003 Malawi -- Urban 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 16 -- 60 ( N = m : 583 f : 315 , SD = m : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 9.4 cm ( 3 ⁄ in ) ) 101.1 % Measured 2000 Malaysia 166.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 154.7 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Malay , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 749 f : 893 , Median = m : 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) f : 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) , SD = m : 6.46 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.04 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.7 % Measured Malaysia 168.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 Chinese , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 407 f : 453 , Median = m : 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) f : 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.98 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.72 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.1 % Measured Malaysia 169.1 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 155.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.09 Indian , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 113 f : 140 , Median = m : 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) f : 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , SD = m : 5.84 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.18 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.2 % Measured Malaysia 163.3 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.9 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.08 Other indigenous , 20 -- 24 ( N = m : 257 f : 380 , Median = m : 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) f : 152 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) , SD = m : 6.26 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.95 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.4 % Measured Mali -- Southern Mali 171.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160.4 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Rural adults ( N = m : 121 f : 320 , SD = m : 6.6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) N / A Measured Malta 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.06 18 + 100.0 % Self - reported 2003 Malta 175.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 17.5 % Self - reported 2003 Mexico 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 154 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 69.4 % Measured 2006 Mexico 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.08 20 -- 24 14.5 % Measured 2006 Mexico 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Middle & upper classes , young adults N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Bajío 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Adults N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Central N / A 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 26 -- 39 N / A Measured N / A Mexico -- Morelos 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 155 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.08 18 -- 76 1.6 % Self - reported 1998 -- 1999 Moldova N / A 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,757 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 45.9 % Self - reported 2005 Mongolia 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.07 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 158 f : 181 ) 27.6 % Measured 2006 Montenegro 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UCG , 18 -- 37 ( N = m : 178 f : 107 , SD = m : 7.06 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.27 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.2 % Measured 2011 Morocco N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 10,334 , SD = f : 6.0 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.7 % Self - reported 2003 Mozambique N / A 156 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,912 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 55.0 % Self - reported 2003 Namibia N / A 160.7 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 5,575 , SD = f : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) ) 50.4 % Self - reported 2006 Nepal 163.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 150.8 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,280 , SD = f : 5.5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 52.9 % Self - reported 2006 Netherlands 181 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 169 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 1.07 Caucasians , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 37 f : 52 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 3.7 % Measured 2003 Netherlands 182.70 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 7.8 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Netherlands 180.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.5 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 20 + 96.8 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.2 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 169.9 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 20 -- 30 16.9 % Self - reported Netherlands 183.8 cm ( 6 ft ⁄ in ) 170.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 1.08 21 ( N = m : 74 f : 50 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Self - reported 2009 New Zealand 177 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 49 56.9 % Measured 2007 New Zealand 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 24 9.1 % Measured 2007 Nicaragua N / A 153.7 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 54.1 % Self - reported 2001 Nigeria 163.8 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 157.8 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.04 18 -- 74 98.6 % Measured 1994 -- 1996 Nigeria 167.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.04 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 139 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.7 cm ( 2 in ) ) 33.2 % Measured 2011 Norway 180.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 18,297 ) 36.0 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Vest - Agder 181.7 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 770 ) 1.33 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Oslo 179.8 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 1,297 ) 4.78 % Measured 2011 Norway -- Finnmark 177.5 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 18 -- 44 ( N = m : 218 ) 0.54 % Measured 2011 Norway 179.63 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 8.5 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Norway 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.08 20 -- 85 ( N = m : 1534 f : 1743 ) 93.6 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 182.4 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.09 20 -- 25 ( SD = m : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 9.5 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Norway 181.6 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 168.2 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 26 -- 35 ( SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 17.0 % Self - reported 2008 -- 2009 Peru 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 + 93.8 % Measured 2005 Philippines 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) N / A N / A 18 + - Measured 1980 Poland 178.7 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.1 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 ( N = m : 846 f : 1,126 ) 1.6 % Measured Portugal 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) N / A N / A 18 ( N = m : 696 ) 1.5 % Measured 2008 Portugal 172.30 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 9.7 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Portugal 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 161 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 50 56.7 % Self - reported 2001 Portugal 173.7 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.06 21 ( N = m : 87 f : 106 , SD = m : 8.2 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.3 cm ( 2 in ) ) 1.9 % Self - reported 2001 Qatar 170.8 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 161.1 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.06 18 1.9 % Measured 2005 Rwanda N / A 157.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 3,202 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2005 Romania 172 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 157 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.10 N / A N / A Measured 2007 Russia 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 24 1.9 % Measured Samoa N / A 166.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) N / A 18 -- 28 ( N = f : 55 SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 32.6 % Measured Saudi Arabia 168.9 cm ( 5 ft 6 ⁄ in ) 156.3 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 3.0 % Measured Senegal N / A 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,533 , SD = f : 6.7 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.4 % Self - reported 2005 Serbia 182.0 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Students at UNS , 18 -- 30 ( N = m : 318 f : 76 , SD = m : 6.74 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.88 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.7 % Measured 2012 Singapore 171 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 160 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 Chinese students at TP , 16 -- 18 ( N = m : 52 f : 49 , SD = m : 6 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5 cm ( 2 in ) ) 0.3 % Measured 2003 Slovakia 179.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 18 2.0 % Measured Slovenia -- Ljubljana 180.3 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) 167.4 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1.08 19 0.2 % Measured 2011 South Africa 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.06 19 ( N = m : 121 f : 118 ) 3.6 % Measured 2003 Sri Lanka 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 151.4 cm ( 4 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 + ( N = m : 1,768 f : 2,709 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 100.0 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Sri Lanka 165.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 154.0 cm ( 5 ft ⁄ in ) 1.08 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 312 f : 427 , SD = m : 7.1 cm ( 3 in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 30.7 % Measured 2005 -- 2006 Spain 173.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = m : 1,298 ) 88.2 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 159.6 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 18 -- 70 ( N = f : 8,217 ) 83.5 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 18 -- 34 ( N = m : 554 - 1,061 ) 26.8 % Measured 2013 -- 2014 Spain N / A 162.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) N / A 18 -- 19 ( N = f : 656 ) 2.4 % Measured 2007 -- 2008 Spain 175.5 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) N / A N / A 30 -- 34 11.1 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Spain 174 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 163 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.07 20 -- 49 57.0 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 176 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 166 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.06 20 -- 24 7.5 % Self - reported 2007 Spain 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 166.2 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.07 21 ( N = m : 111 f : 94 , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.8 % Self - reported 2001 Swaziland N / A 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,612 , SD = f : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 51.0 % Self - reported 2006 Sweden 181.5 cm ( 5 ft 11 ⁄ in ) 166.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) 1.09 20 -- 29 15.6 % Measured 2008 Sweden 180.4 cm ( 5 ft 11 in ) N / A N / A 30 8.0 % Estimates 1976 -- 1980 Sweden 177.9 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.6 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 20 -- 74 86.3 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Switzerland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) N / A N / A Conscripts , 19 ( N = m : 12,447 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) , SD = m : 6.52 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 1.5 % Measured 2009 Switzerland 175.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 164 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 -- 74 88.8 % Self - reported 1987 -- 1994 Taiwan 171.4 cm ( 5 ft 7 ⁄ in ) 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) 1.07 17 ( N = m : 200 f : 200 ) 1.7 % Measured 2011 Tanzania N / A 156.6 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 6,033 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 52.8 % Self - reported Thailand 170.3 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 159 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.07 STOU students , 15 -- 19 ( N = m : 839 f : 1,636 , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 0.2 % Self - reported 2005 Togo N / A 159.0 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,728 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 1998 Tonga 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 165.3 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.07 40 ( N = m : 241 f : 299 ) 1.5 % Measured 2001 Turkey 173.6 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.07 20 - 22 ( N = m : 322 f : 247 ) 8.3 % Measured 2007 Turkey -- Ankara 174.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.10 18 -- 59 ( N = m : 703 f : 512 , Median = m : 169.7 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) f : 157.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) , SD = m : 6.9 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 6.4 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 5.1 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey -- Ankara 176.1 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 18 -- 29 ( N = m : 390 f : 163 , Median = m : 173.9 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) f : 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) , SD = m : 6.3 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 7.0 cm ( 3 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2004 -- 2006 Turkey N / A 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,393 , SD = f : 5.6 cm ( 2 in ) ) 54.5 % Self - reported 2003 Uganda N / A 159.2 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 1,666 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 53.4 % Self - reported 2006 United Arab Emirates 173.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ) 156.4 cm ( 5 ft 1 ⁄ in ) 1.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A United Kingdom -- England 175.3 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 3,154 f : 3,956 ) 103.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- England 177.8 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 164.5 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 415 f : 611 ) 17.2 % Measured 2012 United Kingdom -- Scotland 175.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.08 16 + ( N = m : 2,512 f : 3,180 , Median = m : 174.8 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.2 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 103.0 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Scotland 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.5 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.09 25 -- 34 ( N = m : 286 f : 413 , Median = m : 178.0 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 15.7 % Measured 2008 United Kingdom -- Wales 177.0 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.0 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.09 16 + 103.2 % Self - reported 2009 United States 175.7 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) 161.8 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 1.09 All Americans , 20 + ( N = m : 5,232 f : 5,547 , Median = m : 175.6 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) f : 161.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 ⁄ in ) ) 69 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States 176.4 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 1.08 All Americans , 20 -- 29 ( N = m : 937 f : 928 , Median = m : 176.2 cm ( 5 ft 9 ⁄ in ) f : 162.9 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) ) 13.9 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- African Americans 177.4 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 163.6 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) 1.08 African Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 405 f : 418 , Median = m : 177.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 163.7 cm ( 5 ft 4 ⁄ in ) ) 3.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Hispanic and Latino Americans 172.4 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.9 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.08 Hispanic / Latino Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 385 f : 428 , Median = m : 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 159.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 4.4 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Mexican Americans 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Mexican Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 233 f : 247 , Median = m : 172.1 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.7 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) ) 2.8 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Asian Americans 172.3 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) 158.4 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) 1.09 Non-Hispanic Asians , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 260 f : 272 , Median = m : 172.2 cm ( 5 ft 8 in ) f : 158.1 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) ) 1.3 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 United States -- Non-Hispanic whites 178.2 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) 165.0 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 1.08 Non-Hispanic White Americans , 20 -- 39 ( N = m : 715 f : 689 , Median = m : 178.3 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) f : 164.8 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) ) 17.1 % Measured 2011 -- 2014 Uruguay 170 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) 158 cm ( 5 ft 2 in ) 1.08 Adults ( N = m : 2,249 f : 2,114 ) N / A Measured Uzbekistan N / A 159.9 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 2,635 , SD = f : 6.1 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.6 % Self - reported Vietnam 162.1 cm ( 5 ft 4 in ) 152.2 cm ( 5 ft 0 in ) 1.07 25 -- 29 ( SD = m : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) f : 5.39 cm ( 2 in ) ) 15.9 % Measured 1992 -- 1993 Vietnam 165.7 cm ( 5 ft 5 in ) 155.2 cm ( 5 ft 1 in ) 1.07 Students , 20 -- 25 ( N = m : 1,000 f : 1,000 , SD = m : 6.55 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) f : 5.32 cm ( 2 in ) ) 2.0 % Measured 2006 -- 2007 Zambia N / A 158.5 cm ( 5 ft 2 ⁄ in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,091 , SD = f : 6.5 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 54.2 % Self - reported 2007 Zimbabwe N / A 160.3 cm ( 5 ft 3 in ) N / A 25 -- 49 ( N = f : 4,746 , SD = f : 6.2 cm ( 2 ⁄ in ) ) 47.3 % Self - reported 2005 Notes Jump up ^ In this case , data that are representative of the majority of the country or region 's adult population are those that factor in over 50 % of the country or region 's population aged 18 or over . References Jump up ^ Arno J. Krul ; Hein A.M. Daanen ; Hyegjoo Choi ( 2010 ) . `` Self - reported and measured weight , height and body mass index ( BMI ) in Italy , the Netherlands and North America '' . European Journal of Public Health . 21 : 414 -- 419 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckp228 . Jump up ^ Lucca A , JMoura EC ( 2010 ) . `` Validity and reliability of self - reported weight , height and body mass index from telephone interviews . '' . Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 26 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 22 . PMID 20209215 . doi : 10.1590 / s0102 - 311x2010000100012 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` Methodological Issues in Anthropometry : Self - reported versus Measured Height and Weight '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Statistic s Canada Symposium 2008 . Data Collection : Challenges , Achievements and New Directions . ^ Jump up to : Moody , Alison ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 10 : Adult anthropometric measures , overweight and obesity '' . In Craig , Rachel ; Mindell , Jennifer . Health Survey for England -- 2012 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Volume 1 : Health , social care and lifestyles . Health and Social Care Information Centre . p. 20 . Retrieved 31 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : WWC Web World Center GmbH G.R.P. Institut für Rationelle Psychologie KÖRPERMASSE BUNDESLÄNDER & STÄDTE Archived 2012 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . 31 . Oktober 2007 Jump up ^ Although the mean height of university students are slightly shorter than the national mean height aged 20 -- 29 in this study . ^ Jump up to : Herpin , Nicolas ( 2003 ) . `` La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle '' ( PDF ) . Économie et Statistique. 361 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 90 . doi : 10.3406 / estat. 2003.7355 . Jump up ^ Buckler JM . `` Variations in height throughout the day '' . Arch Dis Child . 53 : 762 . PMC 1545095 . PMID 568918 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 53.9. 762 . ^ Jump up to : Population data from International Data Base , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ Urban population from The world bank , World Bank . Jump up ^ Each data is calculated as of a data collection year of each survey . If data were taken in several years in a survey , the oldest avertable year would be chosen for the calculation . ^ Jump up to : Grasgruber P , et al. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend '' . Economics & Human Biology . 15 : 81 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2014.07. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Albania Demographic and Health Survey 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Statistics Institute of Public Health Tirana , Albania . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Documento de Resultados 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud ( in Spanish ) . Ministerio de Salud de Argentina . 2007 . p. 113 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ del Pino , Mariana ; Bay , Luisa ; Lejarraga , Horacio ; Kovalskys , Irina ; Berner , Enrique ; Herscovici , Cecile Rausch ( 2005 ) . `` Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años : las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes '' . Archivos argentinos de pediatría ( in Spanish ) . 103 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , S.V. ; Özaltin , Emre ; Finlay , Jocelyn E. ( 2011 ) . `` Height of Nations : A Socioeconomic Analysis of Cohort Differences and Patterns among Women in 54 Low - to Middle - Income Countries '' . Public Library of Science . 6 ( 4 ) : e18962 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Health Survey : First Results '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Society at a Glance 2009 : OECD Social Indicators '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy J. Hatton , Bernice E Bray , etc . Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men , 19th -- 20th Centuries ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Jaume ( 2007 ) . `` The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe : A Brief Note '' ( PDF ) . Economics and human biology . 5 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 9 . PMID 17412655 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2007.02. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee , 2005 '' . Today.az. 2005 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY FOR ADULT BAHRAINIS AGED 19 YEARS AND ABOVE '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Health , Kingdom of Bahrain. 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gharib NM , Shah P ( 2009 ) . `` Anthropometry and body composition of school children in Bahrain . '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 29 ( supplement 4 ) : 258 -- 69 . PMC 2841452 . PMID 19584585 . ^ Jump up to : Bjelica D , et al. `` Body height and its estimation utilising arm span measurements in Montenegrin adults '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 18 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bogin , Barry ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Human Growth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 226 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56438 - 0 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UBL from University of Banja Luka 30 years of the University , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ Popović S , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine . 4 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística -- IBGE. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Note : Calculated using a weighted average of the different age groups . ^ Jump up to : `` Софиянци : високи , главно непушачи , средно дебели '' . Bnews.bg. 2010 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Kamadjeu RM , Edwards R , Atanga JS , Kiawi EC , Unwin N , Mbanya JC ( 2006 ) . `` Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon : an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey '' . BMC Public Health . 6 : 228 . PMC 1579217 . PMID 16970806 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 6 - 228 . Jump up ^ Shields , Margot ; Gorber , Sarah Connor ; Janssen , Ian & Tremblay , Mark S. ( 2011 ) . `` Bias in self - reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys : An update on correction equations for adult '' ( PDF ) . Health reports / Statistics Canada , Canadian Centre for Health Information = Rapports sur la sante / Statistique Canada , Centre canadien d'information sur la sante. 22 ( 3 ) : 35 -- 45 . PMID 22106788 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capítulo V : Resultados '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Growing is tied to big problems '' . The Standard . Sing Tao Newspaper Limited . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 年国民体质监测公报 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Yang XG , Li YP , Ma GS , Hu XQ , Wang JZ , Cui ZH , Wang ZH , Yu WT , Yang ZX , Zhai FY ( 2005 ) . `` ( Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002 ) '' . Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi ( in Chinese ) . 26 ( 7 ) : 489 -- 93 . PMID 16334998 . Jump up ^ Beijing 's population in 2010 from Beijing Shi General Information , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 北京市 2010 年国民体质监测结果公报 Jump up ^ Sichuan 's population in 2010 from Sichuan Province General Information , GEOHIVE . Jump up ^ 2010 年四川省第三次国民体质监测公报 Jump up ^ Meisel , Adolfo & Vega , Margarita . `` A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY : A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING , COLOMBIA 1910 -- 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Paper prepared for The Fifth World Congress of Cliometrics , Venice International University , Venice , Italy , July 8 -- 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jureša , Vesna ; Musil , Vera & Kujundžić Tiljak , Mirjana ( 2012 ) . `` Growth charts for Croatian school children and secular trends in past twenty years '' . Collegium Antropologicum. 36 ( supplement 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` CÁLCULOS DE PESO Y TALLA PROMEDIO DE LA POBLACION POR PROVINCIAS Y CUBA '' . II Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo para la Salud y Enfermedades no Transmisibles , 2001 ( in Spanish ) . Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Cuba . 2008 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Vignerová , J. ; Brabec , M. ; Bláha , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Two centuries of growth among Czech children and youth '' ( PDF ) . Econ Hum Biol. 2006 Jun ; 4 ( 2 ) : 237 - 52 . Epub 2005 Dec 20 . Economics and Human Biology . Jump up ^ `` Conscription result with conscripts BMI and height '' ( PDF ) . Forsvarets rekruttering , Kingdom of Denmark . 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pineau JC , Delamarche P , Bozinovic S ( 2005 ) . `` ( Average height of adolescents in the Dinaric Alps ) '' . C.R. Biol. ( in French ) . 328 ( 9 ) : 841 -- 6 . PMID 16168365 . doi : 10.1016 / j. crvi. 2005.07. 004 ... Note : Authors added + 1 cm to the height mean of the male sample to compensate unfinished growth . Jump up ^ `` A century of trends in adult human height '' . Jump up ^ Egypt -- Demographic and Health Survey 2008 . Jump up ^ Lintsi M , Kaarma H ( 2006 ) . `` Growth of Estonian seventeen - year - old boys during the last two centuries '' . Economics and Human Biology . 4 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 103 . PMID 15993666 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ehb. 2005.05. 007 . Jump up ^ In this study , the average height of European males is calculated as a weighted average of 42 European Nations ' mean hegiht . Jump up ^ Data for 17 year olds are added extra 1 cm ( ⁄ in ) because of unfinished growth . ^ Jump up to : `` Lasten kasvunseurannan uudistaminen , Asiantuntijaryhmän raportti '' ( PDF ) . National Institute for Health and Welfare. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Uudet kasvukäyrät '' . thl.fi. 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` La Campagne Nationale de Mensuration '' ( PDF ) . ifth.org. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mode & Couture '' ( PDF ) . Educatel une formation pour chaque projet . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sear , Rebecca . `` Size , body condition and adult mortality in rural Gambia : a life history perspective '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ In this survey , the urban area is composed by 38 most populated cities from Berlin to Rostock , being approximately 24 % of total German population . Jump up ^ Germany 's regional population in 2011 from Gemeinden in Deutschland nach Bevölkerung am 31.12. 2011 auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 und früherer Zählungen im Excel - Format , Statistisches Bundesamt ( Destatis ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Mikrozensus -- Fragen zur Gesundheit -- Körpermaße der Bevölkerung '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt , Wiesbaden. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Productive Benefits of Improving Health : Evidence from Low - Income Countries , T. Paul Schultz * '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Papadimitriou A , Fytanidis G , Douros K , Papadimitriou DT , Nicolaidou P , Fretzayas A ( 2008 ) . `` Greek young men grow taller '' . Acta Paediatrica. 97 ( 8 ) : 1105 -- 7 . PMID 18477057 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1651 - 2227.2008. 00855. x . Jump up ^ So HK , Nelson EA , Li AM , Wong EM , Lau JT , Guldan GS , Mak KH , Wang Y , Fok TF , Sung RY ( 2008 ) . `` Secular changes in height , weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 8 : 320 . PMC 2572616 . PMID 18803873 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 8 - 320 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is approximately 20 % in 2005 . Key Statistics on Post-secondary Education , Committee on Self - financing Post-secondary Education Jump up ^ `` CHEST Journal Article '' . Journal.publications.chestnet.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Average height of men and women ( National Geographic , Hungarian ) Jump up ^ Mészáros Z , Mészáros J , Völgyi E , Sziva A , Pampakas P , Prókai A , Szmodis M ( 2008 ) . `` Body mass and body fat in Hungarian schoolboys : Differences between 1980 -- 2005 '' . Journal of physiological anthropology. 27 ( 5 ) : 241 -- 5 . PMID 18838839 . doi : 10.2114 / jpa2. 27.241 . Jump up ^ Mamidi , RS ; Kulkarni , B ; Singh , A ( 2011 ) . `` Secular trends in height in different states of India in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and dietary intakes '' . Food and nutrition bulletin. 32 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 34 . PMID 21560461 . ^ Jump up to : Venkaiah K , Damayanti K , Nayak MU , Vijayaraghavan K ( 2002 ) . `` Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India '' . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 ( 11 ) : 1119 -- 25 . PMID 12428178 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejcn. 1601457 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Family Life Survey , 1997 '' . Repositories.cdlib.org. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Haghdoost , AA ; Mirzazadeh , A & Alikhani , S ( 2008 ) . `` Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Iranian J Publ Health . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Tawfeek H ( 2002 ) . `` Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad , Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Food and nutrition bulletin. 23 ( 4 ) : 402 -- 6 . PMID 16619749 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` נתוני גובה ממוצע '' . Health-pages.co.il. 2007 - 05 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cacciari ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height , weight and BMI ( 2 to 20 yr ) . '' . Journal of Endocrinological Investigation . 29 : 581 -- 93 . PMID 16957405 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03344156 . ^ Jump up to : Okosun IS , Cooper RS , Rotimi CN , Osotimehin B , Forrester T ( 1998 ) . `` Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians , Jamaicans , and African - Americans '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 11 ) : 1836 -- 42 . PMID 9802730 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.11. 1836 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Statistics by Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology . e-stat.go.jp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenyans becoming shorter : Study '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Post unification discrimination potential '' . Yeolchae. 2006 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 사이즈 코리아 남성 / 여성 연령대 별 표준 체형 지수 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 징병 검사 현황 -- 신장 분포 , 청별 '' . Korean Statistical Information Service . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Note : In this study , the subjects ' height was measured twice . The first measurement presumably took place in 2004 and the average height of the conscripts was 176.4 cm . When they measured the same group after a year , the mean height of the conscripts was 177.2 cm ^ Jump up to : `` Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics '' ( PDF ) . medicina.kmu.lt . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tutkuviene J. ( 2005 ) . `` Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians '' . Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Bericht uber die biologisch - anthropologische Literatur. 63 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 44 . JSTOR 29542614 . PMID 15830586 . Jump up ^ Msamati BC , Igbigbi PS ( 2000 ) . `` Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians '' . East African Medical Journal . 77 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 8 . PMID 12862154 . doi : 10.4314 / eamj. v77i7. 46663 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio ( 1995 ) from Historical Overview of Malaysia 's Experience in Enhancing Equity and Quality of Education , Hazri Jamil . ^ Jump up to : Lim TO , Ding LM , Zaki M , et al. ( March 2000 ) . `` Distribution of Body Weight , Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Med. J. Malaysia . 55 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 28 . PMID 11072496 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Katherine A. Dettwyler ( July 1992 ) . `` Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 88 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 321 . PMID 1642319 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330880306 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE MALTESE WAY OF LIFE ... '' . News Release . National Statistics Office -- Malta. 2003 - 12 - 10 . Note : A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results : the average Maltese person is 164.9 cm ( 5 ' 4.9 `` ) compared to the EU average of 169.6 cm ( 5 ' 6.7 '' ) . Jump up ^ Aumenta la estatura de los jóvenes A study published by the University of Guadalajara ^ Jump up to : `` ¿ Cuánto miden los mexicanos ? '' . Mexicanbusinessweb.mx. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morelos and Mexico 's population in 2000 from National Institute of Statistics and Geography ( INEGI ) . Jump up ^ Ignacio Osuna - Ramírez , M ; et al. ( March -- April 2006 ) . `` Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana : la precisión del autorreporte '' ( PDF ) . Salud pública de méxico. 48 ( 2 ) : 94 -- 103 . doi : 10.1590 / S0036 - 36342006000200003 . Jump up ^ Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors 2006 . WHO ( 2007 ) . ISBN 9992998040 Jump up ^ Enrollment at UCG from University of Montenegro Guide for Incoming Students , University of Montenegro . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.7 ) for male and 17.6 ( ± 0.6 ) for female . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Netherlands Demographics Profile 2014 , IndexMundi . ^ Jump up to : Deurenberg P , Bhaskaran K , Lian PL ( 2003 ) . `` Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index '' . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 12 ( 3 ) : 261 -- 5 . PMID 14505987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reported height , 20 years or older , Central Bureau of Statistics , 15 February 2012 '' . Statline.cbs.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Schönbeck , Yvonne ; Talma , Henk ; Van Dommelen , Paula ; Bakker , Boudewijn ; Buitendijk , Simone E. ; Hirasing , Remy A. ; Van Buuren , Stef ( 2012 ) . `` The world 's tallest nation has stopped growing taller : The height of Dutch children from 1955 to 2009 '' . Pediatric Research . 73 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 7 . PMID 23222908 . doi : 10.1038 / pr. 2012.189 . Jump up ^ Ter Goon D , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The relationship between arm span and stature in Nigerian adults '' ( PDF ) . Kinesiology. 43 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistisk årbok 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Norway . 2011 . p. 126 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fysisk aktivitet blant voksne og eldre i Norge '' ( PDF ) . Resultater fra en kartlegging i 2008 og 2009 ( in Norwegian ) . Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs . 2009 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales , Bioquímicos , Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Dirección Ejecutiva de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional ( DEVAN ) , Instituto Nacional de Salud ( INS ) . 5 June 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/human-height/ Jump up ^ Kułaga Z , Litwin M , Tkaczyk M , Palczewska I , Zajączkowska M , Zwolińska D , Krynicki T , Wasilewska A , Moczulska A , Morawiec - Knysak A , Barwicka K , Grajda A , Gurzkowska B , Napieralska E , Pan H ( 2011 ) . `` Polish 2010 growth references for school - aged children and adolescents '' . European journal of pediatrics. 170 ( 5 ) : 599 -- 609 . PMC 3078309 . PMID 20972688 . doi : 10.1007 / s00431 - 010 - 1329 - x . Note : The values represent averages , not medians listed in the study . Jump up ^ Sardinha ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Portuguese youth : A study in a representative sample of 10 -- 18 - year - old children and adolescents '' . International Journal of Pediatric Obesity , Informa Healthcare . 6 : e124 -- 8 . PMID 20919807 . doi : 10.3109 / 17477166.2010. 490263 . Jump up ^ Bener A1 , Kamal AA. ( 2008 ) . `` Growth patterns of Qatari school children and adolescents aged 6 -- 18 years . '' . Journal of Health , Population and Nutrition. 23 ( supplement 3 ) : 250 -- 8 . PMID 16262022 . Jump up ^ Evenimente Sibiul 2007 Jump up ^ Brainerd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Reassessing the Standard of Living in the Soviet Union : An Analysis Using Archival and Anthropometric Data '' ( PDF ) . William Davidson Institute Working Paper . Jump up ^ `` Body Size and Composition , Lifestyle and Health Among Native Samoan Women '' ( PDF ) . Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ El Mouzan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi children and adolescents '' . Annals of Saudi Medicine . 30 ( supplement 3 ) : 203 -- 208 . PMC 2886870 . PMID 20427936 . doi : 10.4103 / 0256 - 4947.62833 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at UNS from University of Novi Sad Facts and Figures , University of Novi Sad . Jump up ^ Popovic S , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Serbian Adults '' ( PDF ) . Int. J. Morphol. 31 ( 1 ) : 271 -- 279 . doi : 10.4067 / S0717 - 95022013000100043 . Jump up ^ The mean ages of subjects are 17.5 ( ± 0.6 ) . Thus most of the subjects are between 17 and 18 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at Temasek Polytechnic from Temasek Polytechnic , UNI AGENTS . Jump up ^ Ethnic population ratio from Singapore Demographics Profile 2014 , indexMundi . Jump up ^ Ševčíková , Ľ. ; Nováková , J. ; Hamade , J. and Tatara , M. ( 2004 ) Rast a vývojové trendy slovenských detí a mládeže za posledných 10 rokov ( Growth and development trends in Slovak children and adolescents during the last 10 years ) . In : Životné podmienky a zdravie ( Living conditions and health ) . Editor : Ľubica Ághová . Bratislava . Jump up ^ Ljubljana 's population in 2011 from UNdata , United Nations . Jump up ^ Starc G , Strel J. `` Is there a rationale for establishing Slovenian body mass index references of school - aged children and adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Anthropological Notebooks. 17 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 100 . lastauthoramp = yes Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY -- 2003 '' ( PDF ) . doh.gov.za . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ranasinghe , Priyanga ; Jayawardana , M.A. Naveen A.A.D. ; Constantine , Godwin R. ; Sheriff , M.H. Rezvi ; Matthews , David R. ; Katulanda , Prasad ( 2010 ) . `` Patterns and correlates of adult height in Sri Lanka '' ( PDF ) . Economics and Human Biology . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 82 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica > Metodología '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grupo Investigación Antropometría Instituto de Biomecánica '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` El estudio antropométrico realizado por el IBV desvela las medidas actuales del hombre español '' . Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) , and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 70 is 78.9 % . ^ Jump up to : `` Estudio Antropométrico de la Población Femenina en España '' ( PDF ) . Ministerio de Sanidad , Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. 2008 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 1,583 ( 12 -- 70 ) , the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 29 is 35 % and the one between 30 -- 49 is 32 % . Therefore the ratio between 18 -- 34 is between 35 -- 67 % . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) . 20minutos.es . `` El español medio mide 173 centímetros y el 46 , 7 % de ellos presenta un peso normal '' Jump up ^ `` Las tallas del hombre español medio '' . EL MUNDO. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ The total sample size is 10,415 ( 12 -- 70 ) and the ratio of subjects aged 18 -- 19 is 6.3 % . Jump up ^ `` Svenskarna längre och tyngre '' . Dagens Nyheter. 2008 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Cavelaars , A.E.J.M. , Kunst , A.E. , Geurts , J.J.M. , Crialesi , R. , Grotvedt , L. , Helmert U. ( 2000 ) . `` Persistent variations in average height between countries and between socio - economic groups : an overview of 10 European countries '' . Annals of Human Biology . 27 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 21 . PMID 10942348 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014460050044883 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staub , Kaspar ; Rühli , Frank ; Woitek , Ulrich ; Pfister , Christian ( 2011 ) . `` The average height of 18 - and 19 - year - old conscripts ( N = 458,322 ) in Switzerland from 1992 to 2009 , and the secular height trend since 1878 '' . Swiss Medical Weekly . doi : 10.4414 / smw. 2011.13238 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Survey explanation -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology -- 2011 '' . Ministry of Health and Welfare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Enrollment at STOU from Institutional Profile : Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University , ICDE . Jump up ^ Jordan S , Lim L , Seubsman SA , Bain C , Sleigh A ( 2012 ) . `` Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of epidemiology and community health . 66 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 80 . PMC 3230828 . PMID 20805198 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2010.113043 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in body composition between Tongans and Australians : time to rethink the healthy weight ranges ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Obesity. 25 : 1806 -- 1814 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ijo. 0801822 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Iseri A. ; Arslan N. ( 2008 ) . `` Obesity in adults in Turkey : age and regional effects . '' . European Journal of Public Health . 19 ( supplement 1 ) : 91 -- 4 . PMID 19091784 . doi : 10.1093 / eurpub / ckn107 . ^ Jump up to : Ankara 's population in 2000 from Turkey : Provinces and Major Cities , CITY POPULATION . ^ Jump up to : Özer , Basak Koca ( 2008 ) . `` Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults '' . Anthropological Science . 116 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1537 / ase. 061213 . Jump up ^ Abdulrazzaq , Yousef M ; Moussa , Mohamed A ; Nagelkerke , Nicolaas ( 2008 ) . `` National Growth Charts for the United Arab Emirates '' . J Epidemiol. 18 ( 6 ) : 295 -- 303 . PMID 19075495 . doi : 10.2188 / jea. JE2008037 . ^ Jump up to : regional population data in the UK in 2011 from 2011 Census , Population Estimates by single year of age and sex for Local Authorities in the United Kingdom , Office for National Statistics . ^ Jump up to : `` The Scottish Health Survey 2008 '' . Scotland.gov.uk. 2009 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Welsh Health Survey 2009 , p. 58 '' ( PDF ) . Wales.gov.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : US Dept. of Health and Human Services ; et al. ( August 2016 ) . `` Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults : United States , 2011 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . National Health Statistics Reports . 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ethnic population ratio from State & County QuickFacts Archived 2008 - 04 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Cruzada por lo alto : los petisos denuncian dura discriminación '' ( in Spanish ) . El País. 2006 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ The university participation rate is 195 per 10,000 Population in 2009 . Viet Nam : Preparing the Higher Education Sector Development Project ( HESDP ) , Asian Development Bank Jump up ^ Hung , Mai Van & Park , Sunyoung ( 2008 ) . `` The impact of environment on morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese and South Korean students '' ( PDF ) . VNU Journal of Science , Natural Sciences and Technology . 24 : 50 -- 55 . External links A century of trends in adult human height by NCD Risk Factor Collaboration ( NCD - RisC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_average_human_height_worldwide&oldid=802121457 '' Categories : Size Statistics - related lists Human height Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2015 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 45 . About Wikipedia	whats the average height for 15 year old	[]	[]
-8499510746330994804	Exotic Shorthair	Exotic Shorthair - wikipedia Exotic Shorthair Jump to : navigation , search Exotic Shorthair Brown Tabby Exotic Shorthair Female Kitten - 1 year old Origin United States Breed standards CFA standard FIFe standard TICA standard AACE standard Domestic cat ( Felis catus ) The Exotic Shorthair is a breed of cat developed to be a short - haired version of the Persian . The Exotic is similar to the Persian in many ways , including temperament and conformation , a flat nose and face with the exception of the short dense coat . In the late 1950s , the Persian was used as an outcross by some American Shorthair ( ASH ) breeders . This was done in secret in order to improve their body type , and crosses were also made with the Russian Blue and the Burmese . The crossbreed look gained recognition in the show ring , but unhappy American Shorthair breeders successfully produced a new breed standard that would disqualify ASH that showed signs of crossbreeding . One ASH breeder who saw the potential of the Persian / ASH cross proposed and eventually managed to get the Cat Fanciers ' Association judge and American Shorthair breeder Jane Martinke to recognize them as a new breed in 1966 , under the name Exotic Shorthair . Since 1987 , the CFA closed the Exotic to shorthair outcrosses , leaving Persian as the only allowable outcross breed . Because of the regular use of Persian as outcrosses , some Exotics may carry a copy of the recessive longhair gene . When two such cats mate , there is a 1 in 4 chance of each offspring being longhaired . Ironically , longhaired Exotics are not considered Persians by CFA , although The International Cat Association accepts them as Persians . Other associations like the American Cat Fanciers Association register them as a separate Exotic Longhair breed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Characteristics 3 Care and Grooming 4 Health 5 Recognition 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) The Exotic Shorthair meets every standard for the Persian breed , except for the coat . Head : Oval , massive . Very broad skull . Rounded forehead . Round , full cheeks . Short , broad , round muzzle . Short , broad nose with pronounced stop . Strong chin . Broad , powerful jaws . Ears : Small , rounded at the tip , not too open at the base . Widely spaced and well - furnished with hair on the inside . Eyes : Large and round . Pure , deep color corresponding to that of the coat ( gold to copper in most varieties ; green in the chinchilla and the golden ; blue in the white and the colorpoint ) . Neck : Short and thick . Body : Medium - sized , cobby , low to the ground . Broad chest . Massive shoulders . Large - boned with powerful muscles . Weight : 3.5 - 6 kilograms . Paw : Short , straight and large . Round , large paws . Tufts of hair between the toes . Tail : Short , thick , carried low . Rounded tip . Coat : Shorthaired but slightly longer than other shorthaired breeds . Dense , fluffy , erect hair . All Persian colors are recognized . Characteristics ( edit ) Male Exotic Shorthair - 12 months Exotic Shorthairs have a gentle and calm personality reminiscent of the Persian , but are generally livelier than their longhaired ancestors . Curious and playful , they are friendly to other cats and dogs , but they do n't like being left alone and need the presence of their owner . They tend to show more affection and loyalty than most breeds and make excellent lap cats . Their calm , steady nature makes them ideal apartment cats for city dwellers . Nonetheless , Exotics retain some of the energetic spark of the American Shorthair , and they are often capable mouse hunters . Care and grooming ( edit ) Unlike the high - maintenance Persian , the Exotic is able to keep its own fur tidy with little human assistance , though weekly brushing and combing is recommended to remove loose hair and reduce shedding and hairballs . As with other flat - faced animals , the Exotic 's tear ducts are prone to overflowing due to the nasolacrimal duct , which can dampen and stain the face . This can be relieved by periodically wiping the cat 's face with a cloth moistened with water or one of the commercial preparations made expressly for the purpose . This breed ages slowly , as it does not reach maturity until around two years of age and enters puberty fairly late . When two Exotic Shorthairs are crossed , they may produce long - haired kittens called `` Exotic Longhairs '' by the CFA . Externally , they look like Persians . Health ( edit ) See also : Persian_ ( cat ) § Health The Exotic Shorthair is a brachycephalous breed , meaning that its problems result from having the nose and eyes in close proximity to each other , giving the appearance of a pushed - in face . As well as issues with the tear ducts , sinus problems can also occur . Due to the shortened jaw , there is a chance of tooth misalignment or tooth crowding . White female Exotic Shorthair cat -- 12 weeks old Brachycephalic airway syndrome ( BAS ) . Also referred to as brachycephalic respiratory syndrome or congenital obstructive upper airway disease , BAS causes upper airway abnormalities ranging in severity . The syndrome can cause increased airway resistance , inflammation of structures in the airways , and increased strain on the heart . Treatment includes weight loss , surgery , and avoiding humid or hot conditions . Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis . A stone that crystallizes in the bladder and kidney . Dystocia . An abnormal labor due to large - domed skulls . Feline polycystic kidney disease ( PKD ) . Exotic Shorthairs , as well as Persians and other Persian - derived cats , have a high chance of inheriting PKD , a disease that can lead to kidney failure . Several studies using ultrasound scan screening have shown that the prevalence of PKD in Exotics is between 40 - 50 % in developed nations . DNA screening for PKD is recommended for all Exotic cats used in breeding programs to reduce the incidence of kidney disease by spaying and neutering PKD positive cats . Recognition ( edit ) The Exotic has steadily gained popularity among cat fanciers with the help of the devoted advocates of the breed who saw the value in a Persian and Shorthair crossbreed . In 1967 , the Exotic Shorthair was first accepted for Championship status by the CFA . In 1971 , the first Exotic Shorthair achieved the status of Grand Champion . In 1986 , the Fédération Internationale Féline recognized the Exotic Shorthair . In 1991 , an Exotic was the CFA 's Cat of the Year . In 1992 , the CFA 's Best Kitten was an Exotic . References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Exotic Shorthair '' . PetMD . Jump up ^ Helgren , J. Anne . ( 2006 ) Iams Cat Breed Guide : Exotic Shorthair Telemark Productions Jump up ^ `` Exotic Shorthair '' . VetStreet . Jump up ^ `` About The Exotic '' . The Cat Fancier 's Association . Jump up ^ `` Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome in Cats '' . VCA Animal Hospitals . Jump up ^ `` Dystocia ( difficult birth ) in Cats '' . Cat World . Jump up ^ Beck , C. ; Lavelle , R.B. ( 2001 ) . `` Feline polycystic kidney disease in Persian and other cats : A prospective study using ultrasonography '' . Australian Veterinary Journal . 79 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 184 . PMID 11301745 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 0813.2001. tb14573. x . Jump up ^ Bonazzi , M. ; Volta , A. ; Gnudi , G. ; Bottarelli , E. ; Gazzola , M. ; Bertoni , G. ( 2007 ) . `` Prevalence of the polycystic kidney disease and renal and urinary bladder ultrasonographic abnormalities in Persian and Exotic Shorthair cats in Italy '' . Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery . 9 ( 5 ) : 387 -- 391 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jfms. 2007.03. 004 . Jump up ^ Barthez , P.Y. ; Rivier , P. ; Begon , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Prevalence of polycystic kidney disease in Persian and Persian related cats in France '' . Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery . 5 ( 6 ) : 345 -- 347 . PMID 14623204 . doi : 10.1016 / s1098 - 612x ( 03 ) 00052 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Exotic Shorthair Cat '' . Pet Finder . External links ( edit ) Cat Fanciers Association Exotic Breed Council ( hide ) Domestic cats Felinology Anatomy Genetics Dwarf cat Kitten Odd - eyed cat Squitten Coat genetics Bicolor cat Black cat Calico cat Tabby cat Tortoiseshell cat Health Aging Declawing Diet Neutering Spaying Vaccination Behavior Body language Catfight Catnip Communication ( Meow ) Kneading Intelligence Play and toys Purr Righting reflex Senses Human -- cat interaction Ailurophobia Animal - assisted therapy Cat cafés Cat massage Cat meat Cat - scratch disease Cat show Cats in ancient Egypt Cultural depictions Farm cat Feral cat Cats and Islam Puppy cat Ship 's cat Zoonosis Registries American Cat Fanciers Association Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana Canadian Cat Association Cat Aficionado Association Cat Fanciers ' Association Emirates Feline Federation Fédération Internationale Féline Governing Council of the Cat Fancy Southern Africa Cat Council The International Cat Association Breeds ( full list ) ( experimental breeds ) Fully domestic Abyssinian American Curl American Shorthair Balinese Brazilian Shorthair British Shorthair Birman Bombay Burmese California Spangled Chartreux Chinese Li Hua Colorpoint Shorthair Cornish Rex Cymric Devon Rex Donskoy Egyptian Mau European Shorthair Exotic Shorthair German Rex Himalayan Japanese Bobtail Javanese Khao Manee Korat Kurilian Bobtail Maine Coon Manx Munchkin Norwegian Forest Ocicat Oriental Shorthair Persian Peterbald Pixie - bob Raas Ragdoll Ragamuffin Russian Blue Scottish Fold Selkirk Rex Siamese Siberian Singapura Snowshoe Somali Sphynx Thai Traditional Persian Tonkinese Toyger Turkish Angora Turkish Van Hybrid Bengal Chausie Highlander Savannah Serengeti Landraces Aegean Cyprus Domestic long - haired Domestic short - haired Kellas Sokoke Van Diseases and disorders Acne Asthma Calicivirus Congenital sensorineural deafness Flea Heartworm Hepatic lipidosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Immunodeficiency virus Infectious peritonitis Leukemia virus Lower urinary tract disease Panleukopenia Polydactyly Rabies Ringworm Roundworm Skin disorders Tick Toxoplasmosis Viral rhinotracheitis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exotic_Shorthair&oldid=801326050 '' Categories : Cat breeds Cat breeds originating in the United States Inbred animals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 00 : 59 . 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8457642951831320772	Open Season 2	Open Season 2 - wikipedia Open Season 2 Open Season 2 DVD Cover Directed by Matthew O'Callaghan Todd Wilderman Produced by Kirk Bodyfelt Matthew O'Callaghan Executive producers : Michelle Murdocca Andrea Miloro Written by David I. Stern Based on Characters by Steve Moore Starring Joel McHale Mike Epps Cody Cameron Jane Krakowski Billy Connolly Crispin Glover Danny Mann Steve Schirripa Fred Stoller Olivia Hack Music by Ramin Djawadi Edited by Steven Liu Jimmy Sandoval Production company Sony Pictures Animation Reel FX Creative Studios Distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Release date September 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) ( South Africa ) January 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) ( North America ) Running time 76 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $8,716,950 Open Season 2 is a 2008 American computer - animated comedy film and the sequel to the 2006 film Open Season , produced by Sony Pictures Animation . It was directed by Matthew O'Callaghan , co-directed by Todd Wilderman , and produced by Kirk Bodyfelt and Matthew O'Callaghan . It was released as straight - to - DVD film in United States , while in other countries it had a theatrical release . Martin Lawrence , Ashton Kutcher and Patrick Warburton did not return to voice Boog , Elliot and Ian . They were replaced by Mike Epps , Joel McHale and Matthew W. Taylor . Most of the supporting cast reprised their voice roles , though . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Home release 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot The film takes place one year after the events of the first film . Elliot ( Joel McHale ) has grown giant new antlers and is getting married to Giselle ( Jane Krakowski ) . But during a mishap , Elliot 's new antlers are cracked off and now look like they did in the first film , which upsets him . Luckily , his best friend , Boog ( Mike Epps ) and the others manage to cheer Elliot up by having a rabbit fight . But Elliot has new emotions about his marriage and feels reluctant to marry Giselle . Mr. Weenie ( Cody Cameron ) finds a dog biscuit trail that his previous owners left behind and uncontrollably follows it . At the climax of the wedding , Elliot witnesses Mr. Weenie being taken away by his old owners , Bob and Bobbie ( Georgia Engel ) . Elliot tells an exaggerated story to the other forest animals ( in order to get out of marrying Giselle ) and decides to make a rescue mission to save him . The other ones that go on Elliot 's rescue mission are Boog , Giselle , squirrel McSquizzy ( Billy Connolly ) , Buddy the porcupine , ( Matthew W. Taylor ) , and ducks Serge ( Danny Mann ) and Deni ( Matthew W. Taylor ) . Meanwhile , the other pets meet . There is Fifi ( Crispin Glover ) , a toy poodle and his basset hound companion Roberto ( Steve Schirripa ) , two cats named Stanley ( Fred Stoller ) and Roger ( Sean Mullen ) , and Southern dogs named Rufus ( Diedrich Bader ) , and Charlene ( Olivia Hack ) . Fifi discusses his hatred for wild animals as one night he goes into the bushes to retrieve his chew toy and is `` traumatized '' by the wild animals inside , and accidentally gets his tail zapped by the bug lighter . He then tries to maul a nearby rabbit , until he 's stopped by his owner . Meanwhile , the wilds find Weenie , much to Elliot 's dismay , who does not want to marry Giselle . They try to free him while his owners are in a gas station . They free him from his chains , but accidentally leave him stuck in the RV along with Buddy . Elliot and Giselle get in a feud , and eventually leaves Elliot to search for Mr. Weenie himself , while Serge and Deni fly to look for him . The owners reach the pet camp with Mr. Weenie and a stowed away Buddy . The other pets meet with Weenie , and Fifi tries to revert Weenie back into his pet state , but Weenie resists . Buddy helps Weenie escape and Buddy tries to free Weenie from his shock collar . During the chase , Fifi gets shocked by the collar and gets the fur on his forehead burned , causing him to lose most of his sanity and vow revenge . Meanwhile , Serge and Deni return and explain they found Weenie and Buddy at a pet camp , which they already escaped from . Boog and the others set camp , and Boog fails to convince Giselle that Elliot is a good person and that they belong together . Elliot , meanwhile , is having a horrible time , following his own tracks that he confuses for Mr. Weenie 's and gets his head stuck on a trash can lid all the while missing his friends . The wilds reach the pet camp , but the pets and their owners have already left , but realizes that they have gone to a resort called `` Pet Paradiso '' , a vacation spot for pets . Weenie and Buddy find Elliot in the woods and convince him to go to Pet Paradiso to save his friends . The wilds reach Pet Paradiso and try to sneak in by disguising themselves as pets , with Giselle as a dalmatian and McSquizzy as a chihuahua . Boog attempts to sneak in as a cat , but gets the idea to be a sheepdog . Elliot also disguises himself as Boog 's human owner . Giselle and McSquizzy walk around Pet Paradiso looking for Mr. Weenie , but their cover is blown and are kidnapped by Fifi and the other pets and taken to their secret lair . Elliot , Buddy and Mr. Weenie attempt to go inside to save Giselle and McSquizzy , but Mr. Weenie , missing being a pet again , goes to play on a waterslide , leaving the rest to be captured by Fifi . Fifi tries to kill them all with a pile of shock collars . As Boog tries to stop Mr. Weenie from going down the waterslide , his cover is blown as well and security attempts to tranquilize him . Before Fifi shocks the wilds into submission , Elliot tries to profess his love for Giselle . As Fifi is about to kill them , Boog , via the waterslide , enters the pets ' lair , and the water from the waterslide forces everyone out of the lair . A battle between the wilds and pets ensues , with the Pet Paradiso security focused on tranquilizing the wilds . While Boog tricks security into tranquilizing themselves , Elliot saves Giselle , accidentally placing all the shock collars on himself . He wrestles Fifi in the pool for the shock collar remote ; Fifi eventually grabs the remote and activates the collars , but then realizes that Elliot put all the collars on him . Fifi survives , but the electricity caused him to lose all his fur , humiliating him . The pets and the wilds settle their differences and decide to become friends . Mr. Weenie , wanting to be a pet again , decides to join the pets and returns to his owners in rejoice . Elliot finally professes his true feelings for Giselle , and they get married . Elliot soon loses his other antler . Cast Joel McHale as Elliot . He was supposed to marry Giselle , but abandoned her due to new emotions . In the end , he and Giselle end up getting married anyway after he finally manages to profess his love for Giselle . Mike Epps as Boog . He also leads the rescue mission to save Mr. Weenie . Cody Cameron as Mr. Weenie . He is a German dachshund . He was captured by Fifi and the pets , leaving Boog , Elliot , and the other wilds to go rescue him . Jane Krakowski as Giselle . She is Elliot 's fiancé who is scared of getting married . However , in the end , she and Elliot end up getting married after Elliot finally professes his love for Gisele . Billy Connolly as McSquizzy . He joins in the mission to save Weenie . Crispin Glover as Fifi . He is an ill - tempered toy poodle who is often annoyed by his companion , Roberto . Fifi has a deep hatred over wild animals and slowly begins to lose his sanity after his forehead gets burned during a chase . Danny Mann as Serge . He joins in the mission to save Weenie with Deni . Matthew W. Taylor as Deni / Buddy / Ian , one of the main protagonist . Except for Ian , they join in the mission to save Mr. Weenie . Steve Schirripa as Roberto . He is Fifi 's dim - witted companion who usually annoys him . In the end , he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds . Fred Stoller as Stanley . He is a pet cat who is constantly annoyed by Roger . In the end , he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds . Sean Mullen as Roger . He is an intellectually disabled cat who often annoys his best friend Stanley . In the end , he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds . Diedrich Bader as Rufus . He is a Southern dog who is Charlene 's boyfriend . In the end , he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds . Olivia Hack as Charlene , a Western dog who is Rufus ' girlfriend . In the end , she is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds . Production Sony announced a sequel to Open Season in September 2007 . Although , the original grossed $85 million and $105 million outside the United States , Sony felt the film performed much better on DVD , thus , making a direct - to - DVD sequel . Sony Pictures Digital president said that `` the studio will keep Open Season 2 's costs low by utilizing Imageworks ' satellite facilities in India and New Mexico '' . Release Although Open Season 2 was as direct - to - video in the United States and the United Kingdom , it was released theatrically in some countries . In South Africa on its opening day , the film grossed $84,244 from 26 screens with an $2,081 average . In Russia , it opened with $2,835,600 from 360 screens with a $7,877 average . In Poland , it opened with $194,339 from 75 screens with an $2,591 average . In total , the film grossed $8,716,950 . Theatrical releases : South Africa - September 24 , 2008 Russia - October 16 , 2008 Croatia - November 6 , 2008 United Arab Emirates - November 13 , 2008 Czech Republic - December 18 , 2008 Slovakia - December 18 , 2008 Lebanon - December 18 , 2008 Turkey - January 16 , 2009 Poland - January 23 , 2009 Iceland - January 30 , 2009 South Korea - March 12 , 2009 Reception Critic at DVD Verdict claimed , `` Open Season 2 is no classic ( neither was the original ) , but it 's a competent check - your - brain - at - the - door comedy for children of all ages . The animation and storytelling may not stack up against Pixar 's ( whose does ? ) , but the flick offers something that Pixar movies generally do n't : old cartoon slapstick and sight gags in the mold of Bugs Bunny '' . Home release Open Season 2 was released on DVD , Blu - ray Disc and PSP UMD on January 27 , 2009 . Sequel Main article : Open Season 3 The sequel Open Season 3 premiered in theaters in Russia on October 21 , 2010 and was released on DVD and Blu - ray in United States on January 25 , 2011 . References Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Sony Animation goes direct - to - DVD '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Season 2 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Dan ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review - Open Season 2 '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Open Season 's Second Coming '' . IGN . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Open Season 3 Blu - ray Announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . External links Official website Open Season 2 on IMDb Open Season 2 at AllMovie Open Season 2 at The Big Cartoon DataBase Open Season 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Open Season 2 at Box Office Mojo Open Season Films Open Season ( 2006 ) Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Short films Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) Video games Open Season ( 2006 ) Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Goosebumps 2 : Haunted Halloween ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2008 ) Open Season 3 ( 2010 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2015 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr. Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- 2015 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons List of unproduced Sony Pictures Animation projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Season_2&oldid=854709762 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 computer - animated films 2008 direct - to - video films 2000s American animated films 2000s sequel films American films American buddy films American children 's comedy films American computer - animated films American sequel films Animated buddy films Animated films about animals Direct - to - video sequel films Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Matthew O'Callaghan Open Season Reel FX Creative Studios films Sony Pictures Animation films Sony Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays roger the cat in open season 2	[ "Sean Mullen as Roger. He is an intellectually disabled cat who often annoys his best friend Stanley. In the end, he is reformed and becomes friends with the wilds." ]	[ "Sean Mullen" ]
-1219676691726588822	Panchayati raj (India)	Panchayati Raj ( India ) - Wikipedia Panchayati Raj ( India ) For other uses , see Panchayat ( disambiguation ) See also : Local self - government in India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Muhamma Panchayat office , Kerala In India , the ' Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system of local self - government in India introduced by a constitutional amendment in 1992 , although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia . This Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992 , following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration . The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats ( or Caste Panchayats ) found in northern India . In India , the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration . The system has three levels : Gram Panchayat ( village level ) , Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti ( block level ) , and Zila Parishad ( district level ) . It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution . Currently , the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland , Meghalaya , and Mizoram , and in all Union Territories except Delhi . The Panchayats receive funds from three sources : Local body grants , as recommended by the Central Finance Commission Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions Contents 1 History 2 Various committees on Panchayati Raj 3 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee 4 Block level panchayat 5 Constituency 6 Departments 7 Functions 8 District level panchayat 9 Composition 10 Functions 11 Sources of income 12 Village level panchayat 13 Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 17 External links History ( edit ) Open Panchayat near Narsingarh , Madhya Pradesh Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India 's political system , as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs . The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ( `` village self - governance '' ) . Instead , India developed a highly centralized form of government . However , this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level , empowering elected gram panchayats . There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system , that was envisioned by Gandhi , and the system formalized in India in 1992 . The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2 Oct 1959 . During the 1950s and 60s , other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states . The second state was Andhra Pradesh , while Maharashtra was the ninth state . It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution , with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea . In the history of Panchayati Raj , in India , on 24 April 1993 , the Constitutional ( 73rd amendment ) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions . This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states , namely : Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat , Himachal Pradesh , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996 . This amendment contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats , both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice , as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution , and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes , duties , tolls and fees. . The Act aims to provide a three - tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million , to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years , to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes , scheduled tribes and women ; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee Various committees on Panchayati Raj ( edit ) Committee Date Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 V.T. Krishnammachari 1960 Takhatmal Jain Study Group 1966 Ashok Mehta Committee 1978 G.V.K. Rao Committee 1985 Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee 1986 P.K. Thoongan committee Balwant Rai Mehta committee ( edit ) The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee , headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta , was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme ( 1952 ) and the National Extension Service ( 1953 ) , to suggest measures to improve their work . The committee 's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958 , and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country . The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ' democratic decentralization ' , which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj . This led to the establishment of a three - tier Panchayati Raj system : Gram Panchayat at the village level , Panchayat Samiti at the block level , and Zila Parishad at the district level . Block level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : Panchayat Samiti ( Block ) Newly elected panchayat in Punjab , India A Panchayat Samiti ( block panchayat ) is a local government body at the tehsil level . This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a `` development block '' . The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration . Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India , notably mandal and taluka , there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat . For example , it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh , Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka , and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra . In general , the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level . Constituency ( edit ) Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official ; it is composed of : all of the Sarpanchas ( gram panchayat chairmen ) in the Panchayat Samiti area , the MPs and MLAs of the area , the sub-district officer ( SDO ) of the subdivision , co-opt members ( representatives of the SC / ST and women ) , associate members ( a farmer from the area , a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services ) , and some elected members . The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman . Departments ( edit ) The common departments in the Samiti are as follows : General Administration Finance Public Works Agriculture Health Education Social Welfare Information Technology Water Supply Department Animal Husbandry and others There is an officer for every department . A government - appointed Block Development Officer ( BDO ) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration , and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP . Functions ( edit ) Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools Supply of drinking water , drainage and construction / repair of roads Development of a cottage and small - scale industries , and the opening of cooperative societies Establishment of youth organisations District level panchayat ( edit ) Main article : District Councils of India The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad . The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre. and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level Composition ( edit ) The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises : Deputy Commissioner of the District Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district heads of all Government Departments in the district members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district a representative of each cooperative society some women and Scheduled Caste members , if not adequately represented co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service . Functions ( edit ) Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages ; start vaccination drives against epidemics Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes ; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children ; set up free hostels for them . Encourage entrepreneurs to start small - scale industries and implement rural employment schemes . Construct bridges , roads and other public facilities and their maintenance Provide employment . Works on Sanitation related issues Sources of income ( edit ) Taxes collected locally such as on water , place of pilgrimage , local mandirs ( temples ) , and markets A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes Village level Panchayat ( edit ) Sarpanch as its elected head . The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha . Reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions in India ( edit ) On August 27 , 2009 , the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50 % reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions ( PRI ) . The Indian states Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Kerala , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra , Odisha , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu , Tripura , West Bengal and Uttarakhand have implemented 50 % reservation for women in PRIs . The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women . Currently 100 % of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women . See also ( edit ) National Panchayati Raj Day Local self - government in India Patwari Lambardar Zaildar Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Mullick , Rohit & Raaj , Neelam ( 9 September 2007 ) . `` Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Nath , Akshaya ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` National Panchayat Raj Day : Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayat Raj '' . SaddaHaq . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventy - third Amendment ) Act , 1992 '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 5 May 2003 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in ^ Jump up to : India 2007 , p. 696 , Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India Jump up ^ Sisodia , R.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Gandhiji 's Vision of Panchayati Raj '' . Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Manohar Lal ( 1987 ) . Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . OCLC 17678104 . Hathi Trust copy , search only Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. & Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation ( seventh ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Thomson / Wadsworth . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijandra ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Panchayate Raj and Gandhi '' . Panchayati Raj and Village Development : Volume 3 , Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration . Studies in public administration . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sapra , Ipsita ( February 2013 ) . `` Living in the villages '' . Rural Democracy . D + C Development and Cooperation . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News . News.oneindia.in ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in AP , Bihar Panchayats . Sify.com ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624 Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513 Sources Nepal glossary , United States Library of Congress Article 333357 , zeenews.com Article India994 - 07 , hrw.org Panchayati raj Recruitment , Exambuzzer.com Further reading ( edit ) Mitra , Subrata K. ; Singh , V.B. ( 1999 ) . Democracy and Social Change in India : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate . New Delhi : Sage Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7036 - 809 - 0 ( India HB ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9344 - 5 ( U.S. HB ) . Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2001 ) . `` Making Local Government Work : Local elites , Panchayati raj and governance in India '' , in Kohli , Atul ( ed . ) . The Success of India 's Democracy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80144 - 7 Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 17 : Politics in India '' , in Almond , Gabriel A. et al. ( eds . ) , Comparative Politics Today . 8th edition . New York : Addison - Wesley - Longman , pp. 634 -- 684 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 15896 - 3 ( also reprinted in the 9th ( 2007 ) , 10th ( 2012 ) and 11th ( 2015 ) editions ) Palanithurai , Ganapathi ( ed . ) ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India . New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company . in seven volumes , volume 1 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 911 - 7 ; volume 2 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 912 - 4 ; volume 3 ( 2004 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 129 - 4 ; volume 4 ( 2004 ) `` Empowering Women '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 130 - 0 ; volume 5 ( 2005 ) `` Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 244 - 4 ; volume 6 ( 2008 ) `` Capacity Building '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 506 - 3 ; volume 7 ( 2010 ) `` Financial Status of Panchayats '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 672 - 5 . Shourie , Arun ( 1990 ) . Individuals , Institutions , Processes : How one may strengthen the other in India today . New Delhi , India : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 83787 - 8 . Sivaramakrishnan , Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan ( 2000 ) Power to the People : The politics and progress of decentralisation . Delhi : Konark Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 220 - 0584 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj . Ministry of Panchayati Raj , Government of India `` Home page '' . Department of Rural Development , Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . `` Panchayat ( article 440944 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . about the caste panchayats The Hunger Project . `` Two Million Women Leaders and Counting : Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government '' . International Museum of Women . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol Local government in India Urban Municipal Corporation Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) Intermediate Town Panchayat ( Nagar panchayat ) Rural District Panchayat ( Zila Parishad ) Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Observance National Panchayati Raj Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_raj_(India)&oldid=864934309 '' Categories : Constitution of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 15 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the 73rd amendment of indian constitution	[]	[]
5460514157602962061	Kannada people	Kannada people - wikipedia Kannada people This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 August 2018 . Not to be confused with Canadians . Kannadigas Flag of Karnataka and Kannadigas Total population 43,706,512 ( 2011 ) Regions with significant populations India 43,706,512 Languages Kannada Religion Majority : Hinduism Minority : Islam Christianity Jainism Buddhism Related ethnic groups Dravidians Tuluvas Konkanis Kodavas Part of a series on the History of Karnataka Political history of medieval Karnataka Origin of Karnataka 's name Kadambas and Gangas Chalukya Empire Rashtrakuta Empire Western Chalukya Empire Southern Kalachuri Hoysala Empire Vijayanagara Empire Bahmani Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Kingdom of Mysore Nayakas of Keladi Nayakas of Chitradurga Haleri Kingdom Unification of Karnataka Categories Architecture Forts Economies Societies The Kannada people known as the Kannadigas and Kannadigaru are the people who natively speak Kannada . Kannadigas are mainly found in the state of Karnataka in India . Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states of Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Goa and in other Indian states . The English plural is Kannadigas . After a millennium of disintegration from Old Kannada into various languages , sister languages and Kannada dialects , modern Kannada stands among 30 most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001 . Contents 1 Early settlements 1.1 Immigrants from Karnataka 2 Kannada art 2.1 Architecture 2.2 Music 2.3 Theater 2.4 Dance forms 2.5 Kalaa Kshetras ( the abode of art ) 2.6 Martial arts 2.7 Festivals 3 Cuisine 4 Costumes 5 Literature 6 Kannada journalism 7 Contemporary popular Kannadigas 7.1 Spiritual leaders 7.2 Gandhian philosophers 7.3 Modern science and technology 7.4 Environmentalists 7.5 Current cricketers 8 Retired cricketers 9 The Kannadiga culture 9.1 Purana 9.2 Punya Koti 9.3 Vishwa Maanava 9.4 Political sphere 9.5 Horanadu Kannadiga 10 Kannada Kannadiga Karnataka 10.1 First and Second World Wars 10.2 The post 1947 Scene 11 Kannada ethnic flag 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early settlements ( edit ) Main article : History of Karnataka Sala fighting the lion , the royal emblem of Hoysala Empire Gold coins issued by Kadamba King Toyimadeva , 1048 - 1075 A.D Settlement in Karnataka is found to be existent at least from the 2nd millennium BC as explored in Brahmagiri archaeological site near Chitradurga district , central Karnataka . Chandravalli exploration has revealed interaction of Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BC . Talagunda and Halmidi stand as the oldest excavated inscriptions as available today . The language was once popular from Kaveri to Godavari as mentioned in the Kannada classic Kavirajamarga of 850 CE . Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north as Madhya Pradesh ( Inscription of Krishna III ) and Bihar . The great Karnataka Expansion provides insights to kingdoms of northern India whose originators were from Kannada country . The major empires and kingdoms , their regal capital and most distinguished kings were : Western Ganga Dynasty - Talakadu - Durvinita Kadamba Dynasty - Banavasi - Mayurasharma ( Mayuravarma ) Badami Chalukya - Badami - Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta - Manyakheta - Amoghavarsha I Hoysala - Belur and Halebidu - Veera Ballala II Kalyani Chalukya - Basavakalyana - Vikramaditya VI Southern Kalachuri - Kalyani - Bijjala II Vijayanagara Empire - Hampi - Hakka , Bukka Keladi Nayaka - Ikkeri - Shivappa Nayaka Haleri Kingdom - Kodagu - Mudduraja Kingdom of Mysore - Mysooru - Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of Kannada , culture and polity were Chutus of Banavasi ( feudatory to Satavahana Empire ) , Tuluva Dynasty of Canara , Rattas of Saundatti ( Belgaum ) , Guttas of Guttal ( Dharwad region ) , Banas of Kolar , Nolambas of Nolambavadi , Vaidumbas , Chengalvas , Kongalvas , Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda ( Banavasi province ) , Yalahanka Nadaprabhu kempegowda , Sindas of Yelburga ( Bijapur - Gulbarga ) , Kadamba of Hangal . In addition , other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were : Eastern Chalukyas Kakatiya dynasty Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri Shilahara Kadambas of Goa Immigrants from Karnataka ( edit ) In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region , based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well . The Karnata Dynasty ( founded by Nanyadeva I ) of Mithila and Nepal , However contrary evidence also suggests that this dynasty may have been of Parmar Rajput origin . The Chalukyas of Gujarat , The Chalukyas of Vengi ( Eastern Chalukya ) , The Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri , The Rashtrakuta family ruling from Berar ( modern Amravati district , Maharashtra ) , The Rashtrakutas branch of Gujarat ( Lata branch ) , The Sena dynasty of Bengal The Eastern Gangas of Orissa ( descendants of the Western Ganga Dynasty ) Kannada art ( edit ) Main articles : Folk arts of Karnataka and Art and culture of Karnataka Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Temples of Karnataka Hampi , capital of Vijayanagara Empire Architecture and Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka . Be it the musical pillars of Hampi , which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the ekashila ( monolithic ) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India , the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga ( The Fort of Seven Laps ) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless ( above all forms ) all encompassing -- the inner garbhagrihas . The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit . A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones . 57 - foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali dated 978 -- 993 AD . Traditional folk house with courtyard and tulasi katte . Some of the places of interest are : Ellora Caves houses the Kailasanatha temple of Ellooru was built by the Rashtrakutas Dynasty and is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Elephanta Caves island was a summer resort of Rashtrakuta kings and is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Konark Sun Temple also called Surya Devalaya and Black Pagoda built in coastline of Odisha , India by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Ajanta Caves have sculptures of Rashrakutas and Badami Chalukyas and is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . Hampi houses the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire and is declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Pattadakal is a vesara style of Hindu temple architecture , a UNESCO World Heritage Site Badami cave temples , a regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas , now famous for its sandstone cave temples Aihole is known for its many temples and inscriptions of Chalukya Pulakeshin II in the Old Kannada script Basavakalyan , a major centre of social and religious movement in the 12th century by Basava , consists of temples in Chalukyan architecture Itagi is home to the Shiva temple built by Vikramāditya . Considered to be the best specimen of Kalyani Chalukyan art , it has as many as 68 decorated pillars , an ornate tower and a doorway of great workmanship Lakkundi Belur Halebeedu Shravanabelagola Saumyakeshava Temple , Nagamangala Lakshminarayana Temple , Hosaholalu Mallikarjuna Temple , Basaralu Ikkeri Keladi Banavasi Pioneer sculptors include : Amarashilpi Jakanachari Ruvari Malithamma Chavundaraya Siddalinga Swami K. Venkatappa Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as : Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya , father of modern Indian engineering , Kannambadi Katte or KRS dam Kengal Hanumanthaiah , Vidhana Soudha Music ( edit ) Main articles : Musicians of Mysore kingdom , Dasa sahitya , Haridasa , and Vachana Sahitya Dasa Sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars . Dasa is literally `` servant '' in Kannada and sahitya is literature . Haridasas ( `` servants of God '' ) were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu . The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya . It is composed in the Kannada language . The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music . They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk . Like other doyens of Indian classical music , these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music , called naadopasana . The Lord is described as Samagana priya , and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to ' reach ' Him . The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas . Compositions like Krishna Nee Begane Baaro , Venkatachala Nilayam , Jagadoddharana , Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work . Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music . Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are : Purandara Dasa , widely regarded as Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha or `` Father of Carnatic music '' Kanaka Dasa , a younger contemporary of Purandara Dasa Sripadaraja Vyasatirtha Vadirajatirtha Jagannatha Dasa Jayatirtha Gopala Dasa Vijaya Dasa Naraharitirtha One of the oldest forms of music in the region is Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages . Both Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas . Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations . Other forms of music include Gamaka , Joogera Pada and Lavani . Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka . Contemporary musical thespians are : Veene Sheshanna ( 1852 - 1926 ) notable Veena player and composer . Pandit Bhimsen Joshi , recipient of the Bharat Ratna -- India 's highest civilian honor Gangubai Hangal , awarded both Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan in 1971 and 2002 respectively C. Aswath , recipient of Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti for his immense contribution to Bhavageete Veene Doraiswamy Iyengar Puttaraj Gawai Honnappa Bhagavathar P. Kalinga Rao Balappa Hukkeri Mallikarjuna Mansur Basavaraja Rajguru Veene Sheshanna T. Chowdiah Sawai Gandharva Kumar Gandharva Mysore Ananthaswamy Mysore Manjunath Theater ( edit ) Jaanapada artists at government - sponsored Jaanapadha Jaatre Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas . While a lot of gadhya ( literature ) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas , there are major works depicting the kings and their rule . These are called Naataka ( plays having wide - ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets ) and Bayalata ( ಬಯಲಾಟ ) . As its etymology indicates , bayalu means open - air field and ata means theater . In southern Karnataka , the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata , whereas in the north several other distinct genres are included under the name . Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one ( or more ) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background . It is a common feature to narrate battles , stories , devotions or vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri . Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling , poetry , music , drama , dance , and philosophy . Today , late - night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable . Vasanta Habba ( ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ ) , which means `` spring festival '' in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru . It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India . First held in 1990 , it now attracts the best musicians , dancers and cultural artists from across India . Similarly , ' Bengaluru Habba ( ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year . It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural , social and demographic cross-section of the city 's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003 . In 2006 , the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre ( ಜಾನಪದ ಜಾತ್ರೆ ) which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers . It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city . Some famous theatrical , cinematic and television personalities like TP Kailasam , Gubbi Veeranna , C. Honappa Bhagavathar , GV Iyer , Dr. Rajkumar , V. Shantaram , Puttanna Kanagal , Kalpana , B.S. Ranga , BV Karanth , Girish Kasaravalli , Shankar Nag , T.S. Nagabharana , TN Seetharam have contributed for its richness . Dance forms ( edit ) Main article : Dances of Karnataka The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms . With the theater of battle scenes of heroism , loyalty and treachery , colour and pageantry are the main subjects . More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons . Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by Soligas , of which Pinasee is a traditional dance form . The people of Kodagu in the Western Ghats also have their own dance forms . Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include : Dollu Kunitha , a popular drum dance accompanied by singing Kamsale , danced to the tune of a rhythm instrument of the same name made of brass Veeragase , a vigorous dance based on Hindu mythology which is demonstrated at the Mysore Dasara procession Yakshagana is a musical theater popular in coastal and Malenadu regions of Karnataka Gaarudi Gombe , where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll - suits made of bamboo sticks Moodalapaya Bayalata featuring stories of Puranas rendered as dance Kalaa Kshetras ( the abode of art ) ( edit ) Mysore religious icon painting depicting Goddess Saraswathi Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat Chowdiah Memorial Hall Gaayana Samaja Ranga Shankara Nrithya Grama Ravindra Kalakshetra Gubbi Veeranna Rangamandira Janapada Loka Rangayana Ninasam Prabhat Kalavidaru Martial arts ( edit ) The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals . Kusthi , Malla Yuddha , Kathi Varase ( which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting ) , Malla Kambha ( gymnastics on a pole structure with / without rope ) are some of the prominent arts practised . The Mysore Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged . Rock lifting , Bull race , Kusthi , and Kabaddi are popular sports . Yogasana , Praanayama and health - related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here . Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world . Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swami K. Pattabhi Jois Festivals ( edit ) Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity . Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate . Agriculture : Upon onset of monsoon , sowing or harvest there are festivals celebrated like Chaandramana Ugaadi ( marking of new year ) , Makara Sankranthi and Huttari . Monsoon : Dasara / Navarathri , Ayudha Puja Puraana : Maha Shivarathri , Varamahalakshmi Vrata , Bheemana Amavasye , Swarna Gowri Vratha , Ganesha Chaturthi , Naagara Panchami , Ratha Sapthami , Krishna Janmashtami , Rama Navami , Vijaya Dashami , Vaikunta Ekadashi , Naraka Chaturdashi , Bali Padyami and others . In the countryside , a dana jaathre ( livestock fair ) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru ( chariots ) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha ( free food ) is arranged for the visitors . North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions . Christmas is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country . Buddha , Mahaveera , Shankara , Basavanna and Gandhi are remembered on their birth anniversaries . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Cuisine of Karnataka Mysore Masala dosa The cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes . The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring South Indian states , as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north . Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine . Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadiga homes include Bisi Bele Bath , Jolada Rotti , Ragi Rotti , Akki Rotti , Saaru , Huli , Davanagere Benne Dosa , Ragi mudde , Chitranna ( lemon rice ) and Uppittu . The famous masala dosa traces its origin to Udupi cuisine . Plain and rave Idli , Mysore Masala Dosa and Maddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka . Kadabu , a kind of rice dumplings , is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as Sakaleshpura , Mudigere , Somwarapete , etc. and is consumed with huchellu ( black sesame ) chutney . Among sweets , Mysore Pak , Dharwad Pedha , Chiroti , Belagavi Kunda are well known . Hurnagadab , Hurnaholige , Karadantu of Gokak and Amingarh , Shenga Holige and Sajka have origins in the Malnad region . Indis ( chutneys ) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour . Some popular ones include Shenga indi ( groundnut ) , Agashi indi , Karal indi , Inichi indi and Mavina indi ( mango ) . Similarly , Karnataka uppinakai ( pickles ) too are very distinct from the rest like Mavina thokku ( fine mango pickles ) , Nimbekai uppinakai ( lemon pickles ) , Tenga Mavina uppinakai ( entire mango pickle ) , gaajri uppinkai ( carrot pickle ) and menshinikai uppinakai ( chili pickle ) . Costumes ( edit ) Children dressed in traditional clothes The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place . The Kannadiga male costume mainly include Panchey ( some tie as Kachche ) or Lungi ( wrapping style depends on the region ) , Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style . Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in countryside . Many use Khadi in their clothing till date of which politicians are prominent ones . Female costumes include Seere of which Ilakal Seere and Mysore silk are famous . Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu , North and South Karnataka and Karavali . Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the Langa davani . Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought - after art on dress and costumes . An Urban male costumes comprises a trouser , shirt and sandals while that of females include shalwar and moderate heeled sandals . Jeans are popular among the youth , while new age Khadi / silk printed with art or emblem also find place . Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli . Literature ( edit ) Main articles : Kannada literature , Karnataka literature , and Modern Kannada literature Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through . With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years , the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day : works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards and fifty - six Sahitya Akademi awards . Pampa , Ranna and Ponna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada ( Halegannada ) . Janna was another notable poet of this genre . Basavanna , Akka Mahadevi , Allama Prabhu , Madhvacharya , Vidyaranya , Harihara , Raghavanka , Kumara Vyasa , Sarvajna , Purandara Dasa , Kanaka Dasa , Shishunala Shareefa , Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada . All these have been inviolved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature . They all had a characteristic naamankita ( insignia ) which would denote a power equaling a God in popular comparison . The literature saw the Vachana ( said ) , Tattva ( that - ness ) , Sharana ( saviour of God ) , and Dasa ( servant to God ) Padas ( short poetries ) reach the common man 's ignorance into great depths leading to Siddhanta ( philosophies ) . Kuvempu , D.V. Gundappa , Da Ra Bendre , B.M. Srikantaiah , Masti Venkatesha Iyengar , Shivaram Karanth , VK Gokak , UR Ananthamurthy , P. Lankesh , Girish Karnad , GS Shivarudrappa , Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar , Pu thi Narasimhachar , Chennavira Kanavi , Gopalakrishna Adiga , TaRaSu , AN Krishna Rao , Govinda Pai , S.L. Bhyrappa , Poornachandra Tejaswi , Thriveni , K.S. Nissar Ahmed , K.S. Narasimhaswamy , Chandrashekhara Kambara , Siddhaiah Puranik , G.P. Rajarathnam , TP Kailasam , Anupama Niranjana , M.K. Indira , MM Kalburgi , T.V. Venkatachala Sastry , Dodda Rangegowda etc. are popular literary figures . This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields . The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eight Jnanpith awards . Kannada Thantramsha or software is developed under Kuvempu University . There is a sizable open - source community based in Bengaluru . Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are Kannada Sahitya Parishat Academies operating as its wings include Tulu , Konkani , Kodava , and Urdu . A Byari academy is the latest academy opened in Karnataka . Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate Noted travellers and linguists have also contributed during pre and post imperial era like Germany 's Ferdinand Kittel , England 's Thomas Hodson , Persia 's Abd - al - Razzāq Samarqandī and China 's Huen - tsang . Kannada journalism ( edit ) Bhashyam Bhashyachar published `` Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini '' in 1859 . Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling . Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore `` Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini '' in 1859 under the royal patronage of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III . Shortly after Indian independence in 1948 , K.N. Guruswamy founded The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers , Deccan Herald and Prajavani . Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest - selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively . D.V. Gundappa was notable Kannada journalist , he was awarded third - highest civilian award Padmabhushan in 1974 . List of a few major newspapers : Prajavani Samyuktha Karnataka Kannadaprabha Udayavani Vijayavani Hosa Digantha Vishwavani News Vijaya Karnataka Contemporary popular Kannadigas ( edit ) Spiritual leaders ( edit ) Shivakumara Swami , Siddaganga Matha , Tumkur , Karnataka Balagangadharanatha Swamiji , Sri Adichunchanagiri Maha Samsthana Math Shivamurthy Shivacharya Mahaswamiji Taralabalu Jagadguru Brihanmath , Sirigere Sri Vishwesha Teertharu ( Pejavara Shreegalavaru ) Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri Ravi Shankar , Art of Living Gandhian philosophers ( edit ) H. Narasimhaiah Kollur Mallappa BD Jatti - former president and vice president of India Mailara Mahadevappa - only person from Karnataka to accompany Gandhiji in Dandi salt sathyagraha / march Gudleppa Hallikeri Modern Science and technology ( edit ) N.K. Naik - Professor Emeritus at IIT Bombay . Raja Ramanna - Indian nuclear scientist and father of the Indian nuclear bomb . Udupi Ramachandra Rao ( U.R. Rao ) - Indian space scientist and father of the Indian modern space technology . Served as the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation and as the chancellor of Indian Institute for Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Dr. M.C. Modi - Ophthalmologist and humanist . C.N.R. Rao - Notable Solid - state scientist and chairman of Science Advisory Council of GOI . Recently awarded with India 's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna K.N. Shankara - Indian space scientist and master in satellite payload technology . Shakuntala Devi - Mathematics . Vivek Murthy American physician serves as the 19th Surgeon General of the United States . Narayan Hosmane - Biochemistry and Cancer research . S.K. Shivkumar - Scientist , ISRO telemetry ( ISRO ) , associated with Chandrayaan - 1 lunar probe . Roddam Narasimha - senior scientist IISc , chairman JNCASR . C.R. Rao - Statistics , Mathematician . Professor emeritus at Penn State University . Shrinivas Kulkarni - Professor of astrophysics and planetary science at Caltech , United States of America . S. Shankar Sastry - Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of California , Berkeley . L.S. Shashidhara - Developmental biologist , geneticist and a professor and chair of Biology at Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research ( IISER ) . M. Visvesvaraya - Indian scholar and engineer , who also served as the Diwan of Mysore . Environmentalists ( edit ) Karnataka is one of the few states which , while a leading contributor for GDP of the country and home for industries , has preserved its forests and wildlife . The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected Wildlife of Karnataka . The Kannadiga culture protects and balances Kaadu ( forest ) and Naadu ( state ) as can be seen . Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of Soliga , Badaga , Jenu Kuruba , Hakki Pikki , Lambani , Siddis and other inhabitants of forests . See Appiko Chaluvali . Some noted environmentalists include Ullas Karanth ( tiger research biologists / zoologist ) S.R. Ramaswamy Saalumarada Thimmakka Suresh Heblikar Poornachandra Tejaswi ( ornithologist / littérateur ) Snake Shyam Krupakar - Senani Current cricketers ( edit ) KL Rahul Abhimanyu Mithun Vinay Kumar Stuart Binny Sreenath Arvind Karu Jain Retired cricketers ( edit ) Anil Kumble Javagal Srinath Gundappa Vishwanath Vijay Bhardwaj Venkatesh Prasad B.S. Chandrashekhar E.A.S. Prasanna Roger Binny Sunil Joshi Syed Kirmani Sujith Somasunder Dodda Ganesh David Johnson The Kannadiga culture ( edit ) Purana ( edit ) The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana . There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called `` Mahisha Mandala '' after the mythological demon Mahishasura . Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place . Punya koti ( edit ) One of the most popular and acknowledged Jaanapada songs is `` Dharani mandala madhyadolage '' which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka . Vishwa Maanava ( edit ) Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state -- almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot emigration as well due to which multi-ethnic diaspora can be seen . As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region . Even the language and dialects varies from place to place . The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard ( folk / basic / prakrutha ) and frontyard ( refined and related to Samskrutha / Sankrit ) of the culture . It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here . Shringeri , Udupi are some of nerve centres . One of the leading examples include a village near Shivamogga where people speak only Sanskrit till date . Bengaluru has almost all language speakers of India . Tha aikya linga of Basavanna -- the ab - initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara , at Kudalasangama One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being . In Kuvempu 's ideology this has a renowned explanation `` Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human . It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes . It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free . '' The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self - respect to people by owning them and their culture . Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed , one near Mundgod and one near Kushalanagara , protecting them from Chinese atrocities . Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs . One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name ( more found in Mangalore ) or even a Muslim Christian name . Karnataka and parts of Maharashtra are the only states which have diversity of including Malenadu Nithyaharidwarna -- evergreen ghats and Bayaluseeme which have different ways of living in the same state . Not only this but it acts as a gateway to North and South Indian cultures . It may come as a surprise that Karnataka is next only to Rajasthan in India when it comes to area under arid land but still Southern Karnataka is referred to as Gandhada Gudi -- temple of sandalwood found in its protected forests . Political sphere ( edit ) After the Odeyar era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century , the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted a bicameral legislature . But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state . North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams . So there were two spheres . Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party / media from arising in the land . Kerala being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a few naxalite outfits function in Karnataka . Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the Kaveri River Water Dispute issue . The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India due to political and bureaucratic lobby . Because of this , Lokayukta ( see N. Venkatachala ) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful . In the field of press and journalism P. Lankesh and S. Gurumurthy are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations . Horanadu Kannadiga ( edit ) Horanadu Kannadigas ( or non-resident Kannadigas ) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country , people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka , or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka . NR Narayana Murthy , speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference , opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere . Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants , some of the successful functional bodies include Singara ( Singapore ) , Dehali Kannadiga ( New Delhi ) , Mumbai Karnataka Sangha ( Mumbai ) , Mallige Kannada Balaga ( Mauritius ) , North America Vishwa Kannada Association ( NAVIKA ) and Association of Kannada Kootas of America ( AKKA ) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement through events such as Kannadotsava . The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world , mainly in the USA , the United Kingdom , Singapore , the UAE . Kannada Kannadiga Karnataka ( edit ) Main articles : Unification of Karnataka and History of Karnataka First and second World Wars ( edit ) After occupying Mysore , British had baited 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for battalions for World Wars from Karnataka . Kannadiga regiments got disbanded after world war 2 as per Imperial War Museum records , as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against British Indian Army . From September 1939 until August 1945 , recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the Madras Regiment , the Mahar Regiment , and the Lingayat Regiment . In 2017 , a panel has been setup to look into legalities of separate flag for Karnataka . The post 1947 scene ( edit ) During the period of British rule , state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist . Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the princely state of Mysore , Nizam 's Hyderabad , the Bombay Presidency , the Madras Presidency and the territory of Kodagu being the most important ones . In effect , nearly two - thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore . In addition the proposed state had six neighbours -- Goa , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Kerala -- and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions . What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were . Kannadigas in the Hubli - Karnataka region for example , came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where Marathi was the official language . Those in the Hyderabad - Karnataka region came under the Nizam 's rule where Urdu ruled , while in Mysore Kingdom , Kannada was the official language . It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression , soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions . This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets , journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or ' Unification ' movement . India gained independence in 1947 . The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement . Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces , Kodagu , and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad . The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in Kasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas . The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Committee brought joy to the Kannadiga population that now was merged under the state of Mysore . On 1 November 1973 , under Devaraj Urs as chief minister , Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more ' inclusive ' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore . Kannada unification organisations currently active include : Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha Karnataka Ekikarana Samithi Karnataka Rakshana Vedike Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha Kannada ethnic flag ( edit ) Karnataka Emblem Karnataka Popular Flag The Kannada ethnic flag is a banner with two horizontal stripes , yellow on top and red on the bottom . The flag neither is official nor represents any legendary empire but has become accepted in recent times representing a symbol of welfare. The flag was first conceived by Ma Ramamurthy , a Bangalore - based writer , journalist and social activist , often considered as a commander of Kannada movement in 1960s . See also ( edit ) Karnataka portal Kannada film industry Kannada language Kannada literature Kannada poetry Karnataka Karnataka literature List of people from Bangalore List of people from Karnataka List of people of North Karnataka North Karnataka Sanganakallu Siribhoovalaya - a unique literary work References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers ' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011 Jump up ^ Patil , Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda ( 2002 ) . Community Dominance and Political Modernisation : The Lingayats . Mittal Publications . p. 2 . ISBN 9788170998679 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kannada masculine Kannaḍiga , feminine Kannaḍati , plural Kannaḍigaru Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of World Cultures - Canarese , Kannadiga '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ciil-lisindia.net/Kannada/Kan_demo.html Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kannadigas-TNs-3rd-biggest-group/articleshow/2954903.cms Jump up ^ `` Indiaspeak : English is our 2nd language '' . Times of India . 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2 : 1 in Tamil Nadu '' . Times of India . 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/language/script/script1a.html Jump up ^ https://www.quora.com/Was-Maharashtra-a-Kannada-speaking-land-before-and-was-it-ruled-by-kannadigas Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rnNxtHfKxZAC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=kannada+sister+languages&source=bl&ots=pc9GBFfjfE&sig=XpHTihTm_CkULqYhT2riuROrbhw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLgv6ukZLVAhWDjJQKHffHAAYQ6AEIWjAI#v=onepage&q=kannada%20sister%20languages&f=false Jump up ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html Jump up ^ Chandravalli Jump up ^ http://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html Jump up ^ Sastri ( 1955 ) , pp. 355 -- 356 ^ Jump up to : Thapar , Romila ( 2003 ) , p. 433 , The Penguin History of Early India , From Origin to 1300 AD. , 2003 , Penguin , New Delhi , ISBN 0 - 14 - 302989 - 4 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 84 , 90 Jump up ^ Moraes ( 1931 ) , p 4 Jump up ^ Purava HaleGannada or Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Christian era , the Satavahana and Kadamba eras ( Wilks in Rice , B.L. ( 1897 ) , p 490 ^ Jump up to : Narasimhacharya ( 1988 ) , p 68 ^ Jump up to : Cousens ( 1996 ) , p15 Jump up ^ Mahalingam in Adiga ( 2006 ) , p 130 Jump up ^ Adiga ( 2006 ) , p. 134 Jump up ^ Their territory included modern Tumkur , Chitradurga , Kolar , Bellary and Bangalore districts . Chopra et al. ( 2003 ) , part 1 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Adiga ( 2006 ) , p. 142 Jump up ^ They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool , Cuddappah in the 10th century . There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada . Chopra et al. ( 2003 ) , part 1 , p. 163 Jump up ^ Also known as the Kempegowda family , builders of modern Bangalore - Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 240 -- 241 Jump up ^ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist , one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara . They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute , Mumbai - Moraes ( 1931 ) , p 385 Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 143 - 144 Jump up ^ The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king 's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate . This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada . Moraes ( 1931 ) , p 384 Jump up ^ Kamat , Suryanath U. , ( 2001 ) , p. 8 , A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present , Jupiter books , MCC , Bangalore , 2001 ( Reprinted 2002 ) , OCLC : 7796041 Jump up ^ Bose , Manilal ( 1998 ) , p. 28 , Social and Cultural History of Ancient India , Concept Publishing Company , ISBN 81 - 7022 - 598 - 1 Jump up ^ Makhan Jha , ( 1997 ) , pp52 - 53 , Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms : A Study in Civilizational Perspective , M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd , ISBN 81 - 7533 - 034 - 1 Jump up ^ S.R. Bakshi , S. Gajrani , Hari Singh ( 2005 ) , p. 254 , Early Aryans to Swaraj , Sarup & Sons , ISBN 81 - 7625 - 537 - 8 Jump up ^ Sengupta , Nitish K ( 2011 ) , p50 , Land of Two Rivers : A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib , Penguin Books , Chapter : The Sen Dynasty , ISBN 9780143416784 Jump up ^ Desai , Pandurang Bhimarao ( 1970 ) , p. 213 , A History of Karnataka : From Pre-history to Unification , Kannada Research Institute , Karnatak University , OCLC : 203297 Jump up ^ Mishra , Jayakanta in Ayyappa Paniker ( 1997 ) , p. 280 , p. 289 , Medieval Indian Literature : Surveys and selections , Sahitya Akademi , ISBN 81 - 260 - 0365 - 0 Jump up ^ Pollock , Sheldon ( 2006 ) , p. 417 , note. 79 , The Language of the Gods in the World of Men : Sanskrit , Culture , and Power in Premodern India , University of California Press , ISBN 9780520260030 Jump up ^ `` The Journal of the Bihar Purävid Parishad , Volumes 4 - 5 '' . p. 414 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mithila Under the Karnatas , C. 1097 - 1325 A.D '' . p. 55 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Muslim rule in Tirhut , 1206 - 1765 , A.D. '' p. 28 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Journal of the Bihar Research Society , Volume 46 '' . pp. 22 -- 25 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publications , Volume 33 '' . p. 193 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Altekar in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Altekar 1934 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Keay ( 2000 ) , p 170 Jump up ^ The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged Telugu Dr. K.S.S. Seshan , University of Hyderabad . `` APOnline - History of Andhra Pradesh - ancient period - Eastern Chalukyas '' . Revenue Department ( Gazetteers ) , Government of Andhra Pradesh . Tata Consultancy Services . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule ( O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001 , p. 137 ) Jump up ^ Masica , Colin P. ( 1991 ) . `` Subsequent Spread of Indo - Aryan '' . The Indo - Aryan Languages . Cambridge University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29944 - 6 . Jump up ^ Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom , the Nasik - Ahamadnagar region ( Seuna Desa ) was a Kannada territory ( Kamath 2001 , p. 137 ) Jump up ^ A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas , ( Altekar 1934 , pp. 21 -- 22 ) Jump up ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin ( D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001 , p 73 ) Jump up ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas ( Altekar 1934 , pp 21 -- 22 ) Jump up ^ B.P. Sinha in George E. Somers , Dynastic History Of Magadha , p. 214 , Abhinav Publications , 1977 , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 7017 - 059 - 1 Jump up ^ Sen ( 1999 ) , p282 Jump up ^ Majumdar , R.C. ( 1977 ) , Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publishers , p. 320 , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0436 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Group of Monuments at Hampi / Hampei '' . World Heritage . Retrieved 20 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` And India 's 7 wonders '' . The Times of India . 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ The Chalukyan magnificence Archived 22 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Badami Cave Temple '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aihole Temple relocation '' . The Hindu . 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Message with Long Life : Indian Inscriptions '' . Dr. Jyotsna Kamat . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Basavakalyan getting facelift '' . Hindu.com. 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyani Chalukyan temples '' . Templenet . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haridasa Contribution to Kannada Literature Jump up ^ Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ( 2002 ) ( 1955 ) . A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar . New Delhi : Indian Branch , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sharma , B.N.K ( 2000 ) ( 1961 ) . History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature . Bombay : Motilal Banarasidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1575 - 0 . Jump up ^ OurKarnataka.com ( OKC ) . `` History of Karnataka - The Haridasa Movement '' . Ourkarnataka.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu Online '' . Hinduonnet.com. 10 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ornamentation in South Indian Music and the Violin By Gordon N. Swift '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Thielemann , Selina ( 2000 ) . The Music of South Asia . New Delhi : A.P.H. Publishing Corp. p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 057 - 4 . Jump up ^ OurKarnataka.com ( OKC ) . `` YAKSHAGANA - The music of celestial beings '' . Ourkarnataka.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Ratna for Vocalist Pandit Bhimsen Joshi '' . Rediff . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' . Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ( India ) . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About C. Aswath '' . Caswath.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Manohar Laxman Varadpande ( 1992 ) . History of Indian theatre , Volume 2 . Abhinav Publications . p. 311 . ISBN 9788170172789 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Folk Theatre - Imitation of the Divine '' . Indiaprofile.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Harikatha sapthaha from today '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ News , Express . `` 20,000 devotees to get together for Shivratri '' . Newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Auckland Kannadigas enjoyed Harikathe on the occasion of ' Dasara ' Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vasanthahabba from February 2 '' . Online Edition of The Times of India , dated 2004 - 01 - 29 . The Times Internet Ltd. 29 January 2002 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Kavita Mandana . `` A spring in their step '' . Online Edition of The Deccan Herald , dated 2004 - 01 - 17 . The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Ltd . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Bengaluru Habba '' . Bengaluruhabba.co.in. 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jaanapada Jaatre , The Hindu Jump up ^ Soliga welcome planned for Kalam , The Hindu Jump up ^ Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by Shankar Bennur . `` Dasara wrestling to offer ' thunder ' bouts '' . Online Edition of The Deccan Herald , dated 2005 - 09 - 30 . 2005 , The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Ltd . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Culinary Traditions of Medieval Karnataka : The Soopa Shastra of Mangarasa III , p. 9 - 22 Jump up ^ Raja M - ' The dosa , like most other south Indian culinary exports , is often linked to Udupi , a small temple town in the state of Karnataka ' . `` India 's new offering to curry Western flavor '' . Asia Times , 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Khadi Gramodyog Samyukta Sangh ( Federation ) , Hubli '' . Khadifederation.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The living bard '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ : Prasad ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` ಡಾ . ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಕಂಬಾರರಿಗೆ ಜ್ಞಾನಪೀಠ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ '' . Thatskannada.oneindia.in . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jnanpith for Kambar , The Hindu Jump up ^ `` Government establishes Beary Academy '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 25 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Hermann Mögling 's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned by Shrinivas Havanur . `` Herr Kannada '' . Online Edition of The Deccan Herald 2004 - 01 - 18 . 1999 The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Ltd . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bellary Shamanna Kesavan ( 1988 ) - History of Printing and Publishing in India : Volume 2 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Shuma Raha . `` Battleground Bangalore '' . Online Edition of The Telegraph dated 2006 - 11 - 19 . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers '' . Online Edition of The Times of India dated 2006 - 06 - 15 . Times Internet Limited . Retrieved 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Padma Bhushan Awardees '' . Jump up ^ `` Science centres planned at taluk and district levels '' . Hindu.com. 16 September 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GDP contribution '' . Kar.nic.in . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ksdl.karnataka.gov.in/cultivation-of-sandal-wood/ Jump up ^ `` Bureaucratic Corruption '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ S Gurumurthy of The New Indian Express Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Belgaum , March 11 , DHNS : . `` NRN opens heart to Kannadigas '' . Deccanherald.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Singara - Kannada Sangha ( Singapore ) Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Sangha Mumbai '' . Karnataka Sangha Mumbai . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mallige Kannada Balaga : Spreading Fragrance of Karnataka in Mauritius '' . Daijiworld.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ TNN 5 January 2002 , 11.05 pm IST ( 5 January 2002 ) . `` AKKA to host world Kannada meet in US from September 2 '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nriforumkarnataka.org/ Jump up ^ http://dallas.navika.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.akkaonline.org/ Jump up ^ https://singara.org/ Jump up ^ http://sackannadasangha.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.kuwaitkannadakoota.org/ Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BsmVIxXCQAAmPBJ.jpg Jump up ^ Raghu Karnad ( @ rkarnad ) ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` # Kannadigas in # WW2 ! Joining up for the swag ( 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary ) . A full Lingayat battalion was raised in ' 41 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130507/jsp/opinion/story_16864561.jsp Jump up ^ http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210717/historians-pick-vizag-revolt-as-first-war-of-independence.html Jump up ^ http://lingayatreligion.com/Lingayat_Battalion.htm Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/karnataka-demands-state-flag-sets-up-panel-to-stufy-legal-provisions/story-QnZfWCZ65Fkj1sJ8dDb2IP.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) John Keay , History of India , 2000 , Grove publications , New York , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 Suryanath U. Kamat , A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present , Jupiter books , MCC , Bangalore , 2001 ( Reprinted 2002 ) OCLC : 7796041 Dr. Romila Thapar , The Penguin History of Early India , From Origin to 1300 AD. , 2003 , Penguin , New Delhi , ISBN 0 - 14 - 302989 - 4 Altekar , Anant Sadashiv ( 1934 ) , The Rashtrakutas And Their Times ; being a political , administrative , religious , social , economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD , Oriental Book Agency , Poona , OCLC 3793499 K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , 1955 , OUP , New Delhi ( Reprinted 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 R. Narasimhacharya , History of Kannada Literature , 1988 , Asian Educational Services , New Delhi , Madras , 1988 ISBN 81 - 206 - 0303 - 6 . Malini Adiga ( 2006 ) , The Making of Southern Karnataka : Society , Polity and Culture in the early medieval period , AD 400 - 1030 , Orient Longman , Chennai , ISBN 81 - 250 - 2912 - 5 George M. Moraes ( 1931 ) , The Kadamba Kula , A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka , Asian Educational Services , New Delhi , Madras , 1990 ISBN 81 - 206 - 0595 - 0 Rice , B.L. ( 1897 ) ( 2001 ) . Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government - vol 1 . New Delhi , Madras : Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0977 - 8 . Chopra P.N. , Ravindran T.K. , Subrahmanian N. ( 2003 ) , History of South India ( Ancient , Medieval and Modern ) , Chand publications , New Delhi ISBN 81 - 219 - 0153 - 7 Cousens , Henry , ( 1926 ) , The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts , Archaeological Survey of India , New Delhi , OCLC 37526233 Sen , Sailendra Nath ( 1999 ) ( 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age Publishers . ISBN 81 - 224 - 1198 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Kannada people at Wikimedia Commons Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Ethnic groups of India This tree diagram depicts the relationships of the major ethnic , linguistic and religious groups in India . For example , an H under Gujarati implies a Hindu , Gujarati - speaking Indian of Indo - Aryan ancestry . This list excludes caste groups like the Dalits which is a socio - political identity across linguistic , religious and racial lines . In addition , it should be noted that the terms ' Indo - Aryan ' and ' Dravidian ' refer to linguistic differences that exist between both groups . ) Indians Indo - Aryans Assamese ( অসমীয়া ) Bengali ( বাঙালী ) Dogra ( डोगरा / ڈوگرا ) Gujarati ( ગુજરાતી ) Hindi ( हिन्दी ) Konkani ( कोंकणे ) Marathi ( मराठी माणसं ) Punjabi ( ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / पंजाबी / پنجابی ) Odia ( ଓଡିଆ ) H , M , C , S H , M , A H , S , M H , M , J H , M ( ( ( HC ) ) ) H , M , B , J H , M , C , S Dards Brokpa ( ब्रोक्पा ) Kashmiri ( कॉशुर / کٲشُر ) Shina ( षीना / شینا ‎ ) ( ( ( KH ) ) ) H , M B , H , M Tibeto - Burmans Arunachali ( རྫོང ་ ཁ ་ ) Manipuri ( মনিপুরি ) Bodo - Garo Mizo Naga Sikkimese - Lepcha ( Róng ) ( རྫོང ) Tripuri ( ত্রিপুরা ) B , T , H H , C C , H , T C , T C , T B , H H , T Dravidians Kannada ( ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ ) Malayali ( മലയാളി ) Tamil ( தமிழர் ) Telugu ( తెలుగు ) H , C H , C , M , A H , C , M , A H , C Iranic Parsi ( પારસી ) Pathan ( پٹھان / पठान ) Austroasians Khasi ( খাসি ) Nicobarese ( निकोबारी ) Munda ( मुण्डा ) C , T C , M S , T Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada_people&oldid=856759124 '' Categories : Ethnic groups in India Karnataka society Mangalorean society Kannada people Dravidian peoples Ethnic groups in Kerala Ethnic groups in Andhra Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages EngvarB from March 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2011 `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская فارسی ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша मराठी Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 10 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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1911817556477207574	Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States	Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution , which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition . Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee , which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate . Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomination 2 Confirmation 3 Recess appointments 4 Tenure and vacancies 5 References Nomination ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and , with Senate confirmation , requires Justices to be appointed . This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders , who wrote : he shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court ... Upon the election of a new President , incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court , considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role . Besides considering national figures whose views are well - known , they consider others who are less recognized . They go through published rulings , articles , speeches , and other background material to get an idea of candidates ' values and views on constitutional issues . Age , health , race , gender , and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations . Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens , the President discusses the candidates with advisors . Senators also call the President with suggestions . After a first choice is decided , the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court . Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out . They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help . Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President . After making a final decision , the President calls the candidate , who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President 's formal announcement . Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views . In many cases , however , a Justice 's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated . A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren ; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge , but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court 's history . Eisenhower later called the appointment `` the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made '' . Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter , who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H.W. Bush . Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative ; however , after becoming a Justice , his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum . Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice , the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court . However , that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate . Confirmation ( edit ) In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special - interest groups , many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee , depending on whether the nominee 's track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings , questioning nominees to determine their suitability . By convention , nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court . At the close of confirmation hearings , the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The Roberts Court ( April 2017 - present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The Committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent , beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 . Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated . Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions ; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition . The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter , who only addressed ( at the Committee 's request ) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him . The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 ; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision , and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan 's confirmation , hence the decision to testify . Once the Committee reports out the nomination , the whole Senate considers it . A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee . Prior to 2017 , a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture , which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history . The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987 , when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork . Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate . Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate . A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate , preventing a final vote on the nominee . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun , citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel . In 1987 , President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations . The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , Justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past . The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism . For example , columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork 's nomination `` unjust '' and , more generally , that the nomination process does `` not delve deeply into the nominee 's jurisprudential thinking . '' Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left , middle , or right . One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage ; before 1925 , nominees were never questioned ; after 1955 , every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions ; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits ( before 1980 ) to double digits today . Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination , which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee . Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925 : Year Nominee # Hours 1925 Harlan Fiske Stone 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 1938 Felix Frankfurter -- 1955 John Marshall Harlan II -- 1957 William J. Brennan , Jr . 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 1967 Thurgood Marshall 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1971 William H. Rehnquist 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Paul Stevens 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Robert Bork ( not confirmed ) 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Anthony Kennedy 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 David H. Souter 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 1991 Clarence Thomas 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Stephen G. Breyer 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2005 John G. Roberts , Jr . 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2016 Merrick Garland ( not confirmed ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 2017 Neil Gorsuch 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Sources : The New York Times ( 2005 , 2009 ) , MSNBC ( 2005 ) Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote , the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House . The President then prepares and signs a commission , and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office . The date of commission determines a Justice 's seniority . A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath , which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President , and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office . Recess appointments ( edit ) Potter Stewart , appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower , was the last Supreme Court Justice initially placed on the Court through a recess appointment . Article II , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that : The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . Thus , when the Senate is in recess , the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval , including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court , without the Senate 's advice and consent . Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session ( always less than two years ) . To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service , the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment . No president since Dwight Eisenhower ( who made three such appointments ) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts . During the 110th Congress , the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions . In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances . Being a resolution , it has no legally binding effect , but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions . The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines . Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court : Justice Appointed by Date of Appointment Date of Nomination Date of Senate action Senate action Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Washington 000000001791 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 1791 000000001791 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1791 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 Confirmed Rutledge , John John Rutledge ( as Chief Justice ) Washington 000000001795 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 Rejected Washington , Bushrod Bushrod Washington J. Adams 000000001798 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1798 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 Confirmed Livingston , Henry Brockholst Henry Brockholst Livingston Jefferson 000000001806 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1806 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 Confirmed Thompson , Smith Smith Thompson Monroe 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1823 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 Confirmed McKinley , John John McKinley Van Buren 000000001837 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1837 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 Confirmed Woodbury , Levi Levi Woodbury Polk 000000001845 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1845 000000001845 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1845 000000001846 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1846 Confirmed Curtis , Benjamin Robbins Benjamin Robbins Curtis Fillmore 000000001851 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1851 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 Confirmed Davis , David David Davis Lincoln 000000001862 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1862 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 Confirmed Warren , Earl Earl Warren ( as Chief Justice ) Eisenhower 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 Confirmed Brennan , Jr. , William J. William J. Brennan , Jr . Eisenhower 000000001956 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1956 000000001957 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1957 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 Confirmed Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart Eisenhower 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 000000001959 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1959 000000001959 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1959 Confirmed Tenure and vacancies ( edit ) The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court . The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they can voluntarily resign or retire . A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction . However , only one Justice has been impeached by the House ( Samuel Chase , in 1805 ) and he was acquitted in the Senate . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , once in 1953 and again in 1970 ) , but they have not reached a vote in the House . No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , both unable to resign and unable to resume service . Because Justices have indefinite tenure , it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor ( by death and retirement , respectively ) in 2005 and 2006 . It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself . The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court , but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices . As the country grew geographically , Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits . In 1807 , the court was expanded to seven members , allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice . The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron , and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley ; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court . However , at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act ( 1866 ) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced ; thus , the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . However , this law did not play out to completion , for in the Judiciary Act of 1869 , also known as the Circuit Judges Act , the number of justices was again set at nine , where it has since remained . The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant 's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 , seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement ; under Roosevelt 's proposal , such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices . Ostensibly , the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges , but the President 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation . This plan , usually called the `` Court - packing Plan '' , failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt . The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937 . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Despite the variability , nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice . The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Andrew Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term , although his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court , which Congress may dictate . Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Black , Ryan C. ; Owens , Ryan J. `` Courting the President : How Circuit Court Judges Alter Their Behavior for Promotion to the Supreme Court '' . American Journal of Political Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / ajps. 12132 . Jump up ^ Todd S. , Purdum ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Presidents , Picking Justices , Can Have Backfires '' . Courts in Transition : Nominees and History . New York Times . p . A4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Tom Curry ( Nov 5 , 2005 ) . `` A guide to the Supreme Court nomination ( quote :) `` ... 1939 , when he went before the Judiciary Committee , nominee Felix Frankfurter told senators ... '' `` . MSNBC.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : STEPHEN L. CARTER ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Let the Nominee Stay Home ( quote :) `` ... The first was John Marshall Harlan in 1955 , who declined invitations to discuss either specific cases or judicial philosophy as ' a matter of propriety ' ... '' `` . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist - for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . The Blaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS ( June 27 , 1993 ) . `` Balanced Jurist at Home in the Middle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Padilla ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor hearings : The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention ( quote :) `` Harlan Stone became the first Supreme Court nominee to appear and testify before the Judiciary Committee in 1925 '' ALSO `` Every nominee to the high court since President Eisenhower 's 1955 nomination of John Harlan has testified before the committee . '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` COURT IN TRANSITION ; Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts 's Peers , and Democrats Issue Warnings -- their sources : Courts and Congress by Judge Robert A. Katzmann ; Senate transcripts '' . New York Times . September 16 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rutkus , Supreme Court Nominations , p. 57 Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 4 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( 2001 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 -- 18 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ Democrats supported the resolution 48 - 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 - 0 . Jump up ^ Denis Steven Rutkus & Maureen Bearden , Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 - 2009 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President , Cong . Research Serv . ( May 13 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 ( hide ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appointment_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=841918254 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States Nomination and appointment of United States federal judges Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who approves the appointment of a supreme court justice	[ "The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate. Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court." ]	[ "the full United States Senate" ]
5816925551549265904	History of calendars	History of calendars - wikipedia History of calendars Jump to : navigation , search The history of calendars , that is , of people creating and using methods for keeping track of days and larger divisions of time , covers a practice with very ancient roots . Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric periods at least as old as the Neolithic . The natural units for timekeeping used by most historical societies are the day , the solar year and the lunation . Calendars are explicit schemes used for timekeeping . The first historically attested and formulised calendars date to the Bronze Age , dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East , the Sumerian being the earliest , followed by Egyptian , Assyrian and Elamite calendars . A larger number of calendar systems of the Ancient Near East appear in the Iron Age archeological record , based on the Assyrian and Babylonian calendar . This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire , which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar . A great number of Hellenic calendars developed in Classical Greece , and in the Hellenistic period also influenced calendars outside the immediate sphere of Greek influence , giving rise to the various Hindu calendars as well as to the ancient Roman calendar . Calendars in antiquity were usually lunisolar , depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years . This was mostly based on observation , but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically , as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd - century Coligny calendar . Nevertheless , the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10 - month solar year . The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE . The Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years . This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation . In the 11th century in Persia , a calendar reform led by Khayyam was announced in 1079 , where the length of the year was measured as 365.24219858156 days . Given that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime , this is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days . The Gregorian calendar was introduced as a refinement of the Julian calendar in 1582 , and is today in worldwide use as the de facto calendar for secular purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Prehistory 3 Ancient Near East 4 Antiquity 4.1 China 4.2 Babylonia and Persia 4.2. 1 Old Persian calendar 4.2. 2 Zoroastrian calendar 4.2. 3 Modifications by Parthians , Ardashir I , Hormizd I , Yazdgerd III 4.2. 4 The formation of the current Persian calendar in the 11th century 4.3 Classical Greece 4.4 Hellenistic period 4.5 Ancient India 4.6 Roman Empire 5 Middle Ages 5.1 Christian Europe 5.2 Bulgar calendar 5.3 Islamic calendar 5.4 Icelandic calendar 5.5 Indo - Islamic calendars 6 Mesoamerica 7 Modern calendars 8 See also 9 References Etymology ( edit ) The term calendar itself is taken from the calends , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar , related to the verb calare `` to call out '' , referring to the calling or the announcement that the new moon was just seen . Latin calendarium meant `` account book , register '' , as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month . The Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century . The spelling calendar is from Early Modern English . Prehistory ( edit ) A number of prehistoric structures have been proposed as having had the purpose of timekeeping ( typically keeping track of the course of the solar year ) . This includes many megalithic structures , and reconstructed arrangements going back far into the Neolithic period . A ceramic artefact from Bulgaria , known as the Slatino furnace model , has been pronounced by local archeologists and media to be oldest known calendar representation , a claim not endorsed in mainstream views . A mesolithic arrangement of twelve pits and an arc found in Warren Field , Aberdeenshire , Scotland , dated to roughly 10,000 years ago , has been described as a lunar calendar and dubbed the `` world 's oldest known calendar '' in 2013 . Ancient Near East ( edit ) Main articles : Sumerian calendar and Egyptian calendar The ancient Sumerian calendar divided a year into 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days . Each month began with the sighting of a new moon . Sumerian months had no uniform name throughout Sumer because of the religious diversity . This resulted in scribes and scholars referring to them as `` the first month '' , `` the fifth month '' etc . To keep the lunar year of 354 days in step with the solar year of 365.242 days an extra month was added periodically , much like a Gregorian leap year . Also , every six years the Sumerian calendar included an extra month of 62 days . There were no weeks in the Sumerian calendar . Holy days and time off from work were usually celebrated on the first , seventh and fifteenth of each month . In addition to these holy days , there were also feast days which varied from city to city . A day was divided into twelve hours , six daylight hours , each lasting one - sixth of the day , and six nighttime hours , each lasting one - sixth of the night . This meant the length of hours varied from month to month , daylight hours being shorter in the winter and longer in the summer and vice versa . Antiquity ( edit ) China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese calendar Before the Spring and Autumn period ( before 770 BC ) , the Chinese Calendars were solar calendars . In the so - called five - phase calendar , the year consists of 10 months and a transition , each month being 36 days long , and the transitions 5 or 6 days . During the Warring States period ( ~ 475 - 220 BC ) , the primitive lunisolar calendars were established under the Zhou Dynasty , known as the six ancient calendars ( simplified Chinese : 古六历 ; traditional Chinese : 古六曆 ) . The months of these calendars begin on the day with the new moon , with 12 or 13 months ( lunations ) in a year . The intercalary month is placed at the end of the year . In Qin China , the Qin calendar ( simplified Chinese : 秦历 ; traditional Chinese : 秦曆 ) was introduced . It follows the rules of Zhuanxu 's calendar , but the months order follows the Xia 's calendar . Babylonia and Persia ( edit ) Further information : Babylonian calendar and Zoroastrian calendar Although the earliest evidence of Iranian calendrical traditions is from the second millennium BCE , predating the appearance of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster , the first fully preserved calendar is that of the Achaemenids . Throughout recorded history , Persians have been keen on the idea and importance of having a calendar . They were among the first cultures to use a solar calendar and have long favoured a solar over lunar and lunisolar approaches . The sun has always been a symbol in Iranian culture and is closely related to the folklore regarding Cyrus the Great . Old Persian calendar ( edit ) Old Persian inscriptions and tablets indicate that early Iranians used a 360 - day calendar based on the solar observation directly and modified for their beliefs . Days were not named . The months had two or three divisions depending on the phase of the moon . Twelve months of 30 days were named for festivals or activities of the pastoral year . A 13th month was added every six years to keep the calendar synchronized with the seasons . Zoroastrian calendar ( edit ) Main article : Zoroastrian calendar The first calendars based on Zoroastrian cosmology appeared in the later Achaemenid period ( 650 to 330 BCE ) . They evolved over the centuries , but month names changed little until now . The unified Achaemenid Empire required a distinctive Iranian calendar , and one was devised in Egyptian tradition , with 12 months of 30 days , each dedicated to a yazata ( Eyzad ) , and four divisions resembling the Semitic week . Four days per month were dedicated to Ahura Mazda and seven were named after the six Amesha Spentas . Thirteen days were named after Fire , Water , Sun , Moon , Tiri and Geush Urvan ( the soul of all animals ) , Mithra , Sraosha ( Soroush , yazata of prayer ) , Rashnu ( the Judge ) , Fravashi , Bahram ( yazata of victory ) , Raman ( Ramesh meaning peace ) , and Vata , the divinity of the wind . Three were dedicated to the female divinities , Daena ( yazata of religion and personified conscious ) , Ashi ( yazata of fortune ) and Arshtat ( justice ) . The remaining four were dedicated to Asman ( lord of sky or Heaven ) , Zam ( earth ) , Manthra Spenta ( the Bounteous Sacred Word ) and Anaghra Raocha ( the ' Endless Light ' of paradise ) . Modifications by Parthians , Ardashir I , hormizd I , yazdgerd iii ( edit ) The Parthians ( Arsacid dynasty ) adopted the same calendar system with minor modifications , and dated their era from 248 BCE , the date they succeeded the Seleucids . Their names for the months and days are Parthian equivalents of the Avestan ones used previously , differing slightly from the Middle Persian names used by the Sassanians . For example , in Achaemenid times the modern Persian month ' Day ' was called Dadvah ( Creator ) , in Parthian it was Datush and the Sassanians named it Dadv / Dai ( Dadar in Pahlavi ) . When in April of AD 224 the Parthian dynasty fell and was replaced by the Sasanid , the new king , Ardashir I , abolished the official Babylonian calendar and replaced it with the Zoroastrian . This involved a correction to the places of the gahanbar , which had slipped back in the seasons since they were fixed . These were placed eight months later , as were the epagemonai , the ' Gatha ' or ' Gah ' days after the ancient Zoroastrian hymns of the same name . Other countries , such as the Armenians and Choresmians , did not accept the change . The formation of the current Persian calendar in the 11th century ( edit ) Toghril Beg , the founder of the Seljuq dynasty , had made Esfahan the capital of his domains and his grandson Malik - Shah was the ruler of that city from 1073 . An invitation was sent to Khayyam from Malik - Shah and from his vizier Nizam al - Mulk asking Khayyam to go to Esfahan to set up an Observatory there . Other leading astronomers were also brought to the Observatory in Esfahan and for 18 years Khayyam led the scientists and produced work of outstanding quality . During this time Khayyam led work on compiling astronomical tables and he also contributed to calendar reform in 1079 . Cowell quotes The Calcutta Review No 59 : - When the Malik Shah determined to reform the calendar , Omar was one of the eight learned men employed to do it , the result was the Jalali era ( so called from Jalal - ud - din , one of the king 's names ) - ' a computation of time , ' says Gibbon , ' which surpasses the Julian , and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style . ' Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days . Two comments on this result . Firstly it shows an incredible confidence to attempt to give the result to this degree of accuracy . We know now that the length of the year is changing in the sixth decimal place over a person 's lifetime . Secondly it is outstandingly accurate . For comparison the length of the year at the end of the 19th century was 365.242196 days , while today it is 365.242190 days . Classical Greece ( edit ) The Greeks , as early as the time of Homer , appear to have been familiar with the division of the year into the twelve lunar months but no intercalary month Embolimos or day is then mentioned . Independent of the division of a month into days , it was divided into periods according to the increase and decrease of the moon . Thus , the first day or new moon was called Noumenia . The month in which the year began , as well as the names of the months , differed among the states , and in some parts even no names existed for the months , as they were distinguished only numerically , as the first , second , third , fourth month , etc . The ancient Athenian calendar was a lunisolar calendar with 354 - day years , consisting of twelve months of alternating length of 29 or 30 days . To keep the calendar in line with the solar year of 365.242 days , an extra , intercalary month was added in every other year . The Athenian months were called Hekatombion , Metageitnion , Boedromion , Pyanepsion , Maimakterion , Poseidon , Gamelion , Anthesterion , Elaphebolion , Munychion , Thargelion , and Skirophorion . The intercalary month usually came after Poseidon , and was called second Poseidon . In addition to their regular , `` festival '' calendar , the Athenians maintained a second , political calendar . This `` conciliar '' calendar divided the year into `` prytanies '' , one for each of the `` phylai '' , the subdivisions of Athenian citizens . The number of phylai , and hence the number of prytanies , varied over time . Until 307 BC , there were 10 phylai . After that the number varies between 11 and 13 ( usually 12 ) . Even more confusing , while the conciliar and festival years were about the same length in the 4th century BC , such was not regularly the case earlier or later . Documents dated by prytany are frequently very difficult to assign to a particular equivalent in the Julian calendar . The table of Greek Olympiads , following the four - year cycles between the Olympic Games from 1 July 776 BC , continued until the end of the 4th century AD . The Babylonian Era of Nabonassar , beginning on 26 February 747 BC , was used by the Greeks of Alexandria . It was later known in the Middle Ages from the works of Ptolemy . Hellenistic period ( edit ) Further information : Roman calendar The Greek calendars were greatly diversified by the Hellenistic period , with separate traditions in every Greek state . Of primary importance for the reconstruction of the regional Greek calendars is the calendar of Delphi , because of the numerous documents found there recording the manumission of slaves , many of which are dated both in the Delphian and in a regional calendar . The Macedonian Era of the Seleucids , which began with the conquest of Babylon by Seleucus Nicator in 312 BC . It became widely used in the Levant . The Jews knew it as the `` era of contracts '' , and used it in Europe until the 15th century . The Roman Republican calendar numbered years based on the sitting consuls . References to the year of consulship were used in both conversation and official records . Romans from the same family often had the same praenomen , which sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish them , and there were two consuls at any one time , each of whom might sometimes hold the appointment more than once , meaning that it was ( and is ) necessary to be well educated in history to understand the references . The Romans had an eight - day week , with the market - day falling every eight days . It was called a nundinum or ' nine - day ' in inclusive counting . Most of the regional Hindu calendars are inherited from a system standardized in classical Hindu astronomy as adopted via Indo - Greek transmission in the final centuries BCE , and reformed by Gupta era astronomers such as Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira . Ancient India ( edit ) Main article : Hindu calendar Time keeping was important to Vedic rituals , and Jyotisha was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time , in order to fix the day and time of these rituals . This study was one of the six ancient Vedangas , or ancillary science connected with the Vedas -- the scriptures of Hinduism . Hindu calendar , sometimes referred to as Panchanga , is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in Hinduism . They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping , but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle , the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start . The ancient Hindu calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Jewish calendar , but different from the Gregorian calendar . Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles ( 354 lunar days ) and nearly 365 solar days , the Hindu calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month , but insert an extra full month by complex rules , every few years , to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season . The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times , and remains in use by the Hindus in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates . Early Buddhist and Jain communities of India adopted the ancient Hindu calendar , later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars . Buddhist and Jain festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system in the luni - solar calendar . Roman Empire ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The old Roman year had 304 days divided into 10 months , beginning with March . However the ancient historian Livy gave credit to the second ancient Roman king Numa Pompilious for devising a calendar of 12 months . The extra months Ianuarius and Februarius had been invented , supposedly by Numa Pompilious as stop - gaps . Julius Caesar realized that the system had become inoperable , so he effected drastic changes in the year of his third consulship . The New Year in 709 AUC began on 1 January and ran over 365 days until 31 December . Further adjustments were made under Augustus , who introduced the concept of the `` leap year '' in 737 AUC ( AD 4 ) . The resultant Julian calendar remained in almost universal use in Europe until 1582 . Marcus Terentius Varro introduced the Ab urbe condita epoch , assuming a foundation of Rome in 753 BC . The system remained in use during the early medieval period until the widespread adoption of the Dionysian era in the Carolingian period . In the Roman Empire , the AUC year could be used alongside the consular year , so that the consulship of Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius could be determined as 707 AUC ( or 47 BC ) , the third consulship of Caius Julius Caesar , with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , as 708 AUC ( or 46 BC ) , and the fourth consulship of Gaius Julius Caesar as 709 AUC ( or 45 BC ) . The seven - day Week has a tradition reaching back to the Ancient Near East , but the introduction of the `` planetary week '' which remains in modern use dates to the Roman Empire period ( see also names of the days of the week ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) The page for May in the Bedford Psalter and Hours ms . ( British Library Add MS 42131 , fol . 3r , early 15th century ) Christian Europe ( edit ) Main article : Anno Domini For the first six centuries since the birth of Jesus Christ , European countries used various local systems to count years , most usually regnal years , modeled on the Old Testament . In some cases , Creation dating was also used . In the 6th century , the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus devised the Anno Domini system , dating from the Incarnation of Jesus . In the 8th century , the Anglo - Saxon historian Bede the Venerable used another Latin term , `` ante uero incarnationis dominicae tempus '' ( `` the time before the Lord 's true incarnation '' , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' ) , to identify years before the first year of this era . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , even Popes continued to date documents according to regnal years , and usage of AD only gradually became common in Europe from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to adopt the Anno Domini system . In 1267 , the medieval scientist Roger Bacon stated the times of full moons as a number of hours , minutes , seconds , thirds , and fourths ( horae , minuta , secunda , tertia , and quarta ) after noon on specified calendar dates . Although a third for ⁄ of a second remains in some languages , for example Arabic ثالثة , the modern second is further divided decimally . Rival calendar eras to Anno Domini remained in use in Christian Europe . In Spain , the `` Era of the Caesars '' was dated from Octavian 's conquest of Iberia in 39 BC . It was adopted by the Visigoths and remained in use in Catalonia until 1180 , Castille until 1382 and Portugal until 1415 . For chronological purposes , the flaw of the Anno Domini system was that dates have to be reckoned backwards or forwards according as they are BC or AD . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , `` in an ideally perfect system all events would be reckoned in one sequence . The difficulty was to find a starting point whence to reckon , for the beginnings of history in which this should naturally be placed are those of which chronologically we know least . '' For both Christians and Jews , the prime historical date was the Year of Creation , or Annus Mundi . The Eastern Orthodox Church fixed the date of Creation at 5509 BC . This remained the basis of the ecclesiastical calendar in the Greek and Russian Orthodox world until modern times . The Coptic Church fixed on 5500 BC . Later , the Church of England , under Archbishop Ussher in 1650 , would pick 4004 BC . Bulgar calendar ( edit ) The Bulgar calendar was a calendar system used by the Bulgars , a seminomadic people , originally from Central Asia , who from the 2nd century onwards dwelled in the Eurasian steppes north of the Caucasus and around the banks of river Volga . In 681 part of the Bulgars settled in the Balkan peninsula and established Bulgaria . The main source of information used for reconstruction of the Bulgar calendar is a short 15th century transcript , which contains 10 pairs of calendar terms , the same dating system being found in a marginal note of a manuscript from the 10th c . According to the reconstructed calendar , the Bulgars used a 12 - year cyclic calendar similar to the one adopted by Turkic peoples from the Chinese calendar , with names and numbers that are deciphered as in Bulgar language . Islamic calendar ( edit ) The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation ( nasi ' ) by Muhammad , in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al - Hijjah AH 10 ( Julian date : 6 March 632 ) . This resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar shifting relative to the seasons of the solar year . Icelandic calendar ( edit ) Main article : Icelandic calendar In medieval Iceland , a calendar was introduced in the 10th century . While the ancient Germanic calendars were based on lunar months , the new Icelandic calendar introduced a purely solar reckoning , with a year having a fixed number of weeks ( 52 weeks or 364 days ) . This necessitated the introduction of `` leap weeks '' instead of the Julian leap days . Indo - Islamic calendars ( edit ) See also : Fasli calendar During the Mughal rule , land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar . This calendar was a lunar calendar , and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles . According to some sources , Mughal Emperor Akbar asked his royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use , and this was known as Fasholi shan ( harvest calendar ) . According to Amartya Sen , Akbar 's official calendar `` Tarikh - ilahi '' with the zero year of 1556 CE was a blend of pre-existing Hindu and Islamic calendars . It was not used much in India outside of Akbar 's Mughal court , and after his death the calendar he launched was abandoned . However , adds Sen , there are traces of the `` Tarikh - ilahi '' that survive in the Bengali calendar . Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th century Hindu king Shashanka . Mesoamerica ( edit ) Main article : Mayan calendar Of all the ancient calendar systems , the Maya and other Mesoamerican systems are the most complex . The Mayan calendar had 2 years , the 260 - day Sacred Round , or tzolkin , and the 365 - day Vague Year , or haab . A modern pictogram of the Mayan god Ahau , after which the 20th day of the tzolkin cycle was named The Sacred Round of 260 days is composed of two smaller cycles : the numbers 1 through 13 , coupled with 20 different day names : Imix , Ik , Akbal , Kan , Chicchan , Cimi , Manik , Lamat , Muluc , Oc , Chuen , Eb , Ben , Ix , Men , Cib , Caban , Eiznab , Cauac , and Ahau . The Sacred Round was used to determine important activities related to the gods and humans : name individuals , predict the future , decide on auspicious dates for battles , marriages , and so on . The two cycles of 13 and 20 intermesh and are repeated without interruption : the cycle would begin with 1 Imix , then 2 Ik , then 3 Akbal and so on until the number 13 was reached , at which point the number cycle was restarted so 13 Ben would be followed by 1 Ix , 2 Men and so on . This time Imix would be numbered 8 . The cycle ended after 260 days , with the last day being 13 Ahau . The Vague Year of 365 days is similar to our modern calendar , consisting of 18 months of 20 days each , with an unlucky five - day period at the end . The Vague Year had to do primarily with the seasons and agriculture , and was based on the solar cycle . The 18 Maya months are known , in order , as : Pop , Uo , Zip , Zotz , Tzec , Xuc , Yaxkin , Mol , Chen , Yax , Zac , Ceh , Mac , Kankin , Maun , Pax , Kayab and Cumku . The unlucky five - day period was known as Uayeb , and was considered a time which could hold danger , death and bad luck . The Vague Year began with the month of Pop . The Maya 20 - day month always begins with the seating of the month , followed by days numbered 1 to 19 , then the seating of the following month , and so on . This ties in with the Maya notion that each month influences the next . The Maya new year would start with 1 Pop , followed by 2 Pop , all the way through to 19 Pop , followed by the seating of the month of Uo , written as 0 Uo , then 1 Uo , 2 Uo and so on . These two cycles coincided every 52 years . The 52 - year period of time was called a `` bundle '' and was similar to a modern - day century . Modern calendars ( edit ) Further information : List of calendars and Calendar reform While the Gregorian calendar is now in worldwide use for secular purposes , various medieval or ancient calendars remain in regional use for religious or social purposes , including the Julian calendar , the Hebrew calendar , the Islamic calendar , various Hindu calendars , the Zoroastrian calendar etc . There are also various modern calendars that see limited use , either created for the use of new religious movements or reformed versions of older religious calendars , or calendars introduced by regionalist or nationalist movements . Javanese calendar ( 1633 ) Jōkyō calendar ( 1685 ) French Republican calendar ( 1793 ) Baha'i calendar ( 1873 ) Solar Hijri calendar ( 1925 ) Indian national calendar ( 1957 ) Discordian calendar ( 1963 ) Juche Era calendar ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Week - day names History of timekeeping devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Religion in the Etruscan period '' in Roman religion in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : `` Khayyam biography '' . www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bailey D. , 2000 , Balkan Prehistory : Exclusion , Incorporation and Identity , London : Routledge p. 325 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia , Calendar '' . History-world.org . International World History Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calendar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yust , Walter ( 1947 ) . `` Encyclopædia Britannica : A New Survey of Universal Knowledge '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . p. 576 . Jump up ^ ( Panaino 1990 ) Jump up ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Khayyam.html Jump up ^ Ginzel : Handbuch der Mathematischen und Technischen Chronologie. 2 . Germany : F.K. 1911 . pp. 335 -- 336 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , p 267 ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1923 ) . A Sanskrit -- English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Jyotisha '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 : A -- M , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 326 -- 327 Jump up ^ Friedrich Max Müller ( 1860 ) . A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature . Williams and Norgate . pp. 210 -- 215 . Jump up ^ B. Richmond ( 1956 ) . Time Measurement and Calendar Construction . Brill Archive . pp. 80 -- 82 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Klaus K. Klostermaier ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism : Third Edition . State University of New York Press . p. 490 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2016 ) . Sikhism : a Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Orazio Marucchi ( 2011 ) . Christian Epigraphy : An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin . Cambridge University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23594 - 5 . , Quote : `` the lunar year consists of 354 days '' . Jump up ^ Christopher John Fuller ( 2004 ) . The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and Society in India . Princeton University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 69112 - 04 - 85 . Jump up ^ Anita Ganeri ( 2003 ) . Buddhist Festivals Through the Year . BRB . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58340 - 375 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jeffery D Long ( 2013 ) . Jainism : An Introduction . I.B. Tauris . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 392 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bede . `` Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum : Liber Primus '' ( in Latin ) . Thelatinlibrary.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon , tr . Robert Belle Burke ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1928 , reprinted 2000 ) table facing page 231 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85506 - 856 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , p 268 ^ Jump up to : Kunal Chakrabarti ; Shubhra Chakrabarti ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis . Scarecrow . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8024 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Pahela Baishakh '' . Banglapedia . Dhaka , Bangladesh : Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 2015 . Jump up ^ Amartya Sen ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian : Writings on Indian History , Culture and Identity . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 319 -- 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 10583 - 9 . Jump up ^ Guhathakurta , Meghna ; Schendel , Willem van ( 2013 ) . The Bangladesh Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 9780822353188 . Jump up ^ Nitish K. Sengupta ( 2011 ) . Land of Two Rivers : A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib . Penguin Books India . pp. 96 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341678 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maya civilization '' . Civilization.ca . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 03 . Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . Various ( 2001 ) . The Sagas of Icelanders . edited by Örnólfur Thorsson . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100003 - 9 . 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3229217003758754891	Grey's Anatomy (season 6)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) DVD cover art for the sixth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on September 24 , 2009 , and concluded on May 20 , 2010 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . Actors Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , and Justin Chambers reprised their roles as surgical residents Meredith Grey , Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens , and Alex Karev , respectively . Heigl was released from her contract in the middle of the season , while T.R. Knight did not appear as George O'Malley , because Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five . Main cast members Patrick Dempsey , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens , Jr. , Sara Ramirez , Eric Dane , Chyler Leigh , and Kevin McKidd also returned , while previous recurring star Jessica Capshaw was promoted to a series regular , and Kim Raver was given star billing after the commencement of the season . The season follows the story of surgical interns , residents and their competent mentors , as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . A major storyline of the season is the characters adapting to change , as their beloved co-worker Stevens departed following the breakdown of her marriage , O'Malley died in the season premiere -- following his being dragged by a bus , and new cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman is given employment at the hospital . Further storylines include Shepherd being promoted to chief of surgery , Seattle Grace Hospital merging with the neighboring Mercy West -- introducing several new doctors , and several physicians lives being placed into danger -- when a grieving deceased patient 's husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , seeking revenge for his wife 's death . The series ended its sixth season with 13.26 million viewers , ranking # 17 in terms of ratings , the lowest the series had ever ranked up to then . The season received mixed critical feedback , with the season 's premiere and finale given heavier critical acclaim , in contrast to the middle . The season was one of the least acclaimed in terms of awards and nominations , being the show 's only season not to warrant a Primetime Emmy nomination . Despite the negative aspects of ratings and awards , the season managed to receive a spot on Movieline 's top ten list . Buena Vista released the season onto a DVD box - set , being made available to regions 1 and 2 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main Cast 2 Production 3 Reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 6 DVD Release 7 References Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy characters and List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members The sixth season had thirteen roles receiving star billing , with twelve of them returning from the previous season , one of whom previously in a recurring guest capacity . The regulars portray the surgeons from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital as new rivalries and romantic relationships begin to develop after the hospital 's merger with Mercy West . Meredith Grey , a surgical resident and the protagonist of the series , is portrayed by Ellen Pompeo . Fellow residents Cristina Yang , Izzie Stevens and Alex Karev are portrayed by Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers , respectively . Attending general surgeon Miranda Bailey was portrayed by Chandra Wilson whose main storylines throughout the season focus on her divorce and the development of new romantic relationships . Seattle Grace Hospital 's Chief of Surgery and general surgeon Richard Webber was portrayed by James Pickens , Jr. , who returns to alcoholism after being sober for twenty years . Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres , Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan , Chyler Leigh portrayed Meredith 's half - sister and second - year surgical resident Lexie Grey , Kevin McKidd appeared as trauma surgeon Owen Hunt , while Patrick Dempsey acted as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd . After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show 's fifth season , Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season 's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins , love interest to Callie Torres . The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman , portrayed by Kim Raver , whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season 's main stories . Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season , Raver began receiving star billing . The sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season . Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson , Charles Percy , April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner , Robert Baker , Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams , respectively . Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey 's love interest , anesthesiologist Ben Warren . Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) and Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) have been part of the season 's main story arcs , while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances : Demi Lovato as Hayley , Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen , Marion Ross as Betty , Mandy Moore as Mary Portman , Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman , Nick Purcell as Doug , Michael O'Neill as Gary Clark , Danielle Panabaker as Kelsey , Adrienne Barbeau as Jodie Crawley , Héctor Elizondo as Mr. Torres , Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt , and Missi Pyle as Jasmine . Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the series as a special guest star , portraying neonatal surgeon and obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery . Main Cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Katherine Heigl as Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Until Episode 12 ) Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman ( From Episode 9 ) Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepard Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner ( Episode 6 alone ) Production ( edit ) Katherine Heigl departed in the middle of the season , citing a desire to spend more time with her family . The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios , The Mark Gordon Company , Shondaland and was distributed by Buena Vista International , Inc ... The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , Joan Rater and James D. Parriott . The regular directors were Shonda Rhimes , Krista Vernoff , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Debora Cahn , Allan Heinberg and Peter Nowalk . At the conclusion of season five , T.R. Knight was released from his contract , following a disagreement with Rhimes . When asked to make a ' flashback ' appearance in season six , Knight declined . Heigl 's appearances in the season were sporadic , seeing Stevens depart and return twice . Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season , Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early , and made her final appearance on January 21 , 2010 . Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family , and did not think it would be respectful to Grey 's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again . The season 's two - hour opener showed the doctors of Seattle Grace Hospital , grieving the loss of their deceased friend , O'Malley . The special 's writer , Vernoff , commented : `` It 's heartbreaking . I fell in love with George , like many of you did , in season one . '' The ninth episode of the season , `` New History '' , saw the arrival of Altman , which ended up forming a love triangle between her , Hunt , and Yang . Raver commented on this : `` She was in Iraq with Owen . She 's a cardiac surgeon . She 's really good at what she does . There 'll be some interesting stuff between Teddy , Cristina , and Owen . '' The episode 's writer , Heinberg , offered his insight : `` Teddy 's arrival at Seattle Grace unleashes all manner of complications for Owen , Cristina , and herself . Cristina 's immediately suspicious that Owen and Teddy were more than friends during their time together in Iraq . Teddy confesses to Owen that she apparently misread their mutual history , and walks away from him , mortified . And Owen 's left haunted by Teddy 's confession , now forced to re-examine his own history -- and his feelings for both Teddy and Cristina . -- Allan Heinberg , Grey Matter `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' saw the departure of Stevens , following the breakdown of her marriage with Karev . Series ' writer Joan Rater commented on this : `` Izzie getting the clean scan back gives Alex the freedom to leave . Because he never would have left her when she was sick , he 's a good guy . And I 'm not saying that Alex ever consciously thought , I ca n't leave her while she 's sick , but now that she 's not , now that she seems like she 's going to get better , it just comes to him . He deserves more . He 's a good guy and he deserves more . But loving Izzie showed him that he can be good , is good . So it was a little gift . And when he tells Izzie he 's done , he 's not bitter or angry , he 's just done . '' The writing of the two - part season six finale , caused struggle to Rhimes . She elaborated on this : `` It hurt to write this finale . It literally hurt me . Because in order to write these episodes , I had to walk in the shoes of ( the shooter ) . I had to think like a shooter . A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles . A person who would shoot Derek . By the time I finished writing part one , I was sick . And depressed . Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying . Mer is screaming and he is dying . And , before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket , yes , I DO I know it 's only a TV show , I 'm not insane , but dude ... it felt too real . It felt WAY too real . '' Reception ( edit ) Justin Chambers ' performance was well received . Grey 's Anatomy 's sixth season opened up to 17.04 million viewers with a 6.7 / 17 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Although the rating was a 1 % decrease from season five 's opener , it managed to rank first for its time - slot and the entire night , in terms of both ratings and viewership , and served as the season 's most viewed episode . `` Sympathy for the Parents '' was the season 's least viewed episode , and up to that point , the series ' as well , garnering only 9.87 million viewers . The season 's finale garnered 16.13 million viewers , and received a 6.2 / 18 rating , ranking first for its time - slot and the entire night , in terms of both ratings and viewership . Although the finale was a success for the night , it was a 1 % decrease from season five 's finale , but served as the season 's second most viewed episode . Overall , the season ranked at # 17 for the year , and had an average of 13.26 million viewers , a 5 % decrease from the previous season 's ranking . The season received mixed reviews among television critics . Speaking of the premiere , Glenn Diaz of BuddyTV noted that the special foreshadowed a `` very dark '' season , adding : `` The talk between George 's mom and one of the surgeons ( Torres ) proved to be one of the more heart - breaking scenes in an episode that in itself is heartbreaking enough . '' In contrast , Kelly West of TV Blend was critical of the premiere , writing : `` I do n't think based on the first episode that we can say that Grey 's is headed in a new direction , nor do I think the writers are making much of an effort to bring the series back to the greatness that was its earlier seasons . That said , this is Grey 's Anatomy and with that comes the usual drama , sex , love and whacky medical mysteries thrown in the mix to keep things moving . If that 's what you 're looking for , I think you 'll enjoy the season premiere just fine . '' Capshaw 's performance this season was praised , with The TV Addict calling her `` immensely likeable '' . Although `` Sympathy for the Parents '' was the least viewed episode , TV Fanatic called the episode `` touching '' , praising Chambers ' performance . TV Fanatic 's reaction to the season was fairly mixed , with Steve Marsi saying that Grey 's Anatomy was facing an identity crisis after viewing `` Give Peace a Chance '' . He said that : `` Still popular but lacking its past magic , it 's trying to decide what to become . All we can say is that if it becomes what we saw 12 hours ago , we are all for it . Last week saw the doctors plunging into ER - style chaos with 12 different doctors giving 12 different accounts of one case . Last night , we saw something else equally unusual . '' He praised Patrick Dempsey 's performance , saying : `` Again , it was a single case that took up the entire hour , but instead of 12 doctors ' version of events , the focus was largely on just one , and the best one : Dr. Derek Shepherd . Patrick Dempsey 's McDreamy character may be eye candy , but he 's got substance . Last night 's episode proved that in spades , and was one of the series ' best in some time . '' The season 's finale Death And All His Friends was highly praised . Marsi gave the episode five stars , and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series , adding : `` The writing and acting were absolutely stellar , and may lead to many Emmy nominations , but even more impressively , despite a killing spree , it remained distinctly Grey 's . Some of the back - and - forths between the characters were truly memorable , and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we do n't even know where to begin now . Seriously , the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything , a feeling we have n't had from Grey 's in years and rarely achieved by any program . '' John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode , adding : `` ( It was ) two of the best hours of television all year . It was certainly the best Grey 's Anatomy has ever been , which is saying a lot since I 'd written the show off for the past few years . No show does a big traumatic event like Grey 's Anatomy , and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours . It was emotional , expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale . '' Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` At any rate , now you can at least see where it all began . And while you 're still pondering how Grey 's can still be so damn good sometimes , '' The season was one of the least acclaimed of the series , in terms of awards and nominations . Despite not being nominated for a Primetime Emmy , the show received two Creative Arts Emmy Awards : Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special for `` How Insensitive '' and Outstanding Makeup For A Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) for `` Suicide is Painless '' . The season also received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series at the GLAAD Media Awards . Wilson was awarded the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series for her directing in `` Give Peace a Chance '' . The season also ranked at # 10 on Movieline 's top ten list . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . The sixth season 's episodes are altogether 1032 minutes in length . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 103 `` Good Mourning '' Edward Ornelas Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 Following the cliffhanger of season 5 , Izzie is shown to have survived , but gets a bad wake up call : George 's death . While the staff mourns the death of George , Meredith and the other residents are unsure how to continue with their lives as George 's death poses a major impact to them all , leaving them each to deal with it in their own way . 104 `` Goodbye '' Bill D'Elia Krista Vernoff September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 17.03 Cristina and Owen are finding it difficult to abstain from sex as instructed by Dr. Wyatt . Meredith and Derek consummate their wedding everywhere they go . Izzie mourns her best friend , George , after his death . Richard announces Seattle Grace will be merging with Mercy West . 105 `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' Michael Pressman Tony Phelan & Joan Rater October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 15.69 Bailey and Alex 's abilities are challenged when their case is complicated with the addition of the patient 's schizophrenic son . All the residents and interns of Seattle Grace fear for their jobs with the coming budget cuts and begin to compete in order to survive , with unfortunate consequences . 106 `` Tainted Obligation '' Tom Verica Jenna Bans October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 14.13 Meredith and Lexie are crossed with one another when Thatcher arrives , in dire need of a liver transplant , and Meredith is the only one who is viable to do so . Mark is tired of Cristina 's competitive zeal so he puts her on a case involving a man desiring a penis enlargement , and Izzie sympathizes with a man dying from cancer . 107 5 `` Invasion '' Tony Phelan Mark Wilding October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 13.79 Arizona stands by an enraged Callie when her father visits with a priest to attempt to convince her to renounce her homosexuality ; also , an accident derails a patient 's upcoming kidney donation , with Dr. Bailey promising to set things right , segueing into a crossover with Private Practice . Following a kidney patient mishap , Izzie is fired from the hospital staff . After finding out it was because of the kidney patient , Izzie blames Alex , and leaves him a Dear John letter and evidently disappears . 108 6 `` I Saw What I Saw '' Allison Liddi - Brown William Harper October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 14.67 Following the death of a patient , all the doctors concerned with the case are interviewed in a who - dunnit style . Owen , Cristina , Bailey , Alex , Callie , Lexie , Charles , Jackson , and Reed all give their opinions , and as the story unfolds to show that April Kepner was the one whose mistake it was , she is fired , even though Derek is against it . 109 7 `` Give Peace a Chance '' Chandra Wilson Peter Nowalk October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 13.74 Derek is asked by a hospital lab - tech , Isaac ( Faran Tahir ) , to cure him when it turns out that he has an inoperable tumor surrounding his spine . Struggling with the impossible surgery , Derek attempts to do the impossible while he questions Richard 's authority by doing the surgery , even though he was told not to by Richard . 110 8 `` Invest in Love '' Jessica Yu Stacy McKee November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 13.95 Arizona is stunned when her longtime patient 's parents offer the hospital a donation of twenty - five million dollars , but when her patient 's condition worsens , all eyes are on her to save him . Cristina tests her relationship when she blatantly disregards Owen 's orders and performs an unauthorised cardiac procedure , then later kisses Mercy Wester Jackson Avery at a surprise party for Arizona . Alex cares for a struggling newborn while Izzie remains missing . In the wake of great grief , Arizona and Callie take their relationship to the next level . 111 9 `` New History '' Rob Corn Allan Heinberg November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 14.87 Izzie 's back with an old teacher of hers that 's ill . Derek operates on him . Alex confronts Izzie and she blames him for being fired . Alex is equally angry because he says that `` he was her husband and she did n't give him the benefit of the doubt . '' Richard accidentally clips his emergency patient 's bile duct , causing the patient to turn yellow . Learning of this , Richard plans on leaving surgery for a while , and there is a recap of how he starts drinking again . Cristina gets a surprise gift from Owen : a cardio - goddess , Teddy Altman . 112 10 `` Holidaze '' Robert Berlinger Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 14.07 The holidays are n't so merry for the doctors at Seattle Grace - Mercy West hospital when Cristina suspects that something is or has been going on between her boyfriend , Owen , and his old friend , Teddy . Bailey is stunned when her father makes rash judgements about her life and the choices she has made , finally culminating in a showdown at Meredith 's Christmas dinner . Meanwhile , Alex is lonely since Izzie is still gone , while the Chief develops a steady addiction to alcohol . 113 11 `` Blink '' Randy Zisk Debora Cahn January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 12.73 Mark flies Addison to Seattle to help with a difficult procedure on his pregnant daughter , Sloan . Owen questions Teddy 's motives when she assigns Cristina the lead on a complicated surgery , and Derek 's suspicions are raised when the Chief recruits Meredith to assist with a high profile operation on . Lexie sleeps with Alex . This episode begins a crossover with Private Practice that concludes on `` Another Second Chance '' . 114 12 `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' Donna Deitch Tony Phelan & Joan Rater January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 12.65 Izzie returns , after getting a message from Meredith suggesting Alex is moving on . She spends the day at the hospital attempting to win Alex back and looking for a job in the neighborhood . Torres gets the chicken pox and becomes incensed when Arizona locks her in isolation . Alex breaks up with Izzie because he thinks he deserves someone who wo n't leave him . Izzie leaves , never to return . Derek tells the board that Richard is drinking and they fire him . 115 13 `` State of Love and Trust '' Jeannot Szwarc Stacy McKee February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 12.55 As Derek begins his role as interim chief , he faces a potential lawsuit when Bailey and Meredith 's patient awakens from anesthesia mid-surgery . Meanwhile , Teddy refuses to place Cristina on her service , while Alex begins to invest himself in Pediatrics , leaving plastics behind . As Mark refuses to speak to a heartbroken Lexie , Derek tries to convince Richard to seek treatment for his drinking . Derek later hires April Kepner and Megan Mostow back . 116 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' Stephen Cragg William Harper February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 12.74 It 's Valentine 's Day and the doctors must treat dozens of injured people after the roof collapses at a popular romantic restaurant ; Derek tries to manage his busy schedule as Chief of Surgery ; Meredith wrestles with her new duties as the Chief 's wife ; and Mark and Callie team up to convince Sloane to do the right thing for her baby , who is determined to give the baby up for adoption . 117 15 `` The Time Warp '' Rob Corn Zoanne Clack February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 10.21 Previous medical cases involving Webber , Bailey and Callie are told as part of a decision from Derek as the new chief . The cases shed light on the beginnings of the affair between the Chief ( played by J. August Richards ) and Ellis ( Sarah Paulson ) in 1982 , the makings of Bailey in the 2004 sequences , where viewers see Bailey in her pre - `` Nazi '' days and Callie shortly before she was introduced on the show . 118 16 `` Perfect Little Accident '' Bill D'Elia Peter Nowalk March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 11.83 Jackson Avery 's relationship to the legendary Harper Avery is revealed after he is admitted to the hospital , and it creates a stir around the hospital . Cristina , along with other residents , attempt to gain his attention , while Webber and Derek are nervous about operating on Harper Avery . Arizona tries to help Teddy move on to greener pastures when she sees how obsessed she is with Owen , and Mark attempts to get on after giving up Sloan 's baby through sex . 119 17 `` Push '' Chandra Wilson Debora Cahn March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 10.96 Dr. Hunt and Dr. Webber fight and compete over a patient with a large tumor , aided by Meredith and Cristina respectively . Dr. Bailey struggles to let her guard down and open up to her blooming relationship . Mark tries to get back into a relationship and asks Teddy to go out on a date . Callie realizes that Arizona does not want a baby as she does , leading her to question the relationship . Lexie realizes that Mark is moving on and breaks down . 120 18 `` Suicide is Painless '' Jeannot Szwarc Tony Phelan & Joan Rater March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 11.57 Dr. Hunt has trouble sleeping and is still showing signs of PTSD . Teddy and Hunt have been asked to help a patient die with physician assisted suicide , which leads to a flashback of Teddy and Hunt in the Army where Hunt was asked by a friend to help him die . Mark is enjoying dating Teddy and they are not having sex and he is happy . Callie confides in Mark about Arizona not wanting children . Meredith shows signs of hating Derek as Chief , as she becomes angry at Derek when she feels he stole one of her surgeries. April Kepner begins to act like Derek 's assistant instead of being a surgeon because she thinks she ca n't do it . 121 19 `` Sympathy for the Parents '' Debbie Allen Allan Heinberg April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 9.87 Meredith and Derek begin to discuss having a child , while Teddy and Mark have sex for the first time . Alex 's brother , Aaron , comes to visit , which reveals many of Alex 's secrets , much to the delight of Bailey and to the annoyance of Alex . Lexie begins to notice that April is developing a crush on Derek . Dr Webber , Lexie and Derek are faced with a patient that will come to change their lives forever . 122 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinner '' Tony Phelan Meg Marinis April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 10.47 Teddy is getting more involved with Mark , to get over Owen , but Mark 's daughter arrives at his house unexpectedly and in labor . Mark wants to keep the baby , and asks Torres for guidance while getting some unwanted advice from Arizona . Meredith begins to notice Dr. Kepner 's crush on Derek . 123 21 `` How Insensitive '' Tom Verica William Harper May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 11.03 Bailey preps the team with mandatory sensitivity training prior to admitting a 700 - pound patient with compounded medical issues , and the case proves to be challenging in every sense of the word . Meanwhile Derek has to come face to face with a former patient 's husband in a wrongful death deposition , and spending time with a heart patient 's daughter opens up some old wounds for Cristina . 124 22 `` Shiny Happy People '' Edward Ornelas Zoanne Clack & Peter Nowalk May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 11.05 An elderly patient admitted into the E.R. for a heart condition sees a familiar face : a long lost love who happens to be in the E.R. as well for a fractured arm , and the staff find themselves caught up in their love story . Meanwhile , Karev treats a troubled teenage patient called Hayley May ( Demi Lovato ) whose parents brought her in for schizophrenia . Meredith ca n't help but tell Cristina about her suspicions of Owen , making Cristina confront Owen about his feelings for Teddy , and Mark makes a confession to Lexie . 125 23 `` Sanctuary '' Stephen Cragg Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 13.93 The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis : a shooter is in the hospital , and making the hospital go into a lockdown . Meredith discovers that she is pregnant , while Cristina breaks up with Owen after he ca n't decide between her and Teddy . The shooter , Gary Clark , shoots Reed Adamson and Alex , which leads to Lexie and Mark trying to save him . Bailey must try to save Charles with the help of her patient Mary ( Mandy Moore ) after he is shot , while Derek is confronted by Gary Clark , who shoots him after being interrupted by April . 126 24 `` Death and All His Friends '' Rob Corn Shonda Rhimes May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 16.13 With the crisis unfolding , each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations . Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek , who has been shot . Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she does n't want to have a baby if it means she ca n't be with Arizona . Arizona agrees to have a baby because she said that she did n't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother . Bailey tries to save Charles Percy , who has been shot by the shooter , with limited resources . The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek and Jackson pretends to stop saving Derek so that the shooter goes away . Meredith thinks that Derek is going to die , and has a miscarriage . Owen realizes that he loves Cristina , and chooses her over Teddy . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 103 `` Good Mourning '' September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 p.m. 6.7 / 17 17.03 104 `` Goodbye '' September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) 6.7 / 17 17.03 105 `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' October 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) 6.1 / 16 15.69 106 `` Tainted Obligation '' October 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) 5.4 / 14 14.17 107 5 `` Invasion '' October 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 15 ) 5.0 / 13 13.79 108 6 `` I Saw What I Saw '' October 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 22 ) 5.3 / 14 14.67 109 7 `` Give Peace a Chance '' October 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) 5.2 / 13 13.74 110 8 `` Invest in Love '' November 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) 5.1 / 13 13.95 111 9 `` New History '' November 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) 5.6 / 14 14.87 112 10 `` Holidaze '' November 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 19 ) 5.1 / 13 14.07 113 11 `` Blink '' January 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 14 ) 4.8 / 12 12.73 114 12 `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' January 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) 4.7 / 12 12.65 115 13 `` State of Love and Trust '' February 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) 4.5 / 12 12.55 116 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' February 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 11 ) 4.4 / 11 12.74 117 15 `` The Time Warp '' February 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) 3.7 / 9 10.21 118 16 `` Perfect Little Accident '' March 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 04 ) 4.0 / 11 11.83 119 17 `` Push '' March 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) 3.9 / 11 10.96 120 18 `` Suicide is Painless '' March 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) 3.7 / 10 11.57 121 19 `` Sympathy for the Parents '' April 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) 3.5 / 11 9.69 122 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinner '' April 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 29 ) 3.8 / 11 10.47 123 21 `` How Insensitive '' May 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 06 ) 3.8 / 11 11.03 124 22 `` Shiny Happy People '' May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 3.9 / 11 11.05 125 23 `` Sanctuary '' May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 4.9 / 14 13.93 126 24 `` Death and All His Friends '' May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 5.9 / 17 16.13 DVD Release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season - More is Better Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Dissecting Grey 's Anatomy - Unaired Scenes In Stitches : Season Six Outtakes Chandra wilson : Anatomy of A Talent Seattle Grace : On Call - 6 Webisodes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 14 , 2010 December 5 , 2011 November 3 , 2010 References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ All crew for season six can be seen on the opening and closing credits of each episode . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was the `` Best Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . July 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Katherine Heigl on being ' disappointed ' in herself and the truth behind Emmygate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` This week 's cover ( exclusive ! ) : Katherine Heigl confirms ' Grey 's Anatomy ' departure '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Krista Vernoff on `` Good Mourning '' and `` Goodbye '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . September 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Raver Bringing A Love Triangle To ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . October 26 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rater , Joan ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Joan Rater on `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Sanctuary '' and `` Death and All His Friends '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Thursday broadcast finals , plus quarter hour detail for FlashForward '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : `` FlashForward , '' `` Marriage Ref '' Inch Up ; `` The Mentalist '' Inches Down `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Rules Finale Thursday ; ' Bones ' , ' FlashForward ' , ' CSI ' , ' Parks ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Ref ' Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . 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Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_6)&oldid=851716698 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy episodes Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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-817816704258522996	Influence of the French Revolution	Influence of the French Revolution - wikipedia Influence of the French Revolution Jump to : navigation , search The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history . In the short - term , France lost thousands of her countrymen in the form of émigrés , or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives . A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries ( chiefly Great Britain , Germany , Austria , and Prussia ) , however quite a few also went to the United States . The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture , policies regulating immigration , and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution . The long - term impact on France was profound , shaping politics , society , religion and ideas , and polarizing politics for more than a century . The closer other countries were , the greater and deeper was the French impact , bringing liberalism and the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices . However , there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon , reinstalled the Bourbon kings , and in some ways reversed the new reforms . Most of the new nations created by the French were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814 . However , Frederick Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution : For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law , a fair system of taxation , a better economic situation , and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical , economic , and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality . Likewise in Switzerland the long - term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin : It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law , equality of languages , freedom of thought and faith ; it created a Swiss citizenship , basis of our modern nationality , and the separation of powers , of which the old regime had no conception ; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints ; it unified weights and measures , reformed civil and penal law , authorized mixed marriages ( between Catholics and Protestants ) , suppressed torture and improved justice ; it developed education and public works . The greatest impact came in France itself . In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland , France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality , and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government . Power became centralized in Paris , with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men . French politics were permanently polarized -- new names were given , ' left ' and ' right ' for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Impact on France 2 Impact on Europe 2.1 French emigration 2.2 French conquests 2.3 Nationalism 2.4 Britain 2.5 Ireland 2.6 Germany 2.7 Switzerland 2.8 Belgium 2.9 Netherlands 2.10 Denmark and Sweden 3 Impact on the New World and beyond 3.1 United States 3.2 Haiti and Latin America 3.3 Middle East 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading Impact on France ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution § France The changes in France were enormous ; some were widely accepted and others were bitterly contested into the late 20th century . Before the Revolution , the people had little power or voice . The kings had so thoroughly centralized the system that most nobles spent their time at Versailles , and played only a small direct role in their home districts . Thompson says that the kings had : ruled by virtue of their personal wealth , their patronage of the nobility , their disposal of ecclesiastical offices , their provincial governors ( intendants ) , their control over the judges and magistrates , and their command of the Army . After the first year of revolution , this power had been stripped away . The king was a figurehead , the nobility had lost all their titles and most of their land , the Church lost its monasteries and farmlands , bishops , judges and magistrates were elected by the people , the army was almost helpless , with military power in the hands of the new revolutionary National Guard . The central elements of 1789 were the slogan `` Liberté , égalité , fraternité '' and `` The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen '' , which Lefebvre calls `` the incarnation of the Revolution as a whole . '' The long - term impact on France was profound , shaping politics , society , religion and ideas , and polarizing politics for more than a century . Historian François Aulard writes : From the social point of view , the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system , in the emancipation of the individual , in greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth , the establishment of equality , the simplification of life ... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity . '' Impact on Europe ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Europe was wracked by two decades of war revolving around France 's efforts to spread its revolutionary ideals , and the opposition of reactionary royalty , led by Britain and Austria . War broke out in 1792 as Austria and Prussia invaded France , but were defeated at the Battle of Valmy ( 1792 ) . French emigration ( edit ) Main article : French emigration ( 1789 -- 1815 ) To escape political tensions and save their lives , a number of individuals , mostly men , emigrated from France . Many settled in neighboring countries ( chiefly Great Britain , Germany , Austria , and Prussia ) , and quite a few went to the United States . The presence of these thousands of Frenchmen of varying socioeconomic backgrounds who had just fled a hotbed of revolutionary activity posed a problem for the nations that extended refuge to the migrants . The fear was that they brought with them a plot to disrupt the political order , which did lead to increased regulation and documentation of the influx of immigrants in neighboring countries . Still , most nations such as Britain remained magnanimous and welcomed the French . French conquests ( edit ) In foreign affairs , the French Army at first was quite successful . It conquered Belgium and turned it into another province of France . It conquered the Netherlands , and made it a puppet state . It took control of the German areas on the left bank of the Rhine River and set up a puppet regime . It conquered Switzerland and most of Italy , setting up a series of puppet states . The result was glory for France , and an infusion of much needed money from the conquered lands , which also provided direct support to the French Army . However the enemies of France , led by Britain and funded by the inexhaustible British Treasury , formed a Second Coalition in 1799 ( with Britain joined by Russia , the Ottoman Empire , and Austria ) . It scored a series of victories that rolled back French successes , and The French Army trapped in Egypt . Napoleon himself slipped through the British blockade in October 1799 , returning to Paris . Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in 1797 -- 99 . He consolidated old units and split up Austria 's holdings . He set up a series of new republics , complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges . Napoleon 's Cisalpine Republic was centered on Milan . Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic . The Roman Republic was formed out of the papal holdings while the pope himself was sent to France . The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples , but it lasted only five months before the enemy forces of the Coalition recaptured it . In 1805 he formed the Kingdom of Italy , with himself as king and his stepson as viceroy . In addition , France turned the Netherlands into the Batavian Republic , and Switzerland into the Helvetic Republic . All these new countries where satellites of France , and had to pay large subsidies to Paris , as well as provide military support for Napoleon 's wars . Their political and administrative systems were modernized , the metric system introduced , and trade barriers reduced . Jewish ghettos were abolished . Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France . The new nations were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814 . However , Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution : For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law , a fair system of taxation , a better economic situation , and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical , economic , and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality . Nationalism ( edit ) Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy report , `` It has long been almost a truism of European history that the French Revolution gave a great stimulus to the growth of modern nationalism . '' Nationalism was emphasized by historian Carlton J.H. Hayes as a major result of the French Revolution across Europe . The impact on French nationalism was profound . Napoleon became such a heroic symbol of the nation that the glory was easily picked up by his nephew , who was overwhelmingly elected president ( and later became Emperor Napoleon III ) . The influence was great in the hundreds of small German states and elsewhere , where it was either inspired by the French example or in reaction against it . Britain ( edit ) At the beginning of the Revolution , Britain supported the constitutional monarchy , up until they de-instated the king Louis XVI . Britain saw minority support for the French Revolution , but the majority , especially the elite , were strongly opposed . Britain led and funded the series of coalitions that fought France from 1793 to 1815 , and then restored the Bourbons . Edmund Burke was the chief spokesman for the opposition . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , the effect was to transform what had been an attempt by Protestant settlers to gain some autonomy into a mass movement led by the Society of United Irishmen involving Catholics and Protestants . It stimulated the demand for further reform throughout Ireland , especially in Ulster . The upshot was a revolt in 1798 , led by Wolfe Tone , that was crushed by Britain . This revolt is seen as the foundation for modern Irish republicanism , which eventually led to the partition of Ireland and independence for 26 of its 32 counties . Germany ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of Germany § French Revolution 1789 -- 1815 German reaction to the Revolution swung from favorable at first to antagonistic . At first it brought liberal and democratic ideas , the end of guilds , of serfdom and of the Jewish ghetto . It brought economic freedoms and agrarian and legal reform . German intellectuals celebrated the outbreak , hoping to see the triumph of Reason and The Enlightenment . There were enemies as well , as the royal courts in Vienna and Berlin denounced the overthrow of the king and the threatened spread of notions of liberty , equality , and fraternity . By 1793 , the execution of the French king and the onset of the Terror disillusioned the `` Bildungsbürgertum '' ( educated middle classes ) . Reformers said the solution was to have faith in the ability of Germans to reform their laws and institutions in peaceful fashion . The Confederation of the Rhine , composed of client states under Napoleon 's control , 1806 to 1813 ; most German states belonged except Prussia ( in the northeast ) and Austria ( in the southeast ) . The map text is in German After Prussia was humiliated by Napoleon opinion swung against France and stimulated and shaped German nationalism . France took direct control of the Rhineland 1794 -- 1814 and radically and permanently liberalized the government , society and economy . The French swept away centuries worth of outmoded restrictions and introduced unprecedented levels of efficiency . The chaos and barriers in a land divided and subdivided among many different petty principalities gave way to a rational , simplified , centralized system controlled by Paris and run by Napoleon 's relatives . The most important impact came from the abolition of all feudal privileges and historic taxes , the introduction of legal reforms of the Napoleonic Code , and the reorganization of the judicial and local administrative systems . The economic integration of the Rhineland with France increased prosperity , especially in industrial production , while business accelerated with the new efficiency and lowered trade barriers . The Jews were liberated from the ghetto . One sour point was the hostility of the French officials toward the Roman Catholic Church , the choice of most of the residents . Much of South Germany felt a similar but more muted influence of the French Revolution , while in Prussia and areas to the east there was far less impact . The reforms were permanent . Decades later workers and peasants in the Rhineland often appealed to Jacobinism to oppose unpopular government programs , while the intelligentsia demanded the maintenance of the Napoleonic Code ( which was stayed in effect for a century ) . Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Helvetic Republic The French invaded Switzerland and turned it into an ally known as the `` Helvetic Republic '' ( 1798 -- 1803 ) . The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented , although some modernizing reforms took place . Resistance was strongest in the more traditional Catholic bastions , with armed uprisings breaking out in spring 1798 in the central part of Switzerland . Alois Von Reding , a powerful Swiss general , led an army of 10,000 men from the Cantons of Uri , Schwyz and Nidwalden against the French . This resulted in the Swiss regaining control of Lucerne , however due to the sheer greatness in size of the French army , Von Reding 's movement was eventually suppressed . The French Army suppressed the uprisings but support for revolutionary ideals steadily declined , as the Swiss resented their loss of local democracy , the new taxes , the centralization , and the hostility to religion . The instability of France resulted in the creation of two different revolutionary groups with different ideologies of revolt : The aristocrats , seeking the restoration of the Old Swiss Confederacy and a section of the population wanting a coup . Furthermore , Switzerland became a battleground between the armies of France , Austria and Russia . Ultimately , this instability , frequent coups within the government and the eventual Bourla - papey forced Napoleon to sign the Act of Medallion which led to the fall of the Helvetic Republic and the restoration of the Confederacy . The long - term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin : It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law , equality of languages , freedom of thought and faith ; it created a Swiss citizenship , basis of our modern nationality , and the separation of powers , of which the old regime had no conception ; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints ; it unified weights and measures , reformed civil and penal law , authorized mixed marriages ( between Catholics and Protestants ) , suppressed torture and improved justice ; it developed education and public works . Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Belgium in the long nineteenth century § French rule French invaded the territory of modern - day Belgium and controlled it between 1794 -- 1814 . The French imposed reforms and incorporated the territory into France . New rulers were sent in by Paris . Belgian men were drafted into the French wars and heavily taxed . Nearly everyone was Catholic , but the Church was repressed . Resistance was strong in every sector , as Belgian nationalism emerged to oppose French rule . The French legal system , however , was adopted , with its equal legal rights , and abolition of class distinctions . Belgium now had a government bureaucracy selected by merit . Antwerp regained access to the sea and grew quickly as a major port and business center . France promoted commerce and capitalism , paving the way for the ascent of the bourgeoisie and the rapid growth of manufacturing and mining . In economics , therefore , the nobility declined while the middle class Belgian entrepreneurs flourished because of their inclusion in a large market , paving the way for Belgium 's leadership role after 1815 in the Industrial Revolution on the Continent . Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Batavian Republic France turned the Netherlands into a puppet state that had to pay large indemnities . Denmark and Sweden ( edit ) Main article : History of Denmark § Reforms The Kingdom of Denmark adopted liberalizing reforms in line with those of the French Revolution , with no direct contact . Danes were aware of French ideas and agreed with them , as it moved from Danish absolutism to a liberal constitutional system between 1750 -- 1850 . The change of government in 1784 was caused by a power vacuum created when King Christian VII took ill , and power shifted to the crown prince ( who later became King Frederik VI ) and reform - oriented landowners . In contrast to Old Regime France , agricultural reform was intensified in Denmark , serfdom was abolished and civil rights were extended to the peasants , the finances of the Danish state were healthy , and there were no external or internal crises . That is , reform was gradual and the regime itself carried out agrarian reforms that had the effect of weakening absolutism by creating a class of independent peasant freeholders . Much of the initiative came from well - organized liberals who directed political change in the first half of the 19th century . In Sweden , King Gustav III ( reigned 1771 -- 92 ) was an enlightened despot , who weakened the nobility and promoted numerous major social reforms . He felt the Swedish monarchy could survive and flourish by achieving a coalition with the newly emerged middle classes against the nobility . He was close to King Louis XVI so he was disgusted with French radicalism . Nevertheless , he decided to promote additional antifeudal reforms to strengthen his hand among the middle classes . When the king was assassinated in 1792 his brother Charles became regent , but real power was with Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm , who bitterly opposed the French Revolution and all its supporters . Under King Gustav IV Adolf , Sweden joined various coalitions against Napoleon , but was badly defeated and lost much of its territory , especially Finland and Pomerania . The king was overthrown by the army , which in 1810 decided to bring in one of Napoleon 's marshals , Bernadotte , as the heir apparent and army commander . He had a Jacobin background and was well - grounded in revolutionary principles , but put Sweden in the coalition that opposed Napoleon . Bernadotte served as a quite conservative king Charles XIV John of Sweden ( 1818 -- 44 ) . Impact on the new world and beyond ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The French Revolution fished widespread American support in its early phase , but when the king was executed it polarized American opinion and played a major role in shaping American politics . President George Washington declared neutrality in the European wars , but the polarization shaped the First Party System . In 1793 , the first `` Democratic societies '' were formed . They supported the French Revolution in the wake of the execution of the king . The word `` democrat '' was proposed by French Ambassador Citizen Genet for the societies , which he was secretly subsidizing . The emerging Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton began to ridicule the supporters of Thomas Jefferson as `` democrats '' . Genet now began mobilizing American voters using French money , for which he was expelled by President Washington . After President Washington denounced the societies as unrepublican , they faded away . In 1793 , as war broke out in Europe , the Jeffersonian Republican Party favored France and pointed to the 1778 treaty that was still in effect . Washington and his unanimous cabinet ( including Jefferson ) decided the treaty did not bind the U.S. to enter the war ; instead Washington proclaimed neutrality . Under President Adams , a Federalist , an undeclared naval war took place with France in 1798 -- 99 , called the `` Quasi War '' . Jefferson became president in 1801 , but was hostile to Napoleon as a dictator and emperor . Nevertheless , he did seize the opportunity to purchase Louisiana in 1803 . The broad similarities but different experiences between the French and American revolutions lead to a certain kinship between France and the United States , with both countries seeing themselves as pioneers of liberty and promoting republican ideals . This bond manifesting itself in such exchanges as the gift of the Statue of Liberty by France . Haiti and Latin America ( edit ) The call for modification of society was influenced by the revolution in France , and once the hope for change found a place in the hearts of the Haitian people , there was no stopping the radical reformation that was occurring . The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution , which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion . Just as the French were successful in transforming their society , so were the Haitians . On April 4 , 1792 , The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in Haiti and the revolution culminated in 1804 ; Haiti was an independent nation solely of freed peoples . The activities of the revolutions sparked change across the world . France 's transformation was most influential in Europe , and Haiti 's influence spanned across every location that continued to practice slavery . John E. Baur honors Haiti as home of the most influential Revolution in history . As early as 1810 , the term `` liberal '' was coined in Spanish politics to indicate supporters of the French Revolution . This usage passed to Latin America and animated the independence movement against Spain . In the nineteenth century `` Liberalism '' was the dominant element in Latin American political thought . French liberal ideas were especially influential in Mexico , particularly as seen through the writings of Alexis de Tocqueville , Benjamin Constant and Édouard René de Laboulaye . The Latin American political culture oscillated between two opposite poles : the traditional , as based on highly specific personal and family ties to kin groups , communities , and religious identity ; and the modern , based on impersonal ideals of individualism , equality , legal rights , and secularism or anti-clericalism . The French Revolutionary model was the basis for the modern viewpoint , as explicated in Mexico in the writings of José María Luis Mora ( 1794 -- 1850 ) . In Mexico , modern liberalism was best expressed in the Liberal Party , the Constitution of 1857 , the policies of Benito Juárez , and finally by Francisco I. Madero 's democratic movement leading to the Revolution of 1911 . Middle East ( edit ) The impact of the French Revolution on the Middle East came in terms of the political and military impact of Napoleon 's invasion ; and in the eventual influence of revolutionary and liberal ideas and revolutionary movements or rebellions . In terms of Napoleon 's invasion in 1798 , the response by Ottoman officials was highly negative . They warned that traditional religion would be overthrown . Long - standing Ottoman friendship with France ended . Sultan Selim III immediately realized how far behind his empire was , and started to modernize both his army and his governmental system . In Egypt itself , the ruling elite of Mamluks was permanently displaced , speeding the reforms . In intellectual terms , the immediate impact of the French Revolutionary ideas was nearly invisible , but there was a long - range influence on liberal ideas and the ideal of legal equality , as well as the notion of opposition to a tyrannical government . In this regard , the French Revolution brought such influential themes as constitutionalism , parliamentarianism , individual liberty , legal equality , and the sense of ethnic nationalism . These came to fruition about 1876 . See also ( edit ) Edmund Burke # French Revolution : 1688 versus 1789 Liberalism # French revolution Romanticism and the French Revolution Papal States # French Revolution and Napoleonic era Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey , The French Revolution ( 2004 ) , Foreword . Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton , A History of the Modern World ( 5th ed. 1978 ) , p. 341 Jump up ^ Ferenc Fehér , The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity , ( 1990 ) pp. 117 - 30 Jump up ^ Mike Rapport and Peter McPhee . `` The International Repercussions of the French Revolution '' , in A Companion to the French Revolution ( 2013 ) , pp 379 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Klaits , Joseph ; Haltzel , Michael H. ; Haltzel , Michael ( 2002 ) . Global Ramifications of the American Revolution . Cambridge UP . ^ Jump up to : Frederick B. Artz , Reaction & Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( Rise of Modern Europe ) ( 1934 ) , pp. 142 -- 43 Jump up ^ William Martin , Histoire de la Suisse ( Paris , 1926 ) , pp 187 -- 88 , quoted in Crane Brinson , A Decade of Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) , p. 235 . Jump up ^ John Hall Stewart , A Documentary Survey of the french revolution ( 1951 ) pp 783 -- 94 Jump up ^ J.M. Thompson , Robespierre and the French Revolution ( 1962 ) , p. 22 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) ( 1947 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ A. Aulard in Arthur Tilley , ed. ( 1922 ) . Modern France . A Companion to French Studies . Cambridge UP . p. 115 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp 341 -- 68 Jump up ^ Steven T. Ross , European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp 62 -- 65 , 78 -- 79 , 88 -- 96 , 115 -- 17 , 154 -- 59 Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 293 -- 326 , 365 -- 94 Jump up ^ Dann , Otto ; Dinwiddy , John ( 1988 ) . Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution . Continuum . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Fry Hyslop , French Nationalism in 1789 ( 1968 ) especially chap. 7 Jump up ^ Carlton J.H. Hayes , The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism ( 1931 ) , ch 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Keitner , Chimene I. ( 2007 ) . The Paradoxes of Nationalism : The French Revolution and Its Meaning for Contemporary Nation Building . SUNY Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Emma Vincent Macleod , A War of Ideas : British Attitudes to the War against Revolutionary France , 1792 -- 1802 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : The Struggle , Volume II ( 1970 ) , pp 459 -- 505 . Jump up ^ Nick Pelling ( 2002 ) . Anglo - Irish Relations : 1798 1922 . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 491 -- 508 . Jump up ^ James J. Sheehan , German History , 1770 -- 1866 ( 1993 ) , pp. 207 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 425 - 58 Jump up ^ Blanning Blanning , `` The French Revolution and the Modernization of Germany '' , in Central European History ( 1989 ) 22 # 2 , pp 109 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Theodore S. Hamerow ( 1958 ) . Restoration , Revolution , Reaction : Economics and Politics in Germany , 1815 -- 1871 . Princeton UP . pp. 22 -- 24 , 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ T.C.W. Blanning , The French Revolution in Germany : Occupation and Resistance in the Rhineland 1792 -- 1802 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Hajo Holborn , A History of Modern Germany , 1648 -- 1840 ( 1964 ) , pp 386 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Michael Rowe , From Reich to state : the Rhineland in the revolutionary age , 1780 -- 1830 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lerner , Marc H. Lerner , `` The Helvetic Republic : An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty '' , French History ( 2004 ) 18 # 1 , pp 50 -- 75 . Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 394 -- 421 Jump up ^ Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy ( 1988 ) . Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution . Continuum . pp. 190 -- 98 . Jump up ^ William Martin , Histoire de la Suisse ( Paris , 1926 ) , pp 187 -- 88 , quoted in Crane Brinson , A Decade of Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) , p. 235 . Jump up ^ E.H. Kossmann , The Low Countries : 1780 -- 1940 ( 1978 ) pp 65 -- 81 , 101 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bernard A. Cook , Belgium ( 2005 ) pp 49 -- 54 Jump up ^ Samuel Clark , `` Nobility , Bourgeoisie and the Industrial Revolution in Belgium , '' Past & Present ( 1984 ) # 105 pp. 140 -- 175 ; in JSTOR Jump up ^ Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution 2 : 394 -- 421 Jump up ^ Henrik Horstboll , and Uffe Ostergård , `` Reform and Revolution : The French Revolution and the Case of Denmark , '' Scandinavian Journal of History ( 1990 ) 15 # 3 pp 155 -- 79 Jump up ^ H. Arnold Barton , Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1815 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Munro Price , `` Louis XVI and Gustavus III : Secret Diplomacy and Counter-Revolution , 1791 -- 1792 , '' Historical Journal ( 1999 ) 42 # 2 pp. 435 -- 466 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Bernadotte : Napoleon 's Marshal , Sweden 's King ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Charles Downer Hazen ( 1897 ) . Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution . Johns Hopkins UP . Jump up ^ Genet would have been executed if he returned to Paris ; he stayed in New York , became an American citizen , and married the daughter of the governor of New York . Eugene R. Sheridan , `` The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet : A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy '' , Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 4 pp : 463 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` Jefferson , the Napoleonic Wars , and the Balance of Power '' , William and Mary Quarterly ( 1957 ) 14 # 2 pp. 196 -- 217 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Similarities Between the American and French Revolutions : Western Civilization II Guides '' . Western Civilization II Guides . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The French Connection - Statue Of Liberty National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rand , David . `` The Haitian Revolution . '' The Haitian Revolution . Accessed March 25 , 2015 . http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/san_domingo_revolution/ individual_essay / david. html . Jump up ^ Ghachem , Malick W . The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Akamefula , Tiye , Camille Newsom , Burgey Marcos , and Jong Ho . `` Causes of the Haitian Revolution . '' Haitian Revolution . September 1 , 2012 . Accessed March 25 , 2015 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 26 ... Jump up ^ Baur , John . `` International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution . '' The Americas 26 , no . 4 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Charles A. Hale , `` The revival of political history and the French Revolution in Mexico '' , in Joseph Klaits and Michael Haltzel , eds . Global Ramifications of the French Revolution ( 2002 ) , pp 158 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Nikki R. Keddied , `` The French Revolution in the Middle East '' , in Joseph Klaits and Michael Haltzel , eds . Global Ramifications of the French Revolution ( 2002 ) , pp 140 -- 57 . Further reading ( edit ) Amann , Peter H. , ed . The Eighteenth - Century Revolution : French or Western ? ( Heath , 1963 ) readings from historians Brinton , Crane . A Decade of Revolution 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) the Revolution in European context Desan , Suzanne , et al. eds . The French Revolution in Global Perspective ( 2013 ) Desan , Suzanne . `` Internationalizing the French Revolution , '' French Politics , Culture & Society ( 2011 ) 29 # 2 pp 137 -- 160 . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory . ed . The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars : A Political , Social , and Military History ( ABC - CLIO : 3 vol 2006 ) Goodwin , A. , ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 8 : The American and French Revolutions , 1763 -- 93 ( 1965 ) , 764pp Grab , Alexander . Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( Macmillan , 2003 ) , country by country analysis Mazlish , Bruce . `` The French Revolution in Comparative Perspective , '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1970 ) 85 # 2 pp. 240 -- 258 in JSTOR Palmer , R.R. `` The World Revolution of the West : 1763 -- 1801 , '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1954 ) 69 # 1 pp. 1 -- 14 in JSTOR Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . ( 2 vol 1959 ) , highly influential comparative history ; vol 1 online Rapport , Mike , and Peter McPhee . `` The International Repercussions of the French Revolution . '' in A Companion to the French Revolution ( 2013 ) pp : 379 -- 396 . Ross , Steven T. European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Rothenberg , Gunther E. ( Spring 1988 ) . `` The Origins , Causes , and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 18 ( 4 ) : 771 -- 93 . JSTOR 204824 . Rude , George F. and Harvey J. Kaye . Revolutionary Europe , 1783 -- 1815 ( 2000 ) , scholarly survey excerpt and text search Schroeder , Paul . The Transformation of European Politics , 1763 -- 1848 . 1996 ; Thorough coverage of diplomatic history ; hostile to Napoleon ; online edition Skocpol , Theda . States and social revolutions : A comparative analysis of France , Russia and China ( Cambridge University Press , 1979 . ) influential sociological comparison French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Influence_of_the_French_Revolution&oldid=833905457 '' Categories : French Revolution Impact of revolutions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how the french revolution contributed to the rise of democracy	[]	[]
1884246670552061006	2018 Commonwealth Games medal table	2018 Commonwealth Games medal table - Wikipedia 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Part of a series on 2018 Commonwealth Games ( show ) Bids Venues ( Athletes ' Village ) Concerns and controversies Queen 's Baton Relay Opening ceremony ( Parade of Nations ) Participating teams Medal table Chronological summary Closing ceremony Mascot CGF CGA The 2018 Commonwealth Games ( officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games ) , were a multi-sport event held in Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . 275 medal events were held at these games . Australia , serving as the host nation , dominated the games with 80 gold , 59 silver and 59 bronze , for a total of 198 medals . Contents 1 Firsts 2 Medal table 3 Doping 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Firsts ( edit ) The Solomon Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Jenly Tegu Wini in the women 's 58 kg weightlifting event . The Cook Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by Taiki Paniani and Aidan Zittersteijn in the men 's pairs lawn bowls event . Vanuatu won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal , a bronze won by para athlete Friana Kwevira in the women 's javelin throw ( F46 ) event . Dominica won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Thea LaFond won a bronze medal in the women 's triple jump event . A few days later , Dominica won its first ever silver medal when Yordanys Duranona Garcia came second in the men 's triple jump event . British Virgin Islands won its first ever Commonwealth Games medal when Kyron McMaster won a gold in the men 's 400m hurdles . Saint Lucia won its first ever Commonwealth Games gold medal when Levern Spencer won the women 's high jump event . Medal table ( edit ) The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 11 Jamaica ( JAM ) 7 9 11 27 12 Malaysia ( MAS ) 7 5 12 24 13 Singapore ( SGP ) 5 9 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 7 6 17 15 Uganda ( UGA ) 6 16 Botswana ( BOT ) 5 17 Samoa ( SAM ) 0 5 18 Trinidad and Tobago ( TTO ) 0 19 Namibia ( NAM ) 0 0 20 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) 7 12 21 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 22 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) 0 23 Fiji ( FIJ ) 24 Pakistan ( PAK ) 0 5 25 Grenada ( GRN ) 0 26 Bermuda ( BER ) 0 0 Guyana ( GUY ) 0 0 British Virgin Islands ( IVB ) 0 0 Saint Lucia ( LCA ) 0 0 30 Bangladesh ( BAN ) 0 0 31 Sri Lanka ( SRI ) 0 5 6 32 Cameroon ( CMR ) 0 33 Dominica ( DMA ) 0 34 Isle of Man ( IOM ) 0 0 Mauritius ( MRI ) 0 0 Nauru ( NRU ) 0 0 37 Malta ( MLT ) 0 0 Vanuatu ( VAN ) 0 0 39 Cook Islands ( COK ) 0 0 Ghana ( GHA ) 0 0 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) 0 0 Seychelles ( SEY ) 0 0 Solomon Islands ( SOL ) 0 0 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 Doping ( edit ) Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu , the Weightlifting Women 's 53 kg gold medallist for India subsequently failed an anti-doping test . Should this medal be stripped , Papua New Guinea athlete Dika Toua will be promoted from silver to gold , the Canadian Rachel Leblanc - Bazinet will become the silver medallist and the Sri Lankan athlete Chamari Warnakulasuriya moved up to take the bronze . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Gold Coast portal Queensland portal Australia portal All - time Commonwealth Games medal table References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport : Solomon Islands win first Comm Games medal '' . Radio New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand . 7 April 2018 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Persico , Christina ; Mitchell , Stephanie ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Taranaki teen wins Cook Islands ' first Commonwealth Games medal '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Nick ( 9 April 2018 ) . `` Simbine stuns Blake to win Commonwealth Games 100 metres '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE : Thea Lafond wins bronze for Dominica at Commonwealth Games '' . Dominica News Online . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics Event Schedule Women 's Triple Jump - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelner , Martha ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` Kyron McMaster lets the tears flow after gold follows coach 's death '' . The Guardian . London , England . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Chris ( 12 April 2018 ) . `` A year after Hurricane Irma , Kyron McMaster wins BVI 's first Commonwealth medal '' . CNN . Atlanta , Georgia , United States . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Inside The Games ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official medal table Commonwealth Games medal tables 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games_medal_table&oldid=854645726 '' Categories : 2018 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medal tables Queensland - related lists Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch हिन्दी 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	medals won by australia in commonwealth games 2018	[ "Australia, serving as the host nation, dominated the games with 80 gold, 59 silver and 59 bronze, for a total of 198 medals.\n" ]	[ "80 gold, 59 silver and 59 bronze" ]
-88437718346179973	Alan Rickman	Alan Rickman - wikipedia Alan Rickman Jump to : navigation , search Alan Rickman Rickman in 2010 Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman ( 1946 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1946 London , England 14 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) ( aged 69 ) London , England Cause of death Pancreatic cancer Education Latymer Upper School Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor , director Years active 1974 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Rima Horton ( m . 2012 ) Partner ( s ) Rima Horton ( 1977 - 2012 ) Parent ( s ) Bernard William Rickman Margaret Doreen Rose Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman ( 21 February 1946 -- 14 January 2016 ) was an English actor and director known for playing a variety of roles on stage and on screen . Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London , and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , performing in modern and classical theatre productions . His first big television part came in 1982 , but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of Les Liaisons Dangereuses in 1985 , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award . Rickman gained wider notice for his film performances as Hans Gruber in Die Hard and Severus Snape in the Harry Potter film series . Rickman 's other film roles included the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves , for which he received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Jamie in Truly , Madly , Deeply , Colonel Brandon in Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility , the title character in Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny , which won him a Golden Globe , an Emmy and a Screen Actors Guild Award , Harry in Love Actually , P.L. O'Hara in An Awfully Big Adventure , Dr. Alfred Blalock in the Emmy - winning HBO film Something the Lord Made , Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest , and Judge Turpin in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim 's musical of Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . Rickman died of cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69 . His final film roles are as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller Eye in the Sky , and the voice of Absolem , the caterpillar in Alice Through the Looking Glass . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 In the media 4 Personal life 5 Illness and death 6 Filmography 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Rickman was born in West London on 21 February 1946 , to a working - class family , the son of Margaret Doreen Rose ( née Bartlett ) , a housewife , and Bernard William Rickman . Rickman 's father was a factory worker , house painter and decorator , and former World War II aircraft fitter . His ancestry was English , Irish and Welsh ; his father was Catholic and his mother a Methodist . Rickman 's family also included brothers David and Michael , and sister Sheila . When he was eight years old , Rickman 's father died of lung cancer , leaving his mother to raise him and his three siblings mostly alone . According to Paton , the family was `` rehoused by the council and moved to an Acton estate to the west of Wormwood Scrubs Prison , where his mother struggled to bring up four children on her own by working for the Post Office . '' She married again in 1960 , but divorced Rickman 's stepfather after three years . Before he met Rima Horton at 19 , he stated that his first crush was at 10 years old to a girl named Amanda `` at sports day . '' As a child , he excelled at calligraphy and watercolour painting . Rickman attended Derwentwater Primary School in Acton , a school that followed the Montessori method of education , and then Latymer Upper School in London through the Direct Grant system , where he became involved in drama . After leaving Latymer , he attended Chelsea College of Art and Design and then the Royal College of Art . This education allowed him to work as a graphic designer for the Royal College of Art 's in - house magazine , ARK and the Notting Hill Herald , which Rickman considered a more stable occupation than acting : `` Drama school was n't considered the sensible thing to do at 18 '' . After graduation , Rickman and several friends opened a graphic design studio called Graphiti , but after three years of successful business , he decided that he was going to pursue acting professionally . He wrote to request an audition with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , which he attended from 1972 until 1974 . While there , he supported himself by working as a dresser for Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Ralph Richardson . Career ( edit ) Rickman in December 2009 After graduating from RADA , Rickman worked extensively with British repertory and experimental theatre groups in productions including Chekhov 's The Seagull and Snoo Wilson 's The Grass Widow at the Royal Court Theatre , and appeared three times at the Edinburgh International Festival . In 1978 , he performed with the Court Drama Group , gaining parts in Romeo and Juliet and A View from the Bridge , among other plays . While working with the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) , he was cast in As You Like It . He appeared in The Barchester Chronicles ( 1982 ) , the BBC 's adaptation of Trollope 's first two Barchester novels , as the Reverend Obadiah Slope . Rickman was given the male lead , the Vicomte de Valmont , in the 1985 Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Hampton 's adaptation of Les Liaisons Dangereuses , directed by Howard Davies . After the RSC production transferred to Broadway in 1987 , Rickman received both a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance . Rickman 's played a wide range of roles . He played romantic leads including Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Jamie in Truly , Madly , Deeply ( 1991 ) ; numerous villains in Hollywood big - budget films , including German criminal Hans Gruber in Die Hard ( 1988 ) , Australian Elliot Marston opposite Tom Selleck in Quigley Down Under ( 1990 ) and the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) ; and the occasional television role such as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO 's Something the Lord Made and the `` mad monk '' Rasputin in the HBO biopic Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny ( 1996 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe and an Emmy . Rickman 's role as Hans Gruber in Die Hard earned him a spot on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains list as the 46th best villain in film history , though he revealed he almost did not take the role as he did not think Die Hard was the kind of film he wanted to make . His performance as the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves also earned him praise as one of the best actors to portray a villain in films . Rickman took issue with being typecast as a villain , even though he was known for playing `` unsympathetic characters '' . His portrayal of Severus Snape , the potions master in the Harry Potter series ( 2001 -- 2011 ) , was dark , but the character 's motivations were not clear early on . During his career Rickman played comedic roles , including as Sir Alexander Dane / Dr. Lazarus in the science fiction parody Galaxy Quest ( 1999 ) , the angel Metatron , the voice of God , in Dogma ( also 1999 ) , Emma Thompson 's foolish husband Harry in the British Christmas - themed romantic comedy Love Actually ( 2003 ) , providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 ) and playing the egotistical , Nobel Prize - winning father in Nobel Son ( 2007 ) . Rickman at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival Rickman was nominated for an Emmy for his work as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO 's Something the Lord Made ( 2004 ) . He also starred in the independent film Snow Cake ( 2006 ) with Sigourney Weaver and Carrie - Anne Moss , and Perfume : The Story of a Murderer ( also 2006 ) , directed by Tom Tykwer . He appeared as Judge Turpin in the critically acclaimed Tim Burton film Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) alongside Harry Potter co-stars Helena Bonham Carter and Timothy Spall . He provided the voice of Absolem the Caterpillar in Burton 's film Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . Rickman performed onstage in Noël Coward 's romantic comedy Private Lives , which transferred to Broadway after its successful run in London at the Albery Theatre and ended in September 2002 ; he reunited with his Les Liaisons Dangereuses co-star Lindsay Duncan and director Howard Davies in the Tony Award - winning production . Rickman 's previous stage performance was in Antony and Cleopatra in 1998 as Mark Antony , with Helen Mirren as Cleopatra , in the Royal National Theatre 's production at the Olivier Theatre in London , which ran from October to December 1998 . Rickman appeared in Victoria Wood with All The Trimmings ( 2000 ) , a Christmas special with Victoria Wood , playing an aged colonel in the battle of Waterloo who is forced to break off his engagement to Honeysuckle Weeks ' character . Rickman directed The Winter Guest at London 's Almeida Theatre in 1995 and the film version of the same play , released in 1997 , starring Emma Thompson and her real - life mother Phyllida Law . With Katharine Viner , he compiled the play My Name Is Rachel Corrie and directed the premiere production at the Royal Court Theatre , which opened in April 2005 . He won the Theatre Goers ' Choice Awards for Best Director . Rickman befriended the Corrie family and earned their trust , and the show was warmly received . But the next year , its original New York production was `` postponed '' over the possibility of boycotts and protests from those who saw it as `` anti-Israeli agit - prop '' . Rickman denounced `` censorship born out of fear '' . Tony Kushner , Harold Pinter and Vanessa Redgrave , among others , criticised the decision to indefinitely delay the show . The one - woman play was put on later that year at another theatre to mixed reviews , and has since been staged at venues around the world . In 2009 , Rickman was awarded the James Joyce Award by University College Dublin 's Literary and Historical Society . In October and November 2010 , Rickman starred in the eponymous role in Henrik Ibsen 's John Gabriel Borkman at the Abbey Theatre , Dublin alongside Lindsay Duncan and Fiona Shaw . The Irish Independent called Rickman 's performance breathtaking . Rickman and Kate Winslet at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival Rickman again appeared as Severus Snape in the final instalment in the Harry Potter series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . Throughout the series , his portrayal of Snape garnered widespread critical acclaim . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said Rickman `` as always , makes the most lasting impression , '' while Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine called Rickman `` sublime at giving us a glimpse at last into the secret nurturing heart that ... Snape masks with a sneer . '' Media coverage characterised Rickman 's performance as worthy of nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His first award nominations for his role as Snape came at the 2011 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards , 2011 Saturn Awards , 2011 Scream Awards and 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards in the Best Supporting Actor category . In November 2011 , Rickman opened in Seminar , a new play by Theresa Rebeck , at the John Golden Theatre on Broadway . Rickman , who left the production in April , won the Broadway.com Audience Choice Award for Favorite Actor in a Play and was nominated for a Drama League Award . Rickman starred with Colin Firth and Cameron Diaz in Gambit ( 2012 ) by Michael Hoffman , a remake of the 1966 film . In 2013 , he played Hilly Kristal , the founder of the East Village punk - rock club CBGB , in the CBGB film with Rupert Grint . In the media ( edit ) Rickman posing for a fan after a performance of John Gabriel Borkman in 2011 Rickman was chosen by Empire as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history ( No. 34 ) in 1995 and ranked No. 59 in Empire 's `` The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time '' list in October 1997 . In 2009 and 2010 , Rickman was ranked once again as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars by Empire , both times placing No. 8 out of the 50 actors chosen . Rickman was elected to the Council of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) in 1993 ; he was subsequently RADA 's vice-chairman and a member of its Artistic Advisory and Training committees and Development Board . Rickman was voted No. 19 in Empire magazine 's Greatest Living Movie Stars over the age of 50 and was twice nominated for Broadway 's Tony Award as Best Actor ( Play ) : in 1987 for Les Liaisons Dangereuses , and in 2002 for a revival of Noël Coward 's Private Lives . The Guardian named Rickman as an `` honourable mention '' in a list of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination . Two researchers , a linguist and a sound engineer , found `` the perfect ( male ) voice '' to be a combination of Rickman 's and Jeremy Irons 's voices based on a sample of 50 voices . Rickman featured in several musical works , including a song composed by Adam Leonard entitled `` Not Alan Rickman '' . Credited as ' A Strolling Player ' in the sleeve notes , the actor played a `` Master of Ceremonies '' part , announcing the various instruments at the end of the first part of Mike Oldfield 's Tubular Bells II ( 1992 ) on the track `` The Bell '' . Rickman was one of the many artists who recited Shakespearian sonnets on the album When Love Speaks ( 2002 ) , and also featured prominently in a music video by Texas entitled `` In Demand '' , which premiered on Europe MTV in August 2000 . Personal Life ( edit ) In 1965 , at the age of 19 , Rickman met 18 - year - old Rima Horton , who became his girlfriend and would later be a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council ( 1986 -- 2006 ) and an economics lecturer at the nearby Kingston University . In 2015 , Rickman confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012 . They lived together from 1977 to 2016 , the year Rickman died . The two had no children . Rickman was an active patron of the research foundation Saving Faces ; and honorary president of the International Performers ' Aid Trust , a charity that works to fight poverty amongst performing artists all over the world . When discussing politics , Rickman said he `` was born a card - carrying member of the Labour Party '' . Rickman was the godfather of fellow actor Tom Burke . Illness and death ( edit ) In August 2015 , Rickman suffered a minor stroke , which led to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer . He concealed the fact that he had terminal cancer from all but his closest confidants . On 14 January 2016 , Rickman died in London at the age of 69 . Soon after , his fans created a memorial underneath the `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign at London King 's Cross railway station . His death has been compared to that of David Bowie , a fellow English cultural figure who died at the same age as Rickman four days earlier , also due to an existing cancer that had been kept private . Tributes from Rickman 's co-stars and contemporaries appeared on social media following the announcement ; since his cancer was not publicly known , some -- like Ralph Fiennes , who `` can not believe he is gone '' , and Jason Isaacs , who was `` sidestepped by the awful news '' -- expressed their surprise . Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling called Rickman `` a magnificent actor and a wonderful man '' . Emma Watson wrote , `` I feel so lucky to have worked and spent time with such a special man and actor . I 'll really miss our conversations . '' Daniel Radcliffe appreciated his loyalty and support : `` I 'm pretty sure he came and saw everything I ever did on stage both in Britain and America . He did n't have to do that . '' Evanna Lynch said it was scary to bump into Rickman in character as Snape , but `` he was so kind and generous in the moments he was n't Snaping about . '' Rupert Grint said , `` even though he has gone I will always hear his voice . '' Kate Winslet , who gave a tearful tribute at the London Film Critics ' Circle Awards , remembered Rickman as warm and generous , adding , `` And that voice ! Oh , that voice . '' Dame Helen Mirren said his voice `` could suggest honey or a hidden stiletto blade . '' Emma Thompson remembered `` the intransigence which made him the great artist he was -- his ineffable and cynical wit , the clarity with which he saw most things , including me ... I learned a lot from him . '' Colin Firth told The Hollywood Reporter that , as an actor , Rickman had been a mentor . John McTiernan , director of Die Hard , said Rickman was the antithesis of the villainous roles for which he was most famous on screen . Sir Ian McKellen wrote , `` behind ( Rickman 's ) mournful face , which was just as beautiful when wracked with mirth , there was a super-active spirit , questing and achieving , a super-hero , unassuming but deadly effective . '' Writer / Director Kevin Smith told a tearful 10 minute story about Rickman on his Hollywood Babble On podcast . Rickman 's family offered their thanks `` for the messages of condolence '' . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Director Notes 1978 Romeo and Juliet Tybalt Alvin Rakoff BBC Television Shakespeare 1980 Thérèse Raquin Vidal 3 episodes Shelley Clive Episode : `` Nowt So Queer '' 1982 Busted Simon Television film Smiley 's People Mr Brownlow Simon Langton Episode No . 1.2 Barchester Chronicles , The The Barchester Chronicles The Revd Obadiah Slope David Giles 5 episodes 1985 Summer Season Croop Episode : `` Pity in History '' Girls on Top Dimitri / Voice of RADA 2 episodes Die Hard Hans Gruber John McTiernan Revolutionary Witness Jacques Roux Television short January Man , The The January Man Ed , the painter Pat O'Connor Screenplay Israel Yates Episode : `` The Spirit of Man '' Quigley Down Under Elliot Marston Simon Wincer 1991 Truly , Madly , Deeply Jamie Anthony Minghella Closet Land The Interrogator Radha Bharadwaj Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Sheriff of Nottingham Kevin Reynolds Close My Eyes Sinclair Bryant Stephen Poliakoff Bob Roberts Lukas Hart III Tim Robbins Fallen Angels Dwight Billings Episode : `` Murder , Obliquely '' Mesmer Franz Mesmer Roger Spottiswoode 1995 Awfully Big Adventure , An An Awfully Big Adventure P.L. O'Hara Mike Newell Sense and Sensibility Colonel Brandon Ang Lee Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny Grigori Rasputin Uli Edel Television film Michael Collins Éamon de Valera Neil Jordan Winter Guest , The The Winter Guest Man in street Alan Rickman Uncredited , Also director and co-writer 1998 Judas Kiss Detective David Friedman Sebastian Gutierrez Dark Harbor David Weinberg Adam Coleman Howard 1999 Dogma The Metatron Kevin Smith Galaxy Quest Alexander Dane / Dr Lazarus Dean Parisot 2000 Help ! I 'm a Fish Joe Voice , Stefan Fjeldmark , Michael Hegner , & Greg Manwaring Blow Dry Phil Allen Paddy Breathnach Play Man Anthony Minghella Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Professor Severus Snape Chris Columbus Also released as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Search for John Gissing , The The Search for John Gissing John Gissing Mike Binder 2002 King of the Hill King Philip Voice , Episode : `` Joust Like a Woman '' Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Professor Severus Snape Chris Columbus 2003 Love Actually Harry Richard Curtis Something the Lord Made Dr. Alfred Blalock Joseph Sargent Television film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Professor Severus Snape Alfonso Cuarón 2005 Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , The The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Marvin the Paranoid Android Garth Jennings Voice Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Professor Severus Snape Mike Newell 2006 Snow Cake Alex Hughes Marc Evans Perfume : The Story of a Murderer Antoine Richis Tom Tykwer 2007 Nobel Son Eli Michaelson Randall Miller Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Professor Severus Snape David Yates Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Judge Turpin Tim Burton 2008 Bottle Shock Steven Spurrier Randall Miller 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Professor Severus Snape David Yates Alice in Wonderland Absolem the Caterpillar Tim Burton Voice Song of Lunch , The The Song of Lunch He Niall MacCormick BBC Drama Production Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Professor Severus Snape David Yates Wildest Dream , The The Wildest Dream Noel Odell Anthony Geffen Voice , Documentary 2011 Portraits in Dramatic Time Himself Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Professor Severus Snape David Yates The Boy in the Bubble Narrator Voice , Short film 2012 Gambit Lord Shahbandar Michael Hoffman 2013 The Butler Ronald Reagan Lee Daniels A Promise Karl Hoffmeister Patrice Leconte CBGB Hilly Kristal Randall Miller Dust Tooth fairy Short film 2014 A Little Chaos King Louis XIV Alan Rickman Also director and co-writer 2015 Eye in the Sky Lieutenant General Frank Benson Gavin Hood 2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass Absolem the Caterpillar James Bobin Voice , Posthumous release , ( final film role ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Alan Rickman This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ; Rogers , Katie ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman , Watchable Villain in Harry Potter and Die Hard , Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Rickmman , Harry Potter and Die Hard actor , dies aged 69 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Profile , biography.com . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paton , Maureen ( 1996 ) . Alan Rickman : the unauthorised biography . London : Virgin . ISBN 1852276304 . Jump up ^ England & Wales births 1837 -- 2006 . Vol . 11A . p. 1224 . Print . Jump up ^ England & Wales deaths 1837 -- 2007 . Birth , Marriage & Death ( Parish Registers ) . District no. 6001F . Register . no . F56C . Entry no . 094 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Solway , Diane ( August 1991 ) . `` Profile : Alan Rickman '' . European Travel and Life . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ England & Wales births 1837 -- 2006 . Vol . 1A . p. 515 . Print . Jump up ^ England & Wales deaths 1837 -- 2007 . Vol . 5F . p. 247 . Print . Jump up ^ 1939 United Kingdom Census . 1939 Household Register . London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham , London , England ; family 4 , dwelling 45 , lines 11 -- 13 ; 1939 . Print . Jump up ^ White , Hilary A. ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Alan Rickman -- A working - class hero at the court of Versailles '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mackenzie , Suzie ( 3 January 1998 ) . `` Angel with Horns '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Alan Rickman . '' BBC News . 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 June . 2016 . Jump up ^ England & Wales marriages 1837 -- 2008 . Vol . 5E . p. 307 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Love Actually Interview . '' Alan Archives . 10 November 2003 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE DEVIL IN MR RICKMAN '' . btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2001 . Jump up ^ The RCA Journal : The Alan Rickman Issues . It 's Nice That . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Child 's Play : Alan Rickman 's 1970 Account of Murderous Children In An Inner - London Play Park . Flashbak. 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Evil Elegance '' . Alan-rickman.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview Alan Rickman , abouthp.free.fr . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` British actor Alan Rickman dies aged 69 '' . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shoard , Catherine ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman , giant of British screen and stage , dies at 70 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( 1 May 1987 ) . `` Stage : Carnal abandon in Les Liaisons Dangereuses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Katherine ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman Was A Great Film Actor , But He Was A Master of Theater First '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Rickman '' . Television Academy . Jump up ^ `` Alan Rickman : A Life in Pictures Highlights '' . BAFTA Guru . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The Screening Room 's Top 10 British Villains , CNN . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pop Culture News TOUGH ACTOR TO FOLLOW , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Rickman , Obituary '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( 16 July 2007 ) . `` Is Potter 's foe , Severus Snape , good or evil ? '' . TODAY . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Coveney , Michael ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman obituary '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film : Em and Phyllida keep it in the family '' . The Independent . 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman , actor who brought dynamic menace to Die Hard and Harry Potter , dies at 69 '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abbey Theatre -- Amharclann na Mainistreach '' . Abbeytheatre.ie . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 17 October 2010 ) . `` Stars set stage alight in Ibsen 's dark tale '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe : Alan Rickman deserves Oscar nomination for Severus Snape '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Part 2 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ' For Your Consideration Oscars Ad Launched '' . MTV . Retrieved 10 November 2011 . Lukac , Michael ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter : Alan Rickman Destined for Oscar Nomination ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011 '' . Movie City News . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 20 November 2011 ) . `` Shredding Egos , One Semicolon at a Time -- ' Seminar ' by Theresa Rebeck , a review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 15 May 2012 ) . `` Alan Rickman 's Broadway.com Audience Choice Award Win Brings Back Memories of a ' Very Good Time ' in Seminar '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` 2012 Drama League Award Nominations Announced ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Caper by the Coens , With a Fake Monet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 12 September 2012 ) . The New York Times , ed . `` Alan Rickman to Play CBGB Founder in Biopic '' . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman , 1946 -- 2016 '' . Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Oscars : the best actors never to have been nominated '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Jump up ^ `` Formula ' secret of perfect voice ' '' . BBC News . 30 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardism ( 2007 ) '' . Themessagetapes.com ( Adam Leonard 's website ) . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tubular Bells II '' . Tubular.net . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Alan Rickman '' . Dominic Wills / Talktalk.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shoard , Catherine ; Spencer , Liese ; Wiegand , Chris ; Groves , Nancy ; Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` ' We are all so devastated ' : acting world pays tribute to Alan Rickman '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Jackie ( 31 July 2006 ) . `` A man for all seasons '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Alan Rickman and Longtime Love Rima Horton Secretly Wed 3 Years Ago '' . People . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Farewell to our wonderful patron , Alan Rickman '' . Saving Faces . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rickman , Alan . `` A message from the President '' . IPAT . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Amer , Matthew ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` My place : Tom Burke '' . Official London Theatre . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` Source : Alan Rickman Had Pancreatic Cancer , And Not For Very Long -- Came to NY in December '' . Showbiz411 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter fans honor Alan Rickman at Platform 93⁄4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Katy ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman died at the same age as Bowie at 69 also after battle with cancer '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie and Alan Rickman shared this one profoundly simple gift '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Andrea ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Stars mourn Alan Rickman on social media '' . CBS News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Evanna ( @ Evy_Lynch ) ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` I 'll also never forget how scary it was to accidentally bump into him as Snape ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 14 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Lynch , Evanna ( @ Evy_Lynch ) ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Am not prepared for a world without Alan Rickman ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 14 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Shahrestani , Vin ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet tearfully remembers Alan Rickman at awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` Colin Firth pays touching tribute to Alan Rickman , saying he was ' in awe ' of the actor '' . Metro . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McTiernan , John ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Die Hard Director John McTiernan on Alan Rickman : ' He Had a Gift for Playing Terrifying People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Innes , Sheila ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Thanks for the tributes '' . LinkedIn ( Sheila Innes ) . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Owen , David W. ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` Brother is left ' broken ' by Alan Rickman 's death '' . Leicester Mercury . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Song of Lunch -- Alan Rickman '' . BBC . 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Alan Rickman movies : Late actor has two more films out this year '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alan Rickman Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alan Rickman . Library resources about Alan Rickman Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Alan Rickman Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Alan Rickman on IMDb Alan Rickman at the Internet Broadway Database Alan Rickman at AllMovie Alan Rickman at Emmys Alan Rickman ( Aveleyman ) Awards for Alan Rickman BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 1968 -- 1984 Ian Holm ( 1968 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1969 ) Colin Welland ( 1970 ) Edward Fox ( 1971 ) Ben Johnson ( 1972 ) Arthur Lowe ( 1973 ) John Gielgud ( 1974 ) Fred Astaire ( 1975 ) Brad Dourif ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Ian Holm ( 1981 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1982 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1983 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 2009 Denholm Elliott ( 1985 ) Ray McAnally ( 1986 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1987 ) Michael Palin ( 1988 ) Ray McAnally ( 1989 ) Salvatore Cascio ( 1990 ) Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Tim Roth ( 1995 ) Paul Scofield ( 1996 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 1997 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1998 ) Jude Law ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Barkhad Abdi ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Dev Patel ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Robert Cummings ( 1955 ) Lloyd Nolan ( 1956 ) Jack Palance ( 1957 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1958 ) Fred Astaire ( 1959 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1960 ) Maurice Evans ( 1961 ) Peter Falk ( 1962 ) Trevor Howard ( 1963 ) Jack Klugman ( 1964 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1965 ) Cliff Robertson ( 1966 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1967 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1968 ) Paul Scofield ( 1969 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1970 ) George C. Scott ( 1971 ) Keith Michell ( 1972 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1973 ) Anthony Murphy ( 1973 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1974 ) William Holden ( 1974 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1975 ) Peter Falk ( 1975 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1976 ) Hal Holbrook ( 1976 ) Ed Flanders ( 1977 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1977 ) Fred Astaire ( 1978 ) Michael Moriarty ( 1978 ) Peter Strauss ( 1979 ) Powers Boothe ( 1980 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1981 ) Mickey Rooney ( 1982 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1983 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1984 ) Richard Crenna ( 1985 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1986 ) James Woods ( 1987 ) Jason Robards ( 1988 ) James Woods ( 1989 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1990 ) John Gielgud ( 1991 ) Beau Bridges ( 1992 ) Robert Morse ( 1993 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1994 ) Raúl Juliá ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Armand Assante ( 1997 ) Gary Sinise ( 1998 ) Stanley Tucci ( 1999 ) Jack Lemmon ( 2000 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2001 ) Albert Finney ( 2002 ) William H. Macy ( 2003 ) Al Pacino ( 2004 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2005 ) Andre Braugher ( 2006 ) Robert Duvall ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Barry Pepper ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2014 ) Richard Jenkins ( 2015 ) Courtney B. Vance ( 2016 ) Riz Ahmed ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Mickey Rooney ( 1981 ) Anthony Andrews ( 1982 ) Richard Chamberlain ( 1983 ) Ted Danson ( 1984 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1985 ) James Woods ( 1986 ) Randy Quaid ( 1987 ) Michael Caine / Stacy Keach ( 1988 ) Robert Duvall ( 1989 ) James Garner ( 1990 ) Beau Bridges ( 1991 ) Robert Duvall ( 1992 ) James Garner ( 1993 ) Raúl Juliá ( 1994 ) Gary Sinise ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Ving Rhames ( 1997 ) Stanley Tucci ( 1998 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1999 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2000 ) James Franco ( 2001 ) Albert Finney ( 2002 ) Al Pacino ( 2003 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers ( 2005 ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Kevin Bacon ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Idris Elba ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 2014 ) Oscar Isaac ( 2015 ) Tom Hiddleston ( 2016 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jeremy Northam ( 1999 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2000 ) Paul Bettany ( 2001 ) Hugh Grant ( 2002 ) Paul Bettany ( 2003 ) Daniel Craig ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Toby Jones ( 2006 ) James McAvoy ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Gary Sinise ( 1997 ) Delroy Lindo ( 1998 ) William H. Macy ( 1999 ) James Woods ( 2000 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 2001 ) William H. Macy ( 2002 ) James Woods ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers ( 2005 ) Bill Nighy ( 2006 ) David Oyelowo ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Jason Isaacs ( 2011 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Raúl Juliá ( 1994 ) Gary Sinise ( 1995 ) Alan Rickman ( 1996 ) Gary Sinise ( 1997 ) Christopher Reeve ( 1998 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1999 ) Brian Dennehy ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) William H. Macy ( 2002 ) Al Pacino ( 2003 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2004 ) Paul Newman ( 2005 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2006 ) Kevin Kline ( 2007 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2008 ) Kevin Bacon ( 2009 ) Al Pacino ( 2010 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2011 ) Kevin Costner ( 2012 ) Michael Douglas ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Bryan Cranston ( 2016 ) VIAF : 5131493 LCCN : n86024969 ISNI : 0000 0001 0865 3792 GND : 12292651X SUDOC : 060795115 BNF : cb14028588p ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4ae3e8c0 - b0f1 - 44b7 - adf1 - f0d425c07d55 BNE : XX1259642 IATH : w6ms6fpz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Rickman&oldid=800199090 '' Categories : 1946 births 2016 deaths 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of Chelsea College of Art & Design Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the Royal College of Art Alumni of the University of the Arts BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actor Golden Globe winners Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners English male Shakespearean actors Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from pancreatic cancer English film directors English - language film directors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors British people of English descent English people of Irish descent English people of Welsh descent English theatre directors Labour Party ( UK ) people Male actors from London Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at Latymer Upper School People from Acton , London Royal Shakespeare Company members Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays snape in the harry potter movies	[ "Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and director known for playing a variety of roles on stage and on screen. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in modern and classical theatre productions. His first big television part came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of Les Liaisons Dangereuses in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman gained wider notice for his film performances as Hans Gruber in Die Hard and Severus Snape in the Harry Potter film series.[1]" ]	[ "Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman" ]
-2844494763665555957	Transparency and translucency	Transparency and translucency - wikipedia Transparency and translucency Jump to : navigation , search See also : Diaphanes ( beetle ) , Translucence ( disambiguation ) , Transparency ( disambiguation ) , Transparent ( TV series ) , and Translucent ( manga ) Dichroic filters are created using optically transparent materials . In the field of optics , transparency ( also called pellucidity or diaphaneity ) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without being scattered . On a macroscopic scale ( one where the dimensions investigated are much , much larger than the wavelength of the photons in question ) , the photons can be said to follow Snell 's Law . Translucency ( also called translucence or translucidity ) is a superset of transparency : it allows light to pass through , but does not necessarily ( again , on the macroscopic scale ) follow Snell 's law ; the photons can be scattered at either of the two interfaces where there is a change in index of refraction , or internally . In other words , a translucent medium allows the transport of light while a transparent medium not only allows the transport of light but allows for image formation . The opposite property of translucency is opacity . Transparent materials appear clear , with the overall appearance of one color , or any combination leading up to a brilliant spectrum of every color . When light encounters a material , it can interact with it in several different ways . These interactions depend on the wavelength of the light and the nature of the material . Photons interact with an object by some combination of reflection , absorption and transmission . Some materials , such as plate glass and clean water , transmit much of the light that falls on them and reflect little of it ; such materials are called optically transparent . Many liquids and aqueous solutions are highly transparent . Absence of structural defects ( voids , cracks , etc . ) and molecular structure of most liquids are mostly responsible for excellent optical transmission . Materials which do not transmit light are called opaque . Many such substances have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers . Many substances are selective in their absorption of white light frequencies . They absorb certain portions of the visible spectrum while reflecting others . The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected or transmitted for our physical observation . This is what gives rise to color . The attenuation of light of all frequencies and wavelengths is due to the combined mechanisms of absorption and scattering . Transparency can provide almost perfect camouflage for animals able to achieve it . This is easier in dimly - lit or turbid seawater than in good illumination . Many marine animals such as jellyfish are highly transparent . Comparisons of 1 . opacity , 2 . translucency , and 3 . transparency ; behind each panel is a star Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Light scattering in solids 2.1 Applications 3 Absorption of light in solids 3.1 UV - Vis : Electronic transitions 3.2 Infrared : Bond stretching 3.3 Transparency in insulators 4 Optical waveguides 4.1 Mechanisms of attenuation 5 As camouflage 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Introduction ( edit ) With regard to the absorption of light , primary material considerations include : At the electronic level , absorption in the ultraviolet and visible ( UV - Vis ) portions of the spectrum depends on whether the electron orbitals are spaced ( or `` quantized '' ) such that they can absorb a quantum of light ( or photon ) of a specific frequency , and does not violate selection rules . For example , in most glasses , electrons have no available energy levels above them in range of that associated with visible light , or if they do , they violate selection rules , meaning there is no appreciable absorption in pure ( undoped ) glasses , making them ideal transparent materials for windows in buildings . At the atomic or molecular level , physical absorption in the infrared portion of the spectrum depends on the frequencies of atomic or molecular vibrations or chemical bonds , and on selection rules . Nitrogen and oxygen are not greenhouse gases because there is no absorption because there is no molecular dipole moment . With regard to the scattering of light , the most critical factor is the length scale of any or all of these structural features relative to the wavelength of the light being scattered . Primary material considerations include : Crystalline structure : whether or not the atoms or molecules exhibit the ' long - range order ' evidenced in crystalline solids . Glassy structure : scattering centers include fluctuations in density or composition . Microstructure : scattering centers include internal surfaces such as grain boundaries , crystallographic defects and microscopic pores . Organic materials : scattering centers include fiber and cell structures and boundaries . Light scattering in solids ( edit ) Main article : Light scattering General mechanism of diffuse reflection Diffuse reflection - Generally , when light strikes the surface of a ( non-metallic and non-glassy ) solid material , it bounces off in all directions due to multiple reflections by the microscopic irregularities inside the material ( e.g. , the grain boundaries of a polycrystalline material , or the cell or fiber boundaries of an organic material ) , and by its surface , if it is rough . Diffuse reflection is typically characterized by omni - directional reflection angles . Most of the objects visible to the naked eye are identified via diffuse reflection . Another term commonly used for this type of reflection is `` light scattering '' . Light scattering from the surfaces of objects is our primary mechanism of physical observation . Light scattering in liquids and solids depends on the wavelength of the light being scattered . Limits to spatial scales of visibility ( using white light ) therefore arise , depending on the frequency of the light wave and the physical dimension ( or spatial scale ) of the scattering center . Visible light has a wavelength scale on the order of a half a micrometer ( one millionth of a meter ) . Scattering centers ( or particles ) as small as one micrometer have been observed directly in the light microscope ( e.g. , Brownian motion ) . Applications ( edit ) Optical transparency in polycrystalline materials is limited by the amount of light which is scattered by their microstructural features . Light scattering depends on the wavelength of the light . Limits to spatial scales of visibility ( using white light ) therefore arise , depending on the frequency of the light wave and the physical dimension of the scattering center . For example , since visible light has a wavelength scale on the order of a micrometer , scattering centers will have dimensions on a similar spatial scale . Primary scattering centers in polycrystalline materials include microstructural defects such as pores and grain boundaries . In addition to pores , most of the interfaces in a typical metal or ceramic object are in the form of grain boundaries which separate tiny regions of crystalline order . When the size of the scattering center ( or grain boundary ) is reduced below the size of the wavelength of the light being scattered , the scattering no longer occurs to any significant extent . In the formation of polycrystalline materials ( metals and ceramics ) the size of the crystalline grains is determined largely by the size of the crystalline particles present in the raw material during formation ( or pressing ) of the object . Moreover , the size of the grain boundaries scales directly with particle size . Thus a reduction of the original particle size well below the wavelength of visible light ( about 1 / 15 of the light wavelength or roughly 600 / 15 = 40 nm ) eliminates much of light scattering , resulting in a translucent or even transparent material . Computer modeling of light transmission through translucent ceramic alumina has shown that microscopic pores trapped near grain boundaries act as primary scattering centers . The volume fraction of porosity had to be reduced below 1 % for high - quality optical transmission ( 99.99 percent of theoretical density ) . This goal has been readily accomplished and amply demonstrated in laboratories and research facilities worldwide using the emerging chemical processing methods encompassed by the methods of sol - gel chemistry and nanotechnology . Translucency of a material being used to highlight the structure of a photographic subject Transparent ceramics have created interest in their applications for high energy lasers , transparent armor windows , nose cones for heat seeking missiles , radiation detectors for non-destructive testing , high energy physics , space exploration , security and medical imaging applications . Large laser elements made from transparent ceramics can be produced at a relatively low cost . These components are free of internal stress or intrinsic birefringence , and allow relatively large doping levels or optimized custom - designed doping profiles . This makes ceramic laser elements particularly important for high - energy lasers . The development of transparent panel products will have other potential advanced applications including high strength , impact - resistant materials that can be used for domestic windows and skylights . Perhaps more important is that walls and other applications will have improved overall strength , especially for high - shear conditions found in high seismic and wind exposures . If the expected improvements in mechanical properties bear out , the traditional limits seen on glazing areas in today 's building codes could quickly become outdated if the window area actually contributes to the shear resistance of the wall . Currently available infrared transparent materials typically exhibit a trade - off between optical performance , mechanical strength and price . For example , sapphire ( crystalline alumina ) is very strong , but it is expensive and lacks full transparency throughout the 3 -- 5 micrometer mid-infrared range . Yttria is fully transparent from 3 -- 5 micrometers , but lacks sufficient strength , hardness , and thermal shock resistance for high - performance aerospace applications . Not surprisingly , a combination of these two materials in the form of the yttrium aluminium garnet ( YAG ) is one of the top performers in the field . Absorption of light in solids ( edit ) When light strikes an object , it usually has not just a single frequency ( or wavelength ) but many . Objects have a tendency to selectively absorb , reflect or transmit light of certain frequencies . That is , one object might reflect green light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light . Another object might selectively transmit blue light while absorbing all other frequencies of visible light . The manner in which visible light interacts with an object is dependent upon the frequency of the light , the nature of the atoms in the object , and often the nature of the electrons in the atoms of the object . Some materials allow much of the light that falls on them to be transmitted through the material without being reflected . Materials that allow the transmission of light waves through them are called optically transparent . Chemically pure ( undoped ) window glass and clean river or spring water are prime examples of this . Materials which do not allow the transmission of any light wave frequencies are called opaque . Such substances may have a chemical composition which includes what are referred to as absorption centers . Most materials are composed of materials which are selective in their absorption of light frequencies . Thus they absorb only certain portions of the visible spectrum . The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected back or transmitted for our physical observation . In the visible portion of the spectrum , this is what gives rise to color . Absorption centers are largely responsible for the appearance of specific wavelengths of visible light all around us . Moving from longer ( 0.7 micrometer ) to shorter ( 0.4 micrometer ) wavelengths : red , orange , yellow , green and blue ( ROYGB ) can all be identified by our senses in the appearance of color by the selective absorption of specific light wave frequencies ( or wavelengths ) . Mechanisms of selective light wave absorption include : Electronic : Transitions in electron energy levels within the atom ( e.g. , pigments ) . These transitions are typically in the ultraviolet ( UV ) and / or visible portions of the spectrum . Vibrational : Resonance in atomic / molecular vibrational modes . These transitions are typically in the infrared portion of the spectrum . UV - Vis : electronic transitions ( edit ) In electronic absorption , the frequency of the incoming light wave is at or near the energy levels of the electrons within the atoms which compose the substance . In this case , the electrons will absorb the energy of the light wave and increase their energy state , often moving outward from the nucleus of the atom into an outer shell or orbital . The atoms that bind together to make the molecules of any particular substance contain a number of electrons ( given by the atomic number Z in the periodic chart ) . Recall that all light waves are electromagnetic in origin . Thus they are affected strongly when coming into contact with negatively charged electrons in matter . When photons ( individual packets of light energy ) come in contact with the valence electrons of atom , one of several things can and will occur : A molecule absorbs the photon , some of the energy may be lost via luminescence , fluorescence and phosphorescence . A molecule absorbs the photon which results in reflection or scattering . A molecule can not absorb the energy of the photon and the photon continues on its path . This results in transmission ( provided no other absorption mechanisms are active ) . Most of the time , it is a combination of the above that happens to the light that hits an object . The states in different materials vary in the range of energy that they can absorb . Most glasses , for example , block ultraviolet ( UV ) light . What happens is the electrons in the glass absorb the energy of the photons in the UV range while ignoring the weaker energy of photons in the visible light spectrum . But there are also existing special glass types , like special types of borosilicate glass or quartz that are UV - permeable and thus allow a high transmission of ultra violet light . Thus , when a material is illuminated , individual photons of light can make the valence electrons of an atom transition to a higher electronic energy level . The photon is destroyed in the process and the absorbed radiant energy is transformed to electric potential energy . Several things can happen then to the absorbed energy : it may be re-emitted by the electron as radiant energy ( in this case the overall effect is in fact a scattering of light ) , dissipated to the rest of the material ( i.e. transformed into heat ) , or the electron can be freed from the atom ( as in the photoelectric and Compton effects ) . Infrared : bond stretching ( edit ) Normal modes of vibration in a crystalline solid The primary physical mechanism for storing mechanical energy of motion in condensed matter is through heat , or thermal energy . Thermal energy manifests itself as energy of motion . Thus , heat is motion at the atomic and molecular levels . The primary mode of motion in crystalline substances is vibration . Any given atom will vibrate around some mean or average position within a crystalline structure , surrounded by its nearest neighbors . This vibration in two dimensions is equivalent to the oscillation of a clock 's pendulum . It swings back and forth symmetrically about some mean or average ( vertical ) position . Atomic and molecular vibrational frequencies may average on the order of 10 cycles per second ( Terahertz radiation ) . When a light wave of a given frequency strikes a material with particles having the same or ( resonant ) vibrational frequencies , then those particles will absorb the energy of the light wave and transform it into thermal energy of vibrational motion . Since different atoms and molecules have different natural frequencies of vibration , they will selectively absorb different frequencies ( or portions of the spectrum ) of infrared light . Reflection and transmission of light waves occur because the frequencies of the light waves do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of the objects . When infrared light of these frequencies strikes an object , the energy is reflected or transmitted . If the object is transparent , then the light waves are passed on to neighboring atoms through the bulk of the material and re-emitted on the opposite side of the object . Such frequencies of light waves are said to be transmitted . Transparency in insulators ( edit ) An object may be not transparent either because it reflects the incoming light or because it absorbs the incoming light . Almost all solids reflect a part and absorb a part of the incoming light . When light falls onto a block of metal , it encounters atoms that are tightly packed in a regular lattice and a `` sea of electrons '' moving randomly between the atoms . In metals , most of these are non-bonding electrons ( or free electrons ) as opposed to the bonding electrons typically found in covalently bonded or ionically bonded non-metallic ( insulating ) solids . In a metallic bond , any potential bonding electrons can easily be lost by the atoms in a crystalline structure . The effect of this delocalization is simply to exaggerate the effect of the `` sea of electrons '' . As a result of these electrons , most of the incoming light in metals is reflected back , which is why we see a shiny metal surface . Most insulators ( or dielectric materials ) are held together by ionic bonds . Thus , these materials do not have free conduction electrons , and the bonding electrons reflect only a small fraction of the incident wave . The remaining frequencies ( or wavelengths ) are free to propagate ( or be transmitted ) . This class of materials includes all ceramics and glasses . If a dielectric material does not include light - absorbent additive molecules ( pigments , dyes , colorants ) , it is usually transparent to the spectrum of visible light . Color centers ( or dye molecules , or `` dopants '' ) in a dielectric absorb a portion of the incoming light . The remaining frequencies ( or wavelengths ) are free to be reflected or transmitted . This is how colored glass is produced . Most liquids and aqueous solutions are highly transparent . For example , water , cooking oil , rubbing alcohol , air , and natural gas are all clear . Absence of structural defects ( voids , cracks , etc . ) and molecular structure of most liquids are chiefly responsible for their excellent optical transmission . The ability of liquids to `` heal '' internal defects via viscous flow is one of the reasons why some fibrous materials ( e.g. , paper or fabric ) increase their apparent transparency when wetted . The liquid fills up numerous voids making the material more structurally homogeneous . Light scattering in an ideal defect - free crystalline ( non-metallic ) solid which provides no scattering centers for incoming light will be due primarily to any effects of anharmonicity within the ordered lattice . Light transmission will be highly directional due to the typical anisotropy of crystalline substances , which includes their symmetry group and Bravais lattice . For example , the seven different crystalline forms of quartz silica ( silicon dioxide , SiO ) are all clear , transparent materials . Optical waveguides ( edit ) Propagation of light through a multi-mode optical fiber A laser beam bouncing down an acrylic rod , illustrating the total internal reflection of light in a multimode optical fiber Optically transparent materials focus on the response of a material to incoming light waves of a range of wavelengths . Guided light wave transmission via frequency selective waveguides involves the emerging field of fiber optics and the ability of certain glassy compositions to act as a transmission medium for a range of frequencies simultaneously ( multi-mode optical fiber ) with little or no interference between competing wavelengths or frequencies . This resonant mode of energy and data transmission via electromagnetic ( light ) wave propagation is relatively lossless . An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis by the process of total internal reflection . The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer . To confine the optical signal in the core , the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding . The refractive index is the parameter reflecting the speed of light in a material . ( Refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium . The refractive index of vacuum is therefore 1 . ) The larger the refractive index , the more slowly light travels in that medium . Typical values for core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.48 and 1.46 , respectively . When light traveling in a dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle , the light will be completely reflected . This effect , called total internal reflection , is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core . Light travels along the fiber bouncing back and forth off of the boundary . Because the light must strike the boundary with an angle greater than the critical angle , only light that enters the fiber within a certain range of angles will be propagated . This range of angles is called the acceptance cone of the fiber . The size of this acceptance cone is a function of the refractive index difference between the fiber 's core and cladding . Optical waveguides are used as components in integrated optical circuits ( e.g. combined with lasers or light - emitting diodes , LEDs ) or as the transmission medium in local and long haul optical communication systems . Mechanisms of attenuation ( edit ) See also : Light scattering Light attenuation by ZBLAN and silica fibers Attenuation in fiber optics , also known as transmission loss , is the reduction in intensity of the light beam ( or signal ) with respect to distance traveled through a transmission medium . Attenuation coefficients in fiber optics usually use units of dB / km through the medium due to the very high quality of transparency of modern optical transmission media . The medium is usually a fiber of silica glass that confines the incident light beam to the inside . Attenuation is an important factor limiting the transmission of a signal across large distances . In optical fibers the main attenuation source is scattering from molecular level irregularities ( Rayleigh scattering ) due to structural disorder and compositional fluctuations of the glass structure . This same phenomenon is seen as one of the limiting factors in the transparency of infrared missile domes . Further attenuation is caused by light absorbed by residual materials , such as metals or water ions , within the fiber core and inner cladding . Light leakage due to bending , splices , connectors , or other outside forces are other factors resulting in attenuation . As camouflage ( edit ) Many animals of the open sea , like this Aurelia labiata jellyfish , are largely transparent . Further information : List of camouflage methods Many marine animals that float near the surface are highly transparent , giving them almost perfect camouflage . However , transparency is difficult for bodies made of materials that have different refractive indices from seawater . Some marine animals such as jellyfish have gelatinous bodies , composed mainly of water ; their thick mesogloea is acellular and highly transparent . This conveniently makes them buoyant , but it also makes them large for their muscle mass , so they can not swim fast , making this form of camouflage a costly trade - off with mobility . Gelatinous planktonic animals are between 50 and 90 per cent transparent . A transparency of 50 per cent is enough to make an animal invisible to a predator such as cod at a depth of 650 metres ( 2,130 ft ) ; better transparency is required for invisibility in shallower water , where the light is brighter and predators can see better . For example , a cod can see prey that are 98 per cent transparent in optimal lighting in shallow water . Therefore , sufficient transparency for camouflage is more easily achieved in deeper waters . For the same reason , transparency in air is even harder to achieve , but a partial example is found in the Glass frogs of the South American rain forest , which have translucent skin and pale greenish limbs . Several Central American species of clearwing ( ithomiine ) butterflies and many dragonflies and allied insects also have wings which are mostly transparent , a form of crypsis that provides some protection from predators . See also ( edit ) Brillouin scattering Clarity meter Colloidal crystal Haze ( optics ) Light scattering Pellicle mirror Photonic crystal Transparent metals Turbidity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox , M. ( 2002 ) . Optical Properties of Solids . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kerker , M. ( 1969 ) . The Scattering of Light . Academic , New York . Jump up ^ Mandelstam , L.I. ( 1926 ) . `` Light Scattering by Inhomogeneous Media '' . Zh . Russ . Fiz - Khim . Ova. 58 : 381 . Jump up ^ van de Hulst , H.C. ( 1981 ) . Light scattering by small particles . New York : Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64228 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bohren , C.F. & Huffmann , D.R. ( 1983 ) . Absorption and scattering of light by small particles . New York : Wiley . Jump up ^ Yamashita , I. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Transparent Ceramics '' . J. Am. Ceram . Soc. 91 ( 3 ) : 813 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1551 - 2916.2007. 02202. x . Jump up ^ Simmons , J. & Potter , K.S. ( 2000 ) . Optical Materials . Academic Press . Jump up ^ Uhlmann , D.R. ; et al. ( 1991 ) . Optical Properties of Glass . Amer . Ceram . Soc . Jump up ^ Gunzler , H. & Gremlich , H. ( 2002 ) . IR Spectroscopy : An Introduction . Wiley . Jump up ^ Stuart , B. ( 2004 ) . Infrared Spectroscopy : Fundamentals and Applications . Wiley . Jump up ^ Mott , N.F. & Jones , H. Theory of the Properties of Metals and Alloys . Clarendon Press , Oxford ( 1936 ) Dover Publications ( 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Griffin , A. ( 1968 ) . `` Brillouin Light Scattering from Crystals in the Hydrodynamic Region '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 40 ( 1 ) : 167 . Bibcode : 1968RvMP ... 40 ... 167G . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 40.167 . Jump up ^ I.P. Kaminow , T. Li ( 2002 ) , Optical fiber telecommunications IV , Vol. 1 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Smith , R.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Optical power handling capacity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering '' . Appl . Opt. 11 ( 11 ) : 2489 -- 94 . Bibcode : 1972ApOpt ... 11.2489 S. PMID 20119362 . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 11.002489 . Jump up ^ Archibald , P.S. & Bennett , H.E. ( 1978 ) . `` Scattering from infrared missile domes '' . Opt . Eng. 17 : 647 . Bibcode : 1978SPIE ... 133 ... 71A . doi : 10.1117 / 12.956078 . ^ Jump up to : Herring , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Biology of the Deep Ocean . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 854956 - 7 . pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Naish , D. `` Green - boned glass frogs , monkey frogs , toothless toads '' . Tetrapod zoology . scienceblogs.com . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Electrodynamics of continuous media , Landau , L.D. , Lifshits . E.M. and Pitaevskii , L.P. , ( Pergamon Press , Oxford , 1984 ) Laser Light Scattering : Basic Principles and Practice Chu , B. , 2nd Edn . ( Academic Press , New York 1992 ) Solid State Laser Engineering , W. Koechner ( Springer - Verlag , New York , 1999 ) Introduction to Chemical Physics , J.C. Slater ( McGraw - Hill , New York , 1939 ) Modern Theory of Solids , F. Seitz , ( McGraw - Hill , New York , 1940 ) Modern Aspects of the Vitreous State , J.D. MacKenzie , Ed . ( Butterworths , London , 1960 ) External links ( edit ) UV stability Properties of Light UV - Vis Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy Brillouin Scattering Transparent Ceramics Bulletproof Glass Transparent ALON Armor Properties of Optical Materials What makes glass transparent ? Brillouin scattering in optical fiber Thermal IR Radiation and Missile Guidance Glass science topics Basics Glass Glass transition Supercooling Formulation AgInSbTe Bioglass Borophosphosilicate glass Borosilicate glass Ceramic glaze Chalcogenide glass Cobalt glass Cranberry glass Crown glass Flint glass Fluorosilicate glass Fused quartz GeSbTe Gold ruby glass Lead glass Milk glass Phosphosilicate glass Photochromic lens glass Silicate glass Soda - lime glass Sodium hexametaphosphate Soluble glass Tellurite glass Thoriated glass Ultra low expansion glass Uranium glass Vitreous enamel Wood 's glass ZBLAN Glass - ceramics Bioactive glass CorningWare Glass - ceramic - to - metal seals Macor Zerodur Preparation Annealing Chemical vapor deposition Glass batch calculation Glass forming Glass melting Glass modeling Ion implantation Liquidus temperature Sol - gel technique Viscosity Vitrification Optics Achromat Dispersion Gradient - index optics Hydrogen darkening Optical amplifier Optical fiber Optical lens design Photochromic lens Photosensitive glass Refraction Transparent materials Surface modification Anti-reflective coating Chemically strengthened glass Corrosion Dealkalization DNA microarray Hydrogen darkening Insulated glazing Porous glass Self - cleaning glass Sol - gel technique Toughened glass Diverse topics Glass - coated wire Safety glass Glass databases Glass electrode Glass fiber reinforced concrete Glass ionomer cement Glass microspheres Glass - reinforced plastic Glass - to - metal seal Porous glass Prince Rupert 's Drops Radioactive waste vitrification Windshield Glass fiber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transparency_and_translucency&oldid=806878777 '' Categories : Optical materials Glass engineering and science Transparent materials Dimensionless numbers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 18 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	property of water that causes light to be scattered and absorbed	[]	[]
-8160662786082328812	Turtle Bay Resort	Turtle Bay resort - wikipedia Turtle Bay resort Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) View of resort from helicopter View from room 501 The Turtle Bay Resort is the major hotel on the North Shore of Oahu island in Hawaii . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Activities 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) The resort is about a 50 - minute drive from Honolulu , between Kahuku , Hawaii to the east and Kawela Bay , Hawaii to the west . The resort owns 858 acres ( 3.47 km2 ) of land with five miles of ocean front at Turtle Bay , and features 410 hotel rooms and suites , including the Premier Rooms on the 6th Floor ; 42 Beach Cottages that were refreshed in 2015 ; and manages numerous Ocean Villas , which are larger 2 - BR to 4 - BR units . The hotel recently unveiled a $45 million resort - wide , eco-sensitive renovation enhancing food and beverage operations , event staging and guest experiences . The hotel was built with three wings on a small peninsula which provides every room with an ocean view . The resort has a variety of restaurants , including Surfer The Bar , a partnership with Surfer Magazine , and The Point Sunset and Pool Bar . The resort also features The Guide Post , a new concept on the traditional hotel concierge , but more interactive and a key component of the Turtle Bay 's positioning as an experiential resort . Turtle Bay Resort sits just north of the Kuilima Estates condominium complexes along both of its golf courses , at 21 ° 42 ′ 19 '' N 157 ° 59 ′ 55 '' W . History ( edit ) Turtle Bay Resort opened in May 1972 as Del Webb 's Kuilima Resort Hotel and Country Club . In the Hawaiian language kui lima means `` joining hands '' . It was built by casino developer Del Webb ( 1899 -- 1974 ) to be the first casino on the island ; a gaming initiative was on the ballot in the mid-1970s but it did not pass . Hyatt took over the property until August 1983 when Hilton Hotels & Resorts took over . It was renamed `` Turtle Bay Golf and Tennis Resort '' -- early advertisements had to include a guide to pronunciation . A potential development deal with Starwood Hotels fell through in July 2007 . Although much expansion had been approved in 1985 , local opposition had developed against the plans . Governor Linda Lingle suggested the state buy the property in 2008 . The Trust for Public Land also tried to raise funds for the preservation effort . Two offers were made by the state in August and November 2008 that would have included surrounding open space , but they were not accepted . After a threat of foreclosure of investor Oaktree Capital Management from Credit Suisse , a new consortium of investors took over the resort in February 2010 . As of 2010 it was managed and operated by Benchmark Hospitality International . In December 2013 , the management of the resort was split between Replay Resorts , based in Vancouver , British Columbia and Benchmark Hospitality International . After four years of court battles , the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled in July 2010 that a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement must be filed for new development . The Resort , represented by Replay Resorts , released its Draft Supplemental Impact Statement on November 23 , 2012 with the Public Comment Period extended until January 18 , 2013 . Activities ( edit ) The resort is several miles away from surf spots including Waimea Bay , the Banzai Pipeline , and Sunset Beach . The two golf courses are named after designers Arnold Palmer and George Fazio . The Palmer Course was the site of the Turtle Bay Championship , a PGA Champions Tour Event held from 2001 through 2008 , and the Fazio Course has hosted the LPGA Tour 's Hawaiian Open . The runways of the World War II era Kahuku Army Airfield have been absorbed into the fairways of the golf courses . The James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge preserves a small pond adjacent to a golf course . In 1999 , the resort hosted the final Big Mele , a rock festival that had been held for the previous six years at Kualoa Ranch . Films and TV shows have been filmed on or near the Turtle Bay Resort . The hotel has been the setting for episodes of Hawaii 5 - 0 , Magnum P.I. , Full House , Cougar Town and the short - lived Fox TV series North Shore . The resort featured as the setting for the reunion - movie Baywatch : Hawaiian Wedding and for the 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall . Preserving the undeveloped setting for film locations was one reason given by opponents to the expansion . The Hills cast have filmed at the Turtle Bay resort in Season 5 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cooper , Jeanne . `` Hawaii resorts act as stewards with gardens , land preservation '' . sfgate.com . Jump up ^ Erace , Adam . `` Fortune 's Concierge Black Book : Oahu '' . Fortune.com . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's just a 45 minute drive from Honolulu . But it 's like being on an Outer Island '' . New York Magazine . March 20 , 1972 . p. 84 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary Kawena Pukui , Samuel Hoyt Elbert and Esther T. Mookini ( 2004 ) . `` lookup of Kuilima ``. in Place Names of Hawai'i . Ulukau , the Hawaiian Electronic Library , University of Hawaii Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John R.K. Clark ( 2004 ) . `` lookup of Turtle Bay ``. in Hawai'i Place Names : Shores , Beaches , and Surf Sites . Ulukau , the Hawaiian Electronic Library , University of Hawaii Press . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Starwood Backs Out of Development Deal at Turtle Bay Resort '' . Club & Resort Business . July 2007 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Koʻolauloa North Shore Alliance '' . official web site . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keep the North Shore Country '' . official web site . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Linda Lingle ( 2008 ) . `` State of the State Address '' . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to Protect Turtle Bay ( HI ) '' . The Trust for Public Land . August 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Administration made Proposals for Turtle Bay '' . state of Hawaii press release . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Janis L. Magin ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Oahu 's Turtle Bay Resort has new owners '' . Pacific Business News . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Group of lenders take ownership of Turtle Bay Resort from Oaktree Capital '' . Honolulu Advertiser . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.johnnyjet.com/2014/11/31-reasons-to-stay-at-turtle-bay-resort-in-oahu/ Jump up ^ Hawaii Supreme Court ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Order Denying Motion for Reconsideration '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.turtlebayseis.com Jump up ^ `` Turtle Bay Championship '' . PGA Tournament web site . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Trojan ( 2005 ) . `` Kahuku Airfield '' . North Shore Community Web site . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge '' . National Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forgetting Sarah Marshall on IMDb Jump up ^ K.C. Connors ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Keeping country country is good for isle film industry '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.turtlebayresortblog.com/2009/04/the-hills/ External links ( edit ) Official web site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turtle_Bay_Resort&oldid=794708134 '' Categories : Hotels in Hawaii Resorts in Hawaii Buildings and structures in Honolulu County , Hawaii Tourist attractions in Honolulu County , Hawaii Hotels established in 1972 1972 establishments in Hawaii Golf clubs and courses in Hawaii Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from April 2017 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did they stay in forgetting sarah marshall	[ "Films and TV shows have been filmed on or near the Turtle Bay Resort. The hotel has been the setting for episodes of Hawaii 5-0, Magnum P.I., Full House, Cougar Town and the short-lived Fox TV series North Shore. The resort featured as the setting for the reunion-movie Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding and for the 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall.[20] Preserving the undeveloped setting for film locations was one reason given by opponents to the expansion.[21] The Hills cast have filmed at the Turtle Bay resort in Season 5.[22]" ]	[ "Turtle Bay Resort" ]
-699835973391922418	Union of South Africa	Union of South Africa - Wikipedia Union of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search For the steam locomotive , see LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa . Union of South Africa Unie van Zuid - Afrika ( Dutch ) Unie van Suid - Afrika ( Afrikaans ) Dominion of the British Empire ( 1910 - 1931 ) Commonwealth realm ( 1931 - 1961 ) 1910 -- 1961 Flag ( after 1928 ) Coat of arms Motto Ex Unitate Vires ( Latin : From Unity , Strength ) Anthem `` God Save the King / Queen '' ( until 1957 ) `` Die Stem van Suid - Afrika '' ( after 1957 ) `` The Call of South Africa '' Location of the Union of South Africa . South West Africa shown as disputed area ( occupied in 1915 , administered as 5th province of the Union under a C - mandate from the League of Nations ) . Capital Cape Town ( legislative ) Pretoria ( administrative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) Pietermaritzburg ( archival ) Languages English , Dutch , Afrikaans Government Constitutional monarchy Monarch 1910 - 1936 George V 1936 Edward VIII 1936 - 1952 George VI 1952 - 1961 Elizabeth II Governor - General 1910 - 1914 The 1st Viscount Gladstone 1959 - 1961 Charles Robberts Swart Prime Minister 1910 - 1919 Louis Botha 1919 - 24 , 1939 - 48 Jan Smuts 1924 - 1939 J.B.M. Hertzog 1948 - 1954 D.F. Malan 1954 - 1958 J.G. Strijdom 1958 - 1961 H.F. Verwoerd Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly History Union 31 May 1910 Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 Republic 31 May 1961 Area 1961 2,045,320 km ( 789,700 sq mi ) Population 1961 est . 18,216,000 Density 9 / km ( 23 / sq mi ) Currency South African pound Preceded by Succeeded by Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Transvaal Colony South African Republic South Africa Today part of Namibia South Africa Union of South Africa Red Ensign ( 1912 - 1928 ) Merchant ensign until 1951 Union of South Africa Blue Ensign ( 1910 -- 1928 ) The Union of South Africa ( Dutch : Unie van Zuid - Afrika , Afrikaans : Unie van Suid - Afrika ) is the historic predecessor to the present - day republic of South Africa . It came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of four previously separate British colonies : the Cape , Natal , Transvaal and Orange River colonies . It included the territories formerly part of the Boer republics annexed in 1902 , the South African Republic and the Orange Free State . Following the First World War , the Union of South Africa was granted the administration of South West Africa ( formerly a German colony and today the sovereign state of Namibia ) as a League of Nations mandate , which became treated in most respects as if it were another province of the Union , but never was formally annexed . The Union of South Africa was a dominion of the British Empire , and became sovereign on 11 December 1931 . It was governed under a form of constitutional monarchy , with the Crown represented by a governor - general . The Union came to an end with the enactment of a new constitution on 31 May 1961 , by which it became a republic and left the Commonwealth , under the new name Republic of South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitution 1.1 Main features 1.2 Capitals 1.3 Relationship to the Crown 1.4 Languages 1.5 Final days of the South Africa Act and legacy 1.6 Segregation 2 Previous attempts at unification 2.1 Early unification attempt under Sir George Grey ( 1850s ) 2.2 The imposition of confederation ( 1870s ) 2.3 Second Boer War 1899 - 1902 3 Reasons for unification 3.1 South African customs union and trade tariffs 4 Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia 5 Union of South Africa and South West Africa 5.1 Background 5.2 South African occupation 5.3 Namibian independence 6 Statute of Westminster 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Constitution ( edit ) Main article : South Africa Act 1909 Main features ( edit ) The provinces of the Union Unlike Canada and Australia , the Union of South Africa was a unitary state , rather than a federation , with each colony 's parliaments being abolished and replaced with provincial councils . A bicameral parliament was created , consisting of a House of Assembly and Senate , and its members were elected mostly by the country 's white minority . During the course of the Union the franchise changed on several occasions always to suit the needs of the government of the day . Parliamentary supremacy was a convention of the constitution , inherited from the United Kingdom ; save for procedural safeguards in respect of the entrenched sections of franchise and language , the courts were unable to intervene in Parliament 's decisions . Capitals ( edit ) Owing to disagreements over where the Union 's capital should be , a compromise was reached in which every province would be dealt a share of the benefits of the capital : the administration would be seated in Pretoria ( Transvaal ) , Parliament would be in Cape Town ( Cape Province ) , the Appellate Division would be in Bloemfontein ( Orange Free State ) . Bloemfontein and Pietermaritzburg ( Natal ) were given financial compensation . Relationship to the Crown ( edit ) The Union initially remained under the British Crown as a self - governing dominion of the British Empire . With the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , the Union and other dominions became equal in status to the United Kingdom and it could no longer legislate on behalf of them . The Monarch was represented in South Africa by a Governor - General , while effective power was exercised by the Executive Council , headed by the Prime Minister . Louis Botha , formerly a Boer general , was appointed first Prime Minister of the Union , heading a coalition representing the white Afrikaner and English - speaking British diaspora communities . Prosecutions before courts were instituted in the name of the Crown ( cited in the format Rex v Accused ) and government officials served in the name of the Crown . Historical states in present - day South Africa before 1600 ( show ) Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( 1050 -- 1270 ) Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1795 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Swellendam ( 1795 ) Graaff - Reinet ( 1795 -- 96 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1802 ) 1800 -- 1850 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1802 -- 06 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 -- 1910 ) Waterboer 's Land ( 1813 -- 71 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1818 -- 97 ) Adam Kok 's Land ( 1825 -- 61 ) Winburg ( 1836 -- 44 ) Potchefstroom ( 1837 -- 48 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) 1850 -- 1875 ( show ) South African Republic ( 1852 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Republic of Utrecht ( 1854 -- 58 ) Lydenburg Republic ( 1856 -- 60 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 80 ) Diggers ' Republic ( 1870 - 71 ) 1875 -- 1900 ( show ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Nieuw Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) 1900 -- present ( show ) Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1910 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- present ) South Africa portal Languages ( edit ) An entrenched clause in the Constitution mentioned Dutch and English as official languages of the Union , but the meaning of Dutch was changed by the Official Languages of the Union Act , 1925 to include both Dutch and Afrikaans . Final days of the South Africa Act and legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most English - speaking whites in South Africa supported the United Party of Jan Smuts , which favoured close relations with the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth , rather than the Afrikaans - speaking Nationalists , many of whom held anti-British sentiments , and were opposed to South Africa 's entry into the Second World War . Some extremist Nationalist organisations , like the Ossewa Brandwag , openly supported Nazi Germany during the Second World War . Many opposed moves to make the country a republic , voting `` no '' in the 5 October 1960 referendum , but due to the much larger number of Afrikaans - speaking voters , the referendum passed , leading to the establishment of a republic in 1961 . The Afrikaner - dominated Government consequently withdrew South Africa from the Commonwealth . Natal , which had an English - speaking majority , voted against . Following the referendum result , some whites in Natal even called for secession from the Union . Five years earlier , some 33,000 Natalians had signed the Natal Covenant in opposition to the plans for a republic . Subsequently , the National Party Government passed a Constitution that repealed the South Africa Act . The features of the Union were carried over with very little change to the newly formed Republic . The decision to transform from a Union to Republic was narrowly decided in the referendum . The decision together with the Government 's insistence on adhering to its policy of apartheid resulted in South Africa 's de facto expulsion from the Commonwealth of Nations ; South Africa left the association when it was resolved that it would not be permitted to remain on the terms it wished . Segregation ( edit ) The South Africa Act dealt with race in two specific provisions . First it entrenched the liberal Cape Qualified Franchise system of the Cape Colony which operated free of any racial considerations ( although due to socio - economic restrictions no real political expression of non-whites was possible . ) The Cape Prime Minister at the time , John X . Merriman , fought hard , but ultimately unsuccessfully , to extend this system of multi-racial franchise to the rest of South Africa . Second it made `` native affairs '' a matter for the national government . The practice therefore was to establish a Minister of Native Affairs . According to Stephen Howe , colonialism in some cases -- most obviously among white minorities in South Africa -- meant mainly that these violent settlers wanted to maintain more racial inequalities than the colonial empire found just . Previous attempts at unification ( edit ) Several previous unsuccessful attempts to unite the colonies were made , with proposed political models ranging from unitary , to loosely federal . Early unification attempt under Sir George Grey ( 1850s ) ( edit ) Sir George Grey , the Governor of Cape Colony from 1854 to 1861 , decided that unifying the states of southern Africa would be mutually beneficial . The stated reasons were that he believed that political divisions between the white - controlled states `` weakened them against the natives '' , threatened an ethnic divide between British and Boer , and left the Cape vulnerable to interference from other European powers . He believed that a united `` South African Federation '' , under British control , would resolve all three of these concerns . His idea was greeted with cautious optimism in southern Africa ; the Orange Free State agreed to the idea in principle and the Transvaal may also eventually have agreed . However , he was overruled by the British Colonial Office which ordered him to desist from his plans . His refusal to abandon the idea eventually led to him being recalled . The imposition of Confederation ( 1870s ) ( edit ) In the 1870s , the London Colonial Office , under Secretary for the Colonies Lord Carnarvon , decided to apply a system of Confederation onto southern Africa . On this occasion however , it was largely rejected by southern Africans , primarily due to its very bad timing . The various component states of southern Africa were still simmering after the last bout of British expansion , and inter-state tensions were high . The Orange Free State this time refused to even discuss the idea , and Prime Minister John Molteno of the Cape Colony called the idea badly informed and irresponsible . In addition , many local leaders resented the way it was imposed from outside without understanding of local issues . The Confederation model was also correctly seen as unsuitable for the disparate entities of southern Africa , with their wildly different sizes , economies and political systems . The Molteno Unification Plan ( 1877 ) , put forward by the Cape government as a more feasible unitary alternative to confederation , largely anticipated the final act of Union in 1909 . A crucial difference was that the Cape 's liberal constitution and multiracial franchise were to be extended to the other states of the union . These smaller states would gradually accede to the much larger Cape Colony through a system of treaties , whilst simultaneously gaining elected seats in the Cape parliament . The entire process would be locally driven , with Britain 's role restricted to policing any set - backs . While subsequently acknowledged to be more viable , this model was rejected at the time by London . At the other extreme , another powerful Cape politician at the time , Saul Solomon , proposed an extremely loose system of federation , with the component states preserving their very different constitutions and systems of franchise . Lord Carnarvon rejected the ( more informed ) local plans for unification , as he wished to have the process brought to a conclusion before the end of his tenure and , having little experience of southern Africa , he preferred to enforce the more familiar model of confederation used in Canada . He pushed ahead with his Confederation plan , which unraveled as predicted , leaving a string of destructive wars across southern Africa . These conflicts eventually fed into the first and second Anglo - Boer Wars , with far - reaching consequences for the subcontinent . Second Boer War 1899 - 1902 ( edit ) Main article : Second Boer War After gold was discovered in the 1880s , thousands of British men flocked to the gold mines of the South African Republic ( Transvaal ) and the Orange Free State . The newly arrived miners were needed for the mines but were distrusted by the politically dominant Afrikaners , who called them `` uitlanders '' and imposed heavy taxes and very limited civil rights , with no right to vote . The British , jealous of the gold and diamond mines and highly protective of its people , demanded reforms , which were rejected . A small - scale private British effort to overthrow Transvaal 's President Paul Kruger , the Jameson Raid of 1895 , was a fiasco , and presaged full - scale conflict as diplomatic efforts all failed . War started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902 as Great Britain was aided by its Cape Colony , Colony of Natal and some native African allies . The British war effort was further supported by volunteers from across the Empire . All other nations were neutral , but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain . Inside Britain and its Empire there also was a significant Opposition to the Second Boer War because of the atrocities and military failures . The British were overconfident and under prepared . Prime Minister Salisbury and his top officials , especially colonial secretary Joseph Chamberlain , ignored the repeated warnings of military advisors that the Boers were well prepared , well armed , and fighting for their homes in a very difficult terrain . The Boers struck first , besieging Ladysmith , Kimberly , and Mafeking in early 1900 , and winning important battles at Colenso , Magersfontein and Stormberg . Staggered , the British fought back , relieved its besieged cities , and prepared to invade first the Orange Free State , and then Transvaal in late 1900 . The Boers refused to surrender or negotiate , and reverted to guerrilla warfare . After two years of hard fighting , Britain , using over 400,000 soldiers systematically destroyed the resistance , raising worldwide complaints about brutality . The Boers were fighting for their homes and families , who provided them with food and hiding places . The British solution was to forcefully relocate all the Boer civilians into heavily guarded concentration camps , where about 28,000 died of disease . Then it systematically blocked off and tracked down the highly mobile Boer combat units . The battles were small operations ; most of the dead were victims of disease . The war ended in victory for the British and the annexation of both republics , which became the Transvaal Colony and the Orange River Colony . Reasons for unification ( edit ) The first Union cabinet At the close of the Anglo - Boer War in 1902 , the four colonies were for the first time under a common flag , and the most significant obstacle which had prevented previous plans at unification had been removed . Hence the long - standing desire of many colonial administrators to establish a unified structure became feasible . South African customs Union and trade tariffs ( edit ) The matter of trade tariffs had been a long - standing source of conflict between the various political units of Southern Africa . Essentially at the heart of the crisis lay the fact that the Transvaal was a landlocked economic hub that resented its dependence on its neighbours , as well as the costs it was incurring through rail and harbour customs . The Cape Colony was heavily dependent upon customs as a source of tax revenue and subsequently was directly competing with both Natal and Portuguese East Africa ( Mozambique ) . At the time of unification the bulk of cargo destined for the Witwatersrand area entered through Lourenço Marques ( now Maputo in Mozambique ) owing largely to the relative distance and the ZARs policy of reducing its dependence on the British Empire . The South African Customs Union came into existence in 1906 , but various problems existed with the arrangements particularly because the Transvaal was insistent on dominating the Union . After Unification the South African Customs Union continued to exist including the other British territories ( the Protectorates and Rhodesia ) . Union of South Africa and southern Rhodesia ( edit ) In 1922 the colony of Southern Rhodesia had a chance ( ultimately rejected ) to join the Union through a referendum . The referendum resulted from the fact that by 1920 British South Africa Company rule in Southern Rhodesia was no longer practical with many favouring some form of ' responsible government ' . Some favoured responsible government within Southern Rhodesia while others ( especially in Matabeleland ) favoured membership in the Union of South Africa . Politician Sir Charles Coghlan claimed that such membership with the Union would make Southern Rhodesia the `` Ulster of South Africa '' . Prior to the referendum , representatives of Southern Rhodesia visited Cape Town where the Prime Minister of South Africa , Jan Smuts , eventually offered terms he considered reasonable and which the United Kingdom government found acceptable . Although opinion among the United Kingdom government , the South African government and the British South Africa Company favoured the union option ( and none tried to interfere in the referendum ) , when the referendum was held the results saw 59.4 % in favour of responsible government for a separate colony and 40.6 % in favour of joining the Union of South Africa . Union of South Africa and South West Africa ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Main article : Palgrave Commission The inhospitable coast of what is now the Republic of Namibia remained uncolonised up until the end of the 19th century . From 1874 , the leaders of several indigenous peoples , notably Maharero of the Herero nation , approached the Cape Parliament to the south . Anticipating invasion by a European power and already suffering Portuguese encroachment from the north and Afrikaner encroachment from the south , these leaders approached the Cape Colony government to discuss the possibility of accession and the political representation it would entail . Accession to the Cape Colony , a self - governing state with a system of multi-racial franchise and legal protection for traditional land rights , was at the time considered marginally preferable to annexation by Portugal or Germany . In response , the Cape Parliament appointed a special Commission under William Palgrave , to travel to the territory between the Orange and Cunene rivers and to confer with these leaders regarding accession to the Cape . In the negotiations with the Palgrave Commission , some indigenous nations such as the Damara and the Herero responded positively ( Oct 1876 ) , other reactions were mixed . Discussions regarding the magisterial structure for the area 's political integration into the Cape dragged on until , from 1876 , it was blocked by Britain . Britain relented , insofar as allowing the Cape to incorporate Walvis Bay , which was brought under the magisterial district of Cape Town , but when the Germans established a protectorate over the area in 1884 , South West Africa was predominantly autonomous . Thereafter , South West Africa became a German colony , except for Walvis Bay and the Offshore Islands which remained part of the Cape , outside of German control . South African occupation ( edit ) South West Africa stamp : Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret on the 1947 Royal Tour of South Africa Following the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 the Union of South Africa occupied and annexed the German colony of German South West Africa . With the establishment of the League of Nations and cessation of the war , South Africa obtained a Class C Mandate to administer South West Africa `` under the laws of the mandatory ( South Africa ) as integral portions of its territory '' . Subsequently , the Union of South Africa generally regarded South West Africa as a fifth province , although this was never an official status . With the creation of the United Nations , the Union applied for the incorporation of South West Africa , but its application was rejected by the U.N. , which invited South Africa to prepare a Trusteeship agreement instead . This invitation was in turn rejected by the Union , which subsequently did not modify the administration of South West Africa and continued to adhere to the original mandate . This caused a complex set of legal wranglings that were not finalised when the Union was replaced with the Republic of South Africa . In 1949 , the Union passed a law bringing South West Africa into closer association with it including giving South West Africa representation in the South African parliament . Walvis Bay , which is now in Namibia , was originally a part of the Union of South Africa as it was a part of the Cape Colony at the time of Unification . In 1921 Walvis Bay was integrated with the Class C Mandate over South West Africa for the rest of the Union 's duration and for part of the Republic era . Namibian independence ( edit ) In 1990 South West Africa gained independence as Namibia , but Walvis Bay remained under South African sovereignty . At midnight on 28 February 1994 South Africa formally transferred sovereignty over Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands to Namibia . Statute of Westminster ( edit ) The Statute of Westminster passed by the Imperial Parliament in December 1931 , which repealed the Colonial Laws Validity Act and implemented the Balfour Declaration 1926 , had a profound impact on the constitutional structure and status of the Union . The most notable effect was that the South African Parliament was released from many restrictions concerning the handling of the so - called `` native question '' . However the repeal was not sufficient to enable the South African Parliament to ignore the entrenched clauses of its constitution ( the South Africa Act ) which led to the coloured - vote constitutional crisis of the 1950s wherein the right of coloureds to vote in the main South African Parliament was removed and replaced with a separate , segregated , and largely powerless assembly . See also ( edit ) Governor - General of the Union of South Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ After 1925 Dutch included Afrikaans . Jump up ^ South Africa Act , 1909 , Part V , sections 68 to 94 . Jump up ^ See South Africa Act , 1909 , Part IV , sections 19 to 67 Jump up ^ See Representation of Natives Act , No. 12 of 1936 and Separate Representation of Voters Act , No. 46 of 1951 . Jump up ^ Hahlo & Kahn , Union of South Africa , Stevens & Sons Limited , London , 1960 , pp. 146 to 163 . Jump up ^ Section 18 of South Africa Act , 1909 . Jump up ^ Section 23 of South Africa Act , 1909 . Jump up ^ Section 109 of South Africa Act , 1909 . Jump up ^ Section 133 of South Africa Act , 1909 Jump up ^ Hahlo & Kahn , supra , p. 146 et seq . Jump up ^ See Part III of South Africa Act , 1909 Jump up ^ See section 137 of South Africa Act , 1909 Jump up ^ Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans , Saskatoon Star - Phoenix , 11 October 1960 Jump up ^ Jeffery , Keith ( 1996 ) . An Irish Empire ? : Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire . Manchester University Press . pp. 199 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Janet ( 1971 ) . Liberalism in South Africa : 1948 - 1963 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ `` EISA South Africa : Historical franchise arrangements '' . Eisa.org.za . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Howe , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Empire A very Short Introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 75 . Jump up ^ V.C. Malherbe : What They Said . 1795 - 1910 History Documents . Cape Town : Maskew Miller . 1971 . Jump up ^ P.A. Molteno : A Federal South Africa . Sampson Low , Marston & Co , 1896 . ISBN 1 - 4367 - 2682 - 4 Jump up ^ Phyllis Lewsen ( ed . ) . Selections from the correspondence of John X . Merriman , 1905 - 1924 . South Africa : Van Riebeeck Society , 1969 Jump up ^ Frank Richardson Cana : South Africa : From the Great Trek to the Union . London : Chapman & Hall , ltd. , 1909 . Chapter VII `` Molteno 's Unification Plan '' . p. 89 Jump up ^ Solomon , W.E. C : Saul Solomon -- the Member for Cape Town . Cape Town : Oxford University Press , 1948 . Jump up ^ Illustrated History of South Africa . The Reader 's Digest Association South Africa ( Pty ) Ltd , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 947008 - 90 - X . p. 182 , `` Confederation from the Barrel of a Gun '' Jump up ^ J.A.S. Grenville , Lord Salisbury , and Foreign Policy ( 1964 ) pp 235 - 64 . Jump up ^ Iain R. Smith , The Origins of the South African War , 1899 - 1902 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ William L. Langer , The Diplomacy of Imperialism ( 1950 ) , pp 605 - 28 , 651 - 76 Jump up ^ Denis Judd and Keith Surridge , The Boer War : A History ( 2013 ) pp 1 - 54 . Jump up ^ Judd and Surridge , The Boer War : A History ( 2013 ) pp 55 - 302 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Keith ( 1996 ) . An Irish Empire ? : Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire . Manchester University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0719038731 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ P.A. Molteno : The life and times of Sir John Charles Molteno , K.C.M.G. , First Premier of Cape Colony , Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1900 . Vol. I. p. 284 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Atlas of Union of South Africa Beck , Roger B . The History of South Africa ( Greenwood , 2000 ) . Davenport , Thomas , and Christopher Saunders . South Africa : A modern history ( Springer , 2000 ) . Eze , M. Intellectual history in contemporary South Africa ( Springer , 2016 ) . Ross , Robert . A Concise History of South Africa ( 2009 ) Thompson , Leonard , and Lynn Berat . A History of South Africa ( 4th ed. 2014 ) Thompson , Leonard . The Unification of South Africa 1902 -- 1910 ( Oxford UP , 1960 ) . Welsh , Frank . A History of South Africa ( 2000 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has several original texts related to : Union of South Africa World Statesmen.org : South Africa Media related to History of South Africa at Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union of South Africa . Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Administrative divisions of South Africa ( 1910 -- 1994 ) Provinces of South Africa Province of the Cape of Good Hope Province of the Orange Free State Province of the Transvaal Province of Natal Non-independent homelands Gazankulu KaNgwane KwaNdebele KwaZulu Lebowa Qwaqwa Independent homelands Transkei Bophuthatswana Venda Ciskei Dependent territories Mandate of South - West Africa Transkei , Bophuthatswana , Venda and Ciskei were originally part of South Africa ; they later declared independence with South African consent in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Their independence was recognized by the South African government but they were internationally recognized as part of South Africa . British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1953 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Commonwealth realms and dominions Current Antigua and Barbuda ( monarchy ) Australia ( monarchy ) Bahamas ( monarchy ) Barbados ( monarchy ) Belize ( monarchy ) Canada ( monarchy ) Grenada ( monarchy ) Jamaica ( monarchy ) Realm of New Zealand Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea ( monarchy ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( monarchy ) Saint Lucia ( monarchy ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( monarchy ) Solomon Islands ( monarchy ) Tuvalu ( monarchy ) United Kingdom ( monarchy ) Former Ceylon Fiji ( monarchy ) The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Ireland ( monarchy ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Newfoundland Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa ( monarchy ) Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Dominion , became republic before adoption of the term `` realm '' Dominion , never ratified Statute of Westminster 1931 , London - based external government 1934 -- 1949 , annexed by Canada in 1949 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence as a realm in 1965 , but this was not recognised internationally . Declared itself a republic in 1970 . Former monarchies List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century Africa Ethiopia Libya Tunisia Egypt Madagascar South Africa Burundi Central Africa Zanzibar Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Kenya Gambia Mauritius Witu Asia China Korea Vietnam Georgia India Manchukuo Iran Iraq Syria Yemen Afghanistan Turkey Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Tibet Nepal Europe Germany Bavaria Prussia Saxony Württemberg Austria - Hungary Russia France Portugal Italy Two Sicilies Hungary Bulgaria Romania Yugoslavia Serbia Montenegro Greece Albania Lithuania Hanover Iceland Tuscany Polish - Lithuania Malta Papal States Finland Oceania Bora Bora Fiji Hawaii Rarotonga Tahiti Americas Brazil Mexico Haiti Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Commonwealth realms portal Monarchy portal South Africa portal VIAF : 199504624 GND : 16299861 - 2 Coordinates : 30 ° S 25 ° E / 30 ° S 25 ° E / - 30 ; 25 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_of_South_Africa&oldid=807740797 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Africa Former countries in Africa States and territories established in 1910 States and territories disestablished in 1961 South Africa Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa Former Commonwealth realms Former polities of the Cold War History of South Africa Political history of South Africa South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations White supremacy in Africa 1910 establishments in South Africa 1961 disestablishments in South Africa 1910 establishments in Africa 1961 disestablishments in Africa 1910 establishments in the British Empire 1961 disestablishments in the British Empire Defunct organisations based in South Africa 20th century in South Africa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sesotho Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the union of south africa formed	[ "The Union of South Africa (Dutch: Unie van Zuid-Afrika, Afrikaans: Unie van Suid-Afrika) is the historic predecessor to the present-day republic of South Africa. It came into being on 31 May 1910 with the unification of four previously separate British colonies: the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River colonies. It included the territories formerly part of the Boer republics annexed in 1902, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State." ]	[ "31 May 1910" ]
-1335192198048191537	Mind your own business	Mind your own business - wikipedia Mind your own business For `` Mind your own beeswax '' , see `` Mind your own beeswax '' . For other uses , see Mind your own business ( disambiguation ) . `` Mind your own business '' is a common English saying which asks for a respect of other people 's privacy . It can mean that a person should stop meddling in what does not concern that person , etc . Its initialism is MYOB . Contents 1 Origin 2 20th century 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) Most modern theologians do not believe that the phrase `` Mind your own business '' is of direct biblical derivation , though something similar appears in the bible where St. Paul tells the church of Thessaloniki about this manner of living in his instructions as a way of Christian life ( I Thessalonians 4 : 11 ) . The Greek phrase is πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια , which translates as `` manage yourself '' . 20th century ( edit ) In the 1930s , a slang version rendered the saying as `` Mind your own beeswax '' . It is meant to soften the force of the retort . Folk etymology has it that this idiom was used in the colonial period when women would sit by the fireplace making wax candles together , though there are many other theories . In the classic science fiction story `` ... And Then There Were None '' , author Eric Frank Russell shortened `` mind your own business '' to `` MYOB '' or `` Myob ! '' , which was used as a form of civil disobedience on the planet of the libertarian Gands . Russell 's short story was subsequently incorporated into his 1962 novel The Great Explosion . See also ( edit ) A wigwam for a goose 's bridle Bodily integrity Personal boundaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1 Thessalonians 4 : 11 - 12 NIV '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Palmatier , Robert Allen ( 1995 ) . Speaking of Animals : A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors . Greenwood Press . pp. Google Books Search , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29490 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Idiomsite.com '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` World Wide Words : Mind your beeswax '' . World Wide Words . Jump up ^ `` ' And Then There Were None ' by Eric Frank Russell '' . www.abelard.org . External links ( edit ) Idiomsite.com , Origins of common sayings - Beeswax Abelard.org , And Then There Were None ( relevant excerpt of The Great Explosion ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_your_own_business&oldid=849347947 '' Categories : English phrases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 11 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase mind your own beeswax come from	[]	[]
-8767532395986506882	Economy of China	Economy of China - Wikipedia Economy of China Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the economy of People 's Republic of China . For the economy of Republic of China , see Economy of Taiwan . For the book , see The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth . For other uses , see Economy of China ( disambiguation ) . Economy of China Shanghai , the financial center of China Currency Renminbi Yuan ( CNY ) = 0.159 USD Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations WTO , APEC , G - 20 and others Statistics GDP $14.092 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 est . ) $25.238 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 est . ) GDP rank 2nd ( nominal ) 1st ( PPP ) GDP growth 6.9 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita $10,087 ( nominal ; 2018 est . ) $18,066 ( PPP ; 2018 est . ) GDP per capita rank 71st ( nominal ) 78th ( PPP ) GDP by sector agriculture : 8.6 % , industry : 39.8 % , services : 51.6 % ( 2016 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 2.1 % ( March 2018 ) Population below poverty line 11.1 % live less than $3.10 / day ( 2013 ; World Bank ) Gini coefficient 40.0 ( 2018 est . ) Human Development Index 0.738 ( 2015 ) high ( 90th ) Labor force 803.6 million ( 1st ; 2017 ) Labor force by occupation agriculture : 29.5 % , industry : 29.9 % , services : 40.6 % ( 2014 ) Unemployment 3.97 % ( Q1 2017 ) Main industries Mining ore processing iron steel aluminum and other metals coal machine building armaments textiles apparel petroleum cement chemicals fertilizer food processing transportation equipment automobiles railcars locomotives ships aircraft telecommunications equipment space launch vehicles satellites consumer products ( including footwear toys electronics ) Ease - of - doing - business rank 78th ( 2017 ) External Exports US $2.26 trillion ( 2017 ) Export goods Agricultural products 3.2 % Fuels and mining products 2.4 % Manufacturers 94.3 % Others 0.1 % Main export partners United States 18.3 % European Union 16.1 % Hong Kong 13.8 % Japan 6.1 % South Korea 4.5 % Others 41.2 % Imports US $1.84 trillion ( 2017 ) Import goods Agricultural products 9.5 % Fuels and mining products 21.3 % Manufacturers 64.4 % Others 4.8 % Main import partners European Union 13.1 % South Korea 10 % Japan 9.2 % Taiwan 8.8 % United States 8.5 % Others 50.4 % FDI stock $1.354 trillion ( 2016 ) Gross external debt $1.42 trillion ( 31 March 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 16.1 % of GDP ( 2016 est . ) Revenues $2.94 trillion ( 2018 est . ) Expenses $3.46 trillion ( 2018 est . ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : A+ ( Domestic ) A+ ( Foreign ) A+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : A1 Outlook : Stable Fitch : A+ Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $3.16 trillion ( Jan. 2018 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The socialist market economy of China is the world 's second largest economy by nominal GDP and the world 's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , although China 's National Bureau of Statistics denies the latter assessment . Until 2015 , China was the world 's fastest - growing major economy , with growth rates averaging 10 % over 30 years . Due to historical and political facts of China 's developing economy , China 's public sector accounts for a bigger share of the national economy than the burgeoning private sector . On a per capita income basis , China ranked 71st by GDP ( nominal ) and 78th by GDP ( PPP ) per capita in 2016 , according to the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The country has an estimated $23 trillion worth of natural resources , 90 % of which are coal and rare earth metals . China also has the world 's largest total banking sector assets of $39.9 trillion ( 252 trillion CNY ) with $26.54 trillion in total deposits . China is the world 's largest manufacturing economy and exporter of goods . China is also the world 's fastest - growing consumer market and second - largest importer of goods . China is a net importer of services products . China is the largest trading nation in the world and plays a prominent role in international trade and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years . China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001 . China also has free trade agreements with several nations , including ASEAN , Australia , New Zealand , Pakistan , South Korea and Switzerland . The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized , while regions in the hinterland are less developed . As China 's economic importance has grown , so has attention to the structure and health of the economy . To avoid the long - term socioeconomic cost of environmental pollution in China , it has been suggested by Nicholas Stern and Fergus Green of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial development with high - tech , low carbon emissions with better allocation of national resources to innovation and R&D for sustainable economic growth in order to reduce the impact of China 's heavy industry . This is in accord with the planning goals of the central government . Xi Jinping 's Chinese Dream is described as achieving the `` Two 100s '' : the material goal of China becoming a `` moderately well - off society '' by 2021 , the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party and the modernization goal of China becoming a fully developed nation by 2049 , the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People 's Republic . The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the Purchasing Managers Index in 2005 . As China 's economy grows , so does China 's Renminbi , which undergoes the process needed for its internationalization . China initiated the founding of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015 . The economic development of Shenzhen is dubbed as the next Silicon Valley in the world . In 2015 , one US - focused financial commentator suggested China 's official figures for GDP growth might be double the actual rate . Examples include the provincial government in Liaoning publicly admitting that the government had been overstating GDP by 20 % when publishing its economic data from 2011 to 2014 . Tianjin 's trillion yuan GDP claim for 2016 , was in fact a third lower , at 665 billion yuan ( $103 billion ) . A Wall Street Journal survey of 64 select economists found that 96 % of respondents think China 's GDP estimates do n't `` accurately reflect the state of the Chinese economy . '' . However , a more detailed and scholarly approach in 2017 pointed in the opposite direction . Regarding the credibility of official data , China 's premier has been quoted as saying the GDP numbers are `` man - made '' and unreliable and should be used `` for reference only '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional economies 1.1 GDP by Administrative Division 1.2 Hong Kong and Macau 2 Development 2.1 Issues with overclaiming 2.2 Regional development 2.3 Key national projects 3 Macroeconomic trends 3.1 Systemic issues and environment 3.2 National debt 3.3 Regulatory environment and tax system 3.4 Inflation 3.5 Investment cycles 4 Financial and banking system 4.1 Stock markets 4.2 Currency system 5 Sectors 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Housing and construction 5.3 Energy and mineral resources 5.3. 1 Mining 5.3. 2 Hydroelectric resources 5.3. 3 Coal 5.3. 4 Oil and natural gas 5.3. 5 Metals and nonmetals 5.4 Industry and manufacturing 5.4. 1 Steel industry 5.4. 2 Automotive industry 5.4. 3 Other industries 5.5 Services 5.5. 1 Telecommunications 5.5. 2 Tourism 5.5. 3 Luxury goods 5.5. 4 Cybercrime 6 Labour and welfare 7 External trade 8 Foreign investment 8.1 Chinese investment abroad 8.2 Mergers and acquisitions 9 Demographics 9.1 Labor force 10 Transportation and infrastructure 11 Science and technology 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Regional economies ( Edit ) Distribution of GDP in mainland China in 2007 See also : Metropolitan regions of China and List of cities in China China 's unequal transportation system -- combined with important differences in the availability of natural and human resources and in industrial infrastructure -- has produced significant variations in the regional economies of China . Economic development has generally been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior and there are large disparities in per capita income between regions . The three wealthiest regions are along the southeast coast , centered on the Pearl River Delta ; along the east coast , centered on the Lower Yangtze River ; and near the Bohai Gulf , in the Beijing -- Tianjin region . It is the rapid development of these areas that is expected to have the most significant effect on the Asian regional economy as a whole and Chinese government policy is designed to remove the obstacles to accelerated growth in these wealthier regions . See also : List of administrative regions by GDP , List of administrative regions by GDP per capita and List of cities by GDP per capita . GDP by administrative division ( Edit ) Main article : List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP There are 33 administrative divisions in China . Below are the top administrative divisions in China ranked by GDP in 2015 , as GDP was converted from CNY to USD using a FX rate of 6.2284 CNY / USD . List of Chinese provinces by 2015 GDP PPP : abbreviation of purchasing power parity ; Nominal : CNY 6.2284 per U.S. dollar ; PPP : CNY 3.5353 per Intl . dollar ( based on IMF WEO October 2016 ) provinces GDP ( in billions ) GDP per capita Mid-year population ( given * 1000 ) Rank CN ¥ Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( intl $ . ) real growth ( % ) Share ( % ) Rank CN ¥ Nominal ( US $ ) PPP ( intl $ . ) Share ( % ) Mainland China 68,905.10 11,063.05 19,490.59 6.9 100 50,251 8,068 14,214 100 1,371,220 Guangdong 7,281.26 1,169.04 2,059.59 8.0 10.62 8 67,503 10,838 19,094 135 107,865 Jiangsu 7,011.64 1,125.75 1,983.32 8.5 10.23 87,995 14,128 24,890 176 79,682 Shandong 6,300.23 1,011.53 1,782.09 8.0 9.19 10 64,168 10,302 18,151 128 98,183 Zhejiang 4,288.65 688.56 1,213.09 8.0 6.26 5 77,644 12,466 21,962 155 55,235 Henan 5 3,701.03 594.22 1,046.88 8.3 5.40 22 39,131 6,283 11,069 78 94,580 Sichuan 6 3,010.31 483.32 851.50 7.9 4.39 23 36,836 5,914 10,419 74 81,721 Hebei 7 2,980.61 478.55 843.10 6.8 4.35 19 40,255 6,463 11,387 81 74,043 Hubei 8 2,955.02 474.44 835.86 8.9 4.31 13 50,653 8,133 14,328 101 58,338 Hunan 9 2,904.72 466.37 821.63 8.6 4.24 16 42,969 6,899 12,154 86 67,601 Liaoning 10 2,874.34 461.49 813.04 3.0 4.19 9 65,524 10,520 18,534 131 43,867 Hong Kong and Macau ( Edit ) Main articles : One Country , Two Systems ; Economy of Hong Kong ; and Economy of Macau In accordance with the One Country , Two Systems policy , the economies of the former British colony of Hong Kong and Portuguese colony of Macau are separate from the rest of China and each other . Both Hong Kong and Macau are free to conduct and engage in economic negotiations with foreign countries , as well as participating as full members in various international economic organizations such as the World Customs Organization , the World Trade Organization and the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation forum , often under the names `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macau , China '' . See also : Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement ( disambiguation ) with Hong Kong and Macau . Development ( Edit ) See also : List of administrative divisions by Human Development Index ( HDI ) . China and other major developing economies by GDP per capita at purchasing - power parity , 1990 -- 2013 , as the rapid economic growth of China ( blue ) is readily apparent The economic reforms implemented in 1979 helped to propel China into the ranks of the world 's major economic powers . China shows a great development potential from its remarkable economic growth rate in these years . To guide economic development , the Chinese central government adopts `` five - year plans '' that detail its economic priorities and essential policies . The Thirteenth Five - Year Plan ( 2016 -- 2020 ) is currently being implemented . Like Japan and South Korea before it , China has grown steadily , raising the income levels and living standards of its citizens while producing goods that are consumed globally . Between 1978 and 2005 , China 's per capita GDP grew from $153 to $1,284 . Its current account surplus increased more than twelve-fold between 1982 and 2004 , from $5.7 billion to $71 billion . During this time , China also became an industrial powerhouse , moving beyond initial successes in low - wage sectors like clothing and footwear to the increasingly sophisticated production of computers , pharmaceuticals , and automobiles . However , it remains unclear how long the Chinese economy can maintain this trajectory . According to the 11th five - year plan , China needed to sustain an annual growth rate of 8 % for the foreseeable future . Only with such levels of growth , the leadership argued , could China continue to develop its industrial prowess , raise its citizen 's standard of living , and redress the inequalities that were cropping up across the country . Yet no country had ever before maintained the kind of growth that China was predicting . Moreover , China had to some extent already undergone the easier parts of development . In the 1980s , it had transformed its vast and inefficient agricultural sector , freeing its peasants from the confines of central planning and winning them to the cause of reform . In the 1990s , it had likewise started to restructure its stagnant industrial sector , wooing foreign investors for the first time . These policies had catalysed the country 's phenomenal growth . Instead , China had to take what many regarded as the final step toward the market , liberalizing the banking sector and launching the beginnings of a real capital market . According to an article in Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich Business School and Abdul Jalil from Wuhan University in China , financial development leads to a reduction in the income inequality in China . This process , however , would not be easy . As of 2004 , China 's state - owned enterprises were still only partially reorganized , and its banks were dealing with the burden of over $205 billion ( 1.7 trillion RMB ) in non-performing loans , monies that had little chance of ever being repaid . The country had a floating exchange rate , and strict controls on both the current and capital accounts . In mid-2014 China announced it was taking steps to boost the economy , which at the time was running at a rate 7.4 % per annum , but was slowing . The measures included plans to build a multi-tier transport network , comprising railways , roads and airports , to create a new economic belt alongside the Yangtze River . Issues with overclaiming ( Edit ) Chinese provinces and cities have long been suspected of cooking up numbers , with the focus on local government officials , whose performance are often assessed based on how well their respective economies have performed . In recent years , China claimed growth numbers come under scrutiny , with both non chinese financial and economic observers as well as chinese government officials claiming the government has been inflating it 's economic output . Instances of overclaiming officially came to light when ; Binhai New Area in the northern Chinese city of Tianjin . Tianjin 's trillion yuan GDP claim for 2016 , was in fact a third lower , at 665 billion yuan ( $103 billion ) . Inner Mongolia 's government also stated , that about 40 % of the region 's reported industrial output in 2016 , as well as 26 % of reported fiscal revenues , did not exist . The provincial government in Liaoning publicly admitted that the government has been cooking the books when publishing it 's economic data from 2011 to 2014 . Liaoning , frequently called China 's rust belt , admitted in 2017 , that local GDP numbers from 2011 to 2014 had been inflated artificially by about 20 % . Regarding the credibility , a team of Bloomberg economists wrote `` We do n't have total confidence in the numbers , and we are surprised by the acceleration in services output given the collapse in the equity market , '' . A Wall Street Journal survey of 64 select economists found that 96 % of respondents think China 's GDP estimates do n't `` accurately reflect the state of the Chinese economy . '' Acording to some analysts , chinese officials likely `` overstate GDP by about 2 to 3 percentage points , '' . China 's own premier has previously said he 's far from confident in the country 's GDP estimates , calling them `` man - made '' and unreliable , according to a leaked document from 2007 obtained by WikiLeaks . He said government data releases , especially the GDP numbers , should be used `` for reference only . '' Analyst Gary Shilling suggests that China 's official figures are off by as much as 50 % ; he estimates an actual growth rate of 3.5 % rather than 7 % . Other analysts like Wilbur Ross and Donald Straszheim agree with this assessment , and estimate a growth rate at around 4 % or less . Donald Straszheim even went as far to say that growth rates in what he describes as old China are as low as 0 % , while explaining that the `` new '' China of services and consumer spending is tough to measure in the absence of robust data from the private sector . Regional development ( Edit ) The East Coast ( with existing development programmes ) `` Rise of Central China '' `` Revitalize Northeast China '' `` China Western Development '' These strategies are aimed at the relatively poorer regions in China in an attempt to prevent widening inequalities : China Western Development , designed to increase the economic situation of the western provinces through capital investment and development of natural resources . Revitalize Northeast China , to rejuvenate the industrial bases in Northeast China . It covers the three provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin , and Liaoning , as well as the five eastern prefectures of Inner Mongolia . Rise of Central China Plan , to accelerate the development of its central regions . It covers six provinces : Shanxi , Henan , Anhui , Hubei , Hunan , and Jiangxi . Third Front , focused on the southwestern provinces . Foreign investment abroad : Go Global , to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas . Key national projects ( Edit ) The `` West - to - East Electricity Transmission '' , the `` West - to - East Gas Transmission '' , and the `` South -- North Water Transfer Project '' are the government 's three key strategic projects , aimed at realigning overall of 12 billion cu m per year . Construction of the `` South - to - North Water Diversion '' project was officially launched on 27 December 2002 and completion of Phase I is scheduled for 2010 ; this will relieve serious water shortfall in northern China and realize a rational distribution of the water resources of the Yangtze , Yellow , Huaihe , and Haihe river valleys . Macroeconomic trends ( Edit ) See also : Historical GDP of China In January 1985 , the State Council of China approved to establish a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , use the gross domestic product ( GDP ) to measure the national economy . China started the study of theoretical foundation , guiding , and accounting model etc. , for establishing a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph. D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research -- the key research project of the seventh Five - Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the China GDP data by China 's own research . The summary of the above has been included in the book Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy ( 1988 ) Editor : Fengbo Zhang , collectively authored by the Research Center of the State Council of China . This is the first GDP data published by China . The State Council of China issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator ( WikiChina : China GDP , The First China GDP ) . The table below shows the trend of the GDP of China at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) with figures in millions ( Chinese yuan ) . See also . For purchasing power parity comparisons , the US dollar is exchanged at 2.05 CNY only . China 's Historical GDP for 1952 -- present ( SNA2008 ) ( purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan , as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO April 2017 ) year GDP GDP per capita ( GDPPC ) based on mid-year population Reference index GDP in billions real growth ( % ) GDPPC real growth ( % ) Mid-year population in thousands exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY CNY USD PPP ( Int'l $ . ) CNY USD PPP ( Int'l $ . ) USD 1 Int'l $. 1 ( PPP ) 2017 82,712.20 12,840.39 23,572.12 6.9 59,660 8,836 17,002 6.3 1,386,395 6.7518 3.5089 2016 74,358.50 11,194.69 21,255.31 6.7 53,974 8,120 15,417 6.1 1,378,665 6.6423 3.5009 2015 68,905.21 11,063.07 19,412.65 6.9 50,251 8,068 14,157 6.4 1,371,220 6.2284 3.5495 2014 64,397.40 10,483.40 18,138.07 7.3 47,203 7,684 13,295 6.8 1,364,270 6.1428 3.5504 2013 59,524.44 9,611.26 16,641.35 7.8 43,852 7,081 12,260 7.3 1,357,380 6.1932 3.5769 2012 54,036.74 8,560.28 15,218.19 7.9 40,007 6,338 11,267 7.4 1,350,695 6.3125 3.5508 2011 48,930.06 7,575.72 13,958.08 9.5 36,403 5,636 10,385 9.0 1,344,130 6.4588 3.5055 41,303.03 6,101.34 12,476.00 10.6 30,876 4,561 9,326 10.1 1,337,705 6.7695 3.3106 2009 34,908.14 5,110.25 11,055.63 9.4 26,222 3,839 8,305 8.9 1,331,260 6.8310 3.1575 2008 31,951.55 4,600.59 10,057.78 9.7 24,121 3,473 7,593 9.1 1,324,655 6.9451 3.1768 2007 27,023.23 3,553.82 8,963.23 14.2 20,505 2,697 6,801 13.6 1,317,885 7.6040 3.0149 2006 21,943.85 2,752.68 7,625.48 12.7 16,738 2,100 5,816 12.1 1,311,020 7.9718 2.8777 2005 18,731.89 2,286.69 6,551.90 11.4 14,368 1,754 5,026 10.7 1,303,720 8.1917 2.8590 16,184.02 1,955.35 5,728.25 10.1 12,487 1,509 4,420 9.4 1,296,075 8.2768 2.8253 2003 13,742.20 1,660.29 5,058.79 10.0 10,666 1,289 3,926 9.3 1,288,400 8.2770 2.7165 2002 12,171.74 1,470.55 4,517.09 9.1 9,506 1,149 3,528 8.4 1,280,400 8.2770 2.6946 2001 11,086.31 1,339.41 4,082.60 8.3 8,717 1,053 3,210 7.5 1,271,850 8.2770 2.7155 2000 10,028.01 1,211.35 3,687.72 8.5 7,942 959 2,921 7.6 1,262,645 8.2784 2.7193 1999 9,056.44 1,094.00 3,326.64 7.7 7,229 873 2,655 6.8 1,252,735 8.2783 2.7224 1998 8,519.55 1,029.04 3,043.35 7.8 6,860 829 2,451 6.8 1,241,935 8.2791 2.7994 1997 7,971.50 961.60 2,791.53 9.2 6,480 782 2,269 8.1 1,230,075 8.2898 2.8556 7,181.36 863.75 2,512.99 9.9 5,898 709 2,064 8.8 1,217,550 8.3142 2.8577 1995 6,133.99 734.52 2,247.38 11.0 5,091 610 1,865 9.8 1,204,855 8.3510 2.7294 1994 4,863.75 564.33 1,982.13 13.0 4,081 473 1,663 11.7 1,191,835 8.6187 2.4538 1993 3,567.32 619.11 1,711.68 13.9 3,027 525 1,452 12.6 1,178,440 5.7620 2.0841 1992 2,719.45 493.14 1,469.66 14.2 2,334 423 1,261 12.8 1,164,970 5.5146 1.8504 1991 2,200.56 413.38 1,256.82 9.3 1,912 359 1,092 7.8 1,150,780 5.3233 1.7509 1990 1,887.29 394.57 1,108.48 3.9 1,663 348 977 2.4 1,135,185 4.7832 1.7026 1989 1,717.97 456.29 1,028.60 4.2 1,536 408 920 2.6 1,118,650 3.7651 1.6702 1,518.04 407.85 950.68 11.2 1,378 370 863 9.4 1,101,630 3.7221 1.5968 1,217.46 327.09 825.40 11.7 1,123 302 761 9.9 1,084,035 3.7221 1.4750 1986 1,037.62 300.52 720.87 8.9 973 282 676 7.3 1,066,790 3.4528 1.4394 1985 909.89 309.84 649.13 13.4 866 295 618 11.9 1,051,040 2.9366 1.4017 1984 727.85 312.78 554.05 15.2 702 302 534 13.7 1,036,825 2.3270 1.3137 602.09 304.75 464.29 10.8 588 298 453 9.2 1,023,310 1.9757 1.2968 1982 537.34 283.93 403.02 9.0 533 282 400 7.4 1,008,630 1.8925 1.3333 1981 493.58 289.57 350.06 5.1 497 291 352 3.8 993,885 1.7045 1.4100 1980 458.76 306.17 306.76 7.8 468 312 313 6.5 981,235 1.4984 1.4955 1979 410.05 263.70 7.6 423 272 6.2 969,005 1.5550 1978 367.87 218.50 11.7 385 229 10.2 956,165 1.6836 1977 325.00 174.94 7.6 344 185 6.1 943,460 1.8578 1976 298.86 153.94 - 1.6 321 165 - 3.1 930,690 1.9414 303.95 163.43 8.7 332 178 6.8 916,400 1.8598 282.77 144.18 2.3 314 160 0.2 900,350 1.9612 1973 275.62 138.54 7.8 313 157 5.4 881,940 1.9894 1972 255.24 113.69 3.8 296 132 1.3 862,030 2.2451 1971 245.69 99.80 7.1 292 119 4.2 841,110 2.4618 1970 227.97 92.60 19.3 279 113 16.1 818,320 2.4618 1969 196.22 79.71 16.9 246 100 13.7 796,030 2.4618 1968 174.41 70.85 - 4.1 225 91 - 6.6 774,510 2.4618 1967 179.42 72.88 - 5.7 238 97 - 8.1 754,550 2.4618 1966 188.87 76.72 10.7 257 104 7.7 735,400 2.4618 1965 173.40 70.44 17.0 242 98 14.2 715,190 2.4618 1964 146.99 59.71 18.2 210 85 15.5 698,360 2.4618 1963 124.83 50.71 10.3 183 74 7.6 682,340 2.4618 1962 116.22 47.21 - 5.6 175 71 - 6.4 665,770 2.4618 1961 123.23 50.06 - 27.3 187 76 - 26.6 660,330 2.4618 1960 147.01 59.72 8.0 220 90 - 0.2 667,070 2.4618 1959 144.75 55.31 9.0 217 83 6.9 666,010 2.6170 1958 131.23 50.40 21.3 201 77 18.4 653,240 2.6040 1957 107.14 41.14 5.1 168 65 2.5 637,410 2.6040 1956 103.07 39.58 15.0 166 64 12.6 621,470 2.6040 1955 91.16 35.01 6.9 150 58 4.6 608,660 2.6040 1954 85.98 33.02 4.3 144 55 1.9 595,310 2.6040 1953 82.44 31.66 15.6 142 54 13.5 581,390 2.6040 1952 67.91 30.55 119 54 568,910 2.2227 Systemic issues and environment ( Edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Environment of China , Water supply and sanitation in China , and health in China The government has in recent years struggled to contain the social strife and environmental damage related to the economy 's rapid transformation ; collect public receipts due from provinces , businesses , and individuals ; reduce corruption and other economic crimes ; sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state - owned enterprises , migrants , and new entrants to the work force ; and keep afloat the large state - owned enterprises , most of which had not participated in the vigorous expansion of the economy and many of which had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions . From 50 to 100 million surplus rural workers were adrift between the villages and the cities , many subsisting through part - time low - paying jobs . Popular resistance , changes in central policy , and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China 's population control program . Other major problems concern the labor force and the pricing system . There is large - scale underemployment in both urban and rural areas , and the fear of the disruptive effects of major , explicit unemployment is strong . The prices of certain key commodities , especially of industrial raw materials and major industrial products , are determined by the state . In most cases , basic price ratios were set in the 1950s and are often irrational in terms of current production capabilities and demands . Over the years , large subsidies were built into the price structure and these subsidies grew substantially in the late 1970s and 1980s . By the early 1990s , these subsidies began to be eliminated , in large part due to China 's admission into the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) in 2001 , which carried with it requirements for further economic liberalization and deregulation . By 2010 , rapidly rising wages and a general increase in the standard of living had put increased energy use on a collision course with the need to reduce carbon emissions in order to control global warming . There were diligent efforts to increase energy efficiency and increase use of renewable sources ; over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed , but projections continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels . National debt ( Edit ) Main article : National debt of China The International Monetary Fund , the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and other sources , such as the Article IV Consultation Reports , state that , at the end of 2014 , the `` general government gross debt '' - to - GDP ratio for China was 41.44 percent . With China 's 2014 GDP being US $ 10,356.508 billion , this makes the government debt of China approximately US $ 4.3 trillion . By the mid-2010s , many analysts have expressed concern over the overall `` size '' of the Chinese government debt . A 2015 International Monetary Fund report concluded that China 's public debt is relatively low `` and on a stable path in all standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability shocks '' , such as `` a large - scale bank recapitalization or financial system bailout to deal , for example , with a potential rise in NPLs from deleveraging '' . `` Shadow banking '' has risen in China , posing risks to the financial system . Chinese authorities have dismissed analysts ' worries , insisting `` the country still has room to increase government debt . '' Former Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke , earlier in 2016 , commented that `` the ... debt pile facing China ( is ) an ' internal ' problem , given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency . Many economists have expressed the same views as Bernanke . Regulatory environment and tax system ( Edit ) Main article : Tax system in China Though China 's economy has expanded rapidly , its regulatory environment has not kept pace . Since Deng Xiaoping 's open market reforms , the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government 's ability to regulate them . This has created a situation where businesses , faced with mounting competition and poor oversight , take drastic measures to increase profit margins , often at the expense of consumer safety . This issue became more prominent in 2007 , with a number of restrictions being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States . From the 1950s to the 1980s , the central government 's revenues derived chiefly from the profits of the state enterprises , which were remitted to the state . Some government revenues also came from taxes , of which the most important was the general industrial and commercial tax . The trend , however , has been for remitted profits of the state enterprises to be replaced with taxes on those profits . Initially , this tax system was adjusted so as to allow for differences in the market capitalization and pricing situations of various firms , but more - uniform tax schedules were introduced in the early 1990s . In addition , personal income and value - added taxes were implemented at that time . Inflation ( Edit ) Consumer price inflation in China ( 1 ) During the winter of 2007 -- 2008 , inflation ran about 7 % on an annual basis , rising to 8.7 % in statistics for February 2008 , released in March 2008 . Shortages of gasoline and diesel fuel developed in the fall of 2007 due to reluctance of refineries to produce fuel at low prices set by the state . These prices were slightly increased in November 2007 with fuel selling for $2.65 a gallon , still slightly below world prices . Price controls were in effect on numerous basic products and services , but were ineffective with food , prices of which were rising at an annual rate of 18.2 % in November 2007 . The problem of inflation has caused concern at the highest levels of the Chinese government . On 9 January 2008 , the government of China issued the following statement on its official website : `` The Chinese government decided on Wednesday to take further measures to stabilize market prices and increase the severity of punishments for those guilty of driving up prices through hoarding or cheating . '' Pork is an important part of the Chinese economy with a per capita consumption of a fifth of a pound per day . The worldwide rise in the price of animal feed associated with increased production of ethanol from corn resulted in steep rises in pork prices in China in 2007 . Increased cost of production interacted badly with increased demand resulting from rapidly rising wages . The state responded by subsidizing pork prices for students and the urban poor and called for increased production . Release of pork from the nation 's strategic pork reserve was considered . By January 2008 , the inflation rate rose to 7.1 % , which BBC News described as the highest inflation rate since 1997 , due to the winter storms that month . China 's inflation rate jumped to a new decade high of 8.7 percent in February 2008 after severe winter storms disrupted the economy and worsened food shortages , the government said 11 March 2008 . Throughout the summer and fall , however , inflation fell again to a low of 6.6 % in October 2008 . By November 2010 , the inflation rate rose up to 5.1 % , driven by an 11.7 % increase in food prices year on year . According to the bureau , industrial output went up 13.3 percent . As supplies have run short , prices for fuel and other commodities have risen . Investment cycles ( Edit ) Chinese investment has always been highly cyclical . Ever since the 1958 Great Leap Forward , growth in fixed capital formation has typically peaked about every five years . Recent peaks occurred in 1978 , 1984 , 1988 , 1993 , 2003 and 2009 . The corresponding troughs were in 1981 , 1986 , 1989 , 1997 and 2005 . In China , the majority of investment is carried out by entities that are at least partially state - owned . Most of these are under the control of local governments . Thus booms are primarily the result of perverse incentives at the local - government level . Unlike entrepreneurs in a free - enterprise economy , Chinese local officials are motivated primarily by political considerations . As their performance evaluations are based , to a large extent , on GDP growth within their jurisdictions , they have a strong incentive to promote large - scale investment projects . They also do n't face any real bankruptcy risk . When localities get into trouble , they are invariably bailed out by state - owned banks . Under these circumstances , overinvestment is inevitable . A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government credit and industrial policy . This allows local governments to push investment aggressively , both through state - sector entities they control directly and by offering investment - promotion incentives to private investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions . The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity ( as was the case in 2003 ) . Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten social stability , the central government will intervene by tightening enforcement of industrial and credit policy . Projects that went ahead without required approvals will be halted . Bank lending to particular types of investors will be restricted . Credit then becomes tight and investment growth begins to decline . Eventually such centrally - imposed busts alleviate shortages and bring inflation down to acceptable levels . At that point , the central government yields to local - government demands for looser policy and the cycle begins again . Financial and banking system ( Edit ) A Shanghai branch of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ( ICBC ) Main articles : Chinese financial system , Banking in China , Foreign exchange reserves of the People 's Republic of China , Hedge fund industry in China , and China Venture Capital Association Most of China 's financial institutions are state owned and governed . The chief instruments of financial and fiscal control are the People 's Bank of China ( PBC ) and the Ministry of Finance , both under the authority of the State Council . The People 's Bank of China replaced the Central Bank of China in 1950 and gradually took over private banks . It fulfills many of the functions of other central and commercial banks . It issues the currency , controls circulation , and plays an important role in disbursing budgetary expenditures . Additionally , it administers the accounts , payments , and receipts of government organizations and other bodies , which enables it to exert thorough supervision over their financial and general performances in consideration to the government 's economic plans . The PBC is also responsible for international trade and other overseas transactions . Remittances by overseas Chinese are managed by the Bank of China ( BOC ) , which has a number of branch offices in several countries . Other financial institutions that are crucial , include the China Development Bank ( CDB ) , which funds economic development and directs foreign investment ; the Agricultural Bank of China ( ABC ) , which provides for the agricultural sector ; the China Construction Bank ( CCB ) , which is responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing capital funds for certain industrial and construction enterprises ; and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ( ICBC ) , which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a savings bank for the public . Shanghai Stock Exchange ( SSE ) China 's economic reforms greatly increased the economic role of the banking system . In theory any enterprises or individuals can go to the banks to obtain loans outside the state plan , in practice 75 % of state bank loans go to State Owned Enterprises . ( SOEs ) Even though nearly all investment capital was previously provided on a grant basis according to the state plan , policy has since the start of the reform shifted to a loan basis through the various state - directed financial institutions . It is estimated that , as of 2011 , 14 trillion Yuan in loans were outstanding to local governments . Much of that total is believed by outside observers to be nonperforming . Increasing amounts of funds are made available through the banks for economic and commercial purposes . Foreign sources of capital have also increased . China has received loans from the World Bank and several United Nations programs , as well as from countries ( particularly Japan ) and , to a lesser extent , commercial banks . Hong Kong has been a major conduit of this investment , as well as a source itself . On 23 February 2012 , the PBC evinced its inclination to liberalise its capital markets when it circulated a telling ten - year timetable . Following on the heels of this development , Shenzhen banks were able to launch cross-border yuan remittances for individuals , a significant shift in the PBC 's capital control strictures since Chinese nationals had been previously barred from transferring their yuan to overseas account . With two stock exchanges ( Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange ) , mainland China 's stock market had a market value of $4.48 trillion as of November 2014 , which makes it the second largest stock market in the world . In August 2013 creation of an as yet unnamed high - level body to gather and analyze financial information and trends was announced by the central government . The central bank would participate as would people from other organizations engaged in financial matters . It would not have direct regulatory authority , but would attempt to function at the highest professional level in order to provide appropriate guidance to regulators with respect to matters such as shadow banking that are potential sources of instability . An article published in International Review of Economics & Finance in 2010 by Mete Feridun ( University of Greenwich Business School ) and his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in China . Stock markets ( Edit ) See 2015 Chinese stock market crash for current events Cartoon that sometimes accompanied reprints of the People 's Daily commentary published 21 April 2015 touting the Chinese bull market , `` What 's a bubble ? Tulips and Bitcoins are bubbles '' As of 2014 and the first quarter of 2015 the financial industry had been providing about 1.5 % of China 's 7 % annual growth rate . Despite slowing of the economy , as of June 2015 the Chinese stock index , the CSI 300 Index , which is based on 300 stocks traded in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges , had risen nearly 150 % over the past 12 months . In an effort to forestall damage from collapse of a possible economic bubble fueled by margin trading the central government raised requirements for margin lending . Economic damage from a crash in 2007 - 2008 was limited due to margin lending being highly restricted . In early July , after a fall in the markets of nearly 30 % from their 12 June highs , there were efforts by blue - chip , often state - owned , firms , the Chinese securities industry , and the central government to stabilize the market by buying back stock and increasing purchases of the stock of established firms ; however , much of the volatility has been in smaller , less - established firms that had been heavily invested in by unsophisticated , often working class , investors who had purchased stock based solely on its rapid increase in valuation . 80 % of Chinese stocks are owned by individual investors , many novices . As of 10 July 2015 efforts by the China Securities Finance Corporation , CFS , a firm created by China 's commodities and stock exchanges to finance trades , had apparently stabilized the market . Major Chinese securities firms were required by the China Securities Regulatory Commission to buy , and hold , a substantial amount of securities affected by the downturn . Using funds supplied by the central bank and commercial banks the China Securities Finance Corporation purchased enough stocks to halt the slide acquiring as much as 5 % of the stock in some firms . Lines of credit were extended by CFS to 21 securities firms , some of which also purchased up to 5 % of some companies stocks . Some of the small cap stocks acquired may be overvalued . Chinese stocks fell about 10 % during the last week of July 2015 with record breaking losses on Monday . Currency system ( Edit ) See also : Renminbi , Chinese yuan , and Currency of China 1 RMB to U.S. dollar , since 1981 The renminbi ( `` people 's currency '' ) is the currency of China , denominated as the yuan , subdivided into 10 jiao or 100 fen . The renminbi is issued by the People 's Bank of China , the monetary authority of China . The ISO 4217 abbreviation is CNY , although also commonly abbreviated as `` RMB '' . As of 2005 the yuan was generally considered by outside observers to be undervalued by about 30 - 40 % . However the IMF stated that the yuan is now correctly valued . The renminbi is held in a floating exchange - rate system managed primarily against the US dollar . On 21 July 2005 , China revalued its currency by 2.1 % against the US dollar and , since then has moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies and has allowed the renminbi to fluctuate at a daily rate of up to half a percent . The rate of exchange ( Chinese yuan per US $1 ) on 31 July 2008 , was RMB 6.846 , in mid-2007 was RMB 7.45 , while in early 2006 was RMB 8.07 : US $1 = 8.2793 yuan ( January 2000 ) , 8.2783 ( 1999 ) , 8.2790 ( 1998 ) , 8.2898 ( 1997 ) , 8.3142 ( 1996 ) , 8.3514 ( 1995 ) . There is a complex relationship between China 's balance of trade , inflation , measured by the consumer price index and the value of its currency . Despite allowing the value of the yuan to `` float '' , China 's central bank has decisive ability to control its value with relationship to other currencies . Inflation in 2007 , reflecting sharply rising prices for meat and fuel , is probably related to the worldwide rise in commodities used as animal feed or as fuel . Thus rapid rises in the value of the yuan permitted in December 2007 are possibly related to efforts to mitigate inflation by permitting the renminbi to be worth more . An article published in International Review of Economics & Finance in 2010 by Mete Feridun ( University of Greenwich Business School ) and his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development fosters economic growth in China . During the week of 10 August 2015 , against the background of a slowing Chinese economy and appreciation of the U.S. dollar , the People 's Bank of China devalued the renminbi by about 5 % . The devaluation was accomplished by pegging the official rate to closing market rates . A market - based `` representative '' exchange rate against the U.S. dollar is one of the requirements for designation of a currency as one with Special Drawing Rights ( SDR ) by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , one of China 's goals . Since the late - 2000s , China has sought to internationalize the renminbi . As of 2013 , the RMB is the 8th most widely traded currency in the world . In November 2015 in advance of G - 20 and IMF meetings , IMF director Christine Lagarde announced her support for adding the yuan to the SDR currency basket . The announcement gave ' green - light ' to official approval at the 30 November IMF meeting . Sectors ( Edit ) Agriculture ( Edit ) Main article : Agriculture in China Peanut harvest in Jiangxia District , Hubei China is the world 's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products -- and some 300 million Chinese farm workers are in the industry , mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S farms . Virtually all arable land is used for food crops . China is the world 's largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat , corn ( maize ) , tobacco , soybeans , potatoes , sorghum , peanuts , tea , millet , barley , oilseed , pork , and fish . Major non-food crops , including cotton , other fibers , and oilseeds , furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue . Agricultural exports , such as vegetables and fruits , fish and shellfish , grain and meat products , are exported to Hong Kong . Yields are high because of intensive cultivation , for example , China 's cropland area is only 75 % of the U.S. total , but China still produces about 30 % more crops and livestock than the United States . China hopes to further increase agricultural production through improved plant stocks , fertilizers , and technology . According to the government statistics issued in 2005 , after a drop in the yield of farm crops in 2000 , output has been increasing annually . Production of wheat from 1961 to 2004 ( data from FAO , year 2005 . Y - axis : production in metric tons ) According to the United Nations World Food Program , in 2003 , China fed 20 percent of the world 's population with only 7 percent of the world 's arable land . China ranks first worldwide in farm output , and , as a result of topographic and climatic factors , only about 10 -- 15 percent of the total land area is suitable for cultivation . Of this , slightly more than half is unirrigated , and the remainder is divided roughly equally between paddy fields and irrigated areas . Nevertheless , about 60 percent of the population lives in the rural areas , and until the 1980s a high percentage of them made their living directly from farming . Since then , many have been encouraged to leave the fields and pursue other activities , such as light manufacturing , commerce , and transportation ; and by the mid-1980s farming accounted for less than half of the value of rural output . Today , agriculture contributes only 13 % of China 's GDP . Animal husbandry constitutes the second most important component of agricultural production . China is the world 's leading producer of pigs , chickens , and eggs , and it also has sizable herds of sheep and cattle . Since the mid-1970s , greater emphasis has been placed on increasing the livestock output . China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of aquaculture . Pond raising has always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and inland fisheries threatened by overfishing and to provide such valuable export commodities as prawns . Timber transported from a woodlot in the hills of Zhangpu County , Fujian Environmental problems such as floods , drought , and erosion pose serious threats to farming in many parts of the country . The wholesale destruction of forests gave way to an energetic reforestation program that proved inadequate , and forest resources are still fairly meagre . The principal forests are found in the Qin Mountains and the central mountains and on the Sichuan -- Yunnan plateau . Because they are inaccessible , the Qinling forests are not worked extensively , and much of the country 's timber comes from Heilongjiang , Jilin , Sichuan , and Yunnan . Western China , comprising Tibet , Xinjiang , and Qinghai , has little agricultural significance except for areas of floriculture and cattle raising . Rice , China 's most important crop , is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two harvests a year . In the north , wheat is of the greatest importance , while in central China wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place . Millet and kaoliang ( a variety of grain sorghum ) are grown mainly in the northeast and some central provinces , which , together with some northern areas , also provide considerable quantities of barley . Most of the soybean crop is derived from the north and the northeast ; corn ( maize ) is grown in the center and the north , while tea comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south . Cotton is grown extensively in the central provinces , but it is also found to a lesser extent in the southeast and in the north . Tobacco comes from the center and parts of the south . Other important crops are potatoes , sugar beets , and oilseeds . Fish ponds near Daye , Hubei In the past decade , the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and land consolidation to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities . According to the most recent statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization , the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.38 percent . By 2014 , the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60 percent , with the rate for wheat surpassing 90 percent and that for maize approaching 80 percent . In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors , China 's agriculture cooperatives have begun using high - tech equipment , including unmanned aerial vehicles , which are used to spay crops with pesticides . Good progress has been made in increasing water conservancy , and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , economic reforms were introduced . First of all this began with the shift of farming work to a system of household responsibility and a phasing out of collectivized agriculture . Later this expanded to include a gradual liberalization of price controls ; fiscal decentralization ; massive privatization of state enterprises , thereby allowing a wide variety of private enterprises in the services and light manufacturing ; the foundation of a diversified banking system ( but with large amounts of state control ) ; the development of a stock market ; and the opening of the economy to increased foreign trade and foreign investment . Housing and construction ( Edit ) Main article : Real estate in China The real estate industry is about 20 % of the Chinese economy . Energy and mineral resources ( Edit ) Energy Electricity : production : 2.8344 trillion kWh ( 2006 ) consumption : 2.8248 trillion kWh ( 2006 ) exports : 11.19 billion kWh ( 2005 ) imports : 5.011 billion kWh ( 2005 ) Electricity -- production by source : This chart shows the Chinese electricity production by source in time ( 2 ) thermal : 77.8 % ( 68.7 % from coal ) ( 2006 ) hydro : 20.7 % ( 2006 ) other : 0.4 % ( 2006 ) nuclear : 1.1 % ( 2006 ) Oil : production : 3,631,000 bbl / d ( 577,300 m / d ) ( 2005 ) consumption : 6,534,000 bbl / d ( 1,038,800 m / d ) ( 2005 ) and expected 9,300,000 bbl / d ( 1,480,000 m / d ) in 2030 exports : 443,300 bbl / d ( 70,480 m / d ) ( 2005 ) imports : 3,181,000 bbl / d ( 505,700 m / d ) ( 2005 ) net imports : 2,740,000 barrels per day ( 436,000 m / d ) ( 2005 ) proved reserves : 16.3 Gbbl ( 2.59 × 10 ^ m ) ( 1 January 2006 ) Natural gas : production : 47.88 km ( 2005 est . ) consumption : 44.93 km ( 2005 est . ) exports : 2.944 km ( 2005 ) imports : 0 m ( 2005 ) proved reserves : 1,448 km ( 1 January 2006 est . ) See also : Energy policy of China Since 1980 , China 's energy production has grown dramatically , as has the proportion allocated to domestic consumption . Some 80 percent of all power is generated from fossil fuel at thermal plants , with about 17 percent at hydroelectric installations ; only about two percent is from nuclear energy , mainly from plants located in Guangdong and Zhejiang . Though China has rich overall energy potential , most have yet to be developed . In addition , the geographical distribution of energy puts most of these resources relatively far from their major industrial users . Basically the northeast is rich in coal and oil , the central part of north China has abundant coal , and the southwest has immense hydroelectric potential . But the industrialized regions around Guangzhou and the Lower Yangtze region around Shanghai have too little energy , while there is relatively little heavy industry located near major energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the northeast . China , due in large part to environmental concerns , has wanted to shift China 's current energy mix from a heavy reliance on coal , which accounts for 70 -- 75 % of China 's energy , toward greater reliance on oil , natural gas , renewable energy , and nuclear power . China has closed thousands of coal mines over the past five to ten years to cut overproduction . According to Chinese statistics , this has reduced coal production by over 25 % . Since 1993 , China has been a net importer of oil , a large portion of which comes from the Middle East . Imported oil accounts for 20 % of the processed crude in China . Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million barrels ( 560,000 m ) per day by 2010 . China is interested in diversifying the sources of its oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world . China is developing oil imports from Central Asia and has invested in Kazakhstani oil fields . Beijing also plans to increase China 's natural gas production , which currently accounts for only 3 % of China 's total energy consumption and incorporated a natural gas strategy in its 10th Five - Year Plan ( 2001 -- 2005 ) , with the goal of expanding gas use from a 2 % share of total energy production to 4 % by 2005 ( gas accounts for 25 % of U.S. energy production ) . Analysts expect China 's consumption of natural gas to more than double by 2010 . The 11th Five - Year Program ( 2006 -- 10 ) , announced in 2005 and approved by the National People 's Congress in March 2006 , called for greater energy conservation measures , including development of renewable energy sources and increased attention to environmental protection . Guidelines called for a 20 % reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010 . Moving away from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil , natural gas , renewable energy , and nuclear power is an important component of China 's development program . Beijing also intends to continue to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of clean coal technology . China has abundant hydroelectric resources ; the Three Gorges Dam , for example , will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on - line ( projected for 2009 ) . In addition , the share of electricity generated by nuclear power is projected to grow from 1 % in 2000 to 5 % in 2030 . China 's renewable energy law , which went into effect in 2006 , calls for 10 % of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020 . Mining ( Edit ) Energy and mineral resources See also : Gold mining in China Outdated mining and ore - processing technologies are being replaced with modern techniques , but China 's rapid industrialization requires imports of minerals from abroad . In particular , iron ore imports from Australia and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as steel production rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production . Also China has become increasingly active in several African countries to mine the reserves it requires for economic growth , particularly in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon . The major areas of production in 2004 were coal ( nearly 2 billion tons ) , iron ore ( 310 million tons ) , crude petroleum ( 175 million tons ) , natural gas ( 41 million cubic meters ) , antimony ore ( 110,000 tons ) , tin concentrates ( 110,000 tons ) , nickel ore ( 64,000 tons ) , tungsten concentrates ( 67,000 tons ) , unrefined salt ( 37 million tons ) , vanadium ( 40,000 tons ) , and molybdenum ore ( 29,000 tons ) . In order of magnitude , produced minerals were bauxite , gypsum , barite , magnesite , talc and related minerals , manganese ore , fluorspar , and zinc . In addition , China produced 2,450 tons of silver and 215 tons of gold in 2004 . The mining sector accounted for less than 0.9 % of total employment in 2002 but produced about 5.3 % of total industrial production . Hydroelectric resources ( Edit ) Three Gorges Dam China has an abundant potential for hydroelectric power production due to its considerable river network and mountainous terrain . Most of the total hydroelectric capacity is situated in the southwest of the country , where coal supplies are poor but demand for energy is rising swiftly . The potential in the northeast is fairly small , but it was there that the first hydroelectric stations were built -- by the Japanese during its occupation of Manchuria . Due to considerable seasonal fluctuations in rainfall , the flow of rivers tends to drop during the winter , forcing many power stations to operate at less than normal capacity , while in the summer , on the other hand , floods often interfere with generation . Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24 billion , the immense Three Gorges Dam across the Yangtze River was essentially completed in 2006 and will revolutionize electrification and flood control in the area . Coal ( Edit ) Main article : Coal power in the People 's Republic of China Coal mining in Inner Mongolia China is well endowed with mineral resources , the most important of which is coal . China 's mineral resources include large reserves of coal and iron ore , plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial minerals . Although coal deposits are widely scattered ( some coal is found in every province ) , most of the total is located in the northern part of the country . The province of Shanxi , in fact , is thought to contain about half of the total ; other important coal - bearing provinces include Heilongjiang , Liaoning , Jilin , Hebei , and Shandong . Apart from these northern provinces , significant quantities of coal are present in Sichuan , and there are some deposits of importance in Guangdong , Guangxi , Yunnan , and Guizhou . A large part of the country 's reserves consists of good bituminous coal , but there are also large deposits of lignite . Anthracite is present in several places ( especially Liaoning , Guizhou , and Henan ) , but overall it is not very significant . To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate transportation network , the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small , locally run mines throughout the country . This campaign was energetically pursued after the 1960s , with the result that thousands of small pits have been established , and they produce more than half the country 's coal . This output , however , is typically expensive and is used for local consumption . It has also led to a less than stringent implementation of safety measures in these unregulated mines , which cause several thousands of deaths each year . Coal makes up the bulk of China 's energy consumption ( 70 % in 2005 ) , and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world . As China 's economy continues to grow , China 's coal demand is projected to rise significantly . Although coal 's share of China 's overall energy consumption will decrease , coal consumption will continue to rise in absolute terms . China 's continued and increasing reliance on coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China on the path to becoming the world 's largest emitter of acid rain - causing sulfur dioxide and greenhouse gases , including carbon dioxide . As of 2015 falling coal prices resulted in layoffs at coal mines in the northeast . Oil and natural gas ( Edit ) Chinese oil reserves Main article : Petroleum industry in the People 's Republic of China China 's onshore oil resources are mostly located in the Northeast and in Xinjiang , Gansu , Qinghai , Sichuan , Shandong , and Henan provinces . Oil shale is found in a number of places , especially at Fushun in Liaoning , where the deposits overlie the coal reserves , as well as in Guangdong . High quality light oil has been found in the Pearl River estuary of the South China Sea , the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai , and the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang . The country consumes most of its oil output but does export some crude oil and oil products . China has explored and developed oil deposits in the South China Sea and East China Sea , the Yellow Sea , the Gulf of Tonkin , and the Bohai Sea . In 2013 , the pace of China 's economic growth exceeded the domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation 's oil fields in the middle of the year . Consequently , China imported oil to compensate for the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become the world 's largest importer of oil . The total extent of China 's natural gas reserves is unknown , as relatively little exploration for natural gas has been done . Sichuan accounts for almost half of the known natural gas reserves and production . Most of the rest of China 's natural gas is associated gas produced in the Northeast 's major oil fields , especially Daqing oilfield . Other gas deposits have been found in the Qaidam Basin , Hebei , Jiangsu , Shanghai , and Zhejiang , and offshore to the southwest of Hainan Island . According to an article published in Energy Economics in 2011 by economists Mete Feridun ( University of Greenwich ) and Abdul Jalil ( Wuhan University in China ) , financial development in China has not taken place at the expense of environmental pollution and financial development has led to a decrease in environmental pollution . Authors conclude that carbon emissions are mainly determined by income , energy consumption and trade openness and their findings confirm the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of China . Metals and nonmetals ( Edit ) Iron ore reserves are found in most provinces , including Hainan . Gansu , Guizhou , southern Sichuan , and Guangdong provinces have rich deposits . The largest mined reserves are located north of the Yangtze River and supply neighboring iron and steel enterprises . With the exception of nickel , chromium , and cobalt , China is well supplied with ferroalloys and manganese . Reserves of tungsten are also known to be fairly large . Copper resources are moderate , and high - quality ore is present only in a few deposits . Discoveries have been reported from Ningxia . Lead and zinc are available , and bauxite resources are thought to be plentiful . China 's antimony reserves are the largest in the world . Tin resources are plentiful , and there are fairly rich deposits of gold . China is the world 's fifth largest producer of gold and in the early 21st century became an important producer and exporter of rare metals needed in high - technology industries . China also produces a fairly wide range of nonmetallic minerals . One of the most important of these is salt , which is derived from coastal evaporation sites in Jiangsu , Hebei , Shandong , and Liaoning , as well as from extensive salt fields in Sichuan , Ningxia , and the Qaidam Basin . There are important deposits of phosphate rock in a number of areas ; Jiangxi , Guangxi , Yunnan and Hubei . Production has been accelerating every year . As of 2013 China is producing 97,000,000 metric tons of phosphate rock a year . Pyrites occur in several places ; Liaoning , Hebei , Shandong , and Shanxi have the most important deposits . China also has large resources of fluorite ( fluorspar ) , gypsum , asbestos , and has the world 's largest reserves and production of cement , clinker and limestone . Industry and manufacturing ( Edit ) Further information : Industry of China , Made in China , and Technological and industrial history of China China Railway HXD1B Manufacturing Company Factory near Yangtze River Industry and construction account for 46.8 % of China 's GDP . Between the years 2011 and 2013 , China used more cement than the United States consumed during the entire 20th century . In 2009 around 8 % of the total manufacturing output in the world came from China itself and China ranked third worldwide in industrial output that year ( first was EU and second United States ) . Research by IHS Global Insight states that in 2010 China contributed to 19.8 % of world 's manufacturing output and became the largest manufacturer in the world that year , after the US had held that position for about 110 years . In November 2012 the State Council of the People 's Republic of China mandated a `` social risk assessment '' for all major industrial projects . This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for planned projects or expansions . Major industries include mining and ore processing ; iron and steel ; aluminium ; coal ; machinery ; armaments ; textiles and apparel ; petroleum ; cement ; chemical ; fertilizers ; food processing ; automobiles and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives , ships , and aircraft ; consumer products including footwear , toys , and electronics ; telecommunications and information technology . China has become a preferred destination for the relocation of global manufacturing facilities . Its strength as an export platform has contributed to incomes and employment in China . Since the founding of the People 's Republic , industrial development has been given considerable attention ; as of 2011 46 % of China 's national output continued to be devoted to investment ; a percentage far higher than any other nation . Among the various industrial branches the machine - building and metallurgical industries have received the highest priority . These two areas alone now account for about 20 -- 30 percent of the total gross value of industrial output . In these , as in most other areas of industry , however , innovation has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety , sophistication and quality . China , therefore , still imports significant quantities of specialized steels . Overall industrial output has grown at an average rate of more than 10 percent per year , having surpassed all other sectors in economic growth and degree of modernization . Some heavy industries and products deemed to be of national strategic importance remain state - owned , but an increasing proportion of lighter and consumer - oriented manufacturing firms are privately held or are private - state joint ventures . The predominant focus of development in the chemical industry is to expand the output of chemical fertilizers , plastics , and synthetic fibers . The growth of this industry has placed China among the world 's leading producers of nitrogenous fertilizers . In the consumer goods sector the main emphasis is on textiles and clothing , which also form an important part of China 's exports . Textile manufacturing , a rapidly growing proportion of which consists of synthetics , account for about 10 percent of the gross industrial output and continues to be important , but less so than before . The industry tends to be scattered throughout the country , but there are a number of important textile centers , including Shanghai , Guangzhou , and Harbin . Steel industry ( Edit ) Main article : Steel industry in China In 2011 China was the largest producer of steel in the world producing 45 % of the world 's steel , 683 million tons , an increase of 9 % from 2010 . 6 of 10 of largest steel producers in the world are in China . Profits are low despite continued high demand due to high debt and overproduction of high end products produced with the equipment financed by the high debt . The central government is aware of this problem but there is no easy way to resolve it as local governments strongly support local steel production . Meanwhile , each firm aggressively increases production . Iron ore production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s . Steel production , an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419 million tons in 2006 . Much of the country 's steel output comes from a large number of small - scale producing centers , one of the largest being Anshan in Liaoning . China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2008 . Export volumes in 2008 were 59.23 million tons , a 5.5 % fall over the previous year . The decline ended China 's decade - old steel export growth . As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread anti-dumping taxes and had not returned to pre-2008 levels . Domestic demand remained strong , particularly in the developing west where steel production in Xinjiang was expanding . On 26 April 2012 a warning was issued by China 's bank regulator to use caution with respect to lending money to steel companies who , as profits from the manufacture and sale of steel have fallen , have sometimes used borrowed money for speculative purposes . According to the China Iron and Steel Association the Chinese steel industry lost 1 billion Rmb in the first quarter of 2012 , its first loss since 2000 . Automotive industry ( Edit ) Main article : Automotive industry in China Chinese - made car , Geely GC9 By 2006 China had become the world 's third largest automotive vehicle manufacturer ( after US and Japan ) and the second largest consumer ( only after the US ) . Automobile manufacturing has soared during the reform period . In 1975 only 139,800 automobiles were produced annually , but by 1985 production had reached 443,377 , then jumped to nearly 1.1 million by 1992 and increased fairly evenly each year up until 2001 , when it reached 2.3 million . In 2002 production rose to nearly 3.25 million and then jumped to 4.44 million in 2003 , 5.07 million in 2004 , 5.71 million in 2005 , 7.28 million in 2006 , 8.88 million in 2007 , 9.35 million in 2008 and 13.83 million in 2009 . China has become the number - one automaker in the world in 2009 . Domestic sales have kept pace with production . After respectable annual increases in the mid - and late 1990s , passenger car sales soared in the early 2000s . In 2006 , a total of 7.22 million automobiles were sold , including 5.18 million units of passenger cars and 2.04 million units of commercial vehicles . In 2010 , China became the world 's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the United States with an estimated 18 million new cars sold . However , new car sales grew only by an estimated 1 % between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the Spratly Islands dispute , which involved Japan , the world 's third largest producer of vehicles . China 's automotive industry has been so successful that it began exporting car parts in 1999 . China began to plan major moves into the automobile and components export business starting in 2005 . A new Honda factory in Guangzhou was built in 2004 solely for the export market and was expected to ship 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005 . By 2004 , 12 major foreign automotive manufacturers had joint - venture plants in China . They produced a wide range of automobiles , minivans , sport utility vehicles , buses , and trucks . In 2003 China exported US $4.7 billion worth of vehicles and components . The vehicle export was 78,000 units in 2004 , 173,000 units in 2005 , and 340,000 units in 2006 . The vehicle and component export is targeted to reach US $70 billion by 2010 . The market for domestically produced cars , under a local name , is likely to continue to grow both inside China and outside . Companies such as Geely , Qiantu and Chery are constantly evaluating new international locations , both in developing and developed countries . Other industries ( Edit ) Further information : Telecommunications industry in China , Electronics industry in China , Pharmaceutical industry in China , Defense industry in China , and Shipping industry in China Wind farms in Xinjiang Substantial investments were made in the manufacture of solar panels and wind generators by a number of companies , supported by liberal loans by banks and local governments . However , by 2012 manufacturing capacity had far outstripped domestic and global demand for both products , particularly solar panels , which were subjected to anti-dumping penalties by both the United States and Europe . The global oversupply has resulted in bankruptcies and production cutbacks both inside and outside China . China has budgeted $50 billion to subsidize production of solar power over the two decades following 2015 but , even at the sharply reduced price resulting from oversupply , as of 2012 cost of solar power in China remained three times that of power produced by conventional coal - fired power plants . China is the world 's biggest sex toy producer and accounts for 70 % of the worldwide sex toys production . In the country , 1,000 manufacturers are active in this industry , which generates about two billion dollars a year . As of 2011 , China was the world 's largest market for personal computers Services ( Edit ) Golden Resources Mall , world 's second largest mall The output of China 's services in 2010 ranks third worldwide -- after the United States and Japan -- and high power and telecom density has ensured that the country has remained on a high - growth trajectory over the long term . In 2010 the services sector produced 43 % of China 's annual GDP , second only to manufacturing . However , its proportion of GDP is still low compared to the ratio in more developed countries , and the agricultural sector still employs a larger workforce . Prior to the onset of economic reforms in 1978 , China 's services sector was characterized by state - operated shops , rationing , and regulated prices -- with reform came private markets , individual entrepreneurs , and a commercial sector . The wholesale and retail trade has expanded quickly , with numerous shopping malls , retail shops , restaurant chains and hotels constructed in urban areas . Public administration remains a main component of the service sector , while tourism has become a significant factor in employment and a source of foreign exchange . Chengdu , China , is home to the world 's largest building -- the New Century Global Center , which , at 100 m ( 328 ft ) high , 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) long , and 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) wide , houses retail outlets , a 14 - theater cinema , offices , hotels , the Paradise Island waterpark , an artificial beach , a 150 m ( 164 yd ) - long LED screen , skating rink , pirate ship , fake Mediterranean village , 24 - hour artificial sun , and 15,000 - spot parking lot . Telecommunications ( Edit ) Main article : Telecommunications in China Mobile phones of China Mobile China possesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the country by Internet , telephone , telegraph , radio , and television . China 's number of Internet users or netizens topped 137 million by the end of 2006 , an increase of 23.4 % from a year before and 162 million by June 2007 , making China the second - largest Internet user after the United States , according to China 's Ministry of Information Industry ( MII ) . China 's mobile phone penetration rate was 34 % in 2007 . In 2006 , mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages ( on average 967 text messages per user ) . For 2006 , the number of fixed - lines grew by 79 % , mainly in the rural areas . Tourism ( Edit ) Main article : Tourism in China China 's tourism industry is one of the fastest - growing industries in the national economy and is also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive edge . According to the World Travel and Tourism Council , travel and tourism directly contributed CNY 1,362 billion ( US $216 billion ) to the Chinese economy ( about 2.6 % of GDP ) . In 2011 , total international tourist arrivals was 58 million , and international tourism receipts were US $48 billion . Domestic tourism market makes up more than 90 % of the country 's tourism traffic , and contributes more than 70 % of total tourism revenue . In 2002 , domestic tourists reached 878 million and tourism revenue was $46.9 billion . A large middle class with strong consumption power is emerging in China , especially in major cities . China 's outbound tourists reached 20.22 million in 2003 , overtaking Japan for the first time . It is forecast by the World Tourism Organisation that China 's tourism industry will take up to 8.6 % of world market share to become the world 's top tourism industry by 2020 . Chinese business - travel spending is also forecast to be the highest in the world by 2014 , overtaking the United States . According to a Global Business Travel Association study , total business - travel spending is expected to reach US $195 billion in 2012 . Luxury goods ( Edit ) Main article : Luxury goods of China Luxury spending in China has skyrocketed , an indicator of the country 's newfound wealth . For example , the Chinese bottled water industry is forecast to more than double in size in 2008 , becoming a $10.5 billion industry . Meanwhile , as those who once had no recourse but low - quality tap water take advantage of its availability in supermarkets , those who had little or no running water are now capitalising on its availability . Tap water production and supply is expected to grow by 29.3 % in 2008 , to $11.9 billion . China 's automotive industry is expected to expand by 29.5 % to nearly $200 billion . Also , consumption of chocolate and other confectionery is to increase by 24.3 % , as the industry expands to $4.6 billion . Additionally China 's fast food industry has been growing at a 20.8 % annual rate as major players such as McDonald 's enter the market . The LVMH Group , who own major luxury brands including Louis Vuitton apparel , Moët & Chandon wines and champagne and Hennessy cognacs , reported earnings growth of over 25 % in 2007 in China , with the country accounting for around 16 % of LVMH 's global business . After an October 2012 ban on government agencies purchasing luxury goods , often used as `` gifts '' , sales of luxury goods in China remained strong but slowed , even falling slightly for some luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012 , with sales of shark fins and edible swallow nests ( once staples of lavish government banquets ) down sharply . Retail sales in China account for only 7 % of global retail sales of luxury consumer goods ; however , Chinese buyers account for 25 % of global retail sales of luxury consumer goods . Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers . Cybercrime ( Edit ) As of 2016 , computer crime is a lucrative illicit practice in China . An academic study released in August 2012 by the University of California ( UC ) Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation , claimed that China 's `` cyber black market '' involved over 90,000 participants , cost the local economy 5.36 billion yuan ( £ 536m ) , negatively impacted upon 110 million internet users ( 22 % ) , and affected 1.1 million websites ( 20 % ) in 2011 . In July 2012 , China 's State Council released a set of information security guidelines as a measure to combat cyber crime that included increased auditing , security reporting , and monitoring , and a commitment to `` reduce the number of internet connection points '' . Labour and welfare ( Edit ) Main articles : Labor relations in China and Social welfare in China A window washer on a skyscraper in Shanghai Labor makes ceramics in Yunnan A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine One of the hallmarks of China 's socialist economy was its promise of employment to all able and willing to work and job - security with virtually lifelong tenure . This socialist policy is known as the iron rice bowl . In 1979 -- 1980 , the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers , which was immediately offset by sharply rising inflation rates of 6 -- 7 % . The reforms also dismantled the iron rice bowl , which meant it witnessed a rise in unemployment in the economy . In 1979 there were 20 million unemployed people . This chart show the Chinese employment by sectors during time ( 3 ) China 's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791.4 million persons , about 60 % of the total population . During 2003 , 49 % of the labor force worked in agriculture , forestry , and fishing ; 22 % in mining , manufacturing , energy , and construction industries ; and 29 % in the services sector and other categories . In 2004 some 25 million persons were employed by 743,000 private enterprises . Urban wages rose rapidly from 2004 to 2007 , at a rate of 13 to 19 % per year with average wages near $200 / month in 2007 . By 2016 the average monthly wage for workers engaged in manufacturing goods for export was $424 . This wage , combined with other costs of doing business in China , had , more or less , equalized any Chinese cost advantage with respect to developed economies . The All - China Federation of Trade Unions ( ACFTU ) was established in 1925 to represent the interests of national and local trade unions and trade union councils . The ACFTU reported a membership of 130 million , out of an estimated 248 million urban workers , at the end of 2002 . Chinese trade unions are organized on a broad industrial basis . Membership is open to those who rely on wages for the whole or a large part of their income , a qualification that excludes most agricultural workers . In 2010 , the issues of manufacturing wages caused a strike at a Honda parts plant . This resulted in wage increases both at the struck plant and other industrial plants . The 2010 census found that China was now half urban and rapidly aging due to the one child policy . This is expected to lead to increased demand for labor to take care of an elderly population and a reduced supply of migrant labor from the countryside . Due to worsening pollution , the corruption and political uncertainties of the one - party state and the limited economic freedom in an economy dominated by large state - owned enterprises , many skilled professionals are either leaving the country or preparing safety nets for themselves abroad . In the decade up to 2014 , 10 million Chinese emigrated to other countries , taking assets and their technical skills . Perceived corruption continued to grow worse in China as it dropped from 75th to 80th place in Transparency International 's index of state corruption . A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40 % average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015 . External trade ( Edit ) Main article : History of trade of the People 's Republic of China Further information : List of the largest trading partners of China and List of exports of China Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market International trade makes up a sizeable portion of China 's overall economy . Being a Second World country at the time , a meaningful segment of China 's trade with the Third World was financed through grants , credits , and other forms of assistance . The principal efforts were made in Asia , especially to Indonesia , Burma , Pakistan , and Ceylon , but large loans were also granted in Africa ( Ghana , Algeria , Tanzania ) and in the Middle East ( Egypt ) . However , after Mao Zedong 's death in 1976 , these efforts were scaled back . After which , trade with developing countries became negligible , though during that time , Hong Kong and Taiwan both began to emerge as major trading partners . Since economic reforms began in the late 1970s , China sought to decentralize its foreign trade system to integrate itself into the international trading system . In November 1991 , China joined the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) group , which promotes free trade and cooperation in the economic , trade , investment , and technology spheres . China served as APEC chair in 2001 , and Shanghai hosted the annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year . After reaching a bilateral WTO agreement with the EU and other trading partners in summer 2000 , China worked on a multilateral WTO accession package . China concluded multilateral negotiations on its accession to the WTO in September 2001 . The completion of its accession protocol and Working Party Report paved the way for its entry into the WTO on 11 December 2001 , after 16 years of negotiations , the longest in the history of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade . However , U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market access due to China 's restrictive trade policies and U.S. export restrictions . With bilateral trade exceeding US $38.6 billion , China is India 's largest trading partner and shown here is a Chinese container ship unloading its cargo at Jawaharlal Nehru Port , Navi Mumbai , India China 's global trade exceeded $4.16 trillion at the end of 2013 . It first broke the $100 billion mark in 1988 , $200 billion in 1994 , $500 billion in 2001 , $1 trillion mark ( $1.15 trillion ) in 2004 , $2 trillion mark ( $2.17 trillion ) in 2007 , $3 trillion mark ( $3.64 trillion ) in 2011 , and $4 trillion mark ( $4.16 trillion ) in 2013 . The table below shows the average annual growth ( in nominal US dollar terms ) of China 's foreign trade during the reform era . Period Two - way trade Exports Imports 1981 -- 85 + 12.8 % + 8.6 % + 16.1 % 1986 -- 90 + 10.6 % + 17.8 % + 4.8 % 1991 -- 95 + 19.5 % + 19.1 % + 19.9 % 1996 -- 2000 + 11.0 % + 10.9 % + 11.3 % 2001 -- 05 + 24.6 % + 25.0 % + 24.0 % 2006 -- 10 + 15.9 % + 15.7 % + 16.1 % 2015 − 8.0 % − 2.8 % − 14.1 % The vast majority of China 's imports consists of industrial supplies and capital goods , notably machinery and high - technology equipment , the majority of which comes from the developed countries , primarily Japan and the United States . Regionally , almost half of China 's imports come from East and Southeast Asia , and about one - fourth of China 's exports go to the same destinations . About 80 percent of China 's exports consist of manufactured goods , most of which are textiles and electronic equipment , with agricultural products and chemicals constituting the remainder . Out of the five busiest ports in the world , three are in China . The U.S. trade deficit with China reached $232.5 billion in 2006 , as imports grew 18 % . China 's share of total U.S. imports has grown from 7 % to 15 % since 1996 . Trade volume between China and Russia reached $29.1 billion in 2005 , an increase of 37.1 % compared with 2004 . A spokesman for the Ministry of Commerce , Van Jingsun , said that the volume of trade between China and Russia could exceed 40 billion dollars in 2007 . China 's export of machinery and electronic goods to Russia grew 70 % , which is 24 % of China 's total export to Russia in the first 11 months of 2005 . During the same time , China 's export of high - tech products to Russia increased by 58 % , and that is 7 % of China 's total exports to Russia . Also at that time period , border trade between the two countries reached $5.13 billion , growing 35 % and accounting for nearly 20 % of the total trade . Most of China 's exports to Russia remain apparel and footwear . Russia is China 's eighth largest trade partner and China is now Russia 's fourth largest trade partner , and China now has over 750 investment projects in Russia , involving $1.05 billion . China 's contracted investment in Russia totaled $368 million during January -- September 2005 , twice that in 2004 . Chinese cars at a dealer 's lot in Nizhny Novgorod , the traditional capital of the Russian automotive industry Chinese imports from Russia are mainly those of energy sources , such as crude oil , which is mostly transported by rail , and electricity exports from neighboring Siberian and Far Eastern regions . In the near future , exports of both of these commodities are set to increase , as Russia is building the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean oil pipeline with a branch going to the Chinese border , and Russian power grid monopoly UES is building some of its hydropower stations with a view of future exports to China . Export growth has continued to be a major component supporting China 's rapid economic growth . To increase exports , China pursued policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign - invested factories , which assembled imported components into consumer goods for export and liberalizing trading rights . In its 11th Five - Year Program , adopted in 2005 , China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer demand - driven economy to sustain economic growth and address imbalances . Foreign investment ( Edit ) See also : Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor , Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor , China Investment Promotion Agency , China Council for the Promotion of International Trade , and Ministry of Commerce of the People 's Republic of China China 's investment climate has changed dramatically with more than two decades of reform . In the early 1980s , China restricted foreign investments to export - oriented operations and required foreign investors to form joint - venture partnerships with Chinese firms . The Encouraged Industry Catalogue sets out the degree of foreign involvement allowed in various industry sectors . From the beginning of the reforms legalizing foreign investment , capital inflows expanded every year until 1999 . Foreign - invested enterprises account for 58 -- 60 % of China 's imports and exports . Since the early 1990s , the government has allowed foreign investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic market , eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures , provided some assurances against nationalization , allowed foreign partners to become chairs of joint venture boards , and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign - owned enterprises , now the preferred form of FDI . In 1991 , China granted more preferential tax treatment for Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises and contractual ventures and for foreign companies , which invested in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state , such as energy , communications and transportation . China also authorized some foreign banks to open branches in Shanghai and allowed foreign investors to purchase special `` B '' shares of stock in selected companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Securities Exchanges . These `` B '' shares sold to foreigners carried no ownership rights in a company . In 1997 , China approved 21,046 foreign investment projects and received over $45 billion in foreign direct investment . China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign - Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001 , easing export performance and domestic content requirements . The Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao announced , foreign investors will be allowed to own up to 51 % on domestic financial service companies . Formerly foreign ownership was limited to a 49 % stake in these firms . Foreign investment remains a strong element in China 's rapid expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth of urban jobs . In 1998 , foreign - invested enterprises produced about 40 % of China 's exports , and foreign exchange reserves totalled about $145 billion . Foreign - invested enterprises today produce about half of China 's exports ( the majority of China 's foreign investment come from Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan ) , and China continues to attract large investment inflows . However , the Chinese government 's emphasis on guiding FDI into manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries , while leaving China 's services sectors underdeveloped . From 1993 to 2001 , China was the world 's second - largest recipient of foreign direct investment after the United States . China received $39 billion FDI in 1999 and $41 billion FDI in 2000 . China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world , receiving almost $80 billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics . In 2006 , China received $69.47 billion in foreign direct investment . By 2011 , with the U.S. seeing a decline in foreign investment following the 2008 financial crisis , China overtook it as the top destination for FDI , receiving over $280 billion that year . Amid slowing economic conditions and a weakening yuan in 2015 , December of that year saw a 5.8 % drop in FDI to China . While China 's rank as the top receiver of FDI continued through 2014 , the slowing of inbound investment in 2015 combined with a massive rebound in foreign investment to the United States resulted in the U.S. reclaiming its position as the top investment destination . Data from the American Chamber of Commerce in China 's 2016 China Business Climate Survey confirms this trend , although it also demonstrates that China remains a top investment destination . This survey of over 500 members found that `` China remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member companies , '' though this is a decline from the 2012 high of eight out of ten respondents considering China a top priority . Foreign exchange reserves totaled $155 billion in 1999 and $165 billion in 2000 . Foreign exchange reserves exceeded $800 billion in 2005 , more than doubling from 2003 . Foreign exchange reserves were $819 billion at the end of 2005 , $1.066 trillion at the end of 2006 , $1.9 trillion by June 2008 . In addition , by the end of September 2008 China replaced Japan for the first time as the largest foreign holder of US treasury securities with a total of $585 billion , vs Japan $573 billion . China has now surpassed those of Japan , making China 's foreign exchange reserves the largest in the world . As part of its WTO accession , China undertook to eliminate certain trade - related investment measures and to open up specified sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment . New laws , regulations , and administrative measures to implement these commitments are being issued . Major remaining barriers to foreign investment include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the lack of a rules - based legal infrastructure . Warner Bros. , for instance , withdrew its cinema business in China as a result of a regulation that requires Chinese investors to own at least a 51 percent stake or play a leading role in a foreign joint venture . Another major development in the history of foreign investment in China was the establishment of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone in September 2013 . The Zone is considered a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms . Critically , foreign investment is controlled via a `` negative list '' approach , where FDI is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the Negative List published by the Shanghai Municipal Government . Chinese investment abroad ( Edit ) Outward foreign direct investment is a new feature of Chinese globalization , where local Chinese firms seek to make investments in both developing and developed countries . It was reported in 2011 that there was increasing investment by capital rich Chinese firms in promising firms in the United States . Such investments offer access to expertise in marketing and distribution potentially useful in exploiting the developing Chinese domestic market . Since 2005 when Levono acquired IBM 's ThinkPad , Chinese companies have been actively expanding outside of China , in both developed and developing countries . In 2013 , Chinese companies invested US $90 billion globally in non-financial sectors , 16 % more than 2012 . Between January 2009 and December 2013 , China contributed a total of $161.03 bn in outward FDI , creating almost 300,000 jobs . Western Europe was the largest regional recipient of Chinese outward FDI , with Germany receiving the highest number of FDI projects for any country globally . There are two ways Chinese companies choose to enter a foreign market : organic growth and Merge & Acquisition ( M&A ) . Many Chinese companies would prefer M&A for the following reasons : Fast . M&A is the fastest way for a company to expand into another country by acquiring brand , distribution , talents , and technology . Chinese CEOs has been used to growing at 50 % + speed and do not want to spend capital . China market . China has become the world 's largest economy . Many Chinese acquire foreign companies and then bring their products / services to China , anything from premium cars to fashion clothing to meat to Hollywood movies . Cheap capital access . The huge Chinese domestic market help many Chinese companies accumulated financial capital to do M&A . Chinese government also provides long - term , low - interest capital for companies to expand abroad . Low risk . M&A helped Chinese companies avoid risk of failure of organic growth as they got an established company with everything in place . Cheap labor . Some companies may move part of the manufacturing in high labor cost countries to China to reduce the cost and make the product more attractive in price . Trade and policy barrier . Chinese companies in many sectors face quota limitation and high tax , which prevent them from being competitive in foreign markets . Depressed assets . 2008 - 2010 global economic crisis created liquidity problems for a lot of western companies and reduced their market value . Chinese companies believe it is a great opportunity for them to buy these depressed assets at discount . China 's direct foreign investment in non-financial sector growth from US $25 billion in 2007 to US $90 billion in 2013 , more than three times . At the beginning , state - owned enterprises dominate the foreign acquisition and most of the money goes to oil and minerals . Since 2005 , more and more private companies start to acquire non raw material foreign companies . Below is a list of the top 15 outbound deals from Chinese companies ' : Date Acquirer Acquirer Industry Target Target industry Target Country Deal Value in USD 02 / 03 / 2016 CNAC Saturn ( NL ) BV Chemicals Syngenta AG Chemicals Switzerland 41,840.11 07 / 23 / 2012 CNOOC Canada Holding Ltd Other Financials Nexen Inc Oil & Gas Canada 19,119.31 02 / 01 / 2008 Shining Prospect Pte Ltd Other Financials Rio Tinto PLC Metals & Mining United Kingdom 14,284.17 06 / 02 / 2017 China Investment Corp Alternative Financial Investments Logicor Ltd Non Residential United Kingdom 13,742.43 07 / 14 / 2017 Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd Other Financials Global Logistic Properties Ltd Non Residential Singapore 11,553.58 08 / 22 / 2017 China Unicom ( BVI ) Ltd Telecommunications Services China Unicom Hong Kong Ltd Telecommunications Services Hong Kong 11,255.81 10 / 06 / 2016 Park Aerospace Holdings Ltd Transportation & Infrastructure C2 Aviation Capital LLC Transportation & Infrastructure United States 10,380.00 10 / 14 / 2015 China Tower Corp Ltd Telecommunications Services China - Telecommun tower asts Wireless China 9,948.41 06 / 21 / 2016 Halti SA Other Financials Supercell Oy Software Finland 8,600.00 06 / 24 / 2009 Mirror Lake Oil & Gas Co Ltd Oil & Gas Addax Petroleum Corp Oil & Gas Switzerland 7,157.40 10 / 01 / 2010 China Petrochemical Corp Oil & Gas Repsol YPF Brasil SA Oil & Gas Brazil 7,111.00 03 / 16 / 2016 Anbang Insurance Group Co Ltd Insurance Strategic Hotels & Resorts Inc REITs United States 6,500.00 10 / 24 / 2016 Hna Tourism Grp Co Ltd Travel Services Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc Hotels and Lodging United States 6,496.88 02 / 17 / 2016 Tianjin Tianhai Invest Co Ltd Transportation & Infrastructure Ingram Micro Inc Computers & Peripherals United States 6,067.41 03 / 22 / 2015 Marco Polo Industrial Hldg SpA Other Financials Pirelli & C SpA Automobiles & Components Italy However , the fast growth and M&A deals did not change consumers ' low quality and low price perception of Chinese goods and brands . According to market consecutive researches by the Monogram Group , a Chicago - based advertising agency , in 2007 , 2009 , 2011 and 2012 , American consumers ' willingness to purchase Chinese products across all categories except PC remained the same or became worse during 2007 - 2012 . The only sector in which Americans were more likely to purchase was personal computers , maybe due to the brand building of Lenovo . Moreover , many M&A deals have failed because companies underestimated the challenges and failed to restructure the company . Case 1 : Shanghai Auto acquired 48.9 % of Korean Ssangyong at US $500 million in 2004 , making it the most ambitious acquisition in Chinese auto industry at the time . Shanghai Auto wanted the brand and technology to expand its footprint in China . However , the cultural difference , the objection to transfer the technology and the failed sales of new SUV model put Shanghai Auto 's ambition of expansion in jeopardy . It caused huge conflict between Ssangyong employees and Shanghai Auto as things did n't go well as planned . And the 2008 global economic crisis put Ssangyong on a survival mode , let alone expansion . After the negotiation with the labor union to reduce wages failed , Shanghai Auto decided to exit from Ssangyong and did n't get a penny back for their US $500 million investment . Case 2 : In 2004 , TCL , the largest TV manufacturer and one of the fastest growing companies in China , acquired TV business including Thomson and RCA brand from Thomson Electronics of France to form a joint vendure called TCL - Thomson Electronics ( TTE ) . For the coming two years , the company recorded huge loss , especially in Europe . Several factors contributed to the failure . Failure of Due Diligence . Right after TCL acquired Thomson 's TV business , the TV market shifted to LCD technology , put Thomson out of date . As CEO of TCL , Dongsheng Li , said in 2012 `` They betted on the wrong thing where the market would go . They thought Thomson 's DLP could be the best choice . '' Lack of understanding of rules and regulations . According to the book Resumption of Trading by Chong Chen , soon after acquisition , Thomson found it in a situation that they could n't recruit the talents they wanted and ca n't fire ones they did n't want . Underestimate of the challenges in cultural difference . Xuesong Tong , vice president of TTE , said in an interview with `` China Operation '' newspaper in 2005 : `` The French look down upon their Chinese boss . For example , they wanted to share the design model with TTE , but French just dislike it even though it is a popular one in US market . Also , French feel superior in their language and do n't want to speak English , which created huge problem in communication . It takes hours to discuss simple issues and ca n't reach agreement . '' According to Scott Markman , president of Monogram , Chinese companies often moved their business model to developed countries and it does n't work . Thomson has the problem , they are very good and distribution and operation in China but France and Europe is a totally different world . Mergers and Acquisitions ( Edit ) From 1993 to 2010 , Chinese companies have been involved as either an acquiror or acquired company in 25,284 mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of US $969 billion . The number and value of deals hit a new record in 2010 . The number of deals that happened in 2010 has been 3,640 , which is an increase of 17 % compared to 2009 . The value of deals in 2010 was US $196 billion , which is an increase of 25 % compared to the year before . Demographics ( Edit ) Main articles : Demographics of the People 's Republic of China , Migration in the People 's Republic of China , Urbanization in the People 's Republic of China , and Chinese emigration Further information : Standard of living in the People 's Republic of China and Poverty in the People 's Republic of China Since the 1950s medical care , public hygiene and sanitation improved considerably , and epidemics were controlled . Consecutive generations continuously experienced better health . The population growth rate surged as the mortality rate dropped more rapidly than the birth rate . China 's massive population has always been a major difficulty for the government as it has struggled to provide for it . In the 1950s , food supply was inadequate and the standard of living was generally low . This spurred the authorities to initiate a major birth control program . The Great Leap Forward industrial plan in 1958 -- 60 was partially responsible for a huge famine that caused the death rate to surpass the birth rate , and by 1960 , the overall population was declining . A second population control drive began in 1962 with major efforts focused on promoting late marriages and the use of contraceptives . By 1963 the country was in the beginning of recovery from the famine and the birth rate soared to its highest since 1949 with an annual population growth rate of 3 % . In 1966 , the Cultural Revolution suspended this second family planning program , but resumed four years later with the third attempt by making later marriage and family size limitation an obligation . Since 1970 , the efforts have been much more effective . The third family planning program continued until 1979 when the one child per family policy was implemented . By the early 1980s , China 's population reached around 1 billion and by the early 2000s , surpassed 1.3 billion . In the 1980s , the average overall population growth was around 1.5 % . In the 1990s , this fell to about 1 % . Today it is about 0.6 % . China 's population growth rate is now among the lowest for a developing country , although , due to its large population , annual net population growth is still considerable . One demographic consequence of the one - child policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly ageing countries in the world . From 100 million to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities , many subsisting through part - time , low - paying jobs . According to the latest Forbes China Rich List ( 2007 ) , China had 66 billionaires , the second largest number after the United States , which had 415 . In the 2006 Forbes Rich List it stated that there were 15 Chinese billionaires . In the latest 2007 Hurun Report , it lists 106 billionaires in China . Labor force ( Edit ) In 2012 , for the first time , according to statistics released by China 's National Bureau of Statistics in January 2013 , the size of the labor force , people aged 15 to 59 , in China shrank slightly to 937.27 million people , a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011 . This trend , resulting from China 's one - child policy of population control , is anticipated to continue to at least 2030 . On 29 October 2015 , Xinhua , China 's state news agency , reported a change in the existing law to a two - child policy , citing a statement from the Communist Party of China , and the new law is effective from 1 January 2016 after it was passed in the standing committee of the National People 's Congress on 27 December 2015 . Transportation and infrastructure ( Edit ) Main article : Transport in the People 's Republic of China Shanghai Maglev Train Development of the country 's transportation infrastructure is given a high priority because it is so strategically tied to the national economy and national defense . Regardless , the transportation infrastructure is still not fully developed in many aspects and areas , and it constitutes a major hindrance on economic growth and the efficient logistical movement of goods and people . China 's transportation policy , influenced by political , military , and economic concerns , have undergone major changes since 1949 . Immediately after the People 's Republic was founded , the primary goal was to repair existing transportation infrastructure in order to meet military transport and logistics needs as well as to strengthen territorial integrity . During most of the 1950s , new road and rail links were built , while at the same time old ones were improved . During the 1960s much of the improvement of regional transportation became the responsibility of the local governments , and many small railways were constructed . Emphasis was also placed on developing transportation in remote rural , mountainous , and forested areas , in order to integrate poorer regions of the country and to help promote economies of scale in the agricultural sector . Before the reform era began in the late 1970s , China 's transportation links were mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and access to the inner regions was generally poor . This situation has been improved considerably since then , as railways and highways have been built in the remote and frontier regions of the northwest and southwest . At the same time , the development of international transportation was also pursued , and the scope of ocean shipping was broadened considerably . Freight haulage is mainly provided by rail transport . The rail sector is monopolized by China Railways , which is controlled by the Ministry of Railways and there is wide variation in services provided . In late 2007 China became one of the few countries in the world to launch its own indigenously developed high - speed train . As rail capacity is struggling to meet demand for the transport of goods and raw materials such as coal , air routes , roads and waterways are rapidly being developed to provide an increasing proportion of China 's overall transportation needs . Some economic experts have argued that the development gap between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil , Argentina and India can be attributed to a large extent to China 's early focus on ambitious infrastructure projects : while China invested roughly 9 % of its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s , most emerging economies invested only 2 % to 5 % of their GDP . This considerable spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal conditions while many South American economies suffered from various development bottlenecks such as poor transportation networks , aging power grids and mediocre schools . Science and technology ( Edit ) Main article : Science and technology in the People 's Republic of China Value in dollars of high - tech exports by country in 2009 -- the value of Chinese high - tech exports was more than twice that of any other nation Science and technology in China has in recent decades developed rapidly . The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding , reform , and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental part of the socio - economic development of the country as well as for national prestige . China has made rapid advances in areas such as education , infrastructure , high - tech manufacturing , academic publishing , patents and commercial applications and is now in some areas and by some measures a world leader . China is now increasingly targeting indigenous innovation and aims to reform remaining weaknesses . These initiatives are dependent on attracting highly educated overseas Chinese back to China to work in the innovation economy and to teach the next generation of Chinese students . See also ( edit ) China portal Economics portal Business and economics portal Center for China in the World Economy , Tsinghua University , Beijing Central Financial Work Commission China Beijing Equity Exchange China Circle China Economic Databases ( CED ) ( China Studies Center , National Chengchi University , Taiwan ) China Milan Equity Exchange Economy of the Han Dynasty Economy of the Ming Dynasty Economy of the Song Dynasty Elizabeth Economy ( China economy and environment expert ) Energy policy of China Grasping the large , letting go of the small ( policy ) Guo jin min tui Historical GDP Hukou system Imperial Bank of China Leading stocks List of companies of the People 's Republic of China List of the largest companies of China Oil shale in China Panda bonds Rural credit cooperative Silk Road The Chinese Economy : Transitions and Growth ( book ) Township and Village Enterprises ( TVEs ) Three Rural Issues Tuangou Yangtze River Delta References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IMF report for China '' . 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The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ; Chris Buckley ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` China Moves to Stabilize Stock Markets ; Initial Offerings Halted '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . the country 's biggest brokerage firms unveiled a government - endorsed plan on Saturday to buy shares starting on Monday Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ; Chris Buckley ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` China 's Market Rout Is a Double Threat '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . novices have rushed to join a national fever of speculation ^ Jump up to : Jiang Fei ; Zhang Yuzhe ; Yang Gang ; Yue Yue ; Zhang Yu ; Wu Hongyuran ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Villain or Hero for Stock Market Saga ? '' . Caixin . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . People with knowledge of the agency 's operations said it bought at least 1 trillion yuan worth of shares between July 6 and 10 . Of this amount , about 300 billion yuan was spent on July 8 . Jump up ^ James B. 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Jump up ^ `` China promises rise in minimum wage to close income gap '' BBC News , 6 February 2013 Jump up ^ China emerges India 's top trade partner . News.tootoo.com ( 25 March 2008 ) . Retrieved on 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trade between China and Russia could exceed $40 bln in 2007 '' . The Voice of Russia . 2 August 2007 . Jump up ^ China Statistical Yearbook 2007 , Table 18 - 14 : http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm Jump up ^ China Statistical Yearbook 2007 , Table 18 - 13 : http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm Jump up ^ http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/china-oeffnet-finanzmarkt-fuer-auslaender-nach-trump-besuch-15285864.html Jump up ^ `` Foreign investment in China rebounds -- '' . International Herald Tribune . 15 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign direct investment , net inflows ( BoP , current US $ ) Data Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . 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Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrew Salmon ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Shanghai Automotive expands with Korea purchase '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Choe Sang - Hun ( 24 February 2009 ) . `` In Carmaker 's Collapse , a Microcosm of South Korea 's Woes '' . The New York Times . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions ( M&A ) - M&A Courses Company Valuation Courses Mergers & Acquisitions Courses '' . Imaa-institute.org . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ List of countries by population growth rate Jump up ^ The newest billionaires : China 's economy churns out dozens . International Herald Tribune . 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 China Rich List series . Hurun Report . Jump up ^ Jamil Anderliniin ; Ed Crooks ( 19 January 2013 ) . `` Chinese Labor Pool Begins to Drain '' . CNBC . Financial Times . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Fengbo Zhang : Economic Analysis of Chinese Transportation Jump up ^ `` China produces first home - grown bullet train : report '' . Afp.google.com. 22 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China : Logistics is key to inland shift '' . Financial Times . 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Firzli and Bazi , M. Nicolas ( 2011 ) . `` Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective '' . Revue Analyse Financière. 41 ( Q4 ) . pp. 19 -- 22 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2011 . Further reading ( Edit ) Sit Tsui , Erebus Wong , Lau Kin Chi and Wen Tiejun . One Belt , One Road : China 's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order ( January 2017 ) , Monthly Review , Volume 68 , Issue 08 Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin . A Theory of China 's ' Miracle ' : Eight Principles of Contemporary Chinese Political Economy ( January 2017 ) , Monthly Review , Volume 68 , Issue 08 Cardenal , Juan Pablo ; Araújo , Heriberto ( 2011 ) . La silenciosa conquista china ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Crítica . China : Country Studies -- Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . Lcweb2.loc.gov ( 27 July 2010 ) Heilmann , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . China 's Political System . Lanham , Boulder , New York , London : Rowman & Littlefield . Archived from the original on 6 May 2017 . Yin - Wong Cheung ; Jakob de Haan ( 2013 ) . The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01823 - 4 . Journals China Economic Journal Taylor & Francis Journals : Welcome . Tandf.co.uk . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . China Economic Quarterly China & World Economy China & World Economy -- Journal Information . Blackwellpublishing.com ( 2010 - 05 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies ( JCEBS ) Taylor & Francis Journals : Welcome . Tandf.co.uk . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association ( UK ) . CEA Publications -- Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies . Ceauk.org.uk . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies Emerald , Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information . Emeraldinsight.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . The China Quarterly Journals.cambridge.org The Chinese Economy M.E. Sharpe , Inc . -- Journal Information . Mesharpe.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 06 . Journal of Chinese Economic Studies ( ISSN 1348 - 2521 ) Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association ( ISSN 0529 - 6528 ) China : An International Journal ( ISSN 0219 - 7472 ) China Economic Review ( ISSN 1043 - 951X ) China Review ( ISSN 1680 - 2012 ) Frontiers of Economics in China ( ISSN 1673 - 3444 ) China 2030 : Building a Modern , Harmonious , and Creative High - Income Society ( pre-publication version ) Citation : `` World Bank ; Development Research Center of the State Council , P.R.C. 2012 . China 2030 : Building a Modern , Harmonious , and Creative High - Income Society ( pre-publication version ) . © Washington , DC : World Bank . http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057 License : Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 Unported . '' URI : http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057 Date : 2012 - 02 - 27 Author ( s ) : World Bank ; Development Research Center of the State Council , P.R.C. 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-3448423742626756600	Hudson Bay Lowlands	Hudson Bay Lowlands - wikipedia Hudson Bay Lowlands Jump to : navigation , search Hudson Bay Lowlands are a vast wetland located between the Canadian Shield and southern shores of Hudson Bay and James Bay . Most of the area lies within the province of Ontario , with smaller portions reaching into Manitoba and Quebec . Many wide and slow - moving rivers flow through this area toward the salt water of Hudson Bay : these include the Churchill , Nelson and Hayes in Manitoba , Severn , Fawn , Winisk , Asheweig , Ekwan , Attawapiskat , and Albany in Ontario , and the Harricana , Rupert and Eastmain in Quebec . This is the largest wetland in Canada , and one of the largest in the world . The region can be subdivided into three bands running roughly northwest to southeast : the Coastal Hudson Bay Lowland ( a narrow band along the northern coast ) , Hudson Bay Lowland ( a broader band extending to slightly south of the Ekwan River ) , and James Bay Lowland ( all the rest of the southern / eastern lands , making up close to 50 % of the total Lowlands area ) . The entire area was covered by ice during the last glaciation , and the peatlands have accumulated over the last ten thousand years . Plants from more temperate regions mix with arctic species . A majority of the wetland is peat bog , although salt marshes occur along the coast , and marshes and wet meadows occur along the major rivers . The wetlands provide important habitat for migratory birds including shorebirds ( e.g. , yellow rail ) and waterfowl ( e.g. , snow geese ) . Large mammals include polar bear and wolverine . The Hudson Bay Lowlands approximately coincide with the Southern Hudson Bay Taiga Ecoregion of North America . Snow geese migrate north each year to breed in the coastal marshes of the Hudson Bay Lowland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early discovery and exploration 2 Geography 3 References 4 External links Early discovery and exploration ( edit ) The local Ojibwa and Cree most likely came into contact with the region but did not populate the region due to the harsh , undesirable conditions and poor drainage patterns of the area . When Europeans arrived in the area , The Hudson 's Bay Company set up trading posts such as Rankin Inlet , some of which remain populated today . However , these never grew into sizable towns , again because of the poor living conditions and climate . To this day , not all of the lowlands have been properly explored . There are a few small First Nations settlements on the southern shore of Hudson Bay Lowlands at places like Moose Factory , Moosonee , Attawapiskat , and Fort Severn . Geography ( edit ) The region is named after the nearby inland sea , Hudson Bay , the second largest in the world . The entire area drains into the bay through rivers such as the Churchill , Severn , and Attawapiskat . The region is located in the extreme north of Ontario , extending into both Manitoba to the west and Quebec in the east , and covers around 25 percent of Ontario 's total land area ( approximately 227,400 km ) . The area was covered in ice during the last ice age , and then flooded as the ice receded , leaving behind plains that are slowly rising out of the ocean due to post-glacial rebound . Peatlands , both bogs and fens now cover much of the landscape , with other kinds of wetlands along rivers and the coast . The climate of the region depends largely on the water surface of the bay , which heats rapidly in the summer , breaking ice and bringing rains to the lowlands . In the winter the bay freezes over again , bringing freezing temperatures and winds . The vegetation is mostly conifer forest and peatland , with typical sub arctic and boreal plants . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Canadian Encyclopedia - Hudson Bay ^ Jump up to : Abraham , K.F. and C.J. Keddy . The Hudson Bay Lowland . Pages 118 - 148 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy ( eds . ) . 2005 . The World 's Largest Wetlands : Ecology and Conservation . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . 488 p . Jump up ^ Coastal Hudson Bay Lowland ecozone profile Jump up ^ Hudson Bay Lowland ecozone profile Jump up ^ James Bay Lowland ecozone profile ^ Jump up to : Riley , J.L. 2003 . Flora of the Hudson Bay Lowland and its Postglacial Origins. NRC Research Press , Ottawa , Canada . 236 p . Jump up ^ Sjörs , H. 1959 . Bogs and fens in the Hudson Bay Lowlands . Arctic 12 : 2 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Map of the Hudson Plains Ecoregions An Introduction to Ecozones Map of major rivers draining into southern Hudson Bay Hudson Bay Lowlands - Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Proposed protected areas in Manitoba . Hudson Bay in The Canadian Encyclopedia Hudson Bay Lowlands - Ottertooth Arctic Institute paper by Hugo Sjörs , Bogs and Fens in the Hudson Bay Lowlands . `` Hudson Bay Lowlands show recent effects of global warming '' . Max Paris Environment Unit , CBC News . 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . Geography topics History Index Outline Branches Human Agricultural Behavioral Cultural Development Economic Health Historical Political Population Settlement Regional Urban Physical Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Coastal / Oceanography Earth science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Environmental science Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Geobiology Geophysics / Geodesy Earth system science Geomorphology / Geology Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Pedology ( Edaphology / Soil science ) Quaternary science Integrated Integrated / Environmental Environmental social science Environmental studies Landscape architecture Landscape ecology Time geography Techniques and tools Geoinformatics / Geomathematics Cartography Geologic modelling Geostatistics Geographic information system Geochronology Geomatics Hydrography Photogrammetry Remote sensing Institutions Geographic data and information organizations Geographical societies Geoscience societies National mapping agency Education Geography education Geo - literacy International Geography Olympiad Spatial citizenship Portal Commons WikiProject Physical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Coordinates : 54 ° 45 ′ N 83 ° 00 ′ W / 54.750 ° N 83.000 ° W / 54.750 ; - 83.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_Bay_Lowlands&oldid=831949857 '' Categories : Physiographic regions of Canada Wetlands of Ontario Geography of Northern Ontario Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 00 : 01 . 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5961156628082461581	Powers of the President of the United States	Powers of the president of the United States - wikipedia Powers of the president of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States has numerous powers , including those explicitly granted by Article II of the United States Constitution . The Constitution explicitly assigned the president the power to sign or veto legislation , command the armed forces , ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet , convene or adjourn Congress , grant reprieves and pardons , and receive ambassadors . The president may make treaties which need to be ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also appoint Article III judges and some officers with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate . In the condition of a Senate recess , the president may make a temporary appointment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Executive powers 2 Powers related to legislation 3 Powers of appointment 4 Executive clemency 5 Foreign affairs 6 Emergency powers 7 Executive privilege 8 Constraints on presidential power 9 See also 10 References Executive powers ( edit ) Within the executive branch itself , the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government . The president can issue rules , regulations , and instructions called executive orders , which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress . Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation . The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 put additional responsibilities on the presidency for the preparation of the United States federal budget , although Congress was required to approve it . The act required the Office of Management and Budget to assist the president with the preparation of the budget . Previous presidents had the privilege of impounding funds as they saw fit , however the United States Supreme Court revoked the privilege in 1998 as a violation of the Presentment Clause . The power was available to all presidents and was regarded as a power inherent to the office . The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 was passed in response to large - scale power exercises by President Nixon . The act also created the Congressional Budget Office as a legislative counterpoint to the Office of Management and Budget . The president , as the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces may also call into federal service individual state units of the National Guard . In times of war or national emergency , the Congress may grant the president broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States , but these powers were not expressly granted by the United States Constitution . During the Vietnam War , in 1973 , Congress expeditiously passed the War Powers Act and severely limited the ability of the President to conduct warfare without Congressional approval . Congress was constitutionally provided the power to declare the war , but if the president needed to send the troops to other countries for emergency reasons , approved statutes required the notification of Congress within forty - eight hours . For any time beyond sixty days , further congressional approval was required . Powers related to legislation ( edit ) The president has several options when presented with a bill from Congress . If the president agrees with the bill , he can sign it into law within ten days of receipt . If the president opposes the bill , he can veto it and return the bill to Congress with a veto message suggesting changes unless the Congress is out of session then the president may rely on a pocket veto . Presidents are required to approve all of a bill or none of it ; selective vetoes have been prohibited . In 1996 , Congress gave President Bill Clinton a line - item veto over parts of a bill that required spending federal funds . The Supreme Court , in Clinton v. New York City , found Clinton 's veto of pork - barrel appropriations for New York City to be unconstitutional because only a constitutional amendment could give the president line - item veto power . When a bill is presented for signature , the president may also issue a signing statement with expressions of their opinion on the constitutionality of a bill 's provisions . The president may even declare them unenforceable but the Supreme Court has yet to address this issue . Congress may override vetoes with a two - thirds vote in both the House and the Senate . The process has traditionally been difficult and relatively rare . The threat of a presidential veto has usually provided sufficient pressure for Congress to modify a bill so the President would be willing to sign it . Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch . The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress . If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals , the president may call a special session of the Congress . Beyond these official powers , the U.S. president , as a leader of his political party and the United States government , holds great sway over public opinion whereby they may influence legislation . To improve the working relationship with Congress , presidents in recent years have set up an Office of Legislative Affairs . Presidential aides have kept abreast of all important legislative activities . Powers of appointment ( edit ) The President of the United States has several different appointment powers . Before taking office , the president - elect must appoint more than 6,000 new federal positions . The appointments range from top officials at U.S. government agencies , to the White House Staff , and members of the United States diplomatic corps . Many , but not all , of these positions at the highest levels are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies , including federal judges , such as members of the United States Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court . These nominations require Senate confirmation , and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance . As head of the executive branch , the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies . These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government . Many of these appointments are made by the president . In the case of ten agencies , the president is free to appoint a new agency head . For example , it is not unusual for the CIA 's Director or NASA 's Administrator to be changed by the president . Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms . For example , governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence . The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government - owned corporations such as Amtrak . The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session . In the past , presidents could appoint members of the United States civil service . This use of the spoils system allowed presidents to reward political supporters with jobs . Following the assassination of President James Garfield by Charles J. Guiteau , a disgruntled office seeker , Congress instituted a merit - based civil service in which positions are filled on a nonpartisan basis . The Office of Personnel Management now oversees the staffing of 2.8 million federal jobs in the federal bureaucracy . The president must also appoint his staff of aides , advisers , and assistants . These individuals are political appointments and are not subject to review by the Senate . All members of the staff serve `` at the pleasure of the President '' . Since 1995 , the president has been required to submit an annual report to Congress listing the name and salary of every employee of the White House Office . The 2011 report listed 454 employees . Executive clemency ( edit ) See also : List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States Article II of the United States Constitution gives the president the power of clemency . The two most commonly used clemency powers are those of pardon and commutation . A pardon is an official forgiveness for an acknowledged crime . Once a pardon is issued , all punishment for the crime is waived . The person accepting the pardon must , however , acknowledge that the crime did take place . The president can only grant pardons for federal offences . The president maintains the Office of the Pardon Attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice to review all requests for pardons . The president can also commute a sentence which , in effect , changes the punishment to time served . While the guilty party may be released from custody or not have to serve out a prison term , all other punishments still apply . Most pardons are issued as oversight of the judicial branch , especially in cases where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines are considered too severe . This power can check the legislative and judicial branches by altering punishment for crimes . Presidents can issue blanket amnesty to forgive entire groups of people . For example , President Jimmy Carter granted amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers who had fled to Canada . Presidents can also issue temporary suspensions of prosecution or punishment in the form of respites . This power is most commonly used to delay federal sentences of execution . Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated . President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby . Foreign affairs ( edit ) Under the Constitution , the president is the federal official that is primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations . The president appoints ambassadors , ministers , and consuls ( subject to confirmation by the Senate ) and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials . With the Secretary of State , the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments . On occasion , the president may personally participate in summit conferences where heads of state meet for direct consultation . For example , President Wilson led the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 after World War I ; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II ; and every president sits down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach agreements . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiate treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds of the Senate . The president may also negotiate executive agreements with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation . Emergency powers ( edit ) See also : National Emergencies Act and International Emergency Economic Powers Act The Constitution does not expressly grant the president additional powers in times of national emergency . However , many scholars think that the Framers implied these powers because the structural design of the Executive Branch enables it to act faster than the Legislative Branch . Because the Constitution remains silent on the issue , the courts can not grant the Executive Branch these powers when it tries to wield them . The courts will only recognize a right of the Executive Branch to use emergency powers if Congress has granted such powers to the president . A claim of emergency powers was at the center of President Abraham Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus without Congressional approval in 1861 . Lincoln claimed that the rebellion created an emergency that permitted him the extraordinary power of unilaterally suspending the writ . With Chief Justice Roger Taney sitting as judge , the Federal District Court of Maryland struck down the suspension in Ex Parte Merryman , although Lincoln ignored the order . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt similarly invoked emergency powers when he issued an order directing that all Japanese Americans residing on the West Coast be placed into internment camps during World War II . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld this order in Korematsu v. United States . Harry Truman declared the use of emergency powers when he nationalized private steel mills that failed to produce steel because of a labor strike in 1952 . With the Korean War ongoing , Truman asserted that he could not wage war successfully if the economy failed to provide him with the material resources necessary to keep the troops well - equipped . The U.S. Supreme Court , however , refused to accept that argument in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , voting 6 - 3 that neither Commander in Chief powers nor any claimed emergency powers gave the president the authority to unilaterally seize private property without Congressional legislation . Executive privilege ( edit ) Executive privilege gives the president the ability to withhold information from the public , Congress , and the courts in national security and diplomatic affairs . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , Washington 's action created the precedent for privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed audio tapes to a special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon that privilege was not absolute . The Court reasoned that the judiciary 's interest in the `` fair administration of criminal justice '' outweighed President Nixon 's interest in keeping the evidence secret . Later President Bill Clinton lost in federal court when he tried to assert privilege in the Lewinsky affair . The Supreme Court affirmed this in Clinton v. Jones , which denied the use of privilege in cases of civil suits . Constraints on presidential power ( edit ) Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities , coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene , political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president 's powers . Some have even spoken of `` the imperial presidency '' , referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term . President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a `` bully pulpit '' from which to raise issues nationally , for when a president raises an issue , it inevitably becomes subject to public debate . A president 's power and influence may be limited , but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and , furthermore , is one of the most famous and influential of all Americans . Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress , the president 's executive branch conducts most foreign policy , and their power to order and direct troops as commander - in - chief is quite significant ( the exact limits of what a president 's military powers without Congressional authorization are open to debate ) . The Separation of Powers devised by the founding fathers was designed to do one primary thing : to prevent the majority from ruling with an iron fist . Based on their experience , the framers shied away from giving any branch of the new government too much power . The separation of powers provides a system of shared power known as `` checks and balances '' . For example , the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries , but these appointments must be approved by the Senate . The president can veto bills , or deny them . If he does that , the bill is sent back to Congress . See also ( edit ) Madisonian Model National Emergencies Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Power '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution '' . United States Senate . September 17 , 1787 . To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water Jump up ^ Dewar , Hellen ; Biskupic , Joan ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Court Strikes Down Line - Item Veto '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Michael ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Bush 's Tactic of Refusing Laws Is Probed '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Powers '' . www.let.rug.nl . University of Groningen . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://nationalparalegal.edu/conlawcrimproc_public/federalism/presidentialpowers.asp Jump up ^ Fairlie , John . `` The Administrative Powers of the President '' . Michigan Law Review . Vol. 2 , No. 3 : pp. 190 -- 210 . JSTOR 1273781 -- via JSTOR . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Annotated Constitution Article II '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Norm . `` How the Assassination of James A. Garfield Haunts VA Reform '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/senate-nominations.html Serving at the Pleasure of the President : The Nomination Papers of the United States Senate , 1789 -- 1946 Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11183.html Executive Order 11183 -- Establishing the President 's Commission on White House Fellowships Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . 2011 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff Jump up ^ http://www.justice.gov/pardon/pardon_instructions.htm Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Concerning Executive Clemency PARDON Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Costly , Andrew . `` Foreign Policy - Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . www.crf-usa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Marc . `` Recognition '' . historycentral.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty vs. Executive Agreement '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Louis , Fisher ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President . University Press of Kansas . pp. 249 -- 272 . ISBN 0700615342 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Lincoln 's Crackdown '' . Slate . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Konkoly , Toni . `` The Supreme Court . Law , Power & Personality . Famous Dissents . Korematsu v. United States ( 1944 ) PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Jon ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Executive Orders Are Normal ; Trump 's Are Only Appalling Because of What They Say '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 343 U.S. 579 ( 1952 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` C - SPAN Landmark Cases Youngstown V Sawyer '' . landmarkcases.c-span.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Nixon '' . Oyez . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Decision United States v. Nixon '' . landmarkcases.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Immunity From Judicial Direction '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_President_of_the_United_States&oldid=833532328 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 04 : 17 . 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-5565744147997124258	Polyembryony	Polyembryony - wikipedia Polyembryony Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg . Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg , the embryos are identical to one another , but are genetically diverse from the parents . The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents , but the similarity among siblings , are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction . Polyembryony can occur in humans , resulting in identical twins , though the process is random and at a low frequency . Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates , invertebrates , and plants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vertebrates 2 Invertebrates 3 Plants 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Vertebrates ( edit ) Armadillos are the most well studied vertebrate that undergoes polyembryony , with six species of armadillo in the genus Dasypus that are always polyembryonic . The nine banded armadillo , for instance , always gives birth to four identical young . There are two conditions that are expected to promote the evolution of polyembryony : the mother does not know the environmental conditions of her offspring like in the case of a parasitiods , or a constraint on reproduction . It is thought that nine banded armadillos evolved to be polyembryonic because of the later . Invertebrates ( edit ) A more striking example of the use of polyembryony as a competitive reproductive tool is found in the parasitoid Hymenoptera , family Encyrtidae . The progeny of the splitting embryo develop into at least two forms , those that will develop into adults and those that become a type of soldier , called precocious larvae . These latter larvae patrol the host and kill any other parasitoids they find with the exception of their siblings , usually sisters . Obligately polyembryonic insects fall in two classes : Hymenoptera ( certain wasps ) , and Strepsiptera . From one egg , these insects can produce over thousands of offspring . Polyembryonic wasps from the Hymenoptera group can be further subdivided into four families including Braconidae ( Macrocentrus ) , Platygasteridae ( Platygaster ) , Encyrtidae ( Copidosoma ) , and Dryinidae . Polyembryony also occurs in Bryozoa . Through recent genotype analysis and molecular data , it has been suggested that polyembryony happens in the entire order Cyclostomata . Plants ( edit ) The term is also used in botany to describe the phenomenon of seedlings emerging from one embryo . Around 20 genera of gymnospores undergo polyembryony , termed `` cleavage polyembryony , '' where the original zygote splits into many identical embryos . In some plant taxa , the many embryos of polyembryony eventually gives rise to only a single offspring . The mechanism underlying the phenomenon of a resulting single ( or in some cases a few ) offspring is described in Pinus sylvestris to be programmed cell death ( PCD ) , which removes all but one embryo . Originally , all embryos have equal opportunity to develop into full seeds , but during the early stages of development , one embryo becomes dominant through competition , and therefore the now dormant seed , while the other embryos are destroyed through PCD . The genus Citrus has a number of species that undergo polyembryony , where multiple nuclear - derived embryos exist alongside sexually - derived embryos . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first described polyembryony in 1719 when the seed in Citrus was observed to have two germinating embryos . In Citrus , polyembryony is genetically controlled by a shared polyembryony locus among the species , determined by single - nucleotide polymorphism in the genotypes sequenced . The variation within the species of citrus is based on the amount of embryos that develop , the impact of the environment , and gene expression . As with other species , due to the many embryos developing in close proximity , competition occurs , which can cause variation in seed success or vigor . See also ( edit ) Monoembryony References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Filonva , L.H. ; von Arnold , S. ; Daniel , G. ; Bozhkov , P.V. ( 2002 ) . `` Programmed cell death eliminates all but one embryo in a polyembryonic plant seed '' . Nature . 9 : 1057 -- 1062 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cdd. 4401068 . PMID 12232793 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Sean F. ; Slobodkin , Lawrence B. ; Wray , Gregory A. ; Biermann , Christiane H. ( 1997 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The ' paradox ' of polyembryony : A review of the cases and a hypothesis for its evolution '' . Evolutionary Ecology. 11 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 143 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018443714917 . ISSN 0269 - 7653 . ^ Jump up to : Batygina , T.B. ; Vinogradova , G. Iu ( 2007 - 05 - 01 ) . `` ( Phenomenon of polyembryony . Genetic heterogeneity of seeds ) '' . Ontogenez. 38 ( 3 ) : 166 -- 191 . ISSN 0475 - 1450 . PMID 17621974 . ^ Jump up to : Loughry , W.J. ; Prodöhl , Paulo A. ; McDonough , Colleen M. ; Avise , John C. ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` Polyembryony in Armadillos : An unusual feature of the female nine - banded armadillo 's reproductive tract may explain why her litters consist of four genetically identical offspring '' . American Scientist. 86 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 279 . doi : 10.1511 / 1998.25. 824 . JSTOR 27857027 . ^ Jump up to : E. , Beckage , Nancy ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) . Parasites and pathogens : effects on host hormones and behavior . Chapman & Hall . ISBN 041207401X . OCLC 875319486 . ^ Jump up to : Strand , Michael ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Insects ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford , UK : Elsevier . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Helen L. ; Waeschenbach , Andrea ; Okamura , Beth ; Hughes , Roger N. ; Bishop , John D.D. ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Phylogenetically Widespread Polyembryony in Cyclostome Bryozoans and the Protracted Asynchronous Release of Clonal Brood - Mates '' . PLoS ONE . 12 ( 1 ) : e0170010 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0170010 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 5240946 . PMID 28095467 . ^ Jump up to : Nakano , Michiharu ; Shimada , Takehiko ; Endo , Tomoko ; Fujii , Hiroshi ; Nesumi , Hirohisa ; Kita , Masayuki ; Ebina , Masumi ; Shimizu , Tokurou ; Omura , Mitsuo ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Characterization of genomic sequence showing strong association with polyembryony among diverse Citrus species and cultivars , and its synteny with Vitis and Populus '' . Plant Science : an International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology . 183 : 131 -- 142 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2011.08. 002 . ISSN 1873 - 2259 . PMID 22195586 . ^ Jump up to : Kishore , Kundan ; N. , Monika ; D. , Rinchen ; Lepcha , Boniface ; Pandey , Brijesh ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Polyembryony and seedling emergence traits in apomictic citrus '' . Scientia Horticulturae. 138 : 101 -- 107 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scienta. 2012.01. 035 . External links ( edit ) Juan Manuel Alvarez A. ( 15 April 1997 ) . `` Chapter 26 -- Largest Parasitoid Brood '' . Book of Insect Records . University of Florida . J. Bronté Gatenby ( 1918 ) . `` Memoirs : Polyembryony in Parasitic Hymenoptera : A Review '' . Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science . s2 - 63 : 175 -- 196 . J. Bronté Gatenby ( 1918 ) . `` The Segregation of the Germ - cells in Trichogramma evanescens '' . Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science . s2 - 63 : 161 -- 174 . Craig , S.F. ; Slobodkin , L.B. ; Wray , G. ( 1997 ) . `` The ' Paradox ' of Polyembryony : A review of the cases and a hypothesis for its evolution '' . Evolutionary Ecology. 11 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 143 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018443714917 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyembryony&oldid=816768285 '' Categories : Plant reproduction Embryology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский తెలుగు Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 15 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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-8370172206145995509	Humboldt County, California	Humboldt County , California - wikipedia Humboldt County , California Jump to : navigation , search County of Humboldt County Aerial view of Humboldt Bay Seal Location in the state of California California 's location in the United States Country United States State California Region California North Coast Incorporated May 12 , 1853 Named for Humboldt Bay , which was named after Alexander von Humboldt County seat Eureka Largest city Eureka Area Total 4,052 sq mi ( 10,490 km ) Land 3,568 sq mi ( 9,240 km ) Water 484 sq mi ( 1,250 km ) Highest elevation 6,960 ft ( 2,120 m ) Population ( April 1 , 2010 ) Total 134,623 Estimate ( 2016 ) 136,646 Density 33 / sq mi ( 13 / km ) Time zone Pacific Time Zone ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC - 7 ) Area code ( s ) 707 , 530 Website www.humboldtgov.org Humboldt County is a county in the U.S. state of California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 134,623 . The county seat is Eureka . Humboldt County comprises the Eureka -- Arcata -- Fortuna , CA Micropolitan Statistical Area . It is located on the far North Coast ~ 270 miles north of San Francisco . Its primary population centers of Eureka , the site of College of the Redwoods main campus , and the smaller college town of Arcata , site of Humboldt State University , are located adjacent to Humboldt Bay , California 's second largest natural bay . Area cities and towns are known for hundreds of ornate examples of Victorian architecture . Humboldt County is a densely forested mountainous , and rural county with about 110 miles of coastline ( more than any other county in the state ) situated along the Pacific coast in Northern California 's rugged Coast ( Mountain ) Ranges . With nearly 1,500,000 acres ( 6,100 km ) of combined public and private forest in production , Humboldt County alone produces twenty percent of total volume and thirty percent of the total value of all forest products produced in California . The county contains over forty percent of all remaining old growth Coast Redwood forests , the vast majority of which is protected or strictly conserved within dozens of national , state , and local forests and parks , totaling approximately 680,000 acres ( over 1,000 square miles ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Climate 3 Tectonics 4 Geography 4.1 Bay 4.2 Rivers 4.3 National protected areas 4.4 State protected areas 4.5 County parks 5 Demographics 5.1 2000 5.2 2010 5.3 2011 5.3. 1 Places by population , race , and income 6 Agriculture 6.1 Dairy 6.2 Cannabis 7 Politics 7.1 Voter registration 7.1. 1 Cities by population and voter registration 7.2 Overview 8 Crime 8.1 Cities by population and crime rates 9 Education 10 Culture 11 Media 11.1 Print 11.2 Television 11.3 Radio 11.3. 1 For - profit 11.3. 2 Non-profit 11.4 Community media 12 Transportation 12.1 Major highways 12.2 Public transportation 12.3 Airports 12.4 Seaport 13 Events 14 Communities 14.1 Cities 14.2 Census - designated places 14.3 Other unincorporated communities 14.4 Indian reservations 14.5 Population ranking 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links History ( edit ) The original inhabitants of the area now known as Humboldt County include the Wiyot , Yurok , Hupa , Karuk , Chilula , Whilkut , and the Eel River Athapaskan peoples , including the Wailaki , Mattole and Nongatl . Andrés de Urdaneta found the coast near Cape Mendocino then followed the coast south to Acapulco in 1565 . Spanish traders made unintended visits to California with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565 . Humboldt County was formed in 1853 from parts of Trinity County . The first recorded entry by people of European origin was a landing by the Spanish in 1775 in Trinidad . The first recorded entry of Humboldt Bay by non-natives was an 1806 visit from a sea otter hunting party from Sitka employed by the Russian American Company . The hunting party included Captain Jonathan Winship , an American , and some Aleut hunters . The bay was not visited again by people of European origin until 1849 when Josiah Gregg 's party visited . In 1850 , Douglas Ottinger and Hans Buhne entered the bay , naming it Humboldt in honor of the great naturalist and world explorer , Alexander von Humboldt , and the name was later applied to the county as a whole . The area around Humboldt Bay was once solely inhabited by the Wiyot Indian tribe . One of the largest Wiyot villages , Tolowot , was located on Indian Island in Humboldt Bay . Founded around 900 BC , it contains a shell midden 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) in size and 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) deep . It was the site of the February 26 , 1860 massacre of the Wiyot people that was recorded by Bret Harte , then living in Union , now called Arcata . Between 60 and 200 Wiyot men , women , and children were murdered that night . Tolowot is now a restricted site and a National Historic Landmark . State historic landmarks in Humboldt County include Arcata and Mad River Railroad , California 's First Drilled Oil Wells in Petrolia , Camp Curtis , Centerville Beach Cross , the City of Eureka , the town of Ferndale , Fort Humboldt , Humboldt Harbor Historical District , the Jacoby Building , The Old Arrow Tree , Old Indian Village of Tsurai , the Town of Trinidad , and Trinidad Head . On February 5 and 6 , 1885 , Eureka 's entire Chinese population of 300 men and 20 women were expelled after a gunfight between rival Chinese gangs ( tongs ) resulted in the wounding of a 12 - year - old boy and the death of 56 - year - old David Kendall , a Eureka City Councilman . After the shooting , an angry mob of 600 Eureka residents met and informed the Chinese that they were no longer wanted in Eureka and would be hanged if they were to stay in town longer than 3 p.m. the next day . They were put on two steamships and shipped to San Francisco . No one was killed in the expulsion . Another Chinese expulsion occurred during 1906 in a cannery on the Eel River , in which 23 Chinese cannery workers were expelled after objections to their presence . However , some Chinese remained in the Orleans area , where some white landowners sheltered and purchased food for the Chinese mineworkers until after racial tension passed . Chinese did not return to the coastal cities until the 1950s . Climate ( edit ) The coastal zone of the county experiences very wet , cool winters and dry , mild foggy summers . In the winter , temperatures range from highs of 40 -- 59 ° F ( 4 -- 15 ° C ) to lows of 32 -- 49 ° F ( 0 -- 9 ° C ) . Coastal summers are cool to mild , with average highs of 60 -- 69 ° F ( 16 -- 21 ° C ) and frequent fogs . Coastal summer temperatures range from highs of 64 -- 70 ° F ( 18 -- 21 ° C ) to lows of 46 -- 55 ° F ( 8 -- 13 ° C ) . In the populated areas and cities near the coast , the highest temperatures tend to occur at locations just a few miles inland from Eureka and Arcata , in towns like Fortuna , Rio Dell , and smaller unincorporated communities located somewhat further away from Humboldt Bay . In these locations summer highs are 70 -- 75 ° F ( 21 -- 24 ° C ) . The coastal zone experiences a number of frosty nights in winter and early spring , though snowfall and hard freezes are rare . Coastal winters are cool and wet . Winter rainstorms are frequent , with averages from 30 inches ( 760 mm ) to 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) a year varying with elevation . Inland areas of the county also experience wet , cool winters . Snowfall is common at elevations over 3,000 ft ( 910 m ) throughout the winter months . Summer displays the sharpest difference between the coastal and inland climates . Inland regions of Humboldt County experience highs of 80 -- 99 ° F ( 27 -- 37 ° C ) depending on the elevation and distance from the ocean . Occasional summer highs of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) are common in eastern and southern parts of the county including Orleans , Hoopa , Willow Creek , Garberville , Honeydew , and inland river valleys . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for warmest and coldest months in selected settlements of Humboldt County Location Month Temp ( ° F ) Temp ( ° C ) Month Temp ( ° F ) Temp ( ° C ) Eureka August 64 / 52 18 / 11 December 55 / 40 12 / 4 Arcata September 62 / 51 17 / 11 December 54 / 38 12 / 3 Ferndale August 71 / 52 22 / 11 December 56 / 39 13 / 4 Willow Creek July 94 / 52 34 / 11 December 50 / 35 10 / 1 Garberville August 87 / 53 31 / 12 December 49 / 37 9 / 3 Shelter Cove August 69 / 53 21 / 11 January 57 / 45 14 / 7 Orick August 69 / 49 21 / 9 January 52 / 37 11 / 2 Tectonics ( edit ) Historically , Humboldt County and the entire far north coast have had many earthquakes over 6.0 magnitude . The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes were a series of three major earthquakes that occurred off the coast of Cape Mendocino , California on April 25 and 26 , 1992 , the largest being a 7.2 . Ninety - five people were injured and property in the county sustained considerable damage . In 2010 a 6.5 magnitude earthquake struck offshore , 33 mi. ( 53 km ) west of Eureka , resulting in only minor injuries and some structural damage to houses and utilities , and no fatalities reported . The town of Arcata is built on top of an accretionary wedge . This was formed by the subduction of the Gorda plate underneath the North American plate . Geography ( edit ) According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 4,052 square miles ( 10,490 km ) , of which 3,568 square miles ( 9,240 km ) is land and 484 square miles ( 1,250 km ) ( 12.0 % ) is water . Located inside Humboldt County is Cape Mendocino , the westernmost point in California ( longitude 124 degrees , 24 minutes , 30 seconds ) . Humboldt County contains a diversity of plant and animal species , with significant forest and coastal habitats . In coastal areas there are extensive amounts of redwood forests . A prominent understory shrub is the toyon , whose northern range limit is in Humboldt County . Bay ( edit ) Humboldt Bay , the only deep water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay , Oregon , is located on the coast at the midpoint of the county . Rivers ( edit ) Mouth of Humboldt County 's Little River on the Pacific Coast . Rockefeller Forest , the largest remaining old growth Redwood forest on earth , is located within Humboldt Redwoods State Park . Humboldt County 's major rivers include ( in order of flow - cubic meters per second - from largest to smallest ) : Klamath River Eel River Trinity River Mad River The smaller rivers include : Redwood Creek , significant due to amount of its flow ; the Van Duzen ; the Eel River syncline group composed of the South Fork , the North Fork , and the Salt River ; the Mattole , Salmon , Elk , Bear , and Little rivers . National protected areas ( edit ) National Park Redwood National and State Parks -- National Park Service Conservation Area King Range National Conservation Area and The Lost Coast -- Bureau of Land Management Recreation Area Samoa Dunes Recreation Area -- Bureau of Land Management Forest Headwaters Forest Reserve -- Bureau of Land Management Six Rivers National Forest -- U.S. Forest Service Trinity National Forest -- U.S. Forest Service Wildlife Refuge Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge -- Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service State protected areas ( edit ) Beaches Little River State Beach Trinidad State Beach Parks Fort Humboldt State Historic Park Grizzly Creek Redwoods State Park Humboldt Lagoons State Park Humboldt Redwoods State Park Patrick 's Point State Park Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park Richardson Grove State Park Sinkyone Wilderness State Park Tide Pools Patrick 's Point State Park Moonstone Beach Indian Beach Recreation Areas Benbow Lake State Recreation Area Harry A. Merlo State Recreation Area Reserves Azalea State Reserve John B. Dewitt Redwoods State Reserve County parks ( edit ) A.W. Way Big Lagoon County Park Centerville Beach Clam Beach Crab Park Freshwater County Park Hammond Trail Luffenholtz Beach Mad River , California Margarite Lockwood Moonstone Beach Van Duzen Pamplin Grove Demographics ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) As of the 2000 census , the population of Humboldt County was 126,518 . As of that census , there were 51,238 households in Humboldt County , and the population density was 35 people per square mile ( 14 / km ) . By 2006 , the population was projected to have increased to 131,361 by the California Department of Finance . There were 55,912 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile ( 6 / km ) . The racial makeup of the county was 84.7 % White , 0.9 % Black or African American , 5.7 % Native American , 1.7 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 2.5 % from other races , and 4.4 % from two or more races. 6.5 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 13.3 % were of German , 10.7 % Irish , 10.3 % English , 7.4 % American and 5.7 % Italian ancestry according to Census 2000 . 92.1 % spoke English and 4.6 % Spanish as their first language . There were 51,238 households out of which 28.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.1 % were married couples living together , 11.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.2 % were non-families. 28.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.95 . In the county , the population was spread out with 23.2 % under the age of 18 , 12.4 % from 18 to 24 , 27.4 % from 25 to 44 , 24.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.5 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 97.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95.6 males . The median income for a household in the county was $31,226 , and the median income for a family was $39,370 . Males had a median income of $32,210 versus $23,942 for females . The per capita income for the county was $17,203 . About 12.9 % of families and 19.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.5 % of those under age 18 and 7.2 % of those age 65 or over . Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 2,694 -- 1870 6,140 127.9 % 1880 15,512 152.6 % 1890 23,469 51.3 % 1900 27,104 15.5 % 1910 33,857 24.9 % 1920 37,413 10.5 % 1930 43,233 15.6 % 1940 45,812 6.0 % 1950 69,241 51.1 % 1960 104,892 51.5 % 1970 99,692 − 5.0 % 1980 108,514 8.8 % 119,118 9.8 % 2000 126,518 6.2 % 134,623 6.4 % Est. 2016 136,646 1.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 1790 -- 1960 1900 -- 1990 1990 -- 2000 2010 -- 2015 The 2010 United States Census reported that Humboldt County had a population of 134,623 . The racial makeup of Humboldt County was 109,920 ( 81.7 % ) White , 1,505 ( 1.1 % ) African American , 7,726 ( 5.7 % ) Native American , 2,944 ( 2.2 % ) Asian , 352 ( 0.3 % ) Pacific Islander , 5,003 ( 3.7 % ) from other races , and 7,173 ( 5.3 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13,211 persons ( 9.8 % ) . ( show ) Population reported at 2010 United States Census The County Total Population White African American Native American Asian Pacific Islander other races two or more races Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) Humboldt County 134,623 109,920 1,505 7,726 2,944 352 5,003 7,173 13,211 Incorporated city Total Population White African American Native American Asian Pacific Islander other races two or more races Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) Arcata 17,231 14,094 351 393 454 35 769 1,135 2,000 Blue Lake 1,253 1,094 5 55 13 24 58 82 Eureka 27,191 21,565 514 1,011 1,153 176 1,181 1,591 3,143 Ferndale 1,371 1,281 22 20 17 28 77 Fortuna 11,926 9,686 73 444 106 9 1,065 543 2,032 Rio Dell 3,368 2,894 13 125 25 140 168 384 Trinidad 367 331 15 15 11 Census - designated place Total Population White African American Native American Asian Pacific Islander other races two or more races Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) Alderpoint 186 170 0 9 0 5 10 Bayview 2,510 1,959 28 119 88 5 185 126 425 Benbow 321 294 0 0 13 11 25 Big Lagoon 93 73 0 11 0 0 8 11 Cutten 3,108 2,628 27 119 80 11 78 165 254 Fieldbrook 859 763 19 5 0 14 54 51 Fields Landing 276 210 6 13 21 6 19 18 Garberville 913 815 14 29 17 0 7 31 54 Humboldt Hill 3,414 2,853 41 119 102 129 168 298 Hydesville 1,237 1,108 33 6 0 30 56 71 Indianola 823 713 42 11 12 42 44 Loleta 783 643 12 16 5 0 65 42 114 McKinleyville 15,177 13,010 103 700 211 17 338 798 1,081 Manila 784 686 14 25 5 0 12 42 30 Miranda 520 439 13 31 28 75 Myers Flat 146 125 0 6 0 10 11 Myrtletown 4,675 3,969 53 142 155 19 126 211 387 Orick 357 288 0 39 0 6 21 20 Phillipsville 140 121 0 0 0 14 Pine Hills 3,131 2,648 22 86 116 72 183 220 Redcrest 89 73 0 5 0 0 8 Redway 1,225 1,093 5 35 6 15 70 96 Samoa 258 198 9 0 0 31 19 52 Scotia 850 674 35 9 90 36 150 Shelter Cove 693 630 5 7 13 34 47 Weott 288 252 0 13 0 19 20 Westhaven - Moonstone 1,205 1,083 9 39 18 0 10 46 53 Willow Creek 1,710 1,375 6 167 14 6 29 113 108 Unincorporated communities Total Population White African American Native American Asian Pacific Islander other races two or more races Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) All others not CDPs ( combined ) 26,145 20,082 185 3,807 292 41 482 1,256 1,750 2011 ( edit ) ( show ) Population , race , and income Total population 133,585 White 110,418 82.7 % Black or African American 1,590 1.2 % American Indian or Alaska Native 7,718 5.8 % Asian 3,131 2.3 % Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 452 0.3 % Some other race 3,959 3.0 % Two or more races 6,317 4.7 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 12,771 9.6 % Per capita income $24,209 Median household income $40,376 Median family income $52,317 Places by population , race , and income ( edit ) ( show ) Places by population and race Place Type Population White Other Asian Black or African American Native American Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) Alderpoint CDP 113 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Arcata City 17,118 81.4 % 8.0 % 3.1 % 2.7 % 4.8 % 12.2 % Bayview CDP 2,818 82.9 % 11.9 % 0.8 % 0.0 % 4.4 % 25.2 % Benbow CDP 415 91.8 % 8.2 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 8.2 % Big Lagoon CDP 179 48.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 52.0 % 1.7 % Blue Lake City 1,336 84.6 % 3.6 % 1.6 % 2.2 % 8.1 % 5.0 % Cutten CDP 3,166 89.5 % 2.7 % 4.5 % 0.0 % 3.3 % 0.6 % Eureka City 27,027 82.3 % 6.6 % 3.9 % 1.8 % 5.4 % 9.3 % Ferndale City 1,503 92.0 % 5.6 % 0.2 % 0.0 % 2.2 % 2.5 % Fieldbrook CDP 1,053 83.1 % 11.4 % 0.9 % 1.4 % 3.2 % 4.8 % Fields Landing CDP 195 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Fortuna City 11,753 80.8 % 13.2 % 2.7 % 1.1 % 2.3 % 12.5 % Garberville CDP 610 97.0 % 3.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 3.4 % Humboldt Hill CDP 4,145 76.5 % 7.3 % 1.9 % 2.6 % 11.8 % 12.4 % Hydesville CDP 1,114 88.4 % 3.6 % 4.7 % 1.3 % 2.0 % 7.2 % Indianola CDP 1,167 83.7 % 6.4 % 1.8 % 0.0 % 8.1 % 0.9 % Loleta CDP 705 87.5 % 9.2 % 3.3 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 3.8 % McKinleyville CDP 16,701 87.5 % 6.4 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 4.8 % 7.9 % Manila CDP 810 91.2 % 6.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 2.7 % 1.2 % Miranda CDP 100 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Myers Flat CDP 89 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Myrtletown CDP 4,586 86.6 % 9.4 % 1.9 % 0.2 % 1.9 % 9.8 % Orick CDP 325 79.1 % 15.1 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 5.8 % 8.3 % Phillipsville CDP 130 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Pine Hills CDP 2,483 92.6 % 6.2 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.4 % 3.1 % Redcrest CDP 53 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Redway CDP 953 96.2 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 3.8 % 0.0 % Rio Dell City 3,342 83.9 % 9.7 % 1.5 % 1.9 % 3.0 % 15.7 % Samoa CDP 364 78.8 % 16.2 % 0.0 % 0.3 % 4.7 % 29.1 % Scotia CDP 863 78.6 % 13.4 % 0.0 % 7.2 % 0.8 % 11.5 % Shelter Cove CDP 508 100.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 1.0 % Trinidad City 286 95.5 % 2.4 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 2.1 % 1.7 % Weott CDP 87 81.6 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 18.4 % 0.0 % Westhaven - Moonstone CDP 1,041 88.4 % 6.2 % 1.2 % 0.0 % 4.2 % 0.0 % Willow Creek CDP 1,141 86.9 % 12.2 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 1.0 % 4.0 % ( show ) Places by population and income Place Type Population Per capita income Median household income Median family income Alderpoint CDP 113 $13,062 $31,000 $31,000 Arcata City 17,118 $19,996 $31,815 $46,702 Bayview ( Humboldt County ) CDP 2,818 $21,146 $31,828 $37,604 Benbow CDP 415 $34,072 $54,250 $58,393 Big Lagoon CDP 179 $23,938 $46,354 $87,946 Blue Lake City 1,336 $25,588 $55,568 $57,045 Cutten CDP 3,166 $29,545 $63,542 $68,426 Eureka City 27,027 $22,972 $36,081 $51,808 Ferndale City 1,503 $37,348 $60,147 $77,083 Fieldbrook CDP 1,053 $28,113 $54,886 $76,000 Fields Landing CDP 195 $25,856 $50,298 $50,238 Fortuna City 11,753 $23,208 $37,532 $48,467 Garberville CDP 610 $20,880 $20,529 $52,431 Humboldt Hill CDP 4,145 $17,905 $38,171 $42,917 Hydesville CDP 1,114 $29,409 $53,229 $66,250 Indianola CDP 1,167 $23,634 $49,962 $80,667 Loleta CDP 705 $21,498 $35,833 $47,596 McKinleyville CDP 16,701 $23,902 $46,696 $54,899 Manila CDP 810 $18,036 $30,833 $38,382 Miranda CDP 100 $17,055 $26,328 Myers Flat CDP 89 Myrtletown CDP 4,586 $38,064 $51,402 $66,654 Orick CDP 325 $23,690 $24,519 $44,500 Phillipsville CDP 130 $9,557 $18,542 $2,499 Pine Hills CDP 2,483 $34,202 $60,137 $84,120 Redcrest CDP 53 $21,913 $31,845 $39,583 Redway CDP 953 $25,122 $29,429 $63,893 Rio Dell City 3,342 $23,446 $39,240 $39,932 Samoa CDP 364 $22,010 $58,036 $58,393 Scotia CDP 863 $32,809 $53,063 $52,083 Shelter Cove CDP 508 $26,915 $44,500 $44,500 Trinidad City 286 $34,480 $63,438 $75,000 Weott CDP 87 $27,921 $13,824 Westhaven - Moonstone CDP 1,041 $24,398 $36,335 $37,049 Willow Creek CDP 1,141 $18,803 $27,500 $29,000 The Lanphere Dunes , a protected coastal environment Agriculture ( edit ) Humboldt County is known for its impressive redwood trees , and many acres of private redwood timberland make Humboldt the top timber producer in California . The lush river bottoms adjacent to the ocean are renowned for producing rich , high - quality dairy products . Somewhat more inland the warmer valleys have historically produced abundant apples and other fruit . More recently vineyards have been planted in the Trinity , Klamath , Mattole and upper Eel river valleys . Dairy ( edit ) Humboldt County is known for its quality family operated dairy farms . The Humboldt Creamery , a significant producer of high grade ice cream and other dairy products , still operates from the original headquarters located at Fernbridge adjacent to the Eel River . Cannabis ( edit ) Humboldt County is known for its cultural attributes associated with the cultivation and proliferation of marijuana . Proposition 215 allows patients and caregivers who are given a doctor 's recommendation to legally ( State level only ) grow up to 99 plants in Humboldt County . David Samuels of The New Yorker describes the county as `` the heartland of high - grade marijuana farming in California . '' However , in the years before Prop 215 ( early 1970s -- late 1980s ) , Humboldt County saw a large migration of the Bay Area counter-culture to its region . Many came looking to purchase cheap land , and ended - up growing marijuana to pay for their land . Especially around Garberville and Redway , the rural culture and hippie scene eventually collaborated to create a rural hippie community in which marijuana became the center of the economy . Many people prospered by exporting their marijuana down the California coast and to other states because of its reputation for quality . A Redway radio station , KMUD , in the past has issued warnings and alerts to the region with information on whereabouts of law enforcement on their way to raid marijuana gardens . The 2008 independent film Humboldt County centers on the county 's marijuana cultivation subculture . Politics ( edit ) Voter registration ( edit ) ( show ) Population and registered voters Total population 133,585 Registered voters 79,708 59.7 % Democratic 33,155 41.6 % Republican 20,238 25.4 % Democratic -- Republican spread + 12,917 + 16.2 % Independent 2,557 3.2 % Green 3,036 3.8 % Libertarian 801 1.0 % Peace and Freedom 342 0.4 % Americans Elect 0.0 % Other 221 0.3 % No party preference 19,357 24.3 % Cities by population and voter registration ( edit ) ( show ) Cities by population and voter registration City Population Registered voters Democratic Republican D -- R spread Other No party preference Arcata 17,118 71.9 % 45.1 % 10.2 % + 34.9 % 15.5 % 32.2 % Blue Lake 1,336 61.4 % 43.0 % 20.4 % + 22.6 % 13.7 % 26.1 % Eureka 27,027 53.6 % 42.5 % 25.3 % + 17.2 % 11.3 % 24.1 % Ferndale 1,503 63.7 % 39.4 % 38.2 % + 1.2 % 7.5 % 17.4 % Fortuna 11,753 54.6 % 33.7 % 38.1 % - 4.4 % 10.0 % 22.0 % Rio Dell 3,342 50.9 % 33.5 % 35.3 % - 1.8 % 13.3 % 23.1 % Trinidad 286 94.8 % 52.8 % 18.1 % + 34.7 % 9.2 % 22.5 % Overview ( edit ) Humboldt County vote by party in presidential elections Year GOP DEM Others 2016 30.61 % 18,373 55.32 % 33,200 14.06 % 8,441 2012 32.63 % 18,825 59.73 % 34,457 7.63 % 4,404 2008 33.94 % 21,713 62.05 % 39,692 4.01 % 2,563 39.03 % 25,714 57.66 % 37,988 3.31 % 2,184 2000 41.48 % 23,219 44.40 % 24,851 14.11 % 7,902 35.52 % 19,803 44.17 % 24,628 20.31 % 11,326 30.49 % 18,299 48.07 % 28,854 21.44 % 12,868 41.15 % 21,460 57.11 % 29,781 1.74 % 905 1984 51.64 % 27,832 46.79 % 25,217 1.56 % 842 1980 49.39 % 24,047 35.15 % 17,113 15.47 % 7,532 1976 41.58 % 18,034 54.18 % 23,500 4.24 % 1,838 1972 48.83 % 22,345 46.18 % 21,132 5.00 % 2,286 1968 46.17 % 16,719 45.50 % 16,476 8.34 % 3,019 1964 33.53 % 12,909 66.27 % 25,515 0.19 % 75 1960 46.71 % 18,074 52.70 % 20,391 0.58 % 226 1956 52.57 % 19,019 47.06 % 17,025 0.37 % 133 1952 60.10 % 19,949 39.01 % 12,949 0.88 % 293 1948 47.19 % 10,979 48.43 % 11,268 4.38 % 1,019 1944 42.93 % 9,127 56.83 % 12,083 0.24 % 50 1940 43.00 % 9,470 55.98 % 12,329 1.02 % 225 1936 35.97 % 6,808 62.93 % 11,909 1.10 % 208 1932 42.22 % 6,795 54.20 % 8,723 3.58 % 577 1928 69.75 % 9,162 28.37 % 3,726 1.88 % 247 1924 56.82 % 6,767 7.09 % 845 36.09 % 4,298 1920 69.89 % 6,528 19.04 % 1,778 11.07 % 1,034 1916 51.14 % 5,786 36.27 % 4,103 12.59 % 1,424 1912 1.09 % 93 33.76 % 2,887 65.15 % 5,572 1908 65.02 % 4,221 18.58 % 1,206 16.40 % 1,065 1904 73.22 % 4,930 18.55 % 1,249 8.23 % 554 1900 66.32 % 3,902 28.86 % 1,698 4.83 % 284 1896 55.37 % 3,142 43.44 % 2,465 1.20 % 68 1892 44.53 % 2,416 33.98 % 1,844 21.49 % 1,166 Election results from statewide races Year Office Results Governor Brown 56.3 - 36.2 % Lieutenant Governor Newsom 53.7 - 34.9 % Secretary of State Bowen 54.3 - 33.6 % Controller Chiang 58.0 - 30.1 % Treasurer Lockyer 57.6 - 31.4 % Attorney General Harris 50.0 - 36.9 % Insurance Commissioner Jones 49.0 - 33.2 % From 1920 to 1984 , the county voted for the national winner of each Presidential election held within these years . Since 1988 , Humboldt has been a Democratic county in Presidential and congressional elections . The last Republican presidential candidate to win a majority in the county was Ronald Reagan , a Californian , in 1984 . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , Humboldt also had a substantial number of people affiliated with the Green Party , but that number has declined in recent years . Humboldt County is in California 's 2nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Jared Huffman . In the state legislature , Humboldt is part of the 2nd Senate District , represented by Democrat Mike McGuire , and the 2nd Assembly District , represented by Democrat Jim Wood . Crime ( edit ) The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 100,000 persons for each type of offense . Population and crime rates ( show ) Population 133,585 Violent crime 541 4.05 Homicide 8 0.06 Forcible rape 33 0.25 Robbery 117 0.88 Aggravated assault 383 2.87 Property crime 2,270 16.99 Burglary 1,057 7.91 Larceny - theft 2,513 18.81 Motor vehicle theft 475 3.56 Arson 51 0.38 Cities by population and crime rates ( edit ) Cities by population and crime rates ( show ) City Population Violent crimes Violent crime rate per 1,000 persons Property crimes Property crime rate per 1,000 persons Arcata 17,748 78 4.39 702 39.55 Eureka 26,843 145 5.40 2,176 81.06 Ferndale 1,360 2.21 17 12.5 Fortuna 11,752 33 2.81 496 42.21 Rio Dell 3,358 19 5.66 57 16.97 Education ( edit ) The List of schools in Humboldt County , California shows the many school districts , including charter and private schools , at the elementary and high school level . Post-secondary education is offered locally at the College of the Redwoods and Humboldt State University . Blue Lake 's Dell'Arte International School of Physical Theatre offers accredited three - year Masters of Fine Arts in Ensemble Based Physical Theatre Culture ( edit ) The Sequoia Park Zoo is the oldest zoo in California operating on a 7 acres ( 2.8 ha ) facility operated by the City of Eureka in 60 acres ( 24 ha ) Sequoia Park . The Clarke Historical Museum in Eureka , displays North Coast regional and cultural history in the repurposed Historic Register Bank of Eureka building . The Morris Graves Museum of Art conserves and displays the works of local artists in a restored Carnegie Library building . The Ferndale Repertory Theatre is the county 's oldest theater company ; it has been in operation since 1972 at the Hart Theater building in Ferndale . See also the List of museums in the North Coast ( California ) . Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) The Times - Standard is the only daily newspaper in the region ; in continuous publication since 1854 , and owned by Media News Group since 1996 , they also print three weeklies : the Redwood Times , the Tri-City Weekly , and Northcoast 101 . Other local publications include The Independent , the North Coast Journal , the Ferndale Enterprise , the Two Rivers Tribune , the Isis Scrolls , and The Lumberjack . The Arcata Eye and the McKinleyville Press merged in August 2013 to form the Mad River Union . Television ( edit ) Humboldt County 's locally produced television stations , KIEM and KEET , are based in Eureka . KIEM produces the only local TV newscast and KEET is the only PBS station in the region . CBS and Fox affiliates KVIQ and KBVU , the latter a semi-satellite of KCVU , are based in Chico and ABC affiliate KAEF , a semi-satellite of KRCR - TV , is based in Redding . In previous decades all major networks had production capacity in Eureka . Radio ( edit ) For - profit ( edit ) KATA , KEKA , KFMI , KGOE , KHUM , KINS - FM , KISS , KKHB , KLGE . KNCR , KRED , KSLG - FM , KWPT , KWSW , Non-profit ( edit ) KIDE , KHSU , KKDS - LP , KMUD , KMUE , KNHM , and KNHT , KRFH . Community Media ( edit ) Community broadband networks and public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) cable tv channels provide air time for local voices on Access Humboldt . Cable TV channels are carried by Suddenlink Communications and local programs are provided online through the Community Media Archive . The Digital Redwoods initiative of Access Humboldt is developing local networks to meet comprehensive community needs , including public , education and government purposes . Transportation ( edit ) Historic Fernbridge ( 1911 ) on the `` Road to Ferndale '' - California State Route 211 Major highways ( edit ) U.S. Route 101 State Route 36 State Route 96 State Route 169 State Route 200 State Route 211 State Route 254 - Avenue of the Giants State Route 255 State Route 271 State Route 283 State Route 299 Public transportation ( edit ) Humboldt Transit Authority operates two fixed route transit bus systems : Redwood Transit System provides intercity service to and within communities between Trinidad and Garberville , including Manila , King Salmon , Field 's Landing , Loleta , Fernbridge and Fortuna . HTA also offers service between McKinleyville or Arcata and Willow Creek and an express bus between Arcata and College of the Redwoods when classes are in session . Eureka Transit Service , operated in the City of Eureka , provides local service on four scheduled routes ( one hour headway ) in Eureka and its adjacent unincorporated communities . Connections can be made to the Redwood Transit System at several places in Eureka . Arcata and Mad River Transit System , operated by the City of Arcata with funding from Humboldt State University . A&MRTS provides fixed route local bus service on two scheduled routes ( one hour headway ) in Arcata and an additional route between the Valley West Neighborhood and the university when classes are in session . The city of Blue Lake and the Blue Lake Rancheria operates the Blue Lake Rancheria Transit Authority . Blue Lake Rancheria Transit provides fixed route intercity transit bus service ( one hour headway ) between Arcata and the Blue Lake Rancheria Indian Reservation and casino and local service within the city of Blue Lake . Del Norte County 's Redwood Coast Transit operates fixed route intercity transit bus service between Arcata and Crescent City or Smith River . Amtrak Thruway bus has stops in many towns in the region , including Eureka , Arcata , and Fortuna . These stops are not managed by Amtrak and therefore have no services beyond serving passengers . Full service is only provided at the train station in Martinez , near San Francisco . Airports ( edit ) Arcata - Eureka Airport is located in McKinleyville ( north of Arcata ) . Commercial flights are available . Other ( general aviation ) airports are located at Dinsmore , Garberville , Kneeland , Murray Field ( Eureka ) , Samoa Field and Rohnerville ( Fortuna ) . Seaport ( edit ) Port of Humboldt Bay -- on Humboldt Bay , California 's second largest natural bay . Events ( edit ) Name Month Location Citation Apple Harvest Festival October Fortuna Arcata Oyster Festival June Arcata Plaza Azalea Festival June McKinleyville Avenue of The Giants Marathon May Southern Humboldt Blackberry Festival July Westhaven Blues by the Bay July Eureka Brew at the Zoo May Eureka Chicken Wingfest September Eureka Craftsman 's Days November Eureka College of the Redwoods Wood Fair June Eureka Fourth of July Festival July 4 Old Town Eureka Humboldt Pride September Arcata Godwit Days ( Birding festival ) April Arcata Humboldt Arts Festival May Arcata / Blue Lake Humboldt County Fair August Ferndale Humboldt Film Festival March & April Arcata Humboldt Juggling Festival April / May Arcata ( HSU ) Humboldt Redwoods Marathon October Southern Humboldt Mushroom Fair November Eureka North Country Fair September Arcata Organic Planet Festival September Eureka Redwood Acres Fair June Eureka Redwood Coast Jazz Festival March Eureka Redwood Run June Southern Humboldt Rhododendron Festival and Parade April Eureka Roll on the Mattole Summer Mattole Grange Summer Arts and Music Festival June Benbow Swauger 's Station Day July Loleta Tour of Loleta ( by Bicycle ) July Loleta Tour of the Unknown Coast ( by Bicycle ) May Southern Humboldt Trinidad Fish Festival June Trinidad Trinidad to Clam Beach Run February Trinidad Truckers Christmas Parade December Eureka Two Rivers Harvest Festival October Willow Creek World - Championship Kinetic Sculpture Race May Arcata to Ferndale Zootini August Eureka Redwood Coast Up in Smoke BBQ Competition June Blue Lake http://www.clarkemuseum.org/ Communities ( edit ) The Carson Mansion of Eureka Cities ( edit ) Arcata Blue Lake Eureka ( county seat ) Ferndale Fortuna Rio Dell Trinidad Census - designated places ( edit ) Alderpoint Bayview Benbow Big Lagoon Cutten Fairhaven Fieldbrook Fields Landing Garberville Hoopa Humboldt Hill Hydesville Indianola Loleta McKinleyville Manila Miranda Myers Flat Myrtletown Orick Phillipsville Pine Hills Redcrest Redway Samoa Scotia Shelter Cove Weott Westhaven - Moonstone Willow Creek Other unincorporated communities ( edit ) Alton Bayside Blocksburg Briceland Bridgeville Carlotta Cooks Valley Dinsmore Dyerville Elk River Englewood Fernbridge Fort Seward Freshwater Freshwater Corners Fruitland Glendale Holmes Honeydew Johnsons King Salmon Kneeland Korbel Maple Creek Moonstone Orleans Patricks Point Pepperwood Petrolia Pine Hill Port Kenyon Ridgewood Heights Riverside Park Rohnerville Rosewood Shively Stafford Sunny Brae Weitchpec Westhaven Whitethorn Indian reservations ( edit ) Humboldt County has eight Indian reservations lying within its borders . Only four other counties in the United States have more : San Diego County , California ; Sandoval County , New Mexico ; Riverside County , California ; and Mendocino County , California . The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is the largest in the state of California , a state that generally has very small reservations ( although very numerous ) relative to those in other states . Big Lagoon Rancheria Blue Lake Rancheria Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Karuk Indian Reservation ( partly in Siskiyou County ) Rohnerville Rancheria Table Bluff Rancheria Cher - Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria Yurok Indian Reservation ( partly in Del Norte County ) Population ranking ( edit ) The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Humboldt County . † county seat Rank City / Town / etc . Municipal type Population ( 2010 Census ) † Eureka City 27,191 Arcata City 17,231 McKinleyville CDP 15,177 Fortuna City 11,926 5 Myrtletown CDP 4,675 6 Humboldt Hill CDP 3,414 7 Rio Dell City 3,368 8 Pine Hills CDP 3,131 9 Cutten CDP 3,108 10 Hoopa Valley Reservation AIAN 3,041 11 Bayview CDP 2,510 12 Willow Creek CDP 1,710 13 Ferndale City 1,371 14 Blue Lake City 1,253 15 Yurok Reservation ( partially in Del Norte County ) AIAN 1,238 16 Hydesville CDP 1,237 17 Redway CDP 1,225 18 Westhaven - Moonstone CDP 1,205 19 Garberville CDP 913 20 Fieldbrook CDP 859 21 Scotia CDP 850 22 Indianola CDP 823 23 Manila CDP 784 24 Loleta CDP 783 25 Shelter Cove CDP 693 26 Miranda CDP 520 27 Karuk Reservation AIAN 506 28 Trinidad City 367 29 Orick CDP 357 30 Benbow CDP 321 31 Weott CDP 288 32 Fields Landing CDP 276 33 Samoa CDP 258 34 Alderpoint CDP 186 35 Myers Flat CDP 146 36 Phillipsville CDP 140 37 Trinidad Rancheria AIAN 132 38 Table Bluff Reservation AIAN 103 39 Big Lagoon CDP 93 40 Redcrest CDP 89 41 Blue Lake Rancheria AIAN 58 42 Rohnerville Rancheria AIAN 38 43 Big Lagoon Rancheria AIAN 17 Notable people ( edit ) Sara Bareilles Lloyd Bridges Hobart Brown Wesley Chesbro David Cobb Alexander Cockburn Trevor Dunn Guy Fieri Michael John Fles Brendan Fraser Robert A. Gearheart James Gillett Ulysses S. Grant Robert M. Viale , U.S. Medal of Honor recipient Stephen Girard Whipple , 49er , newspaper editor , Union Army officer , and politician Steven Hackett Bret Harte Dan Hauser El Hefe Christa Johnson Howard B. Keck Seth Kinman Naomi Lang Rey Maualuga Pamela McGee Tim McKay Mike Patton Maurice Purify Nate Quarry Eric Rofes Stephen W. Shaw Steve Sillett Trey Spruance Greg Stafford Don Van Vliet Ned Yost See also ( edit ) California portal Arcata and Eureka Community Recycling Centers Arcata - Jacoby Creek Community Forests Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary HSU First Street Gallery Humboldt Arts Council Humboldt County Historical Society Humboldt Crabs - semi-professional baseball team National Register of Historic Places listings in Humboldt County , California Operation Green Sweep Humboldt State University Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Other = Some other race + Two or more races Jump up ^ Native American = Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander + American Indian or Alaska Native ^ Jump up to : Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population . Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow . Jump up ^ Only larceny - theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kerr , J.M. - The Codes of California . - 1905 . - p. 1043 . Jump up ^ `` Salmon Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 Estimates '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` USCensusEst2016 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Discover Humboldt Bay . - Humboldt Bay Harbor , Recreation and Conservation District . - Retrieved : July 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` California Coastal Trail.info '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Forestry , Forest Industry , and Forest Products Consumption in California . University of California , Davis : Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources . - ( Adobe Acrobat . PDF document ) . - Retrieved : March 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Area of Old - Growth Forests in California , Oregon , and Washington . - United States Forest Service - USDA . - ( Adobe Acrobat . PDF document ) . - Retrieved : November 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Humboldt County Public Lands . - Humboldt County Community Development Services . - ( Adobe Acrobat *. PDF document ) . - Retrieved : November 19 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Van Kirk , Susie , Humboldt County : A Briefest of Histories , Humboldt County Historical Society , May 1999 ^ Jump up to : Humboldt County State Designated Historical Landmarks Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... - California Historical Landmarks Jump up ^ Easthouse , Keith . - `` The Chinese Expulsion : Looking Back on a Dark Episode '' . - North Coast Journal . - February 27 , 2003 . - Retrieved : November 26 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` California climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cape Mendocino , California Earthquakes , U.S.G.S. ( April 25 , 1992 ) Jump up ^ Magnitude 6.5 - OFFSHORE NORTHERN CALIFORNIA , U.S.G.S. ( January 9 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Jerry ( March 10 , 2012 ) . Cascadia 's Fault . Counterpoint Press . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1582438245 . `` The towns of Eureka and Arcata were built on top of it ... '' ( the accretionary wedge ) Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neil G. Sugihara , Jan W. Van Wagtendonk , Kevin E. Shaffer , JoAnn Fites - Kaufman , Andrea E. Thode ( 2006 ) Fire in California 's Ecosystems , University of California Press , 596 pages ISBN 0 - 520 - 24605 - 5 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Toyon : Heteromeles arbutifolia , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Stromberg `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A.W. Way Park , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Big Lagoon Park , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Centerville Beach , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Clam Beach , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Crab Park , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Freshwater Park , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Hammond Trail , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Luffenholtz Beach , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Mad River , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Margarite Lockwood , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Moonstone Beach , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ Van Duzen Pamplin Grove , Humboldt County Parks , 2013 Jump up ^ `` California State Statistical Abstract 2007 '' . Dof.ca.gov . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Browser '' . University of Virginia Library . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forstall , Richard L. , ed . ( March 27 , 1995 ) . `` Population of Counties by Decennial Census : 1900 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2000 PHC - T - 4 . Ranking Tables for Counties : 1990 and 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census P.L. 94 - 171 Summary File Data '' . United States Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B02001 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B03003 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19301 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19013 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B19113 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau . American Community Survey , 2011 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates , Table B01003 . American FactFinder Archived September 11 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Data unavailable Jump up ^ Wilson , Emily ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` On ice cream , organic milk and avoiding corporate takeovers '' . The North Coast Journal . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ California to Let Voters Decide on Marijuana Legalization , PBS News Hour , aired October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heart of the Emerald Triangle , The Believer , June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Humboldt County Medical Marijuana Guidelines '' . Safeaccessnow.net . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuels , David . - A Reporter at Large : `` Dr. Kush : How medical marijuana is transforming the weed industry '' . The New Yorker , July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Glenda ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` Garberville 's KMUD radio alerts : Helpful or dangerous ? '' . PressDemocrat.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : California Secretary of State . February 10 , 2013 - Report of Registration Archived November 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/ Jump up ^ United States Historical Election Returns Series , University of Michigan , 2013 Jump up ^ `` California 's 2nd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . State of California . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Attorney General , Department of Justice , State of California . Table 11 : Crimes -- 2009 Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Justice , Federal Bureau of Investigation . Crime in the United States , 2014 , Table 8 ( California ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sequoia Park Zoo , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Ferndale Repertory Theatre '' . 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Honoring the 150th Anniversary of the Times - Standard , Congressional Record , November 18 , 2004 Jump up ^ Times - Standard - History Jump up ^ Redwood Times Website Jump up ^ Tri-City Weekly Website Jump up ^ North Coast 101 Website Jump up ^ The North Coast Journal Website Jump up ^ Ferndale Enterprise homepage Jump up ^ Two Rivers Tribune Website Jump up ^ Isis Scrolls Website Jump up ^ The Lumberjack Website Jump up ^ The Arcata Eye Website Jump up ^ McKinleyville Press Website Jump up ^ KATA Jump up ^ KEKA Jump up ^ KFMI Jump up ^ KGOE Jump up ^ KHUM Jump up ^ KINS Jump up ^ KISS - FM > Jump up ^ KKHB Jump up ^ KLGE Jump up ^ KNCR Jump up ^ KRED Jump up ^ KSLG Jump up ^ KWPT Jump up ^ KWSW Jump up ^ KIDE Jump up ^ KHSU Jump up ^ Blue Ox Radio Jump up ^ KMUD Jump up ^ KMUE upgraded and moved to new frequency , Humboldt Beacon , April 10 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Jefferson Public Radio Jump up ^ KRFH Jump up ^ Access Humboldt Jump up ^ Suddenlink Jump up ^ Community Media Archive Jump up ^ Digital Redwoods Jump up ^ Apple Harvest Festival October 6 and 7 , 2012 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Arcata Oyster Festival , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Avenue of the Giants Marathon Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Blackberry Festival , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Blues by the Bay , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : sequoiaparkzoo.net Sequoia Park Zoo Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Businesses Against Meth Use '' . Chicken Wing Fest . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Craftsman 's Days Archived May 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Community and Economic Development Wood Fair 2012 , College of the Redwoods , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ 4th of July Festival , Eureka Main Street , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Humboldt Pride Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Godwit Days website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Humboldt Arts Festival , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Humboldt County Fair , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Reel Revolution '' . Humboldt Magazine . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Humboldt Juggling Society , 2012 , accessed November 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Humboldt Redwoods Marathon , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Mushroom Fair , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ North Country Fair Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Organic Planet Festival Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Redwood Acres Fair Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Redwood Coast Jazz Fest , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kiwanis Redwood Run Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rhododendron Parade , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ NCJ Calendar , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ The 37th Annual Summer Arts and Music Festival , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Loleta , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Tour of Loleta Bike Race & Fun Ride '' . Tourofloleta.com . July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tour of the Unknown Coast Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Trinidad Fish Festival , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Trinidad to Clam Beach Run Website , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Truckers Christmas Parade Archived May 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ 1st Annual Two Rivers Harvest Festival , North Coast Journal , 2009 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kinetic Grand Championship , Humboldt County Convention & Visitors Bureau , 2013 , accessed March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=1490 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=4760 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=1750 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=4275 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=4095 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=0325 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=3220 Jump up ^ http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=0240 Jump up ^ History of Humboldt County California - Historic Record Co. , Los Angeles , 1915 , Transcribed by Kathy Sedler , CHAPTER VII . Grant 's Career in Humboldt County , California Genealogy & History Archives transcription , Internet Archive , page 52 Jump up ^ Fort Humboldt State Historic Park Jump up ^ California Military Museum Jump up ^ California . Adjutant General 's Office , Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 , SACRAMENTO : State Office , J.D. Young , Supt . State Printing , 1890 , pp. 11 , 826 - 831 Further reading ( edit ) Emerson , F.W. ( July 1903 ) . `` Among The Redwoods of Humboldt County '' . Overland Monthly . XLII : 69 -- 96 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Humboldt County . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humboldt County , California . Official website Humboldt Economic Index All About Living in Humboldt County General Guide to Humboldt County Places adjacent to Humboldt County , California Del Norte County Siskiyou County Pacific Ocean Humboldt County , California Trinity County Mendocino County Municipalities and communities of Humboldt County , California , United States County seat : Eureka Cities Arcata Blue Lake Eureka Ferndale Fortuna Rio Dell Trinidad CDPs Alderpoint Bayview Benbow Big Lagoon Cutten Fairhaven Fieldbrook Fields Landing Garberville Hoopa Humboldt Hill Hydesville Indianola Loleta McKinleyville Manila Miranda Myers Flat Myrtletown Orick Phillipsville Pine Hills Redcrest Redway Samoa Scotia Shelter Cove Weott Westhaven - Moonstone Willow Creek Unincorporated communities Alton Bayside Blocksburg Briceland Bridgeville Carlotta Cooks Valley Dinsmore Elk River Englewood Fernbridge Fort Seward Freshwater Freshwater Corners Fruitland Glendale Holmes Honeydew Johnsons King Salmon Kneeland Korbel Maple Creek Moonstone Orleans Patricks Point Pepperwood Petrolia Pine Hill Port Kenyon Ridgewood Heights Riverside Park Rohnerville Rosewood Shively Stafford Sunny Brae Weitchpec Westhaven Whitethorn Indian reservations Cher - Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria Big Lagoon Rancheria Blue Lake Rancheria Hupa Rohnerville Rancheria Wiyot Tribe Yurok Indian Reservation Ghost towns Acorn Albeeville Apyu Aranimokw Arekw Atsepar Bald Hills Blaine Bracut Brainard Brock Creek Bryan Bryant Bucksport Calville Camp 4 Flat Camp 19 Camp Grant Centerville Chinits Cleveland Crannell Daby 's Ferry Dark Canyon Dinty Dyer Place Dyerville Eddyville Elinor Elk Grove Elk Prairie Erner Ertlerger Eshpeu Frank Fruitland Fort Baker Gans Hadley Hartsook Honsading Humboldt City Iaqua Kokaman Kworatem Lippitt Lockharts Lone Star Loolego Luffenholtz Mandala Martins Ferry McDuff Meridian Metropolitan Mountain View Mower Myrtle Grove Northern Redwood Camp Oketo Opegoi Ore'q Panamenik Pardee 's Ranch Pasara Pekwan Pekwuteu Robinson 's Ferry Scribner Shanamkarak Showers Pass Shregegon Shumig Skelly Smith Tanoak Three Cabins Tsofkara Tsurau West Humboldt Wilder North Coast Counties Del Norte Humboldt Lake Marin Mendocino Sonoma Cities and towns 100k - 250k Santa Rosa Cities and towns 25k - 99k Eureka Novato Petaluma Rohnert Park San Rafael Windsor Cities and towns 10k - 25k Arcata Clearlake Fortuna Healdsburg Larkspur McKinleyville Mill Valley San Anselmo Sonoma Tamalpais - Homestead Valley Ukiah Cities and towns 3k - 10k Boyes Hot Springs Brooktrails Clearlake Riviera Cloverdale Corte Madera Cotati Crescent City Cutten El Verano Fairfax Fetters Hot Springs - Agua Caliente Forestville Fort Bragg Guerneville Hidden Valley Lake Humboldt Hill Kelseyville Kentfield Lakeport Larkfield - Wikiup Lucas Valley - Marinwood Myrtletown North Lakeport Pine Hills Rio Dell Roseland Santa Venetia Sausalito Sebastopol Strawberry Tiburon Willits State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Coordinates : 40 ° 48 ′ N 123 ° 48 ′ W / 40.8 ° N 123.8 ° W / 40.8 ; - 123.8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humboldt_County,_California&oldid=798256531 '' Categories : California counties Humboldt County , California 1853 establishments in California Populated places established in 1853 Alexander von Humboldt Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - 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1146902070778538262	Convergent boundary	Convergent boundary - wikipedia Convergent boundary Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In plate tectonics , a convergent boundary , also known as a destructive plate boundary , is a region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere are near the end of their life cycle . This is in contrast to a constructive plate boundary ( also known as a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center ) . As a result of pressure , friction , and plate material melting in the mantle , earthquakes and volcanoes are common near destructive boundaries , where subduction zones or an area of continental collision ( depending on the nature of the plates involved ) occurs . The subducting plate in a subduction zone is normally oceanic crust , and moves beneath the other plate , which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust . During collisions between two continental plates , large mountain ranges , such as the Himalayas are formed . In other regions , a divergent boundary or transform faults may be present . Oceanic - continental Continental - continental Oceanic - oceanic Contents ( hide ) 1 Mid-ocean ridges 2 Subduction zones 3 Volcanic arcs 4 Back arc basins 5 Oceanic trenches 6 Examples 7 See also 8 References Mid-ocean ridges ( edit ) See also : Earth 's internal heat budget The reason for the existence of convergent boundaries are the mid-ocean ridges that were only beginning to be understood with the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-1960s . The radioactive decay of elements within the rocks in the interior of the earth generates large amounts of heat that moves magma to the surface of the crust in a process called mantle convection . This results in new oceanic crust or sea floor being formed that slowly moves away from the ridges ( sometimes called spreading centers ) towards the subduction zones . In other words , new sea floor originates from the upwelling rock as it emerges from the depths of the mantle and it slowly cools as it is transported over the millennia to the collision or subduction zones where it is consumed or recycled . Subduction zones ( edit ) See also : Forearc and Wadati -- Benioff zone Large , shallow earthquakes on subduction zone interfaces are the largest types of earthquakes . They accounted for 90 % of the total seismic moment released for the period 1900 -- 1989 , but these events usually occur offshore and far from population centers . Non-subduction interface earthquakes also occur in the region of the trench including shallow upper plate shocks , deeper events within the downgoing slab , and events that are related to outer trench swell . Volcanic arcs ( edit ) A volcanic arc is formed on the continental plate , above the location of the downgoing oceanic slab . The volcanic arc is the surface expression of the magma that is generated by hydrous melting of the mantle above the downgoing slab . Hydrated minerals ( e.g. , phlogopite , lawsonite , amphibole ) within the oceanic lithosphere become unstable at certain depths due to increased temperature and pressure , causing the crystal structure of the hydrated minerals break down and release water . The buoyant fluids then rise into the asthenosphere , where they lower the melting temperature of the mantle and cause partial melting . These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases . When two plates with oceanic crust converge , they typically create an island arc as one plate is subducted below the other . The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it . The arc shape occurs because of the spherical surface of the earth ( nick the peel of an orange with a knife and note the arc formed by the straight - edge of the knife ) . A deep oceanic trench is located in front of such arcs where the descending slab dips downward , such as the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands . Back arc basins ( edit ) See also : Back - arc region Some convergent margins have zones of active seafloor spreading behind the island arc , known as back - arc basins . When one plate is composed of oceanic lithosphere and the other is composed of continental lithosphere , the denser oceanic plate is subducted , often forming an orogenic belt and associated mountain range . This type of convergent boundary is similar to the Andes or the Cascade Range in North America . Oceanic trenches ( edit ) An oceanic trench is found where the denser plate is subducted underneath the other plate . There is water in the rocks of the oceanic plate ( because they are underwater ) , and as this plate moves further down into the subduction zone , much of the water contained in the plate is squeezed out when the plate begins to subduct . However , the recrystallization of ocean floor rocks , such as serpentinite , which are unstable in the upper mantle , recrystallize into olivine , causing dehydration through loss of hydroxyl groups . This addition of water to the mantle causes partial melting of the mantle , generating magma , which then rises , and which normally results in volcanoes . This normally happens at a certain depth , about 70 to 80 miles below the Earth 's surface , and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to , but not right next to , the trench . Examples ( edit ) The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas . The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps in New Zealand Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands . Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes . Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate , forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction / transform boundaries . Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey . Mariana Trench Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range . See also ( edit ) List of tectonic plates List of tectonic plate interactions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bolt , B. ( 2005 ) , Earthquakes : 2006 Centennial Update -- The 1906 Big One ( Fifth ed . ) , W.H. Freeman and Company , pp. 146 -- 150 , ISBN 978 - 0716775485 Jump up ^ Yeats , R.S. ; Sieh , K.E. ; Allen , C.R. ( 1997 ) . The Geology of Earthquakes . Oxford University Press . pp. 371 -- 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507827 - 5 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convergent_boundary&oldid=808058331 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本語 Português Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 16 : 47 . 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1904825621978320094	Phenolphthalein	Phenolphthalein - wikipedia Phenolphthalein Jump to : navigation , search `` Phph '' redirects here . For Ph - Ph , see biphenyl . Phenolphthalein Names Preferred IUPAC name 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 2 - benzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Other names 3 , 3 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) isobenzofuran - 1 ( 3H ) - one Identifiers CAS Number 77 - 09 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL63857 ChemSpider 4600 DrugBank DB04824 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 914 KEGG D05456 PubChem CID 4764 UNII 6QK969R2IF InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYSA - N InChI = 1 / C20H14O4 / c21 - 15 - 9 - 5 - 13 ( 6 - 10 - 15 ) 20 ( 14 - 7 - 11 - 16 ( 22 ) 12 - 8 - 14 ) 18 - 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 17 ( 18 ) 19 ( 23 ) 24 - 20 / h1 - 12 , 21 - 22H Key : KJFMBFZCATUALV - UHFFFAOYAH SMILES ( show ) O = C1OC ( c2ccccc12 ) ( c3ccc ( O ) cc3 ) c4ccc ( O ) cc4 Properties Chemical formula C H O Molar mass 318.33 g mol Appearance White powder Density 1.277 g / cm ( 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) ) Melting point 258 -- 263 ° C ( 496 -- 505 ° F ; 531 -- 536 K ) Solubility in water 400 mg / L in water Solubility in other solvents Insoluble in benzene or hexane , very soluble in ethanol and ether , slightly soluble in DMSO UV - vis ( λ ) 552 nm ( 1st ) 374 nm ( 2nd ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AB04 ( WHO ) Hazards GHS pictograms GHS signal word Danger GHS hazard statements H341 , H350 , H361 GHS precautionary statements P201 , P281 , P308 + 313 NFPA 704 0 Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Phenolphthalein is a chemical compound with the formula C H O and is often written as `` HIn '' or `` phph '' in shorthand notation . Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid -- base titrations . For this application , it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions . It belongs to class of dyes known as Pthalein dyes . Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols for use in experiments . It is a weak acid , which can lose H ions in solution . The phenolphthalein molecule is colorless , and the phenolphthalein ion is pink. When a base is added to the phenolphthalein , the molecule ⇌ ions equilibrium shifts to the right , leading to more ionization as H ions are removed . This is predicted by Le Chatelier 's principle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Indicator 1.2 Medical uses 2 Synthesis 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Uses ( edit ) Indicator ( edit ) Phenolphthalein 's common use is as an indicator in acid - base titrations . It also serves as a component of universal indicator , together with methyl red , bromothymol blue , and thymol blue . Phenolphthalein adopts four different states in aqueous solution : Under very strongly acidic conditions , it exists in protonated form ( HIn ) , providing an orange coloration . Between strongly acidic and slightly basic conditions , the lactone form ( HIn ) is colorless . The doubly deprotonated ( In ) phenolate form ( the anion form of phenol ) gives the familiar pink color . In strongly basic solutions , phenolphthalein 's pink color undergoes a rather slow fading reaction and becomes completely colorless above 13.0 pH . The rather slow fading reaction that produces the colorless In ( OH ) ion is sometimes used in classes for the study of reaction kinetics . Species H In H In In In ( OH ) Structure Model pH < 0 0 − 8.2 8.2 − 12.0 > 13.0 Conditions strongly acidic acidic or near - neutral basic strongly basic Color orange colorless pink to fuchsia colorless Image An animation of the pH dependent reaction mechanism : H In → H In → In → In ( OH ) Phenolphthalein 's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications : Concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water . As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , pH decreases to 8.5 - 9 . When a 1 % phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal concrete , it turns bright pink . However , if it remains colorless , it shows that the concrete has undergone carbonation . In a similar application , spackling used to repair holes in drywall contains phenolphthalein . When applied , the basic spackling material retains a pink coloration ; when the spackling has cured by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide , the pink color fades . Phenolphthalein is used in toys , for example as a component of disappearing inks , or disappearing dye on the Hollywood Hair Barbie hair . In the ink , it is mixed with sodium hydroxide , which reacts with carbon dioxide in the air . This reaction leads to the pH falling below the color change threshold as hydrogen ions are released by the reaction : OH + CO → CO + H To develop the hair and `` magic '' graphical patterns , the ink is sprayed with a solution of hydroxide , which leads to the appearance of the hidden graphics by the same mechanism described above for color change in alkaline solution . The pattern will eventually disappear again because of the reaction with carbon dioxide . Thymolphthalein is used for the same purpose and in the same way , when a blue color is desired . Medical uses ( edit ) Phenolphthalein has been used for over a century as a laxative , but is now being removed from over-the - counter laxatives because of concerns over carcinogenicity . Thymolphthalein is a related laxative made from thymol . See Phenolsulfonphthalein also . Despite concerns regarding its carcinogenicity , the use of phenolphthalein as a laxative is unlikely to cause ovarian cancer . Phenolphthalein has been found to inhibit human cellular calcium influx via store - operated calcium entry ( SOCE , see Calcium release activated channel § Structure ) . This is effected by its inhibiting thrombin and thapsigargin , two activators of SOCE that increase intracellular free calcium . Phenolphthalein has been added to the European Chemicals Agency 's candidate list for Substances of Very High Concern ( SVHC ) . A reduced form of phenolphthalein , phenolphthalin , which is colorless , is used in a test to identify substances thought to contain blood , commonly known as the Kastle - Meyer test . A dry sample is collected with a swab or filter paper . A few drops of alcohol , then a few drops of phenolphthalin , and finally a few drops of hydrogen peroxide are dripped onto the sample . If the sample contains hemoglobin , it will turn pink immediately upon addition of the peroxide , because of the generation of phenolphthalein . A positive test indicates the sample contains hemoglobin and , therefore , is likely blood . A false positive can result from the presence of substances with catalytic activity similar to heme . This test is not destructive to the sample ; it can be kept and used in further tests . This test has the same reaction with blood from any animal , so further testing would be required to determine whether it originates from a human . Synthesis ( edit ) Phenolphthalein can be synthesized by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions ( hence the name ) . It was discovered in 1871 by Adolf von Baeyer . Synthesis of phenolphthalein : The reaction can also be catalyzed by a mixture of zinc chloride and thionyl chloride . See also ( edit ) Bromothymol blue Litmus Methyl orange pH indicator Universal indicator References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Phenolphthalein '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Indicator '' . ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ US 6531528 , Ronald D. Kurp , `` Ready to use spackle / repair product containing dryness indicator '' , assigned to Dap Products Inc . Jump up ^ Toystore Jump up ^ Spiller , H.A. ; Winter , M.L. ; Weber , J.A. ; Krenzelok , E.P. ; Anderson , D.L. ; Ryan , M.L. ( May 2003 ) . `` Skin Breakdown and Blisters from Senna - Containing Laxatives in Young Children '' . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 37 ( 5 ) : 636 -- 639 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1C439 . PMID 12708936 . Jump up ^ Dunnick , J.K. ; Hailey , J.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Phenolphthalein Exposure Causes Multiple Carcinogenic Effects in Experimental Model Systems '' ( pdf ) . Cancer Research . 56 ( 21 ) : 4922 -- 4926 . PMID 8895745 . Jump up ^ Tice , R.R. ; Furedi - Machacek , M. ; Satterfield , D. ; Udumudi , A. ; Vasquez , M. ; Dunnick , J.K. ( 1998 ) . `` Measurement of Micronucleated Erythrocytes and DNA Damage during Chronic Ingestion of Phenolphthalein in Transgenic Female Mice Heterozygous for the p53 Gene '' . Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 31 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 2280 ( 1998 ) 31 : 2 < 113 : : AID - EM3 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - N. PMID 9544189 . Jump up ^ Cooper , G.S. ; Longnecker , M.P. ; Peters , R.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Ovarian Cancer Risk and Use of Phenolphthalein - Containing Laxatives '' . Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety . 13 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / pds. 824 . PMID 14971121 . Jump up ^ Dobrydneva , Y. ; Wilson , E. ; Abelt , C.J. ; Blackmore , P.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Phenolphthalein as a Prototype Drug for a Group of Structurally Related Calcium Channel Blockers in Human Platelets '' . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology . 53 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 240 . doi : 10.1097 / FJC. 0b013e31819b5494 . PMID 19247192 . Jump up ^ `` Phenolphthalein - Substance Information - ECHA '' . echa.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber eine neue Klasse von Farbstoffen '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 555 -- 558 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040209 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 4 ( 2 ) : 658 -- 665 . doi : 10.1002 / cber. 18710040247 . Jump up ^ Baeyer , A. ( 1871 ) . `` Ueber die Phenolfarbstoffe '' . Polytechnisches Journal . 201 ( 89 ) : 358 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Max Hubacher , U.S. Patent 2,192,485 ( 1940 to Ex Lax Inc ) Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 2,522,939 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phenolphthalein . Page on different titration indicators , including phenolphthalein Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Purine receptor modulators Receptor ( ligands ) P0 ( adenine ) Agonists : 8 - Aminoadenine Adenine P1 ( adenosine ) Agonists : 2 - ( 1 - Hexynyl ) - N - methyladenosine 2 - Cl - IB - MECA 2 ' - MeCCPA 4 ' - O - β - D - Glucosyl - 9 - O - ( 6 ' ' - deoxysaccharosyl ) olivil 5 ' - N - ethylcarboxamidoadenosine Adenosine ADP AMP Apadenoson ATL - 146e ATP BAY 60 -- 6583 Binodenoson Capadenoson CCPA CGS - 21680 CP - 532,903 Evodenoson GR 79236 LUF - 5835 LUF - 5845 N - Cyclopentyladenosine Namodenoson Neladenoson dalanate Piclidenoson Regadenoson SDZ WAG 994 Selodenoson Sonedenoson Tecadenoson UK - 432,097 Antagonists : 8 - Chlorotheophylline 8 - Phenyl - 1 , 3 - dipropylxanthine 8 - Phenyltheophylline Acefylline Aminophylline ATL - 444 Bamifylline Cafedrine Caffeine Caffeine citrate Cartazolate CGH - 2466 CGS - 15943 Choline theophyllinate CPX CVT - 6883 Dimethazan DMPX DPCPX Dyphylline Enprofylline Etazolate Fenethylline IBMX Isovaleric acid Istradefylline KF - 26777 MRE3008F20 MRS - 1220 MRS - 1334 MRS - 1706 MRS - 1754 MRS - 3777 Paraxanthine Pentoxifylline Preladenant Propentofylline Proxyphylline PSB - 10 PSB - 11 PSB - 36 PSB - 603 PSB - 788 PSB - 1115 Reversine Rolofylline SCH - 442,416 SCH - 58261 Theacrine Theobromine Theodrenaline Theophylline Tozadenant Tracazolate VUF - 5574 ZM - 241,385 P2 ( nucleotide ) P2X ( ATP ) Agonists : 2 - Me - SATP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP AMP Ap4A Ap5A ATP ATPγS BzATP Cibacron blue CTP D - β , γ - Me - ATP GTP HT - AMP Ivermectin L - β , γ - Me - ATP MRS - 2219 PAPET - ATP UTP Zinc Antagonists : 5 - BDBD A-317491 A-438079 A-740003 A-804598 A-839977 AF - 353 AZ - 10606120 AZ - 11645373 BBG Calcium Calmidazolium Chelerythrine Copper Emodin ( Rheum officinale ) Evans Blue GW - 791343 HMA Ip5I isoPPADS JNJ - 47965567 KN - 04 KN - 62 Magnesium MRS - 2159 NF - 023 NF - 110 NF - 157 NF - 279 NF - 449 Opiranserin ( VVZ - 149 ) Oxidized - ATP Phenol Red Phenolphthalein PPADS PPNDS PSB - 12062 Puerarin ( Radix puerariae ) Purotoxin 1 RB - 2 Ro 0437626 Ro 51 RO - 3 Sodium ferulate ( Angelica sinensis , Ligusticum wallichii ) Suramin TC - P 262 Tetramethylpyrazine ( ligustrazine ) ( Ligusticum wallichii ) TNP - ATP Zinc P2Y Agonists : 2 - Me - SADP 2 - Me - SATP 2 - Thio - UTP 5 - Br - UDP 5 - OMe - UDP α , β - Me - ATP Adenosine ADP ADPβS Ap3A AR - C 67085MX ATP ATPγS CTP dATP Denufosol Diquafosol IDP ITP INS - 365 INS - 37217 MRS - 2365 MRS - 2690 MRS - 2693 MRS - 2768 MRS - 2957 MRS - 4062 NF - 546 PAPET - ATP PSB - 0474 PSB - 1114 UDP UDPβS UDP - galactose UDP - glucose UDP - N - acetylglucosamine Up3U UTP UTPγS Antagonists : 2 - Me - SAMP A3P5PS AMPαS Ap4A AR - C 66096 AR - C 67085MX AR - C 69931MX AR - C 118925XX ATP BzATP C1330 - 7 Cangrelor Clopidogrel Elinogrel Ip5I MRS - 2179 MRS - 2211 MRS - 2279 MRS - 2395 MRS - 2500 MRS - 2578 NF - 157 NF - 340 PIT PPADS Prasugrel PSB - 0739 RB - 2 Regrelor Suramin Ticagrelor Ticlopidine UDP Transporter ( blockers ) CNTs 6 - Hydroxy - 7 - methoxyflavone Adenosine dMeThPmR Estradiol KGO - 2142 KGO - 2173 MeThPmR Phloridzin Progesterone ENTs Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Cilostazol Dilazep Dipyridamole Estradiol Ethanol Hexobendine NBMPR Pentoxifylline Progesterone Propentofylline PMAT Decynium - 22 Enzyme ( inhibitors ) XO Allopurinol Amflutizole Benzbromarone Caffeic acid Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum osmophloeum Febuxostat Myo - inositol Kaempferol Myricetin Niraxostat Oxipurinol Phytic acid Pistacia integerrima Propolis Quercetin Tisopurine Topiroxostat Others Aminopterin Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolic acid Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Many others Others Precursors : Adenine Adenosine AMP ADP ATP Cytosine Cytidine CMP CDP CTP Guanine Guanosine GMP GDP GTP Hypoxanthine Inosine IMP IDP ITP Ribose Uracil Uridine UMP UDP UTP Others : Chrysophanol ( rhubarb ) See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenolphthalein&oldid=843038993 '' Categories : PH indicators Triarylmethane dyes Phenols IARC Group 2B carcinogens Phthalides Laxatives Hidden categories : Articles with changed DrugBank identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed FDA identifier Chembox having GHS data Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 13 : 05 . 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5112080680689865572	Rassilon	Rassilon - wikipedia Rassilon Rassilon Doctor Who character . Timothy Dalton as Rassilon in The End of Time First appearance The Five Doctors ( 1983 ) Last appearance `` Hell Bent '' ( 2015 ) Portrayed by Richard Mathews ( 1983 ) Timothy Dalton ( 2009 -- 10 ) Donald Sumpter ( 2015 ) Don Warrington ( 2002 -- 04 , audio ) David Sibley ( 2018 -- pres. , audio ) Information Affiliated Time Lords Species Gallifreyan Home planet Gallifrey Rassilon is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . In the backstory of the programme , he was the founder of Time Lord society on the planet Gallifrey and its first leader , as Lord High President . After the original television series ended in 1989 , Rassilon 's character and history were developed in books and other media . Contents 1 Character history 1.1 The Five Doctors 1.2 Revived series 2 Other appearances 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Character history ( edit ) Within the universe of the television series , there are many contradictory legends about Rassilon . It is known that he developed the technology for time travel that made his people lords of time in the distant past together with his colleague Omega . Omega , a stellar engineer , was presumed killed by the supernova that created the black hole later known as the Eye of Harmony , and Rassilon harnessed the nucleus of the black hole to provide the energy that powers time travel . Rassilon then took control of Gallifrey and became the first and , to date , only Lord High President , his successors taking the title Lord President . The official history is that he was a benevolent ruler who ruled his people wisely . However , there are other accounts which paint Rassilon as a cruel dictator , opportunistic and ambitious who seized power in the wake of his friend 's death ( for which some suggest he may have been deliberately responsible ) , and ready to take drastic measures to protect his people , nearly destroying all of time once . Rassilon 's contributions to Time Lord culture and society were immense , and his name both reverberates and is honoured throughout Time Lord history . The Rassilon Imprimatur is the name given to the symbiotic nucleus of a Time Lord 's cell structure which allows them to withstand the molecular stresses of time travel and grant them a link to their TARDIS time machines . Several other Time Lord artifacts named after him have a technological function , in addition to their ceremonial roles : The Sash of Rassilon allows the wearer to be in close proximity to the singularity that is the Eye of Harmony , providing protection from the Eye 's gravitational and energy forces , and preventing the wearer from being drawn across the event horizon of the captured black hole . Use of the Sash in this way is cited as having a regenerative effect upon the wearer . The Crown of Rassilon ( or matrix circlet ) gives full access to the Matrix , providing a direct mental link to the computer network that serves as the repository of all Time Lord knowledge and their personality prints , captured at death in the Amplified Panatropic Computer ( A.P.C net ) that is a subsidiary part of the Matrix itself . The Key of Rassilon allows physical access to the Matrix , for maintenance of this ' micro-universe ' repository of Time Lord knowledge . Confusingly , this is a separate artifact from the so - called Great Key of Rassilon , that provides direct tapping of the near limitless energies of the Eye of Harmony , and is cited as a vital component part of the demat gun ( a weapon of mass destruction ) ; it is also hinted that this ' key ' is essential to accessing the other relative dimensions in time , in The Invasion of Time . The Rod of Rassilon ( referred to as `` the Great Key '' in the Book of the Old Time in The Deadly Assassin ) allows the user to physically access the containment / control apparatus of the Eye of Harmony itself , that was historically hidden beneath the Panopticon central dais . The Coronet of Rassilon gives the user the ability to amplify and to project their own will to dominate others , but its effects can be defeated , if recognised , by a co-ordinated resistance of many minds . The Harp of Rassilon is a musical key that unlocks a secret room within the High Council chambers . This hidden compartment held the controls for the Time Scoop -- a rudimentary `` time corridor '' technology , used presumably before time travel was perfected by Rassilon after the installation of the Eye of Harmony on Gallifrey . The Ring of Rassilon ostensibly grants the wearer immortality , but seemingly is keyed to Rassilon 's DNA only , so that any other seizing the artifact is locked in perpetual imprisonment as a stone carving relief on Rassilon 's bier . The Black Scrolls of Rassilon are parchment documents containing forbidden knowledge from the Dark Time , not recorded in the Matrix . The seal of Rassilon . Rassilon is also given credit , variously , for TARDIS technology ; the living metal and super-weapon validium ; and the defensive Quantum Force Field and Transduction Barriers that protected Gallifrey . How much of this is true and how much of it is propaganda is not certain . However , it is established that a TARDIS derives its power primarily from the Eye of Harmony . The Tomb or Tower of Rassilon , also known as the Dark Tower , stands in the middle of the Death Zone -- a blasted , barren plain -- on Gallifrey . The Death Zone was used , in a period of Gallifrey 's history known as the Dark Time , as an arena that pitted warriors of various alien species and times ( captured by the use of a device called the Time Scoop ) against each other in gladiatorial games , although the Second Doctor tells the Brigadier that Rassilon put a stop to the games ( The Five Doctors , 1983 ) . It was rumoured that Rassilon , who lived during this time , had been deposed by Time Lords rebelling against his rule . It was also claimed Rassilon had discovered the secret of immortality and was still alive in the Tower , sleeping . The quest to reach Rassilon 's tomb and the secret , blocked by a series of deadly obstacles , is referred to as `` The Game of Rassilon '' . The Five Doctors ( edit ) Richard Mathews as Rassilon in `` The Five Doctors '' In The Five Doctors , Lord President Borusa wants Rassilon 's secret for himself , describing Rassilon 's immortality as `` perpetual bodily regeneration '' . Borusa uses the Time Scoop to transport the Doctor in the majority of his incarnations ( along with various companions ) to the Death Zone , using them to clear the way to the Tower . The First Doctor deduced from the riddle `` This is the Game of Rassilon ; to lose is to win and he who wins shall lose '' that the Game was a trap to get rid of Time Lords who might be a danger to their race . Borusa is granted immortality by being transformed into a living statue . Rassilon subsequently returned the first three Doctors to their proper places in time and space and freed the Fourth Doctor from the time eddy in which he had been trapped . In that story , Rassilon ( played by Richard Mathews ) appears as a disembodied image floating above his own sepulchre , but the nature of this apparition is not explained . People with major involvement in the Doctor Who television series , Doctor Who spin off media and in Doctor Who Magazine , when asked in The Essential Doctor Who magazine , were divided over whether the image of Rassilon seen in The Five Doctors is actually alive or an artificial intelligence or if he had ever died prior to The Five Doctors . According to DWM editor Tom Spilsbury , it had n't occurred to him before that he was anything other than being alive , and that `` it might come down to semantics over what being alive means '' . Doctor Who scriptwriter Gareth Roberts believed that Rassilon is dead and the face that appears is `` a clever AI '' . Head writer and executive producer Russell T Davies believed that Rassilon is `` clearly alive '' , with his big face in the story being `` A projection from the Matrix . A mental life extending beyond the body 's death . '' Spin - off writer George Mann believed that Rassilon was dead , but the Time Lords had figured out a way of `` resurrecting dead people in extreme circumstances '' , doing `` something horrible and timey wimey '' . Spin - off writer and DWM columnist Jacqueline Rayner described his condition as `` a permanent sleep which is pretty much indistinguishable from death '' , and that `` He 's immortal , but he has no awareness , '' and when the trap inside the Tomb of Rassilon is triggered , `` he becomes semi-aware so he can oversee or judge what 's going on , before going back into his eternal sleep again '' . DWM deputy editor Peter Ware believed that Rassilon is dead by the time of The Five Doctors , and his dead mind is speaking from the Matrix to the Doctors and Borusa . He mentions the line from the episode `` Hell Bent '' ( 2015 ) -- `` Rassilon the resurrected '' , as further proof that he had died . Doctor Who scriptwriter Mark Gatiss quipped that Rassilon is `` biding his time until he regenerates into ( actor ) Daniel Craig '' . Head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat , who also wrote `` Hell Bent '' , understood that Rassilon was `` alive , but in ' eternal sleep ' '' , having got up from his eternal sleep to participate in the Time War , `` And got killed . And resurrected . Because that happened a lot in the Time War . '' According to scriptwriter Terrance Dicks , who wrote The Five Doctors , Rassilon has `` gone to a higher plane where he 's a benevolent being who can , if he feels it 's a big enough crisis , intervene '' . Revived series ( edit ) Rassilon ( portrayed by Timothy Dalton ) appears as the villainous mastermind of The End of Time , the two - part finale of the series ' 2009 Specials . Though referred to by name by the Tenth Doctor , Dalton is credited as the ' Narrator / Lord President ' with Russell T Davies confirming his name in a Doctor Who Confidential episode . During the Time War , Rassilon became ruthless and determined to avoid death at any cost , motivating his formulating of the `` Final Sanction '' which would destroy all creation while elevating himself and the Time Lords into beings of pure consciousness . The Doctor in his War Doctor incarnation learned of this and decided to end the war using the Gallifreyan superweapon called `` the Moment '' . With the prophecy deciphered that the Doctor would destroy Gallifrey to end the Time War , and told he would die on that day , Rassilon refuses to accept his fate and killed his advisor for speaking out against his plans . Anticipating Gallifrey 's complete annihilation in The End of Time ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Rassilon attempted to break the planet out of the Time Lock implemented in the latter phases of the Time War to block creative attacks involving time travel , placing a drumbeat in the mind of the Master when he was a child . As a result , Rassilon is the cause of the Master 's insanity and indirectly responsible for the Time Lord 's actions . When the Master turned all of humanity into copies of himself , the now - amplified drum beat acts as a signal that , with a White Point Star diamond , allows Rassilon and Gallifrey to escape the Time Lock . Destroying the White Point Star , the Doctor severs the link between Gallifrey and Earth . Rassilon 's attempts to kill the Doctor in revenge are blocked by the Master , vengeful owing to his manipulation by Rassilon , who then follows him and the other Time Lords into the last day of the Time War . In `` The Day of the Doctor '' ( 2013 ) , the Time Lords are revealed not to have been destroyed at the Time War 's conclusion ; all incarnations of the Doctor united and used their TARDISes to send Gallifrey into a pocket dimension . In `` Hell Bent '' ( 2015 ) , the Twelfth Doctor arrives on Gallifrey and learns that a regenerated Rassilon was responsible for his imprisonment and torture for four and a half billion years , as well as indirectly responsible for the death of his companion , Clara . On arriving on Gallifrey , he leads a military revolt against Rassilon , deposes him , and sends him into exile . Timothy Dalton was asked to reprise the role for the episode , but was replaced by Donald Sumpter as a regenerated Rassilon when he became unavailable for filming . Other appearances ( edit ) Rassilon 's rise to power was explored in the Virgin New Adventures novel Cat 's Cradle : Time 's Crucible . It is revealed in the novel that Ancient Gallifrey was ruled by the Pythia , who controlled the population through prophecies and superstition . Rassilon , whose followers believed in science and rationality , led a revolution against the Pythia , eventually causing her to kill herself , and send her followers to the planet Karn . However , before she died she cursed Rassilon and all future Time Lords to sterility . Rassilon 's unborn daughter was one of the deaths . In later New Adventures we are introduced to the concept of the genetic Looms , from which new Time Lords were created . This leads to Rassilon becoming part of a ruling triumvirate with Omega and a mysterious figure called the Other . Together they rebuilt Gallifrey and re-ordered the universe along rational and scientific lines , outlawing superstition and banishing magic . The later novel Lungbarrow shows Rassilon becoming increasingly tyrannical and violently crushing resistance to his reforms , which ultimately leads to the Other breaking with him and throwing himself into the genetic looms , leading to his later apparent reincarnation as the Doctor . In the last three stories of Alan Moore 's run on Doctor Who Monthly we see the first Time War in Time Lord history , where the Order of the Black Sun make a pre-emptive strike on the Gallifreyans ' experiments with time travel . In the first story , `` Star Death '' ( Doctor Who Magazine # 47 ) , we see Rassilon gaining the equipment to control time travel thanks to the failed initial attack . In the DWM comic strips , Rassilon is shown existing in the Matrix as part of a council of `` Higher Evolutionaries '' acting as the guardians of Time ( The Tides of Time Part 2 , DWM # 62 , among others ) . In the Doctor Who audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions , Rassilon is voiced by Don Warrington . He is shown to continue to exist in the Matrix . According to audio plays , Rassilon developed the power of regeneration from the Vampires , who were apparently peaceful until the Time Lords attacked them . He transforms the Doctor into his assassin -- a being of pure anti-time that identifies itself as Zagreus -- to defeat the Divergents , a race who would have evolved to surpass the Time Lords if reality had progressed as it should have , only for his plans to fail when the Doctor proclaims that he does not kill and Zagreus refuses to be Rassilon 's puppet . At the end of Zagreus , the Doctor is exiled to the Divergents ' universe , having previously cast Rassilon into that reality to end his actions but unable to return to his universe as he was still contaminated by anti-time . He eventually tracks down Rassilon in that universe , and discovers that he has been manipulating an entity called the Kro'Ka to observe and control the Doctor and Charley 's actions . At the end of the events of `` The Next Life '' , the Doctor and his companions escape the timeless Divergent universe -- Rassilon having previously filtered the Zagreus energies out of the Doctor upon his arrival in this universe without the Doctor 's knowledge -- but Rassilon and the Kro'Ka remain trapped in a permanent loop . Rassilon 's next audio appearance comes in Desperate Measures , concluding the ninth series of Big Finish Productions spin - off Gallifrey . During the Time War the Time Lord Valerian ( David Sibley ) becomes a host through whom Rassilon is resurrected to lead Gallifrey . These events will lead into the tenth series of the spin - off . In Doctor Who : The Adventure Games , Rassilon 's Final Sanction is mentioned when Amy Pond looked at a Time Lord Staff that the Eleventh Doctor kept in his study . Rassilon features in the War Doctor novel Engines of War by George Mann , which looks at the events that led to the War Doctor 's decision to use the Moment , including the discovery that Rassilon has resurrected Borusa as a possibility engine to help him decide what actions he should take during the war . Rassilon returns to Gallifrey in the Titan Comics 2016 multi-Doctor event story Supremacy of the Cybermen , which depicts the last Cybermen at the end of the universe forming an alliance with Rassilon with the goal of conquering Gallifrey and using Time Lord energy to regenerate the universe into one under Cyber-control . Although Rassilon 's insight allows the Cybermen to conquer history and defeat all of the past Doctors , the Twelfth Doctor is able to convince Rassilon to help him after the Cybermen betray Rassilon , the two turning the Cybermens ' equipment against them so that the universe is ' regenerated ' to a point before the Cybermen conquered Gallifrey . Although the Twelfth Doctor is the only one shown to remember these events , he is shown speculating that Rassilon may also remember the horrors of what he did . See also ( edit ) History of the Time Lords References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parkin , Lance & Pearson , Lars ( 2012 ) . A History : An Unauthorised History of the Doctor Who Universe ( 3rd Edition ) , p. 697 . Mad Norwegian Press , Des Moines . ISBN 978 - 193523411 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Time Lord Origins '' . Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Only when Omega was brought into the picture did Rassilon perceive that together they could create fully functioning time travel craft . Jump up ^ Parkin , Lance & Pearson , Lars ( 2012 ) . A History : An Unauthorised History of the Doctor Who Universe ( 3rd Edition ) , p. 697 . Mad Norwegian Press , Des Moines . ISBN 978 - 193523411 - 1 . Jump up ^ Doctor Who -- The Five Doctors tx BBC1 25 November 1983 Jump up ^ Paul Cornell , Martin Day , Keith Topping , David J. Howe , Stephen James Walker . `` The Two Doctors '' . Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 ... in order to find the Rassilon Imprimature -- the symbiotic nuclei within a Time Lord 's genes that are the key to time travel . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wright , Mark ( March 2016 ) . `` Beyond the Grave '' . The Essential Doctor Who . Tunbridge Wells : Panini UK Ltd ( # 7 : The Time Lords ) : 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russell T Davies ( 1 January 2010 ) . Doctor Who Confidential . BBC . Event occurs at 15 : 15 . Right at the end , the Master has found a greater enemy than the Doctor in Rassilon , the Lord President ... Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( 2009 ) . Do n't Step on the Grass . IDW . Jump up ^ Doctor Who . `` The End of Time , Part 2 '' , original airdate 1 / 1 / 2010 . Jump up ^ Doctor Who . `` The Day of the Doctor '' , original airdate 23 / 11 / 2013 . Jump up ^ Talalay , Rachel ( 12 June 2016 ) . Radio Free Skaro # 533 -- The First Second of Eternity ( MP3 ) ( Podcast ) . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . 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-427627451229078200	Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child	Sometimes I feel like a Motherless Child - wikipedia Sometimes I feel like a Motherless Child Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Negro spiritual . For the blues song , see Motherless Child Blues . Original score of `` Motherless Child '' by William E. Barton , D.D. , 1899 . `` Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child '' ( or simply `` Motherless Child '' ) is a traditional Negro spiritual . It dates back to the era of slavery in the United States . An early performance of the song dates back to the 1870s by the Fisk Jubilee Singers . Like many traditional songs , it has many variations and has been recorded widely . Description ( edit ) The song is clearly an expression of pain and despair as it conveys the hopelessness of a child who has been torn from her or his parents . Under one interpretation , the repetitive singing of the word `` sometimes '' offers a measure of hope , as it suggests that at least `` sometimes '' I do not feel like a motherless child . Although the plaintive words can be interpreted literally , they might alternatively be metaphoric . The `` motherless child '' could be a slave separated from and yearning for his or her African homeland , his or her spouse , parents , siblings , or child ( ren ) ( from all or any of which he or she may have been separated in the trafficking process ) or a slave suffering `` a long ways from home '' -- home being heaven -- or most likely all . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Gene '' Tyranny , `` Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child '' article , Allmusic Jump up ^ Barton , Hymns of the Slave and the Freedman , p. 17 ( `` Not very long ago I attended a concert given by a troupe of jubilee singers , whose leader was a member of the original Fisk company . Toward the end of the programme he announced that a recently arrived singer in his troupe from Mississippi had brought a song that her grandparents sang in slave times , which he counted the saddest and most beautiful of song of slavery . It was a mutilated version of Aunt Dinah 's song ( ' Motherless Child ' or ' I feel like I 'd never been borned . ' ) '' ) Jump up ^ * `` Sweet Chariot : the story of the spirituals '' Archived 2007 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . by Arthur C. Jones External links ( edit ) Recording by Odetta at dailymotion.com ( 1 ) recording by Esther & Abi Ofarim Lyrics as by J.W. Johnson & J.R. Johnson ( 1926 ) at negrospirituals.com Art of the States : Piano Sonata No. 4 musical work quoting the spiritual by African - American composer George Walker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sometimes_I_Feel_Like_a_Motherless_Child&oldid=842662317 '' Categories : Works about American slavery Peter , Paul and Mary songs Hootie & the Blowfish songs Van Morrison songs Eric Burdon songs Tom Jones ( singer ) songs Portishead ( band ) songs Mildred Bailey songs Louis Armstrong songs The Osmonds songs American folk songs African - American spiritual songs Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Magyar Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 11 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song sometimes i feel like a motherless child	[]	[]
5816216580253135756	Born in the U.S.A.	Born in the U.S.A. - Wikipedia Born in the U.S.A. Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Bruce Springsteen album . For the title song , see Born in the U.S.A. ( song ) . For other uses , see Born in the U.S.A. ( disambiguation ) . Born in the U.S.A. Studio album by Bruce Springsteen Released June 4 , 1984 Recorded January 1982 -- March 1984 Studio The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York Genre Rock and roll heartland rock pop Length 46 : 57 Label Columbia Producer Jon Landau Chuck Plotkin Bruce Springsteen Steven Van Zandt Bruce Springsteen chronology Nebraska ( 1982 ) Nebraska 1982 Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Live / 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) Live / 1975 -- 85 1986 Singles from Born in the U.S.A. `` Dancing in the Dark '' Released : May 4 , 1984 `` Cover Me '' Released : July 31 , 1984 `` Born in the U.S.A. '' Released : October 30 , 1984 `` I 'm on Fire '' Released : February 6 , 1985 `` Glory Days '' Released : May 31 , 1985 `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Released : September 7 , 1985 `` My Hometown '' Released : November 21 , 1985 Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen . It was released on June 4 , 1984 , by Columbia Records . The album 's music was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City . When Born in the U.S.A. was first released , it was met with positive reviews and massive commercial success . It produced seven top - 10 hit singles and was promoted with a worldwide concert tour by Springsteen . Born in the U.S.A. became his most commercially successful album and one of the highest - selling records ever , having sold 30 million copies by 2012 . It has also been cited by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time . The album received a nomination for Album of the Year at the 1985 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and lyrics 2 Release and promotion 3 Critical reception 4 Legacy 5 Track listing 6 Personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Music and lyrics ( edit ) Born in the U.S.A. showed Springsteen embracing a livelier mainstream sound than on his previous records but continued to express progressive themes and values in his lyrics . According to Roger Scott , it was a `` defiantly rock ' n ' roll '' album , while Rolling Stone 's Debby Bull said Springsteen incorporated `` electronic textures '' with music he `` kept as its heart all of the American rock & roll from the early Sixties '' . Although Springsteen 's previous record Nebraska had darker songs , he said Born in the U.S.A. was not entirely different : `` If you look at the material , particularly on the first side , it 's actually written very much like Nebraska -- the characters and the stories , the style of writing -- except it 's just in the rock - band setting . '' Springsteen considered leaving `` No Surrender '' off the album , explaining that `` you do n't hold out and triumph all the time in life ... You compromise , you suffer defeat ; you slip into life 's gray areas . '' E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt convinced Springsteen otherwise : `` He argued that the portrait of friendship and the song 's expression of the inspirational power of rock music was an important part of the picture . '' The title track of the album inspired the Annie Leibovitz photo of Springsteen 's backside against the backdrop of an American flag , which was used as the album cover . Springsteen commented on the origin of the concept : `` We had the flag on the cover because the first song was called `` Born in the U.S.A. '' , and the theme of the record kind of follows from the themes I 've been writing about for at least the last six or seven years . But the flag is a powerful image , and when you set that stuff loose , you do n't know what 's gon na be done with it . '' Some people thought that the cover depicted Springsteen urinating on the flag . He denied it : `` That was unintentional . We took a lot of different types of pictures , and in the end , the picture of my ass looked better than the picture of my face , that 's what went on the cover . I did n't have any secret message . I do n't do that very much . '' According to political writer Peter Dreier , the music 's `` pop - oriented '' sound and the marketing of Springsteen as `` a heavily muscled rocker with an album cover featuring a giant US flag , may have overshadowed the album 's radical politics . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) Born in the U.S.A. became the first compact disc manufactured in the United States for commercial release when CBS and Sony opened its CD manufacturing plant in Terre Haute , Indiana in September 1984 . Columbia Records ' CDs previously had been imported from Japan . Although Springsteen had been a well - known star for almost 10 years before the album was released , Larry Rodgers from the Arizona Republic wrote `` it was not until he hit the gym to get buffed up and showed off his rear end in Annie Leibovitz 's famous cover photo for Born in the U.S.A. that he became an American pop icon '' . touching off a wave of `` Bossmania '' , as author Chris Smith called it . According to Bryan K. Garman , in his book A Race of Singers -- Whitman 's Working - Class Hero From Guthrie to Springsteen , this new image helped Springsteen popularize his persona on a new scale , but also brought him a decisive attachment to political and sociocultural issues , in the times when Ronald Reagan was reviving a patriotic pride by reaffirming the values of prosperity , expansion , and world domination of the United States `` within a decidedly masculine framework . '' Born in the U.S.A. was the best - selling album of 1984 and proved to be the best - selling record of Springsteen 's career . It was promoted with a worldwide concert tour and seven singles that became top - 10 hits : `` Dancing in the Dark '' , `` Cover Me '' , `` Born in the U.S.A. '' , I 'm on Fire `` , `` Glory Days '' , `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' , and `` My Hometown '' . The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 during the week of June 23 , 1984 , and after two weeks , it reached the top of the chart on July 7 , staying at number one for seven weeks ; it remained on the chart for one hundred forty three weeks . It was also a commercial success in Europe and Oceania ; in the United Kingdom the album entered at number two on June 16 , and after thirty four weeks , on February 16 , 1985 , it reached number one and topped the chart for five non consecutive weeks ; it was present on the chart for one hundred thirty five weeks . It also topped the album charts in Australia , Austria , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland . Born in the U.S.A proved to be one of the best - selling albums of all time . It was certified three times platinum by the BPI on July 25 , 1985 , denoting shipments of 900,000 units in the UK . After the advent of the North American Nielsen SoundScan tracking system in 1991 , the album sold an additional 1,463,000 copies , and on April 19 , 1995 , it was certified fifteen times platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 15,000,000 copies in the US . By 2012 , it had sold 30 million copies worldwide . As Born in the U.S.A. became a massive commercial success , Springsteen expressed his thoughts on his growing fame in a 1984 interview : `` Yeah , there 's a change ( in me ) . ( Being a rich man ) does n't make living easier , but it does make certain aspects of your life easier . You do n't have to worry about rent , you can buy things for your folks and help out your friends , and you can have a good time , you know ? There were moments where it was very confusing . ( ... ) I do n't really think ( money ) does change you . It 's an inanimate thing , a tool , a convenience . If you 've got to have a problem , it 's a good problem to have . ( ... ) Money was kind of part of the dream when I started . I do n't think ... I never felt like I ever played a note for the money . I think if I did , people would know , and they 'd throw you out of the joint . And you 'd deserve to go . But at the same time , it was a part of the dream . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Tribune Christgau 's Record Guide A+ Encyclopedia of Popular Music Los Angeles Times MusicHound Rock 4 / 5 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide Saturday Review Born in the U.S.A. received positive reviews from critics . In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone , Dave Marsh called it Springsteen 's most accessible listen since Born to Run ( 1975 ) and said that he knew how to incorporate `` technopop elements without succumbing to the genre 's banalities '' . The magazine 's Debby Miller wrote that Springsteen has set songs that were as well thought - out as Nebraska to more sophisticated production and spirited music , and that the four story - driven songs that end each side of the album give it an `` extraordinary depth '' because of his world - beating lyrics . Robert Hilburn from the Los Angeles Times felt that , with the album 's `` richer '' musical settings , Springsteen had succeeded in articulating his message to a wider audience . John Swenson of Saturday Review credited him for showing a more disciplined writing style than on his previous albums and for `` championing traditional rock values at a time when few newer bands show interest in such a direction '' . Writing in The Village Voice , Robert Christgau said Springsteen improved upon his previous work by eschewing dejected themes of nostalgia and losers in favor of tougher lyrics , a sense of humor , and an upbeat worldview more honest than the one - dimensional politics of Nebraska . He added that the record 's vibrant music `` reminds me like nothing in years that what teenagers loved about rock and roll was n't that it was catchy or even rhythmic but that it just plain sounded good '' . Born in the U.S.A. was voted the best album of the year in The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1984 . Christgau , the poll 's creator , also ranked it number one on his list , in 1990 he named it the ninth - best album of the 1980s . In a retrospective review , Christgau wrote that , although Born in the U.S.A. may have seemed more conservative than Springsteen 's previous work , it showed him evolving on what was his `` most rhythmically propulsive , vocally incisive , lyrically balanced , and commercially undeniable album '' . Greg Kot , writing in the Chicago Tribune , later called it `` an 11 - million - selling record with a conscience '' . AllMusic 's William Ruhlmann interpreted the album as an apotheosis for Springsteen 's reoccurring characters from his past albums and said that Born in the U.S.A. `` marked the first time that Springsteen 's characters really seemed to relish the fight and to have something to fight for '' . Richard Williams was more critical in a retrospective review for Q magazine , writing that Springsteen had exaggerated his usual characters and themes in a deliberate attempt at commercial success . Williams added : `` The decision by someone who grew up in the ' 60s to exploit the American flag on the cover and to bury the anti-war message of Born In The USA beneath an impenetrable layer of clenched - fist bombast ... was , in the era of Reagan and welfare cuts , downright irresponsible . '' In 1987 , Born in the U.S.A. was voted the fifth greatest album rock album of all time in Paul Gambaccini 's poll of 81 critics , writers , and radio broadcasters . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked Born in the U.S.A. number 85 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , and in 2013 , it was named the 428th greatest album in a similar list published by NME . The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Legacy ( edit ) With Born in the U.S.A. , Springsteen helped popularize American heartland rock in the mainstream , which allowed for greater success for recording artists such as John Mellencamp , Tom Petty , and Bob Seger . After Mellencamp released his 1985 album Scarecrow , critics mentioned him alongside Springsteen and also referred to his music as heartland rock . Springsteen has expressed some mixed feelings about the album , believing that Nebraska contains some of his strongest writing , while Born in the U.S.A. did not necessarily follow suit . The title track `` more or less stood by itself '' , he declared . `` The rest of the album contains a group of songs about which I 've always had some ambivalence . '' Even so , and despite expressing the `` grab - bag nature '' of the album , he acknowledged its powerful effect on his career , claiming : `` Born in the U.S.A. changed my life and gave me my largest audience . It forced me to question the way I presented my music and made me think harder about what I was doing . '' Springsteen 's manager , Jon Landau , said that there were no plans for the band to celebrate the album 's anniversary with a deluxe reissue box set in the manner of previous Springsteen albums . `` At least not yet , '' he added . A full album live performance DVD titled Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 was released exclusively through Amazon.com on January 14 , 2014 along with a purchase of Springsteen 's album , High Hopes . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Bruce Springsteen . Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Born in the U.S.A. '' 4 : 40 2 . `` Cover Me '' 3 : 27 3 . `` Darlington County '' 4 : 48 4 . `` Working on the Highway '' 3 : 13 5 . `` Downbound Train '' 3 : 35 6 . `` I 'm on Fire '' 2 : 40 Side two No . Title Length 7 . `` No Surrender '' 4 : 00 8 . `` Bobby Jean '' 3 : 48 9 . `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' 3 : 29 10 . `` Glory Days '' 4 : 15 11 . `` Dancing in the Dark '' 4 : 04 12 . `` My Hometown '' 4 : 34 Personnel ( edit ) Bruce Springsteen -- lead vocals , lead guitar , acoustic guitar The E Street Band Roy Bittan -- piano , synthesizer , background vocals Clarence Clemons -- saxophone , percussion , background vocals Danny Federici -- organ , glockenspiel , piano on `` Born in the U.S.A. '' Garry Tallent -- bass guitar , background vocals Steven Van Zandt -- acoustic guitar , mandolin , harmony vocals Max Weinberg -- drums , background vocals Additional musicians Richie `` La Bamba '' Rosenberg -- background vocals on `` Cover Me '' and `` No Surrender '' Ruth Davis -- background vocals on `` My Hometown '' Technical Bob Clearmountain -- mixing John Davenport -- assistant engineer Jeff Hendrickson -- assistant engineer Andrea Klein -- art direction , design , cover design Bruce Lampcov -- assistant engineer Annie Leibovitz -- photography Bob Ludwig -- mastering Bill Scheniman -- engineer Toby Scott -- engineer Billy Straus -- assistant engineer Zoe Yanakis -- assistant engineer Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 - 2003 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 37 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Italian Albums ( Hitparade ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 6 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 7 Canadian Albums Chart Dutch Albums Chart 61 Japanese Albums Chart 53 UK Albums Chart 37 U.S. Billboard Year - End 28 Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australian Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart Canadian Albums Chart 7 Danish Albums Chart 5 Dutch Albums Chart French Albums Chart 19 Italian Albums Chart Swiss Albums Chart UK Albums Chart U.S. Billboard Year - End Chart ( 1986 ) Position Canadian Albums Chart 67 Spanish Albums Chart 11 U.S. Billboard Year - End 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 13 × Platinum 910,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) 2 × Platinum 108,913 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 458,500 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 100,000 Japan ( Oricon Charts ) 212,700 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 17 × Platinum 255,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,120,000 United States ( RIAA ) 15 × Platinum 15,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in Australia List of best - selling albums in Italy List of best - selling albums in New Zealand List of best - selling albums in the United States Ronald Reagan in music References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dreier , Peter ( 2012 ) . The 100 Greatest Americans of the 20th Century : A Social Justice Hall of Fame . Nation Books . p. 436 . ISBN 1568586817 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Rogert ; Humphries , Patrick ( 2013 ) . `` Roger Scott and Patrick Humphries , Hot Press -- November 2 , 1984 '' . In Phillips , Christopher ; Masur , Louis P. Talk About a Dream : The Essential Interviews of Bruce Springsteen . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 131 . ISBN 1620400723 . Born in the U.S.A. was such a defiantly rock ' n ' roll album , the reviews were surprisingly favourable . ^ Jump up to : Perone , James E. ( 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provacative , Influential , and Important Creations . ABC - CLIO . p. 239 . ISBN 0313379068 . ^ Jump up to : Kurt Loder ( December 6 , 1984 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Bruce Springsteen '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rodgers , Larry ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen , Born in the USA , 25 Years Old Today '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Is . `` First Domestic CD Plant Opens '' Billboard October 6 , 1984 : 6 Jump up ^ Wiersema , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . Walk Like a Man : Coming of Age with the Music of Bruce Springsteen . Greystone . pp. 21 -- . ISBN 9781553658467 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Garman , Bryan K. ( August 9 , 1985 ) . A race of singers : Whitman 's working ... -- Google Libros . Books.google.com.ar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4866 - 1 . Retrieved November 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burger , Jeff ( 2013 ) . Springsteen on Springsteen : Interviews , Speeches , and Encounters . Chicago Review Press . p. 131 . ISBN 1613744374 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Albums '' . Billboard . June 23 , 1984 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Albums '' . Billboard . July 7 , 1984 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Springsteen full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The USA '' . British Phonographic Industry . July 25 , 1985 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Basia , Bon Jovi and The Boss '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born in the U.S.A. '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Forde , Ian ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen still shows who 's boss '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kot , Greg ( August 23 , 1992 ) . `` The Recorded History of Springsteen '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 1990 ) . Christgau 's Record Guide : The ' 80s . Pantheon Books . p. 382 . ISBN 067973015X . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen '' . Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0857125958 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Terry ; et al. ( December 16 , 1984 ) . `` Guiding the Unitiated Through the Top 40 '' . Los Angeles Times . p . T68 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ; Durchholz , Daniel ( eds ) ( 1999 ) . MusicHound Rock : The Essential Album Guide . Farmington Hills , MI : Visible Ink Press . p. 1076 . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 061 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( December 1989 ) . `` All or Nothing : The Springsteen back catalogue '' . Q. p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Dave ( July 1984 ) . `` Record Rack '' . Rolling Stone . New York : 23 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian , eds . The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . pp. 771 -- 2 . ISBN 0743201698 . ^ Jump up to : Swenson , John ( November -- December 1984 ) . `` Championing Traditional Rock Values '' . Saturday Review . 10 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 70 . Jump up ^ Miller , Debby ( July 19 , 1984 ) . `` Born in the U.S.A '' . Rolling Stone . New York . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Robert ( July 1 , 1984 ) . `` Pop Music Top Midyear LPs : Prince , Springsteen '' . Los Angeles Times . Calendar section , p . T62 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( February 18 , 1985 ) . `` Pazz & Jop 1984 : The Rise of the Corporate Single '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( June 26 , 1984 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( February 18 , 1985 ) . `` Pazz & Jop 1984 : Dean 's List '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` Decade Personal Best : ' 80s '' . The Village Voice ( January 2 ) . New York . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( December 1989 ) . `` All or Nothing : The Springsteen back catalogue '' . Q. p. 150 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jonathan ( March 25 , 1987 ) . `` Pop Critics Pick Rock 's Top 100 '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . New York : 116 . December 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Top 500 Albums of All Time , according to NME '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Dimery ; Michael Lydon ( 7 February 2006 ) . 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die : Revised and Updated Edition . Universe . ISBN 0 - 7893 - 1371 - 5 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Mike ( January 23 , 1992 ) . `` Mellencamp is real force in American music '' . Indianapolis Star . Free Time section , p. F. 4 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Andy Greene ( 2013 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Bruce Springsteen on New Album ' High Hopes ' : Exclusive Interview Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Springsteen Offers Live Born In The U.S.A. DVD With High Hopes Pre-Order '' . American Songwriter. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born In The U.S.A. '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Albums : Issue 6815a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste > Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Note : user must select ' Bruce SPRINGSTEEN ' from drop - down ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia -- Gli album più venduti del 1985 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oricon Album Chart Book : Complete Edition 1970 -- 2005 . Roppongi , Tokyo : Oricon Entertainment . 2006 . ISBN 4 - 87131 - 077 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Bruce Springsteen . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums of 1984 '' . RPM . January 5 , 1985 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( ASP ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete UK Year - End Album Charts '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Albums of 1984 '' . billboard.biz . December 31 , 1981 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Jahreshitparade 1985 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 Albums of 1985 '' . RPM . December 28 , 1985 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` De mest solgte album i Danmark '' ( in Danish ) . Børsen . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1985 '' ( ASP ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Albums ( CD ) de 1985 par InfoDisc '' ( in French ) . infodisc.fr . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hitparade.ch -- Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1985 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1980s Albums Chart Archive `` Top Albums of 1984 '' Check url = value ( help ) . everyhit.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ -- Year - end Charts -- Billboard 200 -- 1985 '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Albums of 1986 '' . RPM . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ -- Year - end Charts -- Billboard 200 -- 1986 '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born in the USA '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Springsteen '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born in the USA '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums `` Tout Temps '' `` . infodisc.fr ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bruce Springsteen ; ' Born in the USA ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italian album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born in the U.S.A. '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solo Exitos 1959 -- 2002 Ano A Ano : Certificados 1979 -- 1990 '' . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . ISBN 8480486392 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bruce Springsteen ; ' Born in the U.S.A. ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Bruce Springsteen -- Born in the USA '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Enter Born in the USA in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) Born in the U.S.A. ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net ( streamed copy where licensed ) Born in the U.S.A. at Discogs ( list of releases ) Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Bruce Springsteen Garry Tallent Roy Bittan Max Weinberg Steven Van Zandt Nils Lofgren Patti Scialfa Jake Clemons Charles Giordano Soozie Tyrell Former members Ernest Carter Clarence Clemons Danny Federici Suki Lahav Vini Lopez David Sancious Former touring musicians Everett Bradley Barry Danielian Clark Gayton Curtis King Ed Manion The Miami Horns Cindy Mizelle Michelle Moore Tom Morello Curt Ramm Jay Weinberg Studio albums Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. ( 1973 ) The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle ( 1973 ) Born to Run ( 1975 ) Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 1978 ) The River ( 1980 ) Nebraska ( 1982 ) Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Tunnel of Love ( 1987 ) Human Touch ( 1992 ) Lucky Town ( 1992 ) The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) The Rising ( 2002 ) Devils & Dust ( 2005 ) We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions ( 2006 ) Magic ( 2007 ) Working on a Dream ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball ( 2012 ) High Hopes ( 2014 ) Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives Live 1975 -- 85 ( 1986 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1993 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2006 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Live from the Carousel ( 2011 ) Apollo Theater 3 / 09 / 12 ( 2014 ) The Agora , Cleveland 1978 ( 2015 ) Tower Theater , Philadelphia 1975 ( 2015 ) Nassau Coliseum , New York 1980 ( 2015 ) Brendan Byrne Arena , New Jersey 1984 ( 2015 ) LA Sports Arena , California 1988 ( 2015 ) Schottenstein Center , Ohio 2005 ( 2015 ) Ippodromo delle Capannelle , Rome 2013 ( 2015 ) Arizona State University , Tempe 1980 ( 2015 ) The Christic Shows 1990 ( 2016 ) HSBC Arena , Buffalo , NY , 11 / 22 / 09 ( 2016 ) Scottrade Center , St. Louis , MO , 8 / 23 / 08 ( 2017 ) Olympiastadion , Helsinki , July 31 , 2012 ( 2017 ) Wachovia Spectrum , Philadelphia , PA 10 / 20 / 09 ( 2017 ) Palace Theatre , Albany 1977 ( 2017 ) Auditorium Theatre , Rochester , NY 1977 ( 2017 ) King 's Hall , Belfast March 19 , 1996 ( 2017 ) The Summit , Houston , TX December 8 , 1978 ( 2017 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1995 ) 18 Tracks ( 1999 ) The Essential Bruce Springsteen ( 2003 ) Greatest Hits ( 2009 ) The Promise ( 2010 ) Collection : 1973 -- 2012 ( 2013 ) Chapter and Verse ( 2016 ) Box sets The Born in the U.S.A. 12 '' Single Collection ( 1985 ) Tracks ( 1998 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) Born to Run : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 2005 ) The Collection 1973 -- 1984 ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story ( 2010 ) The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973 -- 1984 ( 2014 ) The Ties That Bind : The River Collection ( 2015 ) EPs Live Collection ( 1987 ) Chimes of Freedom ( 1988 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) PBS Exclusive ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) American Beauty ( 2014 ) Singles `` Blinded by the Light '' ( 1973 ) `` Spirit in the Night '' ( 1973 ) `` 4th of July , Asbury Park ( Sandy ) '' ( 1974 ) `` Born to Run '' ( 1975 ) `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' ( 1976 ) `` Prove It All Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Badlands '' ( 1978 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( 1978 ) `` Rosalita ( Come Out Tonight ) '' ( 1979 ) `` Hungry Heart '' ( 1980 ) `` Fade Away '' ( 1981 ) `` Sherry Darling '' ( 1981 ) `` The River '' ( 1981 ) `` Cadillac Ranch '' ( 1981 ) `` Point Blank '' ( 1981 ) `` Atlantic City '' ( 1982 ) `` Open All Night '' ( 1982 ) `` Dancing in the Dark '' ( 1984 ) `` Cover Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Born in the U.S.A. '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm on Fire '' ( 1985 ) `` Glory Days '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1985 ) `` My Hometown '' ( 1985 ) `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' ( 1985 ) `` War '' ( 1986 ) `` Fire '' ( 1987 ) `` Brilliant Disguise '' ( 1987 ) `` Tunnel of Love '' ( 1987 ) `` One Step Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Tougher Than the Rest '' ( 1988 ) `` Spare Parts '' ( 1988 ) `` Human Touch '' ( 1992 ) `` 57 Channels ( And Nothin ' On ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1994 ) `` Secret Garden '' ( 1995 ) `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' ( 1996 ) `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1999 ) `` The Rising '' ( 2002 ) `` Lonesome Day '' ( 2002 ) `` Waitin ' on a Sunny Day '' ( 2003 ) `` Devils & Dust '' ( 2005 ) `` Radio Nowhere '' ( 2007 ) `` Girls in Their Summer Clothes '' ( 2008 ) `` Working on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` My Lucky Day '' ( 2008 ) `` The Wrestler '' ( 2009 ) `` We Take Care of Our Own '' ( 2012 ) `` Death to My Hometown '' ( 2012 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2013 ) `` Just Like Fire Would '' ( 2014 ) Charting songs `` Be True '' ( 1981 ) `` Ramrod '' ( 1981 ) `` Johnny 99 '' ( 1982 ) `` No Surrender '' ( 1984 ) `` Stand on It '' ( 1985 ) `` Trapped '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) `` Because the Night '' ( live ) ( 1986 ) `` Chimes of Freedom '' ( live ) ( 1988 ) `` Youngstown '' ( 1995 ) `` American Skin ( 41 Shots ) '' ( 2001 ) `` Pay Me My Money Down '' ( 2006 ) `` Long Walk Home '' ( 2006 ) `` My City of Ruins '' ( 2011 ) `` Rocky Ground '' ( 2012 ) Other notable songs `` Growin ' Up '' ( 1973 ) `` For You '' ( 1973 ) `` Incident on 57th Street '' ( 1973 ) `` The Fever '' ( 1973 ) `` Thunder Road '' ( 1975 ) `` Night '' ( 1975 ) `` Backstreets '' ( 1975 ) `` She 's the One '' ( 1975 ) `` Meeting Across the River '' ( 1975 ) `` Jungleland '' ( 1975 ) `` Adam Raised a Cain '' ( 1978 ) `` Racing in the Street '' ( 1978 ) `` Stay '' ( 1979 ) `` The Ties That Bind '' ( 1980 ) `` Independence Day '' ( 1980 ) `` Out in the Street '' ( 1980 ) `` Stolen Car '' ( 1980 ) `` Wreck on the Highway '' ( 1980 ) `` Nebraska '' ( 1982 ) `` Highway Patrolman '' ( 1982 ) `` Darlington County '' ( 1984 ) `` Working on the Highway '' ( 1984 ) `` Downbound Train '' ( 1984 ) `` Bobby Jean '' ( 1984 ) `` Pink Cadillac '' ( 1984 ) `` Jersey Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Light of Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Murder Incorporated '' ( 1995 ) `` Land of Hope and Dreams '' ( 2012 ) `` Hunter of Invisible Game '' ( 2014 ) Video releases Video Anthology / 1978 -- 88 ( 1989 ) In Concert / MTV Plugged ( 1992 ) Blood Brothers ( 1996 ) The Complete Video Anthology / 1978 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) Live in New York City ( 2001 ) Live in Barcelona ( 2003 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2005 ) Wings For Wheels ( 2005 ) Hammersmith Odeon London ' 75 ( 2005 ) Live in Dublin ( 2007 ) Magic Tour Highlights ( 2008 ) London Calling : Live in Hyde Park ( 2010 ) The Promise : The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town ( 2010 ) Springsteen & I ( 2013 ) Born in the U.S.A. Live : London 2013 ( 2014 ) A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen ( 2014 ) Bruce Springsteen 's High Hopes ( 2014 ) High Hopes in South Africa ( 2014 ) Hunter of Invisible Game ( 2014 ) Tours Born to Run tours ( 1974 -- 77 ) Darkness Tour ( 1978 ) The River Tour ( 1980 -- 81 ) Born in the U.S.A. Tour ( 1984 -- 85 ) Tunnel of Love Express ( 1988 ) Human Rights Now ! ( 1988 ) Bruce Springsteen 1992 -- 1993 World Tour ( 1992 -- 93 ) Ghost of Tom Joad Tour ( 1995 -- 97 ) Reunion Tour ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Rising Tour ( 2002 -- 03 ) Vote for Change ( 2004 ) Devils & Dust Tour ( 2005 ) Seeger Sessions Band Tour ( 2006 ) Magic Tour ( 2007 -- 08 ) Working on a Dream Tour ( 2009 ) Wrecking Ball Tour ( 2012 - 13 ) High Hopes Tour ( 2014 ) The River Tour 2016 ( 2016 ) Summer ' 17 ( 2017 ) Springsteen on Broadway ( 2017 ) Related Discography E Street Band Steel Mill The Sessions Band The Miami Horns Born to Run autobiography E Street Radio Little Steven 's Underground Garage Outlaw Pete Mike Appel Jon Landau Brendan O'Brien Bob Clearmountain The Max Weinberg 7 Southside Johnny Joe Grushecky Badlands : A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen 's Nebraska Greetings from E Street Book Chart succession Preceded by Diggi Loo , Diggi Ley by Herrey 's Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Swedish Chart number - one album June 26 , 1984 -- August 3 , 1984 June 28 , 1985 -- August 9 , 1985 Succeeded by Chicago 17 by Chicago Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Preceded by Sports by Huey Lewis and the News Purple Rain by Prince and The Revolution Billboard 200 number - one album July 7 , 1984 -- August 3 , 1984 January 19 , 1985 -- February 8 , 1985 Succeeded by Purple Rain by Prince and The Revolution Like a Virgin by Madonna Preceded by Footloose ( soundtrack ) by Various artists Private Dancer by Tina Turner She 's So Unusual by Cyndi Lauper Top Canadian Chart number - one album July 14 , 1984 -- August 25 , 1984 December 15 , 1984 -- January 5 , 1985 February 2 , 1985 -- February 9 , 1985 Succeeded by Purple Rain by Prince and the Revolution Volume 1 by The Honeydrippers Reckless by Bryan Adams Preceded by Levva livet ! by Åge Aleksandersen Norwegian VG - lista number - one album 14 -- 30 / 1984 Succeeded by Midt om natten by Kim Larsen Preceded by Bodyswerve by Jimmy Barnes Australian Kent Music Report number - one album October 22 , 1984 -- October 28 , 1984 February 18 , 1985 -- March 3 , 1985 April 1 , 1985 -- May 5 , 1985 Succeeded by The Unforgettable Fire by U2 Preceded by The Unforgettable Fire by U2 Make It Big by Wham ! Alf by Alison Moyet No Jacket Required by Phil Collins New Zealand Chart number - one album November 25 , 1984 February 10 , 1985 -- February 17 , 1985 March 3 , 1985 -- April 7 , 1985 April 28 -- June 2 , 1985 Succeeded by Diamond Life by Sade Alf by Alison Moyet No Jacket Required by Phil Collins Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Preceded by Agent Provocateur by Foreigner Misplaced Childhood by Marillion UK number one album February 16 , 1985 -- February 22 , 1985 July 6 , 1985 -- August 2 , 1985 Succeeded by Meat Is Murder by The Smiths Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Preceded by Around the World in a Day by Prince and The Revolution Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Dutch Mega Top 100 number - one album May 18 , 1985 -- May 25 , 1985 June 15 , 1985 -- September 7 , 1985 Succeeded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Like a Virgin by Madonna Preceded by The 1st Album by Modern Talking West German Media Control Chart number - one album June 28 , 1985 -- September 12 , 1985 Succeeded by Like a Virgin by Madonna Preceded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Austrian Chart number - one album July 15 , 1985 -- September 15 , 1985 Succeeded by Grenzenlos by STS Preceded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Swiss Music Chart number - one album August 18 , 1985 September 1 , 1985 -- September 22 , 1985 Succeeded by Brothers in Arms by Dire Straits Sonne in der Nacht by Peter Maffay Billboard Year - End number one albums 1956 -- 1975 1956 : Calypso -- Harry Belafonte 1957 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1958 : Music from My Fair Lady -- Original Cast 1959 : The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini 1960 : Music from The Sound of Music -- Original Cast 1961 : Camelot -- Original Cast 1962 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1963 : West Side Story -- Soundtrack 1964 : Music from Hello , Dolly ! -- Original Cast 1965 : Music from Mary Poppins -- Soundtrack 1966 : Whipped Cream & Other Delights -- Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967 : More of the Monkees -- The Monkees 1968 : Are You Experienced -- The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969 : In - A-Gadda - Da - Vida -- Iron Butterfly 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : Jesus Christ Superstar -- Soundtrack 1972 : Harvest -- Neil Young 1973 : The World Is a Ghetto -- War 1974 : Goodbye Yellow Brick Road -- Elton John 1975 : Greatest Hits -- Elton John 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Frampton Comes Alive ! -- Peter Frampton 1977 : Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac 1978 : Saturday Night Fever -- Soundtrack 1979 : 52nd Street -- Billy Joel 1980 : The Wall -- Pink Floyd 1981 : Hi Infidelity -- REO Speedwagon 1982 : Asia -- Asia 1983 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1984 : Thriller -- Michael Jackson 1985 : Born in the U.S.A. -- Bruce Springsteen 1986 : Whitney Houston -- Whitney Houston 1987 : Slippery When Wet -- Bon Jovi 1988 : Faith -- George Michael 1989 : Do n't Be Cruel -- Bobby Brown 1990 : Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 -- Janet Jackson 1991 : Mariah Carey -- Mariah Carey 1992 : Ropin ' the Wind -- Garth Brooks 1993 : The Bodyguard -- Soundtrack 1994 : The Sign -- Ace of Base 1995 : Cracked Rear View -- Hootie & the Blowfish 1996 : Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette 1997 : Spice -- Spice Girls 1998 : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture -- James Horner 1999 : Millennium -- Backstreet Boys 2000 : No Strings Attached -- NSYNC 2001 -- present 2001 : 1 -- The Beatles 2002 : The Eminem Show -- Eminem 2003 : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' -- 50 Cent 2004 : Confessions -- Usher 2005 : The Massacre -- 50 Cent 2006 : Some Hearts -- Carrie Underwood 2007 : Daughtry -- Daughtry 2008 : As I Am -- Alicia Keys 2009 : Fearless -- Taylor Swift 2010 : I Dreamed a Dream -- Susan Boyle 2011 : 21 -- Adele 2012 : 21 -- Adele 2013 : The 20 / 20 Experience -- Justin Timberlake 2014 : Frozen -- Soundtrack 2015 : 1989 -- Taylor Swift 2016 : 25 -- Adele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_in_the_U.S.A.&oldid=808124450 '' Categories : 1984 albums Bruce Springsteen albums Albums produced by Jon Landau Albums produced by Steven Van Zandt Albums produced by Chuck Plotkin Columbia Records albums English - language albums Albums recorded at Avatar Studios Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Pages with URL errors CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bruce springsteen born in the usa song list	[]	[]
-7073640648914371376	Love to Love You Baby (song)	Love to Love You Baby ( song ) - wikipedia Love to Love You Baby ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Love to Love You Baby '' A-side label of US vinyl single Single by Donna Summer from the album Love to Love You Baby B - side `` Need - a-Man Blues '' Released June 1975 ( Netherlands , as `` Love to Love You '' ) November 26 , 1975 ( Worldwide , as `` Love to Love You Baby '' ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1974 ( as `` Love to Love You '' ) May -- June 1975 ; Musicland Studios ( Munich , West Germany ) ( as `` Love to Love You Baby '' ) Genre Disco funk Length 16 : 49 ( Full - length version ) Label Oasis ( US / Canada ) GTO ( UK ) Polar ( Sweden ) Ariola ( Spain / Portugal ) Interfusion ( Australia ) Atlantic ( France / Germany ) Durium ( Italy ) Songwriter ( s ) Donna Summer , Giorgio Moroder , Pete Bellotte Producer ( s ) Pete Bellotte Donna Summer singles chronology `` Little Miss Fit '' ( 1974 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 1975 ) `` Virgin Mary '' ( 1975 ) `` Little Miss Fit '' ( 1974 ) `` Love to Love You '' ( 1975 ) `` Virgin Mary '' ( 1975 ) `` Virgin Mary '' ( 1975 ) Virgin Mary 1975 `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 1975 ) Love to Love You Baby1975 `` Could It Be Magic '' ( 1976 ) Could It Be Magic 1976 `` Protection '' ( 1983 ) Protection 1983 `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( re-issue ) ( 1983 ) String Module Error : Match not found1983 `` She Works Hard for the Money '' ( 1983 ) She Works Hard for the Money 1983 `` Love to Love You Baby '' is a song by American singer Donna Summer from her second album of the same name . Produced by Pete Bellotte and written by Summer , Giorgio Moroder , and Bellotte , the song was first released as a single in the Netherlands on June 1975 as `` Love to Love You '' and then released worldwide on November 1975 as `` Love to Love You Baby '' . It became one of the first disco hits to be released in an extended form . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named it one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll , Summer 's only selection on this list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 International release and reception 3 Impact and legacy 4 Personnel 5 Track listing and formats 5.1 1983 re-issue 5.2 1990 re-release 5.3 2013 release 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications and sales 8 Cover versions and samples 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) By 1975 , Summer had been living in Germany for eight years and had participated in several musical theatre shows . She had also released an album in The Netherlands entitled Lady of the Night , written by Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte and produced by Bellotte , which had given her a couple of hit singles . She was still a complete unknown in her home country when she suggested the lyric `` Love to Love You Baby '' to Moroder in 1975 . He turned the lyric into a full disco song and asked Summer to record it . The full lyrics were somewhat explicit , and at first , Summer said she would only record it as a demo to give to someone else . However , Summer 's erotic moans and groans impressed Moroder so much that he persuaded her to release it as her own song , and `` Love to Love You '' became a moderate hit in the Netherlands . In an interview in 1976 , Summer responded to a number of questions that she claimed she 'd been asked about the process of recording the song : `` Everyone 's asking , ' Were you alone in the studio ? ' Yes , I was alone in the studio . ' Did you touch yourself ? ' Yes , well , actually I had my hand on my knee . ' Did you fantasize on anything ? ' Yes , on my handsome boyfriend Peter . '' International release and reception ( edit ) A tape of the song was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart in the U.S. , and he played it at a party at his home . Impressed with the track , Bogart continued to play it over and over all night . He later contacted Moroder and suggested that he make the track longer - possibly as long as 20 minutes . However , Summer again had reservations ; she was n't sure of all of the lyrics . Nevertheless , she imagined herself as an actress ( namely Marilyn Monroe ) playing the part of someone in sexual ecstasy . The studio lights were dimmed so that Summer was more or less in complete darkness as she lay on the floor . The final recording lasted over 16 minutes , and according to the BBC , contained 23 `` orgasms '' . By that point , the song was renamed `` Love to Love You Baby '' . It took up the entire first side of the album of the same name , and edited versions were also found on 7 '' vinyl . Originally released in November 1975 , the song became an international disco smash . In the U.S. , it became Summer 's first US Top 40 hit , spending two weeks at # 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 7 & 14 1976 being held off the number one spot by Paul Simon 's `` 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover '' and logged four weeks atop the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart , as well number three on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . In the UK , upon release in January 1976 , the song reached # 4 on the UK Singles Chart in spite of the BBC 's initial refusal to promote it . They also refused to play it . As a result of the success of the song , Summer would be named `` the first lady of love , '' which labeled her with a sexually oriented , fantasy image from which she would struggle to free herself . Casablanca Records became responsible for the distribution of Summer 's work in the U.S. Bogart was particularly keen for Summer to portray the image of the rich , powerful , sexy fantasy figure with which this song had labeled her . Bogart and his wife Joyce ( who also became Summer 's manager ) would become close friends with Summer once she returned to the United States . However , Bogart also began interfering with aspects of Summer 's personal and professional life . She would later become a born - again Christian , leave disco , Casablanca and the Bogarts behind , and file a lawsuit against them . Thereafter , Summer decided to exclude `` Love to Love You Baby '' from her concert playlists . However , she reintroduced the song into her concert repertoire some 25 years later . Impact and legacy ( edit ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame named the song one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll in 1995 . VH1 placed `` Love to Love You Baby '' at # 63 in their list of 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2000 . Slant Magazine ranked the song 10th in its 100 Greatest Dance Songs in 2006 . Personnel ( edit ) Donna Summer -- lead vocals Pete Bellotte -- guitars Dave King -- bass Michael Thatcher -- keyboards Giorgio Moroder -- keyboards Martin Harrison -- drums Lucy , Betsy , Gitta -- backing vocals Track listing and formats ( edit ) Original Netherlands 7 '' ( Groovy GR 1211 ) `` Love to Love You '' ( 3 : 20 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( ? ) NB This original release ( without the `` Baby '' in the title ) ran for just over 3 minutes and 20 seconds . This version was integrated into the 16 - minute version found on the album . All subsequent international releases either contained a new edit of the full album version ( lasting just under five minutes ) or the original version ( but still adding `` Baby '' to the title ) . In some cases ( for example , the United States ) , both versions were found on different sides of the record . US 7 '' ( Oasis OC 401 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 4 : 57 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 3 : 27 ) UK 7 '' ( GTO GT 17 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 4 : 57 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( ? ) Germany 7 '' ( Atlantic ATL 10625 ) `` Love to Love You '' ( 3 : 20 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( 3 : 09 ) NB The word `` Baby '' appears on the sleeve but not the label Netherlands 7 '' ( Groovy GR 1218 ) `` Love to Love You Baby Part I '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Love to Love You Baby Part II '' ( 5 : 20 ) NB This Dutch re-release was issued shortly after the song became a hit internationally , with `` Baby '' being added to the title France 7 '' ( Atlantic 10.693 ) `` Love to Love You Baby ( Part 1 ) '' ( 3 : 27 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 57 ) Canada 7 '' ( Oasis OC 401X ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 3 : 22 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( 3 : 12 ) Sweden 7 '' ( Polar POS 1209 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 3 : 21 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( 3 : 10 ) Spain 7 '' ( Ariola 16575 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 3 : 42 ) `` Need - a-Man Blues '' ( 4 : 30 ) 1983 re-issue ( edit ) Following the dance chart success of the Patrick Cowley remix of Summer 's `` I Feel Love '' in 1982 , Casablanca Records / PolyGram re-issued her first hit single `` Love to Love You Baby '' . However , the single failed to make an impact on the charts the second time around , and it would be the label 's final single re-release of tracks from the Donna Summer back catalog in the 1980s . In 1984 , Casablanca Records was closed by PolyGram . UK 7 '' ( Casablanca CAN 1014 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Part One ) -- 3 : 35 `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Part Two ) -- 4 : 12 UK 12 '' ( Casablanca CANX 1014 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Come On Over to My Place Version ) -- 16 : 50 `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Come Dancing Version ) -- 8 : 10 ( A Young and Strong mega-edit ) NB : The `` Come On Over to My Place Version '' is in fact the original full - length album version 1990 re-release ( edit ) Germany CD single ( Casablanca 874 395 - 2 ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' -- 4 : 15 `` I Feel Love '' -- 5 : 39 `` Bad Girls '' -- 3 : 54 `` On the Radio '' ( long version ) -- 5 : 51 2013 release ( edit ) `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( Giorgio Moroder Remix ) ( featuring Chris Cox ) ( 4 : 15 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain Singles ( Promusicae ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 77 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 90 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 138 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 50 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 61 US Billboard Hot 100 41 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions and samples ( edit ) An excerpt of the song was featured during the first episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour and a subsequent tell - all book about the show was titled `` Love to Love You Bradys . '' Beyoncé also sampled the refrain of the song for her hit `` Naughty Girl '' on her album Dangerously in Love , which she performed live for the Fashion Rocks Awards 2008 French male model and singer Baptiste Giabiconi covered it as an adaptation and heavy sampling of the hit in 2016 , but with added lyrics and new EDM arrangement . His version credited to mononym Giabiconi entered the French SNEP chart at # 14 in July 2016 . See also ( edit ) 1975 in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 17 May 2012 ) . `` Donna Summer : ' The audience was groaning worse than I was ' -- a classic interview from the vaults '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Songs Ever ! Love to Love You Baby '' Blender.com , 21 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 612 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco 1974 - 2003 , ( Record Research Inc . ) , page 249 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 556 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rock On The Net : VH1 : 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' . www.rockonthenet.com . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' . Slant Magazine . 30 January 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived 2016 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Love to love you baby in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hung Medien . `` Love to love you baby in French Chart '' . Archived from the original on 19 March 2005 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Donna Summer '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Love to love you baby in Italian Chart '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love to love you baby in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Only one result when searching `` Love to love you baby '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Donna Summer search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 7th February 1976 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( Donna Summer > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Donna Summer -- Love To Love You Baby '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Archived 2014 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old - Charts '' . Old - Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Donna Summer -- Love to Love You Baby '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Donna Summer -- Love to Love You Baby '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` amazon.com : Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of the Brady Bunch Variety Hour '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seen on April 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ LesCharts.com : Baptiste Giabiconi - `` Love To Love You Baby '' song page External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Casanova Brown '' / `` ( If You Want To ) Do It Yourself '' / `` How High the Moon '' by Gloria Gaynor Disco File Top 20 number - one single October 25 , 1975 - November 15 , 1975 Succeeded by `` I Love Music '' by The O'Jays Donna Summer Discography ( Albums ) ( Singles ) Awards Cover versions Studio albums Lady of the Night ( 1974 ) Love to Love You Baby ( 1975 ) A Love Trilogy ( 1976 ) Four Seasons of Love ( 1976 ) I Remember Yesterday ( 1977 ) Once Upon A Time ( 1977 ) Bad Girls ( 1979 ) The Wanderer ( 1980 ) I 'm a Rainbow ( 1981 / 1996 ) Donna Summer ( 1982 ) She Works Hard for the Money ( 1983 ) Cats Without Claws ( 1984 ) All Systems Go ( 1987 ) Another Place and Time ( 1989 ) Mistaken Identity ( 1991 ) Christmas Spirit ( 1994 ) Crayons ( 2008 ) Live albums Live and More ( 1978 ) Live & More Encore ( 1999 ) Notable compilations On the Radio : Greatest Hits Volumes I & II ( 1979 ) The Summer Collection : Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) The Dance Collection : A Compilation of Twelve Inch Singles ( 1987 ) The Donna Summer Anthology ( 1993 ) Endless Summer ( 1994 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2003 ) The Journey : The Very Best of Donna Summer ( 2003 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Donna ( 2014 ) Hits , Singles and More ( 2015 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2016 ) U.S. Top 10 Hit singles `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` I Feel Love '' `` Last Dance '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Hot Stuff '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Dim All the Lights '' `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` On the Radio '' `` The Wanderer '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' `` She Works Hard for the Money '' `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' Concert tours Once Upon a Time Tour Bad Girls Tour The Wanderer Tour Hard for the Money Tour Silver Girl Tour All Systems Go Tour Mid Summer Nights Dream Tour Live & More Encore Tour Greatest Hits Tour Crayons Tour Related topics Brooklyn Dreams Pete Bellotte Joe `` Bean '' Esposito Giorgio Moroder Bruce Sudano Neil Bogart Paul Jabara Sunshine Theme From The Deep ( Down Deep Inside ) Book : Donna Summer Jimmy Somerville Bronski Beat The Communards Discography Studio albums Bronski Beat The Age of Consent ( 1984 ) Rainbow Nation ( 1995 ) The Communards Communards ( 1986 ) Red ( 1987 ) Read My Lips ( 1989 ) Dare to Love ( 1995 ) Manage the Damage ( 1999 ) Home Again ( 2004 ) Suddenly Last Summer ( 2009 ) Homage ( 2015 ) Remix albums Bronski Beat Hundreds & Thousands ( 1985 ) Root Beer ( 2000 ) Live albums The Communards Storm Paris ( 1988 ) Compilations The Communards Heaven ( 1993 ) Het Beste Van The Communards ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Best ( 1989 ) The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 ( 1990 ) Master Series ( 1991 ) The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards ( 2001 ) The Essentials ( 2002 ) For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville ( 2009 ) Dance & Desire : Rarities & Videos ( 2014 ) Other albums Fine Young Cannibals ( 1985 ) ( VA ) Red Hot + Blue ( 1990 ) ( OST ) Orlando ( 1993 ) Plagiarism ( 1997 ) Another Gay Soundtrack ( 2006 ) Clubland 10 ( 2006 ) Extended plays Bright Thing ( 2010 ) Momentum ( 2011 ) Singles Bronski Beat `` Smalltown Boy '' ( 1984 ) `` Why ? '' ( 1984 ) `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( 1984 ) `` I Feel Love '' with Marc Almond ( 1985 ) `` Run from Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 94 Remix ) '' ( 1994 ) `` Why ? ( 1995 Remix ) '' ( 1995 ) The Communards `` You Are My World '' ( 1985 ) `` Disenchanted '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1986 ) `` So Cold The Night '' ( 1986 ) `` You Are My World ( ' 87 Remix ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) `` There 's More to Love '' ( 1988 ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Fine Young Cannibals ( 1986 ) `` The Last Infanta '' with Uno ( 1988 ) `` Comment te dire adieu '' with June Miles - Kingston ( 1989 ) `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( 1990 ) `` To Love Somebody '' ( 1990 ) `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Run from Love ( ' 91 Remix ) '' with Claudia Brücken `` Coming '' ( 1993 ) `` Gimme Shelter '' with Voice of the Beehive ( 1993 ) `` Heartbeat '' ( 1995 ) `` Hurt So Good '' ( 1995 ) `` By Your Side '' ( 1995 ) `` Star '' with The Weather Girls ( 1996 ) `` Safe '' ( 1997 ) `` Dark Sky '' ( 1997 ) `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' with Sparks ( 1997 ) `` Something to Live for '' ( 1999 ) `` Lay Down '' ( 1999 ) `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 2001 ) `` It 's So Good '' ( 2004 ) `` Come On '' ( 2004 ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( 2004 ) `` You & Me '' with Blue Ray ( 2007 ) `` I Believe in Love ( Remix ) '' with Arthur Baker ( 2011 ) Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Johnny Remember Me '' ( 1985 ) `` Lover Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' with Band Aid II ( 1989 ) `` From This Moment On '' ( 1990 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( 1995 ) `` But Not Tonight '' ( 2004 ) `` I Was Born This Way '' ( 2006 ) `` Tell Me Why '' ( 2006 ) Video albums Bronski Beat The First Chapter ( 1985 ) The Communards The Video Singles ( 1986 ) Live at Full House Rock Show ( 2006 ) The Video Collection 1984 / 1990 ( 1990 ) Filmography Ahí Te Quiero Ver ( TV series ) ( 1987 ) Looking for Langston ( 1989 ) Orlando ( 1992 ) Lexx : `` Girltown '' ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) Related articles Gay icon London Records Bronski Beat discography Richard Coles Red Wedge Stephen Hague DJ Tonka Here and Now Tour `` Land of Confusion '' Book Portal No Doubt singles Discography Songs No Doubt `` Trapped in a Box '' The Beacon Street Collection `` Squeal '' Tragic Kingdom `` Just a Girl '' `` Spiderwebs '' `` Do n't Speak '' `` Excuse Me Mr . '' `` Happy Now ? '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` Hey You ! '' Return of Saturn `` New '' `` Ex-Girlfriend '' `` Simple Kind of Life '' `` Bathwater '' Rock Steady `` Hey Baby '' `` Hella Good '' `` Underneath It All '' `` Running '' Push and Shove `` Settle Down '' `` Looking Hot '' Other singles `` It 's My Life '' `` Bathwater ( Invincible Overlord Remix ) '' Promotional singles `` Making Out '' `` Stand and Deliver '' `` Push and Shove '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Monkey Man '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)&oldid=802946658 '' Categories : 1975 singles 1976 singles 1983 singles Disco songs Funk ballads Donna Summer songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Pete Bellotte Songs written by Giorgio Moroder Songs written by Donna Summer Samantha Fox songs Casablanca Records singles Song recordings produced by Pete Bellotte 1975 songs GTO Records singles Polar Music singles Ariola Records singles Atlantic Records singles Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 13 : 58 . 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8625372740501257545	You're So Vain	You 're So Vain - wikipedia You 're So Vain Jump to : navigation , search `` You 're So Vain '' Single by Carly Simon from the album No Secrets B - side `` His Friends Are More Than Fond of Robin '' Released November 8 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 , Trident Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 4 : 19 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Carly Simon Producer ( s ) Frank Flipetti Carly Simon singles chronology `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` Legend in Your Own Time '' ( 1971 ) `` You 're So Vain '' ( 1972 ) `` The Right Thing to Do '' ( 1973 ) `` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s . The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen , The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form , '' Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) Gavotte -- used in the line `` You had one eye in the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte '' -- is a French dance . In this context it can be taken to mean moving in a pretentious manner . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Learjet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chagollan , Steve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Deconstructing Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=810018178 '' Categories : 1972 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Pop ballads Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is you're so vain written for	[ "\"You're So Vain\" is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972. The song is a critical profile of a self-absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts \"You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you.\" The title subject's identity has long been a matter of speculation, with Simon stating that the song refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty.[2] The song is ranked at #82 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All-Time.[3] \"You're So Vain\" was voted #216 in RIAA's Songs of the Century, and in August 2014, the UK's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s.[4]" ]	[ "refers to three men, only one of whom she has named publicly, actor Warren Beatty" ]
4104472331464072608	Connie Hyde	CONNIE Hyde - Wikipedia CONNIE Hyde Jump to : navigation , search Connie Skov Hyde ( born 1969 in Macclesfield , Cheshire ) is an English actress . She was born to an English father and Danish mother and grew up in Haslingden in Rossendale , Lancashire . She is best known for playing PC Cathy Bradford in The Bill from 2002 to 2004 , DC Janet Miller in City Central , Catherine Heywood in Wing and a Prayer . She has also been in Casualty , Doctors , Holby City , Dalziel and Pascoe , The Vicar of Dibley , Sharpe and the 1999 TV film The Dark Room from the novel by Minette Walters . She also appeared in a BBC Wales series called Lifeboat . On 15 March 2017 , it was announced that she had joined the cast of Coronation Street as Sally Webster 's ( Sally Dynevor ) sister Gina Seddon , taking over the role from Julie Foy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` findmypast.co.uk '' . search.findmypast.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ward , Lucy ( 2003 - 07 - 29 ) . `` ' I felt like a freak ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CONNIE COPS HER MAN ; The Bill star Connie Hyde reveals how she found her Mr Right . By Emma Britton . - Free Online Library '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` STOCK IMAGE - CONNIE HYDE British Actress Stars as Sydnie Hully in the new BBC 1 TV series `` The Lifeboat '' COMPULSORY CREDIT : UPPA / Photoshot Photo URK 007549 / C - 23a 08.04. 1994 by www.DIOMEDIA.com `` . Diomedia . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie brings back Sally 's sister after 28 years '' . Digital Spy. 2017 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Connie Hyde on IMDb This article about an English actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connie_Hyde&oldid=789896816 '' Categories : 1970 births English television actresses English people of Danish descent Living people People from Haslingden English actor stubs Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 09 : 44 . About Wikipedia	who plays sally's sister in coronation street	[]	[]
-7700937936905426989	New York's Village Halloween Parade	New York 's Village Halloween parade - wikipedia New York 's Village Halloween parade Jump to : navigation , search Tall rod puppets , a signature of the parade . Papier - mâché masks reflect the evening 's Mardi Gras atmosphere . A Tusken Raider rides a mammoth - sized Bantha puppet , designed by Oliver Dalzell . New York 's Village Halloween Parade is an annual holiday parade and street pageant presented on the night of every Halloween in New York City 's Greenwich Village . The Village Halloween Parade , initiated in 1973 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee , that lays claim to being the world 's largest Halloween parade where in recent years it is reported to have 60,000 marchers and 2 million spectators. . It has been called `` New York 's Carnival . '' The parade is largely a spontaneous event as individual marchers can just show up in costume at the starting point without registering or paying anything . The parade 's most signature features are its large puppets which are animated by hundreds of volunteers . The official parade theme each year is applied to the puppets . In addition to the puppets the website reports that more than 50 bands participates each year . In addition there are some commercial Halloween floats . The official route on Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 16th Street is 1.4 miles ( the distance from the gathering spot at Canal and Sixth to Spring adds another 0.2 miles ) . The parade has been studied by leading cultural anthropologists . According to The New York Times , `` the Halloween Parade is the best entertainment the people of this City ever give the people of this City . '' `` Absolutely anything goes , '' says USA Today . `` Be prepared to drop your jaw . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History Timeline 2 Theme 3 References 4 Other sources 4.1 Videos 4.2 Photographs 5 External links History timeline ( edit ) 1973 - An informal parade of puppets for children was organized by Ralph Lee of the Mettawee River Theatre Company around his residence of artists in the Westbeth Artists Community . Parades from 1973 until 1984 would start at Westbeth . 1974 - The parade still aimed at children went from Jane Street at the Hudson River to Washington Square Park . About 200 adults and children participated . 1975 - The parade was produced by the Theatre for the New City ( which at the time was in Westbeth ) . Lee and the Theatre won Obie Award for the production . The 1975 parade grew to 1,500 participants . The new management introduced more adult elements into the event including a Halloween ball after the parade . 1976 - Organization of the parade was formally handled by a non-profit organization . 1977 - Route was changed to 10th Street between Greenwich Avenue to Fifth Avenue and still ending in Washington Square . A devil sat at the top of the Washington Square arch where it released balloons and slid down a wire into the fountain . The year also saw the first appearance of giant spider on the Jefferson Market Library . 1985 - With crowds expanding to 250,000 , the route was moved from side streets to Sixth Avenue from Spring Street to 22nd Street ( although in practice the gathering point was further south at Canal Street and the northern point would be shortened to 16th Street . The change in route ended the connection to Washington Square Park . Jeanne Fleming took over managing the event . The change with its barricades also reduced the possibilities of people joining the parade at any point as had been the case . 1990 - New York University and Manhattan Community Board 2 begin hosting an unrelated Children 's Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village in the afternoons n Washington Square . 1998 - Sophia Michahelles and Alex Kahn become the official designers of the parade 's puppets . 1999 - Basil Twist designs the spider that currently appears on the Jefferson Market Library . 2001 - Less than seven weeks after the September 11 attacks the parade was broadcast worldwide and was an indication that New York was bouncing back . The parade was led by a giant puppet of a Phoenix rising out of the ashes . Noticeably missing from the parade was Bread and Puppet Theater which had been a political staple of the parade but was protesting the new War in Afghanistan . Earlier the Bread and Puppet contingent consisted of five blocks of its giant puppets . 2005 - Less than 8 weeks after Hurricane Katrina more than 8,000 storm evacuees attended a funeral procession tribute as part of the parade . 2010 - Haitian Carnival Artist Didier Civil created Haitian carnival figures as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . 2012 - The parade was cancelled for its only time in the aftermath Hurricane Sandy which had heavily damaged coastal New York City and had left Greenwich without electricity during the parade time . 2013 - A Kickstarter campaign to cover costs of the 2012 closing saved the parade from permanently closing . The campaign raised $56,000 and had a goal of $50,000 . 2017 - Less than four hours after Sayfullo Saipov killed 8 people six blocks west of the parade route in the 2017 New York City truck attack the parade proceeded as scheduled . Both Mayor Bill de Blasio and Gov. Andrew Cuomo marched in the parade . Theme ( edit ) Parade participant ( 2004 ) Exotic masquerader in beads , feathers , headdress , and face paint ( 2004 ) A masquerader poses in front of a wrought iron fence in historic Greenwich Village . Celebration artist Jeanne Fleming , the parade 's artistic and producing director Twenty - foot illuminated caterpillars -- animated pageant sized puppets designed by Alex Kahn of Superior Concept Monsters -- transform Manhattan 's Greenwich Village in 1998 . An incandescent baby phoenix conceived and designed by Sophia Michahelles of Superior Concept Monsters rises from fiery ashes to new life in 2001 , after the September 11 attacks . Finishing touches are made to a giant dinosaur puppet in the staging area on parade day . In 2001 , the parade presented a work of puppetry that would become celebrated for its artistry , and remembered in the city 's history . After terrorists struck Lower Manhattan on September 11 , 2001 , events citywide and nationwide were being cancelled . Organizers believed the parade would give the city a much - needed emotional release , reform the community , and help it to begin the healing process . They felt that this was the most positive way they , as artists , could serve the city at such a desperate time . `` This is the meaning of the Dancing Skeletons that always lead the march : they know better than anyone what they have lost , and so they dance this one night of the year to celebrate life , '' Fleming told CNN in an interview . By September 15 , Fleming had scrapped the old theme and chosen a new one . Although no one was certain the parade would take place , designer Sophia Michahelles conceived of a new theme , Phoenix Rising , to galvanize the spirit of New York in the wake of the tragedy . A giant puppet of a phoenix , the mythical bird that rises up out of its own ashes , was created by Michahelles in the workshop of Official Parade Puppeteers Superior Concept Monsters . The animated creation was mechanically configured to spread its wings and rise out of fiery ashes , represented by flickering lanterns lifted on poles , encircling the parading figure . On October 25 the parade received final authorization to go ahead . In light of the widely established community relationships which Fleming had cultivated , and the parade 's long tradition , Mayor Rudy Giuliani insisted it go on . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Village Halloween Parade . `` History of the Parade '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Contest - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artistry - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The founder of NYC 's Halloween Parade fears he created a beast '' . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to the Halloween Parade ? '' . www.nytheatre-wire.com . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theater for the New City - Production History , 1970 - 1979 '' . www.theaterforthenewcity.net . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A history of the Village Halloween Parade : Puppets , performers , and NYC pride - 6sqft '' . 6sqft . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Halloween : The History of America 's Darkest Holiday '' . Courier Dover Publications . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Franks , Don ( 22 September 2004 ) . `` Entertainment Awards : A Music , Cinema , Theatre and Broadcasting Guide , 1928 through 2003 , 3d ed '' . McFarland . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Participate - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2017/october/27th-annual-childrens-halloween-parade-in-greenwich-village--oct.html Jump up ^ `` Processional Arts Workshop : People '' . www.superiorconcept.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.basiltwist.com/halloween.html ^ Jump up to : `` About Us - NYC Village Halloween Parade '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalish , Jon . `` 50 Years Of Bread And Puppet Theater '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , John ( 30 April 2016 ) . `` American Puppet Modernism : Essays on the Material World in Performance '' . Springer . Retrieved 6 November 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/729950056/bring-halloween-back-to-nyc Jump up ^ `` Village Halloween Parade marches with message after terror attack '' . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Videos ( edit ) Karl Gober 1999 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2000 Halloween Parade `` Life Cycle of a Parade '' Note : Each chapter is about one minute long Note : Twin Towers in background on their last Halloween ( Chp 01 : Hibernation ) on YouTube ( Chp 02 : Sewing the seeds ) on YouTube ( Chp 03 : Fever Pitch ) on YouTube ( Chp 05 : First Run ) on YouTube ( Chp 06 : Incarnation ) on YouTube ( Chp 07 : First Flight ) on YouTube ( Chp 08 : Tower of Basil ) on YouTube ( Chp 10 : Offering ) on YouTube ( Chp 11 : Parade ) on YouTube 2004 Halloween Parade on YouTube 2006 Halloween Parade on YouTube Superior Concept Monsters -- Theme Performances 2006 : `` ' Jack ' '' on YouTube 2007 : `` Wings of Desire '' on YouTube 2008 : `` Ghost '' Superior on YouTube 2009 : `` Terra Incognita '' on YouTube 2010 : `` Memento Mori '' on YouTube 2010 Halloween on YouTube Street photo montage , Kenneth Akama Photographs ( edit ) `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NY Daily News . `` Photos : 39th Annual Village Halloween Parade '' . Time Out New York . Nov 2011 . NYCfoto -- 2014 , 2013 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2008 Skillings , Pamela . `` Halloween Dog Parade in Tompkins Square Park '' . About.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Superior Concept Monsters , `` Official '' Puppeteers for New York 's Village Halloween Parade `` Village Halloween Parade '' . NYC . 2013 . Sandy , Natalie ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the scenes of the Village Halloween Parade ) '' . Time Out New York . Skillings , Pamela ( 2012 ) . `` Village Halloween Parade ) '' . About.com . Gopinathan , Nishanth ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Halloween Day Parade in Greenwich Village '' . New York Visit . Laperruque ( 2013 ) . Treaters : The Greenwich Village Halloween Parade -- 1982 -- 86 . Blurb . Self published photobook Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York 's Village Halloween Parade . ( hide ) Halloween events Community Halloween in the Castro Headless Horseman Hayride New York 's Village Halloween Parade Pumpkin Fest Rutland Halloween Parade Shocktoberfest State Street Halloween Party ( Madison ) Terror Behind the Walls At theme parks Fright Fest Fright Nights HalloWeekends Halloween Haunt California 's Great America Canada 's Wonderland Dorney Park Kings Dominion Kings Island Halloween Horror Nights Halloween Spooktacular Howl - O - Scream Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Busch Gardens Williamsburg SeaWorld San Antonio Knott 's Scary Farm Mickey 's Halloween Party Halloween Screams Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party SCarowinds ValleyScare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York%27s_Village_Halloween_Parade&oldid=817503855 '' Categories : Parades in New York City Halloween events Greenwich Village Sixth Avenue ( Manhattan ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 20 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the largest halloween party take place every year	[]	[]
3269110429433361238	Wax Fang	Wax Fang - wikipedia Wax Fang Jump to : navigation , search Wax Fang Wax Fang band members Jacob Heustis and Scott Carney Background information Origin Louisville , Kentucky , United States Genres Psychedelic rock , progressive rock , experimental rock , electronic , folk rock Years active 2005 - present Labels Do n't Panic Records , Absolutely Kosher Records , Removador Recordings & Solutions Website waxfang.com Members Scott Carney Jacob Heustis Past members Kevin Ratterman Wax Fang is an American rock band from Louisville , Kentucky , United States , that combines elements of classic , psychedelic , progressive , and experimental rock music , as well as electronic and folk . The band consists of Scott Carney and Jacob Heustis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Black And Endless Night 1.2 La La Land 1.3 The Astronaut ( Part 1 ) 1.4 Mirror , Mirror EP 1.5 Victory Laps 2 Touring 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 Singles 4.3 EPs 5 In popular culture 6 References History ( edit ) Black and Endless Night ( edit ) The debut LP , Black & Endless Night , was originally released as a solo album by Scott Carney in December 2005 . After Jacob Heustis ( bass ) and Kevin Ratterman ( drums ) began performing with Carney , the band began playing under the moniker Wax Fang and Black & Endless Night was subsequently re-released as a Wax Fang album on their own label , Do n't Panic Records . La La Land ( edit ) After touring with My Morning Jacket in the fall of 2006 , the band entered Ardent Studios with engineer Doug Easley ( Easley McCain Recording ) ( Pavement , Sonic Youth , Guided by Voices ) to begin recording their next album , La La Land . The band then opened for My Morning Jacket on New Year 's Eve 2006 at The Fillmore in San Francisco . In 2007 , Wax Fang opened for Spoon , Black Mountain , Man Man , The Whigs and The Features . La La Land was released in November 2007 . In 2009 , the band played SXSW , Summerfest , and the Wakarusa Festival . In February 2010 , the band signed with Absolutely Kosher Records for the European release of La La Land . Wax Fang toured the UK in May 2010 playing such festivals as All Tomorrow 's Parties ( curated by Pavement ) , The Dot To Dot Festival , The Great Escape Festival , and `` the Stag & Dagger Festival '' . The tour also included a BBC Session on BBC Radio 1 . In 2013 , Scott Carney scored episode 151 of the television series American Dad , and the song `` Majestic '' was featured prominently in the storyline . The Astronaut ( Part 1 ) ( edit ) In October 2010 , Wax Fang released a 17 - minute digital - only single on Removador Recordings & Solutions called The Astronaut ( Part 1 ) . The band opened for My Morning Jacket at the KFC Yum ! Center to commemorate the release . In November 2011 , Wax Fang toured with Dr. Dog . Mirror , Mirror EP ( edit ) In August 2012 , SPIN announced the release of the Mirror , Mirror EP . SPIN later premiered the video for the title track , `` Mirror , Mirror '' . The video was self - produced by Scott Carney and Jacob Heustis . In April 2013 , SPIN announced the release of Wax Fang 's digital - only single , `` The Blonde Leading The Blonde '' . The following month , on May 22 , 2013 , the video for `` The Blonde Leading The Blonde '' was premiered on Conan O'Brien 's online site Team Coco . On August 30 , 2013 , MTV Hive premiered the standalone track `` King of the Kingdom of Man '' . Victory Laps ( edit ) On May 5 , 2017 , Wax Fang released their fourth studio album titled Victory Laps . Touring ( edit ) The band has toured alongside acts such as My Morning Jacket , Spoon , Man Man , The Whigs , The Features , and Dr. Dog . Festivals include SXSW , Summerfest , Wakarusa Festival , All Tomorrow 's Parties ( curated by Pavement ) , The Dot To Dot Festival , The Great Escape Festival and the Stag and Dagger Festival . Members ( edit ) Current Members Scott Carney - lead vocals , guitar , keyboards , piano , theremin , percussion Jacob Heustis - bass , keyboards , backing vocals Former Members Kevin Ratterman - drums , percussion , keyboards , synthesizer ( 2005 - 2011 ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Black And Endless Night ( 2005 ) re release under the name Wax Fang ( 2006 ) La La Land ( 2007 ) The Astronaut ( 2014 ) Victory Laps ( 2017 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Majestic '' ( 2008 ) `` The Astronaut ( Part 1 ) '' ( 2010 ) `` The Blonde Leading The Blonde '' ( 2013 ) `` King Of The Kingdom Of Man '' ( 2013 ) `` Hearts Are Made For Beating '' ( 2013 ) `` Exit Strategy '' ( 2015 ) EPs ( edit ) Mirror , Mirror ( 2012 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The 151st episode of American Dad ! , entitled `` Lost in Space '' , features the songs `` Majestic '' , `` The Astronaut Part 2 '' and `` At Sea '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Embry , Hunter . `` Wax Fang '' . Louisvillemusicnews.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang - La La Land '' . yewknee . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stabert , Lee ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Best Week ( s ) Ever Nashville Cream '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Black Mountain : New Album Info '' . Bag Of Songs . 2007 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Man Man @ The Dame -- Oct. 13 '' . Backseat Sandbar. 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Whigs Chapel Hill , Local 506 , 09 Mar 2007 '' . Songkick.com. 2007 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Louisville , Headliners Music Hall , 24 Feb 2007 '' . Songkick.com. 2007 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Summerfest 2009 , June 28th at Summerfest Grounds ( Milwaukee ) on 28 Jun 2009 -- '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang - Wakarusa Music Festival '' . Wakarusa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tracy ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . `` SXSW Thursday Night : Wax Fang , No Age and Next Big Nashville Nashville Cream '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Louisville , Headliners Music Hall , 17 Nov 2007 '' . Songkick.com. 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Manchester , UK ( 2010 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Dot To Dot Festival 2010 Dot To Dot Festival 2010 Line - up and Posters '' . Songkick . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dot To Dot Festival 2010 Line - up , Photos & Videos May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang London , KOKO , 28 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Stoke On Trent , The Sugarmill , 27 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lafaro Birmingham , The Flapper , 26 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Manchester , Sound Control , 25 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Leeds , The Well , 24 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stag & Dagger Festival 2010 Line - up , Photos & Videos May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Sound City Festival 2010 Line - up , Photos & Videos May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Cardiff , Cardiff Arts Institute , 18 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` All Tomorrow 's Parties - ATP 2010 Line - up , Photos & Videos May 2010 '' . Songkick.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mother Mother and Wax Fang London , The Social , 11 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Slater , Luke ( 2010 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Wax Fang plot UK tour , give away free track / Music News '' . Drownedinsound.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang Bath , Moles Club , 10 May 2010 '' . Songkick.com. 2010 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 - Huw Stephens - Huw and friends ! '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Rockers Wax Fang inspire ' American Dad ' '' . Usatoday.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` My Morning Jacket and Wax Fang '' . Songkick.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Removador : Wax Fang '' . Removador.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dog Bloomington , Bluebird Nightclub , 04 Nov 2011 '' . Songkick.com. 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dog Cleveland , Beachland Ballroom and Tavern , 02 Nov 2011 '' . Songkick.com. 2011 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Beachland Ballroom and Tavern Cleveland , Tickets for Concerts & Music Events 2015 '' . Songkick.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130225040622/http://www.karatebodyrecords.com/artists/wax-fang/ . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hear Wax Fang 's Ferocious New ' Mirror Mirror ' SPIN Premieres '' . SPIN. 2012 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` See Wax Fang 's Sinister ' Mirror Mirror ' Video SPIN Premieres '' . SPIN. 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Marc Hogan . `` Hear Wax Fang 's Glammy , Sardonic ' The Blonde Leading the Blonde ' '' . SPIN . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wax Fang `` Blonde Leading the Blonde '' - Exclusive Video Premiere @ `` . Teamcoco.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brenna Ehrlich ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Wax Fang Takes On God And Man In ' King Of The Kingdom Of Man ' '' . MTV Hive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wax Fang goes in a new direction on ' Victory Laps ' Jump up ^ Puckett , Jeffrey Lee ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` ' American Dad ! ' to feature Louisville band Wax Fang '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wax_Fang&oldid=780098382 '' Categories : American experimental rock groups American folk rock groups American progressive rock groups American psychedelic rock music groups Musical groups established in 2005 Musical groups from Louisville , Kentucky Rock music groups from Kentucky 2005 establishments in Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2015 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2017 , at 23 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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3401269359707975186	History of the Food and Drug Administration	History of the Food and drug Administration - wikipedia History of the Food and drug Administration Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the history of the United States Food and Drug Administration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Origins of federal food and drug regulation 1.2 The 1906 Food and Drug Act and creation of the FDA 1.3 The 1938 Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act 2 Regulation of human drugs and medical devices after 1938 2.1 Early FD&C Act amendments : 1938 -- 1958 2.2 Expansion of premarket approval process : 1959 -- 1985 2.3 FDA reforms in the AIDS era 2.4 Challenges to FDA authority by states 2.5 Regulation of living organisms 3 Timeline of food and drug legislation 4 References 5 Further reading Early history ( edit ) Origins of federal Food and drug Regulation ( edit ) Up until the 20th century , there were few federal laws regulating the contents and sale of domestically produced food and pharmaceuticals , with one exception being the short - lived Vaccine Act of 1813 . A patchwork of state laws provided varying degrees of protection against unethical sales practices , such as misrepresenting the ingredients of food products or therapeutic substances . The history of the FDA can be traced to the latter part of the 19th century and the U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Division of Chemistry ( later Bureau of Chemistry ) . Under Harvey Washington Wiley , appointed chief chemist in 1883 , the Division began conducting research into the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs on the American market . Although they had no regulatory powers , the Division published its findings from 1887 to 1902 in a ten - part series entitled Foods and Food Adulterants . Wiley used these findings , and alliances with diverse organizations such as state regulators , the General Federation of Women 's Clubs , and national associations of physicians and pharmacists , to lobby for a new federal law to set uniform standards for food and drugs to enter into interstate commerce . Wiley 's advocacy came at a time when the public had become aroused to hazards in the marketplace by muckraking journalists like Upton Sinclair , and became part of a general trend for increased federal regulations in matters pertinent to public safety during the Progressive Era . The 1902 Biologics Control Act was put in place after diphtheria antitoxin was collected from a horse named Jim who contracted tetanus , resulting in several deaths . Much credit is given to the deaths of many people in the 1930s , including Eben Byers in 1932 from the ingestion of radithor and many women , some known as The Radium Girls , to making the FDA into the much more powerful organization we know today . The 1906 Food and drug Act and creation of the FDA ( edit ) In June 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Food and Drug Act , also known as the `` Wiley Act '' after its chief advocate . The Act prohibited , under penalty of seizure of goods , the interstate transport of food which had been `` adulterated , '' with that term referring to the addition of fillers of reduced `` quality or strength , '' coloring to conceal `` damage or inferiority , '' formulation with additives `` injurious to health , '' or the use of `` filthy , decomposed , or putrid '' substances . The act applied similar penalties to the interstate marketing of `` adulterated '' drugs , in which the `` standard of strength , quality , or purity '' of the active ingredient was not either stated clearly on the label or listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary . The act also banned `` misbranding '' of food and drugs . The responsibility for examining food and drugs for such `` adulteration '' or `` misbranding '' was given to Wiley 's USDA Bureau of Chemistry . Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives , but the Chemistry Bureau 's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions , as well as by the creation of the Board of Food and Drug Inspection and the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts as separate organizations within the USDA in 1907 and 1908 respectively . A 1911 Supreme Court decision ruled that the 1906 act did not apply to false claims of therapeutic efficacy , in response to which a 1912 amendment added `` false and fraudulent '' claims of `` curative or therapeutic effect '' to the Act 's definition of `` misbranded . '' However , these powers continued to be narrowly defined by the courts , which set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent . In 1927 , the Bureau of Chemistry 's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body , the Food , Drug , and Insecticide organization . This name was shortened to the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) three years later . The 1938 Food , drug , and Cosmetic Act ( edit ) By the 1930s , muckraking journalists , consumer protection organizations , and federal regulators began mounting a campaign for stronger regulatory authority by publicizing a list of injurious products which had been ruled permissible under the 1906 law , including radioactive beverages , the mascara Lash lure , which caused blindness , and worthless `` cures '' for diabetes and tuberculosis . The resulting proposed law was unable to get through the Congress of the United States for five years , but was rapidly enacted into law following the public outcry over the 1937 Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy , in which over 100 people died after using a drug formulated with a toxic , untested solvent . The only way that the FDA could even seize the product was due to a misbranding problem : an `` Elixir '' was defined as a medication dissolved in ethanol , not the diethylene glycol used in the Elixir Sulfanilamide . Had it been labeled a `` solution '' instead , it is argued , the agency could have done nothing to track down and confiscate what medication remained in the public 's hands . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the new Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( FD&C Act ) into law on June 24 , 1938 . The new law significantly increased federal regulatory authority over drugs by mandating a pre-market review of the safety of all new drugs , as well as banning false therapeutic claims in drug labeling without requiring that the FDA prove fraudulent intent . The law also authorized factory inspections and expanded enforcement powers , set new regulatory standards for foods , and brought cosmetics and therapeutic devices under federal regulatory authority . This law , though extensively amended in subsequent years , remains the central foundation of FDA regulatory authority to the present day . Regulation of human drugs and medical devices after 1938 ( edit ) Early FD&C Act amendments : 1938 -- 1958 ( edit ) Soon after passage of the 1938 Act , the FDA began to designate certain drugs as safe for use only under the supervision of a medical professional , and the category of `` prescription - only '' drugs was securely codified into law by the 1951 Durham - Humphrey Amendment . While pre-market testing of drug efficacy was not authorized under the 1938 FD&C Act , subsequent amendments such as the Insulin Amendment and Penicillin Amendment did mandate potency testing for formulations of specific lifesaving pharmaceuticals . The FDA began enforcing its new powers against drug manufacturers who could not substantiate the efficacy claims made for their drugs , and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruling in Alberty Food Products Co. v. United States ( 1950 ) found that drug manufacturers could not evade the `` false therapeutic claims '' provision of the 1938 act by simply omitting the intended use of a drug from the drug 's label . These developments confirmed extensive powers for the FDA to enforce post-marketing recalls of ineffective drugs . Much of the FDA 's regulatory attentions in this era were directed towards abuse of amphetamines and barbiturates , but the agency also reviewed some 13,000 new drug applications between 1938 and 1962 . While the science of toxicology was in its infancy at the start of this era , rapid advances in experimental assays for food additive and drug safety testing were made during this period by FDA regulators and others . Expansion of pre-market approval process : 1959 -- 1985 ( edit ) In 1959 , Senator Estes Kefauver began holding congressional hearings into concerns about pharmaceutical industry practices , such as the perceived high cost and uncertain efficacy of many drugs promoted by manufacturers . There was significant opposition , however , to calls for a new law expanding the FDA 's authority . This climate was rapidly changed by the thalidomide tragedy , in which thousands of European babies were born deformed after their mothers took that drug - marketed for treatment of nausea - during their pregnancies . Thalidomide had not been approved for use in the U.S. due to the concerns of an FDA reviewer , Frances Oldham Kelsey , about thyroid toxicity . However , thousands of `` trial samples '' had been sent to American doctors during the `` clinical investigation '' phase of the drug 's development , which at the time was entirely unregulated by the FDA . Individual members of Congress cited the thalidomide incident in lending their support to expansion of FDA authority . The 1962 Kefauver - Harris Amendment to the FD&C act represented a `` revolution '' in FDA regulatory authority . The most important change was the requirement that all new drug applications demonstrate `` substantial evidence '' of the drug 's efficacy for a marketed indication , in addition to the existing requirement for pre-marketing demonstration of safety . This marked the start of the FDA approval process in its modern form . Drugs approved between 1938 and 1962 were also subject to FDA review of their efficacy , and to potential withdrawal from the market . Other important provisions of the 1962 amendments included the requirement that drug companies use the `` established '' or `` generic '' name of a drug along with the trade name , the restriction of drug advertising to FDA - approved indications , and expansion of FDA powers to inspect drug manufacturing facilities . These reforms had the effect of increasing the time required to bring a drug to market . In the mid-1970s , 13 of the 14 drugs the FDA saw as most important to approve were on the market in other countries before the United States . One of the most important statutes in establishing the modern American pharmaceutical market was the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act , more commonly known as the `` Hatch - Waxman Act '' after its chief sponsors . This act was intended to correct two unfortunate interactions between the new regulations mandated by the 1962 amendments , and existing patent law ( which is not regulated or enforced by the FDA , but rather by the United States Patent and Trademark Office ) . Because the additional clinical trials mandated by the 1962 amendments significantly delayed the marketing of new drugs , without extending the duration of the manufacturer 's patent , `` pioneer '' drug manufacturers experienced a decreased period of lucrative market exclusivity . On the other hand , the new regulations could be interpreted to require complete safety and efficacy testing for generic copies of approved drugs , and `` pioneer '' manufacturers obtained court decisions which prevented generic manufacturers from even beginning the clinical trial process while a drug was still under patent . The Hatch - Waxman Act was intended as a compromise between the `` pioneer '' and generic drug manufacturers which would reduce the overall cost of bringing generics to market and thus , it was hoped , reduce the long - term price of the drug , while preserving the overall profitability of developing new drugs . The act extended the patent exclusivity terms of new drugs , and importantly tied those extensions , in part , to the length of the FDA approval process for each individual drug . For generic manufacturers , the Act created a new approval mechanism , the Abbreviated New Drug Application ( ANDA ) , in which the generic drug manufacturer need only demonstrate that their generic formulation has the same active ingredient , route of administration , dosage form , strength , and pharmacokinetic properties ( `` bioequivalence '' ) as the corresponding brand - name drug . This act has been credited with essentially creating the modern generic drug industry . FDA reforms in the AIDS era ( edit ) Concerns about the length of the drug approval process were brought to the fore early in the AIDS epidemic . In the mid - and late 1980s , ACT - UP and other HIV activist organizations accused the FDA of unnecessarily delaying the approval of medications to fight HIV and opportunistic infections , and staged large protests , such as a confrontational October 11 , 1988 action at the FDA campus which resulted in nearly 180 arrests . In August 1990 , Dr. Louis Lasagna , then chairman of a presidential advisory panel on drug approval , estimated that thousands of lives were lost each year due to delays in approval and marketing of drugs for cancer and AIDS . Partly in response to these criticisms , the FDA issued new rules to expedite approval of drugs for life - threatening diseases , and expanded pre-approval access to drugs for patients with limited treatment options . The first of these new rules was the `` IND exemption '' or `` treatment IND '' rule , which allowed expanded access to a drug undergoing phase II or III trials ( or in extraordinary cases even earlier ) if it potentially represented a safer or better alternative to treatments currently available for terminal or serious illness . A second new rule , the `` parallel track policy '' , allowed a drug company to set up a mechanism for access to a new potentially lifesaving drug by patients who for various reasons would be unable to participate in ongoing clinical trials . The `` parallel track '' designation could be made at the time of IND submission . The accelerated approval rules were further expanded and codified in 1992 . All of the initial drugs approved for the treatment of HIV / AIDS were approved through accelerated approval mechanisms . For example , a `` treatment IND '' was issued for the first HIV drug , AZT , in 1985 , and approval was granted just two years later in 1987 . Three of the first five drugs targeting HIV were approved in the United States before they were approved in any other country . Challenges to FDA authority by States ( edit ) In two instances , state governments have sought to legalize drugs which have not been approved by the FDA . Because federal law passed pursuant to Constitutional authority overrules conflicting state laws , federal authorities still claim the authority to seize , arrest , and prosecute for possession and sales of these substances , even in states where they are legal under state law . The first wave was the legalization by 27 states of laetrile in the late 1970s . This drug was used as a treatment for cancer , but scientific studies both before and after this legislative trend found it to be ineffective . Federal law enforcement prevented interstate shipment , making the drug infeasible to manufacture and sell . Further studies based on a Mexican formulation also showed no effectiveness in treating cancer , but did find that some patients experienced symptoms of cyanide poisoning . Though the political movement died out in the 1980s , FDA enforcement actions against laetrile purveyors continued into the 2000s . The second wave concerned medical marijuana in the 1990s and 2000s . Though Virginia passed a law with limited effect in 1979 , a more widespread trend began in California in 1996 . In 2009 , the Obama Administration de-prioritized enforcement of federal law against patients using the drug in compliance with state law , but reversed this policy in 2011 . Recreational marijuana remains illegal ( but not necessarily criminal ) in all states and at the federal level , as of 2009 . Further information : Medical cannabis in the United States Regulation of living organisms ( edit ) With acceptance of premarket notification 510 ( k ) k033391 in January 2004 , the FDA granted Dr. Ronald Sherman permission to produce and market medical maggots for use in humans or other animals as a prescription medical device . Medical maggots represent the first living organism allowed by the Food and Drug Administration for production and marketing as a prescription medical device . In June 2004 , the FDA cleared Hirudo medicinalis ( medicinal leeches ) as the second living organism to be used as a medical devices . Timeline of Food and drug legislation ( edit ) Most federal laws concerning the FDA are part of the Food , Drug and Cosmetic Act , ( first passed in 1938 and extensively amended since ) and are codified in Title 21 , Chapter 9 of the United States Code . Other significant laws enforced by the FDA include the Public Health Service Act , parts of the Controlled Substances Act , the Federal Anti-Tampering Act , as well as many others . In many cases these responsibilities are shared with other federal agencies . Important enabling legislation for the FDA includes : 1902 -- Biologics Control Act 1906 -- Pure Food and Drug Act 1938 -- Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act 1944 -- Public Health Service Act 1951 -- 1951 Food , Drug , and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 82 -- 215 1962 -- 1962 Food , Drug , and Cosmetics Act Amendments PL 87 -- 781 1966 -- Fair Packaging and Labeling Act PL 89 -- 755 1976 -- Medical Device Regulation Act PL 94 -- 295 1987 -- Prescription Drug Marketing Act 1988 -- Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 PL 100 -- 690 1990 -- Nutrition Labeling and Education Act PL 101 -- 535 1992 -- Prescription Drug User Fee Act PL 102 -- 571 1994 -- Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1997 -- Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act 105 - 115 2002 -- Bioterrorism Act 107 - 188 2002 -- Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act ( MDUFMA ) PL 107 - 250 2003 -- Animal Drug User Fee Act PL 108 - 130 2007 -- Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 2009 -- Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2010 -- FDA Food Safety Modernization Act 2012 -- Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A History of the FDA Jump up ^ `` The Radioactive Death of Eben Byers '' . Medical Curiosities . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Curiosities '' . The Radium Girls . / . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radithor Radioactive Health Water ! '' . Esmeralda 's Quiet Life . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine : Radium Drinks '' . Time Magazine . 11 April 1932 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Original Text of the 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Amendments Jump up ^ United States v. Johnson ( 1911 ) , 6df1b297de555a5c 221 U.S. 488 ( 31 S. Ct. 627 May 29 , 1911 , decided ) . ^ Jump up to : Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History Jump up ^ Hamowy , Ronald ( February 2010 ) . `` Medical Disasters and the Growth of FDA '' ( PDF ) : 7 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Report of Congressman Morris Udall on thalidomide and the Kefauver hearings . Jump up ^ Temple R ( 2002 ) . `` Policy developments in regulatory approval '' . Statistics in Medicine . 21 ( 19 ) : 2939 -- 2948 . PMID 12325110 . doi : 10.1002 / sim. 1298 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Karki L ( 2005 ) . `` Review of FDA Law Related to Pharmaceuticals : The Hatch - Waxman Act , Regulatory Amendments and Implications for Drug Patent Enforcement '' . Journal of the Patent & Trademark Office Society . 87 : 602 -- 620 . Jump up ^ ACT - UP NY timeline Jump up ^ Faster Approval of AIDS Drugs Is Urged , The New York Times , August 16 , 1990 , Thursday , Late Edition -- Final , Section B ; Page 12 , Column 4 ; National Desk , 830 words , By ROBERT PEAR , Special to The New York Times , Washington , Aug. 15 Jump up ^ FDA Website : Expanded Access and Expedited Approval of New Therapies Related to HIV / AIDS Jump up ^ Orlando V ( 1999 ) . `` The FDA 's Accelerated Approval Process : Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Have Adequate Incentives for Self - Regulation ? '' . American Journal of Law and Medicine . 25 ( 4 ) : 543 -- 68 . PMID 10629734 . Jump up ^ FDA report on accelerated approval process Archived 2009 - 05 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NPR.org ^ Jump up to : Quackwatch.com Jump up ^ Kampia , Rob ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Medical marijuana meets hostility from Obama administration '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Food , Drug and Cosmetic Act Web Version Further reading ( edit ) Henninger , Daniel ( 2002 ) . `` Drug Lag '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Food and Drug Administration of the United States Divisions Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Center for Devices and Radiological Health Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Center for Tobacco Products Center for Veterinary Medicine National Center for Toxicological Research Office of Criminal Investigations Office of Regulatory Affairs Major Acts Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act FDA Modernization Act of 1997 Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act Food Safety Modernization Act PDUFA , 1992 Pure Food and Drug Act Title 21 Regulations & Rules Administrative Law Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) Federal Journal Federal Register ( FR ) Federal Law Title 21 of the United States Code ( U.S.C. ) Commissioners Harvey W. Wiley Carl L. Alsberg Charles A. Browne Walter G. Campbell Paul P. Dunbar Charles W. Crawford George P. Larrick James L. Goddard Herbert L. Ley Charles C. Edwards Alexander M. Schmidt Donald Kennedy Jere E. Goyan Arthur H. Hayes Jr . Frank Edward Young David Aaron Kessler Jane E. Henney Mark McClellan Lester Crawford Andrew von Eschenbach Margaret Hamburg Robert Califf Scott Gottlieb Society and Culture History of the Food and Drug Administration Criticism of the Food and Drug Administration Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Food_and_Drug_Administration&oldid=800889576 '' Categories : Food and Drug Administration History of organizations based in the United States History of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the food and drug administration created	[ "Wiley used these new regulatory powers to pursue an aggressive campaign against the manufacturers of foods with chemical additives, but the Chemistry Bureau's authority was soon checked by judicial decisions, as well as by the creation of the Board of Food and Drug Inspection and the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts as separate organizations within the USDA in 1907 and 1908 respectively. A 1911 Supreme Court decision ruled that the 1906 act did not apply to false claims of therapeutic efficacy,[7] in response to which a 1912 amendment added \"false and fraudulent\" claims of \"curative or therapeutic effect\" to the Act's definition of \"misbranded.\" However, these powers continued to be narrowly defined by the courts, which set high standards for proof of fraudulent intent.[1] In 1927, the Bureau of Chemistry's regulatory powers were reorganized under a new USDA body, the Food, Drug, and Insecticide organization. This name was shortened to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) three years later.[8]" ]	[ "1927" ]
7167468043652661815	Boroughs of New York City	Boroughs of New York City - wikipedia Boroughs of New York City Jump to : navigation , search 1 . Manhattan 2 . Brooklyn 3 . Queens 4 . The Bronx 5 . Staten Island New York City encompasses five different county - level administrative divisions called boroughs : Manhattan , the Bronx , Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island . All boroughs are part of New York City , and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county , the primary administrative subdivision within New York State . The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name , while Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island correspond to New York , Kings , and Richmond Counties respectively . Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898 , when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries . However , the boroughs have not always been coextensive with their respective counties . Before 1914 , the borough of The Bronx had been earlier in the southern part of Westchester County which had then been annexed to New York County in two stages in 1874 and 1895 -- finally , in 1914 the county was created to match the borough . Before 1899 , the County of Queens included an eastern part , which was split - off during the consolidation to become Nassau County . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Background 2.1 Changes after 1898 3 Description of the boroughs 4 Governance 5 Sixth borough 6 See also 7 References Terminology ( edit ) The term borough was adopted to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898 . Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature , a `` borough '' is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it . The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City , contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania , where a borough is an independent level of government , as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London . Background ( edit ) New York City 's five boroughs Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate ( 2016 ) square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,643,734 22.83 59.1 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,455,720 42 110 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,629,150 71 180 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,333,054 109 280 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 476,015 58.5 152 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,537,673 303.33 781.1 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,745,289 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources : see individual borough articles The borough of Manhattan is the economic , cultural , and administrative center of New York City . New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs ; the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously , avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area . The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing . In the same vein , the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan , even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn -- Queens border . All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation , when the city 's current boundaries were established . Changes after 1898 ( edit ) The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages ; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894 . Ultimately in 1914 , the present - day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York . The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then - larger Queens County . In 1899 , the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before -- the towns of Hempstead , North Hempstead , and Oyster Bay -- formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County . The borough of Staten Island , concurrent with Richmond County , was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation , while leaving the name of the county unchanged . Description of the boroughs ( edit ) Chinatown in Manhattan , the most densely populated borough of New York City , with a higher density than any individual American city . Landmark 19th - century brownstones in the Greenpoint Historic District of Brooklyn , New York City 's most populous borough . The Unisphere in Queens , the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Borough Hall in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island , the most suburban borough of New York City . The Bronx , the northernmost borough of New York City and the only borough situated on the United States mainland . Further information : Neighborhoods in New York City and List of parks in New York City There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City , many with a definable history and character to call their own . Manhattan ( New York County ) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough ; is the symbol of New York City , as home to most of the city 's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks , including Times Square and Central Park ; and may be locally known simply as The City . Manhattan 's ( New York County 's ) population density of 72,033 people per square mile ( 27,812 / km ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city . Manhattan is the cultural , administrative , and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities . Manhattan is often described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world . Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River . Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan , including Randall 's Island , Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor ; Liberty Island , on which the Statue of Liberty stands , is a Manhattan exclave . Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions . Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side , and above the park is Harlem . The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland , called Marble Hill . Marble Hill was originally part of Manhattan Island , but is now contiguous with the Bronx after having been severed from Manhattan Island by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal south of the neighborhood , and having been connected to the mainland by the subsequent filling in of the Harlem River 's original path to the neighborhood 's north . New York City 's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs . Brooklyn ( Kings County ) , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city 's most populous borough . Brooklyn is known for its cultural , social , and ethnic diversity , an independent art scene , distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage . Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs . The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country . Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn . Since 2010 , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms , and of postmodern art and design . Queens ( Queens County ) , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn , is geographically the largest borough , the most ethnically diverse county in the United States , as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch , the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence . Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs . Queens is the site of Citi Field , the baseball stadium of the New York Mets , and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . Additionally , two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area , John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , are located in Queens . ( The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey . ) The Bronx ( Bronx County ) is New York City 's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland . It is the location of Yankee Stadium , the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees , and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States , Co-op City . It is also home to the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo , which covers 265 acres ( 107 ha ) and houses over 6,000 animals . Directly to the zoo 's north is the New York Botanical Garden , a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark . Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City , at 2,772 acres ( 1,122 ha ) . Staten Island ( Richmond County ) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs . Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry , a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . In central Staten Island , the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) , including 28 miles ( 45 km ) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city . Designated in 1984 to protect the island 's natural lands , the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks . Governance ( edit ) The percentage of New York City population residing in each borough ( from bottom to top ) : 1 . Manhattan , 2 . Brooklyn , 3 . Queens , 4 . The Bronx , and 5 . Staten Island . ( Populations before 1898 are for the areas now enclosed in the present boroughs . ) Main article : Borough president Since 1914 , each of New York City 's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State -- unlike most U.S. cities , which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county , constitute a county in themselves , or are completely separate and independent of any county . Each borough is represented by a borough president . Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island each have a Borough Hall with limited administrative functions . The Manhattan Borough President 's office is situated in the Manhattan Municipal Building . The Bronx Borough President 's office used to be in its own Bronx Borough Hall but has been in the Bronx County Courthouse for decades . Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 ( due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court ) , the borough presidents have minimal executive powers , and there is no legislative function within a borough . Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City , while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council . The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen , advocates , and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs , have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects , and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city 's various neighborhoods . The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs . Being coextensive with an individual county , each borough also elects a district attorney , as does every other county of New York State . While the district attorneys of Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island are popularly referred to as such by the media ( e.g. , `` Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance , Jr . '' , or `` Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson '' ) , they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County , Kings County and Richmond County , respectively . There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties , Queens and the Bronx , since these boroughs share the respective counties ' names . Because the five district attorneys are , technically speaking , state officials ( since the counties are considered to be arms of the state government ) , rather than officials of the city government , they are not subject to the term limitations that govern other New York City officials such as the mayor , the New York City Public Advocate , members of the city council , or the borough presidents . Some civil court judges also are elected on a borough - wide basis , although they generally are eligible to serve throughout the city . Sixth borough ( edit ) Main article : Sixth borough The term sixth borough is used to describe any of a number of places that have been metaphorically called a part of New York City because of their geographic location , demographics ( they include large numbers of former New Yorkers ) , special affiliation , or cosmopolitan character . They have included adjacent cities and counties in the New York metropolitan area as well as in other states , U.S. territories , and foreign countries . In 2011 , New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg referred to the city 's waterfront and waterways as a composite sixth borough during presentations of planned rehabilitation projects along the city 's shoreline , including Governor 's Island in the Upper New York Bay . The Hudson Waterfront in the U.S. state of New Jersey lies opposite Manhattan on the Hudson River , and during the Dutch colonial era , was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen . Jersey City and Hoboken in Hudson County , New Jersey , are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough , given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains . Fort Lee , New Jersey , in Bergen County , opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge , has also been called the sixth borough . Miami and nearby areas in Florida , Philadelphia and China are locales entirely outside the city 's metropolitan area which have been called New York City 's sixth borough . See also ( edit ) Flags of New York City List of counties in New York New York City portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Charter for the Greater New York , and Acts Supplementary Thereto , as Adopted by the State Legislature , p. 10 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle , 1898 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacharach , Jacqueline ; and Barrales , Ruben . Growth Within Bounds , p. 197 . California Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century , DIANE Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 9780756706319 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates : NYC '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Keith . `` How Queens Became New York City 's Largest Borough '' , Curbed , October 20 , 2015 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` Williams , Keith . `` How Queens Became New York City 's Largest Borough '' , Curbed , October 20 , 2015 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` On April 28 , 1898 , the state Legislature approved the creation of a new county , which some in the eastern half of the former Queens County had wanted for nearly 60 years . '' Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michael T. `` Council Weighs Making ' Staten Island ' Official '' , The New York Times , August 28 , 1974 . Accessed September 21 , 2016 . `` Yesterday a committee of the City Council sought to right matters with a resolution that , if adopted by the full Council and approved by the Mayor , would have the borough 's name officially changed to Staten Island ... The resolution only affects the name of the borough . The county would remain Richmond , in the way that the borough of Manhattan is the county of New York , and Brooklyn is the county of Kings . '' ^ Jump up to : Christine Kim , Demand Media . `` Queens , New York , Sightseeing '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Weber ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Queens '' . NewYork.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Carlson ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Refer To Manhattan As `` The City '' ? `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd S. `` Political memo ; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn '' , The New York Times , February 22 , 1992 . Accessed August 23 , 2017 . `` '' Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government 's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx , and to describe visiting Manhattan as ' going to the city . ' '' Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie. `` 10 Most Crowded Islands in the World '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan . `` A Nation challenged : in New York ; New York Carries On , but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 2001 . Accessed November 20 , 2016 . `` A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Christopher ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` When He Was Seventeen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . `` In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York 's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world . '' Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( October 8 , 1995 ) . `` The Pope 's visit : the cardinal ; As Pope 's Important Ally , Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . `` As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States , Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates . '' Jump up ^ Michael P. Ventura ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World , But Not For iPad Users '' . DNAinfo . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC will broadcast New York 's pride parade live for the first time '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3138 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Dorish. `` 10 Largest Parks in New York City '' . ZipfWorks , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York 's New Startup Hotspot '' . CB Insights . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vanessa Friedman ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn 's Wearable Revolution '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Symonds ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist 's Futuristic New Practice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Queens , It 's the Glorious 4th , and 6th , and 16th , and 25th ... '' New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Ian ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Utopia , the Bronx '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits '' . Wildlife Conservation Society . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Candace ( 2000 ) . New York City Museum Guide . Dover Publications . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41000 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Greenbelt New York - New Jersey Trail Conference '' . Nynjtc.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris , 489 U.S. 688 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Sixth Borough ( Yonkers , Scarsdale , Fort Lee , Jersey City , Hoboken , Nassau County , Rockland County ) '' . Big Apple . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ken ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` That Mythical Sixth Borough '' . Daily Newarker . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Carlsen , Jen ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Where is New York 's 6th Borough ? '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York city 's Waterfront and Waterways '' ( Press release ) . NYCEDC . March 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovzar , Chris . `` Mayor Bloomberg Attempts to Rebrand the ' Sixth Borough ' '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mainland , Alex ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` A Blog for the ' Sixth Borough ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Yeh , Richard ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` City Reclaims Waterfront as ' Sixth Borough ' '' . WNYC . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Borough Stories from New York 's Waterfront '' . Columbia School of Journalism. 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . The sixth borough . That 's what Mayor Bloomberg calls the 578 miles of shore land that encircle the five boroughs of New York City . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Ryan A. ( January 22 , 2012 ) . `` Will NYC have a 6th Borough ? '' . Metropolis Magazine . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Report The Speculation Studio : Governors Island , The Sixth Borough ? '' . Urban Omnibus . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( December 9 , 2001 ) . `` CITIES ; Bright Lights , Big Retail '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holusha , John . `` Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront ; On the Hudson 's West Bank , Optimistic Developers '' , The New York Times , October 11 , 1998 . Accessed May 25 , 2007 . `` ' That simply is out of the question in midtown , ' he said , adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well . Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan , they become an attractive alternative . ' It 's the sixth borough ' , he said . '' Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` In Stamford , a Plan to Rebuild an Area and Build an Advantage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Olear , Greg ( December 2002 ) . `` The Sixth Borough A good look at Hoboken '' . The Copperator . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Melanie . `` Bergen County 's Fort Lee : Town With a View '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 30 , 2011 . Accessed September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Linh Tat ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Fort Lee grapples with questions on future development '' . North Jersey Media Group Inc . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vera Haller ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Living In Fort Lee , N.J. Close to the City , but With a Life of Its Own '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Suffer From New York Envy ? - Miami Beach 411 '' . www.miamibeach411.com . Jump up ^ `` New York City mayor 's race : South Florida 's Sixth Borough '' . Jump up ^ `` More New Yorkers relocating to Philly '' . The Morning Call . March 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Hawkins ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Brooklyn businesses head for the sixth borough : China '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . New York City The Five Boroughs The Bronx ( Bronx County ) Brooklyn ( Kings County ) : Manhattan ( New York County ) Queens ( Queens County ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) General topics History timeline Neighborhoods ethnic enclaves Architecture monuments skyscrapers People Media Economy companies Geography Flags Environment food and water Demographics history Culture Arts Books Cuisine Dialect Museums Music Nicknames `` Sixth borough '' Sports Tourism gardens landmarks parks Government Mayor Elections Council Borough presidents Politics Emergency services Hospitals Fire Police crime law enforcement Education Dept. of Education Elementary schools High schools Colleges Transportation History Entities DOT former BOT Vision Zero Initiative Metropolitan Transportation Authority Subway Bus Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad PATH Bridges and tunnels Streets Topical Other lists Images Portal New York metropolitan area State of New York United States Administrative divisions of New York Primary division Boroughs County List of New York counties Secondary divisions Towns Cities Indian Reservations Community districts Other divisions Villages Census - designated places School districts Places Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boroughs_of_New_York_City&oldid=831379792 '' Categories : Boroughs of New York City Government of New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from November 2012 Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Kurdî 日本語 Occitan Português Русский Slovenčina தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 08 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are all the boroughs in new york	[ "New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.", "New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.", "New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.", "New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively.", "New York City encompasses five different county-level administrative divisions called boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. All boroughs are part of New York City, and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county, the primary administrative subdivision within New York State. The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name, while Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island correspond to New York, Kings, and Richmond Counties respectively." ]	[ "Manhattan", "the Bronx", "Queens", "Brooklyn", "Staten Island" ]
-5641446054115984422	The Staircase	The Staircase - wikipedia The Staircase For the book , see The Staircase ( book ) . For other uses , see Staircase ( disambiguation ) . The Staircase Promotional poster French Soupçons Genre Documentary film Written by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Directed by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade Starring Michael Peterson David Rudolf Ron Guerette Tom Maher Bill Peterson Freda Black Jim Hardin Arthur Holland Country of origin France Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13 Production Production location ( s ) Durham , North Carolina Germany Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Maha Productions Release Original network Canal+ ( episodes 1 -- 10 ) Netflix ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) First shown in France Original release October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 28 ) ( episodes 1 -- 8 ) January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) ( episodes 9 -- 10 ) June 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) ( episodes 11 -- 13 ) The Staircase ( French : Soupçons , lit . ' ' Suspicions ' ' ; also known as Death on the Staircase ) is a 2004 French television miniseries by Jean - Xavier de Lestrade documenting the trial of Michael Peterson , convicted of murdering his wife , Kathleen Peterson . Following from de Lestrade 's Oscar - winning Murder on a Sunday Morning , filming began soon after Peterson 's indictment . Camera crews were given access to the accused 's extended family , the defense attorneys , and the courtroom . The film features a brief appearance by Mike Nifong , a future figure in the Duke lacrosse case , working with the team prosecuting Peterson . An abbreviated version was broadcast as special two - hour presentation of American news show Primetime Thursday on July 22 , 2004 . The miniseries was completed in September 2004 , and premiered in October on Canal+ , from January 10 -- 14 , 2005 , on BBC Four ( as part of its Storyville documentary series ) , and from April 4 -- 25 on Sundance Channel . The BBC featured an interview with Lestrade in 2005 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Sequels 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 2001 , novelist Michael Peterson called to report that his wife Kathleen had fallen down a set of stairs in their Forest Hills mansion and died . The authorities disbelieved Peterson 's story that Kathleen had fallen while drunk and concluded instead that he had bludgeoned her to death , most likely with a fireplace poker which was discovered missing from the house . Peterson was soon charged with murder . The film details the ensuing case from the point of view of Peterson and his defense team , led by David Rudolf . During the trial it is discovered that while Peterson was living in Germany , a family friend died from an intra-cerebral haemorrhage , followed by the body falling down stairs after collapsing , which resulted in similar head injuries to those sustained by Peterson 's wife . An investigation by German police and US military authorities concluded that the death was accidental , and Peterson ended up adopting the woman 's two daughters . The prosecution introduce this death into the trial as an incident giving Peterson the idea of how to `` fake '' Kathleen 's accident . During the trial , Peterson 's daughters stand steadfastly by their father . The prosecution argues that Kathleen had discovered that Michael was bisexual and had been having affairs with men , which led to an argument in which he bludgeoned her to death . Peterson claimed that his wife knew about his sexuality and that they had an open marriage . He claims to have been outside by their pool when Kathleen fell down the stairs and injured herself . A defense team recreation shows that it would have been possible for Peterson to have missed his wife 's cries for help had he been by the pool . The jury ultimately convicts Peterson . Reception ( edit ) Reviews for The Staircase were generally positive . The film received an `` exceptional quality '' rating ( 8.5 out of 10 ) from Documentary-Review.com based on 9 reviews . It won a Peabody Award in 2005 . Sequels ( edit ) In April 2012 , it was revealed that Lestrade was working on four follow - up film to The Staircase for French broadcaster Canal+ , after Michael Peterson was released from jail , pending a retrial . The sequel , subtitled `` Last Chance , '' premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam ( IDFA ) in November 2012 . It aired on Canal+ on January 30 , 2013 , and on BBC Four 's Storyville on February 4 . Sundance Channel aired a shorter alternative cut , presenting `` Last Chance '' as two new episodes of the original miniseries , airing March 4 and March 11 , 2013 . On November 23 , 2015 , Lestrade announced a second follow - up film at the IDFA Forum . Originally announced as Staircase III , the film documents the story of Peterson 's final trial , set for early 2016 . The film was commissioned by Canal+ . Last Chance producer Matthieu Belghiti of What 's Up Films was also attached . It was later picked up by Netflix to be released as three new episodes of the miniseries , together with the previous ten episodes on June 8 , 2018 . The first of the new episodes premiered April 28 , 2018 , at the Tribeca Film Festival . Legacy ( edit ) The 2017 sitcom Trial & Error parodies this documentary and the details of the case . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icher , Bruno ( 7 October 2004 ) . `` Télé : `` soupçons '' , du réel en tranches `` . Libération ( in French ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mathieu , Pierre . `` De Lestrade , avocat à la caméra '' . La Dépêche . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Court TV coverage Archived 2006 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Stair Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Staircase : Director Jean - Xavier de Lestrade on Michael Peterson , Owls , and More '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase ( Soupçons ) ( 2004 ) '' . Maha Productions . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Storyville '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` With the Camera Lurking , Anatomy of a Defense Case '' . New York Times . April 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( April 25 , 2005 ) . `` Sundance Series Follows The Other Peterson Murder '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC interview with de Lestrade , January 6 , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Documentary-Review.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ 65th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Adam Benzine ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` De Lestrade making sequel to `` The Staircase '' `` . Realscreen . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IDFA Catalogue 2012 '' ( Adobe Flash ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Staircase 2 : The Last Chance '' ( Adobe Flash ) . IDFA Special ( English ed . ) ( 1 ) . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soupçons -- La dernière chance '' . Canal+ . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Death on the Staircase : The Last Chance '' . BBC . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` the staircase -- new episodes coming soon '' . Sundance Channel . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodfellow , Melanie ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lestrade steps up '' ( Portable Document Format ) . IDFA Industry Special 2015 ( 4 ) : 1 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staircase III '' . IDFA . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Continues Your True - Crime Obsession with ' The Staircase ' Trailer '' . Collider . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mount , Bailey ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Staircase ' : Everything You Need to Know About the Classic True Crime Series Coming to Netflix -- With New Episodes '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Staircase on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Staircase&oldid=854662990 '' Categories : 2000s French television series 2000s documentary films 2004 French television series debuts 2004 French television series endings Peabody Award - winning television programs 2000s French television miniseries Peabody Award winners Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the staircase on netflix come out	[ "On November 23, 2015, Lestrade announced a second follow-up film at the IDFA Forum.[19] Originally announced as Staircase III, the film documents the story of Peterson's final trial, set for early 2016. The film was commissioned by Canal+. Last Chance producer Matthieu Belghiti of What's Up Films was also attached.[20] It was later picked up by Netflix to be released as three new episodes of the miniseries, together with the previous ten episodes on June 8, 2018.[21] The first of the new episodes premiered April 28, 2018, at the Tribeca Film Festival.[22]\n" ]	[ "June 8, 2018" ]
-6386891562465652851	Pine Mountain Jump	Pine Mountain jump - wikipedia Pine Mountain jump Pine Mountain Jump Location Pine Mountain Iron Mountain United States Opened 1937 Renovated 1977 Size K -- point K - 120 Hill size HS133 Hill record Klemens Murańka ( 140.5 m in 2017 ) View from the parking lot The Pine Mountain Ski Jump is one of the highest artificially created ski jumps in the world , located in Iron Mountain , Michigan , Dickinson County . It is part of the Kiwanis Ski Club and hosts annual FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup competitions . `` Pine Mountain Slide is known throughout the world as one of the better jumping hills . '' Annually in February , it `` hosts jumpers from around the world at the best tournament in the United States . '' Top - rated foreign jumpers compete . Currently ( excluding ski flying hills ) Pine Mountain holds the U.S. records for the longest jump in World Cup competition at 140m ( 459 feet ) , as well as the overall distance record at 143.5 m ( 471 feet ) . The facility also includes two smaller ski jumping hills that are built into the hill northwest of the large hill . Attendance is about 20,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 2 History 3 Jump Records 4 List of Events Held 5 Getting there 6 References 7 External links Specifications ( edit ) Scaffold height : 176 feet ( 54 m ) Scaffold length : 117m Length of underhill ( end of take - off to outrun ) : 632 feet ( 193 m ) Length of underhill ( end of scaffold to end of outrun ) : 1,032 feet ( 315 m ) Critical point ( K - point ) of landing hill : 394 feet ( 120 m ) Hill Size ( HS ) : 133m Pitch of landing hill : 39 ° Estimated speed of skiers at takeoff ( variable depending on wind and other factors ) : 55 -- 65 mph ( 89 -- 105 km / h ) History ( edit ) Construction of the jump began in 1937 and was completed in 1938 . At the time it was 156 feet ( 48 m ) high . It hosted its first competition in 1939 . In 1948 , the outrun was dug out , and in 1977 the inrun tower was made larger ( to the current 176 feet ( 54 m ) ) after a fire . There have been numerous other renovations over the years . In 1996 and 2000 the hill hosted the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup , bringing in 20,000 spectators . However , it has not hosted one since , and now hosts annual FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup competitions . Locally known as `` Giant Pine Mountain , '' it is reputed worldwide to be one of the best ski jumping facilities . The ski jumping fans are said to be friendly . It is also considered by most jumpers as the most challenging jump on the Continental Cup circuit and in the world . This partly is due to the fact that the top of the jump is nearly 600 feet above all of the surrounding landscape giving the jumpers the same view that they would have if they were standing on top of a 60 story skyscraper . Also , because of the jump and hill 's high rise above the surrounding landscape there is a significant wind factor for jumpers making it more challenging . Excluding ski flying hills , the Pine Mountain Ski Jump is the largest ski jump in the United States and it is between the 3rd and 8th tallest man - made ski jump in the world ( depending on how height is measured ) . There are two other ski jumps in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan : Copper Peak is the only Ski flying venue in the western hemisphere , located near Ironwood , Michigan ( and has been called `` Suicide hill '' ) , as well as the pre-existing Suicide Hill Ski Jump located at Ishpeming , Michigan , which is near the National Ski Hall of Fame . Jump Records ( edit ) Below is the list of past and current record holders : Year Distance ( m ) Distance ( ft ) Name Country 1939 78 256 Bob Rocker United States 1941 81.5 267 Alf Engen NOR 1942 88 289 Torger Tokle NOR 1949 89 292 Joe Perrault United States 1949 89.5 294 Matti Pietikäinen FIN 1949 90.5 297 Joe Perrault USA 1955 91.5 300 Rudy Maki USA 1961 96 315 Jim Brennan USA 1962 96.5 317 Pekka Tirkkinen FIN 1965 99 325 John Balfanz United States 1968 102 335 Adrian Watt United States 1971 105 344 Jerry Martin United States 1978 113 371 Gebhart Aberer AUT 1980 121.5 399 Armin Kogler AUT 1991 122 400 Werner Schuster AUT 1996 - 02 - 18 131.5 431 Masahiko Harada JPN 1996 - 02 - 18 131.5 431 Jens Weißflog GER 1996 - 02 - 18 140 460 Masahiko Harada JPN 2002 - 02 - 23 142 466 Kalle Keituri FIN 2004 - 02 - 21 142 466 Olav Magne Dønnem NOR 2006 - 02 - 18 142.5 468 Stefan Kaiser AUT 2009 - 02 - 15 142.5 468 Lukas Müller AUT 2009 - 02 - 15 143.5 471 Stefan Thurnbichler AUT List of events held ( edit ) The Pine Mountain ski jumping tournament has been part of the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup every year since 2004 and with the exception of the occasional Winter Olympic Games or World Cup event , the tournament is unually the most prestigious and highest level ski jumping competition held in the Western Hemisphere . Below is an incomplete list of events held at the hill . United States National Ski Jumping Championship held in 1958 . United States National Ski Jumping Championship held in 1960 . United States National Ski Jumping Championship held in 1966 . FIS Ski Jumping World Cup held February 16 , 17 , 18 . and 19 , 1996 . FIS Ski Jumping World Cup held February 25 , 26 , and 27 , 2000 . FIS Continental Cup held February 16 , 17 , and 18 , 2001 . FIS Continental Cup held February 22 , 23 , and 24 , 2002 . FIS Continental Cup held January 20 , 21 , and 22 , 2004 . FIS Continental Cup held February 25 , 26 , and 27 , 2005 . FIS Continental Cup held February 17 , 18 , and 19 , 2006 . FIS Continental Cup held February 16 , 17 , and 18 , 2007 . FIS Continental Cup held February 15 , 16 , and 17 , 2008 . FIS Continental Cup held February 13 , 14 , and 15 , 2009 . FIS Continental Cup held January 29 , 30 , and 31 , 2010 FIS Continental Cup held February 11 , 12 , and 13 , 2011 . FIS Continental Cup held February 10 , 11 , and 12 , 2012 . FIS Continental Cup held February 8 , 9 , and 10 , 2013 . FIS Continental Cup held February 7 , 8 , and 9 , 2014 . FIS Continental Cup held February 20 , 21 , and 22 , 2015 . Getting there ( edit ) From US Highway 2 in town ( Iron Mountain ) , turn west onto Kent Street just south of the Chapin Pit , and follow the signs . In about ⁄ mile ( 1.2 km ) , look for Upper Pine Mountain Road which winds up to the hilltop . There is no charge . The view from the observation deck at the top of the jump is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwanis Ski Club '' . Iron Mountain , Pine Mountain , 120 metre ski jump . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.skisprungschanzen.com/EN/Ski+Jumps/USA-United+States/MI-Michigan/Iron+Mountain/0574/ ^ Jump up to : `` Continental Cup Ski Jumping February 11 , 12 , & 13 , 2011 '' . Ski Jumping at the Pine Mountain Ski Jump , Iron Mountain , Michigan . Exploring the North . 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iron Mountain , Pine Mountain Ski Jump '' . Hunt 's Guide to Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ironwood Copper Peak '' . Ski Jumping Hill Archive . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEc0iGMqUNk Jump up ^ http://www.skisprungschanzen.com/EN/Articles/0013-World%27s+largest+ski+jumps ^ Jump up to : Baulch , Vivian M. ( February 1 , 2002 ) . `` Michigan 's long history of ski jumping '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on 21 December 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.skihall.com/index.php?_a=document&doc_id=11&id=207 Jump up ^ Deuter , Ron ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Austrian teen wins at Pine Mountain '' . Iron Mountain : Daily Press . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pine Mountain Jump . COC tournament information , Kiwanis Ski Club hide Mountains of Michigan Huron Mountains Mount Arvon Mount Curwood Others Bald Mountain Big Powderhorn Mountain Black Mountain Boyne Mountain Crystal Mountain Marquette Mountain Mont Ripley Mount Desor Nub 's Nob Pine Knob Pine Mountain Porcupine Mountains Waterford Hill Coordinates : 45 ° 50 ′ 07.34 '' N 88 ° 05 ′ 18.59 '' W / 45.8353722 ° N 88.0884972 ° W / 45.8353722 ; - 88.0884972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Mountain_Jump&oldid=813519367 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Dickinson County , Michigan Ski jumping venues in the United States Sports venues in Michigan Ski areas and resorts in Michigan Ski jumping venues in Michigan Mountains of Michigan Buildings and structures completed in 1938 Buildings and structures in Dickinson County , Michigan 1938 establishments in Michigan Kiwanis Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2015 Articles with hCards Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 21 : 39 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how tall is the pine mountain ski jump	[ "Scaffold height: 176 feet (54 m)" ]	[ "176 feet (54 m)" ]
4327766064347493327	Youth of the Nation	Youth of the Nation - wikipedia Youth of the Nation `` Youth of the Nation '' Single by P.O.D. from the album Satellite Released December 25 , 2001 Format CD cassette Recorded March 2001 Genre Rap rock alternative rock Length 4 : 17 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Noah Bernardo Marcos Curiel Traa Daniels Sonny Sandoval Producer ( s ) Howard Benson P.O.D. singles chronology `` Alive '' ( 2001 ) `` Youth of the Nation '' ( 2001 ) `` Boom '' ( 2002 ) `` Youth of the Nation '' is a song by American Christian metal band P.O.D. It was released in December 2001 as the second single to come from their second major label album , Satellite . It was inspired in part by the school shootings at Santana High School and Columbine High School . While Satellite contained numerous hit songs , `` Youth of the Nation '' was the band 's only No. 1 hit on the Modern Rock chart and reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 , their only single to reach the top 40 , and No. 6 on the Mainstream Rock chart . The song was included in `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's polka medley `` Angry White Boy Polka '' from his 2003 album Poodle Hat , despite lead singer Sonny Sandoval 's mixed race background . It was also featured as downloadable content in the music video games Guitar Hero 5 and Rock Band 3 . Contents 1 Background 2 Lyrics and song structure 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Chart and sales 5.1 Certifications 6 Awards 6.1 2003 Grammy Awards 6.2 2002 MTV Video Music Awards 7 References Background ( edit ) The song 's inspiration stems from a trip when the band was on their way to record for Satellite on March 5 , 2001 . They were held up in traffic and discovered that the reason was a shooting at Santana High School where a fifteen - year - old student named Charles Andrew Williams killed two and wounded thirteen . The album was consequently delayed , and the band was inspired to write `` Youth of the Nation . '' In a 2008 interview , guitarist Marcos Curiel described the event : `` We were rehearsing and writing Satellite a couple of blocks away from the school . One day on the way to the studio , there were all these helicopters and cars speeding by . We really did n't know what was going on . When we got to the studio , this guy had the news on , and he was like , ' This kid just went and started blasting fools . ' So we started jamming , and that rhythm just naturally came out then Wuv ( Bernardo , drummer ) put that drumbeat on it , and the song was born . '' Curiel added , `` When you can hear something that 's going to uplift you like ' Alive ' or something that 's going to bring out knowledge like ' Youth of the Nation , ' we 've done our jobs as an artist . '' Lyrics and song structure ( edit ) `` Youth of the Nation '' contains three stories of adolescent tragedy in American culture . It begins by describing a teenager unknowingly skating to school only to be shot by a fellow student . Lyrics go on to speculate whether or not the boy who committed the act felt unloved . Following the chorus , a 12 - year - old girl called `` little Suzie '' is depicted as having been abandoned by her father and subsequently `` finding love in all the wrong places . '' Finally , another teen known as `` Johnny boy '' fails to fit in with his peers and ultimately commits suicide by firearm , `` ( telling ) the world how he felt with the sound of a gat . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Youth of the Nation '' has the band performing the song in a room filled with photos of adolescents as seen on the single cover . It revolves around a group of teenagers taking a cross country trip in a car from New York City to Venice Beach in Los Angeles via Western Pennsylvania ( New Kensington , Arnold , Cheswick , Harmarville ) and other locales . The book On the Road by Jack Kerouac can be seen on the dashboard of the car . Directed by Paul Fedor , the video found significant airplay on MTV2 . The video features a prefamous Joel David Moore as the teenager driving the car . Marcos Curiel noted that censorship of the video came into play due to Viacom : `` We had a girl sitting on the hood of the car going down the highway trying to be free - spirited , you know ? ( ... ) But , Viacom and MTV had us edit that out because kids are so easily influenced . '' Track listing ( edit ) `` Youth of the Nation '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 18 `` Alive '' ( Semi-acoustic version ) -- 3 : 27 `` Sabbath '' -- 4 : 33 Chart and sales ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 47 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 10 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 36 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 28 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 18 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Australia Platinum 2002 70,000 + Awards ( edit ) 2003 Grammy Awards ( edit ) Best Hard Rock Performance ( nomination ) 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ( edit ) Best Rock Video ( nomination ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pattison , Louis ( September 12 , 2005 ) . `` P.O.D : Youth of the Nation '' . NME . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fenell , Zachary Alternative Rock Songs About Suicide Yahoo ! ( October 11 , 2010 ) Archived July 29 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Blatt , Mitchell P.O.D. Interview : Back Together , New Album in April Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Juiced Sports ( March 13 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 12 - 23 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://vimeo.com/62051373 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. : Youth of the Nation '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- P.O.D. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- P.O.D. '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- P.O.D. -- Youth of the Nation '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- P.O.D. ( UK ) '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` P.O.D. > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. Album & Song Chart History : Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2002 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . P.O.D. Sonny Sandoval Wuv Bernardo Traa Daniels Marcos Curiel Jason Truby Gabe Portillo Studio albums Snuff the Punk ( 1994 ) Brown ( 1996 ) The Fundamental Elements of Southtown ( 1999 ) Satellite ( 2001 ) Payable on Death ( 2003 ) Testify ( 2006 ) When Angels & Serpents Dance ( 2008 ) Murdered Love ( 2012 ) The Awakening ( 2015 ) Live albums Payable on Death Live ( 1997 ) Compilation albums Greatest Hits : The Atlantic Years ( 2006 ) Extended plays The Warriors EP ( 1998 ) The Warriors EP , Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Singles `` Southtown '' `` Rock the Party ( Off the Hook ) '' `` Alive '' `` Youth of the Nation '' `` Boom '' `` Satellite '' `` Sleeping Awake '' `` Will You '' `` Change the World '' `` Goodbye for Now '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youth_of_the_Nation&oldid=856718406 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2001 songs American alternative rock songs Atlantic Records singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles P.O.D. songs Rap rock songs Songs about bullying Songs about school Songs about suicide Songs based on actual events Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs inspired by deaths Teenage tragedy songs Song recordings produced by Howard Benson Songs written by Noah Bernardo Songs written by Marcos Curiel Songs written by Traa Daniels Songs written by Sonny Sandoval Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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3612937516494892212	Brickleberry	Brickleberry - wikipedia Brickleberry Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brickleberry Genre Black comedy Satire Animated sitcom Created by Roger Black Waco O'Guin Voices of David Herman Tom Kenny Kaitlin Olson ( 2012 ) Natasha Leggero ( 2013 -- 15 ) Roger Black Jerry Minor Daniel Tosh Composer ( s ) Nicolas Barry Tomas Jacobi Rene Garza Aldape Alejandro Valencia Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Roger Black Waco O'Guin Daniel Tosh Editor ( s ) Chris Vallance Andy Tauke Production company ( s ) Damn ! Show Productions Black Heart Productions Fox 21 Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Comedy Central Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) -- April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) External links Website Brickleberry is an American adult animated sitcom television series that premiered on Comedy Central on September 25 , 2012 . The series was created by Waco O'Guin and Roger Black and executive produced by O'Guin , Black , and comedian Daniel Tosh . The series follows a group of park rangers as they work through their daily lives in the fictional Brickleberry National Park . Black and O'Guin began pitching the show in the mid-2000s , producing a pilot episode for Fox Broadcasting Company in 2007 . They later also pitched the show to Adult Swim , but the series was purchased by Comedy Central due to the support of Tosh . On January 7 , 2015 , Comedy Central cancelled Brickleberry after three seasons . The series ended on April 14 , 2015 , with a total of 36 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Comic 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical reviews 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The series follows a group of park rangers as they work through their daily lives in the fictional Brickleberry National Park near Hazlehurst in the Driftless Region of Illinois . Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Steve Williams ( voiced by David Herman ) -- Steve is an overconfident , bumbling park ranger who takes himself and his job way too seriously . Even though he has been `` Ranger of the Month '' at Brickleberry for several years , he does not appear to display good skills or even common sense . Steve 's `` Ranger of the Month '' title means everything to him and he will do anything to keep it . Despite his extreme lack of intelligence , he knows the Brickleberry park very well because his father was also a Brickleberry ranger , so Steve was raised in the park . He dreamed of working at Brickleberry since he was a child in order to follow in his father 's footsteps . He is shown to have a man crush on Viggo Mortensen . Woodrow `` Woody '' Johnson ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) -- Woody is a 55 - year - old , abrasive ranger with a military background . In the `` Crippleberry '' episode , he mentions to Steve that he is technically a war criminal . He worked his way up to head ranger over his 30 - year career at Brickleberry . He worked alongside Steve 's father , but never searched for him when Jonah went missing . He always has the park 's best interest in mind and struggles to boost the dwindling tourism numbers by any means . In `` 2 Weeks Notice '' , he accidentally confesses to Malloy that when his mother died , his father forced him to dress up in her lingerie , implying that he may have been sexually abused by his father . It is also revealed in season 2 that Woody was a former porn star named Rex Erection . Ethel Anderson ( voiced by Kaitlin Olson in season 1 , Natasha Leggero in season 2 and 3 ) -- Ethel is an attractive , 25 - year - old female ranger . She was the top ranger at Yellowstone and was transferred to Brickleberry in an effort to get the park back on track ( and because she was fired from Yellowstone for being drunk on the job ) . She is passionate for animals and nature and does her best to treat her co-workers kindly . Steve sees Ethel as a threat to his Ranger of the Month title , while Ethel sees Steve as a bumbling idiot . Ethel possesses extraordinary ranger skills , but is much more humble than Steve . Denzel Jackson ( voiced by Jerry Minor ) -- Denzel is a black ranger who is horrible at his job , but ca n't be fired because he works for a government agency . Denzel is a gerontophile , which occasionally gets him into hot water . Denzel finds his job challenging because he 's afraid of bugs , snakes , and pretty much anything else that inhabits the woods . It was revealed in the first season that his father and father 's father and grandfather 's father were undercover cops , but Denzel has no interest in following in their footsteps . For the rest of the series it is not mentioned again . Connie Cunaman ( voiced by Roger Black ) -- Connie is a lesbian female ranger who has a large body , immense strength , and a deep voice that is often mistaken for a male . In `` Gay Bomb '' , Connie admits she is a lesbian and it is revealed to the viewers that her strength is dubbed by her as `` lesbian strength '' . Connie is capable of lifting massive objects , such as trees , bears , and even a real bomb . She is obsessed with Ethel and was turned away by her Evangelical parents for being a homosexual . On a side note , when Connie gets excited , her vagina makes growling noises similar to that of a stomach , requiring her to talk it down like a wild animal . Malloy ( voiced by Daniel Tosh ) -- Malloy is the last surviving member of his species Ursus loquacious that Woody has taken in and spoiled after Steve accidentally ran over and shot his parents , telling him a tourist did it . Woody lets him play video games all day and eat junk food . Malloy is very crude , racist , sexist , has a superiority complex , and in some ways is a narcissist . He openly hates the rangers and in addition , he enjoys putting them down and messing with them on a daily basis , especially Steve . Recurring characters ( edit ) Bobby Possumcods ( voiced by Waco O'Guin ) -- Bobby is a redneck that lives in the park . He `` loves '' animals a bit too much and Malloy got a taste of this first hand in the season one premiere . O'Guin has been portraying the live action version of Possumcods for years in O'Guin and Black 's underground comedy called `` The DAMN ! Show '' . Bodean ( voiced by Roger Black ) -- Bodean is Bobby 's sidekick and best friend . He is known to speak very fast and sometimes for a long time . Firecracker Jim ( voiced by Roger Black ) -- A local redneck who sells illegal fireworks . He has stumps since he blew off his arms and legs a while ago , and rolls around everywhere as a result . Dr. Kuzniak ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) -- Brickleberry 's personal doctor . He has a strange fetish of medical malpractice . He also has some shady criminal intents such as medical waste dumping and dealings with the `` Chinese Black Market '' . Jorge ( voiced by David Herman ) -- A foreign man who owns the local strip club . He seems to be very clueless and gullible . Production ( edit ) The support of comedian Daniel Tosh was integral in getting the series picked up . The series ' creators , Waco O'Guin and Roger Black , met at the University of Georgia in 1999 . The series ' origin came from O'Guin's father - in - law , a retired park ranger who took his job very seriously . He and Black found his seriousness hilarious , and began first envisioning the show in 2003 . The two began pitching Brickleberry as a live - action program after the cancellation of their sketch comedy show Stankervision on MTV2 . It was adapted for animation because of budget concerns . Fox Broadcasting Company ordered a pilot episode in 2007 , but passed on the series , finding it too offensive . The duo 's agent at William Morris Agency connected them with comedian Daniel Tosh , then growing in popularity due to his Comedy Central series Tosh. 0 . Tosh had been looking for other projects outside of his program and put his support behind the show , which they pitched to Comedy Central . The network wanted them to develop another pilot pitch , which they refused , taking it to Adult Swim , who were prepared to order 10 episodes of the comedy . Comedy Central then relented and purchased the show , ordering a 10 - episode first season in 2011 . In commenting on the series ' humor , O'Guin felt that all targets are `` fair game '' : `` If you 're clever and do n't just try to shock for shock sake , you can make most anything funny . '' Anticipating concerns that the show would be too similar to Family Guy , the show 's writing imposed a rule of fewer pop culture references , in order to differentiate the two . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Brickleberry episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) December 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) 13 September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 13 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) April 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 14 ) Comic ( edit ) In 2016 , a 4 - issue comic miniseries , published by Dynamite Entertainment , was released , written by co-creators , Waco O'Guin and Roger Black and illustrated by Timothy Hopkins . The comic featured the storyline , `` ArMOOgeddon '' , which takes place in the future , with Steve as the last remaining park ranger after an Alien Cow invasion , but , with the help of Dr. Kuzniak , he travels back in time to 2015 to kill Woody , whose actions led to the invasion and the destruction of all humanity . The Bovine Overlord though sends Bobby back in time to thwart Future Steve 's plans , but Malloy teams up with Future Steve to help him kill Woody . When his plan fails , Future Steve returns to the future to rally the remaining park rangers to overthrow the Bovine Overlord . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The series followed the Tosh. 0 fall seasons on Tuesday nights . In its first season , the series averaged 1.9 total million viewers each week , doing particularly well with male demographics , ages 18 -- 24 . In its second season , the show averaged 1.6 million viewers , and was number one in all of television in its time slot with men , ages 18 -- 24 . The series ' third season saw ratings fall to 1.2 million viewers per episode , while remaining strong with younger demographics . Critical reviews ( edit ) The show arrived to mixed reviews from critics . Dylan P. Gadino of Laugh Spin called Brickleberry `` fast - paced and hilarious . '' Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly said the show `` tends to rise above your average adult - animation fare . '' Brickleberry raises the offensive comedy stakes so high that it leaves a viewer waiting in expectation for the next tasteless joke . Because the show ca n't sustain such jokes constantly , there 's a lot of down time between the outrageous . During these valleys , Brickleberry grows dull . `` '' Rob Owen , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette However , some found the show more offensive than humorous . Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club commented that `` Brickleberry hails from the ' deliberately provocative ' school of comedy , where obviously offensive things are tossed out for shock value and if you do n't laugh , you 're a tight - ass who does n't get the other levels to the jokes . '' Ross Bonaime of Paste gave the show a 0.5 out 10 , writing that `` Brickleberry is poorly constructed , horribly executed and groan - worthy rather than funny in any way . It 's a show that 's actually painful to watch , because it keeps finding new depths of tasteless jokes without any punchline that are worse than the ones that preceded them . '' Many reviewers compared the show unfavorably to Family Guy and South Park . Brian Lowry of Variety lamented the show 's eagerness to offend : Yes , South Park has long since established animation is a fine place to skewer sacred cows , but Brickleberry has nothing more on its mind than seeing how far it can push the boundaries of dick and handicapped jokes . As a consequence , the premise ( a second - rate national park ) is purely incidental . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen felt the show did not live up to Comedy Central 's past animated efforts , deeming it `` a slap to the face of that legacy ( ... In South Park ) , there 's always an underlying sense of humanity to offset the humor . Brickleberry lacks that . '' The series creators acknowledged the influence , saying : `` Family Guy and South Park paved the way for us . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` ' Brickleberry ' Cancelled By Comedy Central After Three Seasons - Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - brickleberry on comedy central - TheFutonCritic.com '' . thefutoncritic.com . ^ Jump up to : Dan Sarto ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Waco O'Guin and Roger Black Talk ' Brickleberry ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon Weisman ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tosh patrols Comedy Central 's ' Brickleberry ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Central 's ' Brickleberry ' Renewed For Second Season With 13 - Episode Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` Comedy Central 's ' Brickleberry ' Renewed For Third Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Brickleberry ' Cancelled After 3 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gadino , Dylan . New Daniel Tosh show ' Brickleberry ' provides ammunition for fake outrage enthusiasts . `` Laugh Spin '' Jump up ^ Rahman , Ray Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Reviews : ' Mindy Project ' shows promise ; ' Brickleberry ' pushes punch line '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dennis Perkins ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Brickleberry '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross Bonaime ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Brickleberry Review : `` Welcome to Brickleberry '' ( Episode 1.01 ) `` . Paste . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . Tosh 's Tedious ' Brickleberry ' Too Eager to Offend Variety Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Brickleberry : `` Welcome to Brickleberry '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Brickleberry on IMDb Brickleberry at the Big Cartoon DataBase Brickleberry at TV.com Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor that played ethel in brickleberry	[ "Ethel Anderson (voiced by Kaitlin Olson in season 1, Natasha Leggero in season 2 and 3) – Ethel is an attractive, 25-year-old female ranger. She was the top ranger at Yellowstone and was transferred to Brickleberry in an effort to get the park back on track (and because she was fired from Yellowstone for being drunk on the job). She is passionate for animals and nature and does her best to treat her co-workers kindly. Steve sees Ethel as a threat to his Ranger of the Month title, while Ethel sees Steve as a bumbling idiot. Ethel possesses extraordinary ranger skills, but is much more humble than Steve." ]	[ "Kaitlin Olson in season 1, Natasha Leggero in season 2 and 3" ]
5366117233798059037	Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (India)	Consumer protection Act , 1986 ( India ) - Wikipedia Consumer protection Act , 1986 ( India ) ( Redirected from Consumer Protection Act , 1986 ) Jump to : navigation , search Consumer Protection Act , 1986 An Act to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers and for that purpose to make provision for the establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumers ' disputes and for matters connected there with . Citation Act No. 68 of 1986 Enacted by Parliament of India Date commenced 24 December 1986 Status : In force Consumer Protection Act , 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1986 to protect the interests of consumers in India . It makes provision for the establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumers ' disputes and for matters connected therewith also . Contents ( hide ) 1 Significance of the statute 2 Consumer Protection Council 2.1 The Central Consumer Protection Council 3 Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies 4 Objectives 4.1 Objectives of Central Council 4.2 Objectives of State Council 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Jurisdiction of District Forum 5.2 Jurisdiction of State Commission 6 References 7 External links Significance of the statute ( edit ) This statute is regarded as the Magna Carta in the field of consumer protection for checking the unfair trade practices and ' defect in goods ' and ' deficiencies in services ' as far as India is concerned . It led to the establishment of a widespread network of consumer forums and appellate courts all over India . It has significantly impacted how businesses approach consumer complaints and empowered consumers to a great extent . Consumer protection council ( edit ) Consumer Protection Councils are established at the national , state and district level to increase consumer awareness . The Central Consumer Protection Council ( edit ) The Central Govt . shall by notification establish with effect from ( w.e.f ) such date as it may specify in such notification a Council to be known as the Central Consumer Protection Council Consumer disputes Redressal agencies ( edit ) Main article : Consumer Court District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum ( DCDRF ) : Also known as the `` District Forum '' established by the State Government in each district of the State . The State Government may establish more than one District Forum in a district . It is a district level court that deals with cases valuing up to ₹ 2 million ( US $31,000 ) . State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission ( SCDRC ) : Also known as the `` State Commission '' established by the State Government in the State . It is a state level court that takes up cases valuing less than ₹ 10 million ( US $150,000 ) National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission ( NCDRC ) : Established by the Central Government.It deals with matters of more than 10 million . Objectives ( edit ) Objectives of Central council ( edit ) The objectives of the Central Council is to promote and to protect the rights of the consumers such as : - The right to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which are hazardous to life and property . The right to be informed about the quality , quantity , potency , purity , standard and price of goods or services , as the case may be so as to protect the consumer against unfair trade practices ; The right to be assured , wherever possible , access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices ; The right to be heard and to be assured that consumer 's interest will receive due consideration at appropriate forums ; The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or restrictive trade practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers ; and The right to consumer education . Objectives of State Council ( edit ) The object of the State Council Jurisdiction ( edit ) Jurisdiction of district Forum ( edit ) Subject to the other provisions of this Act , the District Forum shall have jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services and the compensation , if any , claimed does not exceed rupees twenty lakhs . A complaint shall be instituted in a District Forum within the local limits of whose jurisdiction : - a ) -- the opposite party or each of the opposite parties , where there are more than one , at the time of the institution of the complaint , actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business or has a branch office or personally works for gain , or b ) -- any of the opposite parties , where there are more than one , at the time of the institution of the complaint , actually and voluntarily resides , or carries on business or has a branch office , or personally works for gain , provided that in such case either the permission of the District Forum is given , or the opposite parties who do not reside , or carry on business or have a branch office , or personally work for gain , as the case may be , acquiesce in such institution ; or c ) -- the cause of action , wholly or in part , arises . Consumer courts do not have jurisdiction over matters where services or goods were bought for a commercial purpose . Jurisdiction of State Commission ( edit ) Subject to the other provisions of this Act , the State Commission shall have jurisdiction : - a ) -- to entertain i ) -- complaints where the value of the goods or services and compensation , if any , claimed exceeds rupees twenty lakhs but does not exceed rupees one crore ( R10 million ) ; and ii ) -- appeals against the orders of any District Forum within the State ; and b ) -- to call for the records and pass appropriate orders in any consumer dispute ( a ) to entertain -- ( i ) complaints where the value of the goods or services and compensation , if any , claimed exceeds rupees one crore ; and ( ii ) appeals against the orders of any State Commission ; and ( b ) to call for the records and pass appropriate orders in any consumer dispute which is pending before or has been decided by any State Commission . However , the Supreme Court of India has held that the jurisdiction of National Commission under Revision Jurisdiction is very limited and can only be exercised when State Commission exceeds its jurisdiction , fails to exercise its jurisdiction or there is material illegality in the order passed by State Commission . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kumar , Vineet . `` An Analysis of Consumer Protection Laws in India '' . iPleaders . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONSUMER PROTECTION AND NATIONAL CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL COMMISSION '' . NCDRC . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Meera Industries , Howrah vs. Modern Constructions , Howrah Jump up ^ `` Jurisdiction of National Commission under Revision Application is limited '' . Consumer Law India . 2016 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . 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13057932722356137	Normandy landings	Normandy landings - wikipedia Normandy landings Jump to : navigation , search `` D - Day '' redirects here . This article is about the first day of the Invasion of Normandy . The subsequent operations are covered in Invasion of Normandy . For the use of D - Day as a general military term , see D - Day ( military term ) . For other uses , see D - Day ( disambiguation ) . `` Operation Neptune '' redirects here . For other uses , see Operation Neptune ( disambiguation ) . Normandy landings Part of Operation Overlord , Invasion of Normandy Men of the 16th Infantry Regiment , U.S. 1st Infantry Division wade ashore on Omaha Beach on the morning of 6 June 1944 Date June 6 , 1944 ; 73 years ago ( 1944 - 06 - 06 ) Location Normandy , France Result Decisive Allied victory Territorial changes Five Allied beachheads established in Normandy Belligerents United Kingdom United States Canada Australia Belgium Czechoslovakia Denmark Free France Greece Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley Miles Dempsey Trafford Leigh - Mallory Bertram Ramsay Arthur Tedder Gerd von Rundstedt Erwin Rommel Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg Friedrich Dollmann Hans von Salmuth Wilhelm Falley † Units involved First Army Omaha Beach : V Corps 1st Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division Utah Beach : VII Corps 4th Infantry Division 82nd Airborne Division 90th Infantry Division 101st Airborne Division Second Army Gold Beach XXX Corps 50th Infantry Division Juno Beach I Corps 3rd Canadian Infantry Division Sword Beach I Corps 3rd Infantry Division 6th Airborne Division 5th Panzer Army South of Caen 21st Panzer Division 7th Army Omaha 352nd Infantry Division Utah Beach 709th Static Division Gold , Juno , and Sword 716th Static Division Strength 156,000 50,350 + 170 coastal artillery guns . Includes guns from 100mm to 210mm , as well as 320mm rocket launchers . Casualties and losses 10,000 + casualties ; 4,414 confirmed dead 4,000 -- 9,000 casualties Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial airborne assault British sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Hill 30 Saint - Lô Carentan Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries The Normandy landings ( codenamed Operation Neptune ) were the landing operations on Tuesday , 6 June 1944 ( termed D - Day ) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II . The largest seaborne invasion in history , the operation began the liberation of German - occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control , and contributed to the Allied victory on the Western Front . Planning for the operation began in 1943 . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . The weather on D - Day was far from ideal , but postponing would have meant a delay of at least two weeks , as the invasion planners had requirements for the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that meant only a few days in each month were deemed suitable . Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion . The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault -- the landing of 24,000 American , British , and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight . Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06 : 30 . The target 50 - mile ( 80 km ) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors : Utah , Omaha , Gold , Juno , and Sword . Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions , particularly at Utah and Omaha . The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches , and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes , metal tripods , and barbed wire , making the work of the beach - clearing teams difficult and dangerous . Casualties were heaviest at Omaha , with its high cliffs . At Gold , Juno , and Sword , several fortified towns were cleared in house - to - house fighting , and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled , using specialised tanks . The Allies failed to achieve any of their goals on the first day . Carentan , St. Lô , and Bayeux remained in German hands , and Caen , a major objective , was not captured until 21 July . Only two of the beaches ( Juno and Gold ) were linked on the first day , and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June ; however , the operation gained a foothold which the Allies gradually expanded over the coming months . German casualties on D - Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men . Allied casualties were at least 10,000 , with 4,414 confirmed dead . Museums , memorials , and war cemeteries in the area now host many visitors each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Operations 3 Deception plans 4 Weather 5 German order of battle 5.1 Cotentin Peninsula 5.2 Grandcamps Sector 5.3 Forces around Caen 6 Atlantic Wall 7 Armoured reserves 8 Allied order of battle 8.1 American zones 8.2 British and Canadian zones 9 Coordination with the French Resistance 10 Naval activity 10.1 Naval losses 11 Bombardment 12 Landings 12.1 Airborne operations 12.1. 1 American airborne landings 12.1. 2 British and Canadian airborne landings 12.2 Utah Beach 12.3 Pointe du Hoc 12.4 Omaha Beach 12.5 Gold Beach 12.6 Juno Beach 12.7 Sword Beach 13 Aftermath 14 War memorials and tourism 15 Depiction in media 15.1 Books 15.2 Film and television 15.3 Video games 16 See also 17 References 17.1 Notes 17.2 Citations 17.3 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Background Between 27 May and 4 June 1940 , over 338,000 troops of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and the French Army , trapped along the northern coast of France , were rescued in the Dunkirk evacuation . After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing his allies for the creation of a second front in western Europe . In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a `` ... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942 . '' However , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill persuaded American President Franklin D. Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as , even with American help , the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity . Instead of an immediate return to France , the Western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations , where British troops were already stationed . By mid-1943 the campaign in North Africa had been won . The Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , and subsequently invaded Italy in September the same year . By then , Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad . The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 . Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft , most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and Pacific . At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 , Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long - delayed second front in May 1944 . Meeting of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) , 1 February 1944 . Front row : Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder ; General Dwight D. Eisenhower ; General Bernard Montgomery . Back row : Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ; Admiral Bertram Ramsay ; Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh - Mallory ; Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith . Four sites were considered for the landings : Brittany , the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy , and the Pas de Calais . As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas , it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus , so these sites were rejected . With the Pas de Calais being the closest point in continental Europe to Britain , the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone , so it was the most heavily fortified region . But it offered few opportunities for expansion , as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals , whereas landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of Cherbourg , coastal ports further west in Brittany , and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany . Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site . The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast -- the lack of port facilities -- would be overcome through the development of artificial Mulberry harbours . A series of specialised tanks , nicknamed Hobart 's Funnies , were created to deal with conditions expected during the Normandy Campaign , such as scaling sea walls and providing close support on the beach . The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944 . The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) . General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion . On 31 December 1943 Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne descents by three additional divisions , to allow operations on a wider front and speed up the capture of Cherbourg . The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June . Eventually , thirty - nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy : twenty - two American , twelve British , three Canadian , one Polish , and one French , totalling over a million troops all under overall British command . Operations Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large - scale lodgement on the Continent . The first phase , the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold , was codenamed Operation Neptune . To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion , the Allies undertook a bombing campaign ( codenamed Operation Pointblank ) that targeted German aircraft production , fuel supplies , and airfields . Elaborate deceptions , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion . The landings were to be preceded by airborne operations near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the Orne River bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank . The Americans , assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach , were to attempt to capture Carentan and St. Lô the first day , then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at Cherbourg . The British at Sword and Gold Beaches and Canadians at Juno Beach would protect the American flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen . A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory north of the Avranches - Falaise line within the first three weeks . Montgomery envisaged a ninety - day battle , lasting until all Allied forces reached the River Seine . Deception plans Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious First United States Army Group under George Patton Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard , the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings . Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North , a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway , and Fortitude South , a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious First United States Army Group under Lieutenant General George S. Patton , supposedly located in Kent and Sussex . Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at Calais . Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast , to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there . Patton was stationed in England until 6 July , thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais . Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings . In addition , on the night before the invasion , a small group of Special Air Service ( SAS ) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over Le Havre and Isigny . These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred . On that same night , in Operation Taxable , No. 617 Squadron RAF dropped strips of `` window '' , metal foil that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre . The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing barrage balloons . A similar deception was undertaken near Boulogne - sur - Mer in the Pas de Calais area by No. 218 Squadron RAF in Operation Glimmer . Weather The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month . A full moon was desirable , as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the highest tides . The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn , midway between low and high tide , with the tide coming in . This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach , while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open . Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault . However , on 4 June , conditions were unsuitable for a landing : high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft , and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets . Surface weather analysis map showing weather fronts on 5 June Group Captain James Stagg of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June . He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June . The next available dates with the required tidal conditions ( but without the desirable full moon ) would be two weeks later , from 18 to 20 June . Postponement of the invasion would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the Channel , and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected . After much discussion with the other senior commanders , Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on the 6th . A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June , which would have made the beach landings impossible . Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns . As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather , many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend war games in Rennes , and men in many units were given leave . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel returned to Germany for his wife 's birthday and to meet with Hitler to try to obtain more Panzers . German order of Battle Nazi Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the Low Countries , with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway . Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany . Combat losses throughout the war , particularly on the Eastern Front , meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw . German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts . Many in the Normandy area were Ostlegionen ( eastern legions ) -- conscripts and volunteers from Russia , Mongolia , and other areas of the Soviet Union . They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport . Many German units were under strength . German Supreme commander : Adolf Hitler Oberbefehlshaber West ( Supreme Commander West ; OB West ) : Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt ( Panzer Group West : General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ) Army Group B : Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 7th Army : Generaloberst Friedrich Dollmann LXXXIV Corps under General der Artillerie Erich Marcks Cotentin Peninsula Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula : 709th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Karl - Wilhelm von Schlieben numbered 12,320 men , many of them Ostlegionen ( non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war , Georgians and Poles ) . 729th Grenadier Regiment 739th Grenadier Regiment 919th Grenadier Regiment Grandcamps sector German troops using captured French tanks ( Beutepanzer ) in Normandy , 1944 Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops : 352nd Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss , a full - strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments . 914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment ( as reserves ) 916th Grenadier Regiment 726th Infantry Regiment ( from 716th Infantry Division ) 352nd Artillery Regiment Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division : 914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment 916th Grenadier Regiment 352nd Artillery Regiment Forces around Caen Allied forces attacking Gold , Juno , and Sword Beaches faced the following German units : 716th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter . At 7,000 troops , the division was significantly understrength . 736th Infantry Regiment 1716th Artillery Regiment 21st Panzer Division , ( south of Caen ) under Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger included 146 tanks and 50 assault guns , plus supporting infantry and artillery . 100th Panzer Regiment 125th Panzergrenadier Regiment 192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment 155th Panzer Artillery Regiment Atlantic wall Main articles : Atlantic Wall and English Channel Map of the Atlantic Wall , shown in yellow Axis and occupied countries Allies and occupied countries Neutral countries Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in 1942 , Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast , from Spain to Norway , to protect against an expected Allied invasion . He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops , but shortages , particularly of concrete and manpower , meant that most of the strongpoints were never built . As it was expected to be the site of the invasion , the Pas de Calais was heavily defended . In the Normandy area , the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and Saint - Malo . Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front , which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg , and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B , which included the 7th Army , the 15th Army , and the forces guarding the Netherlands . Reserves for this group included the 2nd , 21st , and 116th Panzer divisions . Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion , so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore . In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast , he ordered wooden stakes , metal tripods , mines , and large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks . Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach , he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high water mark . Tangles of barbed wire , booby traps , and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry . On Rommel 's order , the number of mines along the coast was tripled . The Allied air offensive over Germany had crippled the Luftwaffe and established air supremacy over western Europe , so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support . The Luftwaffe could muster only 815 aircraft over Normandy in comparison to the Allies ' 9,543 . Rommel arranged for booby - trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel ( Rommel 's asparagus ) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings . Armoured reserves Rommel believed that Germany 's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore . He requested that the mobile reserves , especially tanks , be stationed as close to the coast as possible . Rundstedt , Geyr , and other senior commanders objected . They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches . Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine : keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified . He also noted that , in the Italian Campaign , the armoured units stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment . Rommel 's opinion was that , because of Allied air supremacy , the large - scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was under way . Hitler made the final decision , which was to leave three Panzer divisions under Geyr 's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves . Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves , not to be used without his direct orders . Allied order of Battle D - day assault routes into Normandy Commander , SHAEF : General Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander , 21st Army Group : General Bernard Montgomery American zones Commander , First Army ( United States ) : Lieutenant General Omar Bradley The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men , including 15,600 from the airborne divisions . Utah Beach VII Corps , commanded by Major General J. Lawton Collins 4th Infantry Division : Major General Raymond O. Barton 82nd Airborne Division : Major General Matthew Ridgway 90th Infantry Division : Brigadier General Jay W. MacKelvie 101st Airborne Division : Major General Maxwell D. Taylor Omaha Beach V Corps , commanded by Major General Leonard T. Gerow , making up 34,250 men 1st Infantry Division : Major General Clarence R. Huebner 29th Infantry Division : Major General Charles H. Gerhardt British and Canadian zones Royal Marine Commandos attached to 3rd Infantry Division move inland from Sword Beach , 6 June 1944 Commander , Second Army ( Britain and Canada ) : Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey Overall , the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men , 61,715 of them British . The nominally British air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations , including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew . For example , the Australian contribution to the operation included a regular Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) squadron , nine Article XV squadrons , and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships . The RAF supplied two - thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion . Gold Beach XXX Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division : Major General D.A.H. Graham Juno Beach Main article : Juno Beach order of battle British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Canadian Division : Major General Rod Keller Sword Beach British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Infantry Division : Major General Tom Rennie 6th Airborne Division : Major General R.N. Gale 79th Armoured Division : Major General Percy Hobart provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army 's sector . Coordination with the French resistance Members of the French Resistance and the U.S. 82nd Airborne division discuss the situation during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 Through the London - based État - major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur ( French Forces of the Interior ) , the British Special Operations Executive orchestrated a massive campaign of sabotage to be implemented by the French Resistance . The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D - Day and the following days : Plan Vert was a 15 - day operation to sabotage the rail system . Plan Bleu dealt with destroying electrical facilities . Plan Tortue was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy . Plan Violet dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables . The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by messages personnels transmitted by the BBC 's French service from London . Several hundred of these messages , which might be snatches of poetry , quotations from literature , or random sentences , were regularly transmitted , masking the few that were actually significant . In the weeks preceding the landings , lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups . An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway . However , because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation , most units ignored the warning . A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance 's sabotage efforts : `` In the southeast , 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places . Normandy was isolated as of 7 June . '' Naval activity D - Day planning map , used at Southwick House Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on 6 June 1944 Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian Correlli Barnett as a `` never surpassed masterpiece of planning '' . In overall command was British Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , who had served as Flag officer at Dover during the Dunkirk evacuation four years earlier . He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the invasion of North Africa in 1942 , and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the invasion of Sicily the following year . The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies , comprising 6,939 vessels : 1,213 warships , 4,126 landing craft of various types , 736 ancillary craft , and 864 merchant vessels . The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK , which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft . There were 195,700 naval personnel involved . The invasion fleet was split into the Western Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Alan G Kirk ) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Sir Philip Vian ) in the British and Canadian sectors . Available to the fleet were five battleships , 20 cruisers , 65 destroyers , and two monitors . German ships in the area on D - Day included three torpedo boats , 29 fast attack craft , 36 R boats , and 36 minesweepers and patrol boats . The Germans also had several U-boats available , and all the approaches had been heavily mined . Naval losses At 05 : 10 , four German torpedo boats reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes , sinking the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Svenner off Sword beach but missing the battleships HMS Warspite and Ramillies . After attacking , the German vessels turned away and fled east into a smoke screen that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long - range battery at Le Havre . Allied losses to mines included USS Corry off Utah and USS PC - 1261 , a 173 - foot patrol craft . In addition , many landing craft were lost . Bombardment Main article : Bombing of Normandy Map of the invasion area showing channels cleared of mines , location of vessels engaged in bombardment , and targets on shore Bombing of Normandy began around midnight with more than 2,200 British , Canadian , and American bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland . The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha , because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see . Concerned about inflicting casualties on their own troops , many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences . The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D - Day , and another 964 in Germany . Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy . The Western Task Force included the battleships Arkansas , Nevada , and Texas , plus eight cruisers , 28 destroyers , and one monitor . The Eastern Task Force included the battleships Ramillies and Warspite and the monitor Roberts , twelve cruisers , and thirty - seven destroyers . Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05 : 45 , while it was still dark , with the gunners switching to pre-assigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see , at 05 : 50 . Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06 : 30 ( an hour earlier than the British beaches ) , these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore . Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire , and self - propelled amphibious Duplex - Drive tanks ( DD tanks ) , specially designed for the Normandy landings , were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire . However , few arrived in advance of the infantry , and many sank before reaching the shore , especially at Omaha . Landings Airborne operations The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the buildup of a well - supplied force capable of breaking out . The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the arrival of sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished . To slow or eliminate the enemy 's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period , airborne operations were used to seize key objectives such as bridges , road crossings , and terrain features , particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas . The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches , and in some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead . The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach , where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans . Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German 91st Infantry Division meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south . The British 6th Airborne Division , on the eastern flank , was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne , destroy five bridges over the Dives 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) to the east , and destroy the Merville Gun Battery overlooking Sword Beach . Free French paratroopers from the British SAS Brigade were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June until August in Operations Dingson , Samwest , and Cooney . BBC war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft : Their faces were darkened with cocoa ; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles ; tommy guns strapped to their waists ; bandoliers and hand grenades , coils of rope , pick handles , spades , rubber dinghies hung around them , and a few personal oddments , like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready , as though they had done it often before . Well , yes , they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this -- twenty , thirty , forty times some of them , but it had never been quite like this before . This was the first combat jump for every one of them . American airborne landings Main article : American airborne landings in Normandy Gliders are delivered to the Cotentin Peninsula by Douglas C - 47 Skytrains. 6 June 1944 The American airborne landings began with the arrival of pathfinders at 00 : 15 . Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud , and as a result only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and Aldis lamps . Paratroopers of the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions , numbering over 13,000 men , were delivered by Douglas C - 47 Skytrains of the IX Troop Carrier Command . To avoid flying over the invasion fleet , the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach . Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01 : 30 , tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the Douve River . The C - 47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover , and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones . Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both flak and machine gun fire . Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open , and others drowned in the flooded fields . Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the bocage terrain , with its hedgerows , stone walls , and marshes . Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon , by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach . Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02 : 30 , with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River Merderet and destroying two bridges over the Douve . On the east side of the river , 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone , and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at Sainte - Mère - Église ( the first town liberated in the invasion ) and began working to protect the western flank . Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone , the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered , with only four per cent landing in the target area . Many landed in nearby swamps , with much loss of life . Paratroopers consolidated into small groups , usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units , and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives . They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière , and fighting for the crossing continued for several days . Reinforcements arrived by glider around 04 : 00 ( Mission Chicago and Mission Detroit ) , and 21 : 00 ( Mission Keokuk and Mission Elmira ) , bringing additional troops and heavy equipment . Like the paratroopers , many landed far from their drop zones . Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty , with heavy cargo such as Jeeps shifting during landing , crashing through the wooden fuselage , and in some cases crushing personnel on board . After 24 hours , only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions , approximately a third of the force dropped . This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response . The 7th Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01 : 20 , but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway . The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02 : 00 . British and Canadian airborne landings Main article : Operation Tonga An abandoned Waco CG - 4 glider is examined by German troops The first Allied action of D - Day was Operation Deadstick , a glider assault at 00 : 16 at Pegasus Bridge over the Caen Canal and the bridge ( since renamed Horsa Bridge ) over the Orne , half a mile ( 800 metres ) to the east . Both bridges were quickly captured intact , with light casualties , by members of the 5th Parachute Brigade and the 7th ( Light Infantry ) Parachute Battalion . The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3rd Parachute Brigade . Meanwhile , the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers ( scheduled to begin arriving at 00 : 50 to clear the landing zone north of Ranville ) were blown off course , and had to set up the navigation aids too far east . Many paratroopers , also blown too far east , landed far from their intended drop zones ; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units . Major General Richard Gale arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03 : 30 , along with equipment , such as antitank guns and jeeps , and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks , which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings . At 02 : 00 , the commander of the German 716th Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter-attack . However , as the division was part of the armoured reserve , Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from OKW before he could commit his formation . Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09 : 00 , but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group ( including tanks ) to fight the British forces east of the Orne . Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 9th Battalion tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point . Lieutenant Colonel Terence Otway , in charge of the operation , decided to proceed regardless , as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06 : 00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach . In the Battle of Merville Gun Battery , Allied forces disabled the guns with plastic explosives at a cost of 75 casualties . The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery . Otway 's remaining force withdrew with the assistance of a few members of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion . With this action , the last of the D - Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved . They were reinforced at 12 : 00 by commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade , who landed on Sword Beach , and by the 6th Airlanding Brigade , who arrived in gliders at 21 : 00 in Operation Mallard . Utah beach Main article : Utah Beach Carrying their equipment , U.S. assault troops move onto Utah Beach . Landing craft can be seen in the background . Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment . Members of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land , arriving at 06 : 30 . Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents , and they found themselves about 2,000 yards ( 1.8 km ) from their intended landing zone . This site turned out to be better , as there was only one strongpoint nearby rather than two , and bombers of IX Bomber Command had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude , inflicting considerable damage . In addition , the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles . The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division , Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. , the first senior officer ashore , made the decision to `` start the war from right here '' , and ordered further landings to be re-routed . The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines . Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks . Combat teams began to exit the beach at around 09 : 00 , with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road . They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment , who were armed with antitank guns and rifles . The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards ( 1.2 km ) to the south were disabled by noon . The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D - Day objectives at Utah Beach , partly because they had arrived too far to the south , but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties . Pointe du Hoc Main article : Pointe du Hoc U.S. Rangers scaling the wall at Pointe du Hoc Pointe du Hoc , a prominent headland situated between Utah and Omaha , was assigned to two hundred men of 2nd Ranger Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Rudder . Their task was to scale the 30m ( 100ft ) cliffs with grappling hooks , ropes , and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top . The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above . Allied destroyers Satterlee and Talybont provided fire support . After scaling the cliffs , the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn . They located the weapons , unguarded but ready to use , in an orchard some 550 metres ( 600 yd ) south of the point , and disabled them with explosives . The now - isolated Rangers fended off numerous counter-attacks from the German 914th Grenadier Regiment . The men at the point became isolated and some were captured . By dawn on D + 1 , Rudder had only 90 men able to fight . Relief did not arrive until D + 2 , when members of the 743rd Tank Battalion and others arrived . By then , Rudder 's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons . Several men were killed as a result , because the German weapons made a distinctive noise , and the men were mistaken for the enemy . By the end of the battle , the Rangers casualties were 135 dead and wounded , while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured . An unknown number of French collaborators were executed . Omaha beach Main article : Omaha Beach U.S. assault troops in an LCVP landing craft approach Omaha Beach , 6 June 1944 . Omaha , the most heavily defended beach , was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and 29th Infantry Division . They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment . Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed . For fear of hitting the landing craft , American bombers delayed releasing their loads and , as a result , most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore . Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars and the men had to wade 50 - 100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach . In spite of the rough seas , DD tanks of two companies of the 741st Tank Battalion were dropped 5,000 yards ( 4,600 m ) from shore ; however , 27 of the 32 flooded and sank , with the loss of 33 crew . Some tanks , disabled on the beach , continued to provide covering fire until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide . Casualties were around 2,000 , as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above . Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08 : 30 . A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could resume . Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies , and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground . By noon , as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition , the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches . They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach . The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days , and the D - Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by D + 3 . Gold beach Main article : Gold Beach British troops come ashore at Jig Green sector , Gold Beach The first landings on Gold beach were set for 07 : 25 due to the differences in the tide between there and the American beaches . High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft , and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned . Three of the four guns in a large emplacement at the Longues - sur - Mer battery were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers Ajax and Argonaut at 06 : 20 . The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon , and its garrison surrendered on 7 June . Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint , which had its embrasure facing east to provide enfilade fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side . Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16 : 00 , when a modified Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tank fired a large petard charge into its rear entrance . A second casemated emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun was neutralised by a tank at 07 : 30 . Meanwhile , infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland . The No. 47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando moved toward the small port at Port - en - Bessin and captured it the following day in the Battle of Port - en - Bessin . Company Sergeant Major Stanley Hollis received the only Victoria Cross awarded on D - Day for his actions while attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point . On the western flank , the 1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment captured Arromanches ( future site of Mulberry `` B '' ) , and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno . Bayeux was not captured the first day due to stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division . Allied casualties at Gold Beach are estimated at 1,000 . Juno beach Main article : Juno Beach Personnel of Royal Canadian Navy Beach Commando `` W '' land on Mike Beach sector of Juno Beach , 6 June 1944 The landing at Juno was delayed because of choppy seas , and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour , suffering many casualties while disembarking . Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences . Several exits from the beach were created , but not without difficulty . At Mike Beach on the western flank , a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of fascine , which were then covered by a temporary bridge . The tank remained in place until 1972 , when it was removed and restored by members of the Royal Engineers . The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day , making it difficult to move inland . Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns , machine - gun nests , concrete fortifications , barbed wire , and mines were located at Courseulles - sur - Mer , St Aubin - sur - Mer , and Bernières - sur - Mer . The towns themselves also had to be cleared in house - to - house fighting . Soldiers on their way to Bény - sur - Mer , 3 miles ( 5 km ) inland , discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed . Elements of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade advanced to within sight of the Carpiquet airfield late in the afternoon , but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night . The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting . By nightfall , the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles ( 19 km ) wide and 7 miles ( 10 km ) deep . Casualties at Juno were 961 men . Sword beach Main article : Sword Beach British troops take cover after landing on Sword Beach . On Sword , 21 of 25 DD tanks of the first wave were successful in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry , who began disembarking at 07 : 30 . The beach was heavily mined and peppered with obstacles , making the work of the beach clearing teams difficult and dangerous . In the windy conditions , the tide came in more quickly than expected , so manoeuvring the armour was difficult . The beach quickly became congested . Brigadier Simon Fraser , 15th Lord Lovat and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave , piped ashore by Private Bill Millin , Lovat 's personal piper . Members of No. 4 Commando moved through Ouistreham to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore . A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later . French forces under Commander Philippe Kieffer ( the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy ) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella , with the aid of one of the DD tanks . The ' Morris ' strongpoint near Colleville - sur - Mer was captured after about an hour of fighting . The nearby ' Hillman ' strongpoint , headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment , was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning 's bombardment essentially undamaged . It was not captured until 20 : 15 . The 2nd Battalion , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry began advancing to Caen on foot , coming within a few kilometres of the town , but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support . At 16 : 00 , the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter-attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel . It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux . Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1,000 . Aftermath Supply landings at Omaha Beach , mid-June 1944 Situation map for 24 : 00 , 6 June 1944 The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history , with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft , 289 escort vessels , and 277 minesweepers participating . Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D - Day , with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June . Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10,000 , with 4,414 confirmed dead . The Germans lost 1,000 men . The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan , St. Lô , Caen , and Bayeux on the first day , with all the beaches ( other than Utah ) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres ( 6 to 10 mi ) from the beaches ; none of these objectives were achieved . The five bridgeheads were not connected until 12 June , by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) long and 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) deep . Caen , a major objective , was still in German hands at the end of D - Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July . The Germans had ordered French civilians , other than those deemed essential to the war effort , to leave potential combat zones in Normandy . Civilian casualties on D - Day and D + 1 are estimated at 3,000 people . Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors . German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished ; shortly before D - Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere . The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful , leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline . The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy , which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks . Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance , making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies . Some of the opening bombardment was off - target or not concentrated enough to have any impact , but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha , providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches . Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success . War memorials and tourism The Bény - sur - Mer Canadian War Cemetery The La Cambe German war cemetery , near Bayeux At Omaha Beach , parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible , and a few of the beach obstacles remain . A memorial to the American National Guard sits at the location of a former German strongpoint . Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944 , with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place . The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is nearby , in Colleville - sur - Mer . A museum about the Utah landings is located at Sainte - Marie - du - Mont , and there is one dedicated to the activities of the American airmen at Sainte - Mère - Église . Two German military cemeteries are located nearby . Pegasus Bridge , a target of the British 6th Airborne , was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings . The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance , and the original is now housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex . Sections of Mulberry Harbour B still sit in the sea at Arromanches , and the well - preserved Longues - sur - Mer battery is nearby . The Juno Beach Centre , opened in 2003 , was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments , France , and Canadian veterans . Depiction in media Books The Longest Day ( 1959 book ) Film and television The Longest Day ( 1962 film ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 film ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 miniseries ) Video games Medal of Honor : Allied Assault ( 2002 ) Medal of Honor : Frontline ( 2002 ) See also Normandy portal World War II portal Commonwealth War Graves Commission D - Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm Martha Gellhorn , the only woman to land at Normandy on D - Day List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings Wireless Set No. 46 References Notes Jump up ^ The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D - Day . This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air . Ellis , Allen & Warhurst 2004 , pp. 521 -- 533 . Jump up ^ The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000 , of which 2,500 were killed . Research under way by the National D - Day Memorial has confirmed 4,414 deaths , of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations . Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 87 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 1988 , p. x . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Wenande 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ US Navy website . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 60 , 63 , 118 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Johnson 2005 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Portsmouth Museum Services . Jump up ^ Churchill 1949 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Folliard 1942 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 177 -- 178 , chart p. 180 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 33 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1994 , pp. 73 -- 74 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1989 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 684 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Allen & Warhurst 2004 , pp. 521 -- 533 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , pp. 592 -- 593 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , Map , inside front cover . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 680 . Jump up ^ Brown 2007 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 282 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Bickers 1994 , pp. 19 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 224 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Francois 2013 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , pp. 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 60 , 63 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hooton 1999 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , Map , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Stanley 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Holland 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 270 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Douthit 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Escott 2010 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Special Operations Research Office 1965 , pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Yung 2006 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1951 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Weigley 1981 , pp. 136 -- 137 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 81 , 117 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 51 -- 52 , 69 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 125 , 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Corta 1952 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Corta 1997 , pp. 65 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Barr 1944 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 228 , 230 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 56 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , Map , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 131 , 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 158 -- 159 , 164 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 95 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2009 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 334 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 76 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 333 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 56 , 83 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 276 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , Map , p. 314 -- 315 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 133 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 239 -- 240 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor 2009 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , pp. 143 , 148 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Horn 2010 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Flint 2009 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Flint 2009 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , pp. 346 -- 348 . Jump up ^ Mémorial Pegasus . Jump up ^ Ford & Zaloga 2009 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Zuehlke 2004 , pp. 349 -- 350 . Bibliography Ambrose , Stephen ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . D - Day June 6 , 1944 : The Climactic Battle of World War II . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 67334 - 5 . Beevor , Antony ( 2009 ) . D - Day : The Battle for Normandy . New York ; Toronto : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02119 - 2 . Bickers , Richard Townshend ( 1994 ) . Air War Normandy . London : Leo Cooper . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 412 - 1 . Brown , Anthony Cave ( 2007 ) ( 1975 ) . Bodyguard of Lies : The Extraordinary True Story Behind D - Day . Guilford , CT : Globe Pequot . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59921 - 383 - 5 . Churchill , Winston ( 1949 ) . Their Finest Hour . The Second World War . II . Boston ; Toronto : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 396145 . Churchill , Winston ( 1951 ) ( 1948 ) . Closing the Ring . The Second World War . V. Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 396150 . Corta , Henry ( 1952 ) . Les bérets rouges ( The Red Berets ) ( in French ) . Paris : Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS . OCLC 8226637 . Corta , Henry ( 1997 ) . Qui ose gagne ( Who dares , wins ) ( in French ) . Vincennes , France : Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre . ISBN 978 - 2 - 86323 - 103 - 6 . `` D - Day and the Battle of Normandy : Your Questions Answered '' . Portsmouth Museum Services . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Douthit , Howard L. III ( 1988 ) . The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare - An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam ( PDF ) ( M.Sc . thesis ) . Wright - Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio : Air Force Institute of Technology . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Ellis , L.F. ; Allen , G.R.G. ; Warhurst , A.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1962 ) . Butler , J.R.M , ed . Victory in the West , Volume I : The Battle of Normandy . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . London : Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 84574 - 058 - 0 . Escott , Beryl E. ( 2010 ) . The Heroines of SOE : Britain 's Secret Women in France . Stroud , Gloucestershire : History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5661 - 4 . Flint , Edward R ( 2009 ) . The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy , June to August 1944 ( Ph. D. thesis ) . Cranfield , Bedford : Cranfield University ; Cranfield Defence and Security School , Department of Applied Science , Security and Resilience , Security and Resilience Group . OCLC 757064836 . Folliard , Edward T. ( 12 June 1942 ) . `` Molotov 's Visit to White House , Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed '' . Washington Post . Ford , Ken ; Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2009 ) . Overlord : The D - Day Landings . Oxford ; New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 424 - 4 . Francois , Dominique ( 13 October 2013 ) . Normandy : From D - Day to the Breakout : June 6 - July 31 , 1944 . Minneapolis : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 4558 - 0 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1989 ) . The Second World War : A Complete History . New York : H. Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1788 - 5 . Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ; Wenger , J. Michael ( 1994 ) . D - Day : The Story and Photographs . McLean , Virginia : Brassey 's . ISBN 0 - 02 - 881057 - 0 . Holland , James ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` D - Day : Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings '' . CNN . Hooton , Edward ( 1999 ) ( 1997 ) . Eagle in Flames : The Fall of the Luftwaffe . London : Arms and Armour . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 995 - X . Horn , Bernd ( 2010 ) . Men of Steel : Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy , 1944 . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 708 - 8 . Murray , Williamson ( 1983 ) . Strategy for Defeat : The Luftwaffe , 1933 -- 45 . Washington : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 125 - 6 . `` Pegasus Bridge : The Bridge of the Longest Day '' . Mémorial Pegasus D - Day Commemoration Committee . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Special Operations Research Office , Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center , United States Army ( 1965 ) . A Study of Rear Area Security Measures . Washington : American University . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Staff ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` D - Day : In the words of the BBC journalists '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Stanley , Peter ( 6 June 2004 ) . `` Australians and D - Day '' . Anniversary talks . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . US Department of the Navy , Naval History and Heritage Command . `` D - Day , the Normandy Invasion , 6 -- 25 June 1944 '' . Frequently asked questions . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Weigley , Russell F. ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaign of France and Germany 1944 -- 1945 . I. Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 13333 - 5 . Weinberg , Gerhard ( 1995 ) ( 1993 ) . A World At Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55879 - 2 . Wenande , Christian ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Denmark finally recognised as D - Day ally '' . Copenhagen Post . Ejvind Sandal . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Whitmarsh , Andrew ( 2009 ) . D - Day in Photographs . Stroud : History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5095 - 7 . Williams , Jeffery ( 1988 ) . The Long Left Flank : The Hard Fought Way to the Reich , 1944 -- 1945 . Toronto : Stoddart . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 2194 - 0 . Wilmot , Chester ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle For Europe . Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Yung , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Gators of Neptune : Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 997 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J ; Johnson , Hugh ( 2005 ) . D - Day Fortifications in Normandy . Oxford ; New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0382 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2009 ) . Rangers Lead the Way : Pointe - du - Hoc , D - Day 1944 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 394 - 0 . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2004 ) . Juno Beach : Canada 's D - Day Victory : June 6 , 1944 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 050 - 6 . Further reading Badsey , Stephen ( 1990 ) . Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Osprey Campaign Series . 1 . Botley , Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Buckley , John ( 2006 ) . The Normandy Campaign : 1944 : Sixty Years On . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 20303 - 1 . D'Este , Carlo ( 1983 ) . Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign . London : William Collins Sons . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . Dolski , Michael ; Edwards , Sam ; Buckley , John , eds. ( 2014 ) . D - Day in History and Memory : The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration . Denton : University of North Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57441 - 548 - 3 . Holderfield , Randal J. ; Varhola , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . The Invasion of Normandy , June 6 , 1944 . Mason City , Iowa : Savas . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 45 - 7 . Keegan , John ( 1994 ) . Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023542 - 6 . Neillands , Robin ( 2002 ) . The Battle of Normandy , 1944 . London : Cassell . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35837 - 1 . Ryan , Cornelius ( 1959 ) . The Longest Day . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 20814 - 4 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1946 ) . Canada 's Battle in Normandy : The Canadian Army 's Share in the Operations , 6 June -- 1 September 1944 . Ottawa : King 's Printer . OCLC 39263107 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1960 ) . Volume III . The Victory Campaign , The Operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . Ottawa : Department of National Defence . Tute , Warren ; Costello , John ; Hughes , Terry ( 1975 ) . D - Day . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 24418 - 3 . Whitlock , Flint ( 2004 ) . The Fighting First : The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D - Day . Boulder : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4218 - X . Zetterling , Niklas ( 2000 ) . Normandy 1944 : German Military Organisation , Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness . Winnipeg : J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing . ISBN 0 - 921991 - 56 - 8 . External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for D - Day beaches . Wikimedia Commons has media related to D - Day . Boire , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Lest We Forget : A Review of Books Marking the 60th Anniversary of D - Day '' . Canadian Military Journal . 5 ( 2 ) . The Normandy Invasion at the US Army Center of Military History Neptune Operations Plan Naval details for Overlord at Naval-History.Net Documents on D - Day : The Invasion of Normandy at the Eisenhower Presidential Center Lt. General Omar Bradley FUSAG 12TH AG : June 6 , 1944 D - Day Maps Omar Bradley D - Day Maps restored , preserved and Displayed at Historical Registry Allied veterans remember D - Day Naval History and Heritage Command ( archive ) The short film Big Picture : D - Day Convoy to Normandy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Complete Broadcast Day : D - Day ( June 6 , 1944 ) from CBS Radio News , available at the Internet Archive CWGC : D - Day -- Normandy Coordinates : 49 ° 20 ′ N 0 ° 34 ′ W / 49.333 ° N 0.567 ° W / 49.333 ; - 0.567 World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Normandy landings bombardment groups Utah Omaha Gold Juno Sword United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Chief of Staff of the Army ( 1945 -- 1948 ) Commander , Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Military career Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor , U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO , 1951 - 1952 Presidency Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état `` Chance for Peace '' speech `` Atoms for Peace '' speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev , Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / `` Military -- industrial complex '' Office of Food for Peace President 's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address ( 1955 1956 1960 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Books Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) Elections Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries , 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention , 1952 1956 United States Presidential election , 1952 1956 Legacy Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum , gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials Popular culture Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe ( 1949 television series ) Ike ( 1979 miniseries ) Ike : Countdown to D - Day ( 2004 film ) Pressure ( 2014 play ) Family Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( wife ) Doud Eisenhower ( son ) John Eisenhower ( son ) David Eisenhower ( grandson ) Anne Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Susan Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Mary Jean Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) Jennie Eisenhower ( great - granddaughter ) Ida Stover Eisenhower ( mother ) Earl D. Eisenhower ( brother ) Edgar N. Eisenhower ( brother ) Milton S. Eisenhower ( brother ) Related Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David `` And I do n't care what it is '' Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby ← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Normandy_landings&oldid=800677473 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1944 June 1944 events 1944 in France Operation Overlord Battle for Caen Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Battles of World War II involving France Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving the United States Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II Naval battles of World War II involving Canada Amphibious operations of World War II Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages EngvarB from June 2014 Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2012 Use British English from October 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 00 : 50 . 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7843043792378144955	Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time	Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest songs of All Time - wikipedia Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest songs of All Time `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' was the cover story of a special issue of Rolling Stone , issue number 963 , published in December 2004 , a year after the magazine published its list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Contents 1 Statistics 2 2010 update 3 Top twenty songs 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Statistics ( edit ) Of the 500 songs , 351 are from the United States and 120 from the United Kingdom ; they are followed by Canada , with 13 ( a majority of them by Neil Young ) ; Ireland , with 12 entries ( of which 8 were composed by U2 ) ; Jamaica , with 7 ( most of them by Bob Marley and the Wailers , Jimmy Cliff , and Toots and the Maytals ) ; Australia , with two ( AC / DC ) ; Sweden ( ABBA ) and France ( Daft Punk ) , each with one ( note : if the Anglo - Australian group , the Bee Gees ( two entries ) were counted as Australian , rather than British ( nb . they first achieved success in Australia ) the totals would be adjusted to UK - 117 , Australia - 4 ) . The list includes only songs written in English , with the sole exception of `` La Bamba '' ( number 345 ) , sung in Spanish by the American singer - songwriter Ritchie Valens . Few songs written prior to the 1950s are included ; some that are listed are Robert Johnson 's `` Crossroads '' ( 1936 ) , in the version recorded by Cream , and Hank Williams 's `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' ( 1949 ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , listed in the version by English rock band the Animals , was recorded at least as early as 1934 . Muddy Waters ' `` Rollin ' Stone '' ( 1950 ) is based on an earlier song , dating to the 1920s . There is one instrumental on the list : `` Green Onions '' by the American band Booker T. and the M.G. 's ( number 181 ) . The number of songs from each of the decades represented in the 2004 version is as follows : Decade Number of songs Percentage 1940s 0.2 % 1950s 72 14.4 % 1960s 203 40.8 % 1970s 142 28.2 % 1980s 57 11.4 % 1990s 22 4.4 % 2000s 0.6 % The Beatles are the most heavily represented musical act , with 23 songs on the list . John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and George Harrison are also represented as solo artists . However , Lennon is the only artist to appear twice in the top 10 , as a member of the Beatles and as a solo artist . The Beatles are followed by Bob Dylan ( 15 ) ; the Rolling Stones ( 14 ) ; Elvis Presley ( 11 ) ; U2 ( 8 ) ; the Beach Boys , Jimi Hendrix ( 7 ) ; Led Zeppelin , Prince , Sly and the Family Stone , James Brown , Chuck Berry ( 6 ) ; Elton John , Ray Charles , the Clash , the Drifters , Buddy Holly , and the Who ( 5 ) . The artists not included on the list of the top 100 artists but having the most songs featured in the list are the Animals , Blondie , Frank Sinatra and the Isley Brothers , each with three songs . Three songs appear on the list twice , performed by different artists : `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' , performed by Bob Dylan ( number 107 ) and by the Byrds ( number 79 ) ; `` Blue Suede Shoes '' by Presley ( number 430 ) and by Carl Perkins ( number 95 ) ; and `` Walk This Way '' by Aerosmith ( number 346 ) and by Run - DMC ( number 293 ) . The shortest tracks are `` Rave On ! '' by Buddy Holly running 1 : 47 , `` Great Balls of Fire '' by Jerry Lee Lewis ( 1 : 52 ) , and Eddie Cochran 's `` C'mon Everybody '' ( 1 : 53 ) . The longest tracks are `` The End '' ( 11 : 41 ) by the Doors ; `` Desolation Row '' ( 11 : 21 ) by Bob Dylan ; and `` Marquee Moon '' ( 9 : 58 ) by Television . Love is the most frequent word used in the songs ' lyrics , with 1057 occurrences , followed by I 'm ( 1000 uses ) , oh ( 847 uses ) , know ( 779 uses ) , baby ( 746 uses ) , got ( 702 uses ) , and yeah ( 656 uses ) . 2010 update ( edit ) In May 2010 , Rolling Stone compiled an update , published in a special issue and in digital form for the iPod and iPad . The list differs from the 2004 version , with 26 songs added , all of which are songs from the 2000s except `` Juicy '' by The Notorious B.I.G. , released in 1994 . The top 25 remained unchanged , but many songs down the list were given different rankings as a result of the inclusion of new songs , causing consecutive shifts among the songs listed in 2004 . The highest - ranked new entry was Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' ( number 100 ) . The number of songs from each decade in the updated version is as follows : Decade Number of songs Percentage 1940s 0.2 % 1950s 68 13.6 % 1960s 196 39.2 % 1970s 131 26.2 % 1980s 55 11 % 1990s 22 4.4 % 2000s 26 5.2 % Two songs by U2 and two by Jay - Z were added to the list . Jay - Z is featured in two other new songs on the list : `` Crazy in Love '' by Beyoncé , and `` Umbrella '' by Rihanna . The only artist to have two songs dropped from the list is the Crystals ; their `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' ( previously number 114 ) was the highest - ranked song to have been dropped . Top twenty songs ( edit ) Rank Artist Song Year Bob Dylan `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 1965 The Rolling Stones `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' 1965 John Lennon `` Imagine '' 1971 Marvin Gaye `` What 's Going On '' 1971 5 Aretha Franklin `` Respect '' 1967 6 The Beach Boys `` Good Vibrations '' 1966 7 Chuck Berry `` Johnny B. Goode '' 1958 8 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 1968 9 Nirvana `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' 1991 10 Ray Charles `` What 'd I Say '' 1959 11 The Who `` My Generation '' 1965 12 Sam Cooke `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' 1964 13 The Beatles `` Yesterday '' 1965 14 Bob Dylan `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' 1963 15 The Clash `` London Calling '' 1979 16 The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' 1963 17 The Jimi Hendrix Experience `` Purple Haze '' 1967 18 Chuck Berry `` Maybellene '' 1955 19 Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog '' 1956 20 The Beatles `` Let It Be '' 1970 See also ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's selection of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . 2004 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Seeger -- American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 1993 ) . Blues Masters Volume 8 : Mississippi Delta Blues . Liner notes . Rhino Records . p. 8 . R2 71130 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and drugs and Rock'n'roll : Analysing the lyrics of the Rolling Stone 500 greatest songs of all time '' . 2014 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' by Rolling Stone magazine ( updated version of the list ) `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' 2004 version of the list by archive.org `` Dylan track voted ' greatest song ' '' . BBC News . 2004 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 2010 Edition ) with lists of additions and dropouts '' . Last.fm . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time&oldid=855935394 '' Categories : 2004 in music 2010 in music Lists of rated songs Rolling Stone articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 20 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	rolling stone best songs of all time list	[]	[]
1053201389016738752	Hurricane Charley	Hurricane Charley - wikipedia Hurricane Charley Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2004 . For other storms of the same name , see Hurricane Charley ( disambiguation ) . Hurricane Charley Category 4 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Charley near peak intensity shortly before landfall in Florida on August 13 Formed August 9 , 2004 Dissipated August 15 , 2004 ( Extratropical after August 14 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) Lowest pressure 941 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.79 inHg Fatalities 15 direct , 20 indirect Damage $16.3 billion ( 2004 USD ) Areas affected Jamaica , Cayman Islands , Cuba , Florida , South Carolina , North Carolina Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Charley was the third named storm , the second hurricane , and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15 , and at its peak intensity it attained 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) winds , making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson Hurricane Scale . It made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength , making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in 1992 . After moving slowly through the Caribbean Sea , Charley crossed Cuba on Friday , August 13 as a Category 3 hurricane , causing heavy damage and four deaths . That same day , it crossed over the Dry Tortugas , just 22 hours after Tropical Storm Bonnie had struck northwestern Florida . It was the first time in history that two tropical cyclones struck the same state in a 24 - hour period . At its peak intensity of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) , Hurricane Charley struck the northern tip of Captiva Island and the southern tip of North Captiva Island , before crossing over Bokeelia causing severe damage . Charley , the strongest hurricane to hit southwest Florida since Hurricane Donna in 1960 , then continued to produce severe damage as it made landfall on the peninsula in Punta Gorda . It continued to the north - northeast along the Peace River corridor , devastating Punta Gorda , Port Charlotte , Cleveland , Fort Ogden , Nocatee , Arcadia , Zolfo Springs , Sebring , and Wauchula . Zolfo Springs was isolated for nearly two days as masses of large trees , power poles , power lines , transformers , and debris filled the streets . Wauchula sustained gusts to 147 mph ( 237 km / h ) ; buildings in the downtown areas caved onto Main Street . Ultimately , the storm passed through the central and eastern parts of the Orlando metropolitan area , still carrying winds gusting up to 106 mph ( 171 km / h ) . The city of Winter Park , north of Orlando , also sustained considerable damage since its many old , large oak trees had not experienced high winds . Falling trees tore down power utilities and smashed cars , and their huge roots lifted underground water and sewer utilities . The storm slowed as it exited the state over Ormond Beach just north of Daytona Beach . The storm was ultimately absorbed by a front in the Atlantic Ocean shortly after sunrise on August 15 , near southeastern Massachusetts . Damage in the state totaled to over $13 billion ( 2004 USD ) . Charley initially was expected to hit further north in Tampa , and caught many Floridians off - guard due to a sudden change in the storm 's track as it approached the state . Throughout the United States , Charley caused 10 deaths and $15.4 billion in damage to insured residential property , making it the second costliest hurricane in United States history at the time ( it has since dropped to ninth ) . Charley was a compact , fast - moving storm , which limited the scope and severity of the damage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3.1 Caribbean Sea 3.2 Florida 3.3 Rest of United States 4 Aftermath 4.1 Retirement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale Charley began as a tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 4 . It moved quickly westward and steadily organized over the open Atlantic Ocean , with convection developing in curved bands . The wave continued to develop as it approached the Lesser Antilles , and became Tropical Depression Three on August 9 while 115 mi ( 185 km ) south - southeast of Barbados , near the island of Grenada , however , the threat to Barbados was short - lived . Low upper - level wind shear and well - defined outflow contributed to further intensification , and the depression strengthened on August 10 , despite being located in the eastern Caribbean Sea , which is an area not particularly suited to tropical cyclogenesis . At this time , the National Hurricane Center in Miami designated the name `` Charley . '' Hurricane Charley approaching Cuba on August 12 A strong ridge of high pressure to the system 's north forced Charley to change track quickly to the west - northwest . It continued to strengthen and became a Category 1 hurricane on August 11 , while 90 mi ( 140 km ) south of Kingston , Jamaica . The storm was being steered around the periphery of the high pressure area , and as a result , Charley changed direction toward the northwest . The following day , the core passed 40 mi ( 64 km ) southwest of Jamaica , affecting the island on August 11 and 12 . The storm then passed 15 mi ( 24 km ) northeast of Grand Cayman , reaching Category 2 status just after passing the island . The hurricane continued to strengthen as it turned to the northwest and rounded the southwest portion of the subtropical ridge , becoming a major hurricane -- a storm classified as a Category 3 hurricane or higher -- just before making landfall on southern Cuba . Charley came ashore near Punta Cayamas with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) and gusts of up to 133 mph ( 214 km / h ) , at about 0430 UTC on August 13 . It weakened while crossing the island , passing about 15 mi ( 24 km ) west of downtown Havana before weakening to 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) . After crossing Cuba near Menelao Mora , Hurricane Charley accelerated to the north - northeast , toward the southwest coast of Florida in response to the approach of an unseasonal mid-tropospheric trough . Charley passed over the Dry Tortugas at 1200 UTC on August 13 , with maximum winds of about 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) . The strike occurred only 22 hours after Tropical Storm Bonnie made landfall on St. Vincent Island , marking the first time two tropical cyclones hit the same state within a 24 - hour period . Then Charley rapidly intensified , strengthening from a 110 mph ( 180 km / h ) hurricane with a minimum central barometric pressure of 965 mbar ( hPa ; 28.50 inHg ) to a 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) hurricane with a pressure of 947 mbar ( hPa ; 27.96 inHg ) in just three hours . It continued to strengthen as it turned more to the northeast , and made landfall near the island of Cayo Costa , Florida as a 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) Category 4 hurricane with a pressure of 941 mbar ( hPa ; 27.79 inHg ) at approximately 1945 UTC on August 13 . An hour later , the hurricane struck Punta Gorda as a 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) storm and then passed up through Port Charlotte . However , the eye had shrunk before landfall , limiting the most powerful winds to an area within 7 mi ( 11 km ) of the center . Charley weakened considerably due to its passage over land , but still retained sustained winds of about 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) as it passed directly over Orlando between 0020 and 0140 UTC August 14 , ; gusts of up to 106 mph ( 171 km / h ) were recorded at Orlando International Airport . It cut a swath of destruction across Florida , also passing near Kissimmee . The hurricane reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean after crossing directly over New Smyrna Beach as a Category 1 hurricane , but restrengthened slightly over open waters . Continuing to move rapidly to the north - northeast , Charley struck near Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge , South Carolina as an 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) hurricane , moved offshore briefly , and made its final landfall near North Myrtle Beach as a minimal hurricane , with winds of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Charley then began interacting with an approaching frontal boundary , becoming a tropical storm over southeastern North Carolina . After moving back into the Atlantic Ocean near Virginia Beach on August 15 , the storm became extratropical and became embedded in the frontal zone . The extratropical storm continued to move rapidly to the northeast , and was completely absorbed by the front shortly after sunrise on August 15 , near southeastern Massachusetts . Preparations ( edit ) NEXRAD image of Hurricane Charley over Punta Gorda , Florida just after landfall . On August 10 , two days before the hurricane passed near the island , Jamaican officials issued a tropical storm warning , which was upgraded to a hurricane warning a day later . In Jamaica , the threat of the storm forced the country 's two airports to close , and also forced two cruise ships to reroute . The Cayman Islands issued a hurricane warning on August 11 , a day before the hurricane passed near the archipelago . Cuban government officials issued a hurricane watch for the southern coastline on August 11 , two days before the hurricane struck the island . This was upgraded to a hurricane warning on the 12th , 13 1⁄2 hours before Charley made landfall . Because of the threat , the government issued a mandatory evacuation for 235,000 citizens and 159,000 animals in the area of the expected impact . An additional 3,800 residents were evacuated from offshore islands , while 47,000 in Havana were transported from old , unsafe buildings to safer areas . The people were transported to shelters provisioned with supplies . In addition , the power grid in southern Cuba was turned off to avoid accidents . On August 11 , Florida governor Jeb Bush issued a state of emergency declaration due to the impending threat Charley presented to the state while the storm was still located south of Jamaica . The National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings for the Florida Keys and from Cape Sable to the mouth of the Suwannee River a day prior to Charley 's passage through the state , while tropical storm warnings were issued elsewhere throughout Florida . Because of the threat , 1.9 million people along the Florida west coast were urged to evacuate , including 380,000 residents in the Tampa Bay area , and 11,000 in the Florida Keys . It was the largest evacuation order for Pinellas County history , and the largest evacuation request in Florida since Hurricane Floyd five years before . Many Floridians remained despite the evacuation order , as authorities estimated that up to a million people would not go to shelters ; instead , these residents boarded up their homes and bought supplies to ride out the storm . However , about 1.42 million people evacuated their homes in Florida , and approximately 50,000 residents were placed in shelters throughout the state . Power companies mobilized workers to prepare for the expected widespread power outages . MacDill Air Force Base , home of U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) and the U.S. military center for the Iraq War , severely limited its staff on base , shifting most of its operations to its forward headquarters in Doha , Qatar . Similarly , Kennedy Space Center , which usually counts with 13,000 on - site personnel , reduced its staff to only 200 people in preparation for the hurricane , and secured all Space Shuttles by sealing them in their hangars . Many amusement parks in the Orlando area closed early , and Walt Disney World 's Animal Kingdom remained closed . This was only the second time in history that a Disney park was closed due to a hurricane , with the other occurrence being after Hurricane Floyd . The approaching hurricane also forced several cruise ships to reroute their paths , and forced rail service between Miami and New York to shut down . Charley making landfall on August 13 , 2004 . The rapid strengthening of Charley in the eastern Gulf of Mexico caught many by surprise . Around five hours before its Florida landfall , Charley was a strong Category 2 hurricane predicted to strengthen its strongest winds to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) upon its landfall in the Tampa - Saint Petersburg area . About two hours before landfall , the National Hurricane Center issued a special advisory , notifying the public that Charley had become a 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) Category 4 hurricane , with a predicted landfall location in the Port Charlotte area . As a result of this change in forecast , numerous people in the Charlotte County area were unprepared for the hurricane , despite the fact that the new track prediction was well within the previous forecast 's margin of error . National Hurricane Center forecasting intern Robbie Berg publicly blamed the media for misleading residents into believing that a Tampa landfall was inevitable . In addition , he also stated that residents of Port Charlotte had ample warning , as a hurricane warning had been issued for the landfall area 23 hours before , and a hurricane watch had existed for 35 hours . Several local meteorologists , however , did depart from the official predictions of a Tampa Bay landfall as early as the morning of August 13 . Jim Farrell of WINK , Robert Van Winkle WBBH , Steve Jerve of WFLA in Tampa , Jim Reif of WZVN in Fort Myers , and Tom Terry of WFTV in Orlando , all broke with their national news forecasts and stated at around 1500 UTC that Charley was going to turn early , striking around Charlotte Harbor and traveling over Orlando , as would prove to be the case . Following the Florida landfall , Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue declared a state of emergency as a precaution against a 4 -- 7 ft ( 1.2 -- 2.1 m ) storm surge and price gouging . In South Carolina , Governor Mark Sanford declared a state of emergency as Charley approached its final landfall . Two coastal counties were forced to evacuate , with state troopers redirecting traffic further inland from Myrtle Beach . In all , 138,000 evacuated from the Grand Strand area . Impact ( edit ) Storm deaths by region Region Direct Indirect Total Jamaica 0 Cuba 0 Florida 9 20 29 Rhode Island 0 Total 15 20 35 One death in Jamaica , four deaths in Cuba , and ten deaths in the United States were directly attributed to Charley . Numerous injuries were reported , as well as 25 indirect deaths in the U.S. Property damage from Charley in the United States was estimated by the NHC to be $15.0 billion . At the time , this figure made Charley the second costliest hurricane in United States history , behind 1992 's Hurricane Andrew 's $43.7 billion . However , Charley has since dropped to ninth costliest , due to the damage caused by Hurricane Ivan later in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season , Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Wilma in 2005 , Hurricane Ike in 2008 , Hurricane Irene in 2011 , Hurricane Sandy in 2012 , and Hurricane Harvey in 2017 . Caribbean Sea ( edit ) See also : Effects of Hurricane Charley in Jamaica Powerline in Cuba damaged by Hurricane Charley On Jamaica , strong winds caused moderate damage to the agricultural sector , with crop and livestock damage totaling to $1.44 million . As the storm traveled along the southwest coast of Jamaica , it caused heavy wind and rain damage . Damage was heaviest in Saint Elizabeth Parish , where 100 people had to be housed in six shelters . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , causing power outages and blocking roads . Throughout the country , Charley caused $4.1 million in damage and one fatality . In spite of the close approach that Charley made on the Cayman Islands , the islands were mostly spared , and were subjected to little damage . Rainfall was light , peaking at 0.9 inches ( 23 mm ) in Grand Cayman , while Cayman Brac reported tropical storm force winds . Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damage Katrina 2005 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion Sandy 2012 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion Ike 2008 7010295200000000000 ♠ $29.5 billion Andrew 1992 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion 5 Wilma 2005 7010210070000000000 ♠ $21 billion 6 Ivan 7010188200000000000 ♠ $18.8 billion 7 Irene 2011 7010156000000000000 ♠ $15.6 billion 8 Charley 7010151130000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion 9 Rita 2005 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion 10 Matthew 2016 7010100000000000000 ♠ $10 billion Source : National Hurricane Center Operationally , forecasters estimated that Charley struck southern Cuba as a 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir - Simpson scale . In post-hurricane - season analysis , Charley was determined to have struck southern Cuba as a 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) hurricane ; the original estimate was revised based on a report of a 118 mph ( 190 km / h ) sustained wind measurement in Playa Baracoa , and meant that Charley was a major hurricane at landfall . The hurricane produced a storm surge of up to 13.1 ft ( 4.0 m ) in Playa Cajio ; on the other hand , Charley 's quick passage caused precipitation amounts to be small , with the largest total , 5.87 inches ( 149 mm ) occurring in Mariel . Strong wind gusts downed nearly 1,500 power lines and knocked over 28 large high tension wire towers at a power plant in Mariel . As a result , more than half of the electricity customers in Havana Province were left without power for 12 days after the storm , and all of Pinar del Río Province was without power for over 11 days . Blackouts continued in areas where power returned . The power outages resulted in lack of drinking water for numerous people , including no potable water in the city of Havana for four days . As a result , the Cuban government sent water tanks to satisfy the short term need . Similarly , there was a lack of gas for cooking for over a week . However , one Cuban government official stated that it could take up to two months for basic utilities to be returned to many isolated villages . Near its landfall location , Charley destroyed 290 of the 300 houses in the village , while over 70,000 homes in Havana were either damaged or destroyed . Numerous hotels reported damage , potentially impacting the important tourism industry in the country . Agricultural damage was heavy , with the hurricane damaging more than 3,000 agricultural institutions . Citrus officials estimated a loss of 15,000 metric tons of grapefruit on the Isle of Youth , while strong winds ruined 66,000 metric tons of citrus trees in the Havana area . Charley also destroyed around 57,000 acres ( 230 km2 ) of fruit trees in the Havana area . Approximately 95 % of the sugar cane , bean , and banana crops were affected in Cuban territory . In all , Charley was directly responsible for four deaths in Cuba , and was responsible for $923 million in property damage , primarily from agricultural losses . Florida ( edit ) Hurricane Charley severely affected the state of Florida . There were nine direct fatalities , 20 indirect fatalities , and numerous injuries attributed to the storm . Property damage was estimated at $5.4 billion , and approximately $285 million in agricultural damage . However , due to Charley 's speed ( it crossed the Florida peninsula in approximately seven hours ) and small size , rainfall along the eyewall was mostly limited to 4 -- 6 inches ( 10 -- 15 centimetres ) . While moving northward to the west of the Florida Keys , Charley produced moderate winds of 48 mph ( 77 km / h ) with gusts to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in Key West . The winds toppled a few trees , power lines , and unreinforced signs . A boat , knocked loose by strong waves , struck a power transmission line , causing widespread power outages from Marathon to Key West . On Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas , the hurricane produced an estimated storm surge of up to 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) . The surge , combined with incoming waves , caused extensive flooding in the park and damaged numerous docks . In spite of this , property damage was minimal in the area , totaling $160,000 . Damage in Captiva Island Hurricane Charley passed directly over Captiva Island near Cayo Costa with peak winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) . The Category 4 hurricane produced an estimated storm surge of up to 6.5 ft ( 2.0 m ) on the island , which is lower than expected for a storm of its intensity . The decrease in the height of the surge was due to the hurricane 's small size and its rapid intensification just prior to landfall . Furthermore , the storm surge , combined with the strong pressure gradient , produced a 1⁄4 mi ( 450 m ) inlet on North Captiva Island , known as Charley 's Cut . Strong waves and storm surge caused severe beach erosion and dune damage at various locations . The storm severely damaged five houses , lightly damaged many others , and downed many trees on Gasparilla Island . At least half of the 300 homes on North Captiva Island were substantially damaged , including ten that were destroyed . On Captiva Island , the strong winds severely damaged most houses , as well as several recreational buildings . The city of Arcadia in DeSoto County saw extreme damage , in spite of being relatively further inland . About 95 % of the buildings in the downtown area saw some sort of damage . The only shelter in the town had its roof torn open by the wind , leaving 3,500 evacuees inside unprotected from the onslaught of the storm . Damage caused to a gas station by Hurricane Charley in Kissimmee , Florida . Hardee County saw property damage estimated at $750 million , along with six injuries , but no deaths were reported . Charley caused blackouts in the entire county , as well as damage to 3,600 homes and the destruction of 1,400 . A radio tower near Sebring was toppled , along with numerous trees and power poles along the north and east side of Highlands County . Additionally , there were several reports of severely damaged homes in Polk County near Babson Park and Avon Park . In Lake Wales , Florida , a sand mine lake encroached into State Road 60 due to wave action and swallowed a car . Additionally , Lake Wales saw 23,000 buildings damaged , as well as the destruction of 739 structures . Seven deaths were reported in the county , one of them determined to be direct . Throughout the rest of the islands in Sarasota , Charlotte , Lee , and Collier counties , strong winds from Hurricane Charley caused severe damage to hundreds of buildings and trees . Lee County also endured an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) storm surge . These counties were exposed to Charley 's eyewall , so they saw the most damage . Due to its small size , the area of most intense damage was located within a 10 - mi ( 16 - km ) band centered on Charley 's track , with additional heavy damage forming an outer band extending 7.5 mi ( 12.1 km ) to each side of the inner swath of damage . In Charlotte County , 80 % of buildings were damaged . President George W. Bush , aboard Marine One , surveys hurricane damage at a mobile home park in Fort Myers , Florida . On mainland Florida , Charley produced a peak storm surge of 10 -- 13 feet ( 3.0 -- 4.0 metres ) at Vanderbilt Beach near Naples , along with a much lower surge at its Punta Gorda landfall . The hurricane dropped generally light rainfall across Florida , with the maximum amount of 9.88 inches ( 251 mm ) occurring in Bud Slough in Sarasota County . In Punta Gorda 's airport , where the hurricane made landfall , wind speeds of up to 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) were measured , alongside gusts of up to 111 mph ( 179 km / h ) , before the instrument was blown apart , along with most of the planes and the airport itself . The Charlotte Regional Medical Center recorded an unofficial peak wind gust of 172 mph ( 277 km / h ) . Port Charlotte 's Saint Joseph 's Hospital had its roof blown away by Charley 's strong winds . Due to the compact nature of the hurricane , the storm 's radius of maximum sustained winds only extended a short distance from its center . In comparison , Fort Myers , which is only 25 mi ( 40 km ) from where Charley made landfall , experienced sustained winds of only 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) with gusts of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) . In South Florida , Charley spawned several tornadoes , including a long - lived F2 that struck Clewiston , and five weak tornadoes near the point where the hurricane made landfall . Aerial image of destroyed homes in Punta Gorda The most severe damage from Hurricane Charley occurred in Charlotte County . In Boca Grande , numerous houses sustained extensive roof damage , while thousands of trees and power lines were uprooted or snapped . In Port Charlotte and Punta Gorda , many buildings , RVs , and mobile homes were completely destroyed , while other buildings were uproofed due to the powerful winds . Charley devastated Southwest Florida , causing $14.6 billion in property damage on the peninsula of Florida alone . Many towns such as Punta Gorda and Port Charlotte were leveled by the hurricane . Trees were downed and trailer parks were obliterated as far as Ormond Beach . Charley also caused considerable damage in the central and eastern parts of the state . Several possible tornadoes occurred , with severe thunderstorms during the duration of the storm . Winds were estimated to be at 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) sustained near , and to the north of Okeechobee , while winds at Orlando International Airport topped out at 105 mph ( 169 km / h ) in a gust . The storm caused 2 million customers to lose electricity in Florida . In some areas , power was not restored for weeks : 136,000 residents had no electricity a week after Charley 's landfall , and 22,000 customers , primarily from cooperatives , were still waiting for their service to be restored on August 26 . Citizens in Daytona Beach , New Smyrna Beach , and Port Orange in Southeastern Volusia County also dealt with storm surge from the St. Johns River and Halifax River , and Intracoastal Waterway as Charley passed over before re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean . Further inland , Seminole County experienced some of the highest winds ever recorded from a hurricane in the area , with a gust of 97 mph ( 156 km / h ) in Longwood at 0407 UTC on August 14 and 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) in Altamonte Springs . Power was out in these areas for up to 12 days after the storm in some locations . Empty railroad hopper cars toppled over as a result of high winds from Hurricane Charley in Fort Meade Public schools in some counties in the path of the hurricane were scheduled to be closed for two weeks . In some areas this was necessary because the school buildings were damaged or destroyed : all 59 of Osceola County 's schools were damaged , and one - third of Charlotte County 's were destroyed by Charley 's impact . DeSoto County schools saw $6 million in damage , while Orange County Public Schools saw $9 million in damage to their educational infrastructure . Agricultural losses were heavy . In Florida , the second - largest producer of oranges in the world , damage to the citrus crop was estimated at $200 million , and caused a 50 % increase in the price of grapefruit juice . Charley , along with the other storms that hit Florida during 2004 , caused a total agricultural loss of $2.2 billion . Other crops , nurseries , buildings , and agricultural equipment also suffered . Rest of United States ( edit ) Main articles : Effects of Hurricane Charley in North Carolina and Effects of Hurricane Charley in South Carolina Hurricane Charley , just after its third US landfall in South Carolina Upon making landfall on northeastern South Carolina , Charley produced a storm tide that was unofficially measured to up to 7.19 ft ( 2.19 m ) in Myrtle Beach . Wind gusts were moderate , peaking at 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in North Myrtle Beach , though there were several unofficial records of hurricane - force gusts . Charley produced moderate rainfall along its path , peaking at over 7 in ( 178 mm ) . Moderate winds knocked down numerous trees . Flash flooding occurred in Charleston County , causing drainage problems . Damage in South Carolina totaled to $20 million . In North Carolina , Charley produced an estimated storm surge of 2 -- 3 ft ( 0.61 -- 0.91 m ) , along with waves of up to 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) in height . This produced minor beach erosion along the coastline . Winds gusted from 60 to 70 mph ( 97 to 113 km / h ) , causing minor wind damage . Rainfall amounts in the state were moderate , ranging from 4 to 6 in ( 100 to 150 mm ) , but still caused flooding across seven North Carolina counties . The hurricane spawned five weak tornadoes across the state , including an F1 in Nags Head that damaged twenty structures . Charley destroyed 40 houses and damaged 2,231 , 231 severely , including 221 damaged beach homes in Sunset Beach . Damage was the greatest in Brunswick County , where wind gusts peaked at 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . Crop damage was also heavy in Brunswick County , with 50 % of the tobacco crop lost and 30 % of the corn and vegetable fields destroyed . Strong winds downed trees and power lines , leaving 65,000 without power . Damage in North Carolina totaled to $25 million . Tropical Storm Charley produced wind gusts of up to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) at Chesapeake Light in Virginia , causing scattered power outages . Rainfall was light , ranging from 2 to 3.7 in ( 51 to 94 mm ) . Charley produced one tornado in Chesapeake and one in Virginia Beach . In Rhode Island , one man drowned in a rip current . Aftermath ( edit ) Port Charlotte , September 16 , 2004 . Congressman Mark Foley ( right ) checks out the travel trailers that FEMA provides as temporary housing President George W. Bush declared Florida a federal disaster area . He later reflected on the government response to Charley : `` ... the job of the federal government and the state government is to surge resources as quickly as possible to disaster areas . And that 's exactly what 's happening now . We choppered over and saw the devastation of this area . A lot of people 's lives are turned upside down . We 've got ice and water moving in , trailers for people ... are moving in . The state is providing security ... There 's a lot of compassion moving in the area , the Red Cross is here . '' '' U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson released $11 million in additional aid and other assistance to Florida , with $10 million to be earmarked to Head Start facilities that need repair or new supplies , another $1 million was provided to the DeSoto Memorial Hospital in Arcadia and Osceola Regional Medical Center in Kissimmee , and $200,000 would be spent to provide services to senior citizens . Across Florida , 114 food service operations and eight comfort stations were set up . FEMA opened four disaster recovery centers . Retirement ( edit ) See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Because of its effects in the United States , the name Charley was retired from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization . As a result , the name will never again be used for a North Atlantic hurricane . The name was replaced with Colin for the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All damage figures in this table are in the USD amounts of their respective year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Royse ( 2004 ) . `` How Rare is Tropical Storm Double Trouble ? '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Charley : A look back -- pineisland-eagle.com , news , sports , Florida info , Pine Island Eagle '' . www.pineisland-eagle.com . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Tropical Cyclone Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ( 2006 ) . `` Hurricane Charley -- August 12 -- 15 , 2004 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Agence France Presse ( August 17 , 2004 ) . `` Rescuers sift debris from Hurricane Charley '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Meteorological Organization ( 2005 ) . `` Twenty - seventh Hurricane Committee '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Florida State Emergency Management ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley report '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ John Myers , Jr. ; Janet Silvera ( 2004 ) . `` Jamaica spared -- Charley brushes past southern coast heading for the Caymans '' . Jamaica Gleaner . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2004 ) . `` When a hurricane threatens , Cuba mobilizes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : William A. Messina ( 2004 ) . `` An Assessment of Hurricane Charley 's Impact on Cuba '' . University of Florida . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Florida State Emergency Response Team ( August 11 , 2004 ) . `` Situation Report 1 : Tropical Storm CHARLEY '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for the Florida Keys '' . ^ Jump up to : CBS News ( 2004 - 08 - 13 ) . `` 2 Million Urged To Flee Charley '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : CBS News ( 2004 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Tampa Bay Evacuation Ordered '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jim Teeple ( August 13 , 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Forces Mass Evacuation in Florida '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Florida State Emergency Response Team ( August 14 , 2004 ) . `` Situation Report 7 : Hurricane CHARLEY '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOAA Event Record Details '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : CBS.com ( 2004 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Comes Ashore '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Shaila K. Dewan ; Ariel Hart ; Lynn Waddell ; Abby Goodnough ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Hurricane CHARLEY : The overview ; Hurricane Rips Path of Damage Across Florida '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lawrence ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Discussion Number 17 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lawrence ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Discussion Number 18 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2004 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Charley 's Force Tricks Experts '' . Wired . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` WINK broadcast August 13 , 2004 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Kienzle ( 2004 ) . `` Going With Their Gut '' . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( August 13 , 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Update '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for South Carolina '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake ; Jerry D. Jarrell ; Max Mayfield ; Edward N. Rappaport ; Christopher W. Landsea ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` Costliest U.S. Hurricanes 1900 -- 2004 ( adjusted ) '' . NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC - 1 : The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2004 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Landsea ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` The thirty costliest mainland United States tropical cyclones 1900 -- 2005 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' . Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Swiss Re ( 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Event Report '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent ( 2004 ) . `` Jamaica , Cuba , Cayman Islands : Hurricane '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Climatic Data Center ; National Hurricane Center ( August 10 , 2011 ) . The deadliest , costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 47 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Berg , Robert J ; Cangialosi , John P ; Beven II , John L ; National Hurricane Center ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Hurricane Sandy : October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricane / Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy , October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Service Assessment ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . May 2013 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jack Beven ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Public Advisory number 15 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` Cuba : Hurricane Charley Appeal No. 20 / 04 Final Report '' . ReliefWeb . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Weisburg & Zheng ( 2005 ) . `` A Simulation of the Hurricane Charley Storm Surge and its Breach of North Captiva Island '' ( PDF ) . College of Marine Science , University of South Florida . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Florida Department of Environmental Protection ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley : Post-Beach Conditions '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tom Bayles ( August 14 , 2004 ) . `` Arcadia ' looks like a war zone ' '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ REPORT , STAFF . `` Arcadia still in a state of shock '' . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Record Details for Hardee , Highlands and Polk Counties '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Record Details for Charlotte , De Soto , Lee , Manatee and Sarasota Counties '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA : Help Flows To Areas Hardest Hit By Hurricane Charley '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for Hendry County '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Linhares ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley Preliminary Storm Summary '' . Tampa Bay National Weather Service . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Tropical Cyclone Report -- Hurricane Charley '' . National Weather Service , Melbourne office . August 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Matthew Hirsch ( 2004 ) . `` Hurricane Charley '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Florida State Emergency Response Team ( August 21 , 2004 ) . `` Situation Report 27 : Hurricane CHARLEY '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Florida State Emergency Response Team ( August 26 , 2004 ) . `` Situation Report 38 : Hurricane CHARLEY '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cnn.com ( 2005 ) . `` Mighty Heat , hunger , debris stress Floridians '' . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shaila K. Dewan ( August 21 , 2004 ) . `` Hurricane CHARLEY : Education ; Activities Slowly Resume in Schools Hit Hard by Storm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Laura Layden ( August 14 , 2005 ) . `` One year later : Growing optimism : Ag industry recovering '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for South Carolina ( 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for South Carolina ( 3 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for North Carolina '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for North Carolina ( 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Event Report for North Carolina ( 3 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center ( 2004 ) . `` Virginia Event Report '' . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ White House ( August 15 , 2004 ) . `` President Tours Hurricane Damage '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Floridians cope with hurricane 's aftermath '' . CNN . August 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Charley . NHC Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Charley Hurricane Charley Advisory Archive NHC August Monthly Tropical Weather Summary -- includes figures for damages and fatalities Lack of a standard places Charley 's deaths in question Air Photos of Charley 's Damage From FloridaDisaster.org Wildlife and Habitat Damage Assessment from Hurricane Charley : Recommendations for Recovery of the J.N. `` Ding '' Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex Retired Atlantic hurricane names 1950s Carol Edna Hazel Connie Diane Ione Janet Audrey 1960s Donna Carla Hattie Flora Cleo Dora Hilda Betsy Inez Beulah Camille 1970s Celia Agnes Carmen Fifi Eloise Anita Greta David Frederic 1980s Allen Alicia Elena Gloria Gilbert Joan Hugo 1990s Diana Klaus Bob Andrew Luis Marilyn Opal Roxanne Cesar Fran Hortense Georges Mitch Floyd Lenny 2000s Keith Allison ( TS ) Iris Michelle Isidore Lili Fabian Isabel Juan Charley Frances Ivan Jeanne Dennis Katrina Rita Stan Wilma Dean Felix Noel Gustav Ike Paloma 2010s Igor Tomas Irene Sandy Ingrid Erika ( TS ) Joaquin Matthew Otto Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Tropical cyclones of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season Alex TS Bonnie Charley Danielle TS Earl Frances Gaston TS Hermine 5 Ivan ( history ) TD Ten Jeanne ( history ) Karl Lisa TS Matthew SS Nicole TS Otto Book Category Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Charley&oldid=803485837 '' Categories : Hurricane Charley 2004 Atlantic hurricane season 2004 in Cuba 2004 in Florida 2004 in Jamaica 2004 in North Carolina 2004 in South Carolina 2004 in the Cayman Islands Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Charlotte County , Florida Hurricanes in Cuba Hurricanes in Florida Hurricanes in Jamaica Hurricanes in North Carolina Hurricanes in South Carolina Hurricanes in the Cayman Islands Retired Atlantic hurricanes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Français Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what category was charley when it hit orlando in 2004	[ "Hurricane Charley was the third named storm, the second hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15, and at its peak intensity it attained 150 mph (240 km/h) winds, making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength, making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in 1992." ]	[ "Category 4" ]
2360209745077681502	Mania Tour	Mania Tour - wikipedia Mania Tour The Mania Tour Tour by Fall Out Boy Associated album Mania Start date September 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) End date October 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 10 ) Legs 6 No. of shows 49 in North America 1 in South America 16 in Europe 5 in Oceania 8 in Asia 80 in total Fall Out Boy concert chronology Wintour is Coming ( 2016 ) Mania Tour ( 2017 -- 18 ) The Mania Tour ( stylized as MA N I A Tour ) is a headlining concert tour by Fall Out Boy , in support of the group 's seventh studio album Mania ( 2018 ) . The tour started with a special intimate show in Chicago on September 16 , 2017 , and will conclude in New Orleans on October 10 , 2018 . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Songs performed 3 Tour dates 4 Notes 5 References Background and development ( edit ) On April 27 , 2017 , the band released the first single and music video for `` Young and Menace '' . With the release came the announcement of a fall arena tour . On July 13 , 2017 , the band announced a leg in Oceania , which is scheduled to take place in 2018 . On January 19 , 2018 , Fall Out Boy announced the show at Wrigley Field , scheduled to take place on September 8 , 2018 . Songs performed ( edit ) Average Setlist `` The Phoenix '' `` Irresistible '' `` Hum Hallelujah '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` Centuries '' `` Save Rock and Roll '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Champion '' Encore `` Thriller '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` Saturday '' Song Album `` Saturday '' Take This To Your Grave `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Chicago Is So Two Years Ago '' `` Sugar , We 're Going Down '' From Under The Cork Tree `` Dance , Dance '' `` Thriller '' Infinity On High `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's An Arms Race '' `` Hum Hallelujah '' `` Thnks Fr Th Mmrs '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' Folie à Deux `` Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes '' `` The Phoenix '' Save Rock and Roll `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Save Rock and Roll '' `` Irresistible '' American Beauty / American Psycho `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` Centuries '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Jet Pack Blues '' `` Immortals '' `` Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea '' MANIA `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' `` Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) '' `` Church '' `` Champion '' `` Young and Menace '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening acts , tickets sold , amount of available tickets and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue North America September 16 , 2017 Chicago United States House of Blues Chicago N / A N / A N / A South America September 21 , 2017 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Barra Olympic Park N / A N / A N / A Leg 1 -- North America October 20 , 2017 Cleveland United States Quicken Loans Arena Blackbear Jaden Smith N / A N / A October 21 , 2017 St. Louis Scottrade Center October 22 , 2017 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center October 24 , 2017 Detroit Little Caesars Arena October 25 , 2017 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre 8,614 / 8,614 $456,337 October 27 , 2017 Boston United States TD Garden N / A N / A October 28 , 2017 Brooklyn Barclays Center 12,140 / 12,140 $821,961 October 29 , 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center N / A N / A November 2 , 2017 Fairfax EagleBank Arena November 3 , 2017 Charlotte Spectrum Center November 4 , 2017 Atlanta Philips Arena 9,309 / 11,586 $596,464 November 5 , 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A November 7 , 2017 Houston Toyota Center November 8 , 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 8,177 / 12,560 $479,874 November 10 , 2017 Denver Pepsi Center N / A N / A November 12 , 2017 Seattle KeyArena November 14 , 2017 Oakland Oracle Arena 7,262 / 7,262 $431,860 November 15 , 2017 San Diego Viejas Arena N / A N / A November 17 , 2017 Inglewood The Forum November 18 , 2017 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena Leg 2 -- Europe January 8 , 2018 Berlin Germany Lido N / A N / A N / A January 10 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Debaser January 11 , 2018 London England Electric Brixton Leg 3 -- Oceania February 28 , 2018 Brisbane Australia Riverstage WAAX -- -- March 2 , 2018 Sydney Qudos Bank Arena 11,264 / 11,904 $870,800 March 3 , 2018 Melbourne Margaret Court Arena -- -- March 5 , 2018 Red Hill Red Hill Auditorium -- -- March 7 , 2018 Henderson New Zealand The Trusts Arena Openside -- -- Leg 4 -- Europe March 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham Against the Current MAX -- -- March 28 , 2018 Cardiff Wales Motorpoint Arena Cardiff -- -- March 29 , 2018 Manchester England Manchester Arena -- -- March 31 , 2018 London The O Arena -- -- April 3 , 2018 Paris France Zénith Paris -- -- April 4 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands AFAS Live -- -- April 6 , 2018 Berlin Germany Max - Schmeling - Halle -- -- April 7 , 2018 Hamburg Mehr ! Theater -- -- April 8 , 2018 Munich Zenith Munich -- -- April 10 , 2018 Düsseldorf Mitsubishi Electric Halle -- -- April 12 , 2018 Brussels Belgium Forest National -- -- Leg 5 -- Asia April 24 , 2018 Osaka Japan Zepp Osaka Bayside Fear , and Loathing in Las Vegas -- -- April 25 , 2018 April 26 , 2018 Tokyo Nippon Budokan My First Story -- -- April 28 , 2018 Nagoya Zepp Nagoya TBA -- -- April 30 , 2018 Singapore Zepp@BIGBOX -- -- May 2 , 2018 Shanghai China Mercedes - Benz Arena -- -- May 4 , 2018 Shenzhen Shenzhen Bay Sports Center -- -- May 7 , 2018 Beijing Cadillac Arena -- -- Europe August 24 , 2018 Reading England Little John 's Farm N / A N / A N / A August 25 , 2018 Leeds Bramham Park Leg 6 -- North America August 29 , 2018 Uniondale United States Nassau Coliseum Machine Gun Kelly -- -- August 31 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- September 1 , 2018 Hershey Hersheypark Stadium -- -- September 2 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- September 4 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center -- -- September 5 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 6 , 2018 Grand Rapids Van Andel Arena -- -- September 8 , 2018 Chicago Wrigley Field Rise Against Machine Gun Kelly -- -- September 9 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena Machine Gun Kelly -- -- September 11 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena -- -- September 12 , 2018 Louisville KFC Yum ! Center -- -- September 14 , 2018 Greensboro Greensboro Coliseum -- -- September 16 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center -- -- September 21 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- September 22 , 2018 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- September 23 , 2018 Austin Frank Erwin Center -- -- September 25 , 2018 El Paso Don Haskins Center -- -- September 26 , 2018 Tucson Tucson Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena -- -- September 29 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- September 30 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center -- -- October 2 , 2018 Boise Taco Bell Arena -- -- October 3 , 2018 Salt Lake City Vivint Smart Home Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Lincoln Pinnacle Bank Arena -- -- October 6 , 2018 Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena -- -- October 7 . 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- October 9 , 2018 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- October 10 , 2018 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- Total -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on September 21 , 2017 , in Rio de Janeiro is a part of the Rock in Rio festival . ^ Jump up to : The shows on August 24 and 25 , in Reading and Leeds are part of the Reading and Leeds Festival . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tour '' . Fall Out Boy 's Official Website. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Preview New LP ' Mania ' With Sinister ' Young and Menace ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gogia , Nikhail ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Fall Out Boy announce headlining tour '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Out Boy Announce 2018 Australian Tour Dates '' . Music Feeds . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rachel George ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fall Out Boy Announce Massive Home Town Show at Wrigley Field During Mania Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ North American boxscore : `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . `` Current Boxscore '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Fall Out Boy Patrick Stump Pete Wentz Joe Trohman Andy Hurley Ben Rose Mike Pareskuwicz T.J. Kunasch Brandon Hamm Studio albums Take This to Your Grave From Under the Cork Tree Infinity on High Folie à Deux Save Rock and Roll American Beauty / American Psycho Mania Extended plays Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue Leaked in London America 's Suitehearts : Remixed , Retouched , Rehabbed and Retoxed PAX AM Days Llamania Lake Effect Kid Live albums Live in Phoenix Compilation albums Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits Remix albums Make America Psycho Again Demo albums Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend Singles `` Dead on Arrival '' `` Grand Theft Autumn / Where Is Your Boy '' `` Saturday '' `` Sugar , We 're Goin Down '' `` Dance , Dance '' `` A Little Less Sixteen Candles , a Little More `` Touch Me '' '' `` The Carpal Tunnel of Love '' `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' `` Thnks fr th Mmrs '' `` '' The Take Over , the Breaks Over `` '' `` I 'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I 'm Always Trying to Get You Off ( Me & You ) '' `` Beat It '' `` I Do n't Care '' `` America 's Suitehearts '' `` Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '' `` What a Catch , Donnie '' `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' `` The Phoenix '' `` Alone Together '' `` Young Volcanoes '' `` Centuries '' `` Immortals '' `` American Beauty / American Psycho '' `` The Kids Are n't Alright '' `` Uma Thurman '' `` Irresistible '' `` Ghostbusters ( I 'm Not Afraid ) '' `` Young and Menace '' `` Champion '' `` The Last of the Real Ones '' `` Hold Me Tight or Do n't '' Concert tours Honda Civic Tour 2007 Young Wild Things Tour Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux Monumentour American Beauty / American Psycho Tour Wintour is Coming The Mania Tour Related articles Discography List of songs Arma Angelus Where Sleeplessness Is Rest from Nightmares Racetraitor The Damned Things Black Cards Welcome to the New Administration Fall Out Toy Works The Young Blood Chronicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mania_Tour&oldid=856751054 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours 2018 concert tours Fall Out Boy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 09 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is opening for fall out boy 2018	[]	[]
8118498099125524757	Gram-negative bacteria	Gram - negative bacteria - wikipedia Gram - negative bacteria Jump to : navigation , search Microscopic image of gram - negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria ( pink - red rods ) Gram - negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram - staining method of bacterial differentiation . They are characterized by their cell envelopes , which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane . Gram - negative bacteria are found everywhere , in virtually all environments on Earth that support life . The gram - negative bacteria include the model organism Escherichia coli , as well as many pathogenic bacteria , such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis , and Yersinia pestis . They are an important medical challenge , as their outer membrane protects them from many antibiotics ( including penicillin ) ; detergents that would normally damage the peptidoglycans of the ( inner ) cell membrane ; and lysozyme , an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system . Additionally , the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) whose lipid A component can cause a toxic reaction when these bacteria are lysed by immune cells . This toxic reaction can include fever , an increased respiratory rate , and low blood pressure -- a life - threatening condition known as septic shock . Several classes of antibiotics have been designed to target gram - negative bacteria specifically , including aminoglycosides and carbapenems . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Classification 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Example species 4 Bacterial transformation 5 Medical treatment 6 Orthographic note 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 9 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Gram - negative cell wall structure Gram - positive and - negative bacteria are differentiated chiefly by their cell wall structure Gram - negative bacteria display these characteristics : An inner cell membrane is present ( cytoplasmic ) A thin peptidoglycan layer is present ( This is much thicker in gram - positive bacteria ) Has outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides ( LPS , which consists of lipid A , core polysaccharide , and O antigen ) in its outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet Porins exist in the outer membrane , which act like pores for particular molecules Between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane there is a space filled with a concentrated gel - like substance called periplasm The S - layer is directly attached to the outer membrane rather than to the peptidoglycan If present , flagella have four supporting rings instead of two Teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are absent Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone Some contain Braun 's lipoprotein , which serves as a link between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan chain by a covalent bond Most , with very few exceptions , do not form spores Classification ( edit ) Along with cell shape , gram - staining is a rapid diagnostic tool and once was used to group species at the subdivision of Bacteria . Historically , the kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based on gram - staining : Firmacutes ( + ) , Gracillicutes ( − ) , Mollicutes ( 0 ) and Mendocutes ( var . ) . Since 1987 , the monophyly of the gram - negative bacteria has been disproven with molecular studies . However some authors , such as Cavalier - Smith still treat them as a monophyletic taxon ( though not a clade ; his definition of monophyly requires a single common ancestor but does not require holophyly , the property that all descendents be encompassed by the taxon ) and refer to the group as a subkingdom `` Negibacteria '' . Taxonomy ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bacteria are traditionally divided into the two groups : gram - positive and gram - negative , based on their gram - staining response . Gram - positive bacteria are also referred to as monoderms having one membrane , and gram - negative bacteria are also referred to as diderms , having two membranes . These groups are often thought of as lineages , with gram - negative bacteria more closely related to one another than to gram - positive bacteria . While this is often true , the classification system breaks down in some cases . A given bacteria 's staining result , bacterial membrane organization , and lineage groupings do not always match up . Thus , gram - staining can not be reliably used to assess familial relationships of bacteria . However , staining often gives reliable information about the composition of the cell membrane , distinguishing between the presence or absence of an outer lipid membrane . Of these two structurally distinct groups of prokaryotic organisms , monoderm prokaryotes are indicated to be ancestral . Based upon a number of different observations including that the gram - positive bacteria are the major reactors to antibiotics and that gram - negative bacteria are , in general , resistant to them , it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram - negative bacteria ( diderms ) evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure . Some bacteria such as Deinococcus , which stain gram - positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer , but also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm ( gram - positive ) and diderm ( gram - negative ) bacteria . The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide ; the archetypical diderm bacteria , in which the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide ; and the diderm bacteria , in which the outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid ( e.g. Mycobacterium ) . In addition , a number of bacterial taxa ( including Negativicutes , Fusobacteria , Synergistetes , and Elusimicrobia ) that are either part of the phylum Firmicutes or branches in its proximity are also found to possess a diderm cell structure . However , a conserved signature indel ( CSI ) in the HSP60 ( GroEL ) protein distinguishes all traditional phyla of gram - negative bacteria ( e.g. , Proteobacteria , Aquificae , Chlamydiae , Bacteroidetes , Chlorobi , Cyanobacteria , Fibrobacteres , Verrucomicrobia , Planctomycetes , Spirochetes , Acidobacteria ) from these other atypical diderm bacteria as well as other phyla of monoderm bacteria ( e.g. , Actinobacteria , Firmicutes , Thermotogae , Chloroflexi ) . The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional lipopolysaccharide - containing gram - negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred . Example species ( edit ) The proteobacteria are a major phylum of gram - negative bacteria , including Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) , Salmonella , Shigella , and other Enterobacteriaceae , Pseudomonas , Moraxella , Helicobacter , Stenotrophomonas , Bdellovibrio , acetic acid bacteria , Legionella etc . Other notable groups of gram - negative bacteria include the cyanobacteria , spirochaetes , green sulfur , and green non-sulfur bacteria . Medically relevant gram - negative cocci include the four types that cause a sexually transmitted disease ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) , a meningitis ( Neisseria meningitidis ) , and respiratory symptoms ( Moraxella catarrhalis , Haemophilus influenzae ) . Medically relevant gram - negative bacilli include a multitude of species . Some of them cause primarily respiratory problems ( Klebsiella pneumoniae , Legionella pneumophila , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) , primarily urinary problems ( Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Enterobacter cloacae , Serratia marcescens ) , and primarily gastrointestinal problems ( Helicobacter pylori , Salmonella enteritidis , Salmonella typhi ) . Gram - negative bacteria associated with hospital - acquired infections include Acinetobacter baumannii , which cause bacteremia , secondary meningitis , and ventilator - associated pneumonia in hospital intensive - care units . Bacterial transformation ( edit ) Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer , in which exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium ) . In transformation , the genetic material passes through the intervening medium , and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium . As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation , about evenly divided between Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria ; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers . Transformation has been studied in medically important Gram - negative bacteria species such as Helicobacter pylori , Legionella pneumophila , Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae . It has also been studied in gram - negative species found in soil such as Pseudomonas stutzeri , Acinetobacter baylyi , and gram - negative plant pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xylella fastidiosa . Medical treatment ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One of the several unique characteristics of gram - negative bacteria is the structure of the bacterial outer membrane . The outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin . If gram - negative bacteria enter the circulatory system , the liposaccharide can cause a toxic reaction . This results in fever , an increased respiratory rate , and low blood pressure . This may lead to life - threatening septic shock . The outer membrane protects the bacteria from several antibiotics , dyes , and detergents that would normally damage either the inner membrane or the cell wall ( made of peptidoglycan ) . The outer membrane provides these bacteria with resistance to lysozyme and penicillin . However , alternative medicinal treatments such as lysozyme with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) and the antibiotic ampicillin have been developed to combat the protective outer membrane of some pathogenic gram - negative organisms . Other drugs can also be used , significant ones being chloramphenicol , streptomycin , and nalidixic acid . Chloramphenicol is rarely used in the EU due to the association with drug induced pancytopenia . The pathogenic capability of gram - negative bacteria is often associated with certain components of their membrane , in particular , the LPS . In humans , the presence of LPS triggers an innate immune response , activating the immune system and producing cytokines ( hormonal regulators ) . Inflammation is a common reaction to cytokine production , which can also produce host toxicity . The innate immune response to LPS , however , is not synonymous with pathogenicity , or the ability to cause disease . Orthographic note ( edit ) The adjectives Gram - positive and Gram - negative derive from the surname of Hans Christian Gram ; as eponymous adjectives , their initial letter can be either capital G or lower - case g , depending on which style guide ( e.g. , that of the CDC ) , if any , governs the document being written . This is further explained at Gram staining § Orthographic note . See also ( edit ) Gram - indeterminate Lower plants Outer membrane receptor References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baron S , Salton MR , Kim KS ( 1996 ) . `` Structure '' . In Baron S , et al. Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Univ of Texas Medical Branch . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . PMID 21413343 . Jump up ^ Pellitier LL Jr , ( https://ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8290/ `` Microbiology of the Circulatory System '' `` NCBI Bookshelf '' , April 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gibbons , N.E. ; Murray , R.G.E. ( 1978 ) . `` Proposals Concerning the Higher Taxa of Bacteria '' . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 28 - 1 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woese CR ( June 1987 ) . `` Bacterial evolution '' . Microbiol. Rev. 51 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 71 . PMC 373105 . PMID 2439888 . Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses '' . Biol. Direct . 1 : 19 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 1 - 19 . PMC 1586193 . PMID 16834776 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta RS ( December 1998 ) . `` Protein phylogenies and signature sequences : A reappraisal of evolutionary relationships among archaebacteria , eubacteria , and eukaryotes '' . Microbiol . Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 ( 4 ) : 1435 -- 91 . PMC 98952 . PMID 9841678 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta RS ( 2000 ) . `` The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes '' ( PDF ) . Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 26 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 31 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408410091154219 . PMID 10890353 . ^ Jump up to : Desvaux M , Hébraud M , Talon R , Henderson IR ( April 2009 ) . `` Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins : a semantic awareness issue '' . Trends Microbiol. 17 ( 4 ) : 139 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2009.01. 004 . PMID 19299134 . ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe IC ( October 2010 ) . `` A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture '' . Trends Microbiol. 18 ( 10 ) : 464 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2010.06. 005 . PMID 20637628 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta RS ( August 1998 ) . `` What are archaebacteria : life 's third domain or monoderm prokaryotes related to gram - positive bacteria ? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms '' . Mol . Microbiol. 29 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 707 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1998. 00978. x . PMID 9723910 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta RS ( August 2011 ) . `` Origin of diderm ( gram - negative ) bacteria : antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes '' . Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek . 100 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10482 - 011 - 9616 - 8 . PMC 3133647 . PMID 21717204 . ^ Jump up to : Marchandin H , Teyssier C , Campos J , Jean - Pierre H , Roger F , Gay B , Carlier JP , Jumas - Bilak E ( June 2010 ) . `` Negativicoccus succinicivorans gen . nov. , sp . nov. , -- ~ ~ ~ ~ isolated from human clinical samples , emended description of the family Veillonellaceae any classis nov. , Selenomonadales ord . nov. and Acidaminococcaceae fam . nov. in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes '' . Int. J. Syst . Evol . Microbiol. 60 ( Pt 6 ) : 1271 -- 9 . doi : 10.1099 / ijs. 0.013102 - 0 . PMID 19667386 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston C , Martin B , Fichant G , Polard P , Claverys JP ( 2014 ) . `` Bacterial transformation : distribution , shared mechanisms and divergent control '' . Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 12 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 96 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro3199 . PMID 24509783 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz P , Blokesch M ( 2013 ) . `` Cues and regulatory pathways involved in natural competence and transformation in pathogenic and environmental Gram - negative bacteria '' . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37 ( 3 ) : 336 -- 63 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1574 - 6976.2012. 00353. x . PMID 22928673 . Jump up ^ Pellitier LL Jr , ( https://ww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8290/ `` Microbiology of the Circulatory System '' `` NCBI Bookshelf '' , April 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Preferred Usage `` Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Style Guide '' Check url = value ( help ) . CDC.gov . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . External links ( edit ) 3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe 's gram - negative bacteria Microbiology : Bacteria Medical microbiology infection Coley 's toxins Exotoxin Lysogenic cycle Pathogenic bacteria resistance Biochemistry and ecology Oxygen preference Aerobic Obligate Anaerobic Facultative Obligate Microaerophile Nanaerobe Aerotolerant Other Extremophile Human flora Gut Lung Mouth Skin Vaginal ( In pregnancy ) Placental Uterine Salivary Microbial metabolism Nitrogen fixation Microbial ecology Primary nutritional groups Substrate preference Lipophilic Saccharophilic Shape Bacterial cellular morphologies Coccus Diplococcus Bacillus Coccobacillus Spiral Structure Cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall : Peptidoglycan NAM NAG DAP Gram - positive bacteria only : Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Endospore Gram - negative bacteria only : Bacterial outer membrane Porin Lipopolysaccharide Periplasmic space Mycobacteria only : Arabinogalactan Mycolic acid Outside envelope Bacterial capsule Slime layer S - layer Glycocalyx Pilus Fimbria Non-motile bacteria Composite Biofilm Taxonomy Bacteria ( classifications ) Bacterial phyla Former groupings : Schizomycetes Monera Prokaryota Gracilicutes Firmicutes Mollicutes Mendosicutes Prokaryotes : Bacteria classification ( phyla and orders ) Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) G - / OM Terra - / Glidobacteria ( BV1 ) Eobacteria Deinococcus -- Thermus Deinococcales Thermales Chloroflexi Anaerolineales Caldilineales Chloroflexales Herpetosiphonales Dehalococcoidales Ktedonobacterales Thermogemmatisporales Thermomicrobiales Sphaerobacterales other glidobacteria Thermodesulfobacteria thermophiles Aquificae Thermotogae Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria ( BV2 ) Alpha Caulobacterales Kiloniellales Kordiimonadales Magnetococcales Parvularculales Rhizobiales Rhodobacterales Rhodospirillales Rickettsiales Sneathiellales Sphingomonadales Beta Burkholderiales Hydrogenophilales Methylophilales Neisseriales Nitrosomonadales Procabacteriales Rhodocyclales Gamma Acidithiobacillales Aeromonadales Alteromonadales Cardiobacteriales Chromatiales Enterobacteriales Legionellales Methylococcales Oceanospirillales Orbales Pasteurellales Pseudomonadales Salinisphaerales Thiotrichales Vibrionales Xanthomonadales Delta Bdellovibrionales Desulfarculales Desulfobacterales Desulfovibrionales Desulfurellales Desulfuromonadales Myxococcales Syntrophobacterales Syntrophorhabdales Epsilon Campylobacterales Nautiliales Zeta Mariprofundales BV4 Spirochaetes Spirochaetes Sphingobacteria ( FCB group ) Fibrobacteres Chlorobi Chlorobiales Ignavibacteriales Bacteroidetes Bacteroidales Cytophagales Flavobacteriales Sphingobacteriales Planctobacteria / ( PVC group ) Chlamydiae Lentisphaerae Lentisphaerales Oligosphaerales Victivallales Planctomycetes Phycisphaerales Planctomycetales Verrucomicrobia Puniceicoccales Opitutales Chthoniobacterales Verrucomicrobiales `` Poribacteria '' Other GN Acidobacteria Acidobacteriales Acanthopleuribacterales Holophagales Solibacterales Armatimonadetes Armatimonadales Chthonomonadales Fimbriimonadales Caldiserica Chrysiogenetes Deferribacteres Dictyoglomi Elusimicrobia Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Synergistetes G+ / no OM Firmicutes ( BV3 ) Bacilli Bacillales Lactobacillales Clostridia Clostridiales Halanaerobiales Thermoanaerobacteriales Natranaerobiales Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichiales Thermolithobacteria Thermolithobacterales Tenericutes / Mollicutes Mycoplasmatales Entomoplasmatales Anaeroplasmatales Acholeplasmatales Haloplasmatales Negativicutes Selenomonadales Actinobacteria ( BV5 ) Actinobacteria Actinomycetales Bifidobacteriales Acidimicrobiia Acidimicrobiales Coriobacteriidae Coriobacteriales Nitriliruptoria Euzebyales Nitriliruptorales Rubrobacteria Gaiellales Rubrobacterales Thermoleophilales Solirubrobacterales Incertae sedis † Archaeosphaeroides † Eobacterium † Leptotrichites Source : Bergey 's Manual ( 2001 -- 2012 ) . Alternative views : Wikispecies . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram-negative_bacteria&oldid=815800944 '' Categories : Gram - negative bacteria Staining Bacteriology Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Wikipedia articles that are too technical from March 2014 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from March 2014 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latviešu Македонски 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the cell wall of gram-negative bacterial cells is external to the	[ "Gram-negative bacteria are a group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial differentiation.[1] They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane." ]	[ "inner cytoplasmic cell membrane" ]
-4746205020272235515	Good-bye, My Lady	Good - Bye , My Lady - wikipedia Good - Bye , My Lady Jump to : navigation , search Good - bye , My Lady First edition Author James H. Street Country United States Language English Publisher J.B. Lippincott & Co . Publication date June 1954 Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Pages 222 pp Good - bye , My Lady is a novel by James H. Street about a boy and his dog . It was published by J.B. Lippincott Company in June 1954 and reprinted in paperback by Pocket Books in February 1978 . It is based on Street 's short story `` Weep No More , My Lady '' , which was published in the 6 December 1941 issue of The Saturday Evening Post . The novel was made into a film of the same name in 1956 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Major themes 3 Inspiration and 1942 sequel 4 1956 film 5 Footnotes Plot summary ( edit ) Skeeter is a 14 - year - old orphan who lives with his uncle Jesse in a one - room shack in the swamps of the Pascagoula River in Mississippi . He has heard the sound of a strange animal in the swamp near their shack , and one summer evening he convinces his uncle to help him go out and find it . When they do , they see it is a small animal with short red and white fur that makes a chuckling yodel sound and cleans itself like a cat . Jesse is unsure what the animal is , but Skeeter is convinced it is a dog . The next day , Jesse 's friend Alpheus `` Cash '' Evans , owner of the general store in the nearby village of Lystra , comes to help Skeeter and Jesse track down the animal . With Evans is his tracking dog Gabe and two vicious hog dogs named Bark and Bellow whom he keeps leashed . Evans releases Gabe at the spot where Skeeter and Jesse saw the animal , and Gabe eventually picks up its scent and starts tracking it . As they listen to Gabe tracking the animal it becomes clear that it is outrunning Gabe . It bursts into the clearing , and Evans releases Bark and Bellow . When the animal stands its ground and fights back against the hog dogs , Evans calls them off and allows it to escape . He acknowledges that Skeeter was right - the animal is a dog . The following day , Skeeter sets out to tame the dog . He is able to locate it , and it proves to be a friendly female who allows him to leash her and bring her with him to the shack . Jesse convinces Skeeter to let her off her leash , and she remains with them . Skeeter decides to name the dog Lady . Skeeter and Jesse take Lady out with them , and when Lady flushes a covey of quail Skeeter becomes determined to train her as a bird dog . However , Lady 's behavior makes it clear that she is someone else 's dog , and Skeeter fears that Evans will discover who her real owner is . Skeeter is horrified when Lady chases and kills a water rat , something no true bird dog will stoop to . He ties the half - eaten rat around her neck , and brings her back to the shack . There , he find Evans visiting with an English Setter he has just purchased . Evans had planned to give his new dog to Jesse and Skeeter to train ( for which he intended to pay them three dollars a week ) , but seeing Lady with her rat causes him to change his mind . When Skeeter apologizes afterwards , Jesse shrugs it off and tells him to concentrate on training Lady . Within a few months , Skeeter has trained Lady to cast and point like a proper bird dog . A visiting Evans sees Lady pointing at a clump of sage fifty yards away and refuses to believe she has detected birds from so far away . Jesse wagers the cost of a sawblade Evans had given him on credit that Lady is indeed pointing birds . Skeeter is privately dubious , but Jesse wins his bet when a covey of quail break from the sage . Evans is impressed , and he spreads the word about Skeeter 's remarkable dog . In time , Evans hears from a traveling salesman out of Mobile , Alabama that a kennel in Connecticut lost a Basenji near Pascagoula . The description of the lost dog , named Isis of the Blue Nile , matches Lady . A sorrowful Evans tells Jesse , who passes the word on to Skeeter . When Lady responds to the name Isis , Skeeter knows he has the lost Basenji , and decides to return her to her rightful owner . A wire is sent to the kennel , and a man named Walden Grover flies down from Connecticut to take possession of Lady . Skeeter himself must put Lady in the crate in Grover 's pickup truck , then watch as Grover drives off with her . Evans then asks Skeeter to finish training his English Setter , and the boy accepts . With the $100 reward Grover gave him , the boy buys his toothless uncle a set of false teeth , and puts a down payment on a 20 gauge shotgun for himself . Major themes ( edit ) Good - Bye , My Lady is a coming of age story . When Skeeter tames Lady , Jesse acknowledges the boy 's right to keep her , and defers to Skeeter in all matters concerning Lady . Skeeter 's growing maturity is also marked by his uncle 's willingness to allow him to drink coffee , which is regarded as an adult beverage . As the novel opens , Skeeter is not permitted to drink coffee . After he tames Lady , his uncle allows him heavily creamed coffee , and after he allows Grover to take Lady away , Jesse tells Evans that Skeeter ( whom he now refers to by his given name , Claude ) drinks his coffee black . James Street , a native of Mississippi , was politically liberal , and his fiction often involved an attempt to reconcile his heritage with his liberal views on race . Good - Bye , My Lady includes an African - American family , the Watsons , who own a 60 - acre ( 240,000 m ) farm across the river from Jesse and Skeeter . The Watsons ' eldest son , Gates , is a college graduate . Towards the end of the novel Skeeter learns that Gates Watson knew all along where Lady came from , and also about the reward for her return , but remained silent out of friendship for Skeeter . Inspiration and 1942 sequel ( edit ) English Basenji breeder Veronica Tudor - Williams tells of a letter she received from Street in 1942 saying that he first got the idea of writing about a Basenji after seeing a photograph of Veronica Tudor - Williams with some Basenjis in an American magazine . He also wrote that the reader reaction from his first story was so strong that he wrote a sequel , `` Please Come Home , My Lady '' , reuniting Skeeter with Lady . `` Please Come Home , My Lady '' appeared in the 11 April 1942 issue of The Saturday Evening Post . 1956 film ( edit ) After Street 's death , Warner Bros. pictures began production of a film version of the novel , starring Brandon deWilde as Skeeter , Walter Brennan as Uncle Jesse , Phil Harris as Cash Evans , and Sidney Poitier as Gates Watson . The film was produced by John Wayne 's Batjac Productions , directed by William A. Wellman , and the screenplay was written by Albert Sidney Fleishman . Veronica Tudor - Williams provided the Basenji , named My Lady of the Congo , who played Lady in the film , and also provided four additional dogs to serve as `` doubles '' for My Lady . After filming ended , My Lady was adopted by deWilde , and the other dogs were adopted by various members of the film crew . The film version was released on 12 May 1956 . It has also appeared under the titles Goodbye , My Lady and The Boy and the Laughing Dog . Good - Bye , My Lady was released by Warner Home Video on VHS on 13 December 1993 . The film was released on DVD in December 2010 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Basenji Crossroads Jump up ^ Basenji Crossroads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good-bye,_My_Lady&oldid=735492472 '' Categories : 1954 American novels Dogs in literature American bildungsromans Novels about orphans Novels about animals Novels set in Mississippi J.B. Lippincott & Co. books American novels adapted into films Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2016 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	weep no more my lady short story james street	[ "Good-bye, My Lady is a novel by James H. Street about a boy and his dog. It was published by J. B. Lippincott Company in June 1954 and reprinted in paperback by Pocket Books in February 1978. It is based on Street's short story \"Weep No More, My Lady\", which was published in the 6 December 1941 issue of The Saturday Evening Post." ]	[ "Good-bye, My Lady" ]
244981757064266847	List of national parks of India	List of National parks of India - Wikipedia List of National parks of India Valley of Flowers National Park is UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004 . Part of a series on the Wildlife of India Biodiversity ( show ) Flora Fauna Lists Amphibians Ants Birds Butterflies Fish Mammals Molluscs Moths Odonates Reptiles Spiders Endangered animals Protected areas ( show ) Biosphere reserves Wildlife sanctuaries Conservation areas Private protected areas Reserved and protected forests Conservation and community reserves Communal forests Lists National parks Ramsar Sites Conservation ( show ) Projects Tiger Elephant Acts of Parliament Indian Forest Act 1927 Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Wildlife Protection Act 2002 Organisations ( show ) National Ministry of Environment and Forests National Biodiversity Authority Indian Forest Service / Survey Forest Institute Wildlife Institute Tiger Conservation Authority Zoo Authority International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ( CITES ) International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) South Asian Zoo Association ( SAZARC ) World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( WAZA ) World Society for the Protection of Animals ( WSPA ) World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) Related topics ( show ) Indian natural history Environmental issues Fossil parks Forestry Tourism Lists Ecoregions Botanical gardens Zoological gardens Portal National parks in India are IUCN category II protected areas . India 's first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park , now known as Jim Corbett National Park , Uttarakhand . By 1970 , India only had five national parks . In 1972 , India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard the habitats of conservation reliant species . Further federal legislation strengthening protections for wildlife was introduced in the 1980s . As of July 2018 , there were 104 national parks encompassing an area of 40,501 km ( 15,638 sq mi ) , comprising 1.23 % of India 's total surface area . Contents 1 Definition 2 Map 3 List 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links Definition ( edit ) According to the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests , a national park is `` ( a ) n area , whether within a sanctuary or not , ( that ) can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park , by reason of its ecological , faunal , floral , geomorphological , or zoological association or importance , needed to for the purpose of protecting & propagating or developing wildlife therein or its environment . No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV , WPA 1972 '' . Map ( edit ) Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap National parks in India List ( edit ) List of national parks in India : Name State Established Area ( in km ) Notability Anamudi Shola National Park Kerala 2003 7.50 Anshi National Park Karnataka 417.34 The great Indian Hornbill , Tiger , Leopard , Black panther , Bear , Elephant , Deer , etc Balphakram National Park Meghalaya 1986 220 Wild water buffalo , Red panda , elephant and eight cat species , including the tiger and marbled cat Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh 1968 446 1336 species of endemic plants Bandipur National Park Karnataka 874.20 Chital , bengal tiger , gray langurs , Indian giant squirrel , gaur , leopard , sambar deer , indian elephants , honey buzzard , red - headed vulture Bannerghatta National Park Karnataka 1986 104.3 Tiger , sloth bear , peacock , elephant , sambar deer , mouse deer Betla National Park Jharkhand 1986 1135 Bhitarkanika National Park Odisha 1988 145 Mangroves , saltwater crocodile , white crocodile , Indian python , black ibis , wild pigs , rhesus monkeys , olive ridley sea turtle , chital Bison ( Rajbari ) National Park Tripura 2007 31.63 Blackbuck National Park , Velavadar Gujarat 1976 34.08 Hunting cheetahs , Blackbuck Lodge , the endangered Indian grey wolf , the nocturnal striped hyena , Indian fox , golden jackal , jungle cat and many small mammals like hare , gerbil , field mice , mongoose and hedgehog . Buxa Tiger Reserve West Bengal 1992 760 Campbell Bay National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1992 426.23 Chandoli National Park Maharashtra 317.67 Clouded Leopard National Park Tripura 2003 5.08 Dachigam National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981 141 Only area where Kashmir stag is found Desert National Park Rajasthan 1980 3162 Greatest attraction of the park is a bird called the great Indian bustard , an endangered species found only in India Dibru - Saikhowa National Park Assam 1999 340 Known for feral horse Dudhwa National Park Uttar Pradesh 1977 490.29 Tiger Panthera tigris , Sambhar Axis axis , Hog Deer Axis porcinus Eravikulam National Park Kerala 1978 97 Galathea National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1992 110 Gangotri National Park Uttarakhand 1989 2390 Gir Forest National Park Gujarat 1965 1412 Asiatic lion Gorumara National Park West Bengal 1994 79.45 Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary Uttarakhand 1990 472.08 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh , 1984 754.40 UNESCO World Heritage Site Gugamal National Park Maharashtra 361.28 Guindy National Park Tamil Nadu 1976 2.82 Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Tamil Nadu 1980 6.23 Guru Ghasidas ( Sanjay ) National Park Chhattisgarh 1981 1440.71 Hemis National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981 4400 Inderkilla National Park Himachal Pradesh 104 Indra Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park Tamil Nadu 1989 117.10 Indravati National Park Chhattisgarh 1981 1258.37 Wild Asian buffalo , tiger reserve , hill mynas Jaldapara National Park West Bengal 2012 216 Indian rhinoceros Jim Corbett National Park Uttarakhand 1936 1318.5 First national park in India ( established in 1936 as Hailey National Park ) Kalesar National Park Haryana 2003 100.88 Kanha National Park Madhya Pradesh 1955 940 Kanger Ghati National Park Chhattisgarh 1982 200 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Telangana 1994 1.42 Kaziranga National Park Assam 858.98 Highest known tiger density in the World Indian rhinoceros , UNESCO World Heritage Site Keibul Lamjao National Park Manipur 1977 40 Only floating park in the world Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1981 28.73 UNESCO World Heritage Site Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim 1977 1784 UNESCO World Heritage Site Khirganga National Park Himachal Pradesh 710 Kishtwar National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1981 400 Kudremukh National Park Karnataka 600.32 Madhav National Park Madhya Pradesh 1959 375.22 Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 281.50 Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Telangana 1994 14.59 Manas National Park Assam 1990 950 UNESCO World Heritage Site Mandla Plant Fossils National Park Madhya Pradesh 0.27 Marine National Park , Gulf of Kutch Gujarat 1980 162.89 Mathikettan Shola National Park Kerala 2003 12.82 Middle Button Island National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 44 Mollem National Park Goa 1978 107 Mouling National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1986 483 Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary Rajasthan 1960 288.84 Mount Harriet National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 46.62 Important bird area as attributed by BirdLife International , new species frog named Rana CharlesDarwini Mrugavani National Park Telangana 1994 3.60 Mudumalai National Park Tamil Nadu 1940 321.55 Mukundra Hills National Park Rajasthan 2006 200.54 Mukurthi National Park Tamil Nadu 78.46 Nilgiri tahr Murlen National Park Mizoram 1991 100 Nagarhole National Park Karnataka 1988 643.39 Namdapha National Park Arunachal Pradesh 1985.24 Nameri National Park Assam 1978 137.07 Nanda Devi National Park Uttarakhand 1982 630.33 UNESCO World Heritage Site , UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve Navegaon National Park Maharashtra 133.88 Neora Valley National Park West Bengal 1986 88 Nokrek National Park Meghalaya 1986 47.48 UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve North Button Island National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1979 0.44 Ntangki National Park Nagaland 202.02 Orang National Park Assam 1999 78.81 Pambadum Shola National Park Kerala 2003 1.32 Panna National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981 542.67 Papikonda National Park Andhra Pradesh 2008 1012.85 Pench National Park Madhya Pradesh 1977 758 Periyar National Park Kerala 1982 305 Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park Mizoram 1992 50 Pin Valley National Park Himachal Pradesh 807.36 Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand 820 Mainly known for Elephants , Tigers , Leopards and several species of birds , reptiles and Mammals . Rani Jhansi Marine National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 256.14 Ranthambore National Park Rajasthan 1981 392 Saddle Peak National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1979 32.54 Salim Ali National Park Jammu and Kashmir 1992 9.07 Sanjay National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981 466.7 Sanjay Gandhi National Park Maharashtra 1969 104 , Asiatic Lion , Indian Leopard , Rhesus Macaque , Bonnet Macaque , Spotted Deer , Hanuman Langur , Indian Flying Fox , Indian Hare , Barking Deer , Porcupine , Palm Civet , Mouse Deer Sariska Tiger Reserve Rajasthan 1955 866 Satpura National Park Madhya Pradesh 1981 524 Silent Valley National Park Kerala 1980 237 Absence of noisy cicadas , hence the name ' Silent Valley ' Simbalbara National Park Himachal Pradesh 27.88 Sirohi National Park Manipur 1982 41.30 Simlipal National Park Odisha 1980 2750 Tiger , leopard , Asian elephant , sambar , barking deer , gaur , jungle cat , wild boar Singalila National Park West Bengal 1986 78.60 South Button Island National Park Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0.03 Dugong , dolphin , water monitor lizard , blue whale Sri Venkateswara National Park Andhra Pradesh 1989 353 Sultanpur National Park Haryana 1989 1.43 Sundarbans National Park West Bengal 1984 1330.12 UNESCO World Heritage Site Tadoba National Park Maharashtra 1955 625 Tigers Valley of Flowers National Park Uttarakhand 1982 87.50 UNESCO World Heritage Site Valmiki National Park Bihar 1976 898.45 Vansda National Park Gujarat 1979 23.99 Van Vihar National Park Madhya Pradesh 4.48 See also ( edit ) Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Protected areas of India Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Parks '' . wiienvis.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kashmir Stag ( Hangul ) Jump up ^ The Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh parts of the Pench National Park are administered separately . Jump up ^ The Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh parts of the Sanjay National Park are administered separately . Directory of Wildlife Protected Areas in India ENVIS Centre , WII , Dehradun List of Proposed National Parks External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National parks of India . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Indian National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries . 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Harriet Island North Button Island Rani Jhansi Saddle Peak South Button Island Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara Arunachal Pradesh Mouling Namdapha Assam Dibru - Saikhowa Kaziranga Manas Nameri Orang Bihar Valmiki Chhattisgarh Indravati Kanger Ghati Goa Mollem Gujarat Blackbuck Gir Gulf of Kutch Vansda Haryana Kalesar Sultanpur Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan Pin Valley Khirganga Jammu & Kashmir Dachigam Hemis Kishtwar Jharkhand Betla Karnataka Anshi Bandipur Bannerghatta Nagarhole Kerala Anamudi Shola Eravikulam Mathikettan Shola Pampadam Shola Periyar Silent Valley Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh Fossil Kanha Madhav Panna Pench Sanjay Satpura Van Vihar Maharashtra Chandoli Gilbert Hill Gugamal Karnala Navegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Manipur Keibul Lamjao Sirohi Meghalaya Balphakram Nokrek Mizoram Murlen Phawngpui Nagaland Intangki Odisha Bhitarkanika Simlipal Rajasthan Darrah Desert Keoladeo Ranthambhore Sariska Sikkim Khangchendzonga Tamil Nadu Guindy Gulf of Mannar Anamalai Mudumalai Mukurthi Palani Hills Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Mrugavani Tripura Clouded Leopard Rajbari Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa Uttarakhand Corbett Gangotri Govind Nanda Devi Rajaji Valley of Flowers West Bengal Buxa Gorumara Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Jaldapara Category Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Tourism in India By state Andhra Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Assam Bihar Patna Delhi Chhattisgarh Goa Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Bangalore Mysore Kerala Thiruvanathapuram Kochi Thrissur Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Marathwada Aurangabad Mizoram North East India Odisha Kosal Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Jaipur Telangana Hyderabad Tamil Nadu Chennai Coimbatore Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Uttarakhand West Bengal Kolkata Types Beaches Hill stations Islands Lakes Medical tourism Skiing Tourist trains Waterfalls Wildlife National parks Protected areas World Heritage Sites Organisations India TDC Andhra Pradesh TDC Assam TDC Bihar STDC Delhi TTDC Haryana Tourism Corporation J&K TDC Karnataka TDC Kerala TDC Madhya Pradesh TDC Maharashtra TDC Odisha TDC Rajasthan TDC Tamil Nadu TDC Telangana TDC Uttar Pradesh Tourism West Bengal TDCL See also Incredible India NEITM Visa policy of India Category Commons List of national parks of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_parks_of_India&oldid=854695499 '' Categories : Lists of national parks National parks of India Lists of places in India Lists of protected areas of India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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-1922529287016651299	General Data Protection Regulation	General data protection regulation - wikipedia General data protection regulation `` GDPR '' redirects here . For the economics term , see Gross regional domestic product . European Union regulation on the processing of personal data Regulation ( EU ) 2016 / 679 European Union regulation Title Regulation on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data , and repealing Directive 95 / 46 / EC ( Data Protection Directive ) Made by European Parliament and Council of the European Union Journal reference L119 , 4 May 2016 , p. 1 -- 88 History Date made 14 April 2016 Implementation date 25 May 2018 Preparative texts Commission proposal COM / 2012 / 010 final -- 2012 / 0010 ( COD ) Other legislation Replaces Data Protection Directive Current legislation The General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) ( EU ) 2016 / 679 is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union ( EU ) and the European Economic Area ( EEA ) . It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas . The GDPR aims primarily to give control to citizens and residents over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU . Superseding the Data Protection Directive 95 / 46 / EC , the regulation contains provisions and requirements pertaining to the processing of personally identifiable information of individuals ( formally called data subjects in the GDPR ) inside the European Union , and applies to all enterprises , regardless of location , that are doing business with the European Economic Area . Business processes that handle personal data must be built with data protection by design and by default , meaning that personal data must be stored using pseudonymization or full anonymization , and use the highest - possible privacy settings by default , so that the data is not available publicly without explicit , informed consent , and can not be used to identify a subject without additional information stored separately . No personal data may be processed unless it is done under a lawful basis specified by the regulation or unless the data controller or processor has received an unambiguous and individualized affirmation of consent from the data subject . The data subject has the right to revoke this consent at any time . A processor of personal data must clearly disclose any data collection , declare the lawful basis and purpose for data processing , and state how long data is being retained and if it is being shared with any third parties or outside of the EU . Data subjects have the right to request a portable copy of the data collected by a processor in a common format , and the right to have their data erased under certain circumstances . Public authorities , and businesses whose core activities centre around regular or systematic processing of personal data , are required to employ a data protection officer ( DPO ) , who is responsible for managing compliance with the GDPR . Businesses must report any data breaches within 72 hours if they have an adverse effect on user privacy . It was adopted on 14 April 2016 , and became enforceable beginning 25 May 2018 ; because the GDPR is a regulation , not a directive , it does not require national governments to pass any enabling legislation and is directly binding and applicable . With the United Kingdom scheduled to leave the European Union in 2019 , the UK granted royal assent to the Data Protection Act 2018 on 23 May 2018 , which contains equivalent regulations and protections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Scope 1.2 Lawful basis for processing 1.3 Responsibility and accountability 1.4 Data protection by design and by default 1.5 Pseudonymisation 1.6 Right of access 1.7 Right to erasure 1.8 Records of processing activities 1.9 Data protection officer 1.10 Data breaches 1.11 Sanctions 1.12 B2B marketing 2 Restrictions 3 Reception 4 Impact 5 Timeline 6 EU Digital Single Market 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Content ( edit ) Scope ( edit ) The regulation applies if the data controller ( an organisation that collects data from EU residents ) , or processor ( an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers ) , or the data subject ( person ) is based in the EU . Under certain circumstances , the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside the EU . The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a `` purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity . '' ( Recital 18 ) According to the European Commission , `` personal data is any information relating to an individual , whether it relates to his or her private , professional or public life . It can be anything from a name , a home address , a photo , an email address , bank details , posts on social networking websites , medical information , or a computer 's IP address . '' The regulation does not purport to apply to the processing of personal data for national security activities or law enforcement of the EU ; however , industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 of the GDPR could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country 's laws from complying with a legal order from that country 's law enforcement , judicial , or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities the personal data of an EU person , regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU . Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal data may not be recognised or enforceable in any manner unless based on an international agreement , like a mutual legal assistance treaty in force between the requesting third ( non-EU ) country and the EU or a member state . The data protection reform package also includes a separate Data Protection Directive for the police and criminal justice sector that provides rules on personal data exchanges at national , European , and international levels . A single set of rules will apply to all EU member states . Each member state will establish an independent supervisory authority ( SA ) to hear and investigate complaints , sanction administrative offences , etc . SAs in each member state will co-operate with other SAs , providing mutual assistance and organising joint operations . If a business has multiple establishments in the EU , it will have a single SA as its `` lead authority '' , based on the location of its `` main establishment '' where the main processing activities take place . The lead authority will act as a `` one - stop shop '' to supervise all the processing activities of that business throughout the EU ( Articles 46 -- 55 of the GDPR ) . A European Data Protection Board ( EDPB ) will co-ordinate the SAs . EDPB will replace the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party . There are exceptions for data processed in an employment context or in national security that still might be subject to individual country regulations ( Articles 2 ( 2 ) ( a ) and 88 of the GDPR ) . Lawful basis for processing ( edit ) Unless a data subject has provided informed consent to data processing for one or more purposes , personal data may not be processed unless there is at least one legal basis to do so . They include : For the legitimate interests of a data controller or a third party , unless these interests are overridden by the Charter of Fundamental Rights ( especially in the case of children ) . To perform a task in the public interest or in official authority . To comply with a data controller 's legal obligations . To fulfill contractual obligations with a data subject . To perform tasks at the request of a data subject who is in the process of entering into a contract with a data controller . To protect the vital interests of a data subject or another person . If informed consent is used as the lawful basis for processing , consent must have been explicit for data collected and each purpose data is used for ( Article 7 ; defined in Article 4 ) . Consent must be a specific , freely - given , plainly - worded , and unambiguous affirmation given by the data subject ; an online form which has consent options structured as an opt - out selected by default is a violation of the GDPR , as the consent is not unambiguously affirmed by the user . In addition , multiple types of processing may not be `` bundled '' together into a single affirmation prompt , as this is not specific to each use of data , and the individual permissions are not freely - given . ( Recital 32 ) Data subjects must be allowed to withdraw this consent at any time , and this process must be as easy as it was to originally opt in . ( Article 7 ( 3 ) ) A data controller may not refuse service to users who decline consent to processing that is not strictly necessary in order to use the service . ( Article 7 ( 4 ) ) Consent for children , defined in the regulation as being less than 16 years old ( although with the option for member states to individually make it as low as 13 years old ( Article 8 ( 1 ) ) , must be given by the child 's parent or custodian , and verifiable ( Article 8 ) . If consent to processing was already provided under the Data Protection Directive , a data controller does not have to re-obtain consent if the processing is documented and obtained in compliance with the GDPR 's requirements ( Recital 171 ) . Responsibility and accountability ( edit ) To be able to demonstrate compliance with the GDPR , the data controller must implement measures which meet the principles of data protection by design and by default . Data protection by design and by default ( Article 25 ) require data protection measures to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services . Such measures include pseudonymising personal data , by the controller , as soon as possible ( Recital 78 ) . It is the responsibility and the liability of the data controller to implement effective measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities even if the processing is carried out by a data processor on behalf of the controller ( Recital 74 ) . When data is collected , data subjects must be clearly informed about the extent of data collection , the legal basis for processing of personal data , how long data is retained , if data is being transferred to a third - party and / or outside the EU , and disclosure of any automated decision - making that is made on a solely algorithmic basis . Data subjects must be provided with contact details for the data controller and their designated data protection officer , where applicable . Data subjects must also be informed of their privacy rights under the GDPR , including their right to revoke consent to data processing at any time , their right to view their personal data and access an overview of how it is being processed , their right to obtain a portable copy of the stored data , the right to erasure of data under certain circumstances , the right to contest any automated decision - making that was made on a solely algorithmic basis , and the right to file complaints with a Data Protection Authority . Data protection impact assessments ( Article 35 ) have to be conducted when specific risks occur to the rights and freedoms of data subjects . Risk assessment and mitigation is required and prior approval of the data protection authorities is required for high risks . Data protection by design and by default ( edit ) Data protection by design and by default ( Article 25 ) requires data protection to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services . Privacy settings must therefore be set at a high level by default , and technical and procedural measures should be taken by the controller to make sure that the processing , throughout the whole processing lifecycle , complies with the regulation . Controllers should also implement mechanisms to ensure that personal data is not processed unless necessary for each specific purpose . A report by the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security elaborates on what needs to be done to achieve privacy and data protection by default . It specifies that encryption and decryption operations must be carried out locally , not by remote service , because both keys and data must remain in the power of the data owner if any privacy is to be achieved . The report specifies that outsourced data storage on remote clouds is practical and relatively safe if only the data owner , not the cloud service , holds the decryption keys . Pseudonymisation ( edit ) The GDPR refers to pseudonymisation as a process that is required when data is stored ( as an alternative to the other option of complete data anonymisation ) to transform personal data in such a way that the resulting data can not be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information . An example is encryption , which renders the original data unintelligible and the process can not be reversed without access to the correct decryption key . The GDPR requires for the additional information ( such as the decryption key ) to be kept separately from the pseudonymised data . Another example of pseudonymisation is tokenisation , which is a non-mathematical approach to protecting data at rest that replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive substitutes , referred to as tokens . The tokens have no extrinsic or exploitable meaning or value . Tokenisation does not alter the type or length of data , which means it can be processed by legacy systems such as databases that may be sensitive to data length and type . That requires much fewer computational resources to process and less storage space in databases than traditionally - encrypted data . That is achieved by keeping specific data fully or partially visible for processing and analytics while sensitive information is kept hidden . Pseudonymisation is recommended to reduce the risks to the concerned data subjects and also to help controllers and processors to meet their data protection obligations ( Recital 28 ) . Right of access ( edit ) The right of access ( Article 15 ) is a data subject right . It gives citizens the right to access their personal data and information about how this personal data is being processed . A data controller must provide , upon request , an overview of the categories of data that are being processed ( Article 15 ( 1 ) ( b ) ) as well as a copy of the actual data ( Article 15 ( 3 ) ) . Furthermore , the data controller has to inform the data subject on details about the processing , such as the purposes of the processing ( Article 15 ( 1 ) ( a ) ) , with whom the data is shared ( Article 15 ( 1 ) ( c ) ) , and how it acquired the data ( Article 15 ( 1 ) ( g ) ) . A data subject must be able to transfer personal data from one electronic processing system to and into another , without being prevented from doing so by the data controller . Data that has been sufficiently anonymised is excluded , but data that has been only de-identified but remains possible to link to the individual in question , such as by providing the relevant identifier , is not . In practice however providing such identifiers can be challenging , such as in the case of Apple 's Siri , where voice and transcript data is stored with a personal identifier which the manufacturer restricts access to , or in online behavioural targeting , which relies heavily on device fingerprints that can be challenging to capture , send and verify . Both data being ' provided ' by the data subject and data being ' observed ' , such as about behaviour , are included . In addition , the data must be provided by the controller in a structured and commonly used standard electronic format . The right to data portability is provided by Article 20 of the GDPR . Legal experts see in the final version of this measure a `` new right '' created that `` reaches beyond the scope of data portability between two controllers as stipulated in ( Article 20 ) '' . Right to erasure ( edit ) A right to be forgotten was replaced by a more limited right of erasure in the version of the GDPR that was adopted by the European Parliament in March 2014 . Article 17 provides that the data subject has the right to request erasure of personal data related to them on any one of a number of grounds , including noncompliance with Article 6 ( 1 ) ( lawfulness ) that includes a case ( f ) if the legitimate interests of the controller are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject , which require protection of personal data ( see also Google Spain SL , Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos , Mario Costeja González ) . Records of processing activities ( edit ) Records of processing activities must be maintained that include purposes of the processing , categories involved and envisaged time limits . The records must be made available to the supervisory authority on request ( Article 30 ) . Data protection officer ( edit ) See also : European Commission Data Protection Officer If the processing is carried out by a public authority , except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial capacity , or if , in the private sector , processing is carried out by a controller whose core activities consist of processing operations that require regular and systematic monitoring of the data subjects , or processing on a large scale of special categories of data pursuant to Article 9 and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10 , a data protection officer ( DPO ) -- a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices , must be appointed to assist the controller or processor to monitor internal compliance with this regulation . The DPO is similar to a compliance officer and is also expected to be proficient at managing IT processes , data security ( including dealing with cyberattacks ) and other critical business continuity issues around the holding and processing of personal and sensitive data . The skill set required stretches beyond understanding legal compliance with data protection laws and regulations . More details on the function and the role of data protection officer were given on 13 December 2016 ( revised 5 April 2017 ) in a guideline document . Organisations based outside the EU must also appoint an EU - based person as a representative and point of contact for their GDPR obligations ( Article 27 ) . This is a distinct role from a DPO , although there is overlap in responsibilities that suggest that this role can also be held by the designated DPO . Data breaches ( edit ) Under the GDPR , the data controller is under a legal obligation to notify the supervisory authority without undue delay unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of the individuals . There is a maximum of 72 hours after becoming aware of the data breach to make the report ( Article 33 ) . Individuals have to be notified if adverse impact is determined ( Article 34 ) . In addition , the data processor will have to notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach ( Article 33 ) . However , the notice to data subjects is not required if the data controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures that render the personal data unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it , such as encryption ( Article 34 ) . Sanctions ( edit ) The following sanctions can be imposed : a warning in writing in cases of first and non-intentional noncompliance regular periodic data protection audits a fine up to € 10 million or up to 2 % of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise , whichever is greater , if there has been an infringement of the following provisions : ( Article 83 , Paragraph 5 & 6 ) the obligations of the controller and the processor pursuant to Articles 8 , 11 , 25 to 39 , and 42 and 43 the obligations of the certification body pursuant to Articles 42 and 43 the obligations of the monitoring body pursuant to Article 41 ( 4 ) a fine up to € 20 million or up to 4 % of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise , whichever is greater , if there has been an infringement of the following provisions : ( Article 83 , Paragraph 4 ) the basic principles for processing , including conditions for consent , pursuant to Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , and 9 the data subjects ' rights pursuant to Articles 12 to 22 the transfers of personal data to a recipient in a third country or an international organisation pursuant to Articles 44 to 49 any obligations pursuant to member state law adopted under Chapter IX noncompliance with an order or a temporary or definitive limitation on processing or the suspension of data flows by the supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58 ( 2 ) or failure to provide access in violation of Article 58 ( 1 ) B2B marketing ( edit ) Within the GDPR there is a distinct difference between business to consumer ( B2C ) and B2B ( business to business ) marketing . Under the GDPR , there are six equally valid grounds to process personal data . There are two of these which are relevant to direct B2B marketing , they are consent or legitimate interest . Recital 47 of the GDPR states that `` The processing of personal data for direct marketing purposes may be regarded as carried out for a legitimate interest . '' Using legitimate interest as the basis for B2B marketing involves ensuring key conditions are met : `` The processing must relate to the legitimate interests of your business or a specified third party , providing that the interests or fundamental rights of the data subject do not override the business ' legitimate interest . '' `` The processing must be necessary to achieve the legitimate interests of the organisation . '' Additionally , Article 6.1 ( f ) of the GDPR states that the processing is lawful if it is `` Necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third - party , except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual which require protection of personal information , in particular where the individual is a child '' . Therefore , companies can continue to use marketing data for the purposes of B2B engagement as long as the appropriate steps are taken to ensure the data is aligned to a specific objective or campaign . One phrase that is now being used is `` Correct Marketing to the Correct Person '' . As part of this companies will need to keep their marketing databases and CRM up to date in order to carry out valid Legitimate Balance Checks . The EU Commission stated that , `` Unified data privacy laws will create extraordinary opportunities and motivating innovation for businesses not only within Europe but also for the organization who are willing to do business with European states or already running their business in European states . '' The commission aims for companies to maintain communications and build regulation supporting relationships with each other to ensure best data practices through legitimate balance checks Restrictions ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : General Data Protection Regulation . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following cases are not covered by the regulation : Lawful interception , national security , military , police , justice Statistical and scientific analysis Deceased persons are subject to national legislation There is a dedicated law on employer - employee relationships Processing of personal data by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity Conversely , an entity or more precisely an `` enterprise '' has to be engaged in `` economic activity '' to be covered by the GDPR . Economic activity is defined broadly under European Union competition law . Reception ( edit ) The proposal for the new regulation gave rise to much discussion and controversy . Thousands of amendments were proposed . The area of GDPR consent has a number of implications for businesses who record calls as a matter of practice . A typical disclaimer is not considered sufficient to gain assumed consent to record calls . Additionally , when recording has commenced , should the caller withdraw their consent , then the agent receiving the call must be able to stop a previously started recording and ensure the recording does not get stored . IT professionals expect that compliance with the GDPR will require additional investment overall : over 80 percent of those surveyed expected GDPR - related spending to be at least USD $100,000 . The concerns were echoed in a report commissioned by the law firm Baker & McKenzie that found that `` around 70 percent of respondents believe that organizations will need to invest additional budget / effort to comply with the consent , data mapping and cross-border data transfer requirements under the GDPR . '' The total cost for EU companies is estimated at around € 200 billion while for US companies the estimate is for $41.7 billion . It has been argued that smaller businesses and startup companies might not have the financial resources to adequately comply with the GDPR , unlike the larger international technology firms ( such as Facebook and Google ) that the regulation is ostensibly meant to target first and foremost . A lack of knowledge and understanding of the regulations has also been a concern in the lead - up to its adoption . A counter-argument to this has been that companies were made aware of these changes two years prior to them coming into effect and , therefore , should have had enough time to prepare . The regulations , including whether an enterprise must have a data protection officer , have been criticized for potential administrative burden and unclear compliance requirements . Although data minimisation is a requirement , with pseudonymisation being one of the possible means , the regulation provide no guidance on how or what constitutes an effective data de-identification scheme , with a grey area on what would be considered as inadequate pseudonymisation subject to Section 5 enforcement actions . There is also concern regarding the implementation of the GDPR in blockchain systems , as the transparent and fixed record of blockchain transactions contradicts the very nature of the GDPR . Many media outlets have commented on the introduction of a `` right to explanation '' of algorithmic decisions , but legal scholars have since argued that the existence of such a right is highly unclear without judicial tests and is limited at best . Impact ( edit ) The lead - up to the effective date of the GDPR led to many companies and websites changing their privacy policies and features worldwide in order to comply with its requirements , and providing email and on - site notification of the changes , despite having had at least two years to prepare and do so . This has been criticized for eventually leading to a form of fatigue among end - users over the excessive numbers of messages . Experts also noted that some reminder emails incorrectly asserted that new consent for data processing had to be obtained for when the GDPR took effect , even though any previously - obtained consent to processing is valid as long as it is properly documented and meets the requirements of the GDPR ( Recital 171 ) . Phishing scams also emerged using falsified versions of such emails , and it was also argued that some GDPR notice emails may have actually been sent in violation of anti-spam laws . Mass adoption of GDPR privacy standards by international companies have been cited as an example of the `` Brussels effect '' , a phenomenon wherein European laws and regulations are used as a global baseline due to their gravitas . Research indicates that approximately 25 % of software vulnerabilities have GDPR implications . Since Article 33 emphasizes breaches , not bugs , security experts advise companies to invest in processes and capabilities to identify vulnerabilities before they can be exploited , including Coordinated vulnerability disclosure processes . The deluge of GDPR - related notices also inspired memes , including those surrounding privacy policy notices being delivered by atypical means ( such as an Ouija board and a Star Wars opening crawl ) , suggesting that Santa Claus 's `` naughty or nice '' list violated the GDPR , and a recording of excerpts from the regulation by a former BBC Radio 4 announcer , in the style of its late - night Shipping Forecast . A blog , GDPR Hall of Shame , was also created to showcase unusual delivery of GDPR notices , and attempts at compliance that contained egregious violations of the regulation 's requirements . Its author remarked that the regulation `` has a lot of nitty gritty , in - the - weeds details , but not a lot of information about how to comply '' , but also acknowledged that businesses had two years to comply , making some of its responses unjustified . On the effective date , some international websites began to block EU users entirely ( including Instapaper , Unroll.me , and Tronc - owned newspapers , such as the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Times ) or redirect them to stripped - down versions of their services ( in the case of National Public Radio and USA Today ) with limited functionality and / or no advertising , in order to remove their liabilities . Some companies , such as Klout , and several online video games , ceased operations entirely to coincide with its implementation , citing the GDPR as a burden on their continued operations , especially due to the business model of the former . Sales volume of online behavioural advertising placements in Europe fell 25 -- 40 % on 25 May 2018 . Facebook and subsidiaries WhatsApp and Instagram , as well as Google LLC ( targeting Android ) , were immediately sued by Max Schrems 's non-profit NOYB just hours after midnight on 25 May 2018 , for their use of `` forced consent '' . Schrems asserts that both companies violated Article 7 ( 4 ) by not presenting opt - ins for data processing consent on an individualized basis , and requiring users to consent to all data processing activities ( including those not strictly necessary ) or be forbidden from using the services . After the implementation of GDPR , California passed a similar bill . Timeline ( edit ) 25 January 2012 : The proposal for the GDPR was released . 21 October 2013 : The European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs ( LIBE ) had its orientation vote . 15 December 2015 : Negotiations between the European Parliament , Council and Commission ( Formal Trilogue meeting ) resulted in a joint proposal . 17 December 2015 : The European Parliament 's LIBE Committee voted for the negotiations between the three parties . 8 April 2016 : Adoption by the Council of the European Union . The only member state voting against was Austria , which argued that the level of data protection in some respects falls short compared to the 1995 directive . 14 April 2016 : Adoption by the European Parliament . 24 May 2016 : The regulation entered into force , 20 days after its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union . 25 May 2018 : Its provisions became directly applicable in all member states , two years after the regulations enter into force . 20 July 2018 : the GDPR will be valid in the EEA countries ( Iceland , Liechtenstein , and Norway ) after the EEA Joint Committee and the three countries have agreed to follow the regulation . EU digital Single Market ( edit ) The EU Digital Single Market strategy relates to `` digital economy '' activities related to businesses and people in the EU . As part of the strategy , the GDPR and the NIS Directive all apply from 25 May 2018 . The proposed ePrivacy Regulation was also planned to be applicable from 25 May 2018 , but will be delayed for several months . The eIDAS Regulation is also part of the strategy . See also ( edit ) Cybercrime Convention , of the European Council ePrivacy Regulation ( European Union ) Information Commissioner 's Office , of the UK Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Refer GDPR article 4 ( 18 ) : ' enterprise ' means a natural or legal person engaged in an economic activity , irrespective of its legal form , including partnerships or associations regularly engaged in an economic activity . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Presidency of the Council : `` Compromise text . Several partial general approaches have been instrumental in converging views in Council on the proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation in its entirety . The text on the Regulation which the Presidency submits for approval as a General Approach appears in annex , '' 201 pages , 11 June 2015 , PDF Jump up ^ Blackmer , W.S. ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` GDPR : Getting Ready for the New EU General Data Protection Regulation '' . Information Law Group . InfoLawGroup LLP . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Data Protection Act finalised in the UK '' . Out-Law.com . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New UK Data Protection Act not welcomed by all '' . Computer Weekly . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Article 3 ( 2 ) : This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the Union , where the processing activities are related to : ( a ) the offering of goods or services , irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required , to such data subjects in the Union ; or ( b ) the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union . Jump up ^ European Commission 's press release announcing the proposed comprehensive reform of data protection rules . 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex -- 32016R0679 -- EN -- EUR - Lex '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Directive ( EU ) 2016 / 680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention , investigation , detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties , and on the free movement of such data , and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008 / 977 / JHA '' . 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The Proposed EU General Data Protection Regulation . A guide for in - house lawyers , Hunton & Williams LLP , June 2015 , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : `` Data protection '' ( PDF ) . European Commission -- European Commission . ^ Jump up to : `` EUR - Lex -- 32016R0679 -- EN -- EUR - Lex '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 7 November 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Age of consent in the GDPR : updated mapping '' . iapp.org . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How the Proposed EU Data Protection Regulation Is Creating a Ripple Effect Worldwide '' . Judy Schmitt , Florian Stahl. 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hern , Alex ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Most GDPR emails unnecessary and some illegal , say experts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Privacy notices under the EU General Data Protection Regulation '' . ico.org.uk. 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What information must be given to individuals whose data is collected ? '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Privacy and Data Protection by Design -- ENISA '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Data science under GDPR with pseudonymization in the data pipeline Published by Dativa , 17 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Looking to comply with GDPR ? Here 's a primer on anonymization and pseudonymization '' . iapp.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Journal L 119 / 2016 '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Article 29 Working Party ( 2017 ) . Guidelines on the right to data portability . European Commission . Jump up ^ Veale , Michael ; Binns , Reuben ; Ausloos , Jef . `` When data protection by design and data subject rights clash '' . International Data Privacy Law . doi : 10.1093 / idpl / ipy002 . Jump up ^ Zuiderveen Borgesius , Frederik J. ( April 2016 ) . `` Singling out people without knowing their names -- Behavioural targeting , pseudonymous data , and the new Data Protection Regulation '' . Computer Law & Security Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 256 -- 271 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clsr. 2015.12. 013 . ISSN 0267 - 3649 . Jump up ^ Proposal for the EU General Data Protection Regulation . European Commission . 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Final European Union General Data Protection Regulation , by Cedric Burton , Laura De Boel , Christopher Kuner , Anna Pateraki , Sarah Cadiot and Sára G. Hoffman , Section II , 4 '' . Bloomberg BNA. 12 February 2016 . ( Note that the Article 18 in the draft GDPR became Article 20 in the final version . ) Jump up ^ Baldry , Tony ; Hyams , Oliver . `` The Right to Be Forgotten '' . 1 Essex Court . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data ( General Data Protection Regulation ) '' . European Parliament . Jump up ^ `` REGULATION ( EU ) 2016 / 679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL ( article 30 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex -- Art . 37 '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines on Data Protection Officers '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jankowski , Piper - Meredith . `` Global reach of the GDPR : What is at stake ? '' . Lexology . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` L_2016119EN. 01000101. xml '' . eur-lex.europa.eu . Jump up ^ `` What 's new under the GDPR ? '' . ico.org.uk. 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDPR for marketers : The essentials '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` How do we apply legitimate interests in practice ? '' . ico.org.uk. 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Wehlander , Caroline ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 2 `` Economic activity '' : criteria and relevance in the fields of EU internal market law , competition law and procurement law `` . In Wehlander , Caroline . Services of general economic interest as a constitutional concept of EU Law ( PDF ) . The Hague , Netherlands : TMC Asser Press . pp. 35 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 6265 - 117 - 3_2 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 6265 - 116 - 6 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Justice Committee ( November 2012 ) . The Committee 's Opinion on the EU Data Protection Framework Proposals . House of Commons , U.K. p. 32 . ISBN 9780215049759 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Another issue that has been subject to a large number of comments ... is the requirement to appoint a DPO Jump up ^ Wessing , Taylor ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` The compliance burden under the GDPR -- Data Protection Officers '' . taylorweesing.com . Taylor Wessing . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . One of the politically most contentious innovations of the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) is the obligation to appoint a Data Protection Officer ( DPO ) in certain cases . Jump up ^ `` Overview of amendments '' . LobbyPlag . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Smart Businesses Can Avoid GDPR Penalties When Recording Calls '' . xewave.io . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Babel , Chris ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` The High Costs of GDPR Compliance '' . InformationWeek . UBM Technology Group . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preparing for New Privacy Regimes : Privacy Professionals ' Views on the General Data Protection Regulation and Privacy Shield '' ( PDF ) . bakermckenzie.com . Baker & McKenzie. 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Georgiev , Georgi . `` GDPR Compliance Cost Calculator '' . GIGAcalculator.com . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Solon , Olivia ( 19 April 2018 ) . `` How Europe 's ' breakthrough ' privacy law takes on Facebook and Google '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's new privacy rules are no silver bullet '' . Politico.eu. 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lack of GDPR knowledge is a danger and an opportunity '' . MicroscopeUK . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No one 's ready for GDPR '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` New rules on data protection pose compliance issues for firms '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wes , Matt ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Looking to comply with GDPR ? Here 's a primer on anonymization and pseudonymization '' . IAPP . Jump up ^ Chassang , G. ( 2017 ) . The impact of the EU general data protection regulation on scientific research . ecancermedicalscience , 11 . Jump up ^ Tarhonen , Laura ( 2017 ) . `` Pseudonymisation of Personal Data According to the General Data Protection Regulation '' . Jump up ^ `` A recent report issued by the Blockchain Association of Ireland has found there are many more questions than answers when it comes to GDPR '' . siliconrepublic.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` AI watchdog needed to regulate automated decision - making , say experts '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU 's Right to Explanation : A Harmful Restriction on Artificial Intelligence '' . techzone360.com . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Wachter , Sandra ; Mittelstadt , Brent ; Floridi , Luciano ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision - Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation '' -- via SSRN . Jump up ^ Edwards , Lilian ; Veale , Michael ( 2017 ) . `` Slave to the algorithm ? Why a `` right to an explanation '' is probably not the remedy you are looking for `` . Duke Law and Technology Review . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 2972855 . SSRN 2972855 . Jump up ^ Afifi - Sabet , Keumars ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` Scammers are using GDPR email alerts to conduct phishing attacks '' . IT PRO . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeff John ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` The GDPR Is in Effect : Should U.S. Companies Be Afraid ? '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Percentage of Your Software Vulnerabilities Have GDPR Implications ? '' ( PDF ) . HackerOne. 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Data Protection Officer ( DPO ) : Everything You Need to Know '' . Cranium and HackerOne. 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What might bug bounty programs look like under the GDPR ? '' . The International Association of Privacy Professionals ( IAPP ) . 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fall asleep in seconds by listening to a soothing voice read the EU 's new GDPR legislation '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` How Europe 's GDPR Regulations Became a Meme '' . Wired . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Internet Created a GDPR - Inspired Meme Using Privacy Policies '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Matt . `` Help , my lightbulbs are dead ! How GDPR became bigger than Beyonce '' . Wired.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Some of the Worst Attempts At Complying with GDPR '' . Motherboard. 2018 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Instapaper is temporarily shutting off access for European users due to GDPR '' . The Verge . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unroll.me to close to EU users saying it ca n't comply with GDPR '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ; Waterson , Jim ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Sites block users , shut down activities and flood inboxes as GDPR rules loom '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blocking 500 Million Users Is Easier Than Complying With Europe 's New Rules '' . Bloomberg L.P. 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News Outlets Block European Readers Over New Privacy Rules '' . The New York Times . 25 May 2018 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Look : Here 's what EU citizens see now that GDPR has landed '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tiku , Nitasha ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Why Your Inbox Is Crammed Full of Privacy Policies '' . Wired . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Chen , Brian X . ( 23 May 2018 ) . `` Getting a Flood of G.D.P.R. - Related Privacy Policy Updates ? Read Them '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lanxon , Nate ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Blocking 500 Million Users Is Easier Than Complying With Europe 's New Rules '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDPR mayhem : Programmatic ad buying plummets in Europe -- Digiday '' . Digiday. 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDPR : noyb.eu filed four complaints over `` forced consent '' against Google , Instagram , WhatsApp and Facebook '' ( PDF ) . NOYB.eu. 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook and Google hit with $8.8 billion in lawsuits on day one of GDPR '' . The Verge . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Max Schrems files first cases under GDPR against Facebook and Google '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook , Google face first GDPR complaints over ' forced consent ' '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David . `` Google , Facebook hit with serious GDPR complaints : Others will be soon '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California Unanimously Passes Historic Privacy Bill '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Marketers and tech companies confront California 's version of GDPR '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Data protection reform : Council adopts position at first reading -- Consilium '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Jump up ^ Adoption of the Council 's position at first reading , Votewatch.eu Jump up ^ Written procedure , 8 April 2016 , Council of the European Union Jump up ^ `` Data protection reform -- Parliament approves new rules fit for the digital era -- News -- European Parliament '' . Jump up ^ Kolsrud , Kjetil ( 10.07. 18 ) . `` GDPR -- 20 . juli er datoen ! '' . Rett24 . Retrieved 13.07. 18 . Check date values in : accessdate = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Digital Single Market '' . Digital Single Market . Jump up ^ 2019 ePR in effect on eprivacy.eu External links ( edit ) EU Data Protection page Procedure 2012 / 0011 / COD , EUR - Lex Regulation ( EU ) 2016 / 679 of the European Parliament and of the Council 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data , and repealing Directive 95 / 46 / EC ( General Data Protection Regulation ) , EUR - Lex General Data Protection Regulation , final version dated 27 April 2016 ( PDF ) 2012 / 0011 ( COD ) -- Personal data protection : processing and free movement of data ( General Data Protection Regulation ) , European Parliament hide Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union ( former directive ) Germany Ghana New Zealand Singapore Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative noyb.eu Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global European Union portal Law portal Information technology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&oldid=850250009 '' Categories : Privacy law Information privacy European Union regulations Data laws Data protection 2016 establishments in Europe 2018 in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles with short description Use dmy dates from May 2018 EngvarB from May 2018 Accuracy disputes from May 2018 All accuracy disputes Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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-2025881775169987195	Gulliver's Travels	Gulliver 's Travels - wikipedia Gulliver 's Travels For other uses , see Gulliver 's Travels ( disambiguation ) . Gulliver 's Travels First edition of Gulliver 's Travels Author Jonathan Swift Original title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World . In Four Parts . By Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and then a Captain of several Ships Country Ireland Language English Genre Satire , fantasy Publisher Benjamin Motte Publication date 28 October 1726 ( 291 years ago ) ( 1726 - 10 - 28 ) Media type Print Dewey Decimal 823.5 Text Gulliver 's Travels at Wikisource Gulliver 's Travels , or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World . In Four Parts . By Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and then a Captain of Several Ships ( which is the full title ) , is a prose satire by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift , that is both a satire on human nature and the `` travellers ' tales '' literary subgenre . It is Swift 's best known full - length work , and a classic of English literature . He himself claimed that he wrote Gulliver 's Travels `` to vex the world rather than divert it '' . The book became popular as soon as it was published . John Gay wrote in a 1726 letter to Swift that `` It is universally read , from the cabinet council to the nursery . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part I : A Voyage to Lilliput 1.2 Part II : A Voyage to Brobdingnag 1.3 Part III : A Voyage to Laputa , Balnibarbi , Luggnagg , Glubbdubdrib and Japan 1.4 Part IV : A Voyage to the Land of the Houyhnhnms 2 Composition and history 2.1 Faulkner 's 1735 edition 2.2 Lindalino 3 Major themes 3.1 Misogyny 3.2 Comic Misanthropy 3.3 Character analysis 4 Cultural influences 5 Reception 6 In other works 6.1 Sequels and imitations 7 Adaptations 7.1 Music 7.2 Film , television and radio 8 Bibliography 8.1 Editions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Online text Plot ( edit ) Locations visited by Gulliver , according to Arthur Ellicott Case Part I : a voyage to Lilliput ( edit ) 4 May 1699 Mural depicting Gulliver surrounded by citizens of Lilliput . The travel begins with a short preamble in which Lemuel Gulliver gives a brief outline of his life and history before his voyages . During his first voyage , Gulliver is washed ashore after a shipwreck and finds himself a prisoner of a race of tiny people , less than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) tall , who are inhabitants of the island country of Lilliput . After giving assurances of his good behaviour , he is given a residence in Lilliput and becomes a favourite of the Lilliput Royal Court . He is also given permission by the King of Lilliput to go around the city on condition that he must not harm their subjects . At first , the Lilliputians are hospitable to Gulliver , but they are also wary of the threat that his size poses to them . The Lilliputians reveal themselves to be a people who put great emphasis on trivial matters . For example , which end of an egg a person cracks becomes the basis of a deep political rift within that nation . They are a people who revel in displays of authority and performances of power . Gulliver assists the Lilliputians to subdue their neighbors the Blefuscudians by stealing their fleet . However , he refuses to reduce the island nation of Blefuscu to a province of Lilliput , displeasing the King and the royal court . Gulliver is charged with treason for , among other crimes , spitting in the capital though he was putting out a fire . He is convicted and sentenced to be blinded . With the assistance of a kind friend , `` a considerable person at court '' , he escapes to Blefuscu . Here , he spots and retrieves an abandoned boat and sails out to be rescued by a passing ship , which safely takes him back home . Part II : a voyage to Brobdingnag ( edit ) 20 June 1702 -- 3 June 1706 Gulliver exhibited to the Brobdingnag Farmer ( painting by Richard Redgrave ) Gulliver soon sets out again . When the sailing ship Adventure is blown off course by storms and forced to sail for land in search of fresh water , Gulliver is abandoned by his companions and is left on a peninsula on the western coast of the North American continent . The grass of that land is as tall as a tree . He is then found by a farmer who was about 72 ft ( 22 m ) tall , judging from Gulliver estimating a man 's step being 10 yards ( 9 m ) . He brings Gulliver home and the farmer 's daughter Glumdalclitch cares for Gulliver . The giant - sized farmer treats him as a curiosity and exhibits him for money . After a while the constant shows make Gulliver sick , and the farmer sells him to the queen of the realm . Glumdalclitch ( who accompanied her father while exhibiting Gulliver ) is taken into the Queen of Brobdingnag 's service to take care of the tiny man . Since Gulliver is too small to use their huge chairs , beds , knives and forks , the Queen of Brobdingnag commissions a small house to be built for him so that he can be carried around in it ; this is referred to as his `` travelling box '' . Between small adventures such as fighting giant wasps and being carried to the roof by a monkey , he discusses the state of Europe with the King of Brobdingnag . The King is not happy with Gulliver 's accounts of Europe , especially upon learning of the use of guns and cannons . On a trip to the seaside , his traveling box is seized by a giant eagle which drops Gulliver and his box into the sea where he is picked up by some sailors who return him to England . Part III : a voyage to Laputa , Balnibarbi , Luggnagg , Glubbdubdrib and Japan ( edit ) See also : Floating cities and islands in fiction 5 August 1706 -- 16 April 1710 Gulliver discovers Laputa , the flying island ( illustration by J.J. Grandville ) Setting out again , Gulliver 's ship is attacked by pirates and he is marooned close to a desolate rocky island near India . He is rescued by the flying island of Laputa , a kingdom devoted to the arts of music , mathematics , and astronomy but unable to use them for practical ends . Rather than use armies , Laputa has a custom of throwing rocks down at rebellious cities on the ground . Gulliver tours Balnibarbi , the kingdom ruled from Laputa , as the guest of a low - ranking courtier and sees the ruin brought about by the blind pursuit of science without practical results , in a satire on bureaucracy and on the Royal Society and its experiments . At the Grand Academy of Lagado in Balnibarbi , great resources and manpower are employed on researching completely preposterous schemes such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers , softening marble for use in pillows , learning how to mix paint by smell , and uncovering political conspiracies by examining the excrement of suspicious persons ( see muckraking ) . Gulliver is then taken to Maldonada , the main port of Balnibarbi , to await a trader who can take him on to Japan . While waiting for a passage , Gulliver takes a short side - trip to the island of Glubbdubdrib which is southwest of Balnibarbi . On Glubbdubdrib , he visits a magician 's dwelling and discusses history with the ghosts of historical figures , the most obvious restatement of the `` ancients versus moderns '' theme in the book . The ghosts consist of Julius Caesar , Brutus , Homer , Aristotle , René Descartes , and Pierre Gassendi . On the island of Luggnagg , he encounters the struldbrugs , people who are immortal . They do not have the gift of eternal youth , but suffer the infirmities of old age and are considered legally dead at the age of eighty . After reaching Japan , Gulliver asks the Emperor `` to excuse my performing the ceremony imposed upon my countrymen of trampling upon the crucifix '' , which the Emperor does . Gulliver returns home , determined to stay there for the rest of his days . Part IV : a voyage to the land of the Houyhnhnms ( edit ) 7 September 1710 -- 5 December 1715 Gulliver in discussion with Houyhnhnms ( 1856 illustration by J.J. Grandville ) . Despite his earlier intention of remaining at home , Gulliver returns to sea as the captain of a merchantman , as he is bored with his employment as a surgeon . On this voyage , he is forced to find new additions to his crew whom he believes to have turned the rest of the crew against him . His crew then commits mutiny . After keeping him contained for some time , they resolve to leave him on the first piece of land they come across , and continue as pirates . He is abandoned in a landing boat and comes upon a race of hideous , deformed and savage humanoid creatures to which he conceives a violent antipathy . Shortly afterwards , he meets the Houyhnhnms , a race of talking horses . They are the rulers while the deformed creatures that resemble human beings are called Yahoos . Gulliver becomes a member of a horse 's household and comes to both admire and emulate the Houyhnhnms and their way of life , rejecting his fellow humans as merely Yahoos endowed with some semblance of reason which they only use to exacerbate and add to the vices Nature gave them . However , an Assembly of the Houyhnhnms rules that Gulliver , a Yahoo with some semblance of reason , is a danger to their civilization and commands him to swim back to the land that he came from . Gulliver 's `` Master , '' the Houyhnhnm who took him into his household , buys him time to create a canoe to make his departure easier . After another disastrous voyage , he is rescued against his will by a Portuguese ship . He is disgusted to see that Captain Pedro de Mendez , a Yahoo , is a wise , courteous , and generous person . He returns to his home in England , but he is unable to reconcile himself to living among `` Yahoos '' and becomes a recluse , remaining in his house , largely avoiding his family and his wife , and spending several hours a day speaking with the horses in his stables . Composition and history ( edit ) It is uncertain exactly when Swift started writing Gulliver 's Travels ( much of the writing was done at Loughry Manor in Cookstown , County Tyrone , whilst Swift stayed there ) but some sources suggest as early as 1713 when Swift , Gay , Pope , Arbuthnot and others formed the Scriblerus Club with the aim of satirising popular literary genres . According to these accounts , Swift was charged with writing the memoirs of the club 's imaginary author , Martinus Scriblerus , and also with satirising the `` travellers ' tales '' literary subgenre . It is known from Swift 's correspondence that the composition proper began in 1720 with the mirror - themed Parts I and II written first , Part IV next in 1723 and Part III written in 1724 ; but amendments were made even while Swift was writing Drapier 's Letters . By August 1725 the book was complete ; and as Gulliver 's Travels was a transparently anti-Whig satire , it is likely that Swift had the manuscript copied so that his handwriting could not be used as evidence if a prosecution should arise , as had happened in the case of some of his Irish pamphlets ( the Drapier 's Letters ) . In March 1726 Swift travelled to London to have his work published ; the manuscript was secretly delivered to the publisher Benjamin Motte , who used five printing houses to speed production and avoid piracy . Motte , recognising a best - seller but fearing prosecution , cut or altered the worst offending passages ( such as the descriptions of the court contests in Lilliput and the rebellion of Lindalino ) , added some material in defence of Queen Anne to Part II , and published it . The first edition was released in two volumes on 28 October 1726 , priced at 8s . 6d . Motte published Gulliver 's Travels anonymously , and as was often the way with fashionable works , several follow - ups ( Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput ) , parodies ( Two Lilliputian Odes , The first on the Famous Engine With Which Captain Gulliver extinguish 'd the Palace Fire ... ) and `` keys '' ( Gulliver Decipher 'd and Lemuel Gulliver 's Travels into Several Remote Regions of the World Compendiously Methodiz 'd , the second by Edmund Curll who had similarly written a `` key '' to Swift 's Tale of a Tub in 1705 ) were swiftly produced . These were mostly printed anonymously ( or occasionally pseudonymously ) and were quickly forgotten . Swift had nothing to do with them and disavowed them in Faulkner 's edition of 1735 . Swift 's friend Alexander Pope wrote a set of five Verses on Gulliver 's Travels , which Swift liked so much that he added them to the second edition of the book , though they are rarely included . Faulkner 's 1735 edition ( edit ) In 1735 an Irish publisher , George Faulkner , printed a set of Swift 's works , Volume III of which was Gulliver 's Travels . As revealed in Faulkner 's `` Advertisement to the Reader '' , Faulkner had access to an annotated copy of Motte 's work by `` a friend of the author '' ( generally believed to be Swift 's friend Charles Ford ) which reproduced most of the manuscript without Motte 's amendments , the original manuscript having been destroyed . It is also believed that Swift at least reviewed proofs of Faulkner 's edition before printing , but this can not be proved . Generally , this is regarded as the Editio Princeps of Gulliver 's Travels with one small exception . This edition had an added piece by Swift , A letter from Capt . Gulliver to his Cousin Sympson , which complained of Motte 's alterations to the original text , saying he had so much altered it that `` I do hardly know mine own work '' and repudiating all of Motte 's changes as well as all the keys , libels , parodies , second parts and continuations that had appeared in the intervening years . This letter now forms part of many standard texts . Lindalino ( edit ) The five - paragraph episode in Part III , telling of the rebellion of the surface city of Lindalino against the flying island of Laputa , was an obvious allegory to the affair of Drapier 's Letters of which Swift was proud . Lindalino represented Dublin and the impositions of Laputa represented the British imposition of William Wood 's poor - quality copper currency . Faulkner had omitted this passage , either because of political sensitivities raised by an Irish publisher printing an anti-British satire , or possibly because the text he worked from did not include the passage . In 1899 the passage was included in a new edition of the Collected Works . Modern editions derive from the Faulkner edition with the inclusion of this 1899 addendum . Isaac Asimov notes in The Annotated Gulliver that Lindalino is generally taken to be Dublin , being composed of double lins ; hence , Dublin . Major themes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The King of Brobdingnag and Gulliver by James Gillray ( 1803 ) , ( satirising Napoleon Bonaparte and George III ) . Metropolitan Museum of Art Gulliver 's Travels has been the recipient of several designations : from Menippean satire to a children 's story , from proto - science fiction to a forerunner of the modern novel . Published seven years after Daniel Defoe 's wildly successful Robinson Crusoe , Gulliver 's Travels may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe 's optimistic account of human capability . In The Unthinkable Swift : The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man , Warren Montag argues that Swift was concerned to refute the notion that the individual precedes society , as Defoe 's novel seems to suggest . Swift regarded such thought as a dangerous endorsement of Thomas Hobbes ' radical political philosophy and for this reason Gulliver repeatedly encounters established societies rather than desolate islands . The captain who invites Gulliver to serve as a surgeon aboard his ship on the disastrous third voyage is named Robinson . Scholar Allan Bloom points out that Swift 's critique of science ( the experiments of Laputa ) is the first such questioning by a modern liberal democrat of the effects and cost on a society which embraces and celebrates policies pursuing scientific progress . A possible reason for the book 's classic status is that it can be seen as many things to many different people . Broadly , the book has three themes : A satirical view of the state of European government , and of petty differences between religions An inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted A restatement of the older `` ancients versus moderns '' controversy previously addressed by Swift in The Battle of the Books In storytelling and construction the parts follow a pattern : The causes of Gulliver 's misadventures become more malignant as time goes on -- he is first shipwrecked , then abandoned , then attacked by strangers , then attacked by his own crew . Gulliver 's attitude hardens as the book progresses -- he is genuinely surprised by the viciousness and politicking of the Lilliputians but finds the behaviour of the Yahoos in the fourth part reflective of the behaviour of people . Each part is the reverse of the preceding part -- Gulliver is big / small / wise / ignorant , the countries are complex / simple / scientific / natural , and the forms of government are worse / better / worse / better than England 's . Gulliver 's viewpoint between parts is mirrored by that of his antagonists in the contrasting part -- Gulliver sees the tiny Lilliputians as being vicious and unscrupulous , and then the king of Brobdingnag sees Europe in exactly the same light ; Gulliver sees the Laputians as unreasonable , and his Houyhnhnm master sees humanity as equally so . No form of government is ideal -- the simplistic Brobdingnagians enjoy public executions and have streets infested with beggars , the honest and upright Houyhnhnms who have no word for lying are happy to suppress the true nature of Gulliver as a Yahoo and are equally unconcerned about his reaction to being expelled . Specific individuals may be good even where the race is bad -- Gulliver finds a friend in each of his travels and , despite Gulliver 's rejection and horror toward all Yahoos , is treated very well by the Portuguese captain , Don Pedro , who returns him to England at the novel 's end . Of equal interest is the character of Gulliver himself -- he progresses from a cheery optimist at the start of the first part to the pompous misanthrope of the book 's conclusion and we may well have to filter our understanding of the work if we are to believe the final misanthrope wrote the whole work . In this sense Gulliver 's Travels is a very modern and complex novel . There are subtle shifts throughout the book , such as when Gulliver begins to see all humans , not just those in Houyhnhnm - land , as Yahoos . However , a feminist perspective of Gulliver 's Travels argues that it is misogyny , and not misanthropy , that is shown in Gulliver . Throughout , Gulliver is presented as being gullible ; he believes what he is told , never perceives deeper meanings , is an honest man , and expects others to be honest . This makes for fun and irony ; what Gulliver says can be trusted to be accurate , and he does not always understand the meaning of what he perceives . Also , although Gulliver is presented as a commonplace `` everyman '' , lacking higher education , he possesses a remarkable natural gift for language . He quickly becomes fluent in the native tongue of any strange land in which he finds himself , a literary device that adds verisimilitude and humour to Swift 's work . Despite the depth and subtlety of the book , it is often classified as a children 's story because of the popularity of the Lilliput section ( frequently bowdlerised ) as a book for children . One can still buy books entitled Gulliver 's Travels which contain only parts of the Lilliput voyage . Misogyny ( edit ) A well - known underlying theme in Gulliver 's Travels is misogyny . Swift uses satire to openly mock misogyny throughout the book , with one of the most cited examples of this coming from Gulliver 's description of a Brobdingnagian woman : `` I must confess no Object ever disgusted me so much as the Sight of her monstrous Breast , which I can not tell what to compare with , so as to give the curious Reader an Idea of its Bulk , Shape , and Colour ... This made me reflect upon the fair Skins of our English Ladies , who appear so beautiful to us , only because they are of our own Size , and their Defects not to be seen but through a magnifying glass ... '' This open critic towards aspects of the female body is something that Swift often brings up in other works of his , particularly in poems such as The Lady 's Dressing Room and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going To Bed . A well known criticism of Swift 's misogyny by Felicity A. Nussbaum proposes the idea that `` Gulliver himself is a gendered object of satire , and his antifeminist sentiments may be among those mocked . '' Gulliver 's own masculinity is often mocked , seen in how he is made to be a coward among the Brobdingnag people , repressed by the people of Lilliput , and viewed as an inferior Yahoo among the Houyhnhnms . Another criticism of Swift 's use of misogyny delves into Gulliver 's repeated use of the word ' nauseous , ' and the way that Gulliver is fighting his emasculation by commenting on how he thinks the women of Brobdingnag are disgusting . `` Swift has Gulliver frequently invoke the sensory ( as opposed to reflective ) word `` nauseous '' to describe this and other magnified images in Brobdingnag not only to reveal the neurotic depths of Gulliver 's misogyny , but also to show how male nausea can be used as a pathetic countermeasure against the perceived threat of female consumption . Swift has Gulliver associate these magnified acts of female consumption with the act of `` throwing - up '' -- the opposite of and antidote to the act of gastronomic consumption . '' This commentary of Deborah Needleman Armintor relies upon the way that the giant women do with Gulliver as they please , in much the same way as one might play with a toy , and get it to do everything one can think of . Armintor 's comparison focuses on the pocket microscopes that were popular in Swift 's time . She talks about how this instrument of science was transitioned to something toy - like and accessible , so it shifted into something that women favored , and thus men lose interest . This is similar to the progression of Gulliver 's time in Brobdingnag , from man of science to women 's plaything . Comic misanthropy ( edit ) Misanthropy is a theme that scholars have identified in Gulliver 's Travels . Arthur Case , R.S. Crane , and Edward Stone discuss Gulliver 's development of misanthropy and come to the consensus that this theme ought to be viewed as comical rather than cynical . In terms of Gulliver 's development of misanthropy , these three scholars point to the fourth voyage . According to Case , Gulliver is at first averse to identifying with the Yahoos , but , after he deems the Houyhnhnm s superior , he comes to believe that humans ( including his fellow Europeans ) are Yahoos due to their shortcomings . Perceiving the Houyhnhnms as perfect , Gulliver thus begins to perceive himself and the rest of humanity as imperfect . According to Crane , when Gulliver develops his misanthropic mindset , he becomes ashamed of humans and views them more in line with animals . This new perception of Gulliver 's , Stone claims , comes about because the Houyhnhnms ' judgement pushes Gulliver to identify with the Yahoos . Along similar lines , Crane holds that Gulliver 's misanthropy is developed in part when he talks to the Houyhnhnms about mankind because the discussions lead him to reflect on his previously held notion of humanity . Specifically , Gulliver 's master , who is a Houyhnhnm , provides questions and commentary that contribute to Gulliver 's reflectiveness and subsequent development of misanthropy . However , Case points out that Gulliver 's dwindling opinion of humans may be blown out of proportion due to the fact that he is no longer able to see the good qualities that humans are capable of possessing . Gulliver 's new view of humanity , then , creates his repulsive attitude towards his fellow humans after leaving Houyhnhnmland . But in Stone 's view , Gulliver 's actions and attitude upon his return can be interpreted as misanthropy that is exaggerated for comic effect rather than for a cynical effect . Stone further suggests that Gulliver goes mentally mad and believes that this is what leads Gulliver to exaggerate the shortcomings of humankind . Over time , though , Gulliver is able to get used to humanity again . Another aspect that Crane attributes to Gulliver 's development of misanthropy is that when in Houyhnhnmland , it is the animal - like beings ( the Houyhnhnms ) who exhibit reason and the human - like beings ( the Yahoos ) who seem devoid of reason ; Crane argues that it is this switch from Gulliver 's perceived norm that leads the way for him to question his view of humanity . As a result , Gulliver begins to identify humans as a type of Yahoo . To this point , Crane brings up the fact that a traditional definition of man -- Homo est animal rationale ( Humans are rational animals ) -- was prominent in academia around Swift 's time . Furthermore , Crane argues that Swift had to study this type of logic ( see Porphyrian Tree ) in college , so it is highly likely that he intentionally inverted this logic by placing the typically given example of irrational beings -- horses -- in the place of humans and vice versa . Stone points out that Gulliver 's Travels takes a cue from the genre of the travel book , which was popular during Swift 's time period . From reading travel books , Swift 's contemporaries were accustomed to beast - like figures of foreign places ; thus , Stone holds that the creation of the Yahoos was not out of the ordinary for the time period . From this playing off of familiar genre expectations , Stone deduces that the parallels that Swift draws between the Yahoos and humans is meant to be humorous rather than cynical . Even though Gulliver sees Yahoos and humans as if they are one and the same , Stone argues that Swift did not intend for readers to take on Gulliver 's view ; Stone states that the Yahoos ' behaviors and characteristics that set them apart from humans further supports the notion that Gulliver 's identification with Yahoos is not meant to be taken to heart . Thus , Stone sees Gulliver 's perceived superiority of the Houyhnhnms and subsequent misanthropy as features that Swift used to employ the satirical and humorous elements characteristic of the Beast Fables of travel books that were popular with his contemporaries ; as Swift did , these Beast Fables placed animals above humans in terms of morals and reason , but they were not meant to be taken literally . Character analysis ( edit ) Pedro de Mendez is the name of the Portuguese captain who rescues Gulliver in Book IV . When Gulliver is forced to leave the Island of the Houyhnhnms , his plan is `` to discover some small Island uninhabited '' where he can live in solitude . Instead , he is picked up by Don Pedro 's crew . Despite Gulliver 's appearance -- he is dressed in skins and speaks like a horse -- Don Pedro treats him compassionately and returns him to Lisbon . Though Don Pedro appears only briefly , he has become an important figure in the debate between so - called soft school and hard school readers of Gulliver 's Travels . Some critics contend that Gulliver is a target of Swift 's satire and that Don Pedro represents an ideal of human kindness and generosity . Gulliver believes humans are similar to Yahoos in the sense that they make `` no other use of reason , than to improve and multiply ... vices '' Captain Pedro provides a contrast to Gulliver 's reasoning , proving humans are able to reason , be kind , and most of all : civilized . Gulliver sees the bleak fallenness at the center of human nature , and Don Pedro is merely a minor character who , in Gulliver 's words , is `` an Animal which had some little Portion of Reason . '' Cultural influences ( edit ) Gulliver and a giant , a painting by Tadeusz Pruszkowski ( National Museum in Warsaw ) . From 1738 to 1746 , Edward Cave published in occasional issues of The Gentleman 's Magazine semi-fictionalized accounts of contemporary debates in the two Houses of Parliament under the title of Debates in the Senate of Lilliput . The names of the speakers in the debates , other individuals mentioned , politicians and monarchs present and past , and most other countries and cities of Europe ( `` Degulia '' ) and America ( `` Columbia '' ) were thinly disguised under a variety of Swiftian pseudonyms . The disguised names , and the pretence that the accounts were really translations of speeches by Lilliputian politicians , were a reaction to an Act of Parliament forbidding the publication of accounts of its debates . Cave employed several writers on this series : William Guthrie ( June 1738 -- November 1740 ) , Samuel Johnson ( November 1740 -- February 1743 ) , and John Hawkesworth ( February 1743 -- December 1746 ) . The astronomers of Laputa have discovered `` two lesser stars , or satellites , which revolve about Mars '' . This may have influenced Voltaire , whose 1750 story Micromégas also refers to two moons of Mars . In 1877 , Asaph Hall discovered the two real moons of Mars , Deimos and Phobos ; in 1973 craters on Deimos were named Swift and Voltaire , and from 2006 numerous features on Phobos were named after elements from Gulliver 's Travels , including Laputa Regio , Lagado Planitia , and several craters . The term Lilliputian has entered many languages as an adjective meaning `` small and delicate '' . There is even a brand of small cigar called Lilliput . There is a series of collectable model houses known as `` Lilliput Lane '' . The smallest light bulb fitting ( 5mm diameter ) in the Edison screw series is called the `` Lilliput Edison screw '' . In Dutch and Czech , the words Lilliputter and liliput ( á ) n respectively are used for adults shorter than 1.30 meters . Conversely , Brobdingnagian appears in the Oxford English Dictionary as a synonym for very large or gigantic . In like vein , the term yahoo is often encountered as a synonym for ruffian or thug . In the Oxford English Dictionary it is considered a definition for `` a rude , noisy , or violent person '' and its origins attributed to Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels . In the discipline of computer architecture , the terms big - endian and little - endian are used to describe two possible ways of laying out bytes in memory . The terms derive from one of the satirical conflicts in the book , in which two religious sects of Lilliputians are divided between those who crack open their soft - boiled eggs from the little end , and those who use the big end , the `` Big - endians '' . Dostoevsky references Gulliver 's Travels in his novel Demons ( 1872 ) : ' In an English satire of the last century , Gulliver , returning from the land of the Lilliputians where the people were only three or four inches high , had grown so accustomed to consider himself a giant among them , that as he walked along the Streets of London he could not help crying out to carriages and passers - by to be careful and get out of his way for fear he should crush them , imagining that they were little and he was still a giant ... ' Reception ( edit ) The book was very popular upon release and was commonly discussed within social circles . Public reception widely varied , with the book receiving an initially enthusiastic reaction with readers praising its satire , and some reporting that the satire 's cleverness sounded like a realistic account of a man 's travels . James Beattie commended Swift 's work for its `` truth '' regarding the narration and claims that `` the statesman , the philosopher , and the critick , will admire his keenness of satire , energy of description , and vivacity of language , '' noting that even children can enjoy the novel . As popularity increased , critics came to appreciate the deeper aspects of Gulliver 's Travels . It became known for its insightful take on morality , expanding its reputation beyond just humorous satire . Despite its initial positive reception , the book faced backlash . One of the first critics of the book , referred to as Lord Bolingbroke , criticized Swift for his overt use of misanthropy . Other negative responses to the novel also looked towards its portrayal of humanity , which was considered inaccurate . Swifts 's peers rejected the novel on claims that its themes of misanthropy were harmful and offensive . They criticized its satire for exceeding what was deemed acceptable and appropriate , including the Houyhnhnms and Yahoos 's similarities to humans . There was also controversy surrounding the political allegories . Readers enjoyed the political references , finding them humorous . However , members of the Whig party were offended , believing that Swift mocked their politics . British journalist William Makepeace Thackeray described Swift 's novel as `` blasphemous , '' citing its critical view of mankind as ludicrous and overly harsh . He concludes his critique by remarking that he can not understand the origins of Swift 's critiques on humanity . In other works ( edit ) Sequels and imitations ( edit ) Many sequels followed the initial publishing of the Travels . The earliest of these was the anonymously authored Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput , published 1727 , which expands the account of Gulliver 's stays in Lilliput and Blefuscu by adding several gossipy anecdotes about scandalous episodes at the Lilliputian court . Abbé Pierre Desfontaines , the first French translator of Swift 's story , wrote a sequel , Le Nouveau Gulliver ou Voyages de Jean Gulliver , fils du capitaine Lemuel Gulliver ( The New Gulliver , or the travels of John Gulliver , son of Captain Lemuel Gulliver ) , published in 1730 . Gulliver 's son has various fantastic , satirical adventures . Donald Grant Mitchell retold part one of the novel in the form of a short story for children , published in St. Nicholas magazine in 1874 . Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy wrote two science fiction novellas that continue the adventures of Gulliver : Voyage to Faremido ( 1916 ) is an early examination of artificial intelligence , with a pacifist theme , while Capillaria ( 1921 ) is a satire on the ' battle of the sexes ' . Soviet science fiction writer Vladimir Savchenko published Gulliver 's Fifth Travel -- The Travel of Lemuel Gulliver , First a Surgeon , and Then a Captain of Several Ships to the Land of Tikitaks ( Russian : Пятое путешествие Гулливера -- Путешествие Лемюэля Гулливера , сначала хирурга , а потом капитана нескольких кораблей , в страну тикитаков ) , a sequel to the original series in which Gulliver 's role as a surgeon is more apparent . Tikitaks are people who inject the juice of a unique fruit to make their skin transparent , as they consider people with regular opaque skin secretive and ugly . Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon ( ガリバーの宇宙旅行 , Garibā no Uchū Ryokō , Gulliver 's Space Travels ) is a 1965 Japanese animated film , portraying an elder Gulliver taking part in a space travel , joined by a boy , a crow , a talking toy soldier and a dog . The film , although being a children 's production generally fascinated by the idea of space travelling , portrays an alien world where robots have taken power . Thus it continues in Swift 's vein of critical approach on themes in current society . Hanna - Barbera produced two adaptations of Gulliver 's Travels , one was an animated TV series called The Adventures of Gulliver from 1968 to 1969 and another was a 1979 animated television special titled Gulliver 's Travels . American physician John Paul Brady published in 1987 A Voyage to Inishneefa : A First - hand Account of the Fifth Voyage of Lemuel Gulliver ( Santa Barbara : John Daniel ) , a parody of Irish history in Swift 's manner . In 1998 the Argentine writer Edgar Brau published El último Viaje del capitán Lemuel Gulliver ( The Last Voyage of Captain Lemuel Gulliver ) , a novel in which Swift 's character goes on an imaginary fifth journey , this time into the River Plate . It satirises ways and customs of present - day society , including sports , television , politics , etc . To justify the parody , the narrative is set immediately after the last voyage written by Swift ( precisely , 1722 ) , and the literary style of the original work is kept throughout the whole story . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book cover by Lilian Chesney Music ( edit ) In 1728 the Baroque composer Georg Philipp Telemann composed a 5 - movement suite for two violins based on Swift 's book . Telemann 's piece is commonly known as Gulliver 's Travels , and depicts the Lilliputians and the Brobdingnagians particularly vividly through rhythms and tempos . The piece is part of Telemann 's Der getreue Musik - meister ( The Steadfast Music Teacher ) . The ambient band Soufferance based and themed their 2010 concept album on the book . Titled `` Travels into Several Remote Nations of the Mind '' , the album featured a single , 65 minute song , bearing the title `` The Thoughts and Memoirs of Mike Lachaire , First a Strange Individual , and then a Philosopher '' , referencing the full title of the original book . `` Polygondwanaland '' 13th studio album by King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard draws many connections among thematic interpretations thought the book and album . Film , television and radio ( edit ) Gulliver 's Travels has been adapted several times for film , television and radio . Most film versions avoid the satire completely . Guliver 's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants ( 1902 ) : A French silent film by Georges Méliès , a pioneer of early film . Gulliver is played by Méliès himself in this version . Gulliver Mickey ( 1934 ) : is a black and white Mickey Mouse short , produced by Walt Disney and released by United Artists in 1934 . The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) : this Soviet retelling of the travel to Lilliput was lauded for the ground - breaking animation work by director Aleksandr Ptushko . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) : Max Fleischer 's animated feature - length classic of Gulliver 's adventures in Lilliput . This was the first full - length animated cartoon after Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The film was spun off into two cartoon short series : the Gabby cartoons about a Lilliputian sidekick of the film , and the Animated Antics cartoons starring Sneak , Snoop and Snitch ( the three villains ) and Twinkletoes ( the carrier pigeon ) . The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) : a loose adaptation starring Kerwin Mathews and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen . Case for a Rookie Hangman ( 1970 ) : A satirical movie by the Czech Pavel Juráček , based upon the third book , depicting indirectly the Communist Czechoslovakia , shelved soon after its release . Gulliver a törpék országában ( 1974 ) : Directed by András Rajnai for Hungarian Television ( MTV ) , this show deals with the trip to Lilliput . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) : Part live - action and part - animated . Stars Richard Harris . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1979 ) : An animated TV movie adaptation of the first two parts made in Australia . It was produced by Southern Star Group for Famous Classic Tales , with the voice cast being Julie Bennett , Regis Cordic , Ross Martin , Don Messick , Hal Smith , John Stephenson , and Janet Waldo . Gulliver az óriások országában ( 1980 ) : The second adaptation by András Rajnai for Hungarian Television ( MTV ) , this hour - long show is an adaptation of Gulliver 's voyage to Brobdingnag . Gulliver in Lilliput ( 1981 ) : BBC Classics Television . Stars Andrew Burt and Elisabeth Sladen . Gulliver 's Travels : It was produced by Saban Entertainment . It was aired from September 8 , 1992 to June 29 , 1993 . It is an adaptation of the Gulliver 's Travels novel by Jonathan Swift , and spanned a total of 26 episodes . Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) : Live - action , 2 part , TV miniseries with special effects starring Ted Danson and Mary Steenburgen , also featuring a variety of film stars in cameo roles . This version includes all four voyages . Crayola Kids Adventures : Tales of Gulliver 's Travels ( 1997 ) : Live - action direct - to - video film starring children with Adam Wylie as Gulliver . Jajantaram Mamantaram ( 2003 ) : Live - action Indian children 's film , starring Javed Jaffrey . Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) : Modernized , live - action version of Gulliver 's adventures in Lilliput , starring Jack Black , also featuring Billy Connolly , James Corden , Amanda Peet , Chris O'Dowd , Catherine Tate , Jason Segel , Emily Blunt and Olly Alexander . Gulliver 's Travels was produced by Golden Films . This is an animated short version of the story . It is part of a larger series known as `` Enchanted Tales . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) The standard edition of Jonathan Swift 's prose works as of 2005 is the Prose Writings in 16 volumes , edited by Herbert Davis et al . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( Harmondsworth : Penguin , 2008 ) ISBN 9780141439495 . Edited with an introduction and notes by Robert DeMaria Jr . The copytext is based on the 1726 edition with emendations and additions from later texts and manuscripts . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ) ISBN 9780192805348 . Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins . Essentially based on the same text as the Essential Writings listed below with expanded notes and an introduction , although it lacks the selection of criticism . Swift , Jonathan The Essential Writings of Jonathan Swift ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2009 ) ISBN 9780393930658 . Edited with an introduction by Claude Rawson and notes by Ian Higgins . This title contains the major works of Swift in full , including Gulliver 's Travels , A Modest Proposal , A Tale of a Tub , Directions to Servants and many other poetic and prose works . Also included is a selection of contextual material , and criticism from Orwell to Rawson . The text of GT is taken from Faulkner 's 1735 edition . Swift , Jonathan Gulliver 's Travels ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2001 ) ISBN 0393957241 . Edited by Albert J. Rivero . Based on the 1726 text , with some adopted emendations from later corrections and editions . Also includes a selection of contextual material , letters , and criticism . See also ( edit ) Ireland portal Novels portal The Engine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . DeMaria , Robert Jr. , ed . Gulliver 's Travels . Penguin . p. xi . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . Rawson , Claude , ed . Gulliver 's Travels . W.W. Norton . p. 875 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93065 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gulliver 's Travels : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Palgrave Macmillan 1995 ( p. 21 ) . The quote has been misattributed to Alexander Pope , who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier . Jump up ^ Case , Arthur Ellicott ( 1945 ) . Four essays on Gulliver 's travels . Gloucester , Mass : P. Smith . Jump up ^ e = `` Project Gutenberg '' > `` Project Gutenberg '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ `` Proyecto Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Clive Probyn , Swift , Jonathan ( 1667 -- 1745 ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( Oxford University Press : Oxford , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Daily Journal 28 Oct 1726 , `` This day is published '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 1980 ) . Isaac Asimov , ed . The Annotated Gulliver 's Travels . New York : Clarkson N Potter Inc. p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 539497 . Jump up ^ Allan Bloom ( 1990 ) . Giants and Dwarfs : An Outline of Gulliver 's Travels . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 47 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : 1667 - 1745. , Swift , Jonathan , . Gulliver 's travels : complete , authoritative text with biographical and historical contexts , critical history , and essays from five contemporary critical perspectives . Fox , Christopher , 1948 - . Boston . ISBN 9780312066659 . OCLC 31794911 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katharine M. ( 1959 ) . `` '' MY FEMALE FRIENDS `` : THE MISOGYNY OF JONATHAN SWIFT '' . Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 1 ( 3 ) : 366 -- 379 . JSTOR 40753638 . Jump up ^ Armintor , Deborah ( 2007 ) . `` The Sexual Politics of Microscopy in Brobdingnag '' . JSTOR . JSTOR 4625129 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Arthur E. `` From ' The Significance of Gulliver 's Travels . ' '' A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms , edited by Milton P. Foster , Thomas Y . Crowell Company , 1961 , pp. 139 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Crane , R.S. `` The Houyhnhnms , the Yahoos , and the History of Ideas . '' Twentieth Century Interpretations of Gulliver 's Travels : A Collection of Critical Essays , edited by Frank Brady , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , Prentice - Hall , 1968 , pp. 80 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Edward . `` Swift and the Horses : Misanthropy or Comedy ? '' A Casebook on Gulliver Among the Houyhnhnms , edited by Milton P. Foster , Thomas Y . Crowell Company , 1961 , pp. 180 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 1726 ) . Gulliver 's Travels . p. 490 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93065 - 8 . Jump up ^ James Clifford , `` Gulliver 's Fourth Voyage : ' hard ' and ' soft ' Schools of Interpretation . '' Quick Springs of Sense : Studies in the Eighteenth Century . Ed . Larry Champion . Athens : U of Georgia Press , 1974 . 33 -- 49 Jump up ^ Gulliver 's Travels : Complete , Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts , Palgrave Macmillan 1995 ( p. 21 ) Jump up ^ `` Target : Deimos '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Astrogeology Research Program , USGS . Retrieved 28 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Target : Phobos '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Astrogeology Research Program , USGS . Retrieved 28 Feb 2018 . Jump up ^ `` yahoo - definition of yahoo in English - Oxford Dictionaries '' . Jump up ^ Wiener , Gary , editor . `` The Enthusiastic Reception of Gulliver 's Travels . '' Readings on Gulliver 's Travels , Greenhaven Press , 2000 , pp. 57 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Gerace , Mary . `` The Reputation of ' Gulliver 's Travels ' in the Eighteenth Century . '' University of Windsor , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Lund , Roger D. Johnathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels : A Routledge Study Guide . Routledge , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput '' . J. Roberts . 1 January 1727 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ l'abbé ) , Desfontaines ( Pierre - François Guyot , M. ; Swift , Jonathan ( 1 January 1730 ) . `` Le nouveau Gulliver : ou , Voyage de Jean Gulliver , fils du capitaine Gulliver '' . La veuve Clouzier -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` About Some Queer Little People , '' by Donald Grant Mitchell , St. Nicholas , Mar. 1874 , 296 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Bleiler , E.F. ; Richard , Bleiler ( 1990 ) . Science - Fiction : The Early Years . Kent State University Press . pp. 400 -- 401 . ISBN 9780873384162 . Jump up ^ Julien , Alexandre . `` Soufferance Bandcamp page '' . Bandcamp . Abridged Pause Publishing . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Pajukallio , Arto ( 10 August 2011 ) . `` Nuoren pyövelin tapaus '' . Helsingin Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . pp. D 5 . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver a törpék országában ( 1974 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver 's Travels '' . 23 November 1979 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver az óriások országában ( 1980 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver in Lilliput '' . 3 January 1982 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Gulliver 's Travels ( TV 1996 ) '' . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tales of Gulliver 's Travels '' Sonar Entertainment `` . Sonar Entertainment , LLC . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 ... Jump up ^ `` Now , an Indian Gulliver 's Travels '' . Sunday Tribune . 8 June 2003 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris O'Dowd : The IT Man From The IT Crowd '' . SuicideGirls.com. 9 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Swift , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . Rawson , Claude ; Higgins , Ian , eds . Gulliver 's Travels ( New ed . ) . Oxford . p. xlviii . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulliver 's Travels . Gulliver 's Travels public domain audiobook at LibriVox Wikisource has original text related to this article : Gulliver 's Travels Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gulliver 's Travels Gulliver 's Travels Map Online text ( edit ) Gulliver 's Travels at Project Gutenberg Gulliver 's Travels ( Parts I and II ) with illustrations at Project Gutenberg RSS edition Searchable version in multiple formats ( html , XML , opendocument ODF , pdf ( landscape , portrait ) , plaintext , concordance ) SiSU hide Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Characters Lemuel Gulliver Glumdalclitch Locations Balnibarbi Brobdingnag Glubbdubdrib Japan Lagado Laputa Lilliput and Blefuscu Lindalino Luggnagg Maldonada Other The Engine Houyhnhnm Struldbrug Yahoo Films Gulliver 's Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants ( 1902 ) Gulliver en el país de los Gigantes ( 1903 ) The New Gulliver ( 1935 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) The Three Worlds of Gulliver ( 1960 ) Gulliver 's Travels Beyond the Moon ( 1965 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) Jajantaram Mamantaram ( 2003 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 2010 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Saban 's Gulliver 's Travels ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) Works by Jonathan Swift Sermons Sermons of Jonathan Swift Satires Meditation Upon a Broomstick ( 1701 ) A Tale of a Tub ( 1704 ) The Battle of the Books ( 1704 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 ) Essays Thoughts on Various Subjects , Moral and Diverting ( 1706 ) An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity ( 1708 ) The Conduct of the Allies ( 1711 ) Drapier 's Letters ( 1724 / 25 ) A Modest Proposal ( 1729 ) Directions to Servants ( published 1745 ) Miscellany The Examiner newspaper ( 1710 - 1714 ) `` The Lady 's Dressing Room '' poem ( 1732 ) A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation ( 1738 ) A Journal to Stella ( published posthumously -- 1766 ) Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost world Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Fantasy Masterworks Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. 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-1502838511833240944	Toilet paper	Toilet paper - wikipedia Toilet paper Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Toilet paper ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A roll of toilet paper . Toilet paper and toilet paper holder . Toilet paper is a tissue paper product people primarily use to clean the anus and surrounding area of fecal material after defecation and to clean the perineal area of urine after urination and other bodily fluid releases . It also acts as a layer of protection for the hands during these processes . It is sold as a long strip of perforated paper wrapped around a paperboard core for storage in a dispenser near a toilet . Most modern toilet paper in the developed world is designed to decompose in septic tanks , whereas some other bathroom and facial tissues are not . Toilet paper comes in various numbers of plies ( layers of thickness ) , from one - ply all the way up to six - ply , with more back - to - back plies granting greater strength and absorbency . The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD , with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass - produced in the 14th century . Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century , with a patent for roll - based dispensers being made in 1883 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 As a commodity 2 Description 2.1 Size 2.2 Materials 2.3 Color and design 3 Installation 3.1 Dispensers 3.2 Orientation 3.3 Decoration 3.4 Recreational use 4 Mechanics 5 Environmental considerations 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History See also : List of Chinese inventions Anal cleansing instruments known as chūgi from the Nara period ( 710 to 784 ) in Japan . The modern rolls in the background are for size comparison . Although paper had been known as a wrapping and padding material in China since the 2nd century BC , the first documented use of toilet paper in human history dates back to the 6th century AD , in early medieval China . In 589 AD the scholar - official Yan Zhitui ( 531 -- 591 ) wrote about the use of toilet paper : Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages , I dare not use for toilet purposes . During the later Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) , an Arab traveller to China in the year 851 AD remarked : ... they ( the Chinese ) do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities ; but they only wipe themselves with paper . During the early 14th century , it was recorded that in modern - day Zhejiang province alone there was an annual manufacturing of toilet paper amounting to ten million packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets of toilet paper each . During the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 AD ) , it was recorded in 1393 that an annual supply of 720,000 sheets of toilet paper ( two by three feet in size ) were produced for the general use of the imperial court at the capital of Nanjing . From the records of the Imperial Bureau of Supplies of that same year , it was also recorded that for the Hongwu Emperor 's imperial family alone , there were 15,000 sheets of special soft - fabric toilet paper made , and each sheet of toilet paper was even perfumed . Elsewhere , wealthy people wiped themselves with wool , lace or hemp , while less wealthy people used their hand when defecating into rivers , or cleaned themselves with various materials such as rags , wood shavings , leaves , grass , hay , stones , sand , moss , water , snow , ferns , plant husks , fruit skins , seashells , or corncobs , depending upon the country and weather conditions or social customs . In Ancient Rome , a sponge on a stick was commonly used , and , after use , placed back in a pail of vinegar . Several talmudic sources indicating ancient Jewish practice refer to the use of small pebbles , often carried in a special bag , and also to the use of dry grass and of the smooth edges of broken pottery jugs ( e.g. , Shabbat 81a , 82a , Yevamot 59b ) . These are all cited in the classic Biblical and Talmudic Medicine by the German physician Julius Preuss ( Eng . trans . Sanhedrin Press , 1978 ) . A print by William Hogarth entitled A Just View of the British Stage from 1724 depicting Robert Wilks , Colley Cibber , and Barton Booth rehearsing a pantomime play with puppets enacting a prison break down a privy . The `` play '' is composed of nothing but toilet paper , and the scripts for Hamlet , inter al. , are toilet paper . The 16th - century French satirical writer François Rabelais , in Chapter XIII of Book 1 of his novel sequence Gargantua and Pantagruel , has his character Gargantua investigate a great number of ways of cleansing oneself after defecating . Gargantua dismisses the use of paper as ineffective , rhyming that : `` Who his foul tail with paper wipes , Shall at his ballocks leave some chips . '' ( Sir Thomas Urquhart 's 1653 English translation ) . He concludes that `` the neck of a goose , that is well downed '' provides an optimum cleansing medium . The rise of publishing by the eighteenth century led to the use of newspapers and cheap editions of popular books for cleansing . Lord Chesterfield , in a letter to his son in 1747 , told of a man who purchased a common edition of Horace , of which he tore off gradually a couple of pages , carried them with him to that necessary place , read them first , and then sent them down as a sacrifice to Cloacina ; thus was so much time fairly gained ... In many parts of the world , especially where toilet paper or the necessary plumbing for disposal may be unavailable or unaffordable , toilet paper is not used . Also , in many parts of the world such as India , people consider using water a much cleaner and more sanitary practice than using paper . Cleansing is then performed with other methods or materials , such as water , for example using a bidet , a lota , rags , sand , leaves ( including seaweed ) , corn cobs , animal furs , sticks or hands ; afterwards , hands are washed with water and possibly soap . As a commodity `` Le Troubadour '' ( French ) -- 1960s package of toilet paper Joseph Gayetty is widely credited with being the inventor of modern commercially available toilet paper in the United States . Gayetty 's paper , first introduced in 1857 , was available as late as the 1920s . Gayetty 's Medicated Paper was sold in packages of flat sheets , watermarked with the inventor 's name . Original advertisements for the product used the tagline `` The greatest necessity of the age ! Gayetty 's medicated paper for the water - closet . '' Seth Wheeler of Albany , New York , obtained the earliest United States patents for toilet paper and dispensers , the types of which eventually were in common use in that country , in 1883 . The manufacturing of this product had a long period of refinement , considering that as late as the 1930s , a selling point of the Northern Tissue company was that their toilet paper was `` splinter free '' . Moist toilet paper , called wet wipes , was first introduced in the United Kingdom by Andrex in the 1990s , and in the United States by Kimberly - Clark in 2001 . It has been promoted as being a better method of cleaning than dry toilet paper after defecation , and may be useful for women during menstruation . It was promoted as a flushable product but it has been implicated in the creation of fatbergs . By 2016 , some municipalities had begun education campaigns advising people not to flush used wet wipes . More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the U.S. alone . Americans use an average of 23.6 rolls per capita per year . Description Toilet paper is available in several types of paper , a variety of patterns , decorations , and textures , and it may be moistened or perfumed , although fragrances sometimes cause problems for users who are allergic to perfumes . The average measures of a modern roll of toilet paper is c. 10 cm ( 315 / 16 in . ) wide , and 12 cm ( 423 / 32 in . ) in diameter , and weighs about 227 grams ( 8 oz . ) . An alternative method of packing the sheets uses interleaved sheets in boxes , or in bulk for use in dispensers . `` Hard '' single ply paper has been used as well as soft multi-ply . Size Manufactured toilet paper sheet in the United States was sized 41 / 2 '' × 41 / 2 `` . Since 1999 the size of a sheet has been shrinking ; Kimberly - Clark reduced the length of a sheet to 4.1 '' . Scott , in 2006 , reduced the length of their product to 3.7 `` . The width of sheets was later reduced giving a general sheet size of 3.7 '' long and 4.1 '' wide . Larger sizes remain available . This variability in size has resulted in some issues with toilet paper dispensers . Materials Toilet paper products vary greatly in the distinguishing technical factors , such as size , weight , roughness , softness , chemical residues , `` finger - breakthrough '' resistance , water - absorption , etc . The larger companies have very detailed , scientific market surveys to determine which marketing sectors require or demand which of the many technical qualities . Modern toilet paper may have a light coating of aloe or lotion or wax worked into the paper to reduce roughness . Quality is usually determined by the number of plies ( stacked sheets ) , coarseness , and durability . Low grade institutional toilet paper is typically of the lowest grade of paper , has only one or two plies , is very coarse and sometimes contains small amounts of embedded unbleached / unpulped paper . Mid-grade two ply is somewhat textured to provide some softness and is somewhat stronger . Premium toilet paper may have lotion and wax and has two to four plies of very finely pulped paper . If it is marketed as `` luxury '' , it may be quilted or rippled ( embossed ) , perfumed , colored or patterned , medicated ( with anti-bacterial chemicals ) , or treated with aloe or other perfumes . In order to advance decomposition of the paper in septic tanks or drainage , the paper used has shorter fibres than facial tissue or writing paper . The manufacturer tries to reach an optimal balance between rapid decomposition ( which requires shorter fibres ) and sturdiness ( which requires longer fibres ) . Compaction of toilet paper in drain lines , such as in a clog , prevents fiber dispersion and largely halts the breakdown process . A German quip says that the toilet paper of Nazi Germany was so rough and scratchy that it was almost unusable , so many people used old issues of the Völkischer Beobachter instead , because the paper was softer . Color and design Colored toilet paper in colors such as pink , lavender , light blue , light green , purple , green , and light yellow ( so that one could choose a color of toilet paper that matched or complemented the color of one 's bathroom ) was commonly sold in the United States from the 1960s . Up until 2004 , Scott was one of the last remaining U.S. manufacturers to still produce toilet paper in beige , blue , and pink . However , the company has since cut production of colored paper altogether . Today , in the United States , plain unpatterned colored toilet paper has been mostly replaced by patterned toilet paper , normally white , with embossed decorative patterns or designs in various colors and different sizes depending on the brand . Colored toilet paper remains commonly available in some European countries . An unintended problem with the design of the laminated construction of the sheets in a roll is that , on occasion whilst un-rolling , separation occurs between laminations rather than at the intended interface . Perforations then become misaligned and sheets can not be torn off cleanly . The problem is resolved by careful un-winding of one or more laminations until the perforations re-align . Installation Toilet paper is also used for spreading on seat before sitting Dispensers Main article : Toilet roll holder A toilet roll holder , also known as a toilet paper dispenser , is an item that holds a roll of toilet paper . There are at least seven types of holders : A horizontal piece of wire mounted on a hinge , hanging from a door or wall . A horizontal axle recessed in the wall . A vertical axle recessed in the wall A horizontal axle mounted on a freestanding frame . A freestanding vertical pole on a base . A wall mounted dispensing unit , usually containing more than one roll . This is used in the commercial / away - from - home marketplace . A wall mounted dispensing unit with tissue interfolded in a `` S '' type leave so the user can extract the tissue one sheet at a time . Some commercial or institutional toilet paper is wrapped around a cylinder to many times the thickness of a standard toilet paper roll . Orientation Main article : Toilet paper orientation There are two choices of orientation when using a holder with a horizontal axle parallel to the wall : the toilet paper may hang over or under the roll . The choice is largely a matter of personal preference , dictated by habit . In surveys of American consumers and of bath and kitchen specialists , 60 - 70 % of respondents prefer over . Decoration Main article : Hotel toilet paper folding Toilegami refers to toilet paper origami . Like table napkins , some fancy Japanese hotels fold the first squares of toilet paper on its dispenser to be presented in a fashionable way . Recreational use Main article : Toilet papering In the United States , toilet paper has been the primary tool in a prank known as `` TP - ing '' ( pronounced Teepeeing ) . TP - ing , or `` toilet papering '' , is often favored by adolescents and teenagers and is the act of throwing rolls of toilet paper over cars , trees , houses and gardens , causing the toilet paper to unfurl and cover the property , creating an inconvenient mess . `` spitballing '' or `` wet TP - ing '' . is where you wad up a handful of toilet paper , soaking it in water or any other liquid and throwing it at a target , usually the ceiling . The wad of toilet paper is usually adhesive due to its moist state , which causes it to stick to the target for maximum inconvenience . If left to dry it will be difficult to remove , especially in hard to reach areas , like the ceiling of a school bathroom . Children and cats have taken to unrolling an entire roll of toilet paper by spinning it until it completely unravels on the floor , or as a game by children wadding up one end , putting it in the toilet bowl without tearing and then using the flushing of the toilet to pull new paper into the toilet . The game being if you can keep flushing the entire roll down the toilet section at a time before the toilet paper breaks . Special toilet paper insert holder with an oblong shape were invented to prevent continuous unrolling without tearing to discourage this practice . Toilet paper pranks include musical toilet paper holders and inserts that are activated by the unrolling of the toilet paper and will loudly play an embarrassing song calling attention to the person defecating . Other gags include custom toilet paper printed with jokes , stories or politician 's images . Mechanics Alexander Balankin and coauthors have studied the behavior of toilet paper under tensile stress and during wetting and burning . Toilet paper has been used in physics education to demonstrate the concepts of torque , moment of inertia , and angular momentum ; and the conservation of momentum and energy . Environmental considerations Further information : environmental impact of paper One tree produces about 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of toilet paper and about 83 million rolls are produced per day . Global toilet paper production consumes 27,000 trees daily . More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the United States alone . Americans use an average of 23.6 rolls per capita a year . The average American uses 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of tissue paper per year which is 50 % more than the average of other Western countries or Japan . The higher use in the United States may be explained by the fact that other countries people use bidets or spray hoses to clean themselves . Millions of trees are harvested in North and South America leaving ecological footprint concerns . Citizens of many Western countries sometimes use toilet paper for industrial purposes such as oil filters , which may distort the use statistics . As of 2009 , between 22 % and 48 % of the toilet paper used in the United States comes from tree farms in the U.S. and South America , with most of the rest coming from second growth forests , and only a small percentage coming from virgin forests . See also Book : Toilet Paper Anal cleansing , or `` wiping '' Handle - o - Meter Minimello , a Swedish talent show for toilet rolls Xylospongium , an ancient equivalent Notes ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 123 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 122 . Jump up ^ François Rabelais ( 20 April 2007 ) . `` Gargantua and Pantagruel '' . The University of Adelaide , Australia : eBooks@Adelaide . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Maxted , Ian . `` Sic transit gloria cloacarum '' . Website of The Ephemera Society . The Ephemera Society . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheri Trusty ( 21 February 2012 ) . `` Teen takes mission trip to India '' . Fremont , Ohio : thenews-messenger.com . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . ' In most of India , they do n't use toilet paper . They use water and their left hands , ' Ollervides said . ' That 's what the left hand is for . ' Jump up ^ The first of note is for the idea of perforating commercial papers ( 25 July 1871 , # 117355 ) , the application for which includes an illustration of a perforated roll of paper . On 13 February 1883 he was granted patent # 272369 , which presented a roll of perforated wrapping or toilet paper supported in the center with a tube . Wheeler also had patents for mounted brackets that held the rolls . See also Joseph Nathan Kane , `` Famous First Facts : A Record of First Happenings , Discoveries and Inventions in the United States '' ( H.W. Wilson : 1964 ) , p. 434 ; Harper 's Magazine , volume . Q , 1941 - 1943 ( Harper 's Magazine Co. : 1941 ) , p. 181 ; Jules Heller , `` Paper Making '' ( Watson - Guptill : 1978 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Now Splinter Free : How Marketing Broke Taboos '' . Under the Influence . CBC Radio One . Pirate Radio . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Matt ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Are Wet Wipes Wrecking the World 's Sewers ? '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Whipple Left It Out : Soft Is Rough on Forests '' by Leslie Kaufman , The New York Times , 25 February 2009 , Retrieved 26 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toilet paper fun facts '' . ToiletPaperHistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Is My Toilet Paper Shrinking ? '' . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Shrinking Toilet Paper Roll '' . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minor British Institutions : Izal toilet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Read , Anthony and Fisher , David The Fall of Berlin London : Pimlico , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` The unpalatable truth : the colour has drained from our bathrooms ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet Paper Origami '' . Origami Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` Hey kids , TPing is not a crime ! '' . tribunedigital - dailypilot . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ FENWICK ELLIOTT , ANNABEL ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Hilarious video shows cat unraveling entire roll of toilet paper -- then dutifully re-rolling it back up again '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Donald Trump 's shitty tweets printed on toilet paper '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Balankin , Susarrey Huerta & Bravo 2001 . Jump up ^ Balankin et al. 2002 . Jump up ^ Balankin & Matamoros 2002 . Jump up ^ Harkay 2006 . Jump up ^ Goodwin 1985 . Jump up ^ Walker 1975 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet paper wipes out 27,000 trees a day - National Geographic 's Green Guide '' . Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 16 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soft Tissue Paper is Hard on the Environment '' . Simple Ecology. 22 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - style Personal Hygiene With the Bidet '' . hgtv.com. 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindsey ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` Destroying forests to make toilet paper is `` worse than driving Hummers '' `` . Green Peace . Jump up ^ `` Toilet paper Oil Filters '' . Frantzoil.com. 1 January 1970 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . References Balankin , Alexander S. ; Matamoros , Daniel Morales ( 2002 ) , `` Some new features of interface roughness dynamics in paper wetting , burning and rupturing experiments '' , in Miroslav Michal Novak , Emergent Nature : Patterns , Growth and Scaling in the Sciences ( PDF ) , pp. 345 -- 356 , doi : 10.1142 / 9789812777720_0031 , retrieved 27 July 2010 Balankin , Alexander S. ; Susarrey Huerta , Orlando ; Bravo , Armando ( 27 November 2001 ) , `` Self - affine nature of the stress - strain behavior of thin fiber networks '' ( PDF ) , Phys. Rev. E , American Physical Society , 64 ( 6 ) , Bibcode : 2001PhRvE ... 64f6131B , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevE. 64.066131 , retrieved 27 July 2010 Balankin , Alexander S. ; Susarrey Huerta , Orlando ; Urriolagoitia Calderón , Guillermo ; Hernández , Luis H. ( 20 May 2002 ) , `` Self - affine nature of the stress - strain behavior of an elastic fractal network '' ( PDF ) , Physics Letters A , Elsevier , 297 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 376 -- 386 , Bibcode : 2002PhLA ... 297 ... 376B , doi : 10.1016 / S0375 - 9601 ( 02 ) 00427 - 9 , retrieved 27 July 2010 Ehrlich , Robert ( 1997 ) , `` 5.9 Dropping two rolls of toilet paper '' , Why Toast Lands Jelly - Side Down : Zen and the Art of Physics Demonstrations , Princeton University Press , pp. 97 -- 98 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 02891 - 5 Goodwin , Peter ( 1985 ) , Physics can be fun : a sourcebook of practical problems , J. Weston Walch , pp. 64 -- 69 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8251 - 0418 - 3 Harkay , J. Russell ( 2006 ) , `` Roll Out : Toilet Paper Physics '' , Phenomenal Physics : A Guided Inquiry Approach ( 3rd ed . ) , Lulu.com , pp. 135 -- 140 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 8882 - 7 Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 1 , Paper and Printing . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd . Walker , Jearl ( 1975 ) , The Flying Circus of Physics : With Answers ( 1st ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 32 , 235 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 76273 - 7 Further reading De Beaumont , Sally ; Tanner , Amoret ; Rickards , Maurice ( 2000 ) , Encyclopedia of Ephemera , UK : Routledge , pp. 190 -- 191 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 92648 - 3 Knuth , Donald E. ( October 1984 ) , `` The Toilet Paper Problem '' , The American Mathematical Monthly , 91 ( 8 ) : 465 -- 470 , doi : 10.2307 / 2322567 , JSTOR 2322567 Smyth , Richard ( 2012 ) . Bum Fodder : An Absorbing History of Toilet Paper . Souvenir Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 285 - 64120 - 4 . External links Look up toilet paper in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toilet paper . The Whole World Toilet Paper Museum Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush On - board Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Urine - diverting dry Vacuum Washlet ( combined toilet and bidet ) Cultural aspects Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Honeywagon ( vehicle ) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Sex segregation in public restrooms Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck Jobs and activities Manual scavenging Slopping out Toileting Toilet training Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology Places Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet ( room ) Toilets in Japan Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Paper products Containers Box Carton Corrugated box Cigarette pack Coffee cup sleeve Corrugated fiberboard Envelope Molded pulp Oyster pail Paper bag Paperboard Paper cup Hygiene Facial tissue Napkin Paper towel Toilet paper Wet wipe Stationery Continuous stationery Greeting card Index card Letter Manila folder Postage stamp Postcard Post-it Note Financial Banknote Business card Coupon Pay card Passbook Decorations Ingrain wallpaper Wallpaper Media Book Newspaper Newsprint Pamphlet Recreation Confetti Paper craft Paper toys Playing card Other Beverage coaster Filter paper Form Sandpaper Security paper GND : 4185618 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toilet_paper&oldid=840870972 '' Categories : Paper products Hygiene Toilets Toilet paper Domestic implements Chinese inventions Sanitation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first roll of toilet paper invented	[ "The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD, with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass-produced in the 14th century.[1] Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll-based dispensers being made in 1883." ]	[ "1883" ]
-3739418907435133177	Gospel of John	Gospel of John - wikipedia Gospel of John For the film , see The Gospel of John ( film ) . Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to John ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον , translit . Tò katà Iōánnēn euangélion ; also called the Gospel of John , the Fourth Gospel , or simply John ) is one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament . It traditionally appears fourth , after the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke . Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . C.K. Barrett , and later Raymond E. Brown , suggested that a tradition developed around the `` Johannine Community '' , and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel . The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church . The discourses contained in this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church -- synagogue debate at the time of composition . It is notable that in John , the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism , rather than as part of a wider Christian community . Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism , it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Book of Signs 1.3 Book of Glory 1.4 Epilogue 2 Composition and setting 2.1 Authorship , date , and origin 2.2 Sources 2.3 Historical reliability 2.4 Textual history and position in the New Testament 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.1. 1 Logos 3.2 Cross 3.3 Sacraments 3.3. 1 Frequency of allusion 3.3. 2 Importance to the evangelist 3.4 Individualism 3.5 John the Baptist 3.6 Gnostic elements 4 Comparison with the synoptics 4.1 Material 4.2 Theological emphasis 4.3 Chronology 4.4 Literary style 4.5 Discrepancies 5 Representations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 7.3 Bibliography 7.4 Further reading 8 External links Structure and content ( edit ) The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections : a prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 18 ) , a Book of Signs ( 1 : 19 -- 12 : 50 ) , a Book of Glory ( 13 : 1 -- 20 : 31 ) , and an epilogue ( 21 ) . The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ) , and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses , culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of Jesus as `` my Lord and my God '' -- the same title ( dominus et deus ) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian . Prologue ( edit ) Main article : Prologue to John Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers ; John the Baptist , Andrew , and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God , the Son of God , and the Christ . Book of signs ( edit ) Main article : Book of Signs The narrative of Jesus ' public ministry , beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus . It consists of seven miracles , or `` signs '' , interspersed with long dialogues , discourses , `` Amen , amen '' sayings , and `` I Am '' sayings , culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead . In John it is this , and not the cleansing of the Temple , that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed . The seven signs consist of Jesus ' miracle at the wedding at Cana , his healing the royal official 's son , his healing the paralytic at Bethesda , his feeding the 5,000 , his walking on water , his healing the man born blind , and his raising Lazarus from the dead . Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple ; Jesus ' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus , wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth ; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well , wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse ; the Bread of Life Discourse , which prompted many of his disciples to leave ; the Woman Taken in Adultery ; Jesus ' claims to be the Light of the World ; Jesus ' answer to Pilate ; the Good Shepherd pericope ; Jesus ' rejection by the Jews ; the Jesus wept ; the plot to kill Jesus ; the anointing of Jesus ; Jesus ' triumphal entry into Jerusalem ; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man ; and the prediction of the Last Judgment . Book of Glory ( edit ) Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples , from the Maestà of Duccio , 1308 -- 1311 . The narrative of Jesus ' Passion , Resurrection , and post-Resurrection appearances . The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the Synoptics , with Jesus washing the disciples ' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood . This is followed by Jesus ' Farewell Discourse , an account of his betrayal , arrest , trial , death , burial , post-Resurrection appearances , and final commission for his followers . It also includes Peter 's denial , the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant , the promise of the Paraclete , the allegory of the True Vine , the High Priestly Prayer , the ut omnes unum sint , the What is truth ? , Jesus ' mocking and crowning with thorns , the Ecce homo , the discovery of the empty tomb , the noli me tangere , the Great Commission , and the incredulity of Thomas . The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel : `` that ( the reader ) may believe that Jesus is the Christ , the Son of God , and that believing you may have life in his name . '' Epilogue ( edit ) Main article : John 21 The narrative of Jesus ' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake , the miraculous catch of fish , the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter , the restoration of Peter , and the fate of the Beloved Disciple . A majority of modern scholars believes this chapter not to be integral to the original gospel . Composition and setting ( edit ) Authorship , date , and origin ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works A Syriac Christian rendition of St. John the Evangelist , from the Rabbula Gospels . Most scholars consider the Gospel of John to be anonymous . According to a Church tradition dating from the 2nd century , first attested by Irenaeus , the author was `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' mentioned in John 21 : 24 , who is understood to be John son of Zebedee , one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . These identifications , however , are rejected by many modern biblical scholars . Nevertheless , the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist , often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated . John is usually dated to AD 90 -- 110 . It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue . Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions , or `` editions '' , before reaching its current form . John , which regularly describes Jesus ' opponents simply as `` the Jews '' , is more consistently hostile to `` the Jews '' than any other body of New Testament writing . Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states : `` The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John , when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing ' the Jews ' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan . '' In John 8 : 44 Jesus tells the Jews : `` You are of your father the devil , and the desires of your father you will do . He was a murderer from the beginning , and he stood not in the truth ; because truth is not in him . '' In 8 : 38 and 11 : 53 , `` the Jews '' are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus . However , Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessalonians should be viewed as `` evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews '' in the early years of the Christian church . As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks , Jr. : `` Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism , a careful reading reveals ' the Jews ' to be a class designation , not a religious or ethnic grouping ; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general , the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities . '' In later centuries , John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics , but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew , championed Jesus and his followers as Jews , and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community . Sources ( edit ) Rudolf Bultmann , in a seminal work published in 1941 , argued that John 's sources were a hypothetical `` Signs Gospel '' listing Christ 's miracles , a revelation discourse , and a passion narrative . Bultmann 's work , combined with that of other scholars ( the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English - speaking world ) , led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , known as the `` Synoptic Gospels . '' This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century , and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the Synoptics , especially Mark , while the hypothesis of a `` signs '' source has been increasingly undermined . But theories of either complete independence or complete dependence on the Synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship : on the one hand , elements such as distinctive Johannine language , the lengthy discourses , and the prologue on the Logos , are clearly unique to John ; on the other , John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three . The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures ( the Tanakh , more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament ) , probably in the Greek translation . John quotes from them directly , references important figures from them , and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses . But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources : the Logos of the prologue ( the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation ) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers , while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco - Roman mystery cults , while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs . Historical Reliability ( edit ) Further information : Historicity of the Bible Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' , or `` the Beloved Disciple '' , was an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value . With the exception of the `` Johannine Thunderbolt '' passages , the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John , and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical , and more likely to have been written for theological purposes . Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value . It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts . His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the Synoptics , his testimony that Jesus was executed before , rather than on , Passover , might well be more accurate , and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels . Textual History and position in the New Testament ( edit ) Further information : Biblical manuscript The Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125 . Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18 : 31 -- 33 on one side and 18 : 37 -- 38 on the other , commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century , is the oldest New Testament manuscript known . A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest , so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other . John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels , after Matthew , Mark and Luke . Theology ( edit ) Christology ( edit ) Further information : Christology The Gospel of John presents a `` high Christology , '' depicting Jesus as divine , and yet subordinate to the one God . John gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the Synoptics , as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel . In the Synoptics , Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God while his own divine role is obscured ( see Messianic Secret ) , but in John , Jesus talks openly about his divine role , echoing the Jewish God 's own statement of identity `` I Am that I Am '' with several `` I Am '' declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance . He says `` I am '' : `` the bread of life '' `` the light of the world '' `` the gate for the sheep '' `` the good shepherd '' `` the resurrection and the life '' `` the way and the truth and the life '' and `` the true vine '' Logos ( edit ) Main article : Logos ( Christianity ) In the prologue , John identifies Jesus as the Logos ( Word ) . In Ancient Greek philosophy , the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason . In this sense , it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom , God 's companion and intimate helper in creation . The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God 's creator of and mediator with the material world . The evangelist adapted Philo 's description of the Logos , applying it to Jesus , the incarnation of the Logos . The opening verse of John is translated as `` the Word was with God and the Word was God '' in all `` orthodox '' English Bibles . There are alternative views . The Jehovah 's Witnesses ' New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures renders the verse as `` The Word was with God , and the Word was a god . '' The Scholars Version of the gospel , developed by the Jesus Seminar , loosely translates the phrase as `` The Logos was what God was , '' offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist . Cross ( edit ) The portrayal of Jesus ' death in John is unique among the four Gospels . It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice ( cf . Mk 10 : 45 , Rom 3 : 25 ) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father . Likewise , the three `` passion predictions '' of the Synoptic Gospels ( Mk 8 : 31 , 9 : 31 , 10 : 33 -- 34 and pars . ) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or `` lifted up '' ( Jn 3 : 14 , 8 : 28 , 12 : 32 ) . The verb for `` lifted up '' reflects the double entendre at work in John 's theology of the cross , for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also , at the same time , exalted and glorified . Sacraments ( edit ) Further information : Sacrament Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology . Scholars ' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental , to sacramental , to ultra-sacramental and hyper - sacramental . Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all , and on the degree of importance he places upon them . Individual scholars ' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other . Frequency of allusion ( edit ) According to Rudolf Bultmann , there are three sacramental allusions : one to baptism ( 3 : 5 ) , one to the Eucharist ( 6 : 51 -- 58 ) , and one to both ( 19 : 34 ) . He believed these passages to be later interpolations , though most scholars now reject this assessment . Some scholars on the weaker - sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole , while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages . Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter , a Protestant and a Catholic respectively , and both on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum , have found sacramental allusions in most chapters . Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel , and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2 : 1 -- 11 , anointing of the sick in 12 : 1 -- 11 , and penance in 20 : 22 -- 23 . Towards the center of the spectrum , Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school , identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty . Importance to the evangelist ( edit ) Most scholars on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist . However , perhaps counterintuitively , some scholars who find fewer sacramental references , such as Udo Schnelle , view the references that they find as highly important as well . Schnelle in particular views John 's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism . On the other hand , though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages , James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John , meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual . Individualism ( edit ) In comparison to the synoptic gospels , the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic , in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual 's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church . This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel . According to Richard Bauckham , emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John . There is also a theme of `` personal coinherence '' , that is , the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer `` abides '' in Jesus and Jesus in the believer . According to C.F.D. Moule , the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer ; this realized eschatology is not , however , to replace `` orthodox '' , futurist eschatological expectations , but is to be `` only ( their ) correlative . '' Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus , inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ . Beyond this , the emphasis on the individual 's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ . John the Baptist ( edit ) Further information : John the Baptist John 's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels . In this gospel , John is not called `` the Baptist . '' The Baptist 's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus ; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned , but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous . The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John 's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it . He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus , perhaps in response to members of the Baptist 's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement . In John 's gospel , Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus ' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod . He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John 's own . The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black , containing no historically accurate information . According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar , John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus . Gnostic elements ( edit ) Further information : Christian Gnosticism Although not commonly understood as Gnostic , many scholars , including Bultmann , have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism . Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century , and so 2nd - century Proto - Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it . To say John 's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it . Bultmann , for example , argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John , the pre-existing Logos , was actually a Gnostic theme . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs , and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus . Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says , but in the language he uses to say it , notably , use of the concepts of Logos and Light . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown , have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness . The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th - century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings ( which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John ) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings ( which are often similar to the Gospel of John ) . Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did . Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis , secret knowledge , and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge . Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom , specifically belief in ( literally belief into ) Jesus . Raymond Brown contends that `` The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above , who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world , and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into the gnostic world picture ( even if God 's love for the world in 3 : 16 could not ) . '' It has been suggested that similarities between John 's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature . Comparison with the Synoptics ( edit ) The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels , with major variations in material , theological emphasis , chronology , and literary style . There are also some discrepancies between John and the Synoptics , some amounting to contradictions . Material ( edit ) John lacks scenes from the Synoptics such as Jesus ' baptism , the calling of the Twelve , exorcisms , parables , the Transfiguration , and the Last Supper . Conversely , it includes scenes not found in the Synoptics , including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana , the resurrection of Lazarus , Jesus washing the feet of his disciples , and multiple visits to Jerusalem . In the fourth gospel , Jesus ' mother Mary , while frequently mentioned , is never identified by name . John does assert that Jesus was known as the `` son of Joseph '' in 6 : 42 . For John , Jesus ' town of origin is irrelevant , for he comes from beyond this world , from God the Father . While John makes no direct mention of Jesus ' baptism , he does quote John the Baptist 's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove , as happens at Jesus ' baptism in the Synoptics . Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent , including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse , and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the Synoptics . John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple , Nathanael , whose name is not found in the Synoptics . Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name , described as `` Doubting Thomas '' . Theological emphasis ( edit ) Jesus is identified with the Word ( `` Logos '' ) , and the Word is identified with theos ( `` god '' in Greek ) ; no such identification is made in the Synoptics . In Mark , Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret , but in John he is very open in discussing it , even referring to himself as `` I AM '' , the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self - revelation to Moses . In the Synoptics , the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven ( the latter specifically in Matthew ) , while John 's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice . In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom ( using the term parousia , meaning `` coming '' ) , John presents a more individualistic , realized eschatology . Chronology ( edit ) In the Synoptics , the ministry of Jesus takes a single year , but in John it takes three , as evidenced by references to three Passovers . Events are not all in the same order : the date of the crucifixion is different , as is the time of Jesus ' anointing in Bethany and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus ' ministry rather than near its end . Literary style ( edit ) In the Synoptics , quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short , pithy sayings ; in John , longer quotations are often given . The vocabulary is also different , and filled with theological import : in John , Jesus does not work `` miracles '' ( Greek : δῠνάμεις , translit . dynámeis , sing . δύνᾰμῐς , dýnamis ) , but `` signs '' ( Greek : σημεῖᾰ , translit . sēmeia , sing . σημεῖον , sēmeion ) which unveil his divine identity . Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables . Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories , such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine , in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person , group , or thing . Some scholars , however , find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman ( 16 : 21 ) or the dying grain ( 12 : 24 ) . Discrepancies ( edit ) According to the Synoptics , the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple , while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus . The Pharisees , portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels , are instead portrayed as sharply divided ; they debate frequently in John 's accounts . Some , such as Nicodemus , even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus . This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees , who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief . Representations ( edit ) Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed , by James Doyle Penrose , 1902 . The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions , skits , plays , and Passion Plays , as well as in film . The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ' The Gospel of John ' , directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox , with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus . The 2003 film The Gospel of John , was directed by Philip Saville , narrated by Christopher Plummer , with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Parts of the gospel have been set to music . One such setting is Steve Warner 's power anthem `` Come and See '' , written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs . Additionally , some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel , most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach , although some verses are borrowed from Matthew . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Jesus Free Grace theology Gospel harmony Last Gospel Egerton Gospel List of Bible verses not included in modern translations List of Gospels Textual variants in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' Jump up ^ The use of first person plural in John , specially in the letters , is the base of these theories . Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson , who in 1965 asserted `` the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with `` the jews '' ( sic ) of that area . But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church , to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging `` . Jump up ^ Chilton & Neusner 2006 , p. 5 : `` by their own word what they ( the writers of the New Testament ) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism ... ( T ) o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said . '' Jump up ^ The resurrection itself is not detailed in the gospel , though it is entailed from the post-resurrection appearances . Jump up ^ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition , and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it , see Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , pp. 41 -- 42 . For arguments in support of the tradition , see Craig , Blomberg ( 2009 ) . Jesus and the Gospels . pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ For the reasons behind this , see Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ For details see Dunn 1992 , p. 183 Jump up ^ The term Johannine Thunderbolt refers to the Q source -- derived logion in Matthew 11 : 25 -- 27 and Luke 10 : 21 -- 22 . The phrase was coined by Karl von Hase in an 1823 -- 24 lecture series entitled Geschichte Jesu : `` ... wie ein Aerolith aus dem johanneischen Himmel gefallen ... '' ( `` ... a meteorite fallen from the Johannine sky ... '' ) Jump up ^ That is , the New International Version , Today 's New International Version , the New American Standard Bible , the New American Bible , the New American Bible Revised Edition , the Amplified Bible , the New Living Translation , the Douay -- Rheims Bible , the King James Version , Young 's Literal Translation , the Darby Translation , and the Wycliffe New Testament , to name a few . Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2015 ) contrasts John 's consistent use of the third person singular ( `` The one who ... '' ; `` If anyone ... '' ; `` Everyone who ... '' ; `` Whoever ... '' ; `` No one ... '' ) with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ( `` Those who ... '' ; `` '' All those who ... `` ; etc . ) . He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue , serving a narrative purpose , whereas the later aphorisms serve a `` paraenetic function '' . Jump up ^ See John 6 : 56 , 10 : 14 -- 15 , 10 : 38 , and 14 : 10 , 17 , 20 , and 23 . Jump up ^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C.H. Dodd ( 1884 -- 1973 ) . It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events , but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy . In other words , it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled . Jump up ^ See Zimmermann 2015 , pp. 333 -- 60 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 1966 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2009 . Jump up ^ De Santos Otero 1993 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2015 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 2007 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ John 21 : 24 Jump up ^ Joel B. Green , Scot McKnight , I. Howard Marshall ( 1992 ) . Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels : A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship . InterVarsity Press . p. 369 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1777 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , p. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2015 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , pp. 182 -- 83 , 195 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hendricks 2007 . Jump up ^ Senior 1991 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Porter 2015 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Reinhartz 2011 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Denaux 1992 , pp. 113 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 57 , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Metzger & Ehrman 1985 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , pp. 302 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , pp. 365 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Robert Kysar , `` John : The Maverick Gospel '' ( Louisville : Westminster John Knox ) , 1976 , pp. 49 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moule 1962 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shea , SJ , Henry J. ( Summer 2017 ) . `` The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises '' . Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Olson 1999 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2005 , pp. 88ff . Jump up ^ Brown 1997 . Jump up ^ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981 , pp. 467ff . Jump up ^ Combs 1987 . Jump up ^ Most 2005 , pp. 121ff . Jump up ^ Skarsaune 2008 , pp. 247ff . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ John 17 : 14 Jump up ^ John 14 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Brown 1997 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Kovacs 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Burge 2014 , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993 , pp. 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2004 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Michaels 1971 , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2008 . Jump up ^ Pagels 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2006 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Walvoord , John F. ( 1985 ) . The Bible Knowledge Commentary . Wheaton , IL : Victor Books . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Gospel According to John . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Sander 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladd & Hagner 1993 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barry 1911 . Jump up ^ Neusner 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Z . Philip ( 2005 ) . `` BWV 245 '' . J.S. Bach : The Extant Texts of the Vocal Works in English Translations with Commentary. 2 . Translated by Ambrose , Z . Philip . Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4134 - 4600 - 5 . Barrett , C.K. ( 1978 ) . The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22180 - 5 . Barry , William ( 1911 ) . `` Parables '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Bauckham , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple : Narrative , History , and Theology in the Gospel of John . Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3485 - 5 . -- -- ( 2015 ) . Gospel of Glory : Major Themes in Johannine Theology . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 2708 - 9 . Blomberg , Craig ( 2011 ) . The Historical Reliability of John 's Gospel . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3871 - 6 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1966 ) . The Gospel According to John , Volume 1 . Anchor Bible series . 29 . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 01517 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burge , Gary M. ( 2014 ) . `` Gospel of John '' . In Evans , Craig A . The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 72224 - 3 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Carroll , James ( 2001 ) . Constantine 's Sword : The Church and the Jews : A History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77927 - 9 . Carson , D.A. ; Moo , Douglas J. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . HarperCollins Christian Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53955 - 1 . Chilton , Bruce ; Neusner , Jacob ( 2006 ) . Judaism in the New Testament : Practices and Beliefs . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 81497 - 8 . Combs , William W. ( 1987 ) . `` Nag Hammadi , Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation '' . Grace Theological Journal . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` John , Gospel of St . '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Denaux , Adelbert ( 1992 ) . `` The Q - Logion Mt 11 , 27 / Lk 10 , 22 and the Gospel of John '' . In Denaux , Adelbert . John and the Synoptics . Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. 101 . Leuven University Press . pp. 113 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6186 - 498 - 1 . Dunn , James D.G. , ed. ( 1992 ) . Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways -- A.D. 70 to 135 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Alexander , Philip S. ( 1992 ) . ' The Parting of the Ways ' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 1992 ) . The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament Writings of the Period . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Edwards , Ruth B. ( 2015 ) . Discovering John : Content , Interpretation , Reception . Discovering Biblical Texts . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7240 - 1 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus , Interrupted . HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117393 - 6 . Fredriksen , Paula ( 2008 ) . From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16410 - 7 . Funk , Robert W. ; Hoover , Roy W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1993 ) . The Five Gospels : The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . Polebridge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944344 - 57 - 6 . Funk , Robert W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1998 ) . The Acts of Jesus : The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 062978 - 6 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Bible ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 . Hendricks , Obrey M. , Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Z. ; Newsom , Carol A. ; Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( 3rd ed . ) . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 032 - 9 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) . How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God ? : Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2861 - 3 . Köstenberger , Andreas J. ; Kellum , Leonard Scott ; Quarles , Charles L. ( 2009 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville : B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 . Kovacs , Judith L. ( 1995 ) . `` Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out : Jesus ' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12 : 20 -- 36 '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 47 . doi : 10.2307 / 3266937 . JSTOR 3266937 . Kysar , Robert ( 2005 ) . Voyages with John : Charting the Fourth Gospel . Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 43 - 0 . Kysar , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 1 : Critical Appraisals of Critical Views . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 293 - 0 . Ladd , George Eldon ; Hagner , Donald Alfred ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 5 . Lincoln , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Gospel According to St John : Black 's New Testament Commentaries . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 8822 - 9 . Lindars , Barnabas ( 1990 ) . John . New Testament Guides. 4 . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 255 - 4 . Lindars , Barnabas ; Edwards , Ruth ; Court , John M. ( 2000 ) . The Johannine Literature . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 081 - 4 . Metzger , B.M. ; Ehrman , B.D. ( 1985 ) . The Text of New Testament . Рипол Классик . ISBN 978 - 5 - 88500 - 901 - 0 . Michaels , J. Ramsey ( 1971 ) . `` Verification of Jesus ' Self - Revelation in His passion and Resurrection ( 18 : 1 -- 21 : 25 ) '' . The Gospel of John . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4674 - 2330 - 4 . Most , Glenn W. ( 2005 ) . Doubting Thomas . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01914 - 0 . Moule , C.F.D. ( July 1962 ) . `` The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum ,. 5 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1560025 . JSTOR 1560025 . Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . Invitation to the Talmud : A Teaching Book . South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. 169 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 155 - 6 . Olson , Roger E. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1505 - 0 . De Santos Otero , Aurelio ( 1993 ) . Los Evangelios Apocrifos ( The Apochryphal Gospels ) . Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos ( in Spanish ) . 148 ( 9th ed . ) . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7914 - 044 - 1 . Pagels , Elaine H. ( 2003 ) . Beyond Belief : The Secret Gospel of Thomas . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50156 - 8 . Porter , Stanley E. ( 2015 ) . John , His Gospel , and Jesus : In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7170 - 1 . Van den Broek , Roelof ; Vermaseren , Maarten Jozef ( 1981 ) . Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions . Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 91 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06376 - 1 . Reinhartz , Adele ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Levine , Amy - Jill ; Brettler , Marc Z . The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992706 - 7 . Sanders , E.P. ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192822 - 7 . Senior , Donald ( 1991 ) . The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John . Passion of Jesus Series . 4 . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5462 - 0 . Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0863 - 8 . Thompson , Marianne Maye ( 2006 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Barton , Stephen C. The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels . Cambridge Companions to Religion . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80766 - 1 . Williamson , Lamar , Jr. ( 2004 ) . Preaching the Gospel of John : Proclaiming the Living Word . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22533 - 9 . Witherington , Ben ( 2004 ) . The New Testament Story . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2765 - 4 . Zimmermann , Ruben ( 2015 ) . Puzzling the Parables of Jesus : Methods and Interpretation . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6532 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1965 ) . `` Does the New Testament call Jesus God ? '' . Theological Studies . 26 : 545 -- 73 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1979 ) . The Community of the Beloved Disciple . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2174 - 8 . Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Gospel According to John . Pillar New Testament Commentary Series . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3683 - 0 . Culpepper , R. Alan ( 1983 ) . Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel : A Study in Literary Design . Minneapolis : Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2068 - 4 . Dodd , C.H. ( 1968 - 05 - 01 ) . The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09517 - 4 . Estes , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Temporal Mechanics of the Fourth Gospel : A Theory of Hermeneutical Relativity in the Gospel of John ( BIS 92 ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16598 - 4 . Fonck , Leopold ( 1910 ) . `` Gospel of St. John '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 8 . New York : Robert Appleton . Hamid - Khani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Revelation and Concealment of Christ : A Theological Inquiry into the Elusive Language of the Fourth Gospel ( WUNT 120 ) . Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 147138 - 4 . Hill , Charles E. ( 2006 ) . The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929144 - 1 . Jensen , Robin M. ( October 2002 ) . The Two Faces of Jesus . Bible Review . p. 42 . M'Cheyne , Robert Murray ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . Bethany : Discovering Christ 's Love in Times of Suffering When Heaven Seems Silent ( A Study of John 12 ) . Diggory Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 702 - 7 . Morris , Leon ( 1995 ) . The Gospel According to St. John . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2504 - 9 . Robinson , John A.T. ( 1990 ) . Redating the New Testament . Trinity Press International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . OL 9427964M . Sander , Emilie T. ( 2015 ) . `` Biblical Literature : The Fourth Gospel : The Gospel According to John '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Sloyan , Gerard Stephen ( 2006 ) . What are They Saying about John ? . What Are They Saying about ... ? series ( Revised ed . ) . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4337 - 5 . Smith , D. Moody ( 2010 ) . `` Jesus Tradition in the Gospel of John '' . In Holmén , Tom ; Porter , Stanley E. Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16372 - 0 . Thatcher , Tom , ed. ( 2007 ) . What We Have Heard from the Beginning : The Past , Present and Future of Johannine Studies . Waco : Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60258 - 010 - 7 . Thatcher , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel : Phase Two of the John , Jesus , and History Project '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 2 : Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1589833929 . Theissen , Gerd ( 2011 ) . The New Testament : A Literary History . Translated by Maloney , Linda M. Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9785 - 3 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 1996 ) . `` The Historical Jesus and the Johannine Christ '' . In Smith , Dwight Moody ; Culpepper , R. Alan ; Black , Carl Clifton . Exploring the Gospel of John : In Honor of D. Moody Smith . Old Testament Library . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22083 - 9 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Fee , Gordon D. ; Hubbard , Robert L. , Jr . The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3823 - 0 . Vermes , Geza ( 2004 ) . The Authentic Gospel of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 191260 - 8 . Wansbrough , Henry ( 2015 ) . Introducing the New Testament . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 65670 - 4 . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 198537 - 9 . A Brief Introduction to the Gospel According to John Gospel According to John , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . A textual commentary on the Gospel of John Detailed text ; critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 376 pages ; archived on 4 March 2016 ) John Rylands papyrus : text , translation , illustration and a bibliography of the discussion John , Gospel of St. in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica -- collected comments ; archived 4 April 2006 Conflicts Between the Gospel of John & the Remaining Three ( synoptic ) Gospels on ReligiousTolerance.com . John Henry Bernard , Alan Hugh McNeile , A critical and exegetical commentary on the Gospel according to St. John , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Online translations of the Gospel of John : Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway The Unbound Bible from Biola University David Robert Palmer , Translation from the Greek Text of the Gospel with textual variants The Egerton Gospel text ; compare with Gospel of John Gospel of John Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Luke New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Acts of the Apostles Portals Access related topics Religion portal Christianity portal Bible portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism 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-5101621295779726385	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Lord Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II `` the Mad King '' , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's closest friend and chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Lord Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Deirdre ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Fifth book in Game of Thrones series released '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The battle between good and evil reigns -- Martin talks about new series Game of Thrones '' . guardian.co.tt . June 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` A Family Affair as Old as Oedipus '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew ( April 9 , 2011 ) . `` The essential guide to Game of Thrones '' . Salon . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Dana ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` In a Fantasyland of Liars , Trust No One , and Keep Your Dragon Close '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Deirdre ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin is our Author of the Year '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Return of the new fantasy king : A Dance With Dragons '' . Salon . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wasson , Megan ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` A Dance with Dragons , by George R.R. Martin '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jordison , Sam ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Getting hooked on George RR Martin '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hann , Michael ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` I 'm hooked on George RR Martin 's flights of fantasy '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Sellers Weekly Graphic : Fantastical Sales '' . The New York Times . July 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ronald Grover , Lisa Richwine ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` With swords and suds , ' Game of Thrones ' spurs sales for HBO '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Season of the Supernatural '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Memmott , Carol ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Record sales for George R.R. Martin 's A Dance With Dragons '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bercovici , Jeff ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Women on the Rise Among The World 's Top - Earning Authors '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Odds and Ends and More Odds '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Picker , Lenny ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Throne of Gains '' . Publishers Weekly . 256 ( 15 ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paperback Mass - Market Fiction '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` A Dance with Dragons sends George RR Martin flying into charts '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin joins Kindle million - seller club '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 best - selling books of 2012 , from the top down '' . USA Today . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : La Gorce , Tammy ( March 12 , 2006 ) . `` Books : Dreaming of Places Far , Far From Bayonne '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks Game of Thrones as the HBO show 's ' Daenerys ' departs '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` To My Detractors '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Excitement as George RR Martin announces he 's 1,200 pages into new book '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Locus Award Nominees List '' . locusmag.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Fantasy Award -- Winners and Nominees '' . worldfantasy.org . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SFWA Nebula Awards '' . dpsinfo.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 1999 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ( Linked from sfwa.org , who present the Nebula Award . ) Jump up ^ `` 2001 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SFWA Nebula Awards '' . dpsinfo.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2001 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ( Linked from sfwa.org , who present the Nebula Award . ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Fantasy Award Nominees List '' . locusmag.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Locus Awards Winners '' . locusmag.com . June 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.org . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 World Fantasy Award -- Winners and Nominees '' . worldfantasy.org . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` George R.R. Martin 's Adventures in Comics Part 1 '' . Publishers Weekly . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Speakman , Shawn ( March 8 , 2010 ) . `` Warriors Review : The Mystery Knight by GRRM '' . suvudu.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dunk and Egg Return to Comics '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Women Arrives on Tor.com '' . Tor.com . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` A Dangerous Delivery '' . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin announces new ' Game of Thrones ' prequel short story , ' The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blood of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . July 1996 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Path of the Dragon '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . December 2000 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arms of the Kraken '' . Dragon. 27 No. 10 ( 305 ) : 90 -- 111 . March 2003 . Jump up ^ McKevitt , Greg ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` What 's the appeal of Game of Thrones ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` HBO renews Game of Thrones for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . emmys.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' renewed for third season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones renewed for season 4 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Television Academy '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sets Record for Most Emmy Wins in a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Kristen ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Arm yourself for Game of Thrones season finale with these Westeros - themed records '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` From The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice & Fire , Volume II '' . fantasyflightgames.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ICE & FIRE role playing game '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Song of Ice and Fire RPG homepage : Ours is the Fury ! '' . greenronin.com . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` A Game of Thrones No. 1 Review : The popular fantasy epic jumps from books to TV to comics '' . ign.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Focus Home Interactive press release '' . focus-home.com . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` From Bleak to Bleaker in A Game of Thrones the Roleplaying Game 's New Trailer '' . Time . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of Thrones : Genesis for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Westeros Goes Social with ' Game of Thrones Ascent ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Nothing Holds an Edge Like Valyrian Steel '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` Valyrian Resin to produce Ice & Fire mini-busts '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Sword Miniatures and Tom Meier to produce George Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire premium miniature line '' . darkswordminiatures.com . August 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coins inspired by the fictional works of George R.R. Martin '' . shirepost.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Shop '' Shows `` Game of Thrones '' . hbo.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : No One Ever Gets The Most Iconic Part Of Game Of Thrones Right '' . Business Insider . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Not A Blog : The Real Iron Throne '' . GRRM.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=812049851 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many books in song of ice and fire series	[]	[]
5297696390650047827	2001 State of Origin series	2001 State of Origin series - wikipedia 2001 State of Origin series 2001 State of Origin series Won by Queensland ( 11th title ) Series margin 2 - 1 Points scored 138 Attendance 158,599 ( ave . 52,866 per match ) Top points scorer ( s ) Darren Lockyer ( 34 ) Top try scorer ( s ) Chris Walker ( 4 ) ← 2000 State of Origin series 2002 → The 2001 State of Origin series was the 20th year that the annual three - game series between the Queensland and New South Wales representative rugby league football teams was contested entirely under ' state of origin ' selection rules . The series was notable for marking the first time an England - based player was selected for State of Origin : Maroons legend Allan Langer was asked to make his comeback for the third and deciding match of the series and did so , helping Queensland re-claim the shield in Brisbane . Contents 1 Game I 2 Game II 3 Game III 4 New South Wales squad 5 Queensland squad 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources Game I ( edit ) Queensland stalwart coach Wayne Bennett made it a personal mission to regain the great loss of credibility suffered from the 2000 series whitewash and 40 point last game defeat and decided he wanted his old Maroon coaching job back after a two - year sojourn . Sunday , May 6 , 2001 Queensland 34 -- 16 New South Wales Darren Lockyer ( 14 - 1t , 5g ) Darren Smith ( 4 - 1t ) John Buttigieg ( 4 - 1t ) John Doyle ( 4 - 1t ) Carl Webb ( 4 - 1t ) Chis Walker ( 4 - 1t ) ( Report ) ( 4 - 2g ) Michael De Vere ( 4 - 1t ) Matthew Gidley ( 4 - 1t ) Brad Fittler ( 4 - 1t ) Trent Barrett Suncorp Stadium , Brisbane Attendance : 38,909 Referee : Bill Harrigan Man of the Match : Gorden Tallis In game I Queensland blooded no less than ten new players and Wayne Bennett gambled on the likes of Brisbane Broncos forward Carl Webb and North Queensland Cowboys John Buttigieg and John Doyle who were relative unknowns . But they each announced their representative arrival in dramatic style with a try each in the first game , won 34 - 16 by the Maroons in the last match played at the `` old '' Suncorp Stadium . The most spectacular was Webb 's two minutes before half - time when he brushed off three defenders before powering his way across the line . Game ii ( edit ) Queensland went into game 2 without captain Gorden Tallis who was out with a neck injury . Sunday , June 10 , 2001 New South Wales 26 -- 8 Queensland Brad Fittler ( 8 - 2t ) Ryan Girdler ( 6 - 3g ) Jamie Ainscough ( 4 - 1t ) Trent Barrett ( 4 - 1t ) Luke Ricketson ( 4 - 1t ) ( Report ) ( 4 - 2g ) Darren Lockyer ( 4 - 1t ) Chris Walker Telstra Stadium , Sydney Attendance : 70,249 Referee : Bill Harrigan Man of the Match : Trent Barrett Played before 70,000 at Telstra Stadium , Blues skipper Brad Fittler scored two tries in what was to be his last match for NSW on home soil and inspired his side to a 26 - 8 victory . Man of the match was Trent Barrett playing halfback for the first time due to injuries to Brett Kimmorley and Andrew Johns . Debutante Mark O'Meley was particularly impressive , setting up Fittler 's first try after 53 minutes with a smashing run that sent defenders skittling . Game III ( edit ) The lead up to Game III was dominated by emotion regarding Brad Fittler 's pending retirement from representative football after 29 Origin appearances . But with the series tied at one game apiece Queensland needed some special emotion of their own to avoid a loss . Without inspirational captain Tallis and an established halves pairing , coach Bennett undertook furtive negotiations with Maroon 's veteran Allan Langer , then in his second English season and captain of the Warrington Wolves , and the rumours were only confirmed after Langer had boarded a plane ( under a false name ) for the flight home , bound for his 31st career Origin appearance . At almost 35 years of age , Langer was named in his famous No. 7 jersey for the first time since leaving Australia part - way through the 1999 NRL season . Sunday , 1 July , 2001 Queensland 40 -- 14 New South Wales Darren Lockyer ( 16 - 2t , 4g ) Chris Walker ( 8 - 2t ) Paul Bowman ( 8 - 2t ) Allan Langer ( 4 - 1t ) Dane Carlaw ( 4 - 1t ) ( Report ) ( 14 - 2t , 3g ) Ryan Girdler ANZ Stadium , Brisbane Attendance : 49,441 Referee : Bill Harrigan Man of the Match : Darren Lockyer Despite NSW centre Ryan Girdler scoring the fastest try in Origin history after 39 seconds , Queensland took a 28 - 8 lead into the break with Langer heavily involved in three of the Maroons ' first half tries . Alongside Darren Lockyer who created his own form of havoc , Langer tore New South Wales to shreds and capped his comeback in the 54th minute when he scored a trademark solo try from close range to sentence the Blues to a series - deciding loss and Fittler to his own bittersweet representative farewell ( although he would make a comeback three years later and help his state to a victory in his final year before retirement ) . Sydney 's The Daily Telegraph reacted to the New South Wales team 's Origin loss with this headline on the front of its paper on July 2 , 2001 : `` BLOODY ALF '' . New South Wales squad ( edit ) Position Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Fullback Mark Hughes Wing Jamie Ainscough Centre Michael De Vere Ryan Girdler Centre Matt Gidley Wing Adam MacDougall Five - Eighth Brad Fittler ( c ) Halfback Brett Kimmorley Trent Barrett Brett Kimmorley Prop Jason Stevens Hooker Luke Priddis Prop Robbie Kearns Mark O'Meley Second Row Bryan Fletcher Second Row Nathan Hindmarsh Adam Muir Lock Jason Croker Luke Ricketson Andrew Ryan Interchange Trent Barrett Craig Gower Interchange Michael Vella Interchange Ben Kennedy Matt Adamson Interchange Rodney Howe Andrew Ryan Steve Menzies Coach Wayne Pearce Queensland squad ( edit ) Position Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Fullback Darren Lockyer Darren Lockyer ( c ) Wing Lote Tuqiri Centre Darren Smith Chris Walker Centre Paul Bowman Wing Wendell Sailor Five - Eighth Daniel Wagon Halfback Paul Green Allan Langer Prop Shane Webcke Hooker Kevin Campion Paul Green Prop John Buttigieg Russell Bawden John Buttigieg Second Row Gorden Tallis ( c ) Dane Carlaw Brad Meyers Second Row Petero Civoniceva Lock Brad Meyers Darren Smith Interchange Chris Walker Kevin Campion Interchange Chris Beattie Carl Webb Interchange Carl Webb Dane Carlaw Interchange John Doyle Nathan Fien John Doyle Coach Wayne Bennett See also ( edit ) 2001 NRL season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( 2008 ) . Great Australian Sporting Moments . Australia : The Miegunyah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 85547 - 0 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Prichard , Greg ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Scandals , losing streaks , injuries but there 's never been a lost cause '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Australia : Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Steve ( 2001 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Alf 's back '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Digital . p. 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Tim ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` State of Origin : The deciders '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Ricketts ; Barry Dick ; Paul Malone ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` The 30 greatest controversies in 30 years of State of Origin series '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Big League 's 25 Years of Origin Collectors ' Edition , News Magazines , Surry Hills , Sydney State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission 2001 in rugby league `` 2000 2002 '' International Rugby League World Club Challenge Australia tour of Great Britain French tour of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea British Rugby League Competitions Super League Grand Final Northern Ford Premiership Challenge Cup SL Teams Bradford Bulls Castleford Tigers Halifax RLFC Huddersfield Giants Hull FC Leeds Rhinos London Broncos Salford City Reds St Helens Wakefield Wildcats Warrington Wolves Wigan Warriors Australian Rugby League Competitions State of Origin NRL season Grand Final Queensland Cup NSWRL First Division By club Brisbane Broncos Bulldogs Canberra Raiders Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors Northern Eagles North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers Sydney Roosters St. George Illawarra Dragons Wests Tigers Other Domestic competitions France New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_State_of_Origin_series&oldid=848219045 '' Categories : 2001 in Australian rugby league State of Origin series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who coached queensland in the 2001 state of origin series	[ "Queensland stalwart coach Wayne Bennett made it a personal mission to regain the great loss of credibility suffered from the 2000 series whitewash and 40 point last game defeat and decided he wanted his old Maroon coaching job back after a two-year sojourn.\n" ]	[ "Wayne Bennett" ]
7023999023343471291	Cristina Yang	Cristina Yang - wikipedia Cristina Yang Jump to : navigation , search Cristina Yang Grey 's Anatomy character The season ten promotional photograph of Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' 10x24 , May 15 , 2014 ( as main cast ) `` She 's Leaving Home '' 11x22 , April 30 , 2015 ( stand - in ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sandra Oh Information Full name Cristina Yang Nickname ( s ) Yang Twisted Sister Cardiothoracic Whore Cardio God ( ess ) Occupation Chief Medical Officer at Klausman Institute for Medical Research Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Klausman Institute for Medical Research Cardiothoracic surgical Fellow at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Board Member at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title M.D Ph. D . F.A.C.S. Family Saul Rubenstein ( step - father ) Helen Rubenstein ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Owen Hunt ( ex-husband ) Significant other ( s ) Colin Marlow Preston Burke ( ex-fiancé ) Darren Parker Shane Ross Cristina Yang , M.D. , Ph. D. , is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which has aired for over 12 years on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actress Sandra Oh . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Yang worked her way up to resident level , eventually becoming a cardiothoracic surgical fellow , while her relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . Yang earlier in the series got engaged to Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , in the past had a relationship with renowned surgeon and mentor Colin Marlow , and wed but later divorced Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey , although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part . Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal , with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang , including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006 . She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year , from 2005 to 2009 . Characterizing the character , ABC noted her competitiveness , ambition , and intelligence as her main traits , while her aggressive , and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness . In May 2012 , E ! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years , along with her fellow cast members . Oh left the show after season 10 , and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines and Character 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Awards 4 References 5 External links Storylines and character ( edit ) Cristina Yang is introduced as a graduate from Smith College and a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ; the five of them working under Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . An atheistic competitive intern of Korean - American ancestry , she first desired to become a doctor after a childhood car accident which killed her biological father . Yang also suffers from dyslexia , and was raised in Beverly Hills , California by her mother and supportive Jewish stepfather . She has BA from Smith College , an MD from Stanford University and a PhD from University of California , Berkeley , making her a `` double doctor '' . While her emotional pragmatism , competitive perfectionism , and logical nature lead many to view her as a cutthroat `` robot '' , Cristina hits it off with Meredith on their first day and the pair soon become best friends and each other 's `` person '' , sharing the same `` dark and twisty '' sense of humor . During her internship , Cristina has an on - off relationship with the chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) that leads to an accidental pregnancy . Yang schedules an abortion without telling him about the pregnancy due to Burke 's behavior towards their lack of relationship status . However , Yang experiences an ectopic pregnancy and Burke discovers the pregnancy after Yang collapses from a burst fallopian tube . Burke and Yang begin a relationship in the aftermath of her miscarriage . After Burke is shot in the arm and develops a hand tremor , Yang helps him cover it up by developing a covert partnership wherein she performs most of his surgeries . Yang initially denies involvement during a confrontation , but then confesses everything to Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery . Yang 's actions jeopardize Burke 's chances of becoming chief , which he sees as a huge betrayal . After a short breakup , Yang breaks the silence and Burke proposes marriage , which Yang accepts after eight days of hesitation . Burke calls off the wedding , leaving Yang at the altar . She goes on her honeymoon to Hawaii with Meredith to recover , returning to discover that Burke has disappeared from her life and transferred to a different hospital . Burke is replaced by Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who immediately dislikes Yang for her trend of having affairs with famous surgeons , such as Burke , going so far as refusing to let her scrub in on cardiac surgeries . Eventually , Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) moves in with Yang , and she still tries to earn Hahn 's approval . Hahn reveals that she dislikes Yang because she reminds her of an early version of herself and continues to cut Yang out of cardio surgeries and neglects to teach her , before eventually quitting the hospital and leaving Seattle Grace without a head of cardio . Without a teacher , Yang begins to seriously doubt the purpose of remaining in her place at Seattle Grace when the program falls to twelfth on a list of the best teaching hospitals , and Burke wins the Harper - Avery award without mentioning her at all , despite her saving his career . Yang tells the Chief that her current existence in the hospital is `` unbearable '' and that she has turned into a ghost . Yang meets Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , an army trauma surgeon , when he patches her up from being stabbed in the stomach by a falling icicle . The pair are immediately attracted to each other and share a brief kiss . After Owen Hunt is honorably discharged , he is hired as Seattle Grace 's chief of trauma surgery and he and Yang begin a flirtation . Yang grows emotionally when she decides to support Meredith in her relationship with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , despite her logical misgivings about their staying power , and begins to be more emotionally open towards Hunt . However , Hunt has repressed memories of his time in Iraq and PTSD which causes Hunt to behave erratically , and attack and strangle her while asleep . Yang attempts to be emotionally supportive , but ends their relationship as she is afraid of sleeping next to him . Cristina loses her shot at being the first resident to perform a solo surgery despite being unanimously chosen by the attending surgeons , having been disciplined from failing to report the irresponsible behavior of the new interns . Meredith and Cristina have a fight during the intern scandal , and Cristina chooses Alex to be her replacement . They eventually reconcile . When Izzie Stevens discovers her life - threatening cancer , Yang is the one she confides in over her other friends due to Yang 's ability to remain emotionally distant . Yang saves Izzie 's life by coming up with a treatment plan and forcing Izzie to tell their friends of her diagnosis . Hunt begins seeing a therapist , and Yang confesses her love for him . The pair begin a tentative relationship , hampered by Hunt 's therapeutic progress and his hot and cold professional behavior , wherein he frequently ignores or penalizes Yang to avoid the appearance of favoritism . Hunt hires ex-colleague from the Army , Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , to become the chief of cardio - thoracic surgery as a `` gift '' for Yang , after she breaks down over having no new head of cardio . Yang is unimpressed with Altman , neither published nor famous , but her calm proficiency and belief in Yang 's skills win her over . A conflict arises in the trio due to Altman and Hunt 's repressed feelings for each other . Altman chooses to resign her place as temporary head of cardio because of her feelings for Hunt . Devastated by the blow to her education and the depressing potential of returning to her previous directionless state , Yang begs Altman to stay and teach her , offering Hunt to Altman in exchange . Altman intellectually understands Yang choosing her gift over a man and their relationship is repaired , but Hunt is very hurt that Yang would trade him away . Hunt subconsciously tries to sabotage Yang 's education and the two break up again after Hunt is unable to decide between the two women . Cristina saves Derek 's life with a gun to her head after he is shot by Gary Clarke , a grieving widow who commits mass murder at the hospital . Hunt is injured by the same shooter after he chooses to return for Yang over Altman , and Grey treats him as Yang saves Grey 's husband . Following the attack on the hospital , Hunt and Yang impulsively decide to get married . Yang is suffering from severe PTSD and is unable to bear being alone , making marriage to Hunt , who understands what she 's going through , attractive . Yang spends the early days of her marriage in shock and hiding at Meredith 's . Due to having severe PTSD and being unable to do her job correctly anymore , Cristina quits and begins bartending and eventually throws a housewarming party . Derek helps Cristina emotionally and she ultimately decides to go to work after helping the victim of a school shooting . Yang discovers she is pregnant with Hunt 's child , and decides to get an abortion . Though Hunt accompanies her to the abortion , he is extremely angry with her decision . Yang then operates on Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) , Altman 's husband , unknown of his identity . When the surgery fails and he dies , Yang is guilt stricken upon learning of her patient 's identity . Altman forgives Yang and forces Yang to realize that she did everything possible . Altman 's mentorship of Yang is punishing at times , and Altman brutally emphasizes that Yang must learn patience , compassion , and the basics over the flashy surgeries Yang prefers . Altman 's tutelage is successful , and Yang evolves into an aware and well - rounded surgeon because of it . Altman allows Yang to come up with a wish list of dream surgeries to fulfill before Altman resigns and moves on . Yang and Hunt distance themselves from each other as they keep fighting over the abortion , despite attending marriage counselling . Hunt has a one - night stand with a patient 's friend , leaving Yang heartbroken . She decides to move on , unsure of her future with him . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Yang , prepare for their medical boards and for the different fellowships they plan on joining . After she passes her exams , Yang reconciles with Hunt and tells him she is leaving Seattle for the Mayo Clinic , Minnesota . Afterward , Yang , Meredith , Shepherd , Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise , Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins . Lexie dies , and Mark later succumbs to his injuries after they are rescued and dies . Following their rescue , Yang , traumatized , suffers from brief reactive psychosis which provokes violent outbursts and makes her unresponsive . Yang leaves Seattle to become a cardiothoracic surgical fellow and goes , as planned , to the Mayo Clinic , but has difficulties adapting to her new colleagues ' way of working . While in Minnesota , Yang develops a friendship with a near - retirement cardio surgeon , Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) . She mainly teases him with comments regarding his old age . She also begins an affair with the head of surgery Dr. Parker ( Steven Culp ) who has issues with Thomas . After Thomas dies from a heart attack , Yang returns to Seattle . Cristina is re-hired and Owen asks for a divorce once Cristina wants to reconcile . Shocked , Cristina agrees , but later finds out that the potential conflict of interest regarding the plane crash lawsuit was a key motive behind Owen 's request and confronts him . Owen tells her that he ' feels responsible ' and was worried as he thought she was dead . They have a sexual relationship after divorcing . The hospital is sued and found guilty of negligence . The surviving doctors , including Yang , must receive $15 million of compensation each , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurers refuse to pay . Yang , Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and the other surviving doctors buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . After buying the hospital , Yang realizes that she was made for the O.R. and breaks things off with Owen because he still wants kids and she still does n't . After breaking up with Owen , Cristina continues to excel at surgery and becomes de facto chief of cardio . Although supportive of Meredith 's choice to become a mother , Cristina points out the fact that it has hurt Meredith 's career and clinical judgement . This causes a wedge in their friendship . Grey attempts to catch up professionally with a research trial , but the divide widens when Cristina 's trial overshadows Grey 's and steals Grey 's resources . When Dr. Shane Ross , a second - year resident , stands up to Meredith for her , Cristina gives Shane a kiss . Later , she begins sleeping with him , as well as becoming his mentor and passing on the skills learned from Altman . Cristina 's project is immensely successful and she is informed that she could be considered for the Harper Avery award from her 3 - D printing of a heart conduit . Grey and Yang reconcile when Grey acknowledges that Yang is correct , she has surpassed Grey , and that Grey is jealous of Yang 's professional freedom and success , while her own is hampered by her family . Cristina is nominated for the Harper Avery award and is a strong candidate , however she is passed over due to her relationship with the Harper - Avery Foundation that co-owns the hospital . Cristina goes to speak at a hospital in Zurich , Switzerland , orchestrated by Preston Burke who built his own hospital following his winning of the Harper Avery . He offers Cristina his job as the head of the hospital so that he can spend more time with his wife and kids . Cristina accepts the offer and interviews candidates for her replacement position at the hospital , including Maggie Pierce for new chief of cardio . Cristina transfers her hospital shares to Alex Karev and recommends he take over her seat on the board . At the end of season 10 , she says goodbye to her fellow co-workers she has come to know and love including Owen and Meredith . Cristina and Meredith share special moments together reminiscing about all the horrors they went through and dancing it out one last time . Cristina leaves for Zurich with surgical intern Shane Ross , who chooses to leave in order to study under her abroad . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Sandra Oh 's character was not supposed to be of Asian descent On the creation of Yang , Shonda Rhimes said the character contained `` a little bit of ( her ) personality '' . Speaking with talk show host Oprah Winfrey , Rhimes said : `` Cristina was second , simply because she 's the kind of woman I know really well , and I like her . There 's something interesting about a person who is that driven , a little bit emotionally disconnected but still a caring , sweet , and smart individual you could be friends with . '' Sandra Oh , initially auditioned for the character of Bailey , adding : `` Thank God I did not get that part '' , explaining the show would not be the same without fellow cast member , Wilson . Discussing casting Oh as Yang , Rhimes said : `` She brought this energy that felt very fresh . From the beginning , I 've been shaping Cristina around Sandra a little bit . One of my favorite things to do is take as much of her dialogue out of a scene as possible because she does so much nonverbally . Then I just watch what she manages to do without having a word to say . '' The character of Yang was not originally supposed to be of Asian descent . Oh said her character was `` a pert little blonde and the thing is the woman who runs the show , Shonda Rhimes , is a black woman , which makes a big ( expletive ) difference . '' In 2009 , when asked why Oh signed on for Grey 's Anatomy , Oh said : `` I 'm very proud of this show and I think it came along at the right time for me . It 's a changing time on television because five or ten years ago you would n't have a major network show where half of the cast were not white . '' Oh 's original contract with the show expired after season eight , however , E ! Online reported in May 2012 , that Oh , as well as all original cast members , had signed on for two more years . Characterization ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Yang as `` competitive '' , `` ambitious '' , and `` intelligent '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` bossy '' , `` aggressive '' , and `` tactless '' . Oh said of her character : `` I 've always tried to play Cristina with a tremendous amount of focus and ambition -- which is the reality for a female surgeon . I mean , in real life there are n't many of them . But the ones you encounter are at the very top of their game . You have to have a kind of ascetic personality to survive . '' James Pickens , Jr. who portrays Dr. Webber said : `` That character itself set a bar in terms of how we look at millennial women : independent yet vulnerable , seriously competitive yet caring . '' Rhimes referred to Yang 's relationship with Burke by the portmanteau `` Burktina '' , citing `` Losing My Religion '' as one of her favorite episodes featuring them because it shows their evolution from the beginning of the second season to its end . Kevin McKidd 's character was introduced as a love interest for Yang . Rhimes commented , `` ( We see ) her struggle to suppress all of her humanity in pursuit of perfection . And in my mind , what we realize is that she is not cold . She is terrified . Scared that if she lets her emotions out , they will overtake her and she will be hurt . And you ca n't hate her . Because it 's so incredibly human and understandable . '' Yang 's friendship with Meredith has been looked upon as `` sisterhood '' , and Yang has repeatedly referred to the former as `` her person '' . This led to the two being dubbed `` the twisted sisters '' . At the conclusion of season three , the duo went on a `` honeymoon '' together , and Rhimes called it her favorite detail of the finale . New York magazine wrote of the character : `` There 's probably no woman on TV right now more single - mindedly dedicated to her career than Cristina . It has long been her defining characteristic . If it occasionally makes her into a caricature , it has also unquestionably established that she would have an abortion in this circumstance . '' Talking about Yang 's abortion in the eighth season , Rhimes explained she intended Yang to have an abortion already in the second season but changed it with an ectopic pregnancy at the suggestion of one of her writers because `` that was so much more interesting , story-wise '' . As for the abortion in the eighth season , Rhimes commented : `` I really wanted Cristina Yang to stay true to who Cristina Yang is . And I feel like that is a character who has never really wanted to be a mother . The idea that this woman would have a child that she did not want and resented for ruining her career and resented Owen for making her have ( it ) would have been hideous . ( The abortion ) made sense for the character . '' Discussing his onscreen relationship with Yang , McKidd said : `` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . '' On the topic of Yang 's triumphs and challenges in the eighth season , Oh said : `` It has been an extremely challenging year that has had a lot of ups and downs , both challenging and exhilarating . We would shoot all our scenes for a day or two straight , and that was extremely challenging because emotionally and physically it becomes really exhausting . '' Oh said of Yang 's expressions of emotions during season eight : `` You see her express her emotions with only two people : her best friend Meredith and her husband Owen . To see someone being pulled apart so intensely , which honestly most everyone goes through in their life in some ways , if you 're lucky you 're completely pulled apart and then you have to pull yourself together , which hopefully will be the exploration within hopefully the next season . '' Although the characters ' marriage is tested , McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter : `` I think they 're meant for each other . I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen , even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show . It 's going to get worse but it 's going to get better soon . '' Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Isaiah Washington 's character 's relationship with Yang was positively received . The character was well received by the critics at the time of its inception and as the series went on the reviews became increasingly positive and Cristina went on the become an iconic character not just for Grey 's but for television itself . Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang `` the best damn character '' of the series . Yang appeared in Comcast 's list of TV 's Most Intriguing Characters , with the website commenting that she is `` an engaging yet comedic factor for the prime - time soap Grey 's Anatomy . '' Philadelphia Magazine included Yang in its list of the `` 10 Best Doctors on Television '' . However , the same periodical listed her as one of `` The 12 Most Annoying Women on TV '' . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considers her friendship with Meredith to be `` the secret core of Grey 's and perhaps creator Shonda Rhimes ' greatest contribution to prime time . '' The Huffington Post 's writer Kelli Catana agreed , saying : `` the Meredith / Yang relationship is probably the most true friendship on network television . '' Their friendship was listed in AOL TV 's `` Top 20 : TV 's Best BFFs '' and in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Best TV Bromances / Gal Pals '' . Yahoo ! Voices also put Yang on their list of `` The Most Loyal TV Best Friends of All Time '' . Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is `` the only one of these five ( residents ) that regularly acts like an actual doctor '' . Yang 's relationship with Burke was positively received ; it was considered as `` one of the most interesting relationships on the show '' . Similarly , The Orange County Register wrote that their romance became `` one of the most touching and funny attractions of Grey 's Anatomy . '' Christopher Monfette of IGN was critical of their wedding planning in the third season , saying : `` The will - they 's and wo n't - they 's fly and fall like hobbled pigeons until the season finale when the show solves both its personal and professional problems in the most obvious and least compelling of ways . '' UGO.com placed their break - up on its list of the most horrible TV breakups . In 2009 , Monfette said of Yang 's relationship with Owen : `` ( Hunt 's ) interactions with Cristina were perfectly balanced for optimum drama , never together and never apart for so long that the back - and - forth became frustrating . Viewers could clearly see a softening of the typically hard - edged Cristina , a pleasant change for what had become something of a one - note character . '' Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly also praised the pairing , especially in `` Elevator Love Letter '' , saying : `` As good as they 've been at amping up the romance crackling between Owen and Cristina , Kevin McKidd and Sandra Oh brought the Emmy consideration tonight from scene 1 . '' She also added : `` I loved seeing Cristina at least try to stand by her man . '' Of Yang and Owen 's wedding , Armstrong said : `` Glad we made a clean disposal of the Teddy - Owen - Cristina love triangle , though , when he quipped to Teddy , `` I heard there 's a guy , '' and she said she was happy for him . '' She also praised Owen 's proposal scene , giving it an `` A '' . Later , she praised their marriage , saying : `` I am absolutely loving the stronger - than - ever lady - bond between these two this season . Is it because they 're both married now ? Just growing up ? Whatever , it 's the opposite of Blair and Serena 's annoyingly fickle frenemy status on Gossip Girl , and I ca n't get enough . '' New York Magazine praised the abortion storyline , saying that the show `` was brave enough to do what almost no other series will : show this one particular , totally legal medical procedure on TV '' and that the abortion was `` the only plausible resolution '' for Yang 's pregnancy . Tanner Stransky , also of Entertainment Weekly , said of Yang 's actions after Owen 's affair : `` It alternately seems silly and not silly , when you really think about it . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Yang 's storylines in the eighth season , saying : `` Their stories are effectively tied into that of a patient whose ability to move forward is complicated by a complex response to a hideous past . '' HitFix writer Liane Bonin Starr applauded Yang 's brief departure from Seattle Grace to Mayo Clinic in the ninth season , which was `` interesting '' as `` it showed us a new side of her -- and after so many seasons , that was some welcome insight . '' The relation between Meredith and Cristina has been acclaimed and been a highlight of the show . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the friendship to be `` the secret core of Grey 's '' . Aisha Harris of Slate called their relation The Best Female Friendship on TV adding that `` With those two characters , showrunner Shonda Rhimes and her team of writers created one of the most nuanced and realistic portrayals of female friendship on television . '' Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly called Cristina and Meredith the best female friends on TV because `` they do n't try to be '' . There 's nothing fake about them , which is a rarity in how female friends are portrayed on television . She further went on to call them ' soulmates ' , `` And even though they 'd never dare get sappy enough to say it , they 're soul mates . Margaret Lyons of Vulture ( magazine ) called the friendship `` dream BFF relationship . '' and the primary focus of the show , `` One of the series ' calling cards has been its depiction of female friendship and particularly the primacy that friendship enjoyed over romantic relationships . '' E ! at the time of Sandra Oh 's exit wrote , `` In Grey 's Anatomy 's 10 - year history , the doctor duo has been through a lot together : weddings , deaths , plane crashes , bomb threats , shooting , you name it , they 've lived ( and danced ) through it . '' and added , `` And with the three words , `` You 're my person . '' Cristina Yang and Meredith Grey solidified their status as the small screen 's best best friends ever . '' Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Oh received five straight nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards from 2005 -- 09 . Oh has received numerous awards and nominations for her portrayal of Yang . In 2005 , she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she was nominated for every year until 2009 . Also in 2005 , she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 10th Satellite Awards . The next year , the cast won the Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series . In 2006 , Oh won the award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2006 , the cast was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , which they won in 2007 , and were nominated for again the following year . Also at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Oh won the award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . In 2010 , Oh was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series at the 41st NAACP Image Awards , which she was nominated for again in 2012 , and in 2011 , she was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards . In 2011 , Oh was nominated for Favorite TV Drama Actress and Favorite TV Doctor at the 37th People 's Choice Awards an award she was nominated again for three years later at the 40th People 's Choice Awards and also the subsequent year at the 41st People 's Choice Awards . She was also nominated alongside Pompeo for the Favorite TV Gal Pals category . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2013/08/13/greys-anatomy-sandra-oh-leaving-cristina-yang/ ^ Jump up to : Oakley , Colleen . `` Interview with Shonda Rhimes '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . 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Time Inc . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Since ' Grey 's ' , Shonda Rhimes ' work has taken a turn for the worse '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liane Bonin Starr ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Does Meredith Grey need to get fired ? '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/14/grey_s_anatomy_season_finale_ends_meredith_and_cristina_s_friendship_the.html Jump up ^ http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/05/14/greys-anatomy-meredith-cristina/ Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2013/12/meredith-cristina-greys-anatomy-fight.html Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/538821/grey-s-anatomy-we-dare-you-not-to-cry-during-this-tribute-to-cristina-and-meredith-s-epic-friendship Jump up ^ `` Sandra Oh '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2005 '' . Whose Dated Who . Lucy Media . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Satellite Awards '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` 41st NAACP Image Award Nominations '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards nominees announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Zack ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Nominees Announced for 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2011 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Cristina Yang at ABC.com Cristina Yang on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristina_Yang&oldid=801522618 '' Categories : Dyslexia in fiction Fictional American Jews Fictional American people of Korean descent Fictional characters from Los Angeles County Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters with dyslexia Fictional female doctors Atheism in television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what season did christina yang leave grey anatomy	[ "Oh originally auditioned for the role of Miranda Bailey, although Chandra Wilson was ultimately cast in the part. Oh has received generally positive reviews for her portrayal, with Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considering her friendship with Meredith to be \"the secret core of Grey's\". Oh has also garnered numerous awards and nominations for her role as Yang, including Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award wins in 2006. She was additionally nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series each year, from 2005 to 2009. Characterizing the character, ABC noted her competitiveness, ambition, and intelligence as her main traits, while her aggressive, and tactless attitude was highlighted as her main weakness. In May 2012, E! Online reported that Oh had signed on for two more years, along with her fellow cast members. Oh left the show after season 10, and her character Cristina Yang was written out of the storyline as a main cast member.[1]" ]	[ "season 10" ]
-6366519421858156335	Hicky's Bengal Gazette	Hicky 's Bengal Gazette - wikipedia Hicky 's Bengal Gazette Jump to : navigation , search Hicky 's Bengal Gazette Front page of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette , March 10 , 1781 , from the University of Heidelberg 's archives . Type Weekly newspaper Publisher James Augustus Hicky Founded January 29 , 1780 Ceased publication March 23 , 1782 Headquarters 67 Radha Bazar Kolkata , India Country India Media of India List of newspapers Hicky 's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata ( then Calcutta ) , the capital of British India . It was the first newspaper printed in Asia , and was published for two years , before the East India Company seized the newspaper 's types and printing press . Founded by James Augustus Hicky , a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in jail for debt , the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of the Governor General Warren Hastings . The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism well before its time and its fight for free expression in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Newspaper history 2 Editorial Policy 3 Contemporary views 4 Legacy 5 Surviving Copies 6 References 7 External links Newspaper history ( edit ) Hicky began publication of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette on January 29 , 1780 , having first printed a prospectus announcing that he would begin printing a newspaper . The idea of printing a newspaper in India had been first floated twelve years earlier by the Dutch Adventurer William Bolts , but Hicky was to execute the concept . Hicky first maintained a neutral editing policy ( his slogan was `` Open to all Parties , but Influenced by None '' ) but after he learned that competitors with ties to the East India Company were intending to launch a rival newspaper , The India Gazette , he changed his editorial stance . Hicky accused an East India Company employee , Simeon Droz , of supporting the India Gazette as punishment for Hicky 's refusal to pay a bribe to Droz and Marian Hastings , Warren Hastings ' wife . In retaliation for Hicky 's accusation , Hastings ' Supreme Council forbid Hicky from mailing his newspaper through the post office . Hicky claimed Hastings ' order violated his right to free expression , and accused Hastings of corruption , tyranny , and even erectile dysfunction . Hicky also accused other British leaders in Calcutta of corruption , including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William , Elijah Impey of taking bribes , and the leader of the Protestant Mission , Johann Zacharias Kiernander of stealing from an orphaned children 's fund . Hicky 's editorial independence was short lived as Hastings and Kiernander sued him for libel . After four dramatic trials in June 1781 , the Supreme Court found Hicky guilty and sentenced him to jail . Hicky continued to print his newspaper from jail , and continued to accuse Hastings and others of corruption . He was finally suppressed when Hastings instituted fresh law suits against him . Hicky 's Bengal Gazette ceased publication on March 23 , 1782 when its types were seized by an order of the Supreme Court . Editorial policy ( edit ) Hicky 's Bengal Gazette was known for its sarcastic and provocative writing style . Unlike many newspapers of its time , the newspaper discussed taboo topics like female masturbation , and proto - class consciousness , arguing for the rights of the poor and the right to taxation with representation . It was strongly anti-war and anti-colonial and routinely ridiculed East India Company leadership for their expansionist and imperialist objectives . Contemporary views ( edit ) The memoirist William Hickey ( who , confusingly , was not in fact related to the paper 's founder ) describes its establishment shortly after he had succeeded ( in his capacity as an attorney - at - law ) in having James Hicky released from debtor 's jail : `` At the time I first saw Hicky he had been about seven years in India . During his confinement he met with a treatise upon printing , from which he collected sufficient information to commence ( as a ) printer , there never having been a press in Calcutta ... it occurred to Hicky that great benefit might arise from setting on foot a public newspaper , nothing of that kind ever having appeared . Upon his types &c. , therefore reaching him , he issued proposals for printing a weekly paper , which , meeting with extraordinary encouragement , he speedily issued his first work . As a novelty every person read it , and was delighted . Possessing a fund of low wit , his paper abounded with proof of that talent . He had also a happy knack at applying appropriate nicknames and relating satirical anecdotes '' . Hicky benefited little from the paper , as William Hickey further tells us that he allowed it `` to become the channel of personal invective , and the most scurrilous abuse of individuals of all ranks , high and low , rich and poor , many were attacked in the most wanton and cruel manner ... His utter ruin was the consequence '' . Legacy ( edit ) Hicky 's Bengal Gazette was the first English - language newspaper , and indeed the first printed newspaper , to be published in both the Indian sub-continent and Asia as a whole . The newspaper became very famous not only among the British soldiers posted in India at that time but also inspired the Indians to write newspapers of their own . Pages of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette from the British Library Surviving copies ( edit ) Five archives are known to have copies ( all incomplete ) of Hicky 's Bengal Gazette : University of Melbourne University of Heidelberg National Library of India High Court of Calcutta ( only an extraordinary issue dated June 25 , 1781 . No other archive has this issue ) British Library References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Memoirs of William Hickey Vol. II ( 1775 - 1782 ) , London : Hurst & Blackett , 1918 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Memoirs , Vol. II , p. 176 . External links ( edit ) Hicky 's Bengal Gazette - online Newspaper copy from British Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hicky%27s_Bengal_Gazette&oldid=800787877 '' Categories : Publications established in 1780 Publications disestablished in 1782 Defunct weekly newspapers Defunct newspapers of India English - language newspapers History of Kolkata Culture of Kolkata English - language newspapers published in India Gazettes Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी پنجابی Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 34 . About Wikipedia	which is the first english newspaper in india	[ "Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata (then Calcutta), the capital of British India. It was the first newspaper printed in Asia, and was published for two years, before the East India Company seized the newspaper's types and printing press. Founded by James Augustus Hicky, a highly eccentric Irishman who had previously spent two years in jail for debt, the newspaper was a strong critic of the administration of the Governor General Warren Hastings. The newspaper was important for its provocative journalism well before its time and its fight for free expression in India." ]	[ "Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser" ]
-2150971437534238650	Dictionary	Dictionary - wikipedia Dictionary Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dictionary ( disambiguation ) . English - English and English - Persian dictionaries A dictionary , sometimes known as a wordbook , is a collection of words in one or more specific languages , often arranged alphabetically ( or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages ) , which may include information on definitions , usage , etymologies , phonetics , pronunciations , translation , etc. or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another , sometimes known as a lexicon . It is a lexicographical product which shows inter-relationships among the data . A broad distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries . Specialized dictionaries include words in specialist fields , rather than a complete range of words in the language . Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words , although there is no consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study . In theory , general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological , mapping word to definition , while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be onomasiological , first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them . In practice , the two approaches are used for both types . There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction , for instance bilingual ( translation ) dictionaries , dictionaries of synonyms ( thesauri ) , and rhyming dictionaries . The word dictionary ( unqualified ) is usually understood to refer to a general purpose monolingual dictionary . There is also a contrast between prescriptive or descriptive dictionaries ; the former reflect what is seen as correct use of the language while the latter reflect recorded actual use . Stylistic indications ( e.g. `` informal '' or `` vulgar '' ) in many modern dictionaries are also considered by some to be less than objectively descriptive . A multi-volume Latin dictionary by Egidio Forcellini . Although the first recorded dictionaries date back to Sumerian times ( these were bilingual dictionaries ) , the systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest themselves is a 20th - century enterprise , called lexicography , and largely initiated by Ladislav Zgusta . The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy , the practical dictionary - makers being sometimes accused by others of `` astonishing '' lack of method and critical - self reflection . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 English Dictionaries in Britain 1.2 American English dictionaries 2 Types 2.1 Specialized dictionaries 2.2 Defining dictionaries 2.3 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 2.4 Dictionaries for natural language processing 2.5 Other types 3 Pronunciation 4 Examples 4.1 Major English dictionaries 4.2 Dictionaries of other languages 5 Online dictionaries 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The oldest known dictionaries were Akkadian Empire cuneiform tablets with bilingual Sumerian -- Akkadian wordlists , discovered in Ebla ( modern Syria ) and dated roughly 2300 BCE . The early 2nd millennium BCE Urra = hubullu glossary is the canonical Babylonian version of such bilingual Sumerian wordlists . A Chinese dictionary , the c. 3rd century BCE Erya , was the earliest surviving monolingual dictionary ; although some sources cite the c. 800 BCE Shizhoupian as a `` dictionary '' , modern scholarship considers it a calligraphic compendium of Chinese characters from Zhou dynasty bronzes . Philitas of Cos ( fl . 4th century BCE ) wrote a pioneering vocabulary Disorderly Words ( Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι , Átaktoi glôssai ) which explained the meanings of rare Homeric and other literary words , words from local dialects , and technical terms . Apollonius the Sophist ( fl . 1st century CE ) wrote the oldest surviving Homeric lexicon . The first Sanskrit dictionary , the Amarakośa , was written by Amara Sinha c. 4th century CE . Written in verse , it listed around 10,000 words . According to the Nihon Shoki , the first Japanese dictionary was the long - lost 682 CE Niina glossary of Chinese characters . The oldest existing Japanese dictionary , the c. 835 CE Tenrei Banshō Meigi , was also a glossary of written Chinese . In Frahang - i Pahlavig , Aramaic heterograms are listed together with their translation in Middle Persian language and phonetic transcription in Pazand alphabet . A 9th - century CE Irish dictionary , Sanas Cormaic , contained etymologies and explanations of over 1,400 Irish words . In India around 1320 , Amir Khusro compiled the Khaliq - e-bari which mainly dealt with Hindustani and Persian words . The French - language Petit Larousse is an example of an illustrated dictionary . Arabic dictionaries were compiled between the 8th and 14th centuries CE , organizing words in rhyme order ( by the last syllable ) , by alphabetical order of the radicals , or according to the alphabetical order of the first letter ( the system used in modern European language dictionaries ) . The modern system was mainly used in specialist dictionaries , such as those of terms from the Qur'an and hadith , while most general use dictionaries , such as the Lisan al - ` Arab ( 13th century , still the best - known large - scale dictionary of Arabic ) and al - Qamus al - Muhit ( 14th century ) listed words in the alphabetical order of the radicals . The Qamus al - Muhit is the first handy dictionary in Arabic , which includes only words and their definitions , eliminating the supporting examples used in such dictionaries as the Lisan and the Oxford English Dictionary . 1612 Vocabolario dell'Accademia della Crusca In medieval Europe , glossaries with equivalents for Latin words in vernacular or simpler Latin were in use ( e.g. the Leiden Glossary ) . The Catholicon ( 1287 ) by Johannes Balbus , a large grammatical work with an alphabetical lexicon , was widely adopted . It served as the basis for several bilingual dictionaries and was one of the earliest books ( in 1460 ) to be printed . In 1502 Ambrogio Calepino 's Dictionarium was published , originally a monolingual Latin dictionary , which over the course of the 16th century was enlarged to become a multilingual glossary . In 1532 Robert Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae latinae and in 1572 his son Henri Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae graecae , which served up to the 19th century as the basis of Greek lexicography . The first monolingual dictionary written in Europe was the Spanish , written by Sebastián Covarrubias ' Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española , published in 1611 in Madrid , Spain . In 1612 the first edition of the Vocabolario dell'Accademia della Crusca , for Italian , was published . It served as the model for similar works in French and English . In 1690 in Rotterdam was published , posthumously , the Dictionnaire Universel by Antoine Furetière for French . In 1694 appeared the first edition of the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française . Between 1712 and 1721 was published the Vocabulario portughez e latino written by Raphael Bluteau . The Real Academia Española published the first edition of the Diccionario de la lengua española in 1780 , but their Diccionario de Autoridades , which included quotes taken from literary works , was published in 1726 . The Totius Latinitatis lexicon by Egidio Forcellini was firstly published in 1777 ; it has formed the basis of all similar works that have since been published . The first edition of A Greek - English Lexicon by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott appeared in 1843 ; this work remained the basic dictionary of Greek until the end of the 20th century . And in 1858 was published the first volume of the Deutsches Wörterbuch by the Brothers Grimm ; the work was completed in 1961 . Between 1861 and 1874 was published the Dizionario della lingua italiana by Niccolò Tommaseo . Between 1862 and 1874 was published the six volumes of A magyar nyelv szótára ( Dictionary of Hungarian Language ) by Gergely Czuczor and János Fogarasi . Émile Littré published the Dictionnaire de la langue française between 1863 and 1872 . In the same year 1863 appeared the first volume of the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal which was completed in 1998 . Also in 1863 Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl published the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language . The Duden dictionary dates back to 1880 , and is currently the prescriptive source for the spelling of German . The decision to start work on the Svenska Akademiens ordbok was taken in 1787 . English dictionaries in britain ( edit ) The earliest dictionaries in the English language were glossaries of French , Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English . The word `` dictionary '' was invented by an Englishman called John of Garland in 1220 -- he had written a book Dictionarius to help with Latin `` diction '' . An early non-alphabetical list of 8000 English words was the Elementarie , created by Richard Mulcaster in 1582 . The first purely English alphabetical dictionary was A Table Alphabeticall , written by English schoolteacher Robert Cawdrey in 1604 . The only surviving copy is found at the Bodleian Library in Oxford . This dictionary , and the many imitators which followed it , was seen as unreliable and nowhere near definitive . Philip Stanhope , 4th Earl of Chesterfield was still lamenting in 1754 , 150 years after Cawdrey 's publication , that it is `` a sort of disgrace to our nation , that hitherto we have had no ... standard of our language ; our dictionaries at present being more properly what our neighbors the Dutch and the Germans call theirs , word - books , than dictionaries in the superior sense of that title . '' In 1616 , John Bullokar described the history of the dictionary with his `` English Expositor '' . Glossographia by Thomas Blount , published in 1656 , contains more than 10,000 words along with their etymologies or histories . Edward Phillips wrote another dictionary in 1658 , entitled `` The New World of English Words : Or a General Dictionary '' which boldly plagiarized Blount 's work , and the two renounced each other . This created more interest in the dictionaries . John Wilkins ' 1668 essay on philosophical language contains a list of 11,500 words with careful distinctions , compiled by William Lloyd . Elisha Coles published his `` English Dictionary '' in 1676 . It was not until Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language ( 1755 ) that a more reliable English dictionary was produced . Many people today mistakenly believe that Johnson wrote the first English dictionary : a testimony to this legacy . By this stage , dictionaries had evolved to contain textual references for most words , and were arranged alphabetically , rather than by topic ( a previously popular form of arrangement , which meant all animals would be grouped together , etc . ) . Johnson 's masterwork could be judged as the first to bring all these elements together , creating the first `` modern '' dictionary . Johnson 's dictionary remained the English - language standard for over 150 years , until the Oxford University Press began writing and releasing the Oxford English Dictionary in short fascicles from 1884 onwards . It took nearly 50 years to complete this huge work , and they finally released the complete OED in twelve volumes in 1928 . It remains the most comprehensive and trusted English language dictionary to this day , with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months . One of the main contributors to this modern dictionary was an ex-army surgeon , William Chester Minor , a convicted murderer who was confined to an asylum for the criminally insane . American English dictionaries ( edit ) In 1806 , American Noah Webster published his first dictionary , A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language . In 1807 Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary , An American Dictionary of the English Language ; it took twenty - seven years to complete . To evaluate the etymology of words , Webster learned twenty - six languages , including Old English ( Anglo - Saxon ) , German , Greek , Latin , Italian , Spanish , French , Hebrew , Arabic , and Sanskrit . Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris , France , and at the University of Cambridge . His book contained seventy thousand words , of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before . As a spelling reformer , Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex , so his dictionary introduced American English spellings , replacing `` colour '' with `` color '' , substituting `` wagon '' for `` waggon '' , and printing `` center '' instead of `` centre '' . He also added American words , like `` skunk '' and `` squash '' , that did not appear in British dictionaries . At the age of seventy , Webster published his dictionary in 1828 ; it sold 2500 copies . In 1840 , the second edition was published in two volumes . Types ( edit ) In a general dictionary , each word may have multiple meanings . Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order , with the oldest usage first . In many languages , words can appear in many different forms , but only the undeclined or unconjugated form appears as the headword in most dictionaries . Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book , but some newer dictionaries , like StarDict and the New Oxford American Dictionary are dictionary software running on PDAs or computers . There are also many online dictionaries accessible via the Internet . Specialized dictionaries ( edit ) Main article : Language for specific purposes dictionary According to the Manual of Specialized Lexicographies a ( ( specialized dictionary ) , ) ( also referred to as a technical dictionary ) is a dictionary that focuses upon a specific subject field . Following the description , in The Bilingual LSP Dictionary , lexicographers categorize specialized dictionaries into three types . A multi-field dictionary broadly covers several subject fields ( e.g. a business dictionary ) , a single - field dictionary narrowly covers one particular subject field ( e.g. law ) , and a sub-field dictionary covers a more specialised field ( e.g. constitutional law ) . For example , the 23 - language Inter-Active Terminology for Europe is a multi-field dictionary , the American National Biography is a single - field , and the African American National Biography Project is a sub-field dictionary . In terms of the above coverage distinction between `` minimizing dictionaries '' and `` maximizing dictionaries '' , multi-field dictionaries tend to minimize coverage across subject fields ( for instance , Oxford Dictionary of World Religions and Yadgar Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms ) whereas single - field and sub-field dictionaries tend to maximize coverage within a limited subject field ( The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology ) . A ' phonetic dictionary is one ) that allows the reader to locate words by the `` way they sound '' , i.e. a dictionary that matches common or phonetic misspellings with the correct spelling of a word ; such a dictionary uses pronunciation respelling to aid the search for or recognition of a word , and differs from a pronouncing dictionary , such as the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary , which maps from a written word to its pronunciation in a chosen dialect . Another variant is the glossary , an alphabetical list of defined terms in a specialized field , such as medicine ( medical dictionary ) . Defining dictionaries ( edit ) The simplest dictionary , a defining dictionary , provides a core glossary of the simplest meanings of the simplest concepts . From these , other concepts can be explained and defined , in particular for those who are first learning a language . In English , the commercial defining dictionaries typically include only one or two meanings of under 2000 words . With these , the rest of English , and even the 4000 most common English idioms and metaphors , can be defined . Prescriptive vs. descriptive ( edit ) Lexicographers apply two basic philosophies to the defining of words : prescriptive or descriptive . Noah Webster , intent on forging a distinct identity for the American language , altered spellings and accentuated differences in meaning and pronunciation of some words . This is why American English now uses the spelling color while the rest of the English - speaking world prefers colour . ( Similarly , British English subsequently underwent a few spelling changes that did not affect American English ; see further at American and British English spelling differences . ) Large 20th - century dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) and Webster 's Third are descriptive , and attempt to describe the actual use of words . Most dictionaries of English now apply the descriptive method to a word 's definition , and then , outside of the definition itself , and information alerting readers to attitudes which may influence their choices on words often considered vulgar , offensive , erroneous , or easily confused . Merriam - Webster is subtle , only adding italicized notations such as , sometimes offensive or stand ( nonstandard ) . American Heritage goes further , discussing issues separately in numerous `` usage notes . '' Encarta provides similar notes , but is more prescriptive , offering warnings and admonitions against the use of certain words considered by many to be offensive or illiterate , such as , `` an offensive term for ... '' or `` a taboo term meaning ... '' . Because of the widespread use of dictionaries in schools , and their acceptance by many as language authorities , their treatment of the language does affect usage to some degree , with even the most descriptive dictionaries providing conservative continuity . In the long run , however , the meanings of words in English are primarily determined by usage , and the language is being changed and created every day . As Jorge Luis Borges says in the prologue to `` El otro , el mismo '' : `` It is often forgotten that ( dictionaries ) are artificial repositories , put together well after the languages they define . The roots of language are irrational and of a magical nature . '' Sometimes the same dictionary can be descriptive in some domains and prescriptive in others . For example , according to Ghil'ad Zuckermann , the Oxford English - Hebrew Dictionary is `` at war with itself '' : whereas its coverage ( lexical items ) and glosses ( definitions ) are descriptive and colloquial , its vocalization is prescriptive . This internal conflict results in absurd sentences such as hi taharóg otí kshetiré me asíti lamkhonít ( she 'll tear me apart when she sees what I 've done to the car ) . Whereas hi taharóg otí , literally ' she will kill me ' , is colloquial , me ( a variant of ma ' what ' ) is archaic , resulting in a combination that is unutterable in real life . Dictionaries for natural language processing ( edit ) In contrast to traditional dictionaries , which are designed to be used by human beings , dictionaries for natural language processing ( NLP ) are built to be used by computer programs . The final user is a human being but the direct user is a program . Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper . The structure of the content is not linear , ordered entry by entry but has the form of a complex network ( see Diathesis alternation ) . Because most of these dictionaries are used to control machine translations or cross-lingual information retrieval ( CLIR ) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size . In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries , an ISO standard called Lexical Markup Framework ( LMF ) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community . Further information : Machine - readable dictionary Other types ( edit ) Bilingual dictionary Electronic dictionary Encyclopedic dictionary Monolingual learner 's dictionary Advanced learner 's dictionary By sound Rhyming dictionary Reverse dictionary Visual dictionary Satirical dictionary Pronunciation ( edit ) Main articles : International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects and Pronunciation respelling for English In many languages , such as the English language , the pronunciation of some words is not apparent from their spelling . In these languages , dictionaries usually provide the pronunciation . For example , the definition for the word dictionary might be followed by the International Phonetic Alphabet spelling / ˈdɪkʃənɛri / . American English dictionaries often use their own pronunciation respelling systems with diacritics , for example dictionary is respelled as `` dĭk ′ shə - nĕr ′ ē '' in the American Heritage Dictionary . The IPA is more commonly used within the British Commonwealth countries . Yet others use their own pronunciation respelling systems without diacritics : for example , dictionary may be respelled as DIK - shə - nair - ee . Some online or electronic dictionaries provide audio recordings of words being spoken . Examples ( edit ) Major English dictionaries ( edit ) A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson ( prescriptive ) The American College Dictionary by Clarence L. Barnhart The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Black 's Law Dictionary , a law dictionary Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Canadian Oxford Dictionary Century Dictionary Chambers Dictionary Collins English Dictionary Concise Oxford English Dictionary Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English / Longman Macmillan Dictionary Macquarie Dictionary , a dictionary of Australian English Merriam - Webster , a dictionary of American English New Oxford Dictionary of English Oxford Dictionary of English Oxford English Dictionary ( descriptive ) Random House Dictionary of the English Language Further information : Comparison of English dictionaries Dictionaries of other languages ( edit ) Histories and descriptions of the dictionaries of other languages include : Arabic dictionaries Chinese dictionaries Dehkhoda Dictionary ( Persian Language ) Dutch dictionaries French dictionaries German dictionaries Japanese dictionaries Scottish Gaelic dictionaries Scottish Language Dictionaries Sindhi Language Dictionaries Yoruba Language Dictionaries Online dictionaries ( edit ) The age of the Internet brought online dictionaries to the desktop and , more recently , to the smart phone . David Skinner in 2013 noted that `` Among the top ten lookups on Merriam - Webster Online at this moment are ' holistic , pragmatic , caveat , esoteric ' and ' bourgeois . ' Teaching users about words they do n't already know has been , historically , an aim of lexicography , and modern dictionaries do this well . '' There exist a number of websites which operate as online dictionaries , usually with a specialized focus . Some of them have exclusively user driven content , often consisting of neologisms . Some of the more notable examples include : Double - Tongued Dictionary ( user generated content ) Free On - line Dictionary of Computing LEO ( website ) Logos Dictionary Pseudodictionary ( exclusively user - defined neologisms , with humorous intent ) dict.cc Dictionary.com Urban Dictionary ( much of the content ephemeral slang terminology , some with sources ) Wiktionary ( multilingual dictionary , a Wikimedia Foundation project ) WordNet WWWJDIC ( online Japanese dictionary ) Further information : List of online dictionaries See also ( edit ) Books portal Centre for Lexicography COBUILD , a large corpus of English text Corpus linguistics DICT , the dictionary server protocol Dictionary Society of North America Encyclopedia Fictitious entry Foreign language writing aid Lexicographic error Lexicography Lexigraf Lists of dictionaries Thesaurus Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Webster 's New World College Dictionary , Fourth Edition , 2002 Jump up ^ Nielsen , Sandro ( 2008 ) . `` The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use '' . Lexikos. 18 : 170 -- 189 . ISSN 1684 - 4904 . Jump up ^ A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , pp. 155 -- 157 ^ Jump up to : A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ A Practical Guide to Lexicography , Sterkenburg 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ R.R.K. Hartmann ( 2003 ) . Lexicography : Dictionaries , compilers , critics , and users . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25366 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dictionary -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Peter Bing ( 2003 ) . `` The unruly tongue : Philitas of Cos as scholar and poet '' . Classical Philology. 98 ( 4 ) : 330 -- 348 . doi : 10.1086 / 422370 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Omar . `` Chasing Khusro '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ḳāmūs '' , J. Eckmann , Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd ed. , Brill Jump up ^ Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española , edición integral e ilustrada de Ignacio Arellano y Rafael Zafra , Madrid , Iberoamericana - Vervuert , 2006 , pg . XLIX . Jump up ^ http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ Jump up ^ Mark Forsyth . The etymologicon . / / Icon Books Ltd . London N79DP , 2011 . p. 128 Jump up ^ 1582 -- Mulcaster 's Elementarie , Learning Dictionaries and Meaning , The British Library Jump up ^ A Brief History of English Lexicography Archived 2008 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Peter Erdmann and See - Young Cho , Technische Universität Berlin , 1999 . Jump up ^ Jack Lynch , `` How Johnson 's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary '' ( delivered 25 August 2005 at the Johnson and the English Language conference , Birmingham ) Retrieved July 12 , 2008 , Jump up ^ John P. Considine ( 27 March 2008 ) . Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe : Lexicography and the Making of Heritage . Cambridge University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88674 - 1 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch , `` How Johnson 's Dictionary Became the First Dictionary '' Jump up ^ Simon Winchester , The Surgeon of Crowthorne . Jump up ^ http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ld/pubs/corereference/internal/chd.html Jump up ^ http://www.thesindhtimes.com/education/the-first-english-to-einglis-and-sindh-dictionary-of-computer-and-internet-terms-published/ Jump up ^ Phil Benson ( 2002 ) . Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary . Taylor & Francis . pp. 8 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ingrid Tieken - Boon van Ostade ; Wim van der Wurff ( 2009 ) . Current Issues in Late Modern English . Peter Lang . pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Ned Halley , The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English Grammar ( 2005 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Zuckermann , Ghil'ad ( 1999 ) . Review of the Oxford English - Hebrew Dictionary , International Journal of Lexicography 12.4 , pp. 325 - 346 . Jump up ^ `` dictionary '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014 . Jump up ^ David Skinner , The Role of a Dictionary in `` Opinionator : Exclusive Online Commentary from the Times '' , The New York Times , May 17 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Bergenholtz , Henning ; Tarp , Sven , eds. ( 1995 ) . Manual of Specialised Lexicography : The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries . Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 90 - 272 - 1612 - 6 . Erdmann , Peter ; Cho , See - Young . `` A Brief History of English Lexicography '' . Technische Universität Berlin . Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Landau , Sidney I. ( 2001 ) ( 1984 ) . Dictionaries : The Art and Craft of Lexicography ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78040 - 3 . Nielsen , Sandro ( 1994 ) . The Bilingual LSP Dictionary : Principles and Practice for Legal Language . Tübingeb : Gunter Narr . ISBN 3 - 8233 - 4533 - 8 . Nielsen , Sandro ( 2008 ) . `` The Effect of Lexicographical Information Costs on Dictionary Making and Use '' . Lexikos. 18 : 170 -- 189 . ISSN 1684 - 4904 . Atkins , B.T.S. & Rundell , Michael ( 2008 ) The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography , Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927771 - 1 Winchester , Simon ( 1998 ) . The Professor and the Madman : A Tale of Murder , Insanity , and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 099486 - X. ( published in the UK as The Surgeon of Crowthorne ) . P.G.J. van Sterkenburg , ed. ( 2003 ) . A practical guide to lexicography . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58811 - 381 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Guy Jean Forgue , `` The Norm in American English , '' Revue Francaise d'Etudes Americaines , Nov 1983 , Vol. 8 Issue 18 , pp 451 -- 461 . An international appreciation of the importance of Webster 's dictionaries in setting the norms of the English language . External links ( edit ) Look up dictionary or wordbook in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Dictionary at DMOZ Glossary of dictionary terms by the Oxford University Press Texts on Wikisource : `` Dictionary '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Dictionary '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Dictionary '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . 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-8089094980082383576	Grey's Anatomy	Grey 's Anatomy - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the textbook , see Gray 's Anatomy . For other uses , see Grey 's Anatomy ( disambiguation ) . `` Grey 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Greys ( disambiguation ) . Grey 's Anatomy Genre Medical drama Romantic drama Created by Shonda Rhimes Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Katherine Heigl Justin Chambers T.R. Knight Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Isaiah Washington Patrick Dempsey Kate Walsh Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Chyler Leigh Brooke Smith Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Kim Raver Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Camilla Luddington Gaius Charles Jerrika Hinton Tessa Ferrer Caterina Scorsone Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Narrated by Ellen Pompeo Theme music composer Psapp Opening theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 , 14 ) Ending theme `` Cosy in the Rocket '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Danny Lux Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 317 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Shonda Rhimes Allan Heinberg Betsy Beers Debbie Allen James D. Parriott Jeannine Renshaw Jeff Rafner Joan Rater Kent Hodder Krista Vernoff Mark Gordon Mark Wilding Marti Noxon Nancy Bordson Peter Horton Rob Corn Stacy McKee Steve Mulholland Tony Phelan William Harper Zoanne Clack Producer ( s ) Ann Kindberg Austin Guzman Ellen Pompeo Elisabeth R. Finch Gabrielle G. Stanton Harry Werksman Jeff Rafner Linda Klein Lisa Taylor Mark Foreman Meg Marinis Mimi Schmir Peter Nowalk Sara E. White Stacy McKee Tammy Ann Casper Tia Napolitano William Harper Zoanne Clack Cinematography Herbert Davis Editor ( s ) Susan Vaill David Greenspan Edward Ornelas Justin Chinn Briana London Sarah Boyd Stacy Katzman Brandi Bradburn Bjorn Myrholt Camera setup Single - camera Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shondaland ( 2005 - present ) ( season 2 - present ) The Mark Gordon Company Touchstone Television ( 2005 - 2007 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 - present ) ( season 4 - present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by Private Practice Station 19 External links Official website The cover of the book after which Grey 's Anatomy was named . Grey 's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27 , 2005 , on American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) as a mid-season replacement . The fictional series focuses on the lives of surgical interns , residents , and attending physicians , as they develop into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives and relationships . The title is a play on Gray 's Anatomy , a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray . Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continues to write for the series ; she is also one of the executive producers , along with Betsy Beers , Mark Gordon , Krista Vernoff , Rob Corn , Mark Wilding , and Allan Heinberg . Although the series is set in Seattle ( at the fictional Seattle Grace , later known as the Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ) , it is filmed primarily in Los Angeles , California . The series was designed to be racially diverse and used color - blind casting . It revolves around the title character , Dr. Meredith Grey , played by Ellen Pompeo , first featured as an intern . The original cast consisted of nine star - billed actors : Pompeo , Sandra Oh , Katherine Heigl , Justin Chambers , T.R. Knight , Chandra Wilson , James Pickens Jr. , Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey . The cast has undergone major changes through the series ' run , with many members leaving and being replaced by others . In its fourteenth season , the show had a large ensemble of fourteen actors , including four characters from the original cast ( Meredith Grey , Alex Karev , Miranda Bailey , and Richard Webber ) . A fourteenth season premiered on September 28 , 2017 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fifteenth season . The series ' success catapulted such long - running cast members as Pompeo , Dempsey , and Oh to worldwide recognition ; they were among the top five highest - earning television actors in 2013 . While the show 's ratings have fallen over the course of its run ( it was once among the overall top 10 shows in the United States ) , it is still one of the highest - rated shows among the 18 -- 49 demographic , and the No. 3 drama on all of broadcast television . The series was the highest revenue - earning show on television , in terms of advertising , in the 2007 - 08 season ; in 2017 , it was ranked tenth on the list . Grey 's Anatomy ranks as ABC 's highest - rated drama in its fourteenth season . Grey 's Anatomy has been well received by critics throughout much of its run , and has been included in various critics ' year - end top ten lists . Since its inception , the show has been described by the media outlets as a television `` phenomenon '' or a `` juggernaut '' , owing to its longevity and dominant ratings . It is considered to have had a significant effect on popular culture and has received numerous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama . It has received thirty - eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including two for Outstanding Drama Series . The cast members have also received several accolades for their respective performances . Grey 's Anatomy is the longest - running scripted primetime show currently airing on ABC , the second - longest scripted primetime ABC show ever , and the second - longest primetime medical drama , after ER . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 2.1 Conception 2.2 Production team 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming locations and technique 3 Series synopsis 3.1 Overview 4 Cast 4.1 Main characters 4.2 Recurring characters 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 5.2 Impact 5.3 U.S. television ratings 5.4 Awards and accolades 6 Broadcast history 6.1 Spin - offs 6.1. 1 Private Practice 6.1. 2 Station 19 6.1. 3 Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team 7 Distribution 8 Merchandise 9 International adaptation 10 Footnotes 11 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , the daughter of an esteemed general surgeon named Ellis Grey , following her acceptance into the residency program at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . During her time as a resident , Grey works alongside her fellow doctors Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , who each struggle to balance personal lives with the hectic work and training schedules . They are overseen during their internship by Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , a senior resident who works for attending Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , the head of neurosurgery and Meredith 's love interest ; Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) , the head of cardio , who becomes Yang 's fiancé ; and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the Chief of Surgery and attending general surgeon , and lover of Ellis Grey decades before . In the sixth season , these residents are joined by Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , former Mercy - West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger . During the first six seasons , Burke , O'Malley and Stevens all depart the series . In addition to Webber , Burke , and Shepherd , the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , as head of OB / GYN , neonatal , and fetal surgery ; Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , a resident who later becomes head of orthopedic surgery , who left Seattle at the end of the twelfth season ; Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , as head of plastics ; Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , as head of trauma ; Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , as head of pediatric surgery , and later head of fetal surgery ; Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as head of cardio ; Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , as head of cardio ; and Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) , Derek 's sister , who is hired to replace him as head of neuro . New young doctors in the residency program include Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . She is killed with Mark Sloan in the season eight finale . Other additions include Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) , who departs near the end of the tenth season , but returns during the thirteenth ; Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , who departs with Yang in the tenth - season finale ; Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , who resigns during season thirteen ; Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , a doctor who begins a romantic relationship with Karev ; Andrew Deluca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) , the love - interest of Meredith 's half - sister Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) , who also serves as head of cardio ; and Benjamin Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist - turned - resident , who has to balance his own desire to succeed with his wife Miranda Bailey 's new role as Chief of Surgery . In Season twelve attending cardio surgeon Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) joins the show . In season thirteen , the hospital sees a shakeup when attending sports medicine / orthopedic surgeon Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) is hired as an educational consultant to revamp the residency program . She is fired following an explosion at the hospital . Production and development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Shonda Rhimes wanted to make a show that she would enjoy watching , and thought it would be interesting to create a show about `` smart women competing against one another '' . When asked how she decided to develop a medical drama , Rhimes responded : `` I was obsessed with the surgery channels . ( ... ) My sisters and I would call each other up and talk about operations we 'd seen on the Discovery Channel . There 's something fascinating about the medical world -- you see things you 'd never imagine , like the fact that doctors talk about their boyfriends or their day while they 're cutting somebody open . So when ABC asked me to write another pilot , the ( operating room ) seemed like the natural setting . '' The series was pitched to ABC Entertainment , who gave the green light . The show was picked up as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal in the 2005 television season . Francie Calfo , executive vice president of development at ABC Entertainment , commented that ABC was looking for a medical show that was unlike the others airing at the time . She pointed out that `` ( m ) edical shows are hard , and it was hard trying to figure out where ours could be different . But where everybody else is speeding up their medical shows , ( Rhimes ) found a way to slow it down , so you get to know the characters . There 's definitely a strong female appeal to it . '' `` ER is high - speed medicine . The camera flies around , adrenaline is rushing . My show is more personal . The idea for the series began when a doctor told me it was incredibly hard to shave her legs in the hospital shower . At first that seemed like a silly detail . But then I thought about the fact that it was the only time and place this woman might have to shave her legs . That 's how hard the work is . '' -- Rhimes on the creation of Grey 's Anatomy Rhimes initially conceived Grey 's Anatomy as a statement against racism . She worked to create a show featuring a racially diverse cast that allowed viewers to relate to characters regardless of race . While creating characters , as well as writing the first script , the series ' writers had no character descriptions in mind , and hoped to cast the best actor available for each part . Rhimes has said that if the network had not allowed to create characters this way , she would have been hesitant about moving forward with the series . Female roles in particular were developed as multi-faceted characters . Rhimes offered her insight on this , `` I wanted to create a world in which you felt as if you were watching very real women . Most of the women I saw on TV did n't seem like people I actually knew . They felt like ideas of what women are . They never got to be nasty or competitive or hungry or angry . They were often just the loving wife or the nice friend . But who gets to be the bitch ? Who gets to be the three - dimensional woman ? '' The show 's title , Grey 's Anatomy , was devised as a play on words : a reference to both Henry Gray 's classic English medical textbook , Gray 's Anatomy ( first published in 1858 and still in print ) , and the title character Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Before the series debuted on March 27 , 2005 , a few early releases were shown to close friends and family of the producers and actors . The show was scheduled to run in the Boston Legal time slot for four weeks . But its high ratings and viewership resulted in ABC keeping it in that slot for the remainder of the season . ABC Entertainment President , Steve McPherson , commented on the scheduling change : `` Ultimately we decided that , without having adequate lead time or marketing dollars to devote to moving either show so late in the season , we 'd continue to let ( Grey 's Anatomy ) build on its tremendous momentum through May . '' Prior to broadcast , it was announced that the show 's title would be changed from Grey 's Anatomy to Complications , although this did not take place . Production team ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy is produced by ShondaLand , in association with The Mark Gordon Company , and ABC Studios ( formerly Touchstone Television ) . Rhimes , Betsy Beers , Krista Vernoff , Mark Gordon , Rob Corn , and Mark Wilding have all served as executive producers throughout the course of the series . In subsequent seasons , Steve Mulholland , Kent Hodder , Nancy Bordson , James D. Parriott , and Peter Horton have also been executive producers , with Allan Heinberg joining the show in 2006 in this role . As of season eight , the executive producers were Rhimes , Beers , Gordon , Vernoff , Corn , Wilding , and Heinberg . Rhimes is the series head writer , or its most prolific writer . She often promotes the show by answering fan questions on her Twitter account . Other members of the writing staff are Vernoff , Wilding , Peter Nowalk , Stacy McKee , William Harper , Zoanne Clack , Tony Phelan , Joan Rater , and Debora Cahn . From the second through seventh seasons , the writers maintained a blog entitled Grey Matter , where the writer of an episode discussed background of the writing . Directors vary by episode , with Rob Corn directing most frequently , followed by Tom Verica . Horton , Edward Ornelas , and Jessica Yu have also directed a substantial number of episodes . Cast members Chandra Wilson and Kevin McKidd have both directed multiple episodes . Grey 's Anatomy has been edited by Susan Vaill since the show 's inception , and David Greenspan was named an editor in 2006 . Casting directors Linda Lowy and John Brace have been a part of the production team since 2005 . Production design is led by Donald Lee Harris , assisted by art director Brian Harms , and costume design is led by Mimi Melgaard . Working alongside Melgaard , Thomas Houchins supervises costumes , Ellen Vieira is the makeup artist , and Jerilynn Stevens serves as a hair stylist . The Director of Photography is Herbert Davis . The music coordinator is Danny Lux . Karen Lisa Pike , M.D. is the on - set medical consultant , alongside Linda Klein , an RN . The production staff is part of a Grey 's Anatomy softball team that competes against other television shows , such as CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . Casting ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members `` She brought this energy that felt very fresh . From the beginning , I 've been shaping Cristina around Sandra a little bit . One of my favorite things to do is take as much of her dialogue out of a scene as possible because she does so much nonverbally . Then I just watch what she manages to do without having a word to say . '' -- Rhimes on Oh 's audition Grey 's Anatomy used a color - blind casting technique , resulting in a racially diverse ensemble . Each role was cast without the character 's race being pre-determined , keeping Rhimes ' vision of diversity . The production staff began casting with the program 's title character , Meredith Grey , which Rhimes said was a difficult role to cast . `` I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile , '' said Rhimes , `` and after a while , they were like , ' We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile . '' The next to be cast , Sandra Oh ( Dr. Cristina Yang ) , was initially invited to audition for the character of Bailey , but pressed to read for the role of Cristina instead . Many actors read for the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd , but when Patrick Dempsey read for the part , `` he was just perfect '' , according to Rhimes . The only character developed with a racial description in mind was Dr. Miranda Bailey , who is portrayed by Chandra Wilson . Her character was first described as a tiny blonde with curly hair , but when Wilson began speaking , Rhimes reported : `` ( Wilson ) is exactly who Miranda is . '' James Pickens Jr. was selected to appear as Dr. Richard Webber in the series ' pilot and first season . Katherine Heigl wanted to portray Dr. Izzie Stevens as a brunette , but was requested to retain her natural blonde for the part . Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Dr. Preston Burke , initially read for the role of Shepherd , but was cast as Burke , because the original actor to play Burke had to withdraw . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as Dr. George O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . Rounding out the season one cast was Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev . Eric Dane originally auditioned for the pilot episode of Grey 's Anatomy , but did not receive a role . The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . They were initially cast as recurring characters , but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season . Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice ; Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode . Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) also joined the show in season two , after making a guest appearance in season one . In October 2006 , Washington allegedly insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an on - set altercation with Dempsey , and ABC terminated Washington 's contract at the end of the third season . Washington returned for a guest appearance in season 10 . At the conclusion of the third season , Walsh departed the show to pursue the Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , Private Practice , but continues to make guest appearances . Chyler Leigh joined the cast as a main character in the fourth season as Dr. Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . Leigh had appeared as a guest star in the final two episodes of the third season . On the selection of Leigh for the role of Lexie , Rhimes said : `` Chyler stood out ... It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' Dr. Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who first appeared on Grey 's Anatomy in the second season , returned as a series regular in the fourth season . Shortly after the announcement that Smith would be a regular member of the cast , Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Ausiello , reported that her character , Hahn , would depart from Grey 's Anatomy on November 6 , 2008 . E ! Online 's Kristin Dos Santos asserted that Smith 's dismissal from the show had been forced by the ABC network , as part of an attempt to `` de-gay '' Grey 's Anatomy . Rhimes countered these claims , saying that `` we did not find that the magic and chemistry with Brooke 's character would sustain in the long run '' . Season five introduced actor Kevin McKidd ( Dr. Owen Hunt ) , who was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc . In addition , Jessica Capshaw ( Dr. Arizona Robbins ) was originally introduced for a three - episode arc , but received a contract extension until the end of the season ; and then was made a series regular in the sixth season . Knight departed the show at the conclusion of season five , citing an unhappiness with the development and lack of screen time for his character . Directly following Knight 's departure , Entertainment Weekly reported that Heigl had not returned to the set as scheduled after her maternity leave . It was later confirmed that Heigl would not return to the show at all . Kim Raver , who was cast as recurring character Dr. Teddy Altman in the sixth season , was given star billing later in the season . Sarah Drew ( Dr. April Kepner ) and Jesse Williams ( Dr. Jackson Avery ) , who both made their series debuts as recurring characters in the sixth season , and received star billing in the seventh . The six original actors ' contracts expired after season eight , but in May 2012 , Pompeo , Oh , Dempsey , Chambers , Wilson , and Pickens renewed their contracts with the show for another two years . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Leigh 's character Lexie Grey departed from the show at Leigh 's request , and with Rhimes ' agreement . Raver 's character Teddy Altman was also written out of the show during the season eight finale . Rhimes said that Raver had been offered a contract renewal , but declined . In July 2012 , Dane ( Sloan ) confirmed that he was departing the show to pursue other projects ; he made his final appearances in the first two episodes of the ninth season . With the start of season 10 , Camilla Luddington , Jerrika Hinton , Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were introduced to the show as series regulars . They were first introduced to the show in season 9 as new interns . On August 13 , 2013 , Oh ( Cristina ) announced that the show 's tenth season would be her final one . In March 2014 it was announced that Isaiah Washington , who portrayed Preston Burke in the first three seasons of the show , would make a guest appearance to coincide with the departure of series regular Sandra Oh , his former on - screen love interest . Neither Charles ' nor Ferrer 's contracts were renewed for season 11 . On May 2 , 2014 it was announced that , in addition to Pompeo and Dempsey , all original remaining cast members -- aside from Sandra Oh -- signed two - year deals , extending their contracts through seasons 11 and 12 . Despite joining the series in its second season , Sara Ramirez is on the same negotiation schedule as the first - season cast and also signed a new two - year deal . On Wednesday , January 17 , 2018 , it was announced by ABC that Ellen Pompeo 's contract had been renewed through season 16 . Not only does the contract renewal insure that Pompeo will return as Meredith Grey , but it makes her a producer of Grey 's Anatomy and a co-executive producer of Station 19 . The deal will make Pompeo the highest paid actress currently on a dramatic TV series , with her making $575,000 per episode and over $20 million yearly . In May 2018 , it was announced that Kim Raver , who made returning guest appearances in season 14 , would once again become a series regular on the series , beginning with its 15th season . Filming locations and technique ( edit ) The Space Needle , in Seattle , is the background to many exterior shots . Rhimes considered setting the medical drama in her hometown , Chicago , but eventually decided to go with Seattle , to distinguish Grey 's Anatomy from the Chicago -- based ER . Fisher Plaza , which is the headquarters building of the former Fisher Communications ( since merged into Sinclair Broadcasting Group ) and SBG 's ABC affiliated KOMO radio and television stations in Seattle , is used for some exterior shots of Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital . In particular , air ambulances land on the KOMO - TV newscopter 's helipad . This suggests the hospital is close to the Space Needle ( which is directly across the street from Fisher Plaza ) , the Seattle Monorail , and other local landmarks . But , the hospital used for most other exterior and a few interior shots is not in Seattle ; these scenes are shot at the VA Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center in North Hills , California , and occasional shots from an interior walkway above the lobby show dry California mountains in the distance . The exterior of Meredith Grey 's house , also known as the Intern House , is real . In the show , the address of Grey 's home is 613 Harper Lane , but this is not an actual address . The physical house is located at 303 W. Comstock St. , on Queen Anne Hill , Seattle , Washington . Most scenes are taped at Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , just east of Hollywood , where the Grey 's Anatomy set occupies six sound stages . Some outside scenes are shot at the Warren G. Magnuson Park in Seattle . Several props used are working medical equipment , including the MRI machine . When asked about operating room scenes , Sarah Drew offered this : We work with Bovine organs , which is cow 's organs . The smell is repulsive and makes us all gag . And we use an actual soldering tool to solder the organs . It smells like burning flesh . There 's also a lot of silicone and blood matter , red jello mixed with blood and chicken fat . It 's pretty gross . Costumes are used to differentiate between attending surgeons , who wear navy blue scrubs , and residents , who wear light blue scrubs . The series is filmed with a single - camera setup , as are many dramas . Grey 's Anatomy is often filmed using the `` walk and talk '' filming technique , popularized on television by series such as St. Elsewhere , ER , and The West Wing . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Title screen Grey 's Anatomy follows the lives of surgical interns and residents at the fictional Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital ( formerly Seattle Grace Hospital , Season 1 -- 6 , Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , Season 6 -- 9 , and then Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital , Season 9 -- present ) , as they gradually develop as seasoned doctors , with the help of their competent attending mentors and chief of surgery . Each installment , typically , begins with a voice - over narrative from Meredith Grey or a season regular , foreshadowing the theme of the episode . Each season tends to represent the physicians ' academic year , with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field . The season will always end with a finale , typically related to a dramatic event such as a death or character departure . Most installments revolve around the doctors ' everyday lives as surgeons , but the show also emphasizes their personal , rather than professional , lives . The series sets aside medical ethic concerns to focus on character development and relationships . Although the physicians treat the illnesses of their patients , often through complex surgeries , they display competitive spirit and seek praise . After arriving at the hospital each morning , residents may argue over who gets the challenge of a certain patient who has arrived that day . A hospital superior assigns cases , often generating tension between the residents and their superiors . Within each episode are shifts from the doctors interacting with their patients , to scenes with their co-workers . Once assigned a case , each doctor diagnoses the patient , with the help of his or her attending physician , which usually leads to surgery . The surgeons tend to form personal connections with their patients , with a patient often conveying a message to his or her doctor , which unintentionally relates to the doctor 's private life . The show displays the growth of relationships between the doctors , either friendly or sexual , which may produce conflicts between their personal and professional lives . Emotional scenes are often accompanied by an indie rock background song , something that has become a hallmark of the series . At the conclusion of each episode , one of the characters delivers another voice - over , typically contrasting or following up on the initial one . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ellen Pompeo Meredith Grey Main Sandra Oh Cristina Yang Main Katherine Heigl Izzie Stevens Main Justin Chambers Alex Karev Main T.R. Knight George O'Malley Main Chandra Wilson Miranda Bailey Main James Pickens , Jr . Richard Webber Main Isaiah Washington Preston Burke Main Guest Patrick Dempsey Derek Shepherd Main Kate Walsh Addison Montgomery Guest Main Special Guest Sara Ramirez Callie Torres Recurring Main Eric Dane Mark Sloan Guest Main Chyler Leigh Lexie Grey Guest Main Brooke Smith Erica Hahn Recurring Guest Main Kevin McKidd Owen Hunt Main Jessica Capshaw Arizona Robbins Recurring Main Kim Raver Teddy Altman Main Recurring Main Sarah Drew April Kepner Recurring Main Jesse Williams Jackson Avery Recurring Main Camilla Luddington Jo Wilson Recurring Main Gaius Charles Shane Ross Recurring Main Jerrika Hinton Stephanie Edwards Recurring Main Tessa Ferrer Leah Murphy Recurring Main Recurring Caterina Scorsone Amelia Shepherd Guest Special Guest Recurring Main Kelly McCreary Maggie Pierce Guest Main Jason George Benjamin Warren Recurring Guest Recurring Main Martin Henderson Nathan Riggs Main Giacomo Gianniotti Andrew DeLuca Guest Main Cast notes * ^ 1 Katherine Heigl is credited as a main cast member from 1x01 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 2 In Season 9 , Eric Dane only appears in 9x01 and 9x02 . From 9x03 , he is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 3 Brooke Smith is credited as a main cast member from 4x05 to 5x07 . From 5x08 , she is not credited as a main cast member and does not appear . * ^ 4 In season 5 , Kevin McKidd is credited as a recurring cast member from 5x01 to 5x13 . From 5x14 , he is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 5 In season 6 , Kim Raver is credited as a recurring cast member from 6x09 to 6x18 . From 6x19 , she is credited as a main cast member . * ^ 6 In season 14 , Martin Henderson only appears from 14x01 to 14x05 . From 14x06 , he is no longer credited as a main cast member and does not appear . The five characters who are first introduced in the series premiere , as surgical interns , are Grey , Karev , O'Malley , Stevens , and Yang . They are initially mentored by Bailey , a senior resident who becomes the hospital 's Chief Resident , and later an attending general surgeon , in season six . The surgical program is initially headed by the Chief of Surgery , Richard Webber , who has a pre-existing personal relationship with Meredith , having had an affair with her mother when Meredith was a child . In Webber 's employ are attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , dubbed ' McDreamy ' by the residents , and attending cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke . Shepherd is introduced as Meredith 's love interest , while Burke begins a relationship with Yang . Introduced in the show 's second season are obstetrician - gynecologist and neonatal surgeon , Addison Montgomery , plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( nicknamed ' McSteamy ' by the interns ) , from New York , and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres . Montgomery is Shepherd 's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him , Sloan is Shepherd 's former best friend , who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery , while Torres is introduced as a love - interest , and eventual wife for O'Malley . The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey , Meredith 's half - sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother 's sudden death , and begins an on - again , off - again relationship with Sloan . Burke and Yang , having been engaged , endeavor to plan their wedding , while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season , relocating to California , seeking a new life . The season three finale shows Burke 's exit from the show , after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day . The original lead characters of Grey 's Anatomy Grey , Yang , Karev , and Stevens are all promoted to residents , in the season four premiere , while O'Malley is forced to repeat his internship year , following his failing of the intern exam . Subsequently , Torres and O'Malley divorce one another , due to him having a sexual affair with Stevens , initially concealing it from Torres . Early in the fourth season , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn becomes Torres ' love interest . During the fifth season , Hahn departs from the series , and O'Malley retakes his intern exam , passing , joining his fellow physicians as a resident . Two new characters are introduced , former United States Army trauma surgeon Dr. Owen Hunt , and pediatric surgeon Dr. Arizona Robbins . Hunt becomes a love - interest for Yang , while Robbins becomes a love - interest for Torres . When Stevens is diagnosed with stage four metastatic melanoma , she and Karev get married at the conclusion of the fifth season . In addition , Meredith and Shepherd marry , with their vows written on a post-it note . O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season , due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus , and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West . Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West . Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West , and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey , until she reunites with Mark Sloan . Subsequently , Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . In the season six finale , a deceased patient 's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital , injuring Karev , Shepherd , and Hunt , and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson . In the shooting 's emotional reverberations , Hunt and Yang abruptly marry , not wanting to risk separation . Torres and Robbins eventually wed , officiated by Bailey . In season eight , Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt . As the final year of residency for Meredith , Yang , Karev , Avery , and Kepner is coming to a close , the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers . However , all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash , which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith , Shepherd , Yang , Robbins , and Sloan . At the conclusion of the eighth season , Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) . In the season nine premiere , Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health ( the surge ) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins ' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane . The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital , Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit . The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit , but the pay out bankrupts the hospital . They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West , with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation , and they become the Board of Directors , once being called the `` Grey - Sloan 7 '' . One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon . Grey 's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players , Cristina Yang , played by Sandra Oh . Towards the end of the eleventh season , Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured , but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene . He later dies at another hospital following the doctors ' mishandling of his injuries . The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show 's longest running characters , Callie Torres , played by Sara Ramirez . Recurring characters ( edit ) With the drama 's setting being a hospital , numerous medical personnel appear regularly on the show , as well as several other recurring characters . Joe ( Steven W. Bailey ) , is first shown as the owner of the Emerald City Bar and Grill , across the street from the hospital , which is a common relaxation area for the physicians . Also introduced in the pilot , is the legendary former surgeon , Dr. Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton ) , Meredith 's Alzheimer 's - stricken mother , who appeared on the show until her death in season three . In the first season , Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , a nurse who appeared on the show occasionally until getting laid off in the merger with Mercy West , engages in sexual activity with O'Malley , giving him syphilis . Serving as an assistant and secretary to the Chief of Surgery , former nurse Patricia ( Robin Pearson Rose ) , has appeared on the show since its debut . Tyler Christian ( Moe Irvin ) , a hospital nurse , makes occasional appearances throughout the series . Within the second season , Bailey becomes pregnant by her husband , Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) , who makes frequent appearances on Grey 's Anatomy , until their divorce in season five . While Bailey takes a sabbatical , due to her pregnancy , the cheerful Dr. Sydney Heron ( Kali Rocha ) , fills her position as the resident supervising Grey , Yang , Karev , O'Malley , and Stevens , and makes occasional appearances until the fifth season . Thatcher and Susan Grey ( Jeff Perry and Mare Winningham ) , Meredith 's estranged father and step - mother , are introduced in season two , with Susan making appearances until her death in season three , and Thatcher continuing to appear on the series . Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) , is introduced as Richard 's wife , who eventually acquires Alzheimer 's , in the seventh season , and continued to make appearances until her death in season nine . Introduced as Preston 's mother , Jane Burke ( Diahann Carroll ) makes occasional appearances until the fourth season . Denny Duquette ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) , a patient with congestive heart failure , originates as one of Burke 's patients , who goes on to propose to Stevens , after weeks of bonding between the two . Facing death , Stevens cuts Duquette 's left ventricular assist device ( LVAD ) , to elevate his position on the United Network for Organ Sharing ( UNOS ) transplant list . This ultimately ends in his death , marking his initial departure from the show , and placing Stevens on disciplinary probation . Initially conceived as a veterinarian hired for Shepherd 's dog , Doc , Dr. Finn Dandridge ( Chris O'Donnell ) soon becomes a love interest for Meredith , while Shepherd is with Montgomery . Dandridge is included in a multi-episode story arc , consisting of nine episodes , ending when Meredith reunites with Shepherd . Chyler Leigh 's character was introduced in the third season finale and was promoted to series regular in season four . In season three , George 's father , Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) , is diagnosed with cancer and dies , with his wife Louise ( Debra Monk ) and George 's brothers Jerry ( Greg Pitts ) and Ronny ( Tim Griffin ) by his side . Louise goes on to appear occasionally , and was last seen in season eight . A ferryboat accident brings along Rebecca Pope ( Elizabeth Reaser ) , who is initially introduced as a pregnant Jane Doe patient , who has amnesia . Pope eventually embarks on a relationship with Karev , until she is diagnosed with a personality disorder in season four , and makes her final departure . Amidst the crisis of the ferryboat crash , Meredith falls into the water at the disaster site . Although rescued , she goes into cardiac arrest , waking up in what appears to be limbo . Within the limbo , Meredith is entertained by deceased acquaintances Duquette and Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) , who was killed during a bomb crisis in the second season , until eventually being resuscitated . Seeking a cure to her depression , Meredith undergoes therapy sessions with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Katharine Wyatt ( Amy Madigan ) , who in addition , serves as a psychiatrist to Hunt . The season four premiere introduces several new interns , to be trained under Meredith , Yang , Karev , Stevens , and eventually O'Malley . Among them are Dr. Steve Mostow ( Mark Saul ) who continues to make appearances , and Dr. Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) who formed a friendship with Meredith while the two were in college . Harris is fired in the fifth season , due to not actually having a medical degree , and departs the show immediately after . Meredith and Shepherd 's relationship reaches a toll , and the two separate , leading Shepherd to entertaining a relationship with Rose ( Lauren Stamile ) , a nurse . Rose appears frequently until season five , when Derek and Meredith decide to rekindle their flame . Throughout the fifth season , Stevens experiences full - out hallucinations of Duquette , signaling that she is ill , and once she is lucid , he departs , marking his final appearance . Following the announcement of her relationship with Robbins , Callie 's father Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) initially contests his daughter 's concurrence in homosexuality , but eventually accepts it , and he reappears several times throughout the series . The hospital 's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents : Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) and Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) , but the two are both murdered in the season six finale . Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey , as well as Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , Dr. Mark Sloan 's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him . Dr. Lucy Fields ( Rachael Taylor ) , an obstetrician - gynecologist , is introduced in the seventh season , and serves as a love interest for Dr. Alex Karev , until eventually relocating to pursue a career in Africa . Robbins receives a grant to aid children in Malawi , which leads to a falling out between her and Torres . While in Malawi , Robbins is replaced by Dr. Robert Stark ( Peter MacNicol ) , a pediatric surgeon with an interest in Dr. April Kepner , who appears occasionally until season eight . Following the breakdown of Dr. Torres ' relationship with Dr. Robbins , Dr. Sloan and Dr. Torres unite , and she becomes pregnant . Torres ' relationship with Robbins is subsequently mended , and the couple endeavors to raise their new daughter , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , with the help of Dr. Sloan . Shepherd and Meredith also become new parents , with their adoption of Zola , a baby girl from Malawi . Conceived as a patient with a tumor condition who later develops diabetes , Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) befriends Dr. Altman and eventually joins her in marriage only to get treated using her medical insurance , until he dies while undergoing heart surgery . In the season nine premiere , interns Dr. Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) , Dr. Heather Brooks ( Tina Majorino ) , Dr. Shane Ross ( Gaius Charles ) , Dr. Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , and Dr. Leah Murphy ( Tessa Ferrer ) are introduced . Steven Culp and William Daniels play Dr. Parker and Dr. Craig Thomas , respectively . Dr. Parker is Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Dr. Craig Thomas ( William Daniels ) is an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Mayo Clinic , where Cristina worked temporarily . Dr. Alana Cahill ( Constance Zimmer ) introduced in the ninth season is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer until the four crash survivors and Torres on the behalf of Sloan to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves . Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew . Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one - night stand with her . Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten . She goes to search for Dr. Webber and finds him lying in the basement of the hospital . Trying to save Dr. Webber , she accidentally steps into a puddle and electrocutes herself while hitting her head as she falls . Bailey moves a cancer patient in Webber 's room to force some perspective and make him take the treatment . Also introduced in the tenth season was Dr. Karev 's estranged father Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) who tries to form a relationship with his son but fails repeatedly . He dies in a botched surgery . The conclusion of season 10 has Cristina leaving Grey Sloan for Dr. Burke 's job as head of a hospital in Zurich , while Dr. Ross makes a last - minute decision to follow her in order to study under her . Dr. Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) unknowingly drops a bombshell that she is the child of Dr. Webber and the late Dr. Grey , and given up at birth for adoption . Dr. Meredith Grey has to accommodate another half sister . Also , Dr. Yang privately gives her shares in the hospital to Dr. Karev , also giving him her seat on the board . But Dr. Webber all but promises the seat to Dr. Bailey , so the board has to decide between them . Introduced in season eleven is Dr. Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who is Chief of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial . Dr. Herman selects Arizona Robbins in a fetal surgery fellowship and becomes her mentor . Herman plays in a twelve - episode arc before departing after episode fourteen . Season 11 begins with new surgical residents coming to the hospital . Maggie Pierce is head of cardio , and she and her half - sister Meredith start to build a relationship , as she also does with her father Dr. Webber . Callie and Arizona 's relationship falls through after they realized they want different things . April and Jackson learn that their baby has a lethal birth defect , but April decides that she will carry the baby to term . There is considerable discussion of and questioning of faith . She bears a boy , Samuel , who dies shortly after birth . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy offers a different and perhaps more valuable idea of what it means to be strong : the capacity to suffer terribly , break down completely , and then get up again , confident that you 're bigger than the sum of the tragedies you 've suffered -- because everyone else is , too . The layers of history have grown pretty dense and rich , and the friendships that form around them as the characters suffer and survive is the glue of the series , and what -- despite a few inevitable hit - or - miss patches -- elevates it to something special . -- Laura Hudson of Wired Grey 's Anatomy has been well received among critics . The show holds an average of 72 % positive score on Rotten Tomatoes . The A.V. Club gave an insight on both the overwhelming success and lows in the quality of the hit medical drama saying , `` The quality arc for the show is all over the place , starting with a steady build in the first season , then skyrocketing into phenomenon in season two , then leveling off and dipping in season three , before having some seriously bumpy moments in seasons four ( interrupted by the writers ' strike ) and five . The climb begins again in season six '' . Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly in a review wrote , `` I believe the show 's best season to date is season 2 . Let me make it clear that I 'm not saying seasons 3 through 9 were bad . In my opinion , there have only been a few lulls in the show 's history , and most of them did n't last a full season . '' adding , `` I still enjoy the show , and I 'll honestly never stop watching . By any standards , Grey 's Anatomy has been successful television , ranking highly in the ratings for nine seasons and entering the cultural lexicon via phrases as cloying yet catchy as ' McDreamy ' , the show has had its periods of being intensely irritating , and it has had its periods when it seems as if Shonda Rhimes has taken leave of her faculties , but it 's also got an amazingly high batting average , particularly with every solid season that passes along in this second act of its run . '' The site lauded the show saying , `` On average , it 's been very good TV , filled with interesting , driven characters who run the gamut of professions within the show 's hospital setting . It 's been , by turns , a good soap , a good romantic comedy , a good medical drama , and a good interpersonal show about an unexpected workplace family . '' The first season received positive reviews which steadily built up , with Gary Levin of USA Today calling Grey 's Anatomy one of the top shows on television . New York Daily News named Grey 's Anatomy a `` winner '' , whereas Newsday expressed a positive opinion by stating `` You simply ca n't stop watching . '' The Washington Post 's Tom Shales was critical of season one , finding it reminiscent of ER and commenting that : `` The show is much more a matter of commercial calculation than an honest attempt to try something fresh and different . '' Shortly after its initial airing , the Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan called Grey 's Anatomy the new Friends ; a concluded National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) sitcom following the lives of a group of young adults , that all of its ten - year run in the top - five for viewer ratings . The second season received critical acclaim , top critics like Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club called the show a `` phenomenon '' , adding the show was , `` one of the best TV shows around '' , Samantha Highfill of Entertainment Weekly later during the tenth season called the second `` the show 's best season to date '' however , Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures opined that Grey 's Anatomy is a mere combination of Scrubs , ER , Sex and the City , and The Love Boat . It further garnered positive reviews , Christopher Monfette of IGN Entertainment added : `` The second season of this medical drama expertly wove its signature elements of complex relationships , whimsical banter and challenging life - lessons ; all to a montage - fetish , indie - rock soundtrack . '' Todd Gilchrist also from IGN called the season `` terrific '' adding , `` Indeed , one of the best currently on television . While it remains to be seen what the creators do with it , now that it 's become an outright event program , the season demonstrates that Rhimes and co . know what to do with the opportunities presented them . whether you 're male or female , this is the kind of entertainment that small - screen devotees and folks fed up with television need to see . '' Ellen Pompeo has failed to garner a nomination at the Emmy Awards on multiple occasions . The title character of Grey 's Anatomy , Meredith , has received both overwhelmingly positive and weary feedback by critics along the course of the show , with the development of the character garnering praise from majority critics . Earlier reactions for Meredith were mixed ; in a 2006 review , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times dubbed to her as `` the heroine of Grey 's Anatomy '' . A reviewer for BuddyTV praised the distinct uniqueness in the character calling Meredith an `` unconventional heroine '' adding that the character was , `` Neither black nor white but always ... wait for it ... many shades of grey . The reviewer and to add that even in her lighter moments , she has still been `` dark and twisty . '' The sentiment was shared by Glenn Diaz who remarked , `` You got ta love Mer when she 's gloomy . '' When Pompeo did not receive a nomination 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , for her work as Meredith , Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times suggested that Pompeo , `` has worked very hard ( ... ) to make Meredith Grey an interesting character '' , and should have received a nomination . IGN 's Monfette , less impressed by the character , criticized her storyline as `` some bizarrely under - developed sub-plot about depression and giving Derek a season 's worth of reconsidering to do . '' Robert Rorke of the New York Post was critical of Meredith 's relationship with Derek Shepherd , writing : `` She used to be the queen of the romantic dilemmas , but lately , she 's been a little dopey , what with the endless ' McDreamy ' soliloquies . '' The development of the character has received praise from critics . Reviewing the first part of the eighth season , TV Fanatic wrote : `` this season belongs to Meredith Grey . She is the heart and soul of the show and has been outstanding . This is a character that used to be so dark and twisty and has now grown into a more mature woman . Ellen Pompeo has been at the top of her game this season . '' Rick Porter reviewing the episode How to Save a Life from the eleventh season for Zap2it wrote , `` Without Meredith , and without one of Pompeo 's strongest performances in her long time on the show , `` How to Save a Life '' would have run the risk of coming across as a baldly manipulative death episode , the likes of which the show has done several times before . He added . `` How to Save a Life '' may not be the ideal Emmy - submission episode for Ellen Pompeo , considering Meredith is off screen for more than half of it . But it 's among the best work she 's ever done on the show . '' Janalen Samson of BuddyTV lauded the Meredith 's development throughout the series saying , `` When one considers how this character has grown over eleven seasons , it really is amazing . Kudos to Ellen Pompeo for her fine work . She 's actually done the impossible , because I actually care what happens to Meredith Grey . '' Reviewing the season 12 premiere , `` Sledgehammer '' , critics including Alex Hawkins of the Western Gazette again highlighted Pompeo 's being due for an Emmy Award . The majority of the supporting cast of Grey 's Anatomy have been well received as well , with the New York Post 's Rorke deeming Stevens to be `` the heart and soul '' of Grey 's Anatomy , whereas Eyder Peralta of the Houston Chronicle was critical of her character development , stating : `` ( She 's ) the reason I do n't watch Grey 's Anatomy anymore . '' Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang `` the best damn character '' and deemed `` the Meredith / Yang relationship the most true friendship on network television . '' Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is `` the only one of these five ( residents ) that regularly acts like an actual doctor '' . Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated '' , and she pointed out that his personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today said Dempsey has a `` seemingly effortless way of humanizing Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . His friendship with Mark Sloan has been well received . Victor Balta said `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital . '' Addison Montgomery was deemed `` sassy and bright and interesting . '' TV Guide said of Walsh 's stint on Grey 's Anatomy that she `` adds spice to an already hot show . '' Callie Torres , after having previously received mixed views , was praised for her bisexual storyline . Critics added that the character was anchored by stellar performances by Sara Ramirez . Lexie Grey , having initially been criticized , became a critics ' favorite in the series . Alex Keen of The Trades wrote that Lexie 's `` presence and confidence have increased quite a bit ... and actress , Chyler Leigh , does a fantastic job of making this progression feel seamless . Since the series has defused the tension between Little Grey and Big Grey ( aka Meredith ) , Lexie has clear sailing through the season and steals the show as one of the best current characters on the series . '' With the departure of several cast members throughout the seasons , many new characters were added to the drama 's ensemble . McKidd and Capshaw were referred to as `` fresh additions '' to the series , by Monfette of IGN . Matt Roush of TV Guide commented : `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' Matt Mitovich of TV Guide noted that Robbins `` quickly established herself as a fan favorite '' , describing her as `` a breath of fresh air in the often angsty halls of Seattle Grace . On April Kepner and Jackson Avery Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote , `` April has grown since her character was introduced ... she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' He described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . Speaking of the new cast members , in addition to the remaining original ones , Robert Bianco from USA Today called them the show 's `` best ensemble in years '' . Regarding season three , Bill Carter of The New York Times called Grey 's Anatomy `` television 's hottest show '' , adding : `` ( No show ) is expected to challenge Grey 's Anatomy for prime - time pre-eminence . '' Contrasting with Carter 's view , Monfette of IGN said that it speedily found itself `` mired in the annoying and absurd '' , adding : `` This third season may very well represent a case of over-writing a concept that has , perhaps tragically , run bone - dry on narrative fuel . '' At the conclusion of season three , Entertainment Weekly 's Gregory Kirschling said `` the show lacked a defining happy , warm - gooseflesh moment '' , adding that the season `` did n't leave you dying for the ( next ) season premiere '' . Speaking of the fourth season , Laura Burrows of IGN said the series became `` a little more than mediocre , but less than fantastic '' , adding : `` This season proved that even strong chemistry and good acting can not save a show that suffers from the inevitable recycled plot . '' In contrast to the moderately negative feedback the third and fourth seasons received , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger said of the fifth season : `` Overall , it feels more like the good old days than Grey 's Anatomy has in a long time . '' Misha Davenport from the Chicago Sun - Times said season five `` hits on all the things the show does so well '' , adding : `` There is romance , heartbreak , humor and a few moments that will move fans to tears . '' Brian Lowry of Variety , less impressed , opinionated that the season five displayed the show running out of storylines . Speaking of the sixth season , Bianco of USA Today wrote : `` Grey 's has always loved grand gestures . You like them or you do n't ; the only real question is whether the show pulls them off or it does n't . This year , it did . '' The series has a score of 66 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on five reviews for season seven . In response to the season , Bianco from USA Today commented : `` Happily , it now seems to have landed on solid ground . '' Also of the seventh season , Entertainment Weekly 's Jennifer Armstrong said : `` It 's in the shooting 's emotional reverberations that the show is regenerating after the past few hit - and - miss seasons , '' whereas Verne Gay of Newsday commented : `` Unfortunately , they 've settled on far - too - easy and facile answers for the most part . '' HitFix gave a positive review saying that , `` season 7 overall has been one of the show 's strongest ever . '' and added , `` There was a time when Grey 's Anatomy was this show where I suffered through a lot of stuff that made me cringe to get to those genius melodrama moments it could do so well . Over the last couple of years , it 's evolved into a show that 's much more consistent in tone , where it may not move me as often as it did in the early years but also very rarely makes me question my reasons for watching . '' Speaking of season eight , Entertainment Weekly 's Mandi Bierly called it a `` so - so season '' , and Lesley Goldberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` emotional '' . Also acknowledging the fan base Verne Gay of Newsday wrote `` Grey 's has had a good season and has an intensely loyal fan base to prove it . '' regarding the 8th season . The ninth season received more positive reviews , Rob Salem of Toronto Star called it `` a solid return to form . '' Brad Williams writing for What Culture praised the show 's development over the season saying , `` Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose . '' calling it `` something almost anyone can watch and enjoy . '' Praising the friendship between Cristina and Meredith of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` There 's still one good reason to keep watching : Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers '' . The tenth season was also marked with praise , Annie Barrett for Entertainment Weekly wrote `` There 's true sorrow here along with the passion , which keeps their dynamic so intriguing to me . '' Caroline Siede from The A.V. Club wrote in her review for the 10th season `` At its best , Grey 's Anatomy is about everyday bravery , sacrifice , and courage . At its worst , it 's a melodramatic , moralizing soap opera . Both sides are on display as the show heads confidently into its 10th season . '' Many sources , including Rachel Simon of Bustle and Nicole Pomarico of Wetpaint , claimed that Sandra Oh 's performance during her final season on Grey 's Anatomy is worthy of an Emmy nomination . Bryce Olin of Netflix ranked Grey 's 9th among the 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix stating , `` It 's a tough call , but based on Grey 's casting choices and revolutionary portrayals of female doctors in the series , I 'm willing to argue that Grey 's Anatomy is the best medical drama of all time . Obviously , Shonda Rhimes did n't reinvent the wheel with the series , but there 's no denying its popularity . '' adding , `` I understand its significance in the pop culture sphere . '' He also stated that the show could go higher in the ranks with the upcoming season stating , `` Apparently , Grey 's Anatomy fans are passionate about their show , although it seems like they 've been closeted for the last few years . I 'd love to move Grey 's Anatomy even higher on the ranking , but I 'll have wait until the 11th season comes to Netflix . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) Critics included Grey 's Anatomy in top ten lists for five of its twelve seasons ; these are listed below in order of rank . ( hide ) 2005 No. 4 USA Today No. 6 The New York Times No. 7 The Boston Globe No. 9 San Jose Mercury News -- Chicago Tribune ( hide ) 2006 No. 2 USA Today No. 2 San Jose Mercury News No. 4 TV Guide No. 9 Orlando Sentinel ( hide ) 2007 No. 6 USA Today ( hide ) 2010 No. 10 Movieline ( hide ) 2015 No. 7 NPR Impact ( edit ) `` Grey 's Anatomy makes an impact on how people 's perception of the world is created . '' -- Brian Quick , University of Illinois Grey 's Anatomy introduced the `` mc - labeling '' surge when it dubbed Patrick Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Grey 's Anatomy has been considered an impact on culture by Entertainment Weekly 's executive editor , Lori Majewski , with her writing : `` Grey 's Anatomy is n't just a show , it 's a phenomenon . When ( the ) final shows air , every place in New York City is empty . You could get a table at the best restaurants . '' The Daily Beast 's Jace Lacob also considered the show an impact , comparing its success to that of Friends , and calling it a `` cultural phenomenon '' . Steve Sternberg , a media analyst with Magna Global USA explained that the show appeals to a broad audience , writing : `` Roughly 80 percent of households during prime time only have one TV set on . People are looking for shows they can watch with other household members . '' Grey 's Anatomy introduced a `` mc - labeling '' surge , ever since it dubbed Dempsey 's character `` McDreamy '' . Canadian newspaper the National Post considers this trend a `` phenomenon '' . Analyzing the show 's impact on culture , Dessylyn Arnold of Yahoo ! Voices noted that the `` mc - labeling '' trend has been parodied on other shows including ER and Degrassi : The Next Generation . Mark Lawson of The Guardian has credited Grey 's Anatomy with popularizing the `` songtage '' , or musical montage segments . Parodying this , MADtv created a spoof on the show in 2006 , making fun of the series ' emotional scenes including those accompanied by a musical montage . Grey 's has also been credited to helping redefine `` good '' television ; The A.V. Club writes , `` Since The Sopranos burst onto the scene , we 've too often classified a show as `` good '' based on how closely it adhered to the dark , violent , male - centric template set out by that particular show . It 's time for that to end . At its best , Grey 's has been among the very best shows on TV , and at its worst , it 's been at least fascinating to watch . To write it off is to unnecessarily narrow the definition of what good TV can be , to limit what the medium is capable of . TV is at its best when it emotionally connects , and even when it seems to be otherwise merrily hurtling off a cliff , Grey 's Anatomy is nothing but emotional connection , which is more than other , more consistently better shows can say . '' The series placed at No. 66 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list , and was declared the third highest rated show for the first ten years of the Internet Movie Database ( 2002 -- 2012 ) . The show 's premise has inspired the creation of A Corazón Abierto , a Colombian adaptation of Grey 's Anatomy , which in turn spawned a Mexican version of the same name . An additional study conducted by Brian Quick of the University of Illinois indicated that the show 's portrayal of doctors being `` smart , good looking , capable , and interesting '' , leads viewers to associating real - world doctors to be that way . Surgical resident Karen Zink , M.D. , deemed the show 's portrayal of interns inaccurate , adding : `` None of ( the characters ) have bags under their eyes . They all leave the hospital dressed cute , with their hair done and makeup on . That is so far away from the reality of interns . You are just dragging your butt , trying to stay alive . You do n't have time to do your hair . You do n't have time to put on makeup . Every surgical intern has bags under their eyes . '' In 2011 , a woman residing in Sheboygan , Wisconsin became unresponsive due to an asthma attack . Unable to wait for an ambulance , her daughter and a friend performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) on her , which they learned from Grey 's Anatomy . In 2017 an Israeli woman saved her husband by performing cardiac massage she learned from Grey 's Anatomy , The woman performed cardiac massage for 20 minutes before medical personal arrived and transferred the husband to Shaare Zedek Medical Center . The mid-season premiere of the fourteenth season was entitled `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' , the National Domestic Violence Hotline ; upon release on January 18 , 2018 , the move was received favourably and viewers variously changed their Twitter usernames to the same and used the platform to bring awareness to both the hotline and the issue of domestic abuse . US television Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy has received high viewership and ratings since its debut . The first four seasons of the program each ranked in the top ten among all viewers , reaching its peak Nielsen ratings in the second season , attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode , and ranking at fifth place overall . Following the show 's time - slot being relocated , overall rankings steadily declined , dropping below the top ten in its fifth season . Grey 's Anatomy made its greatest fall from its sixth to seventh season , slipping from seventeenth place to thirty - first . The series is on a steady decline in terms of overall viewership and rankings , yet Grey 's Anatomy still holds value in charts when numbers are pulled from the digital video recorder ( DVR ) . It was the most recorded show between 2007 and 2011 , based on cumulative totals , and has been for several years in a row . The most - watched episode of the series is `` It 's the End of the World '' , with 37.88 million viewers , aided by a lead - in from Super Bowl XL . Grey 's Anatomy was the most expensive program on television in the 2007 - 08 season measured by advertising revenue , with earnings of US $400,000 per thirty seconds . The show was named the fourth ( behind Desperate Housewives , Two and a Half Men , and American Idol ) , and the fifth - highest ( behind Glee , Two and a Half Men , The X Factor ( U.S. ) and American Idol ) revenue earning show , with the earnings of US $2.67 million and US $2.75 million per half hour in 2011 and 2012 respectively . While Grey 's Anatomy is no longer ranked in the top numbers for overall ratings , the show 's ranking in the key 18 -- 49 demographic has remained high . As of season eight , the series is the highest - rated drama on television in the target demographic . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Grey 's Anatomy was `` most popular in a swath of the middle of the country , particularly in areas with a lower percentage of college graduates '' . Below is a table of Grey 's Anatomy 's seasonal rankings in the U.S. television market , based on average total viewers per episode . Each U.S. network television season starts in September and ends in late May , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . U.S. television ratings for Grey 's Anatomy Season Timeslot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank 18 -- 49 rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Sunday 10 : 00 p.m. 9 March 27 , 2005 16.25 May 22 , 2005 22.22 2004 -- 05 No. 9 No. 5 18.46 27 September 25 , 2005 18.98 May 15 , 2006 22.50 2005 -- 06 No. 5 No. 4 19.44 Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 25 September 21 , 2006 25.41 May 17 , 2007 22.57 2006 -- 07 No. 8 No. 3 19.17 17 September 27 , 2007 20.93 May 22 , 2008 18.09 2007 -- 08 No. 10 No. 3 15.92 5 24 September 25 , 2008 18.29 May 14 , 2009 17.12 2008 -- 09 No. 12 No. 3 14.52 6 24 September 24 , 2009 17.03 May 20 , 2010 16.13 2009 -- 10 No. 16 No. 6 13.55 7 22 September 23 , 2010 14.32 May 19 , 2011 9.89 2010 -- 11 No. 31 No. 9 11.41 8 24 September 22 , 2011 10.38 May 17 , 2012 11.44 2011 -- 12 No. 32 No. 10 10.92 9 24 September 27 , 2012 11.73 May 16 , 2013 8.99 2012 -- 13 No. 26 No. 10 11.07 10 24 September 26 , 2013 9.27 May 15 , 2014 8.92 2013 -- 14 No. 15 No. 5 12.12 11 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 25 September 25 , 2014 9.81 May 14 , 2015 8.33 2014 -- 15 No. 31 No. 13 11.57 12 24 September 24 , 2015 9.55 May 19 , 2016 8.19 2015 -- 16 No. 21 No. 8 11.20 13 24 September 22 , 2016 8.75 May 18 , 2017 7.92 2016 -- 17 No. 19 No. 9 10.88 14 24 September 28 , 2017 8.07 May 17 , 2018 7.60 2017 -- 18 No. 20 No. 11 10.82 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Grey 's Anatomy Grey 's Anatomy has won a number of awards . As of July 2012 , the show has been nominated for twenty - five Primetime Emmy Awards , having been nominated for at least one every year , except in 2010 . At the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2005 , Oh was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Horton was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . The following year , at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received a nomination for Outstanding Drama Series , which they were nominated for again in 2007 . Also in 2006 , Wilson was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , which she went on to be nominated for every year until 2009 , and Kyle Chandler was nominated for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The 58th Ceremony also honored Rhimes and Vernoff , who were both nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Rhimes , whose career kicked off in 1995 , has since produced yet another ABC series , Scandal , which began on air in 2012 and is continuing into the third season . Beginning in 2005 , Rhimes has been continually nominated for numerous awards , including three Emmy Awards : first in 2006 for a dramatic series and a separate nomination for writing a dramatic series , followed by a third nomination in 2007 for a dramatic series . Katherine Heigl is the only star - billed cast member to have received a Primetime Emmy Award In 2007 , at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , Heigl won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , while Knight was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Numerous guest actresses have been nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series , including Burton in 2006 and 2007 , Christina Ricci in 2006 , Reaser in 2007 , Diahann Carroll in 2008 , and Sharon Lawrence in 2009 , but the only actress to have won the award is Devine in 2011 , who was nominated again in 2012 . The show has also been nominated for thirteen Creative Arts Emmy Awards , having won three of them : Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) , and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . The show has received ten Golden Globe Award nominations since its premiere . At the 63rd Golden Globe Awards , in 2006 , the series was nominated for Best Drama Series , Dempsey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series , which he was nominated for again in 2007 , and Oh won the award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film . The following year , at the 64th Golden Globe Awards , in 2007 , Pompeo was nominated for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and the show won the award for Best Drama Series . At the 65th Golden Globe Awards , in 2008 , Heigl was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries , or Television Film , while the series in whole was nominated for Best Drama Series . The series has won People 's Choice Awards for Best Drama five times in 2007 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 and 2017 and has been nominated for several other People 's Choice Awards , with nominations received by Oh as well as multiple wins from Dempsey , Pompeo winning in recent years 2013 and 2015 , Heigl , Wilson , Demi Lovato , for guest starring , and the drama in whole for Favorite TV Drama . In 2007 , Rhimes and the female cast were the recipient of the Women in Film Lucy Award , in recognition of the excellence and innovation in the show as a creative work that has enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television . The series has been honored with numerous NAACP Image Award nominations , many having been won , including five awards for Outstanding Drama Series . Grey 's Anatomy has also received several Screen Actors Guild Awards , with nominations received by Dempsey , as well as wins from Oh , Wilson , and the main cast for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 March 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 25 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 25 September 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 17 ) 17 September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) May 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 22 ) 5 24 September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 6 24 September 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) 7 22 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 8 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) 9 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 10 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 11 25 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 12 24 September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 13 24 September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) 14 24 September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Sara Ramirez served as the lead vocalist for the musical episode . Grey 's Anatomy 's first season commenced airing as a mid-season replacement to Boston Legal on March 27 , 2005 and concluded on May 22 , 2005 . The nine - episode season aired on Sundays in the 10 : 00pm EST time slot , following Desperate Housewives . The show was renewed by ABC for a second season , that aired in the same time slot as season one . Premiering on September 25 , 2005 and concluding on May 15 , 2006 , the season consisted of twenty - seven episodes . The first five episodes of the second season were originally scheduled to air during the first , but the network decided to close the first season of Grey 's Anatomy on the same night as Desperate Housewives ' finale . During the second season , Grey 's Anatomy produced two specials recapping the events of recent episodes , narrated by Bailey , entitled `` Straight to the Heart '' and `` Under Pressure '' . The show was renewed for a third season , which was relocated to the coveted Thursday 9 : 00pm EST time slot -- a slot that the series has held onto since then . Commencing on September 21 , 2006 and ending on May 17 , 2007 , season three consisted of twenty - five episodes . Two more specials were produced during the show 's third season , entitled `` Complications of the Heart '' and `` Every Moment Counts '' , which were narrated by Bailey and Morgan , respectively . ABC renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a fourth season , which aired from September 27 , 2007 to May 22 , 2008 , and ultimately consisted of seventeen episodes . The fourth season had a reduced number of episodes , due to the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , which caused production to cease from February to April , leaving the show with no writing staff during that time . At the beginning of the fourth season , the show aired its final special entitled `` Come Rain or Shine '' , created to transition viewers from Grey 's Anatomy to Private Practice , which was narrated by the editors of People magazine . The show received a renewal for a fifth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2008 and concluded on May 14 , 2009 , consisting of twenty - four episodes . The series was renewed for a sixth season consisting of twenty - four episodes , which commenced on September 24 , 2009 and ended on May 20 , 2010 . During its sixth season , Grey 's Anatomy aired a series of webisodes entitled Seattle Grace : On Call at ABC.com . ABC renewed the show for a seventh season , which premiered on September 23 , 2010 and concluded on May 19 , 2011 , consisting of twenty - two episodes . This was followed up with Seattle Grace : On Call , Seattle Grace : Message of Hope , aired during the beginning of the seventh season . Also during the seventh season , the series produced a musical episode entitled `` Song Beneath the Song '' , featuring songs that became famous through their use in Grey 's Anatomy . The show received a twenty - four episode eighth season renewal , which commenced on September 22 , 2011 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 17 , 2012 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a ninth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2012 and ended on May 16 , 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a tenth season on May 10 , 2013 and premiered on September 27 , 2013 with a two - hour episode , and ended on May 15 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC renewed the series for an eleventh season that aired from September 2014 to May 2015 . In addition , the show was relocated to the Thursday 8 : 00pm EST time slot . After four seasons outside the top 25 rated shows , Grey 's Anatomy was the number 15 show in the 2013 -- 2014 season , the show 's tenth . The show also re-entered the top five shows in the 18 -- 49 viewer demographic . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC renewed the series for a twelfth season that premiered on September 24 , 2015 and concluded on May 19 , 2016 . The thirteenth season to aired from 2016 to 2017 . Spin - offs ( edit ) Private Practice ( edit ) Main article : Private Practice ( TV series ) The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was displeased with the network 's decision to center the spin - off on Kate Walsh 's character . On February 21 , 2007 , The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin - off medical drama television series for Grey 's Anatomy featuring Walsh 's character , Addison Montgomery . Subsequent reports confirmed the decision , stating that an expanded two - hour broadcast of Grey 's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin - off . The cast of Grey 's Anatomy was reportedly unhappy about the decision , as all hoped the spin - off would have been given to them . Pompeo commented that she felt , as the star , she should have been consulted , and Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin - off for Stevens . The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3 , 2007 sees Montgomery take a leave of absence from Seattle Grace Hospital , to visit her best friend from Los Angeles , Naomi Bennett ( Merrin Dungey , later Audra McDonald ) , a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist . While in Los Angeles , she meets Bennett 's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center . The two - hour broadcast entitled `` The Other Side of This Life '' served as the twenty - second and twenty - third episodes of the third season , and was directed by Michael Grossman , according to Variety . The cast included Amy Brenneman , Paul Adelstein , Tim Daly , Taye Diggs , Chris Lowell , and Merrin Dungey . KaDee Strickland 's character , Charlotte King , who would be introduced in the spin - off 's first - season premiere , did not appear in the backdoor pilot . Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11 , 2007 , prior to the commencement of the first season . She did not have to audition for the role , but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes . Also not present in the backdoor pilot was McDonald , due to her character , Naomi Bennett , being portrayed by a different actress , Merrin Dungey . However , on June 29 , 2007 , ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced , with no reason given for the change . The drama was titled Private Practice , and its premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars , and provided a lead - in to fellow freshman series Dirty Sexy Money . Pushing Daisies , a third new series for the evening , rounded out the lineup as a lead - in to Private Practice . The series ended its run in January 2013 after six seasons . Grey 's Anatomy had five crossover storylines with Private Practice . `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl From Somewhere Else '' , the series premiere , starts with Addison and Richard talking about her resignation at Seattle Grace Hospital . `` Before and After '' / `` Ex-Life '' / `` An Honest Mistake '' -- Addison 's brother Archer is brought to Seattle Grace for surgery , after which Derek asks for help with a pregnant neuro patient . `` Invasion '' / `` Right Here , Right Now '' -- After Izzie makes a mistake , causing the patient to lose out on a kidney transplant , Bailey travels to Los Angeles with her patient for the transplant . `` Blink '' / `` Another Second Chance '' -- Addison helps Mark perform an operation on his pregnant daughter . `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' / `` You Break My Heart '' -- Derek 's sister Amelia asks him to perform a risky gliosarcoma surgery on Erica Warner , the mother of Cooper 's son Mason . There have also been several instances where Addison or Amelia travel to Seattle without there being a storyline involving both shows . Station 19 ( edit ) Main article : Station 19 On May 16 , 2017 , Channing Dungey announced at the ABC Upfronts that the network ordered another Grey 's Anatomy spin - off , this one focusing on firefighters in Seattle . The series premiered mid-season in 2018 . Stacy McKee , long - term Grey 's writer and executive producer , serves as the spin - off 's showrunner . The new show was introduced Season 14 , Episode 13 , when a house fire brings the firefighters to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . In July 2017 , it was announced that Jaina Lee Ortiz was the first actress cast in the spin - off series . In September 2017 it was announced that Jason George , who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6 , would be leaving Grey 's Anatomy to move to the spin - off . He continued to be a series regular on Grey 's Anatomy until the spin - off began production . In October 2017 it was announced that five new series regulars for the spin off had been cast being Grey Damon , Jay Hayden , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre and Barrett Doss . It was also announced that the spin - off had a 10 episode order for the first season . Later in October 2017 , it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse . Grey 's Anatomy : B - team ( edit ) On January 9 , 2018 , it was announced by Sarah Drew on her Instagram page that a six - episode spin - off series following the new interns of Grey Sloan Memorial would be released for streaming on the ABC app and abc.com on Thursday , January 11 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy : B - Team stars Sophia Taylor Ali ( Dahlia Qadri ) , Jake Borelli ( Levi Schmitt ) , Alex Blue Davis ( Casey Parker ) , Jaicy Elliot ( Taryn Helm ) , Rushi Kota ( Vik Roy ) and Jeanine Mason ( Samantha `` Sam '' Bello ) with special guest appearances made by Justin Chambers ( Alex Karev ) , Kelly McCreary ( Maggie Pierce ) , Kevin McKidd ( Owen Hunt ) and James Pickens Jr . ( Richard Webber ) . The six episodes in this series were written by Barbra Kaye Friend with Grey 's Anatomy series regular Sarah Drew ( April Kepner ) making her directorial debut directing each of them . Distribution ( edit ) An interview with Justin Chambers is on the season four DVD . Grey 's Anatomy episodes appear regularly on ABC in the United States . All episodes are approximately forty - three minutes , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard . The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high - definition qualities , and Amazon Video . ABC Video on demand also releases recent episodes of the show for temporary viewing . Recent episodes are also available at ABC 's official Grey 's Anatomy website , and on Hulu and Xfinity . In 2009 , ABC signed a deal allowing Grey 's Anatomy episodes to be streamed on Netflix . Grey 's Anatomy is syndicated on Lifetime , with one hour blocks weekdays at 1 : 00 pm , 2 : 00 pm , and 3 : 00 pm EST . Since its debut , Buena Vista Home Entertainment has released the first eight seasons on DVD to regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . The first season 's DVD , released on February 14 , 2006 , features an alternate title sequence , bloopers , behind - the - scenes footage , audio commentaries , and an extended edition of the pilot episode . Season two 's DVD , released on September 12 , 2006 , which includes extended episodes , an interview with Wilson , deleted scenes , a set tour , a `` Q&A '' with the cast , and a segment on the creating of special effects . The DVD for the third season was released on September 11 , 2007 , with bonus features including extended episodes , an interview with star Dempsey , audio commentaries , and bloopers . The fourth season 's DVD released on September 9 , 2008 , features an interview with Heigl and Chambers , extended episodes , bloopers , and deleted scenes . Season five 's DVD was released on September 15 , 2009 , and includes unaired scenes , bloopers , and extended episodes . The DVD for season six , released on September 14 , 2010 , features deleted scenes , an extended finale , and bloopers . The seventh season 's DVD , released on September 13 , 2011 , includes an extended edition of and a behind - the - scenes featurette on the musical episode , bloopers , as well as deleted scenes . In addition , the eighth season 's DVD was released on September 4 , 2012 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The ninth season 's DVD released on August 27 , 2013 with several bonus features and deleted scenes . The tenth season 's DVD was released on September 2 , 2014 with new several bonus features and deleted scenes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Tenth Season -- Live For The Moments on September 2 , 2014 . In view of the departure of the character of Cristina Yang in the season finale , the DVD set featured an extended episode Do You Know ? and a special feature from Sandra Oh titled `` An Immeasurable Gift '' . The eleventh released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 18 , 2015 with interviews with new series regular Caterina Scorsone and a special feature for Dempsey 's departure , `` How To Say Goodbye Dr. Derek Shepherd '' . The twelfth released on DVD as a six - disc box set on August 30 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company has partnered with J Larson CafePress and Barco Uniforms to provide the series ' branded merchandise through an online store . The products available include shirts , sweatshirts , kitchen - ware , home - ware , and bags , with the Grey 's Anatomy logo on it . Also available are custom unisex scrubs and lab coats in a variety of colors and sizes , designed by Barco . The merchandise released by the company is available for purchase at the Grey 's Anatomy official website , and US $1 from every purchase is donated to Barco 's Nightingales Foundation . Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game includes a plot focused around Sandra Oh 's character . Five volumes of the Grey 's Anatomy Original Soundtrack have been released as of 2011 . For the first two seasons , the show 's main title theme was an excerpt from `` Cosy in the Rocket '' , by British duo Psapp ; it is featured on the first soundtrack album released via ABC 's corporate cousin , Hollywood Records , on September 27 , 2005 . The second soundtrack , featuring songs from the series ' second season , was released on September 12 , 2006 , followed by a third soundtrack with music from the third season . Following the seventh season musical episode `` Song Beneath the Song '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' soundtrack was released , with volume four of the soundtrack released subsequently . In January 2009 , Ubisoft announced that it had signed a licensing agreement with ABC Studios to develop a video game based on Grey 's Anatomy . Designed for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and PC , Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game was released on March 10 , 2009 . The game lets the player assume the role of one of the main characters , making decisions for the character 's personal and professional life , and competing in a number of minigames . It has been criticized by reviewers because of the simplicity of the mini-games and voice actors who do not play the same characters on the series , with Jason Ocampo of IGN giving it a 6.0 / 10 overall rating . The Wii release received mixed reviews , and the Windows release received generally unfavorable reviews . ABC and Nielsen partnered in 2011 to create a Grey 's Anatomy application for Apple 's iPad . The application was designed to allow viewers to participate in polls and learn trivial facts as they watch a live episode . It uses Nielsen 's Media - Sync software to listen for the episode and to post features as the episode progresses . The creators of the show set up a real online wedding registry to mark the wedding of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd . Instead of buying gifts fans were encouraged to donate money to the American Academy of Neurology Foundation . International adaptation ( edit ) An adaptation named as Doktorlar ( `` Doctors '' ) was aired on December 28 , 2006 , in a Turkish Network , Show TV , and it lasted four seasons . In 2010 , A Corazón Abierto , an adaptation of the series , was made by the Colombian network RCN TV . Footnotes ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal Pompeo starred as the leading role in Moonlight Mile , which explains the significance of her being cast as Meredith . The character of O'Malley failed his intern test , which is why he was not initially a resident along with Meredith , Yang , Karev , and Stevens . Shepherd and Meredith had decided to adopt , due to Meredith 's infertility , which was diagnosed in season seven . The Chicago Tribune list is not ranked -- it consists of ten shows in alphabetical order . The Grey 's Anatomy logo can be seen in the infobox , above . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie . ( June 28 , 2016 ) ABC Fall 2016 Premiere Dates -- Today 's News : Our Take Archived June 28 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVGuide.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Renewed for Season 15 '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Nicole ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` How Much Does The ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast Make ? Being A TV Doctor Has Its Benefits '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Tim ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Which TV Stars Pull in the Most Dollars Per Episode ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Renewed '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Grey 's Anatomy TV Show '' . ABC . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes , creator of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and a Chicagoan of the Year '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( April 14 , 2005 ) . `` Thriving Ratings for a New Patient on ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Winfrey , Oprah ( December 2006 ) . `` Oprah Talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . O , The Oprah Magazine . Harpo Productions , Inc . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Aldore ( October 2005 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes : the force behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Business Library . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Springer , Sarah ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator , actress discuss media diversity '' . InAmerica . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` In Case You Did n't Know , This Is How Grey 's Anatomy Got Its Title '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... PopSugar . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( November 2005 ) . `` Gray 's Anatomy , 39th Edition : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice '' Archived January 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... American Journal of Neuroradiology. 26 ( 10 ) 2703 - 2704 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( January 5 , 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Real Lives of Surgical Residents Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... `` Introduction '' . Penguin . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Horbury , Alison ( July 28 , 2015 ) . Post-feminist Impasses in Popular Heroine Television : The Persephone Complex Archived January 30 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... Palgrave Macmillan . Google Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Keeps Sunday Time Slot '' . Fox News . News Corporation . April 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Development Updates : February 4 '' . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda . `` Shonda Rhimes on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Matter : From the Writers of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Kevin McKidd , Chandra Wilson to Direct Again ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Seattle Grace : Message of Hope '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , David . `` David Greenspan '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` How Grey 's Anatomy Keeps it Real '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Krista Vernoff on ' Good Mourning ' and ' Goodbye ' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oakley , Colleen ( April 9 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Shonda Rhimes '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( May 8 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Chicago as a ' Grey ' area ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandra Oh ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- Sandra Oh Audition . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 05 -- 0 : 15 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bardin , Brantley ( November 2006 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Gives Us Fever '' . Cosmopolitan . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On Location : Oprah on the Set of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 21 . November 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) Bio '' . Private Practice . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` Well - Known Secret : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff for ABC '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins On New Season Of ' Grey 's Anatomy ; ' Chyler Leigh Joins The Cast '' . StarPulse . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keeps , David A. ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Claustro , Lisa ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Smith ' Did n't Really Think ' Grey 's Anatomy Stint Would ' Work Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Dr. Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's De-Gayed : Brooke Smith Axed ; Melissa George 's Role Rewritten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . NBCUniversal . November 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Jessica Capshaw '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : A Grey 's Anatomy Goner '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Exclusive : Katherine Heigl is ( Almost ) Outta There ! `` . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . March 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sources Confirm : Katherine Heigl is Leaving `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' exclusive : Jesse Williams gets full - time upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo , Sandra Oh And Justin Chambers Close Deals To Return '' . Deadline . PMC . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh to Exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sandra Oh Will Leave ' Grey 's Anatomy ' at the End of the Tenth Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Washington set for Grey 's Anatomy return '' . BBC . March 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Leah And Shane To Leave Hospital Along With Cristina ? ( VIDEO ) '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . ( August 13 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renew contracts Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... EW.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . ( May 2 , 2014 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 : Justin Chambers , Sara Ramirez Sign New Contracts Archived May 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Star Sara Ramirez Talks Expiring Contract and Potential Departure Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Wetpaint.com ( November 13 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/ellen-pompeo-tvs-20-million-woman-reveals-her-behind-scenes-fight-what-i-deserve-1074978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Grey 's Anatomy promotes Kim Raver to series regular again '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grey 's Anatomy Season One DVD : Commentary Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( December 20 , 2010 ) . `` Where Is Grey 's Anatomy Filmed , Anyway ? '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy star signals more laughs '' . RTÉ ten . September 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Tanen , Brian . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Emmy Awards . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Dane and Patrick Dempsey ( 2008 ) . Grey 's Anatomy Season Four DVD : On Set With Patrick and Eric Additional Feature . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Walk the Talk '' . David Bordwell 's Website on Cinema `` . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Santucci , Pieracarla . `` Grey 's Anatomy Made Simple '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Yahoo Inc . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grey 's Anatomy of the Narrative Analysis Media and Cultural Analysis , Spring 2014 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Karanovic.org ( March 5 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Each season , with the exception of one and two , show the doctors ' residency year ( first year , second year , etc . ) being one older than the previous season . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a hit '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe Electronic Publishing Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( April 10 , 2005 ) . `` Winning a Battle , Losing the War '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Robinson , Julie Ann ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Each episode typically features scenes of a surgery , towards the center of the episode . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Deitch , Donna ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Mark ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Top of the docs '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' to Bring Back Kim Raver as Series Regular for Season 15 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( March 27 , 2005 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Forever Young '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Ornelas , Ed ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Good Mourning '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Hamilton , Ann . Director : Coles , John David ( April 24 , 2006 ) . `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Stanton , Gabrielle and Werksman , Harry . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stanzler , Wendey ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Horton , Peter ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krisa . Director : Davidson , Adam ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` Make Me Lose Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Misiano , Christopher ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Testing 1 -- 2 -- 3 '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Buchman , Eric . Director : Grossman , Michael ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Frawley , James ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` Scars and Souvenirs '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Vernoff , Krista . Directors : Grossman , Michael and Yu , Jessica ( November 22 , 2007 ) . `` Crash Into Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Freedom ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Kerns , Joanna ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rise Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 1 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 11 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 2 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Zisk , Randy ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Bans , Jenna . Director : Corn , Rob ( March 12 , 2009 ) . `` I Will Follow You Into the Dark '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Pressman , Michael ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Phelan , Tony ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Invasion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 5 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Corn , Rob ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Corn , Rob ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 1 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Take the Lead '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 3 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Wilding , Mark and Bans , Jenna . Director : Cragg , Stephen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Migration '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Nothing Says ' I Love You ' Like Asking for a Divorce Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( November 29 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes : ' There 's Something Great ' About Cristina and Owen 's Struggle Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Reporter ( May 23 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : How to Buy a Hospital Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Buddytv.com ( February 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Avery 's In Charge Now -- Season 9 Episode 16 Archived December 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Hollywood Life ( February 21 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy . ( March 14 , 2013 ) ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Recap -- Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Archived February 16 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... TVLine . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Let It Be '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Paymer , David ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` Break on Through '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Robe , Blythe . Director : Mann , Seith ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 22 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Grossman , Michael ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Other Side of This Life ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Robin , Steve ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 14 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Tinker , Mark ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Losing My Religion '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 27 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` This Is How We Do It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Underwood , Ron ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Girl With No Name '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Koenig , Kip . Director : Yu , Jessica ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Begin the Begin '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 26 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Minahan , Dan ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` 17 Seconds '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 25 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Schmir , Mimi . Director : Goldwyn , Tony ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Damage Control '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 24 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : Lerner , Dan ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` What I Am '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Vernoff , Krista . Director : Yaitaines , Greg ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Six Days ( Part 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Yu , Jessica ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Heart - Shaped Box '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Walk on Water '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 15 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drowning on Dry Land '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Horton , Peter ( February 12 , 2006 ) . `` As We Know It '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Rhimes , Shonda and Noxon , Marti . Director : Arkin , Adam ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Some Kind of Miracle '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Clack , Zoanne . Director : Corn , Rob ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Writer : Heinberg , Allan . Director : D'Elia , Bill ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Here 's to Future Days '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : McKee , Stacy . Director : Stoltz , Eric ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` These Ties That Bind '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : Liddi Brown , Allison ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Stairway to Heaven '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Washington , Sonay . Director : Phelan , Tony ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Sweet Surrender '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 20 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Wilson , Chandra ( March 11 , 2012 ) . `` Push '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 17 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Phelan , Tony ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Song Beneath the Song '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Episode 18 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Guzman , Austin . Director : Phelan , Tony ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` That 's Me Trying '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 7 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Szwarc , Jeannot ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Something 's Gotta Give '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Allen , Debbie ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Not Responsible '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 16 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Krinsky , Natalie . Director : Jackson , Mark ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Start Me Up '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 12 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Wilding , Mark . Director : McKidd , Kevin ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Harper , William . Director : Robin , Steve ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` It 's a Long Way Back '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 19 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writers : Phelan , Tony and Rater , Joan . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Adrift and at Peace '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Writer : Cahn , Debora . Director : Liddi - Brown , Allison ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 9 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : True Blood , Veronica Mars Alum Tina Majorino Lands a Grey 's Gig '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Exclusive Fringe First Look ! Plus Scoop on Grey 's , Glee , Covert and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Newcomer Tessa Ferrer for Recurring Role '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Desperate Housewives ' Steven Culp to Play Doctor '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Doctors Must Pick Up The Pieces After a Tragic Plane Crash on The Season 9 Premiere of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constance Zimmer Talks Shaking Up ' Grey 's , ' Playing The Bitch & More '' . Huffington Post . February 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Entourage 's Constance Zimmer Checks In to Seattle Grace '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spoilers Justin Bruening for Recurring Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` A Grey 's Anatomy Wedding and More Scoop on Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 9 Preview -- Hilarie Burton on Arizona , Lauren , Callie -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 Spoilers : Hilarie Burton Returns to Ruin Callie & Arizona 's Marriage ? '' . ENSTARZ . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Hilarie Burton on Lauren and Arizona 's Growing Flirtation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Patrick . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Heather Brooks Dies In Season 10 Premiere -- Recap -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season 10 : James Remar to play a surgeon 's father '' . Hypable . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 10 : James Remar reveals his top - secret character '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter ' Star Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . Huffington Post . August 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` On this week 's ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' Kelly McCreary gets sucker punched -- and she enjoys it ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Kelly McCreary Upped To Regular On ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Joins Season 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Raftery ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Was Dr. Herman 's Operation a Success ? '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lauren Cox . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Amelia Saves Dr. Herman In Surgery -- Season 11 , Episode 14 -- Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` WIRED Binge - Watching Guide : Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 - ) '' Archived November 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sure , Grey 's Anatomy was a big hit , but was it good TV ? '' . avclub.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : What season 10 could learn from season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` ABC seeks to build on momentum '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( March 26 , 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : No Heart , No Brain '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . June 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Season 2 Uncut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emmy Awards 2015 Snubs : ' Outlander , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Daredevil ' And More Overlooked For Nominations Archived September 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Ibtimes.com ( July 16 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( September 12 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : Men In Trees '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Season 11 Finale Recap : Shiny , Happy People '' . buddytv.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Seven Emmy nods a good fit '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( November 12 , 2006 ) . `` Heart Throb -- Grey 's Anatomy 's Katherine Heigl on Sex Love , and Cupcakes '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Ellen Pompeo totally saved ' How to Save a Life ' '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peralta , Eyder ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` Tsk . Tsk . Ethics these days '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Communication , Inc . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Catana , Kelli ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Sucks Me in Again '' . Huffington post . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` y 's Anatomy 's Alex Karev Is Totally Underrated '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor ( 2013 ) . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Grey 's Anatomy Needs Addison Back -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I would like first to clarify ... '' TV Guide . September 26 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keen , Alex ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` DVD Review : Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . The Trades . Burlee LLC . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Ask Matt : Will Big Bang Make an Emmy Splash ? What 's Next for Ghost Whisperer and More ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Status Report : Knight 's Fate Revealed , and More '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` These TV series are back , but are they better than ever ? '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . 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The Newsweek Daily Beast Company . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The McDreamy phenomenon '' . National Post . Postmedia Network . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dessylyn ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` A Look at the Pop Culture Behind Grey 's Anatomy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarious MADtv Grey 's Anatomy Parody ! '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie A. ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , ' The Dark Knight , ' ' Lost ' Named to IMDb 's Top 10 of the Last Decade '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Press Release : `` Grey 's Anatomy '' Adaptation `` A Corazón Abierto '' Premieres to Huge Ratings In Colombia `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Corazón Abierto Premieres in Mexico '' . ttvMediaNews . Print. Division . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holtz , Andrew ( 2010 ) . The Real Grey 's Anatomy : A Behind - The - Scenes Look at the Real Lives of Surgical Residents . Penguin . p. 2 . ISBN 0425232115 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Credited for Saving Life '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . 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Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( March 16 , 2011 ) . `` In Pictures : TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's Biggest Moneymakers '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` TV Season Rankings : Sunday Night Football Ends Idol 's Streak ; Once , POI and Rob Score Wins '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 3 / 21 / 05 - 3 / 27 / 05 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . March 29 , 2005 . 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May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 9 / 30 / 07 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 5 / 19 / 08 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 24 / 07 - 5 / 25 / 08 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Performance -- 2008 May Sweep / 2007 -- 08 TV Season '' . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings : 9 / 22 / 08 - 5 / 17 / 09 '' . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 2009 May Sweep / TV Season Ratings '' . Medianet . TheFutonCritic . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' $ # * ! My Dad Says , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' The Office , ' ' The Mentalist , ' and ' Outsourced ' All Rise ; Private Practice Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show 18 -- 49 Ratings Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 50 TV shows 2014 -- 2015 Highest Rated Winners and Losers '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Good Place ' adjust up , ' Notorious ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/2017-2018-tv-series-ratings-rankings-full-list-of-shows-1202395851/ ^ Jump up to : `` 63rd Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 13 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Golden Globe Awards . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . January 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Golden Globe Nominees and Winners '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2011 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2008 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees -- People 's Choice '' . peopleschoice.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees and Winners : 2007 '' . People 's Choice Awards . Procter & Gamble . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients '' . Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards . Women in Film and Television International . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards -- Television '' . NAACP Image Awards . National Association for the Advancement of Colored People . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Screen Actors Guild . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` ABC 's Sales for the Fall Nearly Done '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 2 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes , creator , Executive Producer and writer of ' Bring the Pain ' '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berman , Craig ( September 24 , 2006 ) . `` Can ' Grey 's ' rise to challenge of Thursdays ? '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 3 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 2007 -- 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Medianet . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 4 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Writers strike could pull plug on TV favorites '' . Today . MSNBC . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` ABC Reups Nine for ' 09 '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 5 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Ugly Betty ' leads a dozen ABC renewals '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 6 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC.com to Premiere ' Seattle Grace : On Call ' , a New Original Webisode Series Featuring Characters from ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Futon Critic . November 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Unveils 2010 -- 11 Primetime Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 7 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` Song Beneath The Song '' . '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Castle ' Plus Three More ABC Shows Get Early Renewals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide ( Season 8 ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Renewed Along With ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' And More By ABC '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . May 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates -- Which Launches Are Being Held for October ? '' . TVLine . PMC . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Renewed Shows 2013 -- Scandal , Grey 's , Nashville and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Renews Scandal , Grey 's Anatomy , Revenge and 2 More Shows '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Renews Castle , Secrets and Lies , Nashville , Galavant , S.H.I.E.L.D. , Agent Carter and 16 Other Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' stars fuming over spinoff '' . Today . MSNBC . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ; Wloszczyna , Susan ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Katherine Heigl positively glows '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Director set for ' Grey 's ' spinoff '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 3 , Episode Recap : ' The Other Side of This Life ' '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Breaking Grey 's / Private Practice Casting News ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meltzer Zepeda , Dana ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Private Practice Preview : Hail to the New Chief ( of Staff ) '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Private Practice ' Recast : Merrin Dungey out , Audra McDonald in , on the ' Grey 's Anatomy ' spinoff '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Private Practice Season 6 Catch Up '' . Private Practice Show Page . ABC.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Private Practice ' Finale : Weddings , Books And Happy Endings For Everyone ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Aol , Inc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff Lands Straight to Series Order From ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff Casts Rosewood 's Jaina Lee Ortiz '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jason George Jumps to Firefighter Spinoff as Series Regular '' . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spinoff : Grey Damon , The Catch Star Among Five New Hires '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Spinoff : Grey Damon , Okieriete Onaodowan , Danielle Savre & Barrett Doss Cast In Shondaland Series '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Spinoff : Miguel Sandoval Joins Firefighter Drama as Captain '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Full Season 8 Available Online at ABC.com/GreysAnatomy Through October 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy , Season 8 '' . iTunes . Apple . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Ep. 3 ' Superfreak ' '' . Amazon Video . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Watch ' Grey 's Anatomy ' When You Want , Just Do n't Skip Ads '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications , Inc . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Video and Full Episodes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy -- Full Episodes and Clips streaming online '' . Hulu . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` Netflix Adds More ABC , Disney Shows For Instant Streaming '' . Time . Time Warner Inc . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Anna ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` And the Grey 's Anatomy reruns go to . '' The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Eighth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete First Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Second Season '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Third Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fourth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Sixth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Seventh Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season 10 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco Uniforms and CafePress '' . The Futon Critic . February 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Scrubs Now Available Online Through a Strategic Collaboration Between ABC Entertainment Group , Barco '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters Corporation . February 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Music Event '' . iTunes . Apple . March 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Soundtrack Volume 4 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faylor , Chris ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Ubisoft Announces Grey 's Anatomy Video Game '' . Shacknews . GameFly , Inc . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Jason . `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for Wii Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : The Video Game for PC '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' gets a real - time iPad app '' . CNN Tech . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy '' . Nature Medicine . 15 : 590 . 2009 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0609 - 590 . Jump up ^ `` Moonlight Mile : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Nowalk , Peter . Director : Ornelas , Edward ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 4 . American Broadcasting Company . Further reading ( edit ) Burkhead , Cynthia ; Robson , Hillary ( 2008 ) . Grace under Pressure : Grey 's Anatomy Uncovered . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1847185347 . Van Dusen , Chris ; McKee , Stacy ( 2006 ) . Grey 's Anatomy : Overheard at the Emerald City Bar . Hyperion Books . ISBN 1401308821 . Wilson , Leah ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy 101 : Seattle Grace , Unauthorized . BenBella Books . ISBN 1933771143 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGrey 's Anatomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy on IMDb Grey 's Anatomy at TV.com Grey 's Anatomy on Hotstar - Star India 's Official Streaming Website Grey 's Anatomy at Yahoo ! TV Preceded by The Simpsons alongside American Dad ! 2005 Grey 's Anatomy Super Bowl lead - out program 2006 Succeeded by Criminal Minds 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A corazón abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Related Shondaland Awards for Greys Anatomy Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. Law , season 1 ( 1986 ) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 ( 1987 ) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 ( 1990 ) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 ( 1992 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1993 ) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 ( 1994 ) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 ( 1995 ) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 ( 1996 ) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 ( 1997 ) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 ( 2000 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 ( 2001 ) The Shield , season 1 ( 2002 ) 24 , season 2 / season 3 ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck , season 2 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2009 ) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 ( 2010 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 2 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2013 ) The Affair , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2015 ) The Crown , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) 2000 : The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 Hill Janney Kelly Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2001 : The West Wing , season 2 / season 3 Hill Janney Lowe Moloney Schiff Sheen Spencer Whitford 2002 : Six Feet Under , season 2 Ambrose Conroy Griffiths Hall Krause Rodríguez St. Patrick 2003 : Six Feet Under , season 3 Ambrose Conroy Foster Griffiths Hall Krause Macdissi Machado Rodríguez St. Patrick Taylor Wilson 2004 : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , season 4 / season 5 Dourdan Eads Fox Guilfoyle Hall Helgenberger Petersen Szmanda 2005 : Lost , season 1 / season 2 Akinnuoye - Agbaje Andrews de Ravin Fox Garcia Grace Holloway Kelley D.D. Kim Y. Kim Lilly Monaghan O'Quinn Perrineau Rodriguez Somerhalder Watros 2006 : Grey 's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 Chambers Dane Dempsey Heigl Knight Oh Pickens Pompeo Ramirez Walsh Washington Wilson 2007 : The Sopranos , season 6 , part II Antonacci Bracco Falco Gandolfini Grimaldi Iler Imperioli Nascarella Schirripa Servitto Sigler Sirico Turturro Van Zandt Vincent 2008 : Mad Men , season 2 Batt Brie Gladis Hamm Hart Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Moses Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Staton 2009 : Mad Men , season 3 Alemanni Batt Gilmore Gladis Hamm Harris Hendricks Jones Kartheiser Morse Moss Shipka Slattery Sommer Stanley Staton Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. 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-6763261468264584976	List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game	List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game - wikipedia List of goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about ice hockey goaltenders who have scored a goal in an NHL game . For the similar feat in association football , see List of goalscoring goalkeepers . Martin Brodeur is the only goaltender to be credited with three goals , two goals in the regular season and another one in the playoffs . After a seven - year lull , Chris Osgood was the first goaltender to score a goal since Ron Hextall did so in the 1989 playoffs . Jose Theodore , then playing for the Montreal Canadiens , scored a goal and shutout in a 3 -- 0 game against the New York Islanders . Evgeni Nabokov was the first non-North American goaltender to score a goal . Chris Mason was credited with a goal in 2006 . Cam Ward , pictured here with Frantisek Kaberle in 2008 , was credited with a goal in 2011 . Eleven goaltenders have scored a total of fourteen goals in National Hockey League ( NHL ) games . A goalkeeper can score by either shooting the puck into the net , or being awarded the goal as the last player on his team to touch the puck when an opponent scored an own goal . A goal scored by shooting the puck is particularly challenging as the goaltender has to aim for a six - foot - wide net that is close to 180 feet away , while avoiding opposing defencemen ; in the case of own goals , the combined circumstance of the own goal itself in addition to the goaltender being the last player to touch the puck makes it a very rare occurrence . Of the fourteen goals , seven were scored by shooting the puck and seven were the result of own goals . Goaltenders have participated in the offence , albeit in a limited way , since the earliest days of the sport . Before the creation of the NHL in 1917 , there were some instances recorded of goaltenders rushing down the ice to participate in the play , occasionally scoring a goal . This practice has since been outlawed ( goalies are not allowed to cross the centre red line to play the puck ) after the Toronto Maple Leafs ' Gary Smith was injured on such a rush in the 1966 -- 67 NHL season . During the history of the league , there had been some near - misses by goaltenders , including attempts by Chuck Rayner by aiming at the empty net , or joining the attack . In 1977 , Rogatien Vachon briefly became the first goaltender to score a goal after being credited following an own goal by the opponent , before it was given instead to a teammate by later video review . Billy Smith of the New York Islanders became the first goaltender to score an NHL goal on November 28 , 1979 , when he was given credit following an own goal . Ron Hextall of the Philadelphia Flyers became the second goalkeeper to score , and the first to score by taking a shot . Martin Brodeur has scored the most NHL goals by a goaltender , with two in the regular season and one in the playoffs . The most recent goal credited to a goaltender was awarded to Mike Smith of the Phoenix Coyotes on October 19 , 2013 , scored via a shot on goal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technique 2 History 3 Scorers 4 See also 5 Bibliography 6 References Technique ( edit ) Under modern rules , the only realistic chance for the goaltender to score exists when the opposing goaltender is pulled for an extra attacker , leaving the six - foot - wide net at the other end of the rink empty . It is assumed that the opposing goaltender , if in net , would not commit a blunder . Furthermore , the goaltender is prohibited from travelling to the other side of rink ; specifically , he is not allowed to cross the centre red line in order to participate in a play , where the position of the puck is prescribed as the `` determining factor '' by Rule 27 of the Official NHL Rule Book . The result is that the goaltender can not participate in play in the opponent 's zone , and must take a shot from his side of the rink . Coaches generally discourage any player from shooting at an empty net from their own side of the red line because if the shot goes wide , it results in an icing infraction . This brings the face off back in the defensive zone and prohibits the offending team from making any substitutions . In practice , a shot from the goaltender is taken from the side of his net , because further travel risks turning the puck over . Due to the distance between the two nets , the puck has to be shot with a trajectory and speed that prevents the opposing team from stopping it while it travels . All NHL goaltenders who have scored a goal by shooting the puck have done so with an empty net ; the goals credited to goaltenders that did not shoot the puck were all the result of own goals by the opposing team who had their crease vacated . Rule 27.7 was instituted in the 1966 -- 67 season , after the Toronto Maple Leafs ' Gary Smith had been knocked out by Montreal Canadiens defenceman J.C. Tremblay 's bodycheck as the former was crossing the centre red line carrying the puck . Prior to the institution of the rule , the only recorded instances of goaltenders scoring goals involved them rushing to the other end of the rink , and they occurred generally in the early days of ice hockey , around 1900 . Furthermore , prior to 1931 , empty - net situations did not arise as it was not customary to pull the goaltender late in the game for an extra attacker in an effort to tie the game up . This technique is credited to Art Ross , coach of the Boston Bruins , who pulled Tiny Thompson in game two of the semifinals playoff series against the Montreal Canadiens . An instance of an attempted empty - net goal was recorded in 1947 , when New York Rangers goaltender Chuck Rayner missed the net `` by a whisper '' which was vacated when the Toronto Maple Leafs had pulled Turk Broda . History ( edit ) Billy Smith of the New York Islanders , in the 1979 -- 80 season , was the first goaltender to be credited with a goal in the NHL when Rob Ramage of the Colorado Rockies put the puck into his own empty net . Smith was the last Islander to have touched the puck , and by NHL rule 78.4 , an unassisted goal is awarded to the last player on the scoring team who had contacted the puck , in the event of an own goal . However , the participation of goaltenders in offence began long before Billy Smith 's goal . The first recorded goal in competitive play , scored by a goaltender , was in 1905 . According to a Montreal Star report , poor officiating resulted in only the goaltenders left on the ice in a February 18 game between the Montreal Westmounts and Quebec Bulldogs of Canadian Amateur Hockey League ( CAHL ) . Fred Brophy ( Montreal ) and Hall of Famer Paddy Moran ( Quebec ) exchanged scoring attempts , before Brophy beat Moran , while the latter and most of the spectators `` convulsed in laughter '' . Brophy repeated the feat a year later on March 7 , 1906 , by skating the length of the ice to score on goaltender Nathan Frye of the Montreal Victorias of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) . The first goaltender credited with an assist in the NHL was Georges Vezina in the 1917 -- 18 season , after a puck rebounded off his leg pad to a teammate who skated the length of the ice to score . In the 1935 -- 36 season , Tiny Thompson became the first goaltender to gain an assist after making an intentional pass . During the Second World War , while playing for the All - Star Canadian Army team , goaltender Chuck Rayner carried the puck down the ice and beat the opposing goaltender , Art Jones . In the NHL , he made numerous unsuccessful attempts to duplicate this feat ; as a member of the New York Rangers , Rayner attempted to score both by aiming at an empty net and by rushing down the rink . There are at least two recorded instances of him skating to the other side of the ice after making a save , and he was experimentally used on the point during power - plays in late 1940s . In the 1976 -- 77 season , Los Angeles Kings goaltender Rogie Vachon briefly became the first goaltender to be credited with a goal when the opposing New York Islanders scored on themselves during a delayed penalty ; however , after video review , the goal was given to Vic Venasky as it was determined that he was the last Kings player to touch the puck before it went in the net . A similar case occurred in 1987 when the Islanders ' Brent Sutter scored on his own net during a delayed penalty ; the cross-town rival Rangers ' Bob Froese was credited with the goal , briefly becoming the second goaltender to have been credited with an NHL goal . Later video review concluded that Froese had not touched the puck at all , and the goal was awarded to David Shaw . The first goaltender to score a goal by intentionally shooting the puck into the opponent 's net was the Philadelphia Flyers ' Ron Hextall , who on December 8 , 1987 , scored on an empty net after Boston pulled their goaltender , Rejean Lemelin , for a sixth attacker late in the third period . The most recent goaltender to have scored a goal by deliberately shooting the puck into his opponents ' net was Mike Smith , in 2013 . Of the fourteen goals scored by NHL goaltenders , seven were shot into the opposing team 's net by the goaltender . Two goaltenders have scored a goal and earned a shutout in the same game . Damian Rhodes , playing for the Ottawa Senators , was credited with a goal in a 6 -- 0 win over the New Jersey Devils on January 2 , 1999 , and Jose Theodore , playing for the Montreal Canadiens , shot the puck into the New York Islanders ' empty net in a 3 -- 0 victory on January 2 , 2001 , exactly two years later . Theodore 's shot was the only backhand of the seven . In addition to being the first goaltender to be credited with a goal , Billy Smith was the only goaltender to have scored in a game that he lost . Chris Mason and Damian Rhodes are the only goalies to be credited with a goal in both the AHL and the NHL . Of the 14 goals , the New Jersey Devils franchise has been involved in six of them , three goals for ( highest total ) and three goals against ( highest total ) , including the first ever goaltender goal when scored on in their previous incarnation as the Colorado Rockies . While both Ron Hextall and Martin Brodeur have scored more than one goal , Hextall is the only goaltender to score twice by directly shooting the puck into the opponent 's net . Brodeur 's second and third goals were own goals by the other team , where Brodeur received credit for touching the puck last . Brodeur 's second goal is the only game - winning goal scored by a goaltender . Hextall and Brodeur both scored in a playoff game as well as a regular season game . Hextall 's second goal is the only goal scored by a goaltender while his team was short handed , and Evgeni Nabokov and Martin Brodeur are the only goalies who scored on a power play . Martin Brodeur is the only goalie to score against another goalie , when he scored against Dan Ellis , although Ellis was on his way to the bench for an extra attacker on a delayed penalty call and failed to make it back to the net in time to prevent the puck from entering the goal . Brodeur is also the only goalie who has both scored an empty net goal while the opposing goalie was on the bench , as well as having been the goalie on the bench when another goalie was credited with a goal . Mike Smith was the latest goaltender to score a goal in the NHL , which he managed to do in a 5 -- 2 victory of the Phoenix Coyotes over the Detroit Red Wings on October 19 , 2013 . He scored the goal with only 1 / 10 of a second left in the third period . He is also the only goaltender to be credited with a goal in both the NHL and the ECHL , having scored a goal as a member of the Lexington Men O ' War on October 26 , 2002 , against the Dayton Bombers . Scorers ( edit ) Key Symbol Meaning SOG Shot on goal : puck was shot by the goaltender into the opponent 's net PPG Power - play goal SHG Short - handed goal GWG Game - winning goal DP Goal scored on delayed penalty § Player 's team lost the game Bold name Goaltender active in the NHL in 2016 -- 17 Bold score Goal was scored at home ( # ) Number of goals scored in career Name Team Season Date Opposing team Pulled goaltender Player who scored OG Final score Notes Smith , Billy Billy Smith New York Islanders 1979 -- 80 000000001979 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1979 Colorado Rockies Bill McKenzie Rob Ramage 4 -- 7 44 : 50 , DP Hextall , Ron Ron Hextall Philadelphia Flyers 1987 -- 88 000000001987 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1987 Boston Bruins Reggie Lemelin SOG 5 -- 2 58 : 48 Hextall ( 2 ) , Ron Ron Hextall ( 2 ) Philadelphia Flyers 1989 playoffs 000000001989 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1989 Washington Capitals Pete Peeters SOG 8 -- 5 58 : 58 , SHG Osgood , Chris Chris Osgood Detroit Red Wings 1995 -- 96 000000001996 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1996 Hartford Whalers Sean Burke SOG 4 -- 2 59 : 49 Brodeur , Martin Martin Brodeur New Jersey Devils 1997 playoffs 000000001997 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1997 Montreal Canadiens Jocelyn Thibault SOG 5 -- 2 59 : 15 Rhodes , Damian Damian Rhodes Ottawa Senators 1998 -- 99 000000001999 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1999 New Jersey Devils Martin Brodeur Lyle Odelein 6 -- 0 08 : 14 , DP Brodeur ( 2 ) , Martin Martin Brodeur ( 2 ) New Jersey Devils 1999 -- 2000 000000002000 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2000 Philadelphia Flyers Brian Boucher Daymond Langkow 4 -- 2 49 : 43 , GWG , DP Theodore , Jose Jose Theodore Montreal Canadiens 2000 -- 01 000000002001 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2001 New York Islanders John Vanbiesbrouck SOG 3 -- 0 59 : 51 Nabokov , Evgeni Evgeni Nabokov San Jose Sharks 2001 -- 02 000000002002 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2002 Vancouver Canucks Peter Skudra SOG 7 -- 4 59 : 12 , PPG Noronen , Mika Mika Noronen Buffalo Sabres 2003 -- 04 000000002004 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2004 Toronto Maple Leafs Trevor Kidd Robert Reichel 6 -- 4 59 : 17 Mason , Chris Chris Mason Nashville Predators 2005 -- 06 000000002006 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2006 Phoenix Coyotes David LeNeveu Geoff Sanderson 5 -- 1 50 : 47 , DP Ward , Cam Cam Ward Carolina Hurricanes 2011 -- 12 000000002011 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2011 New Jersey Devils Johan Hedberg Ilya Kovalchuk 4 -- 2 59 : 30 Brodeur ( 3 ) , Martin Martin Brodeur ( 3 ) New Jersey Devils 2012 -- 13 000000002013 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2013 Carolina Hurricanes Dan Ellis Jordan Staal 4 -- 1 03 : 54 , PPG , DP Smith , Mike Mike Smith Phoenix Coyotes 2013 -- 14 000000002013 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2013 Detroit Red Wings Jimmy Howard SOG 5 -- 2 59 : 59 Ellis had not yet reached the bench to be replaced by an extra attacker ( he even attempted to return to stop the puck ) and thus the goal was credited as an official goal against Ellis , as opposed to an empty - net goal . Replay footage showed that the goal was scored with 0.1 second left in the game . See also ( edit ) List of goalkeepers who have scored in soccer Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Kevin ; Bower , Johnny ( 2002 ) . Without Fear : Hockey 's 50 greatest goaltenders . Chicago : Triumph Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 484 - 4 . OCLC 49936232 . Duplacey , James ; Diamond , Dan ( 2000 ) . The Official Rules of Hockey . Globe Pequot . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58574 - 052 - 9 . `` NHL firsts and lasts -- goaltenders to score '' . NHL . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Weir , Glenn ( 1999 ) . Ultimate Hockey . Stoddart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7737 - 6057 - 8 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rule 27 -- Goalkeeper 's Penalties '' . NHL . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Duplacey and Diamond , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 78 -- Goals '' . NHL . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 117 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 187 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 51 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Rayner -- Biography '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` One on One with Chuck Rayner '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ UPI ( 1977 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Vachon Did n't Score Goal '' . The Montreal Gazette . p. 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Froese Loses Credit For Scoring Goal '' . New York Times . 1987 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Allen , Duff , Bower ; p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHL firsts and lasts -- goaltenders to score '' . NHL . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Goalie Mason scores , wins fifth straight as Preds top Yotes '' . 2006 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Brodeur '' . New Jersey Devils . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ David Amber ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) . `` No shortage of playoff moments for the Broad Street Bullies '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks pummel Canucks ; Nabokov scores '' . CBC. 2002 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ECHL Featured Alumnus -- Mike Smith '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The 12 Times NHL Goalies Scored Goals Themselves '' . 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornick , Eric . `` 30th Anniversary of Billy Smith 's Goal '' . Jump up ^ `` The Leader - Post - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 23 March 1981 ) . `` For Islanders ' Billy Smith , Thr ( sic ) Game Is a Job , The Goal Is His TurfF '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Scores - Hockey Scoreboard '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ `` Sharks pummel Canucks ; Nabokov scores '' . CBC.ca. 11 March 2002 . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jerry ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` Goalie Smith scores in Coyotes ' victory '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( hide ) List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_goaltenders_who_have_scored_a_goal_in_an_NHL_game&oldid=833621859 '' Categories : Lists of National Hockey League players National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League goaltenders who have scored in a game Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many nhl goalies have scored a goal	[ "Eleven goaltenders have scored a total of fourteen goals in National Hockey League (NHL) games. A goalkeeper can score by either shooting the puck into the net, or being awarded the goal as the last player on his team to touch the puck when an opponent scored an own goal. A goal scored by shooting the puck is particularly challenging as the goaltender has to aim for a six-foot-wide net that is close to 180 feet away, while avoiding opposing defencemen; in the case of own goals, the combined circumstance of the own goal itself in addition to the goaltender being the last player to touch the puck makes it a very rare occurrence. Of the fourteen goals, seven were scored by shooting the puck and seven were the result of own goals." ]	[ "Eleven" ]
-7650676900503238288	List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 3)	List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 3 ) - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z Season 3 Cover for the Season 3 DVD Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 33 Release Original network Fuji Television ( Japan ) Cartoon Network ( U.S. ) Original release January 23 -- September 11 , 1991 ( Japan ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 The Frieza Saga is the third season of Dragon Ball Z anime series . The episodes are produced by Toei Animation , and are based on the final 26 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . The 33 - episode season originally ran from January to September 1991 in Japan on Fuji Television . The first English airing of the series was on Cartoon Network where Funimation Entertainment 's dub of the series ran from September to November 1999 . The episodes also aired in Canada , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Australia , and the Republic of Ireland . Funimation released the season in a box set , and in June 2009 , announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the `` Dragon Boxes '' . Based on the original series masters with frame - by - frame restoration , and is uncut . The first set was released November 10 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 References Episode list ( edit ) Ep # Initial dub ep # Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Japanese title Japanese airdate English airdate 75 61 `` Thou Who Hast Gathered the Seven Balls ... Now Speak Forth the Password ! '' / `` Password is Porunga '' `` Nanatsu no Tama o Soroeshi Mono yo ... Sā Aikotoba o Ie ! '' ( 七ッの玉を揃えし者よ ... さあ合言葉を言え ! ) January 23 , 1991 September 21 , 1999 While Goku is recovering , Krillin heads to Guru 's to get the password . Gohan is left behind to guard the Dragon Balls while Vegeta is taking a nap . On his way to Guru 's , Krillin sees Dende flying in the opposite direction . He meets up with him , and Dende tells him that he has been sent to deliver the password . Krillin and Dende head back to Frieza 's ship . Once they arrive , they decide to make the wish now , so Vegeta wo n't get his wish of immortality . They bring the Dragon Balls to a nearby island , and Dende summons Porunga . Frieza , meanwhile , realizes that Nail is purposely stalling him , he makes a move to finish him off . Nail , however , says that killing him wo n't do any good because the others probably already have summoned the dragon balls . As the sky suddenly turns black , Frieza realizes that someone must be summoning the dragon , and frantically flies back to his ship . 76 62 `` Kami - sama Also Returns to Life ! Piccolo is Resurrected by Super Shen Long '' / `` Piccolo 's Return '' `` Kamisama mo Ikikaetta ! Sūpā Shen Long de Pikkoro ga Fukkatsu '' ( 神様も生き返った ! 超神龍でピッコロが復活 ) January 30 , 1991 September 22 , 1999 Thanks to Dende , the Eternal Dragon , Porunga , has been summoned . Unlike Shenron , the earth 's dragon , Porunga has the power to grant three wishes . Through King Kai , Piccolo tells Gohan to use the first wish to bring him back to life , then use the second to bring him to Namek . The dragon grants these two wishes . While they are thinking of their third wish , Vegeta wakes up . Furious , he flies over to Gohan , Krillin , and Dende , demanding that they wish for his immortality . Before they can decide what to do , Porunga suddenly disappears . Guru has died , so the Dragon Balls and Porunga die with him . 77 63 `` Birth of the Mightiest Warrior ! ? Nail and Piccolo Merge '' / `` The Fusion '' `` Saikyō Senshi no Tanjō ka ! ? Neiru to Pikkoro ga Gattai '' ( 最強戦士の誕生か ! ? ネイルとピッコロが合体 ) February 6 , 1991 September 23 , 1999 Guru is gone , along with Porunga and Vegeta 's wish . Frieza arrives , furious at being denied his wish . He begins to fight with them . Vegeta is confident in his new strength . Meanwhile , Piccolo comes upon Nail 's wounded body . Nail tells him to fuse with him , because this transformation might give him enough power to defeat Frieza . Though he is reluctant , Piccolo agrees . He and Nail become one , though it is in Piccolo 's body . With his newfound strength , Piccolo continues towards Frieza 's ship . 78 64 `` A Nightmare Super-Transformation ! ! Frieza 's Battle Power of One Million '' / `` Fighting Power : One Million ? '' `` Akumu no Chōhenshin ! ! Sentōryoku Hyakuman no Furīza '' ( 悪夢の超変身 ! ! 戦闘力 100 万のフリーザ ) February 13 , 1991 September 24 , 1999 As the battle continues , Frieza decides to tell Vegeta that it was actually he who destroyed planet Vegeta , wiping out the Saiyan race . Vegeta claims that he knew all along , which was why he hated Frieza so much . Frieza decides to reveal another secret : he can transform . He claims that at full strength , his fighting power is over one million . Eager to finally destroy Vegeta , Frieza transforms into a hideous giant . 79 65a `` Is This the End ! ? A Brutally Transcendent Power Attacks Gohan '' / `` Gohan Attacks '' `` Koko made ka ! ? Kyōaku Chōzetsu Pawā ga Gohan o Osō '' ( ここまでか ! ? 凶悪超絶パワーが悟飯を襲う ) February 20 , 1991 September 27 , 1999 By transforming into a giant , Frieza has gained much more power . Frieza 's first victim is Krillin . After seeing his friend attacked , Gohan loses control of himself and unleashes a furious attack on Frieza . Though he is strong , he is not strong enough to stop Frieza , who pounds the inexperienced young warrior . 80 65b `` The Tide Suddenly Turned ! ! Piccolo , the Warrior Who Came Late '' / `` Piccolo the Super-Namek '' `` Ikki ni Keisei Gyakuten ! ! Okurete Kita Senshi - Pikkoro '' ( 一気に形勢逆転 ! ! 遅れてきた戦士・ピッコロ ) February 27 , 1991 September 27 , 1999 Dende heals Krillin 's injuries . Krillin is then able to distract Frieza long enough for Dende to heal Gohan . Though they are both back to full strength , it all seems useless , because none of them are a match for Frieza . Suddenly , Piccolo finally arrives at the scene . He tells them that he will take on Frieza alone . Krillin and Gohan do n't understand why he would do this , but Piccolo insists . With his new strength acquired from fusion , he is confident that he can take down Frieza . 81 66 `` Piccolo 's Self - Confidence ! I Will Be the One to Defeat Freeza '' / `` Deja Vu '' `` Pikkoro no Jishin ! Furīza o Taosu no wa Ore da '' ( ピッコロの自信 ! フリーザを倒すのはオレだ ) March 6 , 1991 September 28 , 1999 Piccolo and Frieza begin to fight . With his new power , Piccolo is able to hold his own with Frieza . Also , since he is fused with Nail , he is familiar with the way Frieza fights . Inside the isolation chamber in Frieza 's spaceship , Goku senses that Piccolo has arrived , and that his strength has dramatically increased . It seems that Piccolo is going to defeat Frieza . 82 67 `` Attack , Goku ! ! An Enraged Freeza 's Second Transformation '' / `` Frieza 's Second Transformation '' `` Shutsugeki da Gokū ! ! Gekido no Furīza ga Daini no Henshin '' ( 出撃だ悟空 ! ! 激怒のフリーザが第 2 の変身 ) March 13 , 1991 September 29 , 1999 Piccolo is beating Frieza , but the evil tyrant has another trick up his sleeve : another transformation . He changes into a hideous beast . In this form , Frieza is even more powerful than before . Piccolo begins to fight the new Frieza , but it is clear that Frieza is more powerful . Piccolo is no longer able to hold him off . 83 68 `` Fear Me ! ! Freeza Does Battle with a Third Transformation '' / `` Another Transformation ? '' `` Kyōfu Shiro ! ! Furīza wa Sando no Henshin de Shōbu Suru '' ( 恐怖しろ ! ! フリーザは 3 度の変身で勝負する ) March 20 , 1991 September 30 , 1999 Frieza is about to finish Piccolo off , but Gohan jumps in front of his energy blast to save him . He then fires a blast of his own at Frieza , but Frieza is able to deflect it . Frieza decides to transform into his final form to finish them off once and for all . Vegeta , however , comes up with a plan to stop him : he asks Krillin to severely injure him , but when Dende heals him , he will become much more powerful . Krillin reluctantly gives Vegeta a powerful blast , and the Saiyan falls to the ground . He stumbles over to Dende , demanding that he be healed . Though Dende resists , Gohan and Krillin convince him to do it . 84 69 `` The Death of Dende ... Come Forth ! Intense , Wide - Open Power '' / `` Dende 's Demise '' `` Dende no Shi ... Dete Koi ! Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā '' ( デンデの死 ... でてこい ! とびきり全開パワー ) March 27 , 1991 October 1 , 1999 Frieza realizes that Dende has been healing his opponents , so he kills him . Now in his final form , Frieza seems unstoppable . Gohan and Krillin throw everything they 've got at him , but Frieza easily defeates them . Vegeta steps in , telling Frieza that he has now become a Super Saiyan . Unafraid , Frieza takes him on . 85 70 `` How I 've Waited for this Moment ! ! ! Son Goku Revived '' / `` The Renewed Goku '' `` Machi ni Matta ze , Kono Shunkan ! ! ! Son Gokū ga Fukkatsu da '' ( 待ちに待ったぜ、この瞬間 ! ! ! 孫悟空が復活だ ) April 3 , 1991 October 4 , 1999 Despite his dramatic increase in power , Vegeta is no match for Frieza . It seems that he is not a Super Saiyan after all . Gohan , Krillin and Piccolo helplessly look on in horror as Frieza tortures Vegeta . Luckily , Goku has finally recovered . He breaks out of the isolation chamber , and flies to the battlefield . 86 71 `` Such Regret ... ! ! Vegeta , Pride of the Saiyans , Dies '' / `` The End of Vegeta '' `` Munen ... ! ! Hokori Takaki Saiyajin Bejīta Shisu '' ( 無念 ... ! ! 誇り高きサイヤ人・ベジータ死す ) April 10 , 1991 October 5 , 1999 Goku has entered the battlefield stronger than ever and prepares to fight Frieza alone . It seems that Goku might become a Super Saiyan , as he easily deflects Frieza 's energy attacks . As Vegeta taunts Frieza , the tyrant easily finishes him off with a cruel bout of laughter . With his last breath , Vegeta tells Goku of what Frieza has done to the Saiyans . Can Goku defeat Frieza , the one person no one else has beaten ? 87 72 `` The Curtain Rises over the Ultimate Battle ! ! I Am Going to Defeat You ! '' / `` The Ultimate Battle '' `` Chō Kessen no Makuake da ! ! Omēdake wa Ora ga Taosu '' ( 超決戦の幕開けだ ! ! おめえだけはオラが倒す ) April 17 , 1991 October 6 , 1999 With new understanding of the Saiyans , Goku vows to avenge them by defeating Frieza . Both of these warriors match each other 's moves with great speed and strength . Then , Frieza fires at Namek , causing a volcanic eruption . Can Goku survive this ? 88 73 `` The Two Superpowers Collide ! A Fistfight Where Both Turn Serious ! ! ! '' / `` Clash of the Super Powers '' `` Gekitotsu no Ni Dai Chō Pawā ! Honki Dōshi no Nikudan Sen ! ! ! '' ( 激突の 2 大超パワー ! 本気同士の肉弾戦 ! ! ! ) April 24 , 1991 October 7 , 1999 As the fight continues , Goku attacks from underwater upon realizing that Frieza ca n't sense power levels . As Goku seems to be in control , Frieza uses his mind to use rocks to attack Goku so he can trap him in an energy ball that will explode if it touches anything but Frieza , and it does n't look good for Goku . 89 74 `` Freeza 's Terrible Declaration ! I Will Defeat You Without Using My Hands '' / `` Frieza 's Boast '' `` Furīza Kyōfu no Sengen ! Te o Tsukawazu Omae o Taosu '' ( フリーザ恐怖の宣言 ! 手を使わずお前を倒す ) May 1 , 1991 October 8 , 1999 To prove that he 's the strongest of all , Frieza uses his feet and not his hands to beat Goku . It may seem Frieza has the advantage , but Goku proves that the tyrant will have to use his hands . Meanwhile , Bulma finds a frog , unaware that it 's Captain Ginyu as he prepares to switch bodies with her . 90 75 `` That Was No Idle Boast ! ! Son Goku , an Audacious , Wonderful Guy '' / `` Bold and Fearless '' `` Hattari ja nē zo ! ! Daitan Suteki na Yatsu - Son Gokū '' ( ハッタリじゃねえぞ ! ! 大胆素敵な奴・孫悟空 ) May 8 , 1991 October 11 , 1999 To ensure Goku is defeated , Frieza powers up to 50 % of his maximum and it seems that not even Goku can handle it . Ginyu finds the other heroes in Bulma 's body and prepares to have his revenge . 91 76 `` Showdown ! ! The Embodiment of Flame in a 20 - Times Kaio - ken Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Embodiment of Fire '' `` Ketchaku da ! ! Honō no Keshin Nijūbai Kaiōken no Kamehameha '' ( 決着だ ! ! 炎の化身 20 倍界王拳のカメハメ波 ) May 15 , 1991 October 12 , 1999 Captain Ginyu prepares his revenge by switching with Piccolo , but Gohan is able to throw Bulma ( as a frog ) in the way to get her body back . Meanwhile , Goku is being beaten up by Frieza with his power increase and even the Kaio - ken attack does n't work . But as he is held by the monster 's power , he has a vision showing what Frieza could do to Earth . Rocked and inspired by the vision , Goku powers up . 92 77 `` A Super-Huge Genki Dama -- I 'm Playing My Last Card ! ! '' / `` Trump Card '' `` Chō Tokudai no Genki Dama Kore ga Saikyō no Kirifuda da ! ! '' ( 超特大の元気玉これが最後の切り札だ ! ! ) May 22 , 1991 October 13 , 1999 Goku 's 20x Kaio - ken attack with a Kamehameha can not work against Frieza , as the tyrant tries to destroy him once and for all . Luckily , Goku has one more trick up his sleeve : the Spirit Bomb . 93 78 `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! Piccolo 's Suicide Support Strike '' / `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! '' `` Chansu o Ikase ! ! Pikkoro Sutemi no Engo Shageki '' ( チャンスを生かせ ! ! ピッコロ捨身の援護射撃 ) May 29 , 1991 October 14 , 1999 As King Kai and the others watch the battle on Namek , the Ginyu Force arrives to take over the planet , but Yamcha , Tien and Chiaotzu are ready for a fight . Back on Namek , Frieza discovers Goku 's Spirit Bomb and plans to stop it . Suddenly , Piccolo steps in to give Goku more time . 94 79 `` The Incredible Destructive Force of the Genki Dama ! ! Who Will Survive ? ! '' / `` Power of the Spirit '' `` Genki Dama no Chō Hakairyoku ! ! Ikinokotta no wa Dare da ! ? '' ( 元気玉の超破壊力 ! ! 生き残ったのは誰だ ! ? ) June 5 , 1991 October 15 , 1999 The battle on King Kai 's planet begins with the Z - Fighters against the Ginyu Force and it seems that our heroes ' training is paying off . Piccolo does his best for Goku to complete the Spirit Bomb , but it seems that Frieza might win this battle . At the last moment , the Spirit Bomb is completed , and Goku hurls it at Frieza , who ca n't control the force of the blast . Frieza is seemingly destroyed . 95 80 `` Transformed At Last ! ! Son Goku , the Legendary Super Saiyan '' / `` Transformed at Last '' `` Tsui ni Henshin ! ! Densetsu no Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gokū '' ( ついに変身 ! ! 伝説の超サイヤ人・孫悟空 ) June 12 , 1991 October 18 , 1999 It looks like the battle is over , as Frieza seems to be defeated and the Ginyu Force has been beaten off King Kai 's planet to Hell by the remaining Z - Fighters . As everyone celebrates , Frieza reappears and spares no time attacking ; first he fires a blast at Goku , but Piccolo hurls himself in front of it and takes the blast , knocking him out . Then Frieza fires another blast and uses it to blow up Krillin , killing him . Fueled by rage at the loss of his best friend , Goku 's power increases exponentially , and he ascends to become a Super Saiyan . 96 81 `` An Explosion of Anger ! ! Goku , Avenge Everyone 's Deaths '' / `` Explosion of Anger '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū yo , Minna no Kataki o Uttekure '' ( 怒り爆発 ! ! 悟空よ、みんなの仇を討ってくれ ) June 19 , 1991 October 19 , 1999 Goku 's hair has turned gold and his eyes green , as he is surrounded by a gold aura ; the fuel of this power being his anger towards Frieza . As Gohan takes Piccolo to Goku 's ship , our hero starts to pound on Frieza as the tyrant fires back , but none of his attacks are working against Goku now that he is a Super Saiyan . It looks like Frieza will finally be defeated . 97 82 `` The Destruction of Planet Namek ! ? A Demonic Flash Pierces the Ground '' / `` Namek 's Destruction ? '' `` Namekkusei Shōmetsu ka ! ? Daichi o Tsuranuku Ma no Senkō '' ( ナメック星消滅か ! ? 大地を貫く魔の閃光 ) June 26 , 1991 October 20 , 1999 Not willing to be beaten , Frieza fires an attack to destroy Namek so Goku will be killed , as the Super Saiyan ca n't do anything to stop the attack . However , he holds back too much power , and the planet is n't destroyed , but is left unstable and ready to collapse and blow up . 98 83 `` I Will Be the One Who Wins ... Risking Survival , a Final Attack '' / `` A Final Attack '' `` Katsu no wa Ore Da ... Ikinokori o Kaketa Saishū Kōgeki '' ( 勝つのはオレだ ... 生き残りをかけた最終攻撃 ) July 10 , 1991 October 21 , 1999 Namek is about to explode in 5 minutes , as Gohan finds Bulma and gets back to the ship . Meanwhile , Frieza powers up to 100 % of his maximum to finish the fight . Instead of stopping him , Goku has let Frieza go full power , on the idea that if he beats Frieza at his full power , Frieza will never fight him again . As they continue their fight , it seems that Frieza has regained the upper hand now that he has powered up to his maximum , but Goku claims that the battle is far from over . 99 84 `` Shen Long , Run Yourself Through Space ! ! The Time of Namek 's Destruction Draws Near '' / `` Approaching Destruction '' `` Shen Long yo Uchū o Hashire ! ! Semaru Namekkusei Shōmetsu no Toki '' ( 神龍よ宇宙を走れ ! ! 迫るナメック星消滅の時 ) July 17 , 1991 October 22 , 1999 As the battle on Namek continues , Kami and Mr. Popo have found all of the restored Dragon Balls , giving King Kai an idea that might save everyone on Namek , bring back all of the fallen Nameks back to life , including Guru . 100 85 `` I Am Son Goku 's Son ! ! Gohan Returns to the Battlefield '' / `` Gohan Returns '' `` Boku wa Son Gokū no Musuko da ! ! Gohan , Futatabi Kessenjō e '' ( ボクは孫悟空の息子だ ! ! 悟飯、再び決戦場へ ) July 24 , 1991 October 25 , 1999 Everyone that has been killed by Frieza and his henchmen on Namek are resurrected , but so far , Guru is n't back yet and it looks like Goku has been beaten by Frieza 's attack . To avenge his father , Gohan returns to the battle to make sure that the cold tyrant dies along with the planet , but is no match for Frieza . Before Frieza lands the killing blow , however , Guru returns to life , and Goku reappears , and orders Gohan to leave Namek . 101 86 `` I 'm Staying on This Planet ! ! A Final Wish Towards Victory '' / `` The Last Wish '' `` Ore wa Kono Hoshi ni Nokoru ! ! Shōri e no Saigo no Negai '' ( オレはこの星に残る ! ! 勝利への最後の願い ) July 31 , 1991 October 26 , 1999 With Guru back to life , the Namekian Dragon Balls have been restored as well , with Porunga ready to grant the third wish . As Dende prepares to complete the final phase of King Kai 's plan , Frieza flies towards Porunga to have his wish granted as well . Can Goku stop him in time ? 102 87 `` Let 's Get It On ! ! Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet '' / `` Duel on a Vanishing Planet '' `` Tokoton Yarōze ! ! Kieyuku Hoshi ni Nokotta Futari '' ( ととことんやろうぜ ! ! 消えゆく星に残った二人 ) August 7 , 1991 October 27 , 1999 It seems that everyone on Namek has been transported to Earth , but Goku is still on Namek , insisting that he finish the fight . Everyone is upset with Goku 's decision , as it seems that there is no escape from the explosion . 103 88 `` Pathos of Freeza ! Once He Starts Shaking , He 's Unstoppable ! ! '' / `` Pathos of Frieza '' `` Aware Furīza ! Furue Dashitara Tomaranai ! ! '' ( 哀れフリーザ ! 震えだしたら止まらない ! ! ) August 14 , 1991 October 28 , 1999 As Namek gets closer to an explosion , it looks like Goku can beat Frieza with ease , as Frieza is getting weaker . Finally , Goku decides to leave , stating that , Frieza has lost to a fighter superior to him , but the tyrant wo n't give up that easily . 104 89 `` Goku 's Declaration of Victory ! ! As Freeza Destroys Himself ... '' / `` Frieza Defeated ! ! '' `` Gokū no Shōri Sengen da ! ! Furīza ga Jimetsu suru Toki ... '' ( 悟空の勝利宣言だ ! ! フリーザが自滅する時 ... ) August 21 , 1991 October 29 , 1999 Frieza fires a pair of Krillin 's Destructo Disks that will follow Goku until it hits him or anything else . Even so , Goku has the situation under control as the battle draws to a close end . 105 90 `` Freeza Defeated ! ! A Single Blast Packed with a Totality of Rage '' / `` Mighty Blast of Rage '' `` Furīza Yabureru ! ! Subete no Ikari o Kometa Ichigeki '' ( フリーザ敗れる ! ! すべての怒りをこめた一撃 ) August 28 , 1991 November 1 , 1999 As Guru enjoys seeing his people alive on Earth , the time has come for him to go , but gave his powers to Moori , as the next Eldest Namek . Back on Namek , Frieza has been cut in half by his own energy disk from behind , but Goku , being the kind person he is , gives Frieza some of his power to escape . However , Frieza will not accept defeat , as he uses the given power to finish Goku off , but Goku finishes off Frieza with a final blast attack . 106 91 `` Planet Namek 's Great Explosion ! ! Goku Disappears into Space '' / `` Namek 's Explosion ... Goku 's End ? '' `` Namekkusei Dai Bakuhatsu ! ! Uchū ni Kieta Gokū '' ( ナメック星大爆発 ! ! 宇宙に消えた悟空 ) September 4 , 1991 November 2 , 1999 With Frieza gone , Goku flies to Frieza 's spaceship to escape from Namek , but to no avail . Even though it looks like Goku is gone , Bulma and the others have an idea that could work ; using the Namekian Dragon Balls , once restored , to bring everyone else back , including Goku . 107 92 `` Son Goku Survived -- The Z Warriors All Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Alive ! ! '' `` Ikiteita Son Gokū Zetto Senshi ga Zen'in Fukkatsu da ! ! '' ( 生きていた孫悟空 Z 戦士が全員復活だ ! ! ) September 11 , 1991 November 3 , 1999 As it looks like Goku and Krillin ca n't come back , Vegeta has an idea : wish their souls to Earth and then wish them back to life , which is done for Krillin . Yamcha is also brought back to life . After another 130 days , Tien and Chiaotzu are also back to life , but Porunga says Goku ca n't be wished back to life because he 's still alive , and knew that he does n't want to return to Earth yet . However , Goku will return some other time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes_(season_3)&oldid=746107895 '' Categories : 1991 Japanese television seasons Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2016 , at 08 : 51 . 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3620729236072354841	List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders	List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders - wikipedia List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders NFL lists Current season ( show ) 2018 season Quarterbacks ( show ) Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns / touchdowns ( playoffs ) / yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins by team BUF MIA NE NYJ BAL CIN CLE PIT HOU IND JAX TEN DEN KC LAC OAK DAL NYG PHI WAS CHI DET GB MIN ATL CAR NO TB ARI LAR SF SEA Most wins Playoff records Most consecutive starts Most consecutive games with touchdown pass Running backs ( show ) Career rushing attempts leaders Career rushing yards leaders Career rushing touchdowns leaders Annual rushing yards leaders Annual rushing touchdowns leaders 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receivers ( show ) Career receptions leaders Career receiving yards leaders Career receiving touchdowns leaders Annual receptions leaders Annual receiving yards leaders Annual receiving touchdowns leaders Defense ( show ) Career sacks leaders Annual sacks leaders Career interceptions leaders Annual interceptions leaders Special teams ( show ) Longest field goals Career field goals leaders Career punting yards leaders Career punt return yards leaders Career kickoff return yards leaders Annual field goals leaders Annual punting yards leaders Annual punt return yards leaders Annual kickoff return yards leaders Other lists ( show ) Most consecutive starts ( and games played ) Career all - purpose yards leaders Career scoring leaders Brett Favre 's career achievements Peyton Manning 's career achievements The following is a list of the top National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks in wins . In the NFL , the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses . Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 229 , most regular season wins with 202 , and most postseason wins with 27 , as of week 8 of the 2018 NFL season . Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots , each of Brady 's win records also apply to wins with a single team . Among retired players , the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200 . In his final professional game , Manning set the then - record for wins , surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins . Other previous record - holders include John Elway ( 162 ) , Fran Tarkenton ( 130 ) , and Johnny Unitas ( 124 ) . Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at . 788 ( 61 wins to 16 losses ) . List ( edit ) This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of regular season wins , since the start of the modern era , 1950 . The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for . If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins , the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first . Quarterbacks in bold are still active . - Quarterbacks ranked by total wins , then winning percentage Rank Quarterback Team ( s ) Seasons Career wins Career losses Ties Win percentage Tom Brady New England Patriots 2000 -- present 202 57 0 . 780 Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts 1998 -- 2011 141 67 0 . 685 Denver Broncos 2012 -- 2015 45 12 Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons 1991 0 0 0 . 618 Green Bay Packers 1992 -- 2007 160 93 New York Jets 2008 9 7 Minnesota Vikings 2009 -- 2010 17 12 John Elway Denver Broncos 1983 -- 1998 148 82 . 645 5 Dan Marino Miami 1983 -- 1999 147 93 0 . 601 5 Drew Brees San Diego Chargers 2001 -- 2005 30 28 0 . 574 New Orleans 2006 -- present 117 79 7 Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh 2004 -- present 138 65 . 670 8 Fran Tarkenton Minnesota 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 91 73 6 . 533 New York Giants 1967 -- 1971 33 36 9 Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts 1956 -- 1972 117 61 . 649 San Diego Chargers 1973 10 Joe Montana San Francisco 1979 -- 1992 100 39 0 . 711 Kansas City 1993 -- 1994 17 8 11 Eli Manning New York Giants 2004 -- present 112 106 0 . 522 12 Philip Rivers San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 2004 -- present 111 88 0 . 546 13 Terry Bradshaw Pittsburgh 1970 -- 1983 107 51 0 . 684 14 Warren Moon Houston Oilers 1984 -- 1993 70 69 0 . 493 Minnesota 1994 -- 1996 21 18 Seattle 1997 -- 1998 11 13 Kansas City 1999 -- 2000 0 15 Jim Kelly Buffalo 1986 -- 1996 101 59 0 . 621 16 Donovan McNabb Philadelphia 1999 -- 2009 92 49 . 607 Washington 5 8 Minnesota 2011 5 16 Dave Krieg Seattle 1980 -- 1991 70 49 0 . 549 Kansas City 1992 -- 1993 13 8 Detroit 1994 5 Arizona Cardinals 1995 12 Chicago 6 6 Tennessee Oilers 1997 -- 1998 0 0 16 Drew Bledsoe New England 1993 -- 2001 63 60 0 . 508 Buffalo 2002 -- 2004 23 25 Dallas 2005 -- 2006 12 10 19 Aaron Rodgers Green Bay 2005 -- present 97 49 . 651 19 Matt Ryan Atlanta 2008 -- present 97 66 0 . 581 21 Ken Stabler Oakland Raiders 1970 -- 1979 69 26 . 655 Houston Oilers 1980 -- 1981 16 12 New Orleans 1982 -- 1984 11 11 21 Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens 2008 -- present 96 63 0 . 607 23 Phil Simms New York Giants 1979 -- 1993 95 64 0 . 598 24 Steve Young Tampa Bay 1985 -- 1986 16 0 . 650 San Francisco 1987 -- 1999 91 33 24 Bart Starr Green Bay 1956 -- 1971 94 57 6 . 635 24 Len Dawson Pittsburgh 1957 -- 1959 0 8 . 617 Cleveland 1960 -- 1961 0 Dallas Texans / Kansas City 1962 -- 1975 93 56 24 Troy Aikman Dallas 1989 -- 2000 94 71 0 . 583 28 Bob Griese Miami 1967 -- 1980 92 56 . 614 29 Roger Staubach Dallas 1969 -- 1979 85 29 0 . 733 30 Steve McNair Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Titans 1995 -- 2005 76 55 0 . 589 Baltimore Ravens 2006 -- 2007 15 7 31 Ken Anderson Cincinnati 1971 -- 1986 91 81 0 . 522 32 Carson Palmer Cincinnati 2004 -- 2010 46 51 . 505 Oakland Raiders 2011 -- 2012 8 16 Arizona Cardinals 2013 -- 2017 38 21 33 Alex Smith San Francisco 2005 -- 2012 38 36 . 575 Kansas City 2013 -- 2017 50 26 Washington 2018 -- present 34 Vinny Testaverde Tampa Bay 1987 -- 1992 24 48 . 422 Cleveland 1993 -- 1995 16 15 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1997 8 20 New York Jets 1998 -- 2003 2005 35 26 Dallas 5 10 New England 2006 0 0 Carolina 2007 35 Matt Hasselbeck Green Bay 1999 -- 2000 0 0 0 . 526 Seattle 2001 -- 2010 69 62 Tennessee Titans 2011 -- 2012 11 10 Indianapolis Colts 2013 -- 2015 5 36 Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers 1973 -- 1987 86 84 . 503 37 Jim Hart St. Louis Cardinals 1966 -- 1983 87 88 5 . 497 Washington 1984 0 0 38 Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams 1962 -- 1972 74 39 7 . 563 Philadelphia 1973 -- 1977 12 25 39 Craig Morton Dallas 1965 -- 1974 32 14 . 562 New York Giants 1974 -- 1976 8 25 Denver 1977 -- 1982 41 23 40 Randall Cunningham Philadelphia 1985 -- 1995 63 43 . 594 Minnesota 1997 -- 1999 16 7 Dallas 2000 Baltimore Ravens 0 41 Bobby Layne Chicago 1948 0 0 5 . 573 New York Bulldogs 1949 10 Detroit 1950 -- 1958 53 29 Pittsburgh 1958 -- 1962 27 22 42 Kerry Collins Carolina 1995 -- 1998 22 20 0 . 449 New Orleans 1998 5 New York Giants 1999 -- 2003 35 33 Oakland Raiders 2004 -- 2005 7 21 Tennessee Titans 2006 -- 2010 15 17 Indianapolis Colts 2011 0 43 Joe Theismann Washington 1974 -- 1985 77 47 0 . 629 44 Mark Brunell Green Bay 1994 0 0 0 . 516 Jacksonville 1995 -- 2003 63 54 Washington 2004 -- 2006 15 18 New Orleans 2008 -- 2009 0 New York Jets 2010 -- 2011 0 0 45 Boomer Esiason Cincinnati 1984 -- 1992 1997 62 61 0 . 466 New York Jets 1993 -- 1995 15 27 Arizona Cardinals 5 46 John Hadl San Diego Chargers 1962 -- 1972 59 54 9 . 515 Los Angeles Rams 1973 -- 1974 15 Green Bay 1974 -- 1975 7 12 Houston Oilers 1976 -- 1977 5 47 Tony Romo Dallas 2004 -- 2016 78 49 0 . 602 48 Rich Gannon Minnesota 1987 -- 1992 19 16 0 . 576 Washington 1993 Kansas City 1995 -- 1998 11 8 Oakland Raiders 1999 -- 2004 45 29 49 Jim Plunkett New England 1971 -- 1975 23 38 0 . 519 San Francisco 1976 -- 1977 11 15 Oakland / LA Raiders 1979 -- 1986 38 19 50 Joe Ferguson Buffalo 1973 -- 1984 77 86 0 . 457 Detroit 1985 -- 1986 Tampa Bay 1988 -- 1989 0 Indianapolis Colts 1990 0 0 51 Y.A. Tittle Baltimore Colts 1950 6 5 . 588 San Francisco 1951 -- 1960 45 31 New York Giants 1961 -- 1964 32 13 52 Ron Jaworski Los Angeles Rams 1974 -- 1976 0 . 513 Philadelphia 1977 -- 1986 69 67 Miami 0 0 Kansas City 1989 53 Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams 1998 -- 2003 35 15 0 . 589 New York Giants 5 Arizona Cardinals 2005 -- 2009 27 30 54 Brad Johnson Minnesota 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 28 18 0 . 576 Washington 1999 -- 2000 17 10 Tampa Bay 2001 -- 2004 26 23 Dallas 2007 -- 2008 55 John Brodie San Francisco 1957 -- 1973 74 76 8 . 491 56 Russell Wilson Seattle 2012 -- present 67 32 . 674 57 Steve Grogan New England 1975 -- 1990 75 60 0 . 543 58 Jay Cutler Denver 2006 -- 2008 17 20 0 . 484 Chicago 2009 -- 2016 51 51 Miami 2017 6 8 59 Jake Plummer Arizona Cardinals 1997 -- 2002 30 52 0 . 500 Denver 2003 -- 2006 39 15 60 Daryle Lamonica Buffalo 1963 -- 1966 0 6 . 753 Oakland Raiders 1967 -- 1974 62 16 61 Jim McMahon Chicago 1982 -- 1988 46 15 0 . 680 San Diego Chargers 1989 7 Philadelphia 1990 -- 1992 9 Minnesota 1993 8 Arizona Cardinals 1994 0 Green Bay 1995 -- 1996 0 0 62 Sonny Jurgensen Philadelphia 1957 -- 1963 17 22 7 . 487 Washington 1964 -- 1974 52 51 63 Chris Chandler Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1989 10 6 0 . 445 Tampa Bay 1990 -- 1991 0 6 Phoenix Cardinals 1991 -- 1993 5 12 Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams 1994 6 Houston Oilers 1995 -- 1996 11 14 Atlanta 1997 -- 2001 34 33 Chicago 2002 -- 2004 5 8 64 Jim Harbaugh Chicago 1987 -- 1993 35 30 0 . 469 Indianapolis Colts 1994 -- 1997 20 26 Baltimore Ravens 1998 5 7 San Diego Chargers 1998 -- 2000 6 11 65 Danny White Dallas 1976 -- 1988 62 30 0 . 657 66 Earl Morrall San Francisco 1956 . 634 Pittsburgh 1957 -- 1958 6 7 Detroit 1958 -- 1964 15 11 New York Giants 1965 -- 1967 8 12 Baltimore Colts 1968 -- 1971 22 Miami 1972 -- 1976 11 67 Jack Kemp Pittsburgh 1957 0 0 . 617 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 1960 -- 1962 22 6 Buffalo 1962 -- 1969 43 31 68 Cam Newton Carolina 2011 -- present 64 46 . 572 69 Andy Dalton Cincinnati 2011 -- present 66 45 . 573 70 Jim Everett Los Angeles Rams 1986 -- 1993 46 59 0 . 418 New Orleans 1994 -- 1996 17 30 San Diego Chargers 1997 0 71 Charlie Conerly New York Giants 1948 -- 1961 65 39 . 612 72 Jay Schroeder Washington 1985 -- 1987 24 7 0 . 615 LA Raiders 1988 -- 1992 32 25 Cincinnati 1993 0 Arizona Cardinals 1994 5 73 Joe Namath New York Jets 1965 -- 1976 60 61 . 500 Los Angeles Rams 1977 74 Norm Van Brocklin Los Angeles Rams 1949 -- 1957 42 20 . 624 Philadelphia 1958 -- 1960 19 16 75 Michael Vick Atlanta 2001 -- 2006 38 28 . 538 Philadelphia 2009 -- 2013 20 20 New York Jets 2014 Pittsburgh 2015 76 Trent Dilfer Tampa Bay 1994 -- 1999 38 38 0 . 529 Baltimore Ravens 2000 7 Seattle 2001 -- 2004 8 Cleveland 2005 7 San Francisco 2007 5 77 Billy Kilmer New Orleans 1967 -- 1970 11 29 . 525 Washington 1971 -- 1978 50 23 78 Otto Graham Cleveland 1950 -- 1955 57 13 . 788 79 Jake Delhomme New Orleans 1999 , 2002 0 . 587 Carolina 2003 -- 2009 53 37 Cleveland Houston Texans 2011 0 0 80 Matthew Stafford Detroit 2009 -- present 61 68 0 . 462 81 Jeff Garcia San Francisco 1999 -- 2003 35 36 0 . 492 Cleveland 7 Detroit 2005 Philadelphia 2006 , 2009 5 Tampa Bay 2007 -- 2008 14 10 Houston Texans 2011 0 0 82 Steve Bartkowski Atlanta 1975 -- 1985 55 66 0 . 458 Los Angeles Rams 1986 83 Charley Johnson St. Louis Cardinals 1961 -- 1969 36 28 8 . 508 Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1971 11 Denver 1972 -- 1975 20 18 84 Dan Pastorini Houston Oilers 1971 -- 1979 53 54 0 . 484 Oakland Raiders 1980 Los Angeles Rams 1981 Philadelphia 0 0 85 Frank Ryan Los Angeles Rams 1958 -- 1961 5 5 . 661 Cleveland 1962 -- 1968 52 22 Washington 1969 -- 1970 0 0 86 Neil O'Donnell Pittsburgh 1991 -- 1995 39 22 0 . 542 New York Jets 1996 -- 1997 8 12 Cincinnati 1998 9 Tennessee Titans 1999 -- 2003 6 87 Brian Sipe Cleveland 1974 -- 1983 57 55 0 . 504 88 Milt Plum Cleveland 1957 -- 1961 33 16 6 . 567 Detroit 1962 -- 1967 23 25 Los Angeles Rams 1968 0 0 New York Giants 1969 0 0 89 Bobby Hebert New Orleans 1985 -- 1992 49 26 0 . 544 Atlanta 1993 -- 1996 7 18 90 Tommy Kramer Minnesota 1977 -- 1989 54 56 0 . 491 New Orleans 1990 0 0 91 Bernie Kosar Cleveland 1985 -- 1993 53 51 . 491 Dallas 1993 0 Miami 1994 -- 1996 0 92 Trent Green Washington 1997 -- 1998 6 8 0 . 487 St. Louis Rams 2000 & 2008 Kansas City 2001 -- 2006 48 40 Miami 2007 0 5 93 Jeff Hostetler New York Giants 1985 -- 1992 16 9 0 . 625 LA / Oakland Raiders 1993 -- 1996 33 22 Washington 1997 94 George Blanda Chicago 1949 -- 1958 8 12 . 519 Houston Oilers 1960 -- 1966 44 38 Oakland Raiders 1967 -- 1975 0 95 Steve DeBerg San Francisco 1978 -- 1980 7 28 . 378 Denver 1981 -- 1983 5 6 Tampa Bay 1984 -- 1987 , 1992 -- 1993 8 29 Kansas City 1988 -- 1991 31 20 Miami 1993 Atlanta 1998 0 96 Stan Humphries Washington 1989 -- 1990 0 . 609 San Diego Chargers 1992 -- 1997 47 29 97 Ed Brown Chicago 1954 -- 1961 39 25 5 . 572 Pittsburgh 1962 -- 1965 14 13 Baltimore Colts 1965 0 0 98 Mark Rypien Washington 1988 - 1993 45 27 0 . 612 Cleveland 1994 St. Louis Rams 1995 0 99 Norm Snead Washington 1961 -- 1963 9 30 7 . 349 Philadelphia 1964 -- 1970 28 50 Minnesota 1971 0 New York Giants 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 11 14 San Francisco 1974 -- 1975 6 100 Tobin Rote Green Bay 1950 - 1956 26 46 . 442 Detroit 1957 - 1959 9 12 San Diego Chargers 1963 -- 1964 13 6 Rank Quarterback Team ( s ) Seasons Career wins Career losses Ties Win percentage ^ * Note : Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs ( NFL ) in 1949 . The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1 . Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 ( 0.607 ) , his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 ( 0.568 ) . ^ † Note : The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team , not part of the current Colts franchise . Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949 . Combined with his official post-1949 won - loss - tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 ( 0.650 ) , his overall estimated won - loss - tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 ( 0.624 ) . Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He finished his professional career ( AAFC and NFL ) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular - season record ( 84.0 % win rate ) . Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them ( 4 AAFC and 3 NFL ) . See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( individual ) # QB Wins NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Statistics '' . pPro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Roethlisberger Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Montana Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eli Manning Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Rivers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Moon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Kelly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Krieg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Stabler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Flacco Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Simms Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Young Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Starr Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Aikman Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Griese Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Staubach Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McNair Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Anderson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Smith Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hasselbeck Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Fouts Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Hart Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Gabriel Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Morton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Randall Cunningham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Layne Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Collins Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Theismann Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brunell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Boomer Esiason Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Hadl Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rich Gannon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Ferguson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Jaworski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Warner Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Brodie Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Wilson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Grogan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Cutler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Plummer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Daryle Lamonica Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim McMahon Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sonny Jurgensen Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Chandler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Danny White Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Morrall Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Kemp Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Everett Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Conerly Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Schroeder Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Namath Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Van Brocklin Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Dilfer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Kilmer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Graham Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Delhomme Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Stafford Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Garcia Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charley Johnson Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Pastorini Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Ryan Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Neil O'Donnell Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sipe Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Milt Plum Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hebert Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Kramer Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Kosar Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Green Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hostetler Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` George Blanda Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Steve DeBerg Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Humphries Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Brown Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Rypien Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Norm Snead Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tobin Rote Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ AP ( 12 Feb 2004 ) . `` Graham won seven pro titles '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 Nov 2012 . National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 500 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_quarterback_wins_leaders&oldid=866404149 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Lists of National Football League quarterbacks Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 17 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what quarterback has the most wins in nfl history	[ "Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 229, most regular season wins with 202, and most postseason wins with 27, as of week 8 of the 2018 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team.\n" ]	[ "Tom Brady" ]
3396883816794092051	List of backward compatible games for Xbox One	List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 501 on this list out of 2100 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra MiniGolf Adventures Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 AstroPop PopCap Games XBLA November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 1943 Electronic Arts XBLA May 24 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Burnout Revenge Electronic Arts May 8 , 2018 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Activision June 19 , 2018 Call of Duty : World at War Activision September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft October 12 , 2017 Clannad Prototype December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA June 27 , 2017 Dante 's Inferno Electronic Arts July 17 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon : Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon Age II Electronic Arts May 3 , 2018 Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher November 30 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2025 D3 Publisher August 7 , 2018 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios October 5 , 2017 Fable Heroes Microsoft Studios XBLA June 26 , 2018 Fable II Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fight Night Champion Electronic Arts May 15 , 2018 Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Grid 2 Codemasters March 21 , 2016 Grid Autosport Codemasters June 26 , 2018 GripShift Microsoft Studios XBLA June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 JUJU Flying Wild Hog XBLA January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA November 12 , 2015 Midnight Club : Los Angeles Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Nin2 - Jump CAVE XBLA August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA April 6 , 2016 Overlord Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Overlord II Codemasters July 10 , 2018 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Ubisoft August 7 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA June 27 , 2017 Rage Bethesda Softworks October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA January 26 , 2017 Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 R.U.S.E. Ubisoft July 17 , 2018 Sacred 3 Deep Silver December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA November 12 , 2015 Saints Row THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell THQ May 29 , 2018 Saints Row 2 THQ May 1 , 2018 Saints Row : The Third THQ September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 ScreamRide Microsoft Studios August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA August 3 , 2017 Sensible World of Soccer Codemasters XBLA June 26 , 2018 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami October 13 , 2016 Silent Hill HD Collection Konami July 24 , 2018 Silent Hill : Homecoming Konami Digital Entertainment July 24 , 2018 Sine Mora Nordic Games XBLA August 7 , 2018 Skate 3 Electronic Arts November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA January 21 , 2016 SoulCalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II LucasArts May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA July 26 , 2016 Tales From Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' Em Microsoft Studios XBLA May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Ubisoft July 3 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist Ubisoft July 31 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft February 8 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent Ubisoft July 31 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios September 29 , 2016 Toybox Turbos Codemasters May 29 , 2018 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 33 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times the original resolution on Xbox One and Xbox One S consoles ( up to 960p ) , and 16 times on Xbox One X ( up to 1920p ) . Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas Rockstar Games June 7 , 2018 Saves wo n't transfer & Original Disc owners upgrades to 360 version . Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore October 24 , 2017 US Only Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II : The Sith Lords LucasArts April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dante 's Inferno Now Available on EA Access '' . TrueAchievements . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto IV and Episodes from Liberty City Playable on Xbox One with Backward Compatibility '' . Xbox Wire . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Adds 2 Backwards Compatible Games '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳戦機バーチャロン後方互換性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANDREAS , MIDNIGHT CLUB : LA AND TABLE TENNIS COMING TO XBOX ONE BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY 3 CLASSIC ROCKSTAR TITLES AVAILABLE ON JUNE 7TH '' . Rockstar Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Games with Gold Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London The Initiative Undead Labs Playground Games Ninja Theory Compulsion Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=853887997 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 16 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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6241965917225005297	Masters Tournament	Masters tournament - Wikipedia Masters tournament `` The Masters '' redirects here . For other sports tournaments that may be referred to as `` The Masters '' , see Master . For the C.P. Snow novel , see The Masters ( novel ) . For the album by The Stranglers , see The Masters ( Stranglers album ) . Masters Tournament Tournament information Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Established March 22 , 1934 ; 84 years ago ( 1934 - 03 - 22 ) Course ( s ) Augusta National Golf Club Par 72 Length 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) Organized by Augusta National Golf Club Tour ( s ) PGA Tour European Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 11.0 million Month played April Tournament record score Aggregate 270 Tiger Woods ( 1997 ) 270 Jordan Spieth ( 2015 ) To par − 18 as above Current champion Patrick Reed 2018 Masters Tournament Augusta Location in the United States Augusta Location in Georgia The Masters Tournament ( usually referred to as simply The Masters , or the U.S. Masters outside of North America ) is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April , the Masters is the first major of the year , and unlike the others , it is held at the same location , Augusta National Golf Club , a private course in the southeastern United States , in the city of Augusta , Georgia . The Masters was started by noted amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts . After his grand slam in 1930 , Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . First played 84 years ago in 1934 , the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event , held by the Augusta National Golf Club . The tournament has a number of traditions . Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first - time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play . These have included Fred McLeod , Jock Hutchinson , Gene Sarazen , Sam Snead , Byron Nelson , Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player . Since 1960 , a semi-social contest at the par - 3 course has been played on Wednesday , the day before the first round . Nicklaus has the most Masters wins , with six between 1963 and 1986 . Palmer and Tiger Woods won four each , and five have won three titles at Augusta : Jimmy Demaret , Sam Snead , Gary Player , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson . Player , from South Africa , was the first non-American player to win the tournament , in 1961 ; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain , the champion in 1980 and 1983 . The Augusta National course first opened 85 years ago in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects . Among the changes : greens have been reshaped and , on occasion , entirely re-designed , bunkers have been added , water hazards have been extended , new tee boxes have been built , hundreds of trees have been planted , and several mounds have been installed . Contents 1 History 1.1 Augusta National Golf Club 1.2 Early tournament years 1.3 1960s -- 1970s 1.4 1980s -- 2000s 2 Traditions 2.1 Awards 2.2 Pre-tournament events 2.3 Par - 3 contest 2.4 Player invitations 2.5 Opening tee shot 2.6 Champions ' Dinner 2.7 Caddies 2.8 Other traditions 3 Format 4 Course 4.1 Course adjustments 5 Field 6 Champions 7 Low amateurs 8 Records 9 Broadcasting 9.1 United States television 9.2 Radio coverage 9.3 International television 10 Ticketing 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Masters logo at the club entrance Augusta National golf club ( edit ) Main article : Augusta National Golf Club The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones , who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game . He sought advice from Clifford Roberts , who later became the chairman of the club . They came across a piece of land in Augusta , Georgia , of which Jones said : `` Perfect ! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it . '' The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857 . Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course , and work began in 1931 . The course formally opened in 1933 , but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played . Early tournament years ( edit ) The first `` Augusta National Invitational '' Tournament , as the Masters was originally known , began on March 22 , 1934 , and was won by Horton Smith , who took the first prize of $1,500 . The present name was adopted in 1939 . The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine , and 1 through 9 as the second nine then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament . Initially the Augusta National Invitational field was composed of Bobby Jones ' close associates . Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition , noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions . Gene Sarazen hit the `` shot heard ' round the world '' in 1935 , holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle ( albatross ) . This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood , and in the ensuing 36 - hole playoff Sarazen was the victor by five strokes . The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945 , due to World War II . To assist the war effort , cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) The Big Three of Arnold Palmer , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978 , winning the event 11 times among them during that span . After winning by one stroke in 1958 , Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances . Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event , Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail . Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964 . Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contest Jack Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s , and served as a rival to the popular Palmer . Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963 , defeating Tony Lema by one stroke . Two years later , he shot a then - course record of 271 ( 17 under par ) for his second Masters win , leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played `` a game with which I am not familiar . '' The next year , Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18 - hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer . This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters . He won again in 1972 by three strokes . In 1975 , Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date . Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961 , beating Palmer , the defending champion . In 1974 , he won again by two strokes . After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years , and at the age of 42 , Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players . Player currently shares ( with Fred Couples ) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts , and has played in a record 52 Masters . A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968 . Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard ( scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron ) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round . By the rules of golf , if a player signs a scorecard ( thereby attesting to its veracity ) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole , the player receives the higher score for that hole . This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18 - hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby , who won the green jacket . De Vicenzo 's mistake led to the famous quote , `` What a stupid I am . '' In 1975 , Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters , doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member , Ron Townsend , as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy . 1980s -- 2000s ( edit ) Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s , by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open . The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980 . Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46 . During this period , no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman . In 1987 , Norman lost a sudden - death playoff to Larry Mize when Mize holed out a remarkable 45 - yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters . In 1996 , Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63 , and had a six - stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round . Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots ( for his third Masters championship ) . Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes , and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff , he badly pushed his 4 - iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey . At age 21 in 1997 , Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots and broke the 72 - hole record that had stood for 32 years . Woods completed his `` Tiger Slam '' by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001 . He won again the following year , making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years , as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years . The club was targeted by Martha Burk , who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members . Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament , but her application for a permit to do so was denied . A court appeal was dismissed . In 2004 , Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club . Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 , however , when he commented ( at the annual pre-Masters press conference ) on Tiger Woods ' off - the - course behavior . `` It 's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here , '' Payne said , in his opening speech . `` It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids . '' The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir , who became the first Canadian to win a men 's major championship , and the first left - hander to win the Masters . The following year , another left - hander , Phil Mickelson , won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke . Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . In 2011 , the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel , who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes . In 2012 , Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole . Watson 's win marked the fifth time that a left - hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments . Prior to 2003 , no left - hander had ever won the Masters . The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott , the first Australian to win the tournament . Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt . It was his second Masters victory in three years . In 2015 , Spieth would become the second - youngest winner in just his second Masters . Traditions ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $9,000,000 , with $1,620,000 going to the winner . In the inaugural year of 1934 , the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse . After Nicklaus 's first win in 1963 , he received $20,000 , while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000 . In recent years the purse has grown quickly . Between 2001 and 2014 , the winner 's share grew by $612,000 , and the purse grew by $3,400,000 . In addition to a cash prize , the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket , formally awarded since 1949 , and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that . The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds ; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club . The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament , and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons . Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory , then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit . The tradition began in 1949 , when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles . The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion , after which it must remain at the club . Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player , who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory ( although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket ) ; Seve Ballesteros who , in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña , showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room ; and Henry Picard , whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established , remained in his closet for a number of years , and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , where he was the club professional for many years . By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them . There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament . The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase , while players who score a hole - in - one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl . For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets . In addition to the green jacket , winners of the tournament receive a gold medal . They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy , introduced in 1961 , which depicts the clubhouse . This trophy remains at Augusta National ; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica . The runner - up receives a silver medal , introduced in 1951 . Beginning in 1978 , a silver salver was added as an award for the runner - up . In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . In 2017 , a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000 . Pre-tournament events ( edit ) In 2013 , Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to establish Drive , Chip and Putt , a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014 . The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth ; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals , which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters . The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course 's practice range , but the putting portion has been played on the course 's 18th hole . On April 4 , 2018 , prior to the 2018 tournament , new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women 's amateur championship beginning in 2019 . The first two rounds will be held at the Champion 's Retreat club in Evans , Georgia , with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National ( the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament ) . Ridley stated that holding such an event at Augusta National would have the `` greatest impact '' on women 's golf . Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour 's Dinah Shore major ( which has invited top amateur players to compete ) , Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan , and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women 's golf would be a `` win '' for the LPGA over time . Par - 3 contest ( edit ) Main article : Masters Tournament Par - 3 contest The 9th hole on the par 3 course . The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960 , and was won that year by Snead . Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts . The par 3 course was built in 1958 . It is a nine - hole course , with a par of 27 , and measures 1,060 yards ( 970 m ) in length . There have been 94 holes - in - one in the history of the contest , with a record nine occurring in 2016 . Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes - in - one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest . No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year . There have been several repeat winners , including Pádraig Harrington , Sandy Lyle , Sam Snead , and Tom Watson . The former two won in successive years . In this event , golfers may use their children as caddies , which helps to create a family - friendly atmosphere . In 2008 , the event was televised for the first time by ESPN . The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl . Player invitations ( edit ) As with the other majors , winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years ( except for amateur winners , unless they turn pro within the five - year period ) , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years . Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion , Bobby Jones , the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf . It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world . Also , the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament . Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the `` Crow 's Nest '' atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament . The Crow 's Nest is 1,200 square feet ( 110 m ) with lodging space for five during the competition . Opening tee shot ( edit ) Since 1963 , the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole , typically by one or more legendary players . The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod ; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 , when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club . McLeod continued on until his death in 1976 . Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 , and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984 . This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died , while Nelson stopped in 2001 . Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002 , a little over a month before he died . In 2007 , Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter . Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009 . At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments , Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event . In 2012 , Gary Player joined them . Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot . Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony . Following Palmer 's death in 2016 , the 2017 ceremony featured tributes ; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair , while everyone in attendance wore `` Arnie 's Army '' badges . Champions ' dinner ( edit ) The Champions ' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday 's first round . The dinner was first held in 1952 , hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan , to honor the past champions of the tournament . At that time 15 tournaments had been played , and the number of past champions was 11 . Officially known as the `` Masters Club '' , it includes only past winners of the Masters , although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members , usually the chairman . The defending champion , as host , selects the menu for the dinner . Frequently , Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions . Notable examples have included haggis , served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989 , and bobotie , a South African dish , served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman . Other examples include German Bernhard Langer 's 1986 Wiener schnitzel , Britain 's Nick Faldo 's fish and chips , Canadian Mike Weir 's elk and wild boar , and Vijay Singh 's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry . In 1997 , 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken , dishes commonly associated with Afro - American culture , at the dinner . The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish - themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend , but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later . Caddies ( edit ) Until 1983 , all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie , who by club tradition was always an African American man . Indeed , club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said , `` As long as I 'm alive , golfers will be white , and caddies will be black . '' Since 1983 , players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament . The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit , a green Masters cap , and white tennis shoes . The surname , and sometimes first initial , of each player is found on the back of his caddie 's uniform . The defending champion always receives caddie number `` 1 '' : other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament . The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s ; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976 . Other traditions ( edit ) The day after the tournament closes , The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four - ball round on the course -- the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard . Format ( edit ) The Masters is the first major championship of the year . Since 1948 , its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April , with several exceptions . It ended on the first Sunday four times ( 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15 , the month 's third Sunday . The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April , with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday . Similar to the other majors , the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each , Thursday through Sunday ( when there are no delays ) . The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders , when compared with other golf tournaments , so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds ( 36 holes ) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees , unless weather shortens the available playing time . The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA . Originally , the Masters was the only tournament to use two - man pairings during the first two rounds . It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday 's round , as most tournaments only do this on the weekend . This practice ended in the early 2000s , when the Masters switched to the more standard three - man groups and the groups are now kept in - tact on Friday , with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds . After 36 holes of play , a cut - off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To `` make the cut '' , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 - hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired . Following the cut , an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days . Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner , all players tied for the lead enter a sudden - death playoff . Play begins on the 18th hole , followed by the adjacent 10th , repeating until one player remains . Adopted in 1976 , the sudden - death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole , but was not needed for the first three years . It was changed for 1979 to the inward ( final ) nine holes , starting at the tenth tee , where the television coverage began . First employed that same year , the Masters ' first sudden - death playoff ended on the eleventh green . The current arrangement , beginning at the 18th tee , was amended for 2004 and first used the following year . Through 2017 , the eleven sudden - death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole . Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day , except for the first in 1935 , which was 36 holes ; the last 18 - hole playoff was in 1970 , and none of the full - round playoffs went to additional holes . Course ( edit ) The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . The course layout in 2014 : Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) . Course adjustments ( edit ) As with many other courses , Augusta National 's championship setup was lengthened in recent years . In 2001 , the course measured 6,925 yards ( 6,332 m ) and was extended to 7,270 yards ( 6,648 m ) for 2002 , and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) ; 520 yards ( 475 m ) longer than the 2001 course . The changes attracted many critics , including the most successful players in Masters history , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Tiger Woods . Woods claimed that the `` shorter hitters are going to struggle . '' Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed , stating , `` We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course . '' After a practice round , Gary Player defended the changes , saying , `` There have been a lot of criticisms , but I think unjustly so , now I 've played it ... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit ( in his prime ) '' . Originally , the grass on the putting greens was the wide - bladed Bermuda . The greens lost speed , especially during the late 1970s , after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow - bladed Bermuda , which thrived and grew thicker . In 1978 , the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass , a narrow - bladed species that could be mowed shorter , eliminating grain . After this test run , the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters . The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces , which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time . Just before the 1975 tournament , the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now - signature white feldspar . It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina . Field ( edit ) The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships , with 90 -- 100 players . Unlike other majors , there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments . It is an invitational event , with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria . The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited . Past champions are always eligible , but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age . Some will later become honorary starters . Invitation categories See footnote . Note : Categories 7 -- 11 are honored only if the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament . Masters Tournament Champions ( lifetime ) U.S. Open champions ( five years ) The Open champions ( five years ) PGA champions ( five years ) Winners of the Players Championship ( three years ) Current Olympic Gold Medalist ( one year ) Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner - up Current British Amateur champion Current Asia - Pacific Amateur champion Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion Current Latin America Amateur champion The first 12 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Masters Tournament The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's U.S. Open The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Open Championship The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's PGA Championship Winners of PGA Tour regular - season and playoff events that award at least a full - point allocation for the FedEx Cup , starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand . Those qualifying for the previous year 's season - ending Tour Championship ( top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament ) The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation . The Masters Committee , at its discretion , can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified , although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players . Changes since 2014 Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour , which now begin the wraparound season , tightening of qualifications ( top 12 plus ties from the Masters , top 4 from the U.S. Open , Open Championship , and PGA Championship ) , and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season - ending points before the Tour Championship , not the former annual money list . The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship , which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship , which ended after the 2014 tournament . ( The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters . ) Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Masters Tournament champions The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934 , and he repeated in 1936 . The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus , who won six times between 1963 and 1986 . Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four , and Jimmy Demaret , Gary Player , Sam Snead , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name . Player was the tournament 's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961 . Two - time champions include Byron Nelson , Ben Hogan , Tom Watson , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Ben Crenshaw , José María Olazábal , and Bubba Watson . Year Champion Country To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Patrick Reed United States − 15 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,980,000 2017 Sergio García Spain − 9 Playoff Justin Rose 1,980,000 2016 Danny Willett England − 5 3 strokes Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood 1,800,000 2015 Jordan Spieth United States − 18 4 strokes Phil Mickelson Justin Rose 1,800,000 2014 Bubba Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 3 strokes Jonas Blixt Jordan Spieth 1,620,000 2013 Adam Scott Australia − 9 Playoff Ángel Cabrera 1,440,000 2012 Bubba Watson United States − 10 Playoff Louis Oosthuizen 1,440,000 2011 Charl Schwartzel South Africa − 14 2 strokes Jason Day Adam Scott 1,440,000 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States − 16 3 strokes Lee Westwood 1,350,000 2009 Ángel Cabrera Argentina − 12 Playoff Kenny Perry Chad Campbell 1,350,000 2008 Trevor Immelman South Africa − 8 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2007 Zach Johnson United States + 1 2 strokes Retief Goosen Rory Sabbatini Tiger Woods 1,305,000 2006 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Tim Clark 1,260,000 2005 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States − 12 Playoff Chris DiMarco 1,260,000 Phil Mickelson United States − 9 1 stroke Ernie Els 1,117,000 2003 Mike Weir Canada − 7 Playoff Len Mattiace 1,080,000 2002 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States − 12 3 strokes Retief Goosen 1,008,000 2001 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States − 16 2 strokes David Duval 1,008,000 2000 Vijay Singh Fiji − 10 3 strokes Ernie Els 828,000 1999 José María Olazábal ( 2 ) Spain − 8 2 strokes Davis Love III 720,000 1998 Mark O'Meara United States − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples David Duval 576,000 1997 Tiger Woods United States − 18 12 strokes Tom Kite 486,000 Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England − 12 5 strokes Greg Norman 450,000 1995 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States − 14 1 stroke Davis Love III 396,000 1994 José María Olazábal Spain − 9 2 strokes Tom Lehman 360,000 1993 Bernhard Langer ( 2 ) Germany − 11 4 strokes Chip Beck 306,000 1992 Fred Couples United States − 13 2 strokes Raymond Floyd 270,000 1991 Ian Woosnam Wales − 11 1 stroke José María Olazábal 243,000 1990 Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England − 10 Playoff Raymond Floyd 225,000 1989 Nick Faldo England − 5 Playoff Scott Hoch 200,000 1988 Sandy Lyle Scotland − 7 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 183,800 Larry Mize United States − 3 Playoff Seve Ballesteros Greg Norman 162,000 1986 Jack Nicklaus ( 6 ) United States − 9 1 stroke Tom Kite Greg Norman 144,000 1985 Bernhard Langer West Germany − 6 2 strokes Seve Ballesteros Raymond Floyd Curtis Strange 126,000 1984 Ben Crenshaw United States − 11 2 strokes Tom Watson 108,000 Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain − 8 4 strokes Ben Crenshaw Tom Kite 90,000 1982 Craig Stadler United States − 4 Playoff Dan Pohl 64,000 1981 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 60,000 1980 Seve Ballesteros Spain − 13 4 strokes Gibby Gilbert Jack Newton 55,000 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller United States − 8 Playoff Ed Sneed Tom Watson 50,000 1978 Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa − 11 1 stroke Rod Funseth Hubert Green Tom Watson 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States − 12 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 40,000 1976 Raymond Floyd United States − 17 8 strokes Ben Crenshaw 40,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States − 12 1 stroke Johnny Miller Tom Weiskopf 40,000 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa − 10 2 strokes Dave Stockton Tom Weiskopf 35,000 1973 Tommy Aaron United States − 5 1 stroke J.C. Snead 30,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States − 2 3 strokes Bruce Crampton Bobby Mitchell Tom Weiskopf 25,000 1971 Charles Coody United States − 9 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1970 Billy Casper United States − 9 Playoff Gene Littler 25,000 1969 George Archer United States − 7 1 stroke Billy Casper George Knudson Tom Weiskopf 20,000 1968 Bob Goalby United States − 11 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo 20,000 1967 Gay Brewer United States − 8 1 stroke Bobby Nichols 20,000 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States Playoff Tommy Jacobs ( 2nd ) Gay Brewer ( 3rd ) 20,000 1965 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States − 17 9 strokes Arnold Palmer Gary Player 20,000 1964 Arnold Palmer ( 4 ) United States − 12 6 strokes Dave Marr Jack Nicklaus 20,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States − 2 1 stroke Tony Lema 20,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States − 8 Playoff Gary Player ( 2nd ) Dow Finsterwald ( 3rd ) 20,000 1961 Gary Player South Africa − 8 1 stroke Charles Coe ( a ) Arnold Palmer 20,000 1960 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States − 6 1 stroke Ken Venturi 17,500 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States − 4 1 stroke Cary Middlecoff 15,000 1958 Arnold Palmer United States − 4 1 stroke Doug Ford Fred Hawkins 11,250 1957 Doug Ford United States − 5 3 strokes Sam Snead 8,750 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States + 1 1 stroke Ken Venturi ( a ) 6,000 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States − 9 7 strokes Ben Hogan 5,000 1954 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States + 1 Playoff Ben Hogan 5,000 1953 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States − 14 5 strokes Ed Oliver 4,000 1952 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States − 2 4 strokes Jack Burke , Jr . 4,000 1951 Ben Hogan United States − 8 2 strokes Skee Riegel 3,000 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 3 ) United States − 5 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,400 1949 Sam Snead United States − 6 3 strokes Johnny Bulla Lloyd Mangrum 2,750 1948 Claude Harmon United States − 9 5 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1947 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Byron Nelson Frank Stranahan ( a ) 2,500 1946 Herman Keiser United States − 6 1 stroke Ben Hogan 2,500 1943 -- 45 : Cancelled due to World War II 1942 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States − 8 Playoff Ben Hogan 1,500 1941 Craig Wood United States − 8 3 strokes Byron Nelson 1,500 1940 Jimmy Demaret United States − 8 4 strokes Lloyd Mangrum 1,500 1939 Ralph Guldahl United States − 9 1 stroke Sam Snead 1,500 1938 Henry Picard United States − 3 2 strokes Harry Cooper Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1937 Byron Nelson United States − 5 2 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1936 Horton Smith ( 2 ) United States − 3 1 stroke Harry Cooper 1,500 1935 Gene Sarazen United States − 6 Playoff Craig Wood 1,500 1934 Horton Smith United States − 4 2 strokes Craig Wood 1,500 In the `` Runner ( s ) - up '' column , the years are sorted alphabetically , based on the name of the country of ( 1 ) that year 's runner - up or ( 2 ) the first player listed , in years that have multiple runners - up . The sudden - death format was adopted in 1976 , first used in 1979 , and revised in 2004 . None of the 11 sudden - death playoffs has advanced past the second hole ; four were decided at the first hole , seven at the second . Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18 - hole rounds , except for 1935 , which was 36 holes . None of the 6 full - round playoffs were tied at the end of the round ; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954 . The 1962 playoff included three players : Arnold Palmer ( 68 ) , Gary Player ( 71 ) , and Dow Finsterwald ( 77 ) . The 1966 playoff included three players : Jack Nicklaus ( 70 ) , Tommy Jacobs ( 72 ) , and Gay Brewer ( 78 ) . Low amateurs ( edit ) In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest - scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional . These players are Cary Middlecoff , Jack Nicklaus , Ben Crenshaw , Phil Mickelson , Tiger Woods and Sergio García . Year Champion Country To par Place 1934 Charlie Yates United States + 9 T21 1935 Lawson Little United States 6 1936 Johnny Dawson United States + 6 T9 1937 Charlie Yates ( 2 ) United States + 13 T26 1938 Tommy Tailer United States + 10 T18 1939 Chick Harbert Charlie Yates ( 3 ) United States United States + 8 T18 1940 Charlie Yates ( 4 ) United States + 5 T17 1941 Dick Chapman United States + 9 T18 1942 Charlie Yates ( 5 ) United States + 16 T28 1943 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cary Middlecoff United States + 5 T12 1947 Frank Stranahan United States − 5 T2 1948 Skee Riegel United States + 5 T13 1949 Charles Coe Johnny Dawson ( 2 ) United States United States + 7 T16 1950 Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) United States + 9 T14 1951 Charles Coe ( 2 ) United States + 5 T12 1952 Chuck Kocsis United States + 9 T14 1953 Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) Harvie Ward United States United States + 3 T14 1954 Billy Joe Patton United States + 2 1955 Harvie Ward ( 2 ) United States + 2 T8 1956 Ken Venturi United States + 2 1957 Harvie Ward ( 3 ) United States 1958 Billy Joe Patton ( 2 ) United States 8 1959 Charles Coe ( 3 ) United States 6 1960 Jack Nicklaus Billy Joe Patton ( 3 ) United States United States + 5 T13 1961 Charles Coe ( 4 ) United States − 7 T2 1962 Charles Coe ( 5 ) United States T9 1963 Labron Harris , Jr . United States + 10 T32 1964 Deane Beman United States T25 1965 Downing Gray United States + 6 T31 1966 Jimmy Grant United States + 11 T28 1967 Downing Gray ( 2 ) United States + 9 T36 1968 Vinny Giles United States T22 1969 Bruce Fleisher United States + 12 44 1970 Charles Coe ( 6 ) United States + 4 T23 1971 Steve Melnyk United States + 4 T24 1972 Ben Crenshaw United States + 7 T19 1973 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States + 7 T24 None made the cut George Burns United States + 4 T30 1976 Curtis Strange United States + 3 T15 1977 Bill Sander United States + 11 49 1978 Lindy Miller United States − 2 T16 1979 Bobby Clampett United States + 2 T23 1980 Jay Sigel United States + 1 T26 1981 Jay Sigel ( 2 ) United States + 6 T35 1982 Jodie Mudd United States + 6 T20 Jim Hallet United States + 9 T40 1984 Rick Fehr United States T25 1985 Sam Randolph United States + 2 T18 1986 Sam Randolph ( 2 ) United States + 5 T36 Bob Lewis United States + 21 54 1988 Jay Sigel ( 3 ) United States + 12 T39 1989 None made the cut 1990 Chris Patton United States + 9 T39 1991 Phil Mickelson United States + 2 T46 1992 Manny Zerman South Africa + 6 T59 1993 None made the cut 1994 John Harris United States + 17 T50 1995 Tiger Woods United States + 5 T41 None made the cut 1997 None made the cut 1998 Matt Kuchar United States T21 1999 Sergio García Spain + 7 T38 2000 David Gossett United States + 15 T54 2001 None made the cut 2002 None made the cut 2003 Ricky Barnes United States + 3 21 Casey Wittenberg United States T13 2005 Ryan Moore United States − 1 T13 2006 None made the cut 2007 None made the cut 2008 None made the cut 2009 None made the cut Matteo Manassero Italy + 4 T36 2011 Hideki Matsuyama Japan − 1 T27 2012 Patrick Cantlay United States + 7 T47 2013 Guan Tianlang China + 12 58 2014 Oliver Goss Australia + 10 49 2015 None made the cut 2016 Bryson DeChambeau United States + 5 T21 2017 Stewart Hagestad United States + 6 T36 2018 Doug Ghim United States + 8 T50 Records ( edit ) Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters ( six ) and was 46 years , 82 days old when he won in 1986 , making him the oldest winner of the Masters . Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens , with 22 , and the most cuts made , with 37 . The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods , who was 21 years , 104 days old when he won in 1997 . In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 ( − 18 ) . Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015 . In 2013 , Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters , at age 14 years , 168 days on the opening day of the tournament ; the following day , he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men 's major championship . Gary Player holds the record for most appearances , with 52 . Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made , with 23 between 1959 and 1982 ( Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery ) . He shares this record with Fred Couples , who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007 , not competing in 1987 and 1994 . Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63 , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) has occurred three times : Sam Snead in 1954 , Jack Burke , Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round . There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters ; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012 . In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson , Louis Oosthuizen 's 260 - yard ( 238 m ) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par - 5 second hole , called Pink Dogwood , rolled downhill , and in . The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen 's double eagle on the fabled course 's Fire Thorn hole in 1935 : Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards ( 227 m ) out with a 4 - wood at the eighth hole ( Yellow Jasmine ) in the first round in 1967 , while Jeff Maggert hit a 3 - iron 222 yards ( 203 m ) at the 13th hole ( Azalea ) in the fourth round in 1994 . Three players share the record for most runner - up finishes with four : Ben Hogan ( 1942 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 ) , Tom Weiskopf ( 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 ) , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1971 , 1977 , 1981 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Masters Tournament broadcasters United States television ( edit ) CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956 , when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes . Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers , but by 2006 , more than 50 cameras were used . Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more `` compelling '' , increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending , and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament . USA Network added first - and second - round coverage in 1982 . In 2008 , ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early - round coverage . These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators , but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt ( succeeding Mike Tirico , who replaced Bill Macatee 's similar role under USA Network ) as studio host . In 2005 , CBS broadcast the tournament with high - definition fixed and handheld wired cameras , as well as standard - definition wireless handheld cameras . In 2006 , a webstream called `` Amen Corner Live '' began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11 , 12 , and 13 through all four rounds . This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship . In 2007 , CBS added `` Masters Extra , '' an extra hour of full - field bonus coverage daily on the internet , preceding the television broadcasts . In 2008 , CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web . In 2011 , `` Masters Extra '' was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday . In 2016 , the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV -- as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format . A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017 , and this coverage was produced with high - dynamic - range ( HDR ) color in 2018 . While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner , it has done so in successive one - year contracts . Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours . Due to the lack of long - term contractual security , as well as the club 's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees ( owing to its affluent membership ) , it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast , or at least performs some form of self - censorship , in order to maintain future rights . The club , however , has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast . Despite this , announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed , notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord , and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National , such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests . Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts ; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans . Gallery itself is also used . The club also disallows promotions for other network programs , or other forms of sponsored features . Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament 's broadcast hours compared to other major championships . Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18 - hole coverage of the leaders , a standard at the other three majors . Since 1982 , CBS has used `` Augusta '' by Dave Loggins as the event telecast 's distinctive theme music . Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981 . The club mandates minimal commercial interruption , currently limited to four minutes per hour ( as opposed to the usual 12 or more ) ; this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies -- currently these `` global sponsors '' are AT&T , IBM , and Mercedes - Benz . AT&T ( then SBC ) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005 , joined at first by ExxonMobil , which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes - Benz . In 2002 , in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy , club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament . He argued that it was `` unfair '' to have the Masters ' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament , as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself . CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship . After the arrangement continued into 2004 , the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005 , with the new partners of ExxonMobil , IBM , and SBC . The club also sells separate sponsorship packages , which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts , to two `` international partners '' ; in 2014 , those companies were Rolex and UPS ( the latter of which replaced Mercedes - Benz upon that company 's elevation to `` global sponsor '' status ) . Radio coverage ( edit ) WestwoodOne ( previously Dial Global and CBS Radio ) has provided live radio play - by - play coverage in the United States since 1956 . This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website . The network provides short two - or three - minute updates throughout the tournament , as well as longer three - and four - hour segments towards the end of the day . International television ( edit ) The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee . From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the final two days of play . In Ireland , Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds , and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage . In Canada , broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media , with coverage divided between TSN ( cable ) , which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds , CTV ( broadcast ) , which simulcasts CBS 's coverage of the weekend rounds , and RDS , which carries French - language coverage . Prior to 2013 , Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company , Graham Sanborn Media , which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network , TSN , and RDS ( except for 2012 when French - language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports ) to air the broadcasts , also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts . This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting , as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders , such as ESPN International ( ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN ) . In 2013 , Global and TSN began selling advertising directly , and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament ( while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself ) . On December 15 , 2015 , TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal . Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV , while TSN uses its expanded five - channel service to carry supplemental feeds ( including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round ) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms . In 53 countries , including much of Latin America , broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks . Ticketing ( edit ) Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive , they are very difficult to come by . Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into . Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot . Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list , which is closed . A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978 . It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again . In 2008 , the Masters also began allowing children ( between the ages of 8 and 16 ) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge . The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary - ticket market . A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons , fans , and members each year , and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub , TicketCity , and VividSeats . Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day , as opposed to the traditional 4 - day pass . See also ( edit ) Men 's major professional golf championships -- Wikipedia book Golf portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Masters Preview '' . Sports Network . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Shane ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters Milestones '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Do Masters Champions Get to Keep the Green Jacket ? '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Owen , David ( 1999 ) . The Making of the Masters : Clifford Roberts , Augusta National , and Golf 's Most Prestigious Tournament . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 85729 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Curt ( 1999 ) . The Masters : Golf , Money , and Power in Augusta , Georgia . New York City : Villard Books . p. 22 . ISBN 0375753370 . ^ Jump up to : Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Although front and back are the terms more commonly used , for the Masters they are called the `` first '' and `` second '' nines Jump up ^ `` The Augusta National Golf Club '' . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 10 , 2002 ) . `` With 1 shot , Sarazen gave Masters fame '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners & Results '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : Jack Nicklaus wins second pro Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 : Nicklaus wins by nine to shatter Masters record '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 : Jack Nicklaus first to win consecutive Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Nicklaus wins fifth Masters as Elder breaks color barrier '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Tournaments Entered '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Cut Information '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Golf Hall of Fame Profile : Roberto De Vicenzo '' . World Golf Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Pete ( 2000 ) . `` The trailblazer -- Twenty - five years ago , Lee Elder became the first black golfer in the Masters '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime ( September 11 , 1990 ) . `` Augusta National Admits First Black Member '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Records & Stats -- Champions / Winning Statistics '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Sarah . `` My , Oh Mize '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament Results : 1996 '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( March 13 , 2003 ) . `` City of Augusta Is Sued Over Protest at the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Court Rejects Burk Appeal '' . The New York Times . October 4 , 2003 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` To Burk , No Point Picketing Masters '' . The New York Times . February 29 , 2004 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Masters chairman Billy Payne rips Tiger Woods for ' disappointing all of us ' '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Svrluga , Barry ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Billy Payne disappointed in Tiger Woods 's ' egregious ' behavior '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Payne 's remarks regarding Tiger Woods playing at Augusta '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` As it happened : Scott wins US Masters '' . TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 21 , leads Masters wire to wire for 1st major win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` $9,000,000 Masters Results '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( April 7 , 2001 ) . `` Purse exceeds $1 Million '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1986 ) . `` Day Of Glory For A Golden Oldie '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicklaus , Jack ; Bowden , Ken ( 1974 ) . Golf My Way . Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 51350 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Masters Prize Money Announced '' . Augusta Chronicle. April 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` The real story behind the green jacket '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lispey , Rick ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Master Teacher : Nearly forgotten now , teaching pro Henry Picard was a big star when he won the 1938 Masters '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kernicki hosts Major Championship at Canterbury Golf Club '' . GolfGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Masters - style green jacket bought for $5 at Toronto thrift store sells for $139 K '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Stephen . `` Inaugural Drive , Chip and Putt Championship has juniors living Augusta National dreams '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Masters unveils drive , chip and putt contest '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drive , Chip & Putt winners crowned at Augusta '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan . `` Masters 2018 : Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship to debut in 2019 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Uhles , Steven ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Par - 3 Contest will be family show '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Par 3 Contest '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Par - 3 Contest at The Masters '' . About.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Trophy Case '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- Qualifications for Invitation '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Palmer to hit opening Masters tee shot '' . Golf Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus kick off 2011 Masters as honorary starters with tee shots at Augusta '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Palmer to skip opening tee shot at Masters '' . Albany Times Union . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masters 2016 : Arnold Palmer makes poignant appearance on 1st tee '' . The Guardian . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus join Masters tribute to Arnold Palmer '' . The Guardian . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for a King : Arnold Palmer honored in moving tribute at Augusta National '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions at the Masters '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters Champions Dinner : Everything you need to know Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , North Carolina . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Strokes of Genius '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Masters tweaks qualifications '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cut Information '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters goes to sudden death '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . February 6 , 1976 . p. 2E . Jump up ^ `` In sudden death , Masters playoff shifts to no . 10 '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . April 11 , 1979 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Changes afoot at Augusta '' . BBC Sport . August 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` Augusta National plans to add length '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Augusta changes goes on '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Desire for faster greens led to use of Bentgrass '' . CNNSI.com & The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Guide '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Tournament Invitees '' . masters.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martin ( April 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Masters : Augusta bows to change with a pompous flourish '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Masters Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Masters , Latin America team up '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Masters : Host Courses and Winners '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters playoff format is changed '' . CNN.com. April 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Finishers '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guan Tianlang , 14 , headed to Masters '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tianlang Guan youngest to make cut '' . ESPN . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Oosthuizen gives away souvenir after rare double - eagle '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' . PGA Tour . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 7 , 1998 ) . `` CBS and the Masters Keep Business Simple '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Denne H. ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Augusta 's front nine cloaked in secrecy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why is n't the Masters on TV all day ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Replaces USA as Early - Round Home of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN will show first two rounds of 2008 Masters tournament '' . ESPN . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Masters broadcast will use shot tracer technology '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Amen Corner live '' . March 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV 's first live 4K show is the Masters golf tournament '' . Engadget . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters in 4K : DirecTV , CBS Sports Tee Up First Live 4K UHD Broadcast in U.S. '' Sports Video Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV doubles its live 4K broadcasts for this year 's Masters '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason Dachman . `` AT&T / DirecTV Will Deliver The Masters in 4K HDR for the First Time '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hinds , Richard ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Why coverage of US Masters is so polite '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martzke , Rudy ( April 13 , 2003 ) . `` CBS managed to get Masters right despite silence on protests '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Tim . `` Is the Masters really the most prestigious sporting event in America ? '' . WorldGolf . Golf Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How The Masters Theme Song Came To Be '' . Deadspin. April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes , UPS Form New Partnerships with Masters Tournament '' ( Press release ) . Augusta National Golf Club . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Masters Is Back to Commercials '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ YEN , William Gallo Reporting by Tom Finnerty COMPILED BY YI - WYN . `` The Battle of Augusta : HOOTIE VS . MARTHA '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport keeps Masters contract '' . BBC Sport . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sky seizes share of the Masters from BBC '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` We are fully committed to providing a public service -- without public funding '' . Irish Independent . August 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Houston , William ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` As usual , Woods is the star of Masters coverage '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Val ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global partner to sell The Masters '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sports Network and Global Television Network ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global Partner to Give Canadians Complete Coverage of The Masters '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television wars continue as CTV takes Masters deal away from Global '' . Yahoo ! Sports Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTV , TSN , and RDS announce exclusive , multi-year deal with The Masters '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN at the Masters Tournament '' . ESPN ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . Masters.org . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reviewed Work : The Masters : Golf Money and Power in Augusta , Georgia by Curt Sampson Jump up ^ `` Masters Badges '' . TicketCity . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masters Tournament . Official website Masters Tournament on Facebook Masters Tournament on Instagram Augusta.com -- coverage by The Augusta Chronicle Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National A Military Tribute at The Greenbrier John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Sicilian Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ 11 '' N 82 ° 01 ′ 12 '' W / 33.503 ° N 82.020 ° W / 33.503 ; - 82.020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_Tournament&oldid=851685182 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Men 's major golf championships Recurring sporting events established in 1934 Economy of Augusta , Georgia Tourist attractions in Augusta , Georgia Annual sporting events in the United States 1934 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf tournaments in the United States April sporting events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 22 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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-3565007547240259543	Premier League	Premier League - wikipedia Premier League Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League Founded February 20 , 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 02 - 20 ) Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City ( 3rd title ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer ( 260 goals ) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports and BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com 2017 -- 18 Premier League The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ) . The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches ( playing each other home and away ) . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . It is often known outside England as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion , rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons , as of 2016 . Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 3 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Top Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) 1.5 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2017 -- 18 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 4.3. 1 Wales 4.3. 2 Scotland and Ireland 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History Origins Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that season . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal , Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Coventry City , Crystal Palace , Everton , Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Middlesbrough , Norwich City , Nottingham Forest , Oldham Athletic , Queens Park Rangers , Sheffield United , Sheffield Wednesday , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . Luton Town , Notts County , and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season ARS CHE LIV MUN 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top four 10 8 7 10 out of 10 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League third qualifying round Champions League first qualifying round Europa League or UEFA Cup `` Top four '' dominance ( 2000s ) One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Top Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , while every season during the 2000s saw the `` Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . During the 2000s , only four sides outside the `` Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League : Leeds United ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Newcastle United ( 2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03 ) , Everton ( 2004 -- 05 ) and Tottenham Hotspur ( 2009 -- 10 ) - each occupying the final Champions League spot , with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season , who finished third . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Top Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' Between 2005 and 2011 , there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals , with only `` Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage . Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Manchester United ( 2008 ) and Chelsea ( 2012 ) won the competition during this period , with Arsenal ( 2006 ) , Liverpool ( 2007 ) , Chelsea ( 2008 ) and Manchester United ( 2009 and 2011 ) all losing Champions League finals . Leeds United were the only non - `` Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League , in the 2000 -- 01 season . No Premier League side has reached the final since Chelsea 's victory in 2012 - with only two reaching the semi-finals . Additionally , between the 1999 - 2000 and 2009 - 10 seasons , four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals , with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001 . Arsenal ( 2000 ) , Middlesbrough ( 2006 ) and Fulham ( 2010 ) all lost their finals . The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table , no side has won consecutive Premier League titles . By the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , each of the `` Top Four '' clubs had revenues in excess of € 200 million , while Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur had revenues of roughly € 150 million according to the Deloitte Football Money League . Manchester United had the largest revenue stream in the Premier League at € 349.8 million , while Aston Villa were the closest club to the new `` Big Six '' with revenues of € 109.4 million . Results of the ' Big Six ' during the 2010s Season ARS CHE LIV MCI MUN TOT 2010 -- 11 6 5 2011 -- 12 6 8 2012 -- 13 7 5 2013 -- 14 7 6 2014 -- 15 6 5 2015 -- 16 10 8 5 2016 -- 17 5 6 Top four 6 5 7 Top six 7 6 7 6 7 out of 7 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League play - off round Europa League Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season . That season also saw two of the `` Big Four '' ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season . The arrival of Manchester City as a new force in English football combined with Tottenham Hotspur finishing third and then second in the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons respectively meant that many viewed the `` Big Four '' as proliferating into the `` Big Six '' . With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league , greater competition for qualification now exists , albeit from a narrow base of six clubs . In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17 , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the top four was breached by a non `` Big Six '' side for the first time since Everton in 2005 . Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league , qualifying for the Champions League as a result . However , they were unable to follow up their title winning season with another strong season - finishing twelfth . Off the pitch , the `` Big Six '' wield financial power and influence , with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play . Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success . The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the `` Big Six '' and the rest of the division . All of the `` Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million , with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million . Leicester City were the closest club to the `` Big Six '' in terms of revenue , recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League . The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham , who did n't play in European competition , had revenues of € 213.3 million , nearly half of the fifth largest club , Liverpool ( € 424.2 million ) . Development See also : List of Premier League seasons Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) , the international governing body of football , that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played , the number of clubs was reduced to 20 , down from 22 , in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season - the year prior to the formation of the Premier League . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga , be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams , as did the other major European leagues with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format Competition There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2016 -- 17 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had five runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with ten wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with five wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins ( see table here ) . Promotion and relegation A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2017 -- 18 season . Champions See also : List of English football champions No . Season Champion 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 5 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 6 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 7 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 8 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 9 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 10 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 11 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 13 2004 -- 05 Chelsea No . Season Champion 14 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 15 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 16 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 17 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 18 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 19 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 21 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 22 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 23 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 24 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea 26 2017 -- 18 Manchester City Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 season The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2017 -- 18 season . Club Position in 2016 -- 17 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th 1904 -- 05 101 26 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 AFC Bournemouth 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd in the Championship 1979 -- 80 5 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16th 1888 -- 89 55 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Chelsea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st 1907 -- 08 83 26 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14th 1969 -- 70 18 9 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7th 1888 -- 89 115 26 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Huddersfield Town 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5th in the Championship 1920 -- 21 32 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12th 1908 -- 09 50 12 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4th 1894 -- 95 103 26 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3rd 1899 -- 1900 89 21 2002 -- 03 2013 -- 14 Manchester United 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6th 1892 -- 93 93 26 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1st in the Championship 1898 -- 99 86 23 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8th 1966 -- 67 41 19 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Stoke City 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13th 1888 -- 89 62 10 2008 -- 09 0 n / a Swansea City 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15th 1981 -- 82 9 7 2011 -- 12 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2nd 1909 -- 10 83 26 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17th 1982 -- 83 11 5 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Bromwich Albion 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10th 1888 -- 89 81 12 2010 -- 11 1919 -- 20 West Ham United 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11th 1923 -- 24 60 22 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Hull City , Middlesbrough , and Sunderland were relegated to the Championship for the 2017 -- 18 season , while Newcastle United , Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Stoke City , and Swansea City are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 3 , 10 and 7 seasons ( out of 26 ) respectively . Brighton and Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town will make their Premier League debuts in 2017 -- 18 season . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales AFC Bournemouth Southampton London Brighton & Hove Albion West Bromwich Albion Stoke City Manchester City Manchester United Liverpool Everton Huddersfield Town Newcastle United Leicester City Swansea City Burnley London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2017 -- 18 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Watford Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but they were relegated after their maiden season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2008 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No Sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , five places counting upwards , and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Setanta ESPN BT Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- -- -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 -- -- -- 60 2001 -- 2004 110 -- -- -- 110 2004 -- 2007 138 -- -- -- 138 2007 -- 2009 96 42 -- -- 138 2009 -- 2013 115 -- 23 -- 138 2013 -- 2016 116 -- -- 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 -- -- 42 168 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 , 2004 -- present BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 and 2011 -- 12 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums Main article : List of Premier League stadiums As of the 2017 -- 18 season , Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity : Wembley Stadium , the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur , has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court , the home of Bournemouth , having a capacity of 11,360 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2016 -- 17 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596 . This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . As of the 22nd game - week of the 2017 / 2018 season , 7 managers have been sacked , the most recent being Mark Hughes of Stoke City . There have been several studies into the reasoning behind , and effects of , managerial sackings . Most famously , Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam , performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings . Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Pep Guardiola Manchester City 2017 -- 18 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager France ! Wenger , Arsene Arsène Wenger Arsenal 000000001996 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1996 7003786900000000000 ♠ 21 years , 199 days England ! Howe , Eddie Eddie Howe AFC Bournemouth 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 12 October 2012 7003201400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 188 days England ! Dyche , Sean Sean Dyche Burnley 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2012 7003199600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 170 days Argentina ! Pochettino , Mauricio Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2014 7003142200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 326 days England ! Hughton , Chris Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 000000002014 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2014 7003120400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 108 days Germany ! Klopp , Jürgen Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 000000002015 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2015 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days Portugal ! Wagner , David David Wagner Huddersfield Town 000000002015 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 2015 7002895000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 164 days Spain ! Benítez , Rafael Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 000000002016 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2016 7002768000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 38 days Portugal ! Mourinho , José José Mourinho Manchester United 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 7002691000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 326 days Netherlands ! Conte , Antonio Antonio Conte Chelsea 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002656000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 291 days Spain ! Guardiola , Pep Pep Guardiola Manchester City 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2016 7002656000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 291 days England ! Hodgson , Roy Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2017 7002218000000000000 ♠ 218 days France ! Puel , Claude Claude Puel Leicester City 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2017 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 days Scotland ! Moyes , David David Moyes West Ham United 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2017 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 days England ! Allardyce , Sam Sam Allardyce Everton 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2017 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 days Portugal ! Carvalhal , Carlos Carlos Carvalhal Swansea City 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2017 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 days Scotland ! Lambert , Paul Paul Lambert Stoke City 000000002018 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2018 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 days Portugal ! Gracia , Javi Javi Gracia Watford 000000002018 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 2018 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 days Wales ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Southampton 000000002018 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2018 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 days Jamaica ! Moore , Darren Darren Moore West Bromwich Albion 000000002018 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2018 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 days Players See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of footballers with a Premier League winner 's medal Appearances See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 652 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand As of 20 February 2018 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 2 January 2018 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 208 478 0.44 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 161 483 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards Trophy The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two different clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players , the Premier League also awards the monthly Manager of the Month , Player of the Month and Goal of the Month awards , as well as annual awards for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season , Golden Boot and the Golden Glove awards. . From the 2017 / 18 season , players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof . Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement . 20 seasons awards Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Gareth Barry ( 652 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher , Gareth Barry , Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . 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About Wikipedia	who has won the english premier league most times	[ "\nPremier League\n\n\n\n\nFounded\nFebruary 20, 1992; 26 years ago (1992-02-20)\n\n\nCountry\n England (19 teams)\n\n\nOther club(s) from\n Wales (1 team)\n\n\nConfederation\nUEFA\n\n\nNumber of teams\n20\n\n\nLevel on pyramid\n1\n\n\nRelegation to\nEFL Championship\n\n\nDomestic cup(s)\nFA Cup\nFA Community Shield\n\n\nLeague cup(s)\nEFL Cup\n\n\nInternational cup(s)\nUEFA Champions League\nUEFA Europa League\n\n\nCurrent champions\nManchester City (3rd title)\n(2017–18)\n\n\nMost championships\nManchester United\n(13 titles)\n\n\nTop goalscorer\n Alan Shearer (260 goals)\n\n\nTV partners\nSky Sports and BT Sport (live matches)\nSky Sports and BBC (highlights)\n\n\nWebsite\npremierleague.com\n\n\n 2017–18 Premier League\n\n" ]	[ "Manchester United" ]
4894639080174965567	Columbine High School massacre	Columbine High school massacre - Wikipedia Columbine High school massacre Jump to : navigation , search `` Columbine massacre '' redirects here . For the 1927 labor violence , see Columbine Mine massacre . Columbine High School massacre Eric Harris ( left ) and Dylan Klebold ( right ) caught on the high school 's security cameras in the cafeteria , 11 minutes before their suicides Location Columbine , Colorado , U.S. Coordinates 39 ° 36 ′ 12 '' N 105 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 39.60333 ° N 105.07472 ° W / 39.60333 ; - 105.07472 Coordinates : 39 ° 36 ′ 12 '' N 105 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 39.60333 ° N 105.07472 ° W / 39.60333 ; - 105.07472 Date April 20 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( 1999 - 04 - 20 ) 11 : 19 a.m. -- 12 : 08 p.m. ( UTC - 6 ) Target Students and faculty at Columbine High School Attack type School shooting , mass murder , murder -- suicide , arson , attempted bombing Weapons Intratec TEC - DC9 Hi - Point 995 Carbine Savage 67H pump - action shotgun Stevens 311D double barreled sawed - off shotgun 99 explosives 4 knives Deaths 15 ( including both perpetrators ) Non-fatal injuries 24 ( 21 by gunfire ) Perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold Defenders William David Sanders Aaron Hancey The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20 , 1999 , at Columbine High School in Columbine , an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado . In addition to the shootings , the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters , propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria , 99 explosive devices , and carbombs . The perpetrators , senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold , murdered 12 students and one teacher . They injured 21 additional people , and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school . The pair subsequently committed suicide . Although their precise motives remain unclear , the personal journals of the perpetrators document that they wished their actions to rival the Oklahoma City bombing and other deadly incidents in the United States in the 1990s . The attack has been referred to by USA Today as a `` suicidal attack ( that was ) planned as a grand -- if badly implemented -- terrorist bombing . '' The massacre has been reported as `` the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history . '' The massacre sparked debate over gun control laws , high school cliques , subcultures , and bullying . It resulted in an increased emphasis on school security with zero tolerance policies , and a moral panic over goth culture , gun culture , social outcasts ( even though the perpetrators were not outcasts ) , the use of pharmaceutical anti-depressants by teenagers , teenage Internet use , and violence in video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preliminary activities and intent 1.1 Medication 1.2 Journals and videos 2 Firearms 3 April 20 , 1999 : The massacre 3.1 Prior to the massacre 3.2 11 : 19 a.m. : Shooting begins 3.3 11 : 22 a.m. : Police response 3.4 11 : 29 a.m. -- 11 : 36 a.m. : Library massacre 3.5 12 : 08 p.m. : Suicide of the perpetrators 4 Crisis ends 4.1 Immediate aftermath 5 Rationale 5.1 Bullying 5.2 Psychopathy and depression 5.3 Video games 5.4 Other factors explored 5.4. 1 Social climate 5.4. 2 Goth subculture 5.4. 3 Music 5.4. 4 Harris and Klebold as modern revolutionaries 6 Impact on school policies 6.1 Secret Service report on school shootings 6.2 School security 6.3 Anti-bullying policies 7 Long - term results 7.1 Police tactics 7.2 Gun control 7.3 Memorials 7.4 Becoming part of the vernacular 7.5 Fandom 7.6 Influence on subsequent school shootings 8 Lawsuits against state agencies and families of perpetrators 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Specific 10.2 General 11 Further reading 12 External links Preliminary activities and intent For greater information regarding the background of the perpetrators , see Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold . In 1996 , Eric Harris created a private website on America Online . Harris initially created the site to host gaming levels he and his friend , Dylan Klebold , created for use in the video game Doom , primarily for friends . On this site , Harris began a blog , which included jokes and short journal entries with thoughts on parents , school , and friends . By the end of the year , the site contained instructions on how to cause mischief , as well as instructions on how to make explosives , and blogs in which he described the trouble he and Klebold were causing . Beginning in early 1997 , the blog postings began to show the first signs of Harris 's ever - growing anger against society . Harris 's site attracted few visitors , and caused no concern until March 1998 . Klebold gave the web address to Brooks Brown , a former friend of Harris . Brown 's mother had filed numerous complaints with the Jefferson County Sheriff 's office concerning Harris , as she thought he was dangerous . The website contained numerous death threats directed against Brown : Klebold knew that if Brooks accessed the address , he would discover the content and inform his parents , and likely the authorities would be notified . After Brown 's parents viewed the site , they contacted the Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office . The investigator Michael Guerra was told about the website . When he accessed it , Guerra discovered numerous violent threats directed against the students and teachers of Columbine High School . Other material included blurbs that Harris had written about his general hatred of society , and his desire to kill those who annoyed him . Harris had noted on his site that he had made pipe bombs , in addition to a hit list of individuals ( he did not post any plan on how he intended to attack targets ) . As Harris had posted on his website that he possessed explosives , Guerra wrote a draft affidavit , requesting a search warrant of the Harris household . The affidavit also mentioned a suspicion of Harris being involved in an unsolved pipe bomb case in February 1998 . The affidavit was never filed . It was concealed by the Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office and not revealed until September 2001 , resulting from an investigation by the TV show 60 Minutes . After the revelation about the affidavit , a series of grand jury investigations were begun into the cover - up activities of Jefferson County officials . The investigation revealed that high - ranking county officials had met a few days after the massacre to discuss the release of the affidavit to the public . It was decided that because the affidavit 's contents lacked the necessary probable cause to have supported the issuance of a search warrant for the Harris household by a judge , it would be best not to disclose the affidavit 's existence at an upcoming press conference , although the actual conversations and points of discussion were never revealed to anyone other than the grand jury members . Following the press conference , the original Guerra documents disappeared . In September 1999 , a Jefferson County investigator failed to find the documents during a secret search of the county 's computer system . A second attempt in late 2000 found copies of the document within the Jefferson County archives . The documents were reconstructed and released to the public in September 2001 , but the original documents are still missing . The final grand jury investigation was released in September 2004 . On January 30 , 1998 , Harris and Klebold stole tools and other equipment from a van parked near the city of Littleton . Both youths were arrested and subsequently attended a joint court hearing , where they pleaded guilty to the felony theft . The judge sentenced the duo to attend a juvenile diversion program . There , both boys attended mandated classes and talked with diversion officers . One of their classes taught anger management . Harris also began attending therapy classes with a psychologist . Klebold had a history of drinking and had failed a dilute urine test , but neither he nor Harris attended any substance abuse classes . Harris and Klebold were eventually released from diversion several weeks early because of positive actions in the program ; they were both on probation . Shortly after Harris ' and Klebold 's court hearing , Harris 's online blog disappeared . His website was reverted to its original purpose of posting user - created levels of Doom . Harris began to write in a journal , in which he recorded his thoughts and plans . In April 1998 , as part of his diversion program , Harris wrote a letter of apology to the owner of the van . However , around the same time , he furiously derided him in his journal , stating that he believed himself to have the right to steal something if he wanted to . Harris continued his scheduled meetings with his psychologist until a few months before he and Klebold committed the Columbine High School massacre . Harris dedicated a section of his website to posting content regarding his and Klebold 's progress in their collection of guns and building of bombs ( they subsequently used both in attacking students at their school ) . After the website was made public , AOL permanently deleted it from its servers . Medication In one scheduled meeting with his appointed psychiatrist , Harris had complained of depression , anger , and suicidal thoughts . As a result , he was prescribed the anti-depressant Zoloft . He complained of feeling restless and having trouble concentrating ; in April , his doctor switched him to Luvox , a similar anti-depressant drug . Journals and videos Harris and Klebold both began keeping journals soon after their 1998 arrests . In these journals , the pair documented their arsenal with video tapes they kept secret . Their journals documented their plan for a major bombing to rival that of the Oklahoma City bombing . Their entries contained blurbs about ways to escape to Mexico , hijacking an aircraft at Denver International Airport and crashing it into a building in New York City ( foreshadowing the September 11 attacks by two years ) , and details about the planned attack . The pair hoped that , after detonating their home - made explosives in the cafeteria at the busiest time of day , killing hundreds of students , they would shoot survivors fleeing from the school . Then , as police vehicles , ambulances , fire trucks , and reporters came to the school , bombs set in the boys ' cars would detonate , killing these emergency and other personnel . That did not happen , since these explosives did not detonate . The pair kept videos that documented the explosives , ammunition , and weapons they had obtained illegally . They revealed the ways they hid their arsenals in their homes , as well as how they deceived their parents about their activities . The pair shot videos of doing target practice in nearby foothills , as well as areas of the high school they planned to attack . On April 20 , approximately thirty minutes before the attack , they made a final video saying goodbye and apologizing to their friends and families . Firearms In the months prior to the attacks , Harris and Klebold acquired two 9 mm firearms and two 12 - gauge shotguns . Their friend , Robyn Anderson , had inadvertently bought a rifle and the two shotguns used in the massacre at the Tanner Gun Show in December 1998 . Through Philip Duran , another friend , Harris and Klebold later bought a handgun from Mark Manes for $500 . Using instructions obtained via the Internet , Harris and Klebold constructed a total of 99 improvised explosive devices of various designs and sizes . They sawed the barrels and butts off their shotguns to make them easier to conceal . On the day of the massacre , Harris was equipped with a 12 - gauge Savage - Springfield 67H pump - action shotgun ( which he discharged a total of 25 times ) and a Hi - Point 995 Carbine 9 mm carbine with thirteen 10 - round magazines ( which he fired a total of 96 times ) . Klebold was equipped with a 9 × 19mm Intratec TEC - 9 semi-automatic handgun with one 52 - , one 32 - , and one 28 - round magazine and a 12 - gauge Stevens 311D double - barreled sawed - off shotgun . Klebold primarily fired the TEC - 9 handgun for a total of 55 times , while he discharged a total of 12 rounds from his double - barreled shotgun . April 20 , 1999 : the massacre Prior to the massacre On the morning of Tuesday , April 20 , 1999 , Harris and Klebold placed a small fire bomb in a field about three miles south of Columbine High School , and two miles south of the fire station . Set to explode at 11 : 14 a.m. , the bomb was intended as a diversion to draw firefighters and emergency personnel away from the school ( it partially detonated and caused a small fire , which was quickly extinguished by the fire department ) . At 11 : 10 a.m. , Harris and Klebold arrived separately at Columbine High School . Harris parked his vehicle in the junior student parking lot , by the south entrance , and Klebold parked in the adjoining senior student parking lot , by the west entrance . The school cafeteria , their primary bomb target , with its long outside window - wall and ground - level doors , was between their parking spots . After parking their cars -- each containing concealed bombs timed to detonate at 12 : 00 -- the duo met near Harris ' car and armed two 20 pound ( 9 kg ) propane bombs before entering the cafeteria a few minutes prior to the beginning of the `` A '' lunch shift . The youths placed the duffel bags containing the bombs -- set to explode at approximately 11 : 17 a.m. -- inside the cafeteria before returning to their separate vehicles to await the explosion and shoot survivors fleeing the building . Had these bombs exploded with full power , they would have killed or severely wounded all 488 students in the cafeteria and possibly collapsed the ceiling , dropping part of the library into the cafeteria . A Jefferson County Sheriff 's Deputy , Neil Gardner , was assigned to the high school as a full - time uniformed and armed school resource officer . Gardner usually ate lunch with students in the cafeteria , but on April 20 he was eating lunch in his patrol car at the northwest corner of the campus , watching students in the Smokers ' Pit in Clement Park . The security staff at Columbine did not observe the bombs being placed in the cafeteria , since a custodian was replacing the school security video tape as it happened . The bags holding the bombs were first visible on the fresh security tape , but they were not identified as suspicious items . No witness recalled seeing the duffel bags being added to the 400 or so backpacks already in the cafeteria . As the two youths returned to their vehicles , Harris encountered Brooks Brown , a friend and classmate with whom he had recently patched up a longstanding series of disagreements . Brown , who was in the parking lot smoking a cigarette , was surprised to see Harris , whom he had earlier noted had been absent from an important class test . Harris seemed unconcerned when reminded of this fact by Brown , commenting , `` It does n't matter anymore . '' Harris then elaborated : `` Brooks , I like you now . Get out of here . Go home . '' Brown , feeling uneasy , walked away . Several minutes later , students departing Columbine for their lunch break observed Brown heading down South Pierce Street away from the school . Meanwhile , Harris and Klebold armed themselves by their vehicles and waited for the bombs to explode . 11 : 19 a.m. : shooting begins When the cafeteria bombs failed to explode , Harris and Klebold convened and walked toward the school . Both armed , they climbed to the top of the outdoor west entrance steps , placing them on a level with the athletic fields west of the building and the library inside the west entrance , directly above the cafeteria . From this vantage point , the cafeteria 's west entrance was located at the bottom of the staircase , next to the senior parking lot . Injuries and deaths in initial incident 1 . Rachel Scott , age 17 . Killed by shots to the head , torso , and leg alongside the west entrance of the school . 2 . Richard Castaldo , age 17 . Shot in the arm , chest , back , and abdomen alongside the west entrance to the school . 3 . Daniel Rohrbough , age 15 . Fatally injured by shots to the abdomen and leg on the west staircase , shot through the upper chest at the base of the same staircase . 4 . Sean Graves , age 15 . Shot in the back , foot , and abdomen on the west staircase . 5 . Lance Kirklin , age 16 . Critically injured by shots to the leg , neck , and jaw on the west staircase . 6 . Michael Johnson , age 15 . Shot in the face , arm , and leg to the west of the staircase . 7 . Mark Taylor , age 16 . Shot in the chest , arms , and leg to the west of the staircase . 8 . Anne - Marie Hochhalter , age 17 . Shot in the chest , arm , abdomen , back , and left leg near the cafeteria 's entrance . 9 . Brian Anderson , age 17 . Injured near the west entrance by flying glass . 10 . Patti Nielson , age 35 . Hit in the shoulder by shrapnel near the west entrance . 11 . Stephanie Munson , age 17 . Shot in the ankle inside the North Hallway . 12 . William David Sanders , age 47 . Died of blood loss after being shot in the neck and back inside the South Hallway . At 11 : 19 a.m. , 17 - year - old Rachel Scott was having lunch with friend Richard Castaldo while sitting on the grass next to the west entrance of the school . Castaldo said he saw one of the boys throw a pipe bomb , which only partially detonated . Thinking the bomb was no more than a crude senior prank , Castaldo did not take it seriously . At that moment , a witness heard Eric Harris yell , `` Go ! Go ! '' The two gunmen pulled their guns from beneath their trench coats and began shooting at Castaldo and Scott . Scott was hit four times and killed instantly . Castaldo was shot eight times in the chest , arm , and abdomen and paralyzed below the chest , falling into unconsciousness . It is unknown who fired first ; however , Harris was the one who shot and killed Scott , and Castaldo reported that Scott was hit before he was . After the first two shootings , Harris removed his trench coat and aimed his 9 mm carbine down the west staircase toward three youths : 15 - year - olds Daniel Rohrbough and Sean Graves and 16 - year - old Lance Kirklin . The three friends had been ascending the staircase directly below the shooters . Kirklin later reported seeing Klebold and Harris standing at the top of the staircase , before the pair opened fire . All three youths were shot and wounded . Inside the school , some of the students had believed that they were bearing witness to a senior prank by the two seniors . But in the cafeteria , Dave Sanders , a computer and business teacher as well as a varsity coach , quickly realized it was not a prank but a deliberate attack on the school . Harris and Klebold turned and began shooting west in the direction of five students sitting on the grassy hillside adjacent to the steps and opposite the west entrance of the school . 15 - year - old Michael Johnson was hit in the face , leg , and arm , but ran and escaped ; 16 - year - old Mark Taylor was shot in the chest , arms , and leg and fell to the ground , where he feigned death . The other three escaped uninjured . Klebold walked down the steps toward the cafeteria . He came up to Kirklin , who was already wounded and lying on the ground , weakly calling for help . Klebold said , `` Sure . I 'll help you , '' then shot Kirklin in the face , critically wounding him . Daniel Rohrbough and Sean Graves had descended the staircase when Klebold and Harris ' attention was diverted by the students on the grass ; Graves -- paralyzed beneath the waist -- had crawled into the doorway of the cafeteria 's west entrance and collapsed . Klebold shot Rohrbough , who was already fatally wounded by the shots previously fired by Harris , at close range through the upper left chest and then stepped over the injured Sean Graves to enter the cafeteria . Officials speculated that Klebold went to the cafeteria to check on the propane bombs . Harris shot down the steps at several students sitting near the cafeteria 's entrance , severely wounding and partially paralyzing 17 - year - old Anne - Marie Hochhalter as she tried to flee . Klebold came out of the cafeteria and went back up the stairs to join Harris . They shot toward students standing close to a soccer field , but did not hit anyone . They walked toward the west entrance , throwing pipe bombs , very few of which detonated . Meanwhile , inside the school , Patti Nielson , an art teacher , had noticed the commotion and walked toward the west entrance with a 17 - year - old student , Brian Anderson . She had intended to walk outside to tell the two students to `` Knock it off , '' thinking Klebold and Harris were either filming a video or pulling a student prank . As Anderson opened the first set of double doors , Harris and Klebold shot out the windows , injuring him with flying glass and hitting Nielson in the shoulder with shrapnel . Nielson stood and ran back down the hall into the library , alerting the students inside to the danger and telling them to get under desks and keep silent . Nielson dialed 9 - 1 - 1 and hid under the library 's administrative counter . Anderson remained behind , caught between the exterior and interior doors . 11 : 22 a.m. : police response At 11 : 22 , the custodian called Deputy Neil Gardner , the assigned Student Resource Officer to Columbine , on the school radio , requesting assistance in the senior parking lot . The only paved route took him around the school to the east and south on Pierce Street , where , at 11 : 23 he heard on his police radio that a female was down , and assumed she had been struck by a car . While exiting his patrol car in the Senior lot at 11 : 24 , he heard another call on the school radio , `` Neil , there 's a shooter in the school '' . Harris , at the west entrance , immediately turned and fired ten shots from his carbine at Gardner , who was sixty yards away . As Harris reloaded his carbine , Gardner leaned over the top of his car and fired four rounds at Harris from his service pistol . Harris ducked back behind the building , and Gardner momentarily believed that he had hit him . Harris then reemerged and fired at least four more rounds at Gardner ( which missed and struck two parked cars ) , before retreating into the building . No one was hit during the exchange of gunfire . Gardner was not wearing his prescription eyeglasses , and was unable to hit the shooters . Thus , five minutes after the shooting started , and two minutes after the first radio call , Gardner had engaged in a gunfight with one of the student shooters . There were already two students dead and ten wounded . Gardner reported on his police radio , `` Shots in the building . I need someone in the south lot with me . '' The gunfight distracted Harris and Klebold from the injured Brian Anderson . Anderson escaped to the library and hid inside an open staff break room . Back in the school , the duo moved along the main North Hallway , throwing pipe bombs and shooting at anyone they encountered . Klebold shot Stephanie Munson in the ankle , although she was able to walk out of the school . The pair then shot out the windows to the East Entrance of the school . After proceeding through the hall several times and shooting toward -- and missing -- any students they saw , Harris and Klebold went toward the west entrance and turned into the Library Hallway . Deputy Paul Smoker , a motorcycle patrolman for the Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office , was writing a traffic ticket north of the school when the `` female down '' call came in at 11 : 23 , most likely referring to the already dead Rachel Scott . Taking the shortest route , he drove his motorcycle over grass between the athletic fields and headed toward the west entrance . When he saw Deputy Scott Taborsky following him in a patrol car , he abandoned his motorcycle for the safety of the car . The two deputies had begun to rescue two wounded students near the ball fields when another gunfight broke out at 11 : 26 , as Harris returned to the double doors and again began shooting at Deputy Gardner , who returned fire . From the hilltop , Deputy Smoker fired three rounds from his pistol at Harris , who again retreated into the building . As before , no one was hit . Inside the school , teacher Dave Sanders had successfully evacuated students from the cafeteria ; where some of them went up a staircase leading to the second floor of the school . The stairs were located around the corner from the Library Hallway in the main South Hallway . By now , Harris and Klebold were inside the main hallway . Sanders and another student were down at the end of the hallway still trying to secure as much of the school as they could . As they ran , they encountered Harris and Klebold , who were approaching from the corner of the North Hallway . Sanders and the student turned and ran in the opposite direction . Harris and Klebold shot at them both , with Harris hitting Sanders twice in the chest but missing the student . The latter ran into a science classroom and warned everyone to hide . Klebold walked over towards Sanders , who had collapsed , to look for the student but returned to Harris up the North Hallway . Sanders struggled toward the science area , and a teacher took him into a classroom where 30 students were located . They placed a sign in the window : `` 1 bleeding to death , '' in order to alert police and medical personnel of Sanders ' location . Due to his knowledge of first aid , student Aaron Hancey was brought to the classroom from another by teachers despite the unfolding commotion . With the assistance of a fellow student named Kevin Starkey , and teacher Teresa Miller , Hancey administered first aid to Sanders for three hours ; attempting to stem the blood loss using shirts from students in the room . Using a phone in the room , Miller and several students maintained contact with police outside the school . All the students in this room were evacuated safely . 11 : 29 a.m. -- 11 : 36 a.m. : library massacre This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As the shooting unfolded , Patti Nielson talked on the phone with emergency services , telling her story and urging students to take cover beneath desks . According to transcripts , her call was received by a 9 - 1 - 1 operator at 11 : 25 : 05 a.m. The time between the call being answered and the shooters entering the library was four minutes and ten seconds . Before entering , the shooters threw two bombs into the cafeteria , both of which exploded . They then threw another bomb into the Library Hallway ; it exploded and damaged several lockers . At 11 : 29 a.m. , Harris and Klebold entered the library , where a total of 52 students , two teachers and two librarians had concealed themselves . Harris yelled , `` Get up ! '' so loudly that he can be heard on Patti Nielson 's 9 - 1 - 1 recording at 11 : 29 : 18 . Staff and students hiding in the library exterior rooms later said they also heard the gunmen say : `` All jocks stand up ! We 'll get the guys in white hats ! '' ( Wearing a white baseball cap at Columbine was a tradition among sports team members , typically jocks . ) When no one stood up in response , Harris said , `` Fine , I 'll start shooting anyway ! '' He fired his shotgun twice at a desk , not knowing that a student named Evan Todd was hiding beneath it . Todd was hit by wood splinters but was not seriously injured . The shooters walked to the opposite side of the library , to two rows of computers . Todd hid behind the administrative counter . Kyle Velasquez , 16 , was sitting at the north row of computers ; police later said he had not hidden underneath the desk when Klebold and Harris had first entered the library , but had curled up under the computer table . Klebold shot and killed Velasquez , hitting him in the head and back . Klebold and Harris put down their ammunition - filled duffel bags at the south -- or lower -- row of computers and reloaded their weapons . They walked back toward the windows facing the outside staircase . Noticing police evacuating students outside the school , Harris said : `` Let 's go kill some cops . '' He and Klebold began to shoot out the windows in the direction of the police . Officers returned fire , and Harris and Klebold retreated from the windows ; no one was injured . Injuries and deaths in the library 13 . Evan Todd , age 15 . Sustained minor injuries from the splintering of a desk he was hiding under . 14 . Kyle Velasquez , age 16 . Killed by gunshot wounds to the head and back . 15 . Patrick Ireland , age 17 . Shot in the head and foot . 16 . Daniel Steepleton , age 17 . Shot in the thigh . 17 . Makai Hall , age 18 . Shot in the knee . 18 . Steven Curnow , age 14 . Killed by a shot to the neck . 19 . Kacey Ruegsegger , age 17 . Shot in the shoulder , hand and neck . 20 . Cassie Bernall , age 17 . Killed by a shotgun wound to the head . 21 . Isaiah Shoels , age 18 . Killed by a shot to the chest . 22 . Matthew Kechter , age 16 . Killed by a shot to the chest . 23 . Lisa Kreutz , age 18 . Shot in the shoulder , hand , arms and thigh . 24 . Valeen Schnurr , age 18 . Injured with wounds to the chest , arms and abdomen . 25 . Mark Kintgen , age 17 . Shot in the head and shoulder . 26 . Lauren Townsend , age 18 . Killed by multiple gunshot wounds to the head , chest and lower body . 27 . Nicole Nowlen , age 16 . Shot in the abdomen . 28 . John Tomlin , age 16 . Killed by multiple shots to the head and neck . 29 . Kelly Fleming , age 16 . Killed by a shotgun wound to the back . 30 . Jeanna Park , age 18 . Shot in the knee , shoulder and foot . 31 . Daniel Mauser , age 15 . Killed by a single shot to the face . 32 . Jennifer Doyle , age 17 . Shot in the hand , leg and shoulder . 33 . Austin Eubanks , age 17 . Shot in the hand and knee . 34 . Corey DePooter , age 17 . Killed by shots to the chest and neck . After firing through the windows at evacuating students and the police , Klebold fired his shotgun at a nearby table , injuring three students : Patrick Ireland , Daniel Steepleton , and Makai Hall . He removed his trench coat . As Klebold fired at the three , Harris grabbed his shotgun and walked toward the lower row of computer desks , firing a single shot under the first desk without looking . He hit 14 - year - old Steven Curnow with a mortal wound to the neck . Harris then shot under the adjacent computer desk , injuring 17 - year - old Kacey Ruegsegger with a shot which passed completely through her right shoulder and hand , also grazing her neck and severing a major artery . When she started gasping in pain , Harris tersely stated , `` Quit your bitching . '' Harris walked over to the table across from the lower computer row , slapped the surface twice and knelt , saying `` Peek - a-boo '' to 17 - year - old Cassie Bernall before shooting her once in the head , killing her instantly . Harris had been holding the shotgun with one hand at this point and the weapon hit his face in recoil , breaking his nose . Initial reports suggest that Harris asked Bernall `` Do you believe in God ? '' , to which she replied yes , before getting killed . However , three students who witnessed Bernall 's death , including Emily Wyant , who had been hiding beneath the table with her , have testified that Bernall did not exchange words with Harris after his initial taunt , although Wyant stated Bernall had been praying prior to her murder . After fatally shooting Bernall , Harris turned toward the next table , where Bree Pasquale sat next to the table rather than under it . Harris asked Pasquale if she wanted to die , and she responded with a plea for her life . Witnesses later reported that Harris seemed disoriented -- possibly from the heavily bleeding wound to his nose . As Harris taunted Pasquale , Klebold noted Ireland trying to provide aid to Hall , who had suffered a wound to his knee . As Ireland tried to help Hall , his head rose above the table ; Klebold shot him a second time , hitting him twice in the head and once in the foot . Ireland was knocked unconscious , but survived . Klebold walked toward another set of tables , where he discovered 18 - year - old Isaiah Shoels , 16 - year - old Matthew Kechter and 16 - year - old Craig Scott ( the younger brother of Rachel Scott ) , hiding under one table . All three were popular athletes . Klebold tried to pull Shoels out from under the table . He called to Harris , referring to him by his online identity and shouting , `` REB ! There 's a nigger over here ! '' Harris left Pasquale and joined him . According to witnesses , Klebold and Harris taunted Shoels for a few seconds , making derogatory racial comments . Harris knelt down and shot Shoels once in the chest at close range , killing him instantly . Klebold also knelt down and opened fire , hitting and killing Kechter . Harris then yelled ; `` Who 's ready to die next ? '' . Meanwhile , Scott was uninjured ; he lay in the blood of his friends , feigning death . Harris turned and threw a CO bomb at the table where Hall , Steepleton , and Ireland were located . It landed on Steepleton 's thigh , and Hall quickly threw it away . Harris walked toward the bookcases between the west and center section of tables in the library . He jumped on one and shook it , then shot in an unknown direction within that general area . Klebold walked through the main area , past the first set of bookcases , the central desk area and a second set of bookcases into the east area . Harris walked from the bookcase he had shot from , past the central area to meet Klebold . The latter shot at a display case located next to the door , then turned and shot toward the closest table , hitting and injuring 17 - year - old Mark Kintgen in the head and shoulder . He then turned toward the table to his left and fired , injuring 18 - year - olds Lisa Kreutz and Valeen Schnurr with the same shotgun blast . Klebold then moved toward the same table and fired with the TEC - 9 , killing 18 - year - old Lauren Townsend . At this point , the seriously injured Valeen Schnurr began screaming , `` Oh my God , oh my God ! '' In response , Klebold asked Schnurr if she believed in the existence of God ; when Schnurr replied she did , Klebold simply asked `` Why ? '' before walking from the table . Harris approached another table where two girls were hiding . He bent down to look at them and dismissed them as `` pathetic '' . Harris then moved to another table where he fired twice , injuring 16 - year - olds Nicole Nowlen and John Tomlin . When Tomlin attempted to move away from the table , Klebold kicked him . Harris then taunted Tomlin 's attempt at escape before Klebold shot the youth repeatedly , killing him . Harris then walked back over to the other side of the table where Lauren Townsend lay dead . Behind the table , a 16 - year - old girl named Kelly Fleming had , like Bree Pasquale , sat next to the table rather than beneath it due to a lack of space . Harris shot Fleming with his shotgun , hitting her in the back and killing her instantly . He shot at the table behind Fleming , hitting Townsend and Kreutz again , and wounding 18 - year - old Jeanna Park . An autopsy later revealed that Townsend died from the earlier gunshots inflicted by Klebold . The shooters moved to the center of the library , where they continued to reload their weapons at a table there . Harris noticed a student hiding nearby and asked him to identify himself . It was John Savage , an acquaintance of Klebold 's , who had come to the library to study for a history test . Savage said his name , believing they were targeting only jocks ( which he himself was not ) , in an attempt to save his life ; he then asked Klebold what they were doing , to which he answered , `` Oh , just killing people . '' Savage asked if they were going to kill him . Possibly because of a fire alarm , Klebold said , `` What ? '' Savage asked again whether they were going to kill him . Klebold hesitated , then told him to leave . Savage fled immediately , and escaped through the library 's main entrance . After Savage had left , Harris turned and fired his carbine at the table directly north of where they had been , grazing the ear of 15 - year - old Daniel Mauser . When Mauser fought back , shoving a chair at Harris , Harris fired again and hit Mauser in the face at close range , killing him . Both shooters moved south and fired randomly under another table , critically injuring two 17 - year - olds , Jennifer Doyle and Austin Eubanks , and fatally wounding 17 - year - old Corey DePooter . DePooter , the last to die in the massacre , at 11 : 35 , was later credited with having kept his friends calm during the ordeal . There were no further injuries after 11 : 35 a.m. They had killed 10 people in the library and wounded 12 . Of the 56 library hostages , 34 remained unharmed . Investigators would later find that the shooters had enough ammunition to have killed them all . At this point , several witnesses later said they heard Harris and Klebold comment that they no longer found a thrill in shooting their victims . Klebold was quoted as saying , `` Maybe we should start knifing people , that might be more fun . '' ( Both youths were equipped with knives . ) They moved away from the table and went toward the library 's main counter . Harris threw a Molotov cocktail toward the southwestern end of the library , but it failed to explode . Harris went around the east side of the counter and Klebold joined him from the west ; they converged close to where Todd had moved after having been wounded . Harris and Klebold mocked Todd , who was wearing a white hat . When the shooters demanded to see his face , Todd partly lifted his hat so his face would remain obscured . When Klebold asked Todd to give him one reason why he should not kill him , Todd said : `` I do n't want trouble . '' Klebold said , `` You ( Todd ) used to call me a fag . Who 's a fag now ? ! '' The shooters continued to taunt Todd and debated killing him , but they eventually walked away . Harris 's nose was bleeding heavily , which may have caused him to decide to leave the library . Klebold turned and fired a single shot into an open library staff break room , hitting a small television . Before they left , Klebold slammed a chair down on top of the computer terminal and several books on the library counter , directly above the bureau where Patti Nielson had hidden . An FBI diagram of the library at Columbine High School , depicting the location of the fatalities The two walked out of the library at 11 : 36 a.m. , ending the hostage situation there . Cautiously , fearing the shooters ' return , 34 uninjured and 10 injured survivors began to evacuate the library through the north door , which led to the sidewalk adjacent to the west entrance . Kacey Ruegsegger was evacuated from the library by Craig Scott . Had she not been evacuated at this point , Ruegsegger would likely have bled to death from her injuries . Patrick Ireland , unconscious , and Lisa Kreutz , unable to move , remained in the building . Patti Nielson joined Brian Anderson and the three library staff in the exterior break room , into which Klebold had earlier fired shots . They locked themselves in and remained there until they were freed , at approximately 3 : 30 p.m. 12 : 08 p.m. : suicide of the perpetrators After leaving the library , Harris and Klebold entered the science area , where they threw a small fire bomb into an empty storage closet . It caused a fire , which was put out by a teacher hidden in an adjacent room . The duo proceeded toward the south hallway , where they shot into an empty science room . At approximately 11 : 44 a.m. , Harris and Klebold were captured on the school security cameras as they re-entered the cafeteria . The recording shows Harris kneeling on the landing and firing a single shot toward one of the propane bombs he and Klebold had earlier left in the cafeteria , in an unsuccessful attempt to detonate it . He took a sip from one of the drinks left behind as Klebold approached the propane bomb and examined it . Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail and threw it at the propane bomb . As the two left the cafeteria , the Molotov cocktail exploded , partially detonating one of the propane bombs at 11 : 46 a.m. Two minutes later , approximately one gallon of fuel ignited in the same vicinity , causing a fire that was extinguished by the fire sprinklers . After leaving the cafeteria , the duo returned to the main north and south hallways of the school , shooting aimlessly . Harris and Klebold walked through the south hallway into the main office before returning to the north hallway . On several occasions , the pair looked through the windows of classroom doors , making eye contact with students hidden inside , but neither Harris nor Klebold tried to enter any of the rooms . They even reloaded their firearms close by the room that Dave Sanders was in . After leaving the main office , Harris and Klebold walked toward a bathroom , where they taunted students hidden inside , making such comments as : `` We know you 're in there '' and `` Let 's kill anyone we find in here . '' Neither attempted to enter the bathroom . At 11 : 55 a.m. , the two returned to the cafeteria , where they briefly entered the school kitchen . They returned up the staircase and into the south hallway at 11 : 58 a.m. Suicide of perpetrators 35 . Eric Harris , age 18 . Committed suicide by a single shot to the mouth . 36 . Dylan Klebold , age 17 . Committed suicide by a single shot to the head . At 12 : 02 p.m. , Harris and Klebold reentered the library , which was empty of surviving students except for the unconscious Patrick Ireland and the injured Lisa Kreutz . Once inside , they shot through the west windows at police , who returned fire . No individual was injured in this exchange . At approximately 12 : 08 p.m. , 32 minutes after they left the library , Dylan and Eric died next to each other . Both had committed suicide : Harris by firing his shotgun through the roof of his mouth ; Klebold by shooting himself in the left temple with his TEC - 9 semi-automatic handgun . It is widely believed that Patti Nielson overheard Harris and Klebold suddenly shout `` One ! Two ! Three ! '' in unison , just before a loud boom , due to an article by The Rocky Mountain News . However , Patti Nielson has stated that she at no time has ever spoken with either of the writers of the article . Patrick Ireland had regained and lost consciousness several times after being shot by Klebold . He crawled to the library windows where , at 2 : 38 p.m. , he stretched out the window , intending to fall into the arms of two SWAT team members standing on the roof of an emergency vehicle , but instead falling directly onto the vehicle 's roof in a pool of blood . They were later criticized for allowing Ireland to drop more than seven feet to the ground while doing nothing to try to ensure he could be lowered to the ground safely or break his fall . Eighteen - year - old Lisa Kreutz , shot in the shoulder , arms , hand , and thigh , remained in the library . In a subsequent interview , she recalled hearing a comment such as , `` You in the library , '' around the time of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold 's suicides . Kreutz lay in the library , keeping track of time by the sound of the school 's bells until police arrived . She had tried to move but became light - headed . She was finally evacuated at 3 : 22 p.m. , along with Patti Nielson , Brian Anderson and the three library staff who had hidden in the break room . Crisis Ends By noon , SWAT teams were stationed outside the school , and ambulances started taking the wounded to local hospitals . Meanwhile , families of students and staff were asked to gather at nearby Leawood Elementary School to await information . A call for additional ammunition for police officers in case of a shootout came at 12 : 20 p.m. The killers had ceased shooting just minutes earlier . Authorities reported pipe bombs by 1 : 00 p.m. , and two SWAT teams entered the school at 1 : 09 p.m. , moving from classroom to classroom , discovering hidden students and faculty . All students , teachers , and school employees were taken away , questioned , and offered medical care in small holding areas before being bussed to meet with their family members at Leawood Elementary . By 3 : 00 p.m. , Dave Sanders had died of his injuries before SWAT officers could take him to get medical care . He was the only teacher to die in the shooting . Officials found the bodies in the library by 3 : 30 p.m. By 4 : 00 p.m. , the sheriff made an initial estimate of 25 dead students and teachers . The estimate was ten over the true count , but close to the total count of wounded students . He said that police officers were searching the bodies of Harris and Klebold . At 4 : 30 p.m. the school was declared safe . At 5 : 30 p.m. , additional officers were called in , as more explosives were found in the parking lot and on the roof . By 6 : 15 p.m. , officials had found a bomb in Klebold 's car in the parking lot . The sheriff decided to mark the entire school as a crime scene ; thirteen of the dead , including the shooters , were still inside the school at the time . At 10 : 40 p.m. , a member of the bomb squad , who was attempting to dispose of an un-detonated pipe bomb , accidentally lit a striking match attached to the bomb by brushing it against the wall of the ordnance disposal trailer . The bomb detonated inside the trailer but no one was injured . The total count of deaths was 12 students and one teacher ; 20 students and one teacher were injured as a result of the shootings . Three more victims were injured indirectly as they tried to escape the school . Harris and Klebold are thought to have committed suicide about 49 minutes after they started the massacre . A total of 188 rounds of ammunition were fired by the perpetrators during the massacre ( 67 by Klebold and 121 by Harris ) . Additionally , law enforcement officers fired a total of 141 rounds during exchanges of gunfire with the shooters . Immediate Aftermath On April 21 , bomb squads combed the high school . At 10 : 00 a.m. , the bomb squad declared the building safe for officials to enter . By 11 : 30 a.m. , a spokesman of the sheriff declared the investigation underway . Thirteen of the bodies were still inside the high school as investigators photographed the building . At 2 : 30 p.m. , a press conference was held by Jefferson County District Attorney David Thomas and Sheriff John Stone , at which they said that they suspected others had helped plan the shooting . Formal identification of the dead had not yet taken place , but families of the children thought to have been killed had been notified . Throughout the late afternoon and early evening , the bodies were gradually removed from the school and taken to the Jefferson County Coroner 's Office to be identified and autopsied . By 5 : 00 p.m. , the names of many of the dead were known . An official statement was released , saying there were 15 confirmed deaths and 27 injuries related to the massacre . On April 30 , high - ranking officials of Jefferson County and the Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office met to decide if they should reveal that Michael Guerra , a Sheriff 's Office detective , had drafted an affidavit for a search warrant of Harris 's residence more than a year before the shootings , based on his previous investigation of Harris 's website and activities . They decided not to disclose this information at a press conference held on April 30 , nor did they mention it in any other way . Over the next two years , Guerra 's original draft and investigative file documents were lost . Their loss was termed `` troubling '' by a grand jury convened after the file 's existence was reported in April 2001 . In the months following the shooting , considerable media attention focused upon Cassie Bernall , who had been killed by Harris in the library and who Harris was reported to have asked , `` Do you believe in God ? '' immediately prior to her murder . Bernall was reported to have responded `` Yes '' to this question before her murder . Emily Wyant , the closest living witness to Bernall 's death , denied that Bernall and Harris had such an exchange . Survivor Valeen Schnurr claims that she was the one questioned as to her belief in God by Harris . Joshua Lapp thought Bernall had been queried about her belief , but was unable to correctly point out where Bernall was located , and was closer to Schnurr during the shootings . Another witness , Craig Scott , whose sister Rachel Scott was also portrayed as a Christian martyr , claimed that the discussion was with Bernall . When asked to indicate where the conversation had been coming from , he pointed to where Schnurr was shot . Nevertheless , Bernall and Rachel Scott came to be regarded as Christian martyrs by Evangelical Christians . Rationale In the aftermath , speculation occurred about the killers ' motivation and whether the murders could have been prevented . Unlike many previous school shootings , both shooters committed suicide , which made the massacre particularly difficult to assess . In their investigation into how Harris and Klebold had acquired their firearms , police learned they had acquired one through a friend , Mark Manes . He and Philip Duran , who had introduced the duo to him , were eventually prosecuted for their roles in supplying guns to Harris and Klebold . Each was charged with supplying a handgun to a minor and possession of a sawed - off shotgun . Manes and Duran were sentenced to a total of six years and four - and - a-half years in prison , respectively . Bullying The link between bullying and school violence has attracted increasing attention since the 1999 attack at Columbine High School . Both of the shooters were classified as gifted children who had allegedly been victims of bullying for four years . According to Brooks Brown , Klebold and Harris were the most ostracized students in the entire school , and even many of those close to them regarded the two as `` the losers of the losers '' . Klebold is known to have remarked to his father of his hatred of the jock culture at Columbine , adding that Harris in particular had been victimized by this social group . In this remark , Klebold had stated , `` They sure give Eric hell . '' On another occasion just weeks before the massacre , both Harris and Klebold had been confronted by a group of youths at the school -- all members of the football team -- who had sprayed them with ketchup and mustard while referring to the pair as `` faggots '' and `` queers '' . A year after the massacre , an analysis by officials at the U.S. Secret Service of 37 premeditated school shootings found that bullying , which some of the shooters described `` in terms that approached torment '' , played the major role in more than two - thirds of the attacks . A similar theory was expounded by Brooks Brown in his book on the massacre ; he noted that teachers commonly looked the other way when confronted with bullying , and that whenever Klebold and Harris were the recipients of such incidents from the jocks at Columbine , they would make statements such as : `` Do n't worry , man . It happens all the time ! '' if anyone expressed shock or surprise . Early stories following the shootings charged that school administrators and teachers at Columbine had long condoned a climate of bullying by the so - called jocks or athletes , allowing an atmosphere of intimidation and resentment to fester . Critics said this could have contributed to triggering the perpetrators ' extreme violence . Reportedly , homophobic remarks were directed at Klebold and Harris . One author has strongly disputed the theory of `` revenge for bullying '' as a motivation for the actions of Harris and Klebold . David Cullen , author of the 2009 book Columbine , while acknowledging the pervasiveness of bullying in high schools including Columbine , has claimed that the two were not victims of bullying . Cullen said that Harris was more often the perpetrator than victim of bullying . Psychopathy and depression In July 1999 , the FBI convened a major summit on school shooters in Leesburg , Virginia . Attending were psychologists , psychiatrists , and representatives from recent school shootings , including a large Columbine contingent . Attorney General Janet Reno attended . The FBI eventually published a major report on school shooters , though it did not pinpoint the causes of any individual case . On the fifth anniversary of Columbine , the FBI 's lead Columbine investigator and several psychiatrists published their conclusions in a news article . These conclusions stated Harris was a clinical psychopath , whereas Klebold was depressive . Harris had been the mastermind , having a messianic - level superiority complex , and had hoped to demonstrate his superiority to the world , whereas Klebold , having repeatedly documented his desires to commit suicide in his diaries -- particularly due to his lack of success with women -- had primarily participated in the massacre as a means to simply end his life . Dr. Dwayne Fuselier , the supervisor in charge of the Columbine investigation , would later remark : `` I believe Eric went to the school to kill and did n't care if he died , while Dylan wanted to die and did n't care if others died as well . '' Klebold 's final remark in the videotape he and Harris made shortly before their attack upon Columbine High School is a resigned statement made as he glances away from the camera : `` Just know I 'm going to a better place . I did n't like life too much . '' The attack was the culmination of more than a year of planning , firearms acquisition , and bomb building . Harris 's journals , in particular , show methodical preparation over a long period of time , including several experimental bomb detonations . By comparison , the journals Klebold populated initially contained few references to violence ( although from January 1999 onward references to violence would become more frequent ) . By far the most prevalent theme in Klebold 's journals is his private despair at his lack of success with women , which he refers to as an `` infinite sadness '' . For prior behavioral issues , Harris had been prescribed the SSRI antidepressant Fluvoxamine ; toxicology reports confirmed that Harris had Fluvoxamine in his bloodstream at the time of the shootings . Klebold had no medications in his system . Video games Main article : Video game controversies Both Harris and Klebold were fans of video games such as Doom , Wolfenstein 3D , and Duke Nukem . Harris often created levels for Doom that were widely distributed ; these can still be found on the Internet as the Harris levels . Rumors that the layout of these levels resembled that of Columbine High School circulated , but appear to be untrue . Harris spent a great deal of time creating another large mod , named Tier , calling it his `` life 's work . '' The mod was uploaded to the Columbine school computer and to AOL shortly before the attack , but appears to have been lost . One researcher argued that it is almost certain the Tier mod included a mock - up of Columbine High School . Parents of some of the victims filed several unsuccessful lawsuits against video game manufacturers . Harris and Klebold were fans of the movie Natural Born Killers , and used the film 's acronym , NBK , as a code in their home videos and journals . See also : List of alleged Natural Born Killers copycat crimes § Columbine High School massacre Other factors explored Social climate During and after the initial investigations , social cliques within high schools were widely discussed . One perception formed was that both Klebold and Harris had been isolated from their classmates , prompting feelings of helplessness , insecurity , and depression , as well as a strong need for attention . This concept has been questioned , as both Harris and Klebold had a close circle of friends and a wider informal social group . Goth subculture In the weeks following the Columbine shootings , media reports about Harris and Klebold portrayed them as part of a gothic cult . An increased suspicion of goth subculture subsequently manifested . Harris and Klebold had initially been thought to be members of `` The Trenchcoat Mafia ; '' an informal club within Columbine High School . Later , such characterizations were considered incorrect . Music Blame for the shootings was directed on a number of metal or ' dark music ' bands such as KMFDM and Rammstein . The majority of that blame was directed at Marilyn Manson and his eponymous band . After being linked by news outlets and pundits with sensationalist headlines such as `` Killers Worshipped Rock Freak Manson '' and `` Devil - Worshipping Maniac Told Kids To Kill '' , many came to believe that Manson 's music and imagery were , indeed , Harris and Klebold 's sole motivation , despite later reports that the two were not fans . In the immediate aftermath , the band canceled the remaining North American dates of their Rock Is Dead Tour out of respect for the victims , while steadfastly maintaining that music , movies , books or video games were not to blame . Manson stated : `` The ( news ) media has unfairly scapegoated the music industry and so - called Goth kids and has speculated , with no basis in truth , that artists like myself are in some way to blame . This tragedy was a product of ignorance , hatred and an access to guns . I hope the ( news ) media 's irresponsible finger - pointing does n't create more discrimination against kids who look different . '' On May 1 , 1999 , Manson expanded his rebuttal to the accusations leveled at him and his band in his Rolling Stone magazine op - ed piece , `` Columbine : Whose Fault Is It ? '' He castigated the ensuing hysteria and moral panic and criticized the news media for their irresponsible coverage ; he chastised America 's habit of hanging blame on scapegoats to escape responsibility . Columbine and America 's fixation on a culture of guns , blame , and `` celebrity by death '' was further explored in the group 's 2000 album Holy Wood . In 2002 , Manson appeared in Michael Moore 's documentary , Bowling for Columbine ; his appearance was filmed during the band 's first show in Denver since the shooting . When Moore asked Manson what he would have said to the students at Columbine , he replied , `` I would n't say a single word to them . I would listen to what they have to say and that 's what no one did . '' Sascha Konietzko of KMFDM said their music denounced `` war , oppression , fascism and violence against others . '' Harris and Klebold as modern revolutionaries Nick Turse ascribed a revolutionary motive to the actions of Harris and Klebold . He wrote , `` Who would not concede that terrorizing the American machine , at the very site where it exerts its most powerful influence , is a truly revolutionary task ? To be inarticulate about your goals , even to not understand them , does not negate their existence . Approve or disapprove of their methods , vilify them as miscreants , but do n't dare disregard these modern radicals as anything less than the latest incarnation of disaffected insurgents waging the ongoing American revolution . '' Historian David Farber of Temple University wrote that Turse 's assertion `` only makes sense in an academic culture in which transgression is by definition political and in which any rage against society can be considered radical . '' Impact on school policies Secret Service Report on school shootings A United States Secret Service study concluded that schools were placing false hope in physical security , when they should be paying more attention to the pre-attack behaviors of students . Zero - tolerance policies and metal detectors `` are unlikely to be helpful , '' the Secret Service researchers found . The researchers focused on questions concerning the reliance on SWAT teams when most attacks are over before police arrive , profiling of students who show warning signs in the absence of a definitive profile , expulsion of students for minor infractions when expulsion is the spark that push some to return to school with a gun , buying software not based on school shooting studies to evaluate threats although killers rarely make direct threats , and reliance on metal detectors and police officers in schools when the shooters often make no effort to conceal their weapons . In May 2002 , the Secret Service published a report that examined 37 U.S. school shootings . They had the following findings : Incidents of targeted violence at school were rarely sudden , impulsive acts . Prior to most incidents , other people knew about the attacker 's idea and / or plan to attack . Most attackers did not threaten their targets directly prior to advancing the attack . There is no accurate or useful profile of students who engaged in targeted school violence . Most attackers engaged in some behavior prior to the incident that caused others concern or indicated a need for help . Most attackers had difficulty coping with significant losses or personal failures . Moreover , many had considered or attempted suicide . Many attackers felt bullied , persecuted , or injured by others prior to the attack . Most attackers had access to and had used weapons prior to the attack . In many cases , other students were involved in some capacity . Despite prompt law enforcement responses , most shooting incidents were stopped by means other than law enforcement intervention . School security Following the Columbine shooting , schools across the United States instituted new security measures such as see - through backpacks , metal detectors , school uniforms , and security guards . Some schools implemented school door numbering to improve public safety response . Several schools throughout the country resorted to requiring students to wear computer - generated IDs . At the same time , police departments reassessed their tactics and now train for Columbine - like situations after criticism over the slow response and progress of the SWAT teams during the shooting . Anti-bullying policies In response to expressed concerns over the causes of the Columbine High School massacre and other school shootings , some schools have renewed existing anti-bullying policies , in addition to adopting a zero tolerance approach to possession of weapons and threatening behavior by students . Despite the Columbine incident , several social science experts feel the zero tolerance approach adopted in schools has been implemented too harshly , with unintended consequences creating other problems . Long - term results Police tactics One significant change to police tactics following Columbine is the introduction of the Immediate Action Rapid Deployment tactic , used in situations with an active shooter . Police followed the traditional tactic at Columbine : surround the building , set up a perimeter , contain the damage . That approach has been replaced by a tactic that takes into account the presence of an active shooter whose interest is to kill , not to take hostages . This tactic calls for a four - person team to advance into the site of any ongoing shooting , optimally a diamond - shaped wedge , but even with just a single officer if more are not available . Police officers using this tactic are trained to move toward the sound of gunfire and neutralize the shooter as quickly as possible . Their goal is to stop the shooter at all costs ; they are to walk past wounded victims , as the aim is to prevent the shooter from killing or wounding more . David Cullen , author of Columbine , has stated : `` The active protocol has proved successful at numerous shootings during the past decade . At Virginia Tech alone , it probably saved dozens of lives . '' Gun control The HOPE Columbine Memorial Library that replaced the library where most of the massacre took place The shooting resulted in calls for more gun control measures . In 2000 federal and state legislation was introduced that would require safety locks on firearms as well as ban the importation of high - capacity ammunition magazines . Though laws were passed that made it a crime to buy guns for criminals and minors , there was considerable controversy over legislation pertaining to background checks at gun shows . There was concern in the gun lobby over restrictions on Second Amendment rights in the US . In 2001 , K - Mart , which had sold ammunition to the shooters , announced it would no longer sell handgun ammunition . This action was encouraged by the award - winning 2002 documentary Bowling for Columbine , written and directed by Michael Moore . Memorials In 2000 , youth advocate Melissa Helmbrecht organized a remembrance event in Denver featuring two surviving students , called the `` Day of Hope . '' A permanent memorial `` to honor and remember the victims of the April 20 , 1999 shootings at Columbine High School '' was dedicated on September 21 , 2007 , in Clement Park , a meadow adjacent to the school where impromptu memorials were held in the days following the shooting . The memorial fund raised $1.5 million in donations over eight years of planning . The Columbine memorial Becoming part of the vernacular Since the shooting , `` Columbine '' or `` the Columbine incident '' has become a euphemism for a school shooting . Charles Andrew Williams , the Santana High School shooter , reportedly told his friends that he was going to `` pull a Columbine , '' though none of them took him seriously . Many foiled school shooting plots mentioned Columbine and the desire to `` outdo Harris and Klebold . '' Convicted students Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik of Pocatello High School in Idaho , who murdered their classmate Cassie Jo Stoddart , mentioned Harris and Klebold in their homemade videos , and were reportedly planning a `` Columbine - like '' shooting . In a self - made video recording posted by Seung - Hui Cho to the news media immediately prior to his committing the Virginia Tech shootings , Cho referred the Columbine massacre in an apparent reference to his motivation for his own acts . In the recording , he also referred to Harris and Klebold as being `` martyrs . '' Fandom Since the advent of online social media , a fandom for shooters Harris and Klebold has had a documented presence on social media sites , especially Tumblr . The fans call themselves `` Columbiners . '' The group gained widespread media attention in February 2015 after three of its members conspired to commit a mass shooting at a Halifax mall on Valentine 's Day . An article published in 2015 in the Journal of Transformative Works , a scholarly journal which focuses on the sociology of fandoms , noted that Columbiners were not fundamentally functionally different from more mainstream fandoms . Columbiners create fan art and fan fiction , as well as having a scholarly interest in the shooting . Influence on subsequent school shootings The Columbine shootings influenced subsequent school shootings . In 2009 sociologist Ralph Larkin of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice at City University of New York wrote that Harris and Klebold established a script for subsequent school shootings . Larkin examined the twelve major school shootings in the U.S. in the eight years after Columbine and found that in eight of those `` the shooters made explicit reference to Harris and Klebold . '' Larkin concluded : Harris and Klebold committed their rampage shooting as an overtly political act in the name of oppressed students victimized by their peers . Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration ; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count ... The Columbine shootings redefined such acts not merely as revenge but as a means of protest of bullying , intimidation , social isolation , and public rituals of humiliation . In 2012 sociologist Nathalie E. Paton of the National Center for Scientific Research in Paris analyzed the online videos created by post-Columbine school shooting perpetrators . A recurring set of motifs was found , including self - portraits with firearms in which the perpetrator points his gun `` at the camera , then at his own temple , and then spreads his arms wide with a gun in each hand ; the closeup '' and `` the wave goodbye at the end , '' as well as explicit statements of admiration and identification with previous perpetrators . Paton said the videos serve the perpetrators by distinguishing themselves from their classmates and associating themselves with the previous perpetrators . A 2014 investigation by ABC News identified `` at least 17 attacks and another 36 alleged plots or serious threats against schools since the assault on Columbine High School that can be tied to the 1999 massacre . '' Ties identified by ABC News included online research by the perpetrators into the Columbine shooting , clipping news coverage and images of Columbine , explicit statements of admiration of Harris and Klebold , such as writings in journals and on social media , in video posts , and in police interviews , timing planned to an anniversary of Columbine , plans to exceed the Columbine victim counts , and other ties . A 2015 investigation by CNN identified `` more than 40 people ... charged with Columbine - style plots . '' According to psychiatrist E. Fuller Torrey of the Treatment Advocacy Center , a legacy of the Columbine shootings is its `` allure to disaffected youth . '' In 2015 journalist Malcolm Gladwell writing in The New Yorker magazine proposed a threshold model of school shootings in which Harris and Klebold were the triggering actors in `` a slow - motion , ever - evolving riot , in which each new participant 's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before . '' Lawsuits against state agencies and families of perpetrators After the massacre , many survivors and relatives of deceased victims filed lawsuits . Under Colorado state law at the time , the maximum a family could receive in a lawsuit against a government agency was $600,000 . Most cases against the Jefferson County police department and school district were dismissed by the federal court on the grounds of government immunity . However , the case against the sheriff 's office regarding the death of teacher Dave Sanders was not dismissed due to the police preventing paramedics from going to his aid for hours after they knew Harris and Klebold were dead . The case was settled out of court in August 2002 for $1,500,000 . In April 2001 , the families of more than 30 victims received a $2,538,000 settlement in their case against the families of Eric Harris , Dylan Klebold , Mark Manes , and Phillip Duran . Under the terms of the settlement , the Harrises and the Klebolds contributed $1,568,000 through their homeowners ' policies , with another $32,000 set aside for future claims ; the Manes contributed $720,000 , with another $80,000 set aside for future claims ; and the Durans contributed $250,000 , with an additional $50,000 available for future claims . The family of Isaiah Shoels , the only African - American victim , rejected this settlement , but in June 2003 were ordered by a judge to accept a $366,000 settlement in their $250 - million lawsuit against the shooters ' families . In August 2003 , the families of victims Daniel Rohrbough , Kelly Fleming , Matt Kechter , Lauren Townsend , and Kyle Velasquez received undisclosed settlements in a wrongful death suit against the Harrises and Klebolds . See also Colorado portal Criminal justice portal 1990s portal Columbine ( book ) Columbine High School massacre in popular culture Gun violence in the United States List of attacks related to secondary schools List of school - related attacks List of school shootings in the United States I 'm Not Ashamed W.R. Myers High School shooting -- believed to be a copycat crime References Specific Jump up ^ `` 2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP : Columbine CDP , CO '' U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved on April 25 , 2015 . The school 's location is on Pierce Street , which runs north - south through Columbine , roughly one mile west of the Littleton city limit . Jump up ^ Trostle , Pat ( February 2 , 2000 ) . `` Columbine hero has local ties '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine High School '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . The U.S. Postal Service designates `` Littleton '' as the default place name for addresses in the school 's ZIP code ; thus , the massacre was widely reported as having happened in the adjacent City of Littleton . The school actually lies a mile west of the Littleton city limit . Jump up ^ `` columbine high school shootings '' . history.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Gina ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Columbine High School '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Donaldson James , Susan ( April 13 , 2009 ) . `` Columbine Shootings 10 Years Later : Students , Teacher Still Haunted by Post-Traumatic Stress '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` 10 years later , the real story behind Columbine '' . April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aviva Shen ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` A Timeline Of Mass Shootings In The US Since Columbine '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daryl Khan ( 10 February 2014 ) . `` A Plot with a Scandal : A Closer Look at ' Kids for Cash ' Documentary '' . Juvenile Justice Information Exchange . His message reflected what many experts say was the dominant one from law enforcement in the wake of the shootings in Columbine . Jump up ^ Mark McPherson ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Kids for Cash Review '' . Cinema Paradiso Blog . After the events of the Columbine school massacre , Pennsylvanian Judge Ciavarella took a tough stance on juveniles with the zero tolerance policy . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( April 24 , 2004 ) . `` The Columbine Killers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Toppo , Greg ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` 10 years later , the real story behind Columbine '' . USA Today . 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Archived from the original on December 8 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Jerald Block . `` Lessons From Columbine : Virtual and Real Rage '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 31 , 2010 . American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry . July 2007 . Jump up ^ Toppo , Greg ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` 10 years later , the real story behind Columbine '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Harris diversion files '' ( PDF ) . Office of the District Attorney , First Judicial District , Jefferson and Gilpin Counties . p. 49 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave . `` Eric 's big lie '' . Columbine Online . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Typed transcripts of Eric 's journal , acolumbinesite.com . Jump up ^ `` Columbine High School Shooting Details '' . Acolumbinesite.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( 2009 ) . Columbine . Grand Central Publishing . pp. 214 , 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54693 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of journals and videos '' . Slate. April 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The lead investigator , Kate Battan , noted that Harris went as far as monitoring the cafeteria prior to the attack in order to get an idea of when the busiest period was , and thus gain an estimate of the maximum number they could kill there . He reckoned on being able to kill about 450 students ; 455 students were in the cafeteria when the bombs failed to detonate . Jump up ^ `` Columbine killers planned to kill 500 '' . BBC News . April 27 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbine Basement Tapes '' . Acolumbinesite.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Quotes and transcripts from Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold 's video tapes . Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 84 Jump up ^ Dan Luzadder ( October 3 , 1999 ) . `` Loophole protects Columbine ' witness ' '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Pankratz , Howard ( June 24 , 2000 ) . `` Duran gets 4 1 / 2 - year term '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VPC - Where 'd They Get Their Guns ? - Columbine High School , Littleton , Colorado '' . www.vpc.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Location of the Diversion Explosive Device : Summary '' . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ All times are in Mountain Daylight Time , UTC - 6 Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shootings April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 14 - 11 : 22 am : Diagram 12 - Harris and Klebold return to their vehicles and collect their duffel bags containing additional explosive devices '' . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shooting April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 19 - 11 : 23 am : Diagram 16 - Additional shots are fired down the stairs toward the south parking lot and cafeteria injuring Daniel Rohrbough , Lance Kirklin and Sean Graves '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Sanders Fountain Central Class of 1969 : The Columbine hero '' . Fountain county heroes . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shooting April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 19 - 11 : 23 am : Diagram 17 - Harris and Klebold shoot towards the grassy hill injuring Michael Johnson and Mark Taylor '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Eyes of Survivors '' . The Denver Post Online . June 13 , 1999 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Survivors push forward 5 years after Columbine shootings '' . The Item. April 18 , 2004 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Pilkington ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Columbine families ready to help Aurora survivors when the time is right '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ edition.cnn.com Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shooting April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 24 am : Diagram 27 - Harris , inside at the west entrance double doors , exchanges gunfire with Jefferson County Sheriff 's Deputy Neil Gardner who has just arrived in the parking lot '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trent Seibert ( November 23 , 2000 ) . `` Columbine : Deputy 's eyesight in question '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lou Kilzer ; Gary Massaro . `` Science teacher died a hero '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 129 Jump up ^ PATTI . Jefferson County 911 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shootings April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 29 - 11 : 36 am : Diagram 52 - Klebold stops at the west end of the computer tables while Harris continues to the south of the computer tables . At the computer tables , Harris gets down on his knee and begins shooting out the west library windows . Klebold subsequently positions himself east of Harris and kneels down and fires out the west window . Klebold then turns south firing his shotgun at table # 15 injuring Daniel Steepleton , Makai Hall and Patrick Ireland . '' . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Columbine '' . MSN . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine Five Years Later '' . people.com. 2004 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ autopsyfiles.org Archived August 11 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Michael Shermer ( October 21 , 1999 ) . `` Did she really say `` yes '' ? `` . Lhup.edu . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre Memorial Sparks Suit '' . The Spokesman Review . October 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Eyes of Survivors '' . The Denver Post . June 13 , 1999 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Not Who Said it , but What was Said '' . Lakeland Ledger . October 16 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Comprehending Columbine p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Findings of Library Events '' . CNN and Jefferson County , Colorado , Sheriff. April 20 , 1999 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diagram of Columbine High School Shootings April 20 , 1999 at 11 : 29 - 11 : 36 am : Diagram 81 - Harris and Klebold move to the south and both shoot under table # 14 , killing Corey DePooter and injuring Jennifer Doyle and Austin Eubanks '' . CNN . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine survivor in Rose Parade '' . Casper Star Tribune . December 27 , 2004 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Findings of Library Events '' . CNN and Jefferson County , Colorado , Sheriff . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine High School Shooting Details '' . Acolumbinesite.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Columbine Report Timeline Narrative Archived December 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Bartels , Lynn ; Carla Crowder ( 1999 ) . `` Fatal Friendship '' . The Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Progress Report , Case # 99 - 16215 p. 98 - 99 Jump up ^ Details of the Shooting -- In - depth report . CNN . Archived December 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Critical Incident Team '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbine Shooting Aftermath - 1999 '' . acolumbinesite.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunfire in the Halls of Columbine '' . acolumbinesite.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine Grand Jury Report '' ( PDF ) . District Court , City and County of Denver , Colorado . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The truth about Columbine '' . The Guardian . April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbine Miracle : a Matter of Belief '' . Washington Post . October 14 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , Thomas ( February 2003 ) . `` Review : The Martyrs of Columbine by Justin Watson '' . Thomas Larson . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine Student Cassie Bernall Said `` Yes '' When Asked By One of the Shooters if She Believed In God - Disputed ! `` . TruthOrFiction.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine gun supplier jailed '' . BBC News . November 13 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( April 2010 ) . Columbine . Twelve . pp. 167 -- 168 , 285 -- 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sue Lindsay ( June 24 , 2000 ) . `` Duran gets Prison Term '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2001 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ball State University ( p. 3 ) Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 187 Jump up ^ `` Bullying in Schools Does n't Have to be Tolerated , Author Contends '' . The Day . October 30 , 2002 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 189 Jump up ^ Boodman , Sandra G. ( May 16 , 2006 ) . `` Gifted and Tormented '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dissecting Columbine 's Cult of the Athlete '' . The Washington Post . June 12 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adams , Lorraine ; Dale Russakoff ( June 12 , 1999 ) . `` Dissecting Columbine 's Cult of the Athlete '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Community : Columbine Students Talk of Disaster and Life '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1999 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( April 2010 ) . Columbine . Twelve . pp. 158 -- 159 , 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54692 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Mary Ellen ( 1999 ) . `` The School Shooter : A Threat Assessment Perspective '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Dave ( April 20 , 2004 ) . `` The Depressive and the Psychopath '' . Slate . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 159 Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy pp. 159 - 160 Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 172 Jump up ^ A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy p. 137 Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( April 2010 ) . Columbine . Twelve . pp. 33 -- 34,183 -- 185,275 -- 277,371 -- 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dave Cullen ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't Jump to Conclusions About the Killer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Steve ( April 29 , 1999 ) . `` Columbine shooter was prescribed anti-depressant '' . CNN . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schrader , Ann ( May 4 , 1999 ) . `` Drug found in Harris ' body '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` The Harris Levels '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Basement Tapes '' . Acolumbinesite.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Ward ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Columbine families sue computer game makers '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nick Wadhams . `` Columbine lawsuit over video games dismissed '' . The Daily Camera . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Dave ( April 2010 ) . Columbine . Twelve . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 54692 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( May 1 , 1999 ) . `` For Those Who Dress Differently , an Increase in Being Viewed as Abnormal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Dave ( September 23 , 1999 ) . `` Inside the Columbine High investigation '' . Salon . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Ann ( April 25 , 2000 ) . `` The Nation ; The Stresses of Youth , The Strains of Its Music '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Columbine left its indelible mark on pop culture '' . CNN . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind the headlines ... '' . BBC News . February 9 , 2001 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Bryant ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Screaming For Vengeance '' . Kerrang ! : 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jones , Steve , ed . Pop music and the press . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 966 - 1 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ D'Angelo , Joe ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Colorado Governor , Congressman Support Anti-Manson Group '' . MTV . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holland , Meegan ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Columbine High School massacre on 10th anniversary : 5 myths surrounding deadliest school attack in U.S. history '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sterngold , James ( April 29 , 1999 ) . `` Terror in Littleton : The Culture ; Rock Concerts Are Cancelled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manson cancels rest of US tour '' . BBC News . April 29 , 1999 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Concert , Other Denver Events Cancelled In Wake Of High School Shooting '' . MTV . April 22 , 1999 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Postpones U.S. Tour Dates '' . MTV . April 28 , 1999 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Manson ( May 28 , 1999 ) . `` Rolling Stone : Columbine : Whose Fault Is It ? '' . Antilife.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson : The Write To Be Wrong '' . NME . May 1 , 1999 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Christopher ( June 1 , 1999 ) . `` Manson Rants , Raves , Reacts In Rolling Stone Essay '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Interview on Bowling for Columbine '' . Bowling for Columbine . October 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Morning , Changing Weather : Radical Youth of the Millennial Age '' . 49thparallel.bham.ac.uk . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , Justin ( 2002 ) . The Martyrs of Columbine : Faith and Politics in Tragedy . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Lessons : School Shooters Tell Why '' ( PDF ) . Chicago Sun - Times . October 15 -- 16 , 2000 . Retrieved April 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Vossekuil , B ; Fein R ; Reddy M ; Borum R ; Modzeleski W ( 2002 ) . The Final Report and Findings of the Safe School Initiative : Implications for the Prevention of School Attacks in the United States ( PDF ) . National Threat Assessment Center , Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Education , Office of Elementary and Secondary Education , Safe and Drug - Free Schools Program and U.S. Secret Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gary Tuchman ( August 16 , 1999 ) . `` Drills , new security measures mark return to schools '' . CNN . Retrieved August 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine tragedy was wakeup call for nation 's SWAT teams '' . CNN . Associated Press . August 18 , 1999 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Jeff Kass ( October 3 , 2000 ) . `` Students tell of bullying at Columbine High '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Five years after Columbine -- is zero tolerance working ? '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , zerointelligence.net Jump up ^ Garrett , Ronnie ( June 2007 ) . `` Marching to the Sound of Gunshots : Virginia Tech Incident Puts Emphasis on Active Shooter Response '' . Law Enforcement Technology . 34 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Cullen , David ( April 29 , 2009 ) . `` The Four Most Important Lessons of Columbine '' . Slate . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton pushes Congress to pass new gun control legislation '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . ( March 7 , 2000 ) CNN . Retrieved August 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Kills Gun Laws '' . CBS News . February 16 , 2000 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boy In The Window ' Wo n't Look Back '' . CBS News . April 14 , 2000 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trent Seibert ( April 12 , 2000 ) . `` Young leaders to rally around volunteerism '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved April 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Columbine Memorial -- Overview '' . The Foothills Foundation . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Santee , Columbine , and other school shootings '' . mayhem.net . Jump up ^ `` Stoddart v. Pocatello School Dist. # 25 239 P. 3d 784 ( 2010 ) '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan Donaldson James ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` Psychology of Virginia Tech , Columbine Killers Still Baffles Experts '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shooter : ' You have blood on your hands ' '' . CNN . April 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John , Arit ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` How Tumblr 's True Crime Fandom Reacted to the Escape of a School Shooter '' . The Wire . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Rachel ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Killer Crush : The Horror of Teen Girls , from Columbiners to Beliebers '' . The Awl . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Halifax Shooting Plot : Who Are the `` Columbiners ? '' `` . Huffington Post Canada . Canadian Broadcasting Company . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rico , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Fans of Columbine shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold '' . Journal of Transformative Works . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gladwell , Malcolm ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Thresholds of Violence , How school shootings catch on '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . But what if the way to explain the school - shooting epidemic is to go back and use the Granovetterian model -- to think of it as a slow - motion , ever - evolving riot , in which each new participant 's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before ? Jump up ^ Larkin , Ralph W. ( 2009 ) . `` The Columbine legacy : Rampage shootings as political acts '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 52 ( 9 ) : 1309 -- 1326 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paton , Nathalie E. ( 2012 ) . `` Media participation of school shooters and their fans : Navigating between self - distinction and imitation to achieve individuation '' ( PDF ) . In Muschert , Glenn W. ; Sumiala , Johanna . School shootings : Mediatized violence in a global age . 7 . Emerald Group Publishing . pp. 203 -- 229 . ISBN 9781780529196 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Pierre ; Levine , Mike ; Cloherty , Jack ; Date , Jack ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Columbine Shootings ' Grim Legacy : More Than 50 School Attacks , Plots '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drash , Wayne ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` The massacre that did n't happen '' . CNN . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . The suspects are almost always white male teenagers who have studied the Colorado high school massacre or cite the killers as inspiration . In the 16 years since the attack in Littleton , Colorado , more than 40 people have been charged with Columbine - style plots , according to searches of news accounts . Of those , more than a half dozen have come since LaDue 's arrest in April 2014 . Perhaps the most lasting legacy of Columbine , says Dr. E. Fuller Torrey , is its allure to disaffected youth . Jump up ^ Weller , Chris ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Malcolm Gladwell says the school shooting epidemic is like a slow - moving riot '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Instead of seeing school shootings as isolated incidents , Gladwell offers a helpful analogy . `` What if the way to explain the school - shooting epidemic is ... to think of it as a slow - motion , ever - evolving riot , in which each new participant 's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before ? '' Jump up ^ Weller , Robert ( October 20 , 1999 ) . `` School massacre spawns lawsuits '' . U-T San Diego . Associated Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Columbine Lawsuits Dismissed '' . CBS News . November 27 , 2001 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Karen ; Able , Charley ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` Sanders settles Columbine suit '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Janofsky , Michael ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` $2.53 Million Deal Ends Some Columbine Lawsuits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Columbine High School Shootings Fast Facts '' . CNN . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` $250 million Columbine lawsuit filed '' . CNN . May 27 , 1999 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . General `` The Columbine Report '' . Salon.com . May 16 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2001 . `` Columbine documents JC - 001 - 025923 through JC - 001 - 026859 , 946 pages . '' ( PDF ) . Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . ( 32.8 MB ) hosted by the Rocky Mountain News . `` Report : 12 killed at Columbine in first 16 minutes '' . CNN . May 16 , 2000 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2000 . Further reading Altheide , David L. ( 2009 ) . `` The Columbine Shootings and the Discourse of Fear '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 52 : 1354 -- 70 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764209332552 . Cullen , Dave ( 2009 ) . Columbine . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 54693 - 3 . Elliot Aronson ( 2001 ) . Nobody Left to Hate . Teaching Compassion After Columbine . First Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7099 - 6 . Kass , Jeff ( 2009 ) . Columbine : A True Crime Story . Ghost Road Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9816525 - 6 - 6 . Klebold , Sue ( 2016 ) . A Mother 's Reckoning : Living in the Aftermath of the Columbine Tragedy . WH Allen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 75355 - 679 - 5 . Larkin , Ralph W. ( May 2009 ) . `` The Columbine Legacy . Rampage Shootings as Political Acts '' ( PDF ) . American Behavioral Scientist. 52 : 1309 -- 1326 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764209332548 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Columbine High School massacre . Columbine Review Commission Report Video of the evacuation in progress , Second video of the evacuation ( KUSA - TV ( 9News ) news coverage via CNN ) `` Columbine High School massacre '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . a Columbine Site Columbine Memorial The Columbine Guide Dylan Klebold 's journal Eric Harris 's journal Autopsy reports of Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold FBI file on the Columbine massacre Jefferson County CO Library -- Columbine massacre archives The Lullaby for Columbine Project Jefferson County Sheriff 's Office Report from CNN Patricia Nielson 's 9 - 1 - 1 call from the Library on YouTube Columbine : 10 Years On -- slideshow by The First Post 2011 interview with survivor Brooks Brown `` Haunted By Columbine '' The killing of twelve students and a teacher at Columbine High School in 1999 continues to shape how we view and understand school shootings today . By Retro Report , September 28 , 2015 . Bullying Types Abusive supervision Cyberbullying Disability bullying Gay bashing Hazing Military bullying Mobbing Parental bullying of children Passive aggression Peer victimization Prison bullying Rankism Relational aggression School bullying Sexual bullying Workplace bullying ( Academia Higher education Information technology Legal aspects Legal profession Medicine Nursing Teaching Toxic leader ) Elements Betrayal Blacklisting Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying culture Character assassination Control Coercion Climate of fear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment False accusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Innuendo Insult Intimidation Isolation Kiss up kick down Mind games Moving the goalposts Nagging Name calling Personal attacks Psychological abuse Physical abuse Rudeness Sarcasm School pranks Setting up to fail Silent treatment Smear campaign Social exclusion Social undermining Taunting Teasing Whispering campaign Workplace incivility Verbal abuse Yelling Organizations Act Against Bullying Ditch the Label Bullying UK It Gets Better Project Kidscape GRIN Campaign Jer 's Vision Activists and academics Andrea Adams Louise Burfitt - Dons Tim Field SuEllen Fried Liam Hackett Heinz Leymann Gary Namie Kenneth Westhues Actions Anti-Bullying Day Anti-Bullying Week International STAND UP to Bullying Day Anti-bullying legislation International Day of Pink Notable suicides ( List ) Kelly Yeomans ( 1997 ) Dawn - Marie Wesley ( 2000 ) Nicola Ann Raphael ( 2001 ) Ryan Halligan ( 2003 ) Megan Meier ( 2006 ) Tyler Clementi ( 2010 ) Phoebe Prince ( 2010 ) Jamey Rodemeyer ( 2011 ) Jamie Hubley ( 2011 ) Kenneth Weishuhn ( 2012 ) Amanda Todd ( 2012 ) Audrie Pott ( 2012 ) Jadin Bell ( 2013 ) Rehtaeh Parsons ( 2013 ) Murder -- suicides ( incidents ) Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold ( Columbine , 1999 ) Jeff Weise ( Red Lake , 2005 ) Elliot Rodger ( Isla Vista , 2014 ) Related topics Control freak Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Depression Emotional blackmail Just - world hypothesis Machiavellianism in the workplace Narcissism in the workplace Personal boundaries Personality disorders Psychological manipulation Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy in the workplace Scapegoating Self - esteem Social dominance orientation Suicide among LGBT youth Sycophancy Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation Whistleblowing Arthur Ashe Courage Award winners Named after Arthur Ashe 1993 : Valvano 1994 : Palermo 1995 : Cosell 1996 : Claiborne 1997 : Ali 1998 : D. Smith 1999 : King 2000 : Sanders 2001 : Freeman 2002 : Flight 93 passengers Beamer Bingham Burnett Glick 2003 : Pat & Kevin Tillman 2004 : Weah 2005 : MacLearen & Yeboah 2006 : Ahmad & Kohestani 2007 : Cullen & Ringland 2008 : Carlos & T. Smith 2009 : Mandela 2010 : Family of Ed Thomas 2011 : Bozella 2012 : Summitt 2013 : Roberts 2014 : Sam 2015 : Jenner 2016 : Dobson 2017 : Shriver Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbine_High_School_massacre&oldid=800075737 '' Categories : Columbine High School massacre 1999 in Colorado 1999 murders in the United States Attacks in the United States in 1999 Mass murder in 1999 School shootings committed by minors 1999 mass shootings in the United States Murder in Colorado Murder -- suicides in the United States School massacres in the United States School shootings in the United States Mass murder in the United States Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States School bombings in the United States Car and truck bombings in the United States Arson in Colorado Crimes in Colorado Presidency of Bill Clinton April 1999 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2011 Use American English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the shooter at columbine high school	[ "The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine,[3][4] an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and carbombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair subsequently committed suicide.[5][6]", "The Columbine High School massacre was a school shooting that occurred on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in Columbine,[3][4] an unincorporated area of Jefferson County in the American state of Colorado. In addition to the shootings, the complex and highly planned attack involved a fire bomb to divert firefighters, propane tanks converted to bombs placed in the cafeteria, 99 explosive devices, and carbombs. The perpetrators, senior students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, murdered 12 students and one teacher. They injured 21 additional people, and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school. The pair subsequently committed suicide.[5][6]" ]	[ "Eric Harris", "Dylan Klebold" ]
-6655384025954381898	Middle-earth: Shadow of War	Middle - earth : Shadow of War - Wikipedia Middle - earth : Shadow of War Middle - earth : Shadow of War Developer ( s ) Monolith Productions Publisher ( s ) Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Director ( s ) Mike de Plater Producer ( s ) Michael Aigner Programmer ( s ) Matthew Rice Artist ( s ) Phillip Straub Writer ( s ) Tony Elias Composer ( s ) Garry Schyman Nathan Grigg Engine Firebird Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 10 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . It is the sequel to 2014 's Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 10 , 2017 . Shadow of War continues the previous game 's narrative , which is based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium and set between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings . Like its predecessor , the game also takes heavy inspiration from director Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings film adaptations . The player continues the story of the ranger Talion and the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , who shares Talion 's body , as they forge a new Ring of Power to amass an army to fight against Sauron . The game builds upon the `` Nemesis System '' introduced in Shadow of Mordor , allowing Talion to gain followers from several races of Middle - earth , including Uruks and Ologs , and plan out complex strategies using these to complete missions . Shadow of War had a generally positive reaction from critics , albeit more mixed than its predecessor ; praise was aimed towards the gameplay and an improved nemesis system , although story elements and changes made to established characters received some negative reactions , as well as the inclusion of microtransactions and loot boxes . A free - to - play companion game for iOS and Android devices was also released . In July 2018 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment removed all microtransactions from the console / PC versions of Shadow of War . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Mobile versions 2 Plot 2.1 Blade of Galadriel 2.2 Desolation of Mordor 3 Development 3.1 Death of Michael Forgey 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor § Gameplay Middle - earth : Shadow of War is an action role - playing game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective , following from its predecessor . The player controls the game 's protagonist Talion , who has several natural athletic and combat abilities as a ranger of Gondor , but also has unique abilities provided by the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor , with whom he shares his body . The player uses their combined abilities to complete various missions , typically aimed to disrupt the armies of Sauron . The game includes main quests that drive the game 's narrative , and numerous optional quests that can help the player boost Talion 's abilities and Followers via the game 's `` Nemesis System '' . In contrast to the previous game , which was more of a hack and slash , the game has an action role - playing approach , creating a more personalized experience for each player . It also features a dynamic weather system as well as day - night cycle which affects the gameplay and enemy behavior . The Nemesis System expands upon its introduction in Shadow of Mordor to apply to a larger part of the world , including other characters called Followers that have behavior guided by how the player - character has interacted with them . The player is able to transfer their top Nemesis and their most loyal follower from Shadow of Mordor into Shadow of War . It also includes a garrison from which the player can access their Followers that has either been obtained from multiplayer , relocated with a reassignment order or through opening ' War chests ' prior to the game 's July update , it also contains loot boxes that players have already obtained , players ' unused loot boxes that have been obtained prior to the removal of the market still remains . The Garrison also contains training orders that are purchaseable with Mirian , it 's in - game currency . `` Spoils of War '' and `` XP '' boosts are still available and can be activated but not obtainable as of the July 17th patch , although , players ' boosts prior to the update are still available . The game 's multiplayer features a `` Social Conquest mode '' , in which players are able to invade other players ' fortresses and attempt to conquer them . This mode has two settings : friendly and ranked . Friendly allows the player to invade someone 's fortress , without the risk of losing your army . Ranked , on the other hand , allows the player to invade , but with a risk of losing some of their Orc Followers permanently . Mobile versions ( edit ) The mobile companion versions of Shadow of War are played as a real - time strategy role - playing game from a top - down perspective , where players can recruit characters from not only the console / PC versions of the game itself , but also characters from its 2014 predecessor Shadow of Mordor and even The Lord of the Rings film trilogy to fight Sauron 's forces in small - scale , action - packed battles . Like the console / PC versions of the game , players can make use of the Nemesis system to gain extra advantages in battle , as well as make optional in - game purchases . Plot ( edit ) Shadow of War continues the narrative from Shadow of Mordor , following Talion who is still infused with the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor . Talion and Celebrimbor travel to Mt . Doom , where they forge a new Ring of Power free of Sauron 's corruption . However , once the Ring is complete , Celebrimbor is abducted and held hostage by Shelob , who asks Talion to hand over the Ring in exchange for Celebrimbor . Talion reluctantly agrees and gives the Ring to Shelob , who claims they have a common enemy in Sauron . She uses the Ring to see into the future and directs Talion to the last Gondorian stronghold in Mordor , Minas Ithil , which is under siege by Sauron 's forces due to the city 's possession of a valuable Palantir . The Palantir would allow whoever possesses it to see anything they wish , making it a valuable tool for Celebrimbor and a dangerous weapon for Sauron . Talion travels to Minas Ithil and quickly comes to odds with Celebrimbor . Talion wants to help his fellow Gondorians , while Celebrimbor believes the city is already lost and the retrieval of the Palantir must take priority . Talion reasons that protecting Minas Ithil will also protect the Palantir and he meets up with the city 's defenders : General Castamir , his daughter Idril , and his lieutenant Baranor . Together , they sabotage Orcish efforts to break into the city until Castamir betrays them , allowing the Orcs to breach the gates and handing over the Palantir to the Witch King of Angmar in return for sparing Idril . Castamir is killed by the Witch King and Talion is barely able to escape thanks to the help of Eltariel , an Elven assassin working on Galadriel 's behalf . The Witch King seizes Minas Ithil , renaming it Minas Morgul . With the Palantir , Sauron realizes that Shelob is holding Celebrimbor 's Ring and sends the Nazgûl to attack her . Talion is able to save Shelob , who returns the Ring to him and tells him that the fate of Middle - earth is in his hands . With the Ring back in his possession , Talion begins to use its power to dominate Orcs and build his army . During this time , he assists Idril and Baranor in rescuing Gondorian survivors , helps Carnan defeat the Balrog Tar Goroth and the necromancer Zog , is betrayed by one of his followers , and hunts the Nazgûl alongside Eltariel . Eventually , Talion builds up enough strength to assault Sauron 's fortress directly . During the battle , Talion faces Isildur , now corrupted into a Nazgûl . Talion manages to defeat Isildur , but upon seeing his memories of how he was corrupted by the One Ring , decides to destroy Isildur and release his spirit rather than dominate him . Celebrimbor remarks angrily that Isildur would have been a valuable asset to their cause , leading Talion to realize that Celebrimbor wishes to replace Sauron by dominating him rather than destroying him . Talion refuses to follow Celebrimbor 's orders any more , causing the wraith to abandon him and possess Eltariel instead . Without Celebrimbor or the ring , Talion begins to die , but is visited by Shelob in a vision . Shelob informs him that if Talion had gone on to fight Sauron , they would have succeeded and Celebrimbor would have enslaved Sauron and marched on the rest of Middle - earth . She implores Talion to continue to fight to contain the darkness within Mordor . Deciding to put his fate in his own hands , Talion picks up the Ring of Power Isildur was wearing to preserve his own life . He then uses the power of Isildur 's Ring to assault and seize Minas Morgul , defeating the Witch King in the process . Talion then takes possession of the Palantir and observes Celebrimbor and Eltariel making their assault on Sauron . The two manage to gain the upper hand and Celebrimbor attempts to dominate Sauron , only for Sauron to cut off two of Eltariel 's fingers , one of which is adorned with the Ring of Power , and merge himself with Celebrimbor . As a result , Sauron and Celebrimbor remain trapped in Sauron 's tower in the form of a flaming eye as their spirits continue to battle for dominance . Talion decides to use Minas Morgul as a fortress to keep Sauron 's forces contained in Mordor . Decades later , Talion succumbs to the corruption of Isildur 's Ring , and joins Sauron 's forces as a Nazgûl , where he goes with the others to hunt Frodo and the One Ring . However , with the destruction of Sauron and the One Ring , Talion dies with the rest of the Nazgûl and his spirit is freed . He is last seen in the afterlife discarding his weapons and armor as he walks off into the west . Blade of Galadriel ( edit ) Following the final battle between Celebrimbor and Sauron , Eltariel recovers Celebrimbor 's Ring , and receives orders from Galadriel to continue hunting the remaining Nazgûl , including Talion . Eltariel reluctantly confronts Talion , who manages to convince her that by working together , they can keep Sauron 's influence contained within Mordor . However , he informs her that a new warchief is leading a massive army and has attacked many of his fortresses . Talion tasks Eltariel with defending one of his remaining forts while he goes to defend another fort in Seregost . Eltarial manages to recruit several new tribes of orcs to fight for her and she successfully defends her fort from enemy attack , though Seregost falls . A pair of rogue Nazgûl arrive , revealing they are the ones leading the new orc army as they plan to take advantage of Sauron and the Witch - King 's weakness to take over Middle - earth . After rendering Seregost uninhabitable with poison gas , Eltariel and Talion pursue the Nazgûl twins to their stronghold , where Eltariel is able to defeat both of them . Despite their defeat , Talion begins to succumb to the temptation of Isildur 's Ring , forcing Eltariel to battle him . Though Eltariel is victorious , Talion tells her that he will inevitably be resurrected by Sauron . Afterwards , Eltariel continues to battle the forces of Mordor until she witnesses the destruction of the One Ring . Upon seeing Celebrimbor 's spirit freed from Sauron , Eltariel decides to go track him down . Desolation of Mordor ( edit ) After the fall of Minas Ithil , Baranor journeys through Mordor seeking to hire mercenaries to help him seize the fortress of Shindram . On the way , he is attacked by wyrms and rescued by the dwarf Torvin , who helps develop gadgets for Baranor such as a grappling hook and parachute . Baranor continues to the Vanishing Sons mercenary camp , where he discovers they are led by his older brother Jagai , who now goes by the name of Serka . Serka reluctantly agrees to help Baranor take Shindram in return for all of the loot stored inside . However , another mercenary , Zhoja , betrays Serka and hands him over to the orcs . Baranor rescues Serka , who reasserts control over the Vanishing Sons and executes Zhoja . After repelling an orc attack , Baranor and Serka lead their army and seize Shindram . However , rather than hold the fortress , they leave a trap for the orcs sent to retake it . Baranor and Serka then leave to seize more fortresses , deciding that Gorgoroth will be their next target . Development ( edit ) Creative Director Michael de Plater said that the development of Shadow of Mordor was a learning study for Monolith in how to make open world games , and the development team limited themselves in the scope of what they could deliver for that game . With those lessons learned , de Plater said that Monolith was able to take a bolder step forward for Shadow of War , saying `` ( t ) his was our ambition to do the big , blockbuster version of the ideas we 'd begun to explore in the first game . It 's kind of our Terminator 2 to Terminator . '' Monolith wanted to move the game from the more solitary player experience to one that captured the epic battles shown in The Lord of the Rings films . They created battle systems that enable large - scale battles where parts of the battle would be managed by the various Followers that the player has recruited , thus allowing the player to still focus on the violence and brutality of close - quarter combat . Recognizing the violence inherent with the Middle - earth setting , Monolith aimed to include light humorous elements that play off the thirst for violence that the orcs have , so that the game would not `` wallow in it , or feel sadistic '' . The console / PC versions were later confirmed to be rated Mature by the ESRB , like their predecessor , although the mobile versions are less violent and were given the milder Teen rating . Death of Michael Forgey ( edit ) On March 3 , 2016 , Monolith 's Executive Producer , Michael David Forgey , died of cancer . To commemorate the loss of Shadow of War 's Executive Producer , Monolith and Warner Bros announced a DLC named `` Forthog Orc - Slayer '' . Originally selling for $5 , Warner Brothers promised to donate $3.50 of the proceeds from each sale of the DLC made from any of the majority of the U.S. states to the Forgey family through December 31 , 2019 . Warner Brothers was criticized for attempting to cash in on Michael Forgey 's death . Following public backlash , on September 27 , 2017 , the DLC was made free to all who purchased the game and all proceeds were refunded to those who purchased it beforehand , in favor of Warner Bros making a lump sum donation to the Forgey family . Release ( edit ) Shadow of War was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The Play Anywhere feature extends to Microsoft 's premium console , the Xbox One X . The title was originally scheduled to be released in August 2017 , but in June of that year , Warner Bros. Interactive announced that the release would be put off for two months , until October 10 , 2017 , to make sure the game meets `` the highest quality experience '' for players . Despite this delay , the mobile companion versions of Shadow of War were released on September 28 , 2017 , ahead of the console / PC versions . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 9 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 73 / 100 Polygon 7.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 8 / 10 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Middle - earth : Shadow of War received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . IGN gave a positive review stating that the game was `` bigger and more ambitious in scope than Shadow of Mordor , with great results '' especially praising the nemesis system , the battles and the multiplayer . However , GameSpot gave a more critical review , `` It tries to be larger than its predecessor , there are more abilities , more weapons , more Orcs , yet it leaves you wanting less . '' It specifically criticized `` the storefront and the menus and loot system '' but summed up `` at its core , it 's a fun experience with brilliant moments '' . Another unfavorable review came from The Independent , publishing a review titled `` A Disappointing Sequel '' . Critic Jack Shepherd criticized the uninvolving story , stating that `` by the end , you only care about rival Orcs and not the story . A shame considering the Lord of the Rings has , and remains , one of the greatest tales ever told . '' Entertainment Weekly ranked the game eighth on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , and GamesRadar+ ranked it 18th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while EGMNow ranked it 15th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . The game won the award for `` Best Action Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Best PC Game '' and `` Best Xbox One Game '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Action Game '' and `` Best Open World Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards . It won the award for `` Best Combat '' in Game Informer 's 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 E3 2017 Best of Show Nominated Best Console Game Nominated Best PC Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Console Game ( Xbox One ) Won 2018 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Role - Playing Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Animation , Technical Nominated Art Direction , Fantasy Nominated Character Design Nominated Control Design , 3D Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards Best Original Song ( `` Fires of War '' ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War highlights the strengths and weaknesses of PS4 Pro '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War shines the Eye of Sauron on iOS and Android '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War dumps loot crates , adds gameplay improvements '' . Polygon . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow Of War Confirmed , Watch The Epic Announcement Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Shadow of Mordor update lets players export their nemesis to sequel '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War dumps loot crates , adds gameplay improvements '' . Polygon . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Rory . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Online Conquest Mode Revealed '' . Game Rant . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Mobile trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Scott Adam . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War coming to Android September 28 '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War wants to capture the ' epic scale ' of Lord of the Rings '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War Gets Rated By The ESRB '' . JustPushStart . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of War mobile versions web page '' . Shadow of War Official Website . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Forthog Orc - Slayer DLC Upate '' . 2017 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Shadow of War DLC character will raise funds for family of producer who died of cancer '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Alexandra , Heather . `` Shadow Of War Producer Memorialized In DLC '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scullion , Chris ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Shadow of War 's tribute has fine print , and fans deserve to know where their money is going '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shadow of War ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) , Shadow of War : Forthog Orc - Slayer Trailer , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Orry , James ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War confirmed for Project Scorpio '' . videogamer.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War release date delayed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Middle - earth : Shadow of War '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plessas , Nick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` A Sandbox For Predators - Middle - earth : Shadow of War - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - Earth : Shadow of War review '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Brad ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Dan ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Andy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ; Plante , Chris ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Middle - earth : Shadow of War review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/10/05/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review?page=2 Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/middle-earth-shadow-of-war-review/1900-6416783/ ^ Jump up to : `` Middle Earth : Shadow of War review : A disappointing sequel '' . The Independent . 2017 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ EGM staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Three : # 15 ~ # 11 '' . EGMNow . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PC Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wolfenstein 2 and Shadow of War lead Games Critics Awards Best of E3 nominations '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Odyssey sweeps Best Of Gamescom awards '' . Metro . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Awards '' . Game Audio Network Guild . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Official website The gameplay summary in this article is too long or detailed compared to the rest of the article . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely detailing the gameplay . ( January 2018 ) 2010s portal Middle - earth portal Role - playing games portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Monolith Productions Games developed Blood Blood Blood : Plasma Pak Blood II : The Chosen The Nightmare Levels No One Lives Forever The Operative : No One Lives Forever No One Lives Forever 2 : A Spy in H.A.R.M. 's Way Contract J.A.C.K. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin F.E.A.R. 2 : Reborn Condemned Condemned : Criminal Origins Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Middle - earth games Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Other games Aliens versus Predator 2 Claw Get Medieval Gotham City Impostors Gruntz Sanity : Aiken 's Artifact Shogo : Mobile Armor Division Tex Atomic 's Big Bot Battles Tron 2.0 The Matrix Online Games published Rage of Mages Gorky 17 Septerra Core Companies 3D Realms ( Q Studios ) GT Interactive Software Fox Interactive Buena Vista Interactive Sierra Entertainment Warner Bros. 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Tolkien The History of Middle - earth The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien The Fall of Gondolin Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does shadow of war take place in lord of the rings	[ "Shadow of War continues the previous game's narrative, which is based on J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium and set between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Like its predecessor, the game also takes heavy inspiration from director Peter Jackson's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings film adaptations. The player continues the story of the ranger Talion and the spirit of the elf lord Celebrimbor, who shares Talion's body, as they forge a new Ring of Power to amass an army to fight against Sauron. The game builds upon the \"Nemesis System\" introduced in Shadow of Mordor, allowing Talion to gain followers from several races of Middle-earth, including Uruks and Ologs, and plan out complex strategies using these to complete missions.\n" ]	[ "between the events of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings" ]
1671290367271870642	Samaritan woman at the well	Samaritan woman at the well - wikipedia Samaritan woman at the well The Water of Life Discourse between Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well by Angelika Kauffmann , 17 -- 18th century The Samaritan woman at the well is a figure from the Gospel of John , in John 4 : 4 -- 26 . In Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic traditions , she is venerated as a saint with the name Photine ( also Photini , Photina , meaning `` the luminous one '' from φως , `` light '' ) . Contents 1 Biblical account 2 Interpretations 3 Cultural references 3.1 In visual art 3.2 In music 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Unannotated references 6 External links Biblical account ( edit ) Eastern Orthodox icon of Saint Photine meeting Christ The woman appears in John 4 : 4 -- 42 : But he had to go through Samaria . So he came to a Samaritan city called Sychar , near the plot of ground that Jacob had given to his son Joseph . Jacob 's well was there , and Jesus , tired out by his journey , was sitting by the well . It was about noon . A Samaritan woman came to draw water , and Jesus said to her , `` Give me a drink . '' ( His disciples had gone to the city to buy food . ) The Samaritan woman said to him , `` How is it that you , a Jew , ask a drink of me , a woman of Samaria ? '' ( Jews do not share things in common with Samaritans . ) Jesus answered her , `` If you knew the gift of God , and who it is that is saying to you , ' Give me a drink ' , you would have asked him , and he would have given you living water . '' The woman said to him , `` Sir , you have no bucket , and the well is deep . Where do you get that living water ? Are you greater than our ancestor Jacob , who gave us the well , and with his sons and his flocks drank from it ? '' Jesus said to her , `` Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again , but those who drink of the water that I will give them will never be thirsty . The water that I will give will become in them a spring of water gushing up to eternal life . '' The woman said to him , `` Sir , give me this water , so that I may never be thirsty or have to keep coming here to draw water . '' Jesus said to her , `` Go , call your husband , and come back . '' The woman answered him , `` I have no husband . '' Jesus said to her , `` You are right in saying , ' I have no husband ' ; for you have had five husbands , and the one you have now is not your husband . What you have said is true ! '' The woman said to him , `` Sir , I see that you are a prophet . Our ancestors worshipped on this mountain , but you say that the place where people must worship is in Jerusalem . '' Jesus said to her , `` Woman , believe me , the hour is coming when you will worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem . You worship what you do not know ; we worship what we know , for salvation is from the Jews . But the hour is coming , and is now here , when the true worshippers will worship the Father in spirit and truth , for the Father seeks such as these to worship him . God is spirit , and those who worship him must worship in spirit and truth . '' The woman said to him , `` I know that Messiah is coming '' ( who is called Christ ) . `` When he comes , he will proclaim all things to us . '' Jesus said to her , `` I am he , the one who is speaking to you . '' This episode takes place before the return of Jesus to Galilee . Some Jews regarded the Samaritans as foreigners and their attitude was often hostile , although they shared most beliefs , while many other Jews accepted Samaritans as either fellow Jews or as Samaritan Israelites . The two communities seem to have drifted apart in the post-exilic period . Both communities share the Pentateuch , although crucially the Samaritan Pentateuch locates the holy mountain at Mount Gerizim rather than at Mount Zion , as this incident acknowledges at John 4 : 20 . The Gospel of John , like the Gospel of Luke , is favourable to the Samaritans throughout , and , while the Matthaean Gospel quotes Jesus at one early phase in his ministry telling his followers to not at that time evangelize any of the cities of the Samaritans , this restriction had clearly been reversed later by the time of Matthew 28 : 19 . Scholars differ as to whether the Samaritan references in the New Testament are historical . One view is that the historical Jesus had no contact with Samaritans ; another is that the accounts go back to Jesus himself . Note that in Acts 1 : 8 , Jesus promises the apostles that they will be witnesses to the Samaritans . Interpretations ( edit ) Scholars have noted that this story appears to be modelled on a standard betrothal scene from Hebrew scripture , particularly that of Jacob in Genesis 29 . This convention , which would have been familiar to Jewish readers , following on from an earlier scene in which John the Baptist compares his relationship to Jesus with that of the friend of a bridegroom . This Gospel episode is referred to as `` a paradigm for our engagement with truth '' , in the Roman Curia book A Christian reflection on the New Age , as the dialogue says : `` You worship what you do not know ; we worship what we know '' and offers an example of `` Jesus Christ the bearer of the water of life '' . The passages that comprise John 4 : 10 -- 26 are sometimes referred to as the Water of Life Discourse , which forms a complement to the Bread of Life Discourse . In Eastern Christian tradition , the woman 's name at the time of her meeting Jesus is unknown , though she was later christened `` Photina '' . She is celebrated as a saint of renown . As further recounted in John 4 : 28 - 30 and John 4 : 39 - 42 , she was quick to spread the news of her meeting with Jesus , and through this many came to believe in him . Her continuing witness is said to have brought so many to the Christian faith that she is described as `` equal to the apostles '' . Eventually , having drawn the attention of Emperor Nero , she was brought before him to answer for her faith , suffering many tortures and dying a martyr after being thrown down a dry well . She is remembered on the Sunday four weeks after Pascha , which is known as `` the Sunday of the Samaritan Woman '' . In Oaxaca , Oaxaca , Mexico , a celebration of the Samaritan woman takes place on the fourth Friday of Lent . The custom of the day involves churches , schools , and businesses giving away fruit drinks to passers - by . Cultural references ( edit ) In visual art ( edit ) Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well Samaritan woman at the well 1651 by Gervais Drouet Christ and the Samaritan Woman , by Duccio di Buoninsegna Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well , by Giacomo Franceschini Christ and the Samaritan Woman , by Stefano Erardi Christ and the Samaritan Woman , by Jan Joest van Kalkar Jesus and the Samaritan Woman at the Well , by Guercino Christ and the Samaritan Woman , by Josef von Hempel Christ and the Samaritan Woman , by Lucas Cranach the Elder Woman at the Well by Carl Heinrich Bloch In music ( edit ) `` Jesus Met the Woman at the Well '' , a gospel song dating from 1949 or before ( earliest known recording by The Fairfield Four ) `` Lift Him Up That 's All '' , a gospel song dating from 1927 or before ( earliest known recording by Washington Phillips ) The Woman of Samaria , a sacred cantata of 1867 by the English classical composer William Sterndale Bennett `` Fill My Cup Lord '' , a hymn written by Richard Blanchard in 1959 `` Live to Praise '' , modern worship song , written by Lisa Troyer and Dawn Yoder , LifeWay Worship , Nashville - https://soundcloud.com/user-548929069/live-to-praise See also ( edit ) Asian feminist theology Domnina ( daughter of Nero ) Jesus ' interactions with women List of names for the biblical nameless Parable of the Good Samaritan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` John 4 : 4 -- 26 NRSVA - But he had to go through Samaria . So he - Bible Gateway '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Andrew T. ( 2005 ) . The Gospel According to Saint John . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson Publishers . pp. 170 -- 1 . ISBN 1 - 56563 - 401 - 2 . OCLC 61129929 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ V.J. Samkutty . The Samaritan Mission in Acts ( Library of New Testament Studies 328 ; A & C Black , 2006 ) . p. 81 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . See also Alan David Crown , Lucy Davey , and Guy Dominique Sixdenier , eds. , Essays in Honour of G.D. Sexdenier : New Samaritan Studies of the Société D'études Samaritaines ( Studies in Judaica 5 ; Sydney : Mandelbaum / University of Sydney , 1995 ) , 134 ; Jonathan Bourgel , `` John 4 : 4 - 42 : Defining A Modus Vivendi Between Jews And The Samaritans '' , Journal of Theological Studies 69 ( 2018 ) , pp. 39 - 65 ( https://www.academia.edu/37029909/Bourgel_-_JTS_-_John_4_4-42_The_terms_of_a_modus_vivendi_between_Jews_and_the_Samaritans ) . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett . Backgrounds of Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 534 . Jump up ^ V.J. Samkutty , The Samaritan Mission in Acts ( Continuum , 2006 ) , page 85 . Jump up ^ V.J. Samkutty , The Samaritan Mission in Acts ( Continuum , 2006 ) , pages 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Kevin Quast , Reading the Gospel of John : An Introduction ( Paulist Press , 1991 ) page 29 . Jump up ^ Pontifical Council for Culture ; Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue ( 2 March 2003 ) . Jesus Christ the Bearer of the Water of Life : A Christian reflection on the `` New Age '' . Vatican City : Internet Office of the Holy See . Jump up ^ Barrett , C.K. ( 1978 ) . The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction With Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : The Westminster Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22180 - 7 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Samaritana 2011 en Oaxaca '' ( in Spanish ) . Vive Oaxaca . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.hymnal.net/en/hymn/ns/340 Unannotated references ( edit ) Photine of Samaria at orthodoxwiki.org External links ( edit ) Media related to Samaritan woman at the well at Wikimedia Commons New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary , mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary , mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samaritan_woman_at_the_well&oldid=852306307 '' Categories : 1st - century Christian martyrs Ancient Samaritan people Christian saints from the New Testament Converts to Christianity Followers of Jesus Gospel episodes Gospel of John People in the canonical gospels Samaritans Water and religion Women in the New Testament John 4 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Македонски Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 01 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	story of the woman at the well in the bible	[]	[]
712915588195402562	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 137 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of May 2018 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 235 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 137 million followers . Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 137 Musician and actress USA 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 119 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 115 Musician and actress USA 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 111 Reality TV personality USA 7 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 109 Reality TV personality USA 8 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 108 Musician and actress USA 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 107 Actor and professional wrestler USA 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 100 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer BRA 12 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer ARG 13 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 90 Model USA 14 . @ natgeo National Geographic 88 Magazine USA 15 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician TRI 16 . @ nike Nike 77 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 17 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 76 Reality TV personality USA 18 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 75 Musician and actress USA 19 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 75 Musician and actress USA 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 69 Musician USA 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 67 Musician and actress USA 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 63 Reality TV personality USA 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 62 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 59 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 59 Comedian USA As of May 13 , 2018 By country The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user . Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 235 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 126 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 99 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 93 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 91 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 86 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 61 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 58 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 47 Musician 10 . United Kingdom @ emmawatson Emma Watson 46 Actress 11 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 32 Footballer 13 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 27 Clothing retailer 14 . Indonesia @ raffinagita1717 Raffi Ahmad & Nagita Slavina 22 Presenter and musician As of May 13 , 2018 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` @ raffinagita1717 '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Cambridge Analytica data scandal Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Willow Village Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=843654586 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is having the highest followers on instagram	[ "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of May 2018, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 137 million followers.[2] Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site." ]	[ "Instagram's own account, with over 235 million followers" ]
-2105618203977973529	Forensic science	Forensic science - wikipedia Forensic science Jump to : navigation , search `` Forensics '' redirects here . For the fields of speech and debate , see Public speaking and Debate . For the German jazz saxophone album by Ingrid Laubrock , see Forensic ( album ) . Part of a series on Forensic science Physiological ( hide ) Anthropology Biology Bloodstain pattern analysis Botany Dentistry DNA phenotyping DNA profiling Entomology Epidemiology Medicine Palynology Pathology Podiatry Toxicology Social ( hide ) Psychiatry Psychology Psychotherapy Social work Criminalistics ( hide ) Accounting Body identification Chemistry Facial reconstruction Fingerprint analysis Firearm examination Footwear evidence Forensic arts Profiling Gloveprint analysis Palmprint analysis Questioned document examination Vein matching Digital forensics ( hide ) Computer exams Data analysis Database study Mobile devices Network analysis Photography Video analysis Audio analysis Related disciplines ( hide ) Electrical engineering Engineering Fire investigation Fire accelerant detection Fractography Linguistics Materials engineering Polymer engineering Statistics Traffic collision reconstruction Related articles ( hide ) Crime scene CSI effect Perry Mason syndrome Pollen calendar Skid mark Trace evidence Use of DNA in forensic entomology Outline Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws , mainly -- on the criminal side -- during criminal investigation , as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure . Forensic scientists collect , preserve , and analyze scientific evidence during the course of an investigation . While some forensic scientists travel to the scene of the crime to collect the evidence themselves , others occupy a laboratory role , performing analysis on objects brought to them by other individuals . In addition to their laboratory role , forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defense . While any field could technically be forensic , certain sections have developed over time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases . Forensic science is the combination of two different Latin words : forensis and science . The former , forensic , relates to a discussion or examination performed in public . Because trials in the ancient world were typically held in public , it carries a strong judicial connotation . The second is science , which is derived from the Greek for knowledge and is today closely tied to the scientific method , a systematic way of acquiring knowledge . Taken together , then , forensic science can be seen as the use of the scientific methods and processes in crime solving . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins of forensic science and early methods 2.2 Development of forensic science 2.3 Toxicology and ballistics 2.4 Anthropometry 2.5 Fingerprints 2.6 Uhlenhuth test 2.7 DNA 2.8 Maturation 2.9 Late 19th -- early 20th centuries figures 2.10 20th century 2.11 21st century 3 Subdivisions 4 Questionable techniques 5 Litigation science 6 Demographics 7 Media impact 8 Controversies 9 Forensic science and humanitarian work 10 See also 11 Bibliography 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word forensic comes from the Latin term forensis , meaning `` of or before the forum '' . The history of the term originates from Roman times , during which a criminal charge meant presenting the case before a group of public individuals in the forum . Both the person accused of the crime and the accuser would give speeches based on their sides of the story . The case would be decided in favor of the individual with the best argument and delivery . This origin is the source of the two modern usages of the word forensic -- as a form of legal evidence and as a category of public presentation . In modern use , the term forensics in the place of forensic science can be considered correct , as the term forensic is effectively a synonym for legal or related to courts . However , the term is now so closely associated with the scientific field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word forensics with forensic science . History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Origins of forensic science and Early methods ( edit ) Main article : Forensics in antiquity The ancient world lacked standardized forensic practices , which aided criminals in escaping punishment . Criminal investigations and trials heavily relied on forced confessions and witness testimony . However , ancient sources do contain several accounts of techniques that foreshadow concepts in forensic science that were developed centuries later . The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve criminal cases is attributed to the book of Xi Yuan Lu ( translated as Washing Away of Wrongs ) , written in China by Song Ci ( 宋慈 , 1186 -- 1249 ) in 1248 , who was a director of justice , jail and supervision , during the Song dynasty . Song Ci ruled regulation about autopsy report for court , how to protect the evidence in the examining process , the reason why workers must show examination to public impartiality . He concluded methods on how to make antiseptic and to reappear the hidden injury from dead bodies and bones ( using sunlight under red - oil umbrella and vinegar ) ; how to calculate the death time ( according to weather and insects ) ; how to wash dead body for examining the different reasons of death . At that time , the book had given methods to distinguish suicide or pretending suicide . In one of Song Ci 's accounts ( Washing Away of Wrongs ) , the case of a person murdered with a sickle was solved by an investigator who instructed everyone to bring his sickle to one location . ( He realized it was a sickle by testing various blades on an animal carcass and comparing the wound . ) Flies , attracted by the smell of blood , eventually gathered on a single sickle . In light of this , the murderer confessed . For example , the book also described how to distinguish between a drowning ( water in the lungs ) and strangulation ( broken neck cartilage ) , along with other evidence from examining corpses on determining if a death was caused by murder , suicide or an accident . Methods from around the world involved saliva and examination of the mouth and tongue to determine innocence or guilt , as a precursor to the Polygraph test . In ancient India , some suspects were made to fill their mouths with dried rice and spit it back out . Similarly , in ancient China , those accused of a crime would have rice powder placed in their mouths . In ancient middle - eastern cultures , the accused were made to lick hot metal rods briefly . It is thought that these tests had some validity since a guilty person would produce less saliva and thus have a drier mouth ; the accused would be considered guilty if rice was sticking to their mouths in abundance or if their tongues were severely burned due to lack of shielding from saliva . Development of forensic science ( edit ) Ambroise Paré 's surgical work laid the groundwork for the development of forensic techniques in the following centuries . In 16th - century Europe , medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death . Ambroise Paré , a French army surgeon , systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs . Two Italian surgeons , Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia , laid the foundation of modern pathology by studying changes that occurred in the structure of the body as the result of disease . In the late 18th century , writings on these topics began to appear . These included A Treatise on Forensic Medicine and Public Health by the French physician Francois Immanuele Fodéré and The Complete System of Police Medicine by the German medical expert Johann Peter Frank . As the rational values of the Enlightenment era increasingly permeated society in the 18th century , criminal investigation became a more evidence - based , rational procedure − the use of torture to force confessions was curtailed , and belief in witchcraft and other powers of the occult largely ceased to influence the court 's decisions . Two examples of English forensic science in individual legal proceedings demonstrate the increasing use of logic and procedure in criminal investigations at the time . In 1784 , in Lancaster , John Toms was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Culshaw with a pistol . When the dead body of Culshaw was examined , a pistol wad ( crushed paper used to secure powder and balls in the muzzle ) found in his head wound matched perfectly with a torn newspaper found in Toms 's pocket , leading to the conviction . In Warwick 1816 , a farm laborer was tried and convicted of the murder of a young maidservant . She had been drowned in a shallow pool and bore the marks of violent assault . The police found footprints and an impression from corduroy cloth with a sewn patch in the damp earth near the pool . There were also scattered grains of wheat and chaff . The breeches of a farm labourer who had been threshing wheat nearby were examined and corresponded exactly to the impression in the earth near the pool . Toxicology and ballistics ( edit ) A method for detecting arsenious oxide , simple arsenic , in corpses was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist , Carl Wilhelm Scheele . His work was expanded , in 1806 , by German chemist Valentin Ross , who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim 's stomach . Apparatus for the arsenic test , devised by James Marsh . James Marsh was the first to apply this new science to the art of forensics . He was called by the prosecution in a murder trial to give evidence as a chemist in 1832 . The defendant , John Bodle , was accused of poisoning his grandfather with arsenic - laced coffee . Marsh performed the standard test by mixing a suspected sample with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid . While he was able to detect arsenic as yellow arsenic trisulfide , when it was shown to the jury it had deteriorated , allowing the suspect to be acquitted due to reasonable doubt . Annoyed by that , Marsh developed a much better test . He combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic - free zinc , resulting in arsine gas . The gas was ignited , and it decomposed to pure metallic arsenic , which , when passed to a cold surface , would appear as a silvery - black deposit . So sensitive was the test , known formally as the Marsh test , that it could detect as little as one - fiftieth of a milligram of arsenic . He first described this test in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1836 . Henry Goddard at Scotland Yard pioneered the use of bullet comparison in 1835 . He noticed a flaw in the bullet that killed the victim and was able to trace this back to the mold that was used in the manufacturing process . Anthropometry ( edit ) Frontispiece from Bertillon 's Identification anthropométrique ( 1893 ) , demonstrating the measurements needed for his anthropometric identification system . The French police officer Alphonse Bertillon was the first to apply the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement , thereby creating an identification system based on physical measurements . Before that time , criminals could only be identified by name or photograph . Dissatisfied with the ad hoc methods used to identify captured criminals in France in the 1870s , he began his work on developing a reliable system of anthropometrics for human classification . Bertillon created many other forensics techniques , including forensic document examination , the use of galvanoplastic compounds to preserve footprints , ballistics , and the dynamometer , used to determine the degree of force used in breaking and entering . Although his central methods were soon to be supplanted by fingerprinting , `` his other contributions like the mug shot and the systematization of crime - scene photography remain in place to this day . '' Fingerprints ( edit ) Sir William Herschel was one of the first to advocate the use of fingerprinting in the identification of criminal suspects . While working for the Indian Civil Service , he began to use thumbprints on documents as a security measure to prevent the then - rampant repudiation of signatures in 1858 . Fingerprints taken by William Herschel 1859 / 60 . In 1877 at Hooghly ( near Kolkata ) , Herschel instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds , and he registered government pensioners ' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner 's death . In 1880 , Dr. Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital , published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature , discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink . He established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial . Returning to the UK in 1886 , he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London , but it was dismissed at that time . Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method , but , too old and ill to work on it , Darwin gave the information to his cousin , Francis Galton , who was interested in anthropology . Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years , Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints . He had calculated that the chance of a `` false positive '' ( two different individuals having the same fingerprints ) was about 1 in 64 billion . Women clerical employees of the LA Police Department getting fingerprinted and photographed in 1928 . Juan Vucetich , an Argentine chief police officer , created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file . In 1892 , after studying Galton 's pattern types , Vucetich set up the world 's first fingerprint bureau . In that same year , Francisca Rojas of Necochea was found in a house with neck injuries whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut . Rojas accused a neighbour , but despite brutal interrogation , this neighbour would not confess to the crimes . Inspector Alvarez , a colleague of Vucetich , went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door . When it was compared with Rojas ' prints , it was found to be identical with her right thumb . She then confessed to the murder of her sons . A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta ( Kolkata ) , India , in 1897 , after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records . Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau , before it became the Fingerprint Bureau , were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose . Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor , Sir Edward Richard Henry . The Henry Classification System , co-devised by Haque and Bose , was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard , the Metropolitan Police headquarters , London , in 1901 . Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy . In the United States , Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902 , and by December 1905 , New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot , an expert in the Bertillon system and a fingerprint advocate at Police Headquarters , introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States . Uhlenhuth test ( edit ) The Uhlenhuth test , or the antigen -- antibody precipitin test for species , was invented by Paul Uhlenhuth in 1901 and could distinguish human blood from animal blood , based on the discovery that the blood of different species had one or more characteristic proteins . The test represented a major breakthrough and came to have tremendous importance in forensic science . The test was further refined for forensic use by the Swiss chemist Maurice Müller in the 1960s . DNA ( edit ) Forensic DNA analysis was first used in 1984 . It was developed by Sir Alec Jefferys , who realized that variation in the genetic code could be used to identify individuals and to tell individuals apart from one another . The first application of DNA profiles was used by Jefferys in a double murder mystery in a small England town called Narborough , Leicestershire in 1985 . A 15 - year - old school girl by the name of Lynda Mann was raped and murdered in Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital . The police did not find a suspect but were able to obtain a semen sample . In 1986 , Dawn Ashworth , 15 years old , was also raped and strangled in a nearby village of Enderby . Forensic evidence showed that both killers had the same blood type . Richard Buckland became the suspect because he worked at Carlton Hayes psychiatric hospital , had been spotted near Dawn Ashworth 's murder scene and knew unreleased details about the body . He later confessed to Dawn 's murder but not Lynda 's . Jefferys was brought into the case to analyze the semen samples . He concluded that there was no match between the samples and Buckland , who became the first person to be exonerated using DNA . Jefferys confirmed that the DNA profiles were identical for the two murder semen samples . To find the perpetrator , DNA samples from the entire male population , more than 4,000 aged from 17 to 34 , of the town were collected . They all were compared to semen samples from the crime . A friend of Colin Pitchfork was heard saying that he had given his sample to the police claiming to be Colin . Colin Pitchfork was arrested in 1987 and it was found that his DNA profile matched the semen samples from the murder . Because of this case , DNA databases were developed . There is the national ( FBI ) and international databases as well as the European countries ( ENFSI : European Network of Forensic Science Institutes ) . These searchable databases are used to match crime scene DNA profiles to those already in a database . Maturation ( edit ) Police brought to bear the latest techniques of forensic science in their attempts to identify and capture the serial killer Jack the Ripper . By the turn of the 20th century , the science of forensics had become largely established in the sphere of criminal investigation . Scientific and surgical investigation was widely employed by the Metropolitan Police during their pursuit of the mysterious Jack the Ripper , who had killed a number of prostitutes in the 1880s . This case is a watershed in the application of forensic science . Large teams of policemen conducted house - to - house inquiries throughout Whitechapel . Forensic material was collected and examined . Suspects were identified , traced and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry . Police work follows the same pattern today . Over 2000 people were interviewed , `` upwards of 300 '' people were investigated , and 80 people were detained . The investigation was initially conducted by the Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) , headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid . Later , Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline , Henry Moore , and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist . Initially , butchers , surgeons and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations . The alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated , with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry . Some contemporary figures thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe . Whitechapel was close to the London Docks , and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday . The cattle boats were examined , but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat 's movements , and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out . At the end of October , Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer 's surgical skill and knowledge . The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the `` Whitechapel murderer '' is the earliest surviving offender profile . Bond 's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders . In his opinion the killer must have been a man of solitary habits , subject to `` periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania '' , with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating `` satyriasis '' . Bond also stated that `` the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind , or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely '' . The popular fictional character Sherlock Holmes was in many ways ahead of his time in his use of forensic analysis . Handbook for Coroners , police officials , military policemen was written by the Austrian criminal jurist Hans Gross in 1893 , and is generally acknowledged as the birth of the field of criminalistics . The work combined in one system fields of knowledge that had not been previously integrated , such as psychology and physical science , and which could be successfully used against crime . Gross adapted some fields to the needs of criminal investigation , such as crime scene photography . He went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912 , as part of the University of Graz ' Law School . This Institute was followed by many similar institutes all over the world . In 1909 , Archibald Reiss founded the Institut de police scientifique of the University of Lausanne ( UNIL ) , the first school of forensic science in the world . Dr. Edmond Locard , became known as the `` Sherlock Holmes of France '' . He formulated the basic principle of forensic science : `` Every contact leaves a trace '' , which became known as Locard 's exchange principle . In 1910 , he founded what may have been the first criminal laboratory in the world , after persuading the Police Department of Lyon ( France ) to give him two attic rooms and two assistants . Symbolic of the new found prestige of forensics and the use of reasoning in detective work was the popularity of the fictional character Sherlock Holmes , written by Arthur Conan Doyle in the late 19th century . He remains a great inspiration for forensic science , especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small clues as to the precise sequence of events . He made great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions , as well as fingerprints , ballistics and handwriting analysis , now known as questioned document examination . Such evidence is used to test theories conceived by the police , for example , or by the investigator himself . All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality , but were generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing . In many of his reported cases , Holmes frequently complains of the way the crime scene has been contaminated by others , especially by the police , emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity , a now well - known feature of crime scene examination . He used analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons . He used ballistics by measuring bullet calibres and matching them with a suspected murder weapon . Late 19th -- Early 20th centuries figures ( edit ) Hans Gross applied scientific methods to crime scenes and was responsible for the birth of criminalistics . Edmond Locard expanded on Gross ' work with Locard 's Exchange Principle which stated `` whenever two objects come into contact with one another , materials are exchanged between them '' . This means that every contact by a criminal leaves a trace . Locard was also known as the `` Sherlock Holmes of France '' . Alexander Lacassagne , who taught Locard , produced autopsy standards on actual forensic cases . Alphonse Bertillon was a French criminologist and founder of Anthropometry ( scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body ) . He used anthropometry for identification , saying each individual is unique and by measuring aspect of physical difference , there could be a personal identification system . He created the Bertillon System around 1879 , which was a way to identify criminals and citizens by measuring 20 parts of the body . In 1884 , there was over 240 repeat offenders caught through the Bertillon system . Fingerprinting became more reliable than the Bertillon system . Frances Glessner Lee , known as `` the mother of forensic science , '' was instrumental in the development of forensic science in the US . She lobbied to have coroners replaced by medical professionals , endowed the Harvard Associates in Police Science , and conducted many seminars to educate homicide investigators . She also created the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death , intricate crime scene dioramas used to train investigators . They are still in use today . 20th century ( edit ) Alec Jeffreys invented the DNA profiling technique in 1984 . Later in the 20th century several British pathologists , Mikey Rochman , Francis Camps , Sydney Smith and Keith Simpson pioneered new forensic science methods . Alec Jeffreys pioneered the use of DNA profiling in forensic science in 1984 . He realized the scope of DNA fingerprinting , which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals . The method has since become important in forensic science to assist police detective work , and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes . DNA fingerprinting was first used as a police forensic test to identify the rapist and killer of two teenagers , Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth , who were both murdered in Narborough , Leicestershire , in 1983 and 1986 respectively . Colin Pitchfork was identified and convicted of murder after samples taken from him matched semen samples taken from the two dead girls . Forensic science has been fostered by a number of national forensic science learned bodies including the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences , ( founded in 1959 ) , then known as the Forensic Science Society , publisher of Science & Justice ; . American Academy of Forensic Sciences ( founded 1948 ) , publishers of the Journal of Forensic Sciences ; the Canadian Society of Forensic Science ( founded 1953 ) , publishers of the Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science ; the British Academy of Forensic Sciences ( founded 1960 ) , publishers of Medicine , science and the law , and the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences ( founded 1967 ) , publishers of the Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences . 21st century ( edit ) In the past decade , documenting forensics scenes has become more efficient . People started using laser scanners , drones and photogrammetry to obtain 3D point clouds of accidents or crime scenes . Reconstruction of an accident scene on a highway using drones involves data acquisition time of only 10 -- 20 minutes and can be performed without shutting down traffic. The results are not just accurate , in centimeters , for measurement to be presented in court but also easy to digitally preserve in the long term . Subdivisions ( edit ) Agents of the United States Army Criminal Investigation Division investigate a crime scene Police forensic investigation in Ashton - under - Lyne , England , using a tent to protect the crime scene Art forensics concerns the art authentication cases to help research the work 's authenticity . Art authentication methods are used to detect and identify forgery , faking and copying of art works , e.g. paintings . Bloodstain pattern analysis is the scientific examination of blood spatter patterns found at a crime scene to reconstruct the events of the crime . Computational forensics concerns the development of algorithms and software to assist forensic examination . Criminalistics is the application of various sciences to answer questions relating to examination and comparison of biological evidence , trace evidence , impression evidence ( such as fingerprints , footwear impressions , and tire tracks ) , controlled substances , ballistics , firearm and toolmark examination , and other evidence in criminal investigations . In typical circumstances evidence is processed in a crime lab . Digital forensics is the application of proven scientific methods and techniques in order to recover data from electronic / digital media . Digital Forensic specialists work in the field as well as in the lab . Ear print analysis is used as a means of forensic identification intended as an identification tool similar to fingerprinting . An earprint is a two - dimensional reproduction of the parts of the outer ear that have touched a specific surface ( most commonly the helix , antihelix , tragus and antitragus ) . Forensic accounting is the study and interpretation of accounting evidence . Forensic aerial photography is the study and interpretation of aerial photographic evidence . Forensic anthropology is the application of physical anthropology in a legal setting , usually for the recovery and identification of skeletonized human remains . Forensic archaeology is the application of a combination of archaeological techniques and forensic science , typically in law enforcement . Forensic astronomy uses methods from astronomy to determine past celestial constellations for forensic purposes . Forensic botany is the study of plant life in order to gain information regarding possible crimes . Forensic chemistry is the study of detection and identification of illicit drugs , accelerants used in arson cases , explosive and gunshot residue . Forensic dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprints . Forensic document examination or questioned document examination answers questions about a disputed document using a variety of scientific processes and methods . Many examinations involve a comparison of the questioned document , or components of the document , with a set of known standards . The most common type of examination involves handwriting , whereby the examiner tries to address concerns about potential authorship . Forensic DNA analysis takes advantage of the uniqueness of an individual 's DNA to answer forensic questions such as paternity / maternity testing and placing a suspect at a crime scene , e.g. in a rape investigation . Forensic engineering is the scientific examination and analysis of structures and products relating to their failure or cause of damage . Forensic entomology deals with the examination of insects in , on and around human remains to assist in determination of time or location of death . It is also possible to determine if the body was moved after death using entomology . Forensic geology deals with trace evidence in the form of soils , minerals and petroleum . Forensic geomorphology is the study of the ground surface to look for potential location ( s ) of buried object ( s ) . Forensic geophysics is the application of geophysical techniques such as radar for detecting objects hidden underground or underwater . Forensic intelligence process starts with the collection of data and ends with the integration of results within into the analysis of crimes under investigation . Forensic Interviews are conducted using the science of professionally using expertise to conduct a variety of investigative interviews with victims , witnesses , suspects or other sources to determine the facts regarding suspicions , allegations or specific incidents in either public or private sector settings . Forensic limnology is the analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes in or around fresh - water sources . Examination of biological organisms , in particular diatoms , can be useful in connecting suspects with victims . Forensic linguistics deals with issues in the legal system that requires linguistic expertise . Forensic meteorology is a site - specific analysis of past weather conditions for a point of loss . Forensic microbiology is the study of the necrobiome . Forensic nursing is the application of Nursing sciences to abusive crimes , like child abuse , or sexual abuse . Categorization of wounds and traumas , collection of bodily fluids and emotional support are some of the duties of forensic nurses . Forensic odontology is the study of the uniqueness of dentition , better known as the study of teeth . Forensic optometry is the study of glasses and other eyewear relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations . Forensic pathology is a field in which the principles of medicine and pathology are applied to determine a cause of death or injury in the context of a legal inquiry . Forensic podiatry is an application of the study of feet footprint or footwear and their traces to analyze scene of crime and to establish personal identity in forensic examinations . Forensic psychiatry is a specialized branch of psychiatry as applied to and based on scientific criminology . Forensic psychology is the study of the mind of an individual , using forensic methods . Usually it determines the circumstances behind a criminal 's behavior . Forensic seismology is the study of techniques to distinguish the seismic signals generated by underground nuclear explosions from those generated by earthquakes . Forensic serology is the study of the body fluids . Forensic social work is the specialist study of social work theories and their applications to a clinical , criminal justice or psychiatric setting . Practitioners of forensic social work connected with the criminal justice system are often termed Social Supervisors , whilst the remaining use the interchangeable titles forensic social worker , approved mental health professional or forensic practitioner and they conduct specialist assessments of risk , care planning and act as an officer of the court . Forensic toxicology is the study of the effect of drugs and poisons on / in the human body . Forensic video analysis is the scientific examination , comparison and evaluation of video in legal matters . Mobile device forensics is the scientific examination and evaluation of evidence found in mobile phones , e.g. Call History and Deleted SMS , and includes SIM Card Forensics . Trace evidence analysis is the analysis and comparison of trace evidence including glass , paint , fibres and hair ( e.g. , using micro-spectrophotometry ) . Wildlife forensic science applies a range of scientific disciplines to legal cases involving non-human biological evidence , to solve crimes such as poaching , animal abuse , and trade in endangered species . Questionable techniques ( edit ) Some forensic techniques , believed to be scientifically sound at the time they were used , have turned out later to have much less scientific merit or none . Some such techniques include : Comparative bullet - lead analysis was used by the FBI for over four decades , starting with the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1963 . The theory was that each batch of ammunition possessed a chemical makeup so distinct that a bullet could be traced back to a particular batch or even a specific box . Internal studies and an outside study by the National Academy of Sciences found that the technique was unreliable due to improper interpretation , and the FBI abandoned the test in 2005 . Forensic dentistry has come under fire : in at least two cases bite - mark evidence has been used to convict people of murder who were later freed by DNA evidence . A 1999 study by a member of the American Board of Forensic Odontology found a 63 percent rate of false identifications and is commonly referenced within online news stories and conspiracy websites . The study was based on an informal workshop during an ABFO meeting , which many members did not consider a valid scientific setting . By the late 2000s , scientists were able to show that it is possible to fabricate DNA evidence , thus `` undermining the credibility of what has been considered the gold standard of proof in criminal cases '' . Litigation science ( edit ) Litigation science describes analysis or data developed or produced expressly for use in a trial versus those produced in the course of independent research . This distinction was made by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals when evaluating the admissibility of experts . This uses demonstrative evidence , which is evidence created in preparation of trial by attorneys or paralegals . Demographics ( edit ) In the United States there are over 14,500 forensic science technicians , as of 2014 . Media impact ( edit ) Real - life crime scene investigators and forensic scientists warn that popular television shows do not give a realistic picture of the work and often wildlly distorting the nature of the work , and exaggerating the ease , speed , effectiveness , drama , glamour , influence and comfort level of their jobs -- which they describe as far more mundane , tedious and boring . Some claim these modern TV shows have changed individuals ' expectations of forensic science , sometimes unrealistically -- an influence termed the `` CSI effect '' . Further , research has suggested that public misperceptions about criminal forensics can create , in the mind of a juror , unrealistic expectations of forensic evidence -- which they expect to see before convicting -- implicitly biasing the juror towards the defendant . Citing the `` CSI Effect , '' at least one researcher has suggested screening jurors for their level of influence from such TV programs Controversies ( edit ) Questions about certain areas of forensic science , such as fingerprint evidence and the assumptions behind these disciplines have been brought to light in some publications including the New York Post . The article stated that `` No one has proved even the basic assumption : That everyone 's fingerprint is unique . '' The article also stated that `` Now such assumptions are being questioned -- and with it may come a radical change in how forensic science is used by police departments and prosecutors . '' Law professor Jessica Gabel said on NOVA that forensic science `` lacks the rigors , the standards , the quality controls and procedures that we find , usually , in science . '' In America , on 25 June 2009 , the Supreme Court issued a 5 - to - 4 decision in Melendez - Diaz v. Massachusetts stating that crime laboratory reports may not be used against criminal defendants at trial unless the analysts responsible for creating them give testimony and subject themselves to cross-examination . The Supreme Court cited the National Academies report Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States in their decision . Writing for the majority , Justice Antonin Scalia referred to the National Research Council report in his assertion that `` Forensic evidence is not uniquely immune from the risk of manipulation . '' In 2009 , scientists indicated that it is possible to fabricate DNA evidence , therefore suggesting it is possible to falsely accuse or acquit a person or persons using forged evidence . In America , another area of forensic science that has come under question in recent years is the lack of laws requiring the accreditation of forensic labs . Some states require accreditation , but some states do not . Because of this , many labs have been caught performing very poor work resulting in false convictions or acquittals . For example , it was discovered after an audit of the Houston Police Department in 2002 that the lab had fabricated evidence which led George Rodriguez being convicted of raping a fourteen - year - old girl . The former director of the lab , when asked , said that the total number of cases that could have been contaminated by improper work could be in the range of 5,000 to 10,000 . This could have been avoided if the lab had been accredited by organizations such as ASCLD / Lab , which require crime labs to undergo rigorous assessments to show that they are able to perform multiple tests accurately . Once they become accredited , they are periodically re-evaluated to ensure that the lab is still functioning at its best . Periodic evaluations of a lab 's performance by an independent organization will help to prevent scandals from occurring in forensic science laboratories . Although forensic science has greatly enhanced the investigator 's ability to solve crimes , it has limitations and must be scrutinized in and out of the courtroom to avoid the occurrence of wrongful convictions . Many studies have discovered a difference in rape related injury reporting based on race , with white victims reporting a higher frequency of injuries than black victims . However , since current forensic examination techniques may not be sensitive to all injuries across a range of skin colors , more research needs to be conducted to understand if this trend is due to skin confounding healthcare providers when examining injuries or if darker skin extends a protective element . In clinical practice , for patients with darker skin , one study recommends that attention must be paid to the thighs , labia majora , posterior fourchette and fossa navicularis , so that no rape related injuries are missed upon close examination . Forensic science and humanitarian work ( edit ) The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) uses forensic science for humanitarian purposes to clarify the fate of missing persons after armed conflict , disasters or migration , and is one of the services related to Restoring Family Links and Missing Persons . Knowing what has happened to a missing relative can often make it easier to proceed with the grieving process and move on with life for families of missing persons . Forensic science is used by various other organizations to clarify the fate and whereabouts of persons who have gone missing . Examples include the NGO Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team , working to clarify the fate of people who disappeared during the period of the 1976 -- 1983 military dictatorship . The International Commission on Missing Persons ( ICMP ) uses forensic science to find missing persons , for example after the conflicts in the Balkans . Recognising the role of forensic science for humanitarian purposes , as well as the importance of forensic investigations in fulfilling the state 's responsibilities to investigate human rights violations , a group of experts in the late - 1980s devised a UN Manual on the Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal , Arbitrary and Summary Executions , which became known as the Minnesota Protocol . This document was revised and re-published by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in 2016 . See also ( edit ) American Academy of Forensic Sciences Archibald Reiss , founder of the first forensic school in the world at the University of Lausanne ( 1909 ) Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences Ballistic fingerprinting Bloodstain pattern analysis Canadian Identification Society Computer forensics Crime Computational forensics Diplomatics ( Forensic paleography ) Edmond Locard , founder of the first forensic laboratory in the world ( 1910 ) Epigenetics in forensic science Fingerprint Footprints Forensic accounting Forensic animation Forensic anthropology Forensic biology Forensic chemistry Forensic economics Forensic engineering Forensic entomology Forensic facial reconstruction Forensic identification Forensic linguistics Forensic materials engineering Forensic photography Forensic polymer engineering Forensic profiling Forensic psychiatry Forensic psychology Forensic seismology Forensic social work Forensic video analysis Glove prints History of forensic photography International Association for Identification Marine forensics Minnesota Protocol Offender profiling Outline of forensic science Questioned document examination Retrospective diagnosis RSID Scenes of Crime Officer Sherlock Holmes Skid mark Trace evidence Profiling ( information science ) Wildlife Forensic Science Wilfrid Derome , founder of the first forensic laboratory in North America ( 1914 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology . 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5897131147937896547	Samwell Tarly	Samwell Tarly - wikipedia Samwell Tarly Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Samwell Tarly A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character John Bradley as Samwell Tarly First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by John Bradley ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases Sam Ser Piggy Lady Piggy Lord of Ham Sam the Slayer Black Sam Gender Male Family House Tarly Significant other ( s ) Gilly ( lover ) Relatives Randyll Tarly ( father ) Melessa Florent ( mother ) Dickon Tarly ( brother ) Talla Tarly ( sister ) Kingdom The Reach Samwell Tarly , called Sam , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sam is the eldest son of Randyll Tarly , from the fictional kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings before being a POV character in the later novels . Sam is portrayed by John Bradley West in the HBO television adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 1.1 Description 1.2 Creation and overview 2 Storylines 2.1 In the books 2.1. 1 A Game of Thrones 2.1. 2 A Clash of Kings 2.1. 3 A Storm of Swords 2.1. 4 A Feast for Crows 2.2 In the show 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 2.2. 3 Season 3 2.2. 4 Season 4 2.2. 5 Season 5 2.2. 6 Season 6 2.2. 7 Season 7 2.3 Family tree of House Tarly 3 TV adaptation 4 References Character ( edit ) Description ( edit ) Samwell Tarly , called Sam , is the elder son of Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill . Ten chapters throughout A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows are told from his point of view . In spite of his self - professed cowardice , Sam is highly intelligent , resourceful , and loyal . Randyll , renowned as one of Westeros ' finest military commanders , tried to groom Sam as a worthy heir when he was young , but Sam 's complete lack of martial abilities and his interest in scholarly pursuits ultimately forced Randyll to raise Sam 's younger brother Dickon to take Sam 's place instead . Randyll refused to let Sam join the Citadel to become a maester , but instead forced him to join the Night 's Watch , implying that he would have Sam killed and his death staged as a hunting accident if he refused . Sam agreed to join the Night 's Watch . Creation and overview ( edit ) Samwell Tarly is a background character in the first two novels of the series , and his actions and thoughts are interpreted by others point of view characters , like Jon Snow . He then becomes a point of view character in the novels , as of third novel , A Storm of Swords . George R.R. Martin has said that the character Samwell Tarly is the closest to himself of all the characters he has written . Asked why , Martin said in a 2014 interview because he 's `` the fat kid who likes to read books and does n't like to go up a lot of stairs . '' Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of the Night 's Watch In the books ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Upon arriving at the Wall , Sam is soon bullied by Ser Alliser Thorne and the fellow recruits for his weight , shyness and clumsiness in training . Jon Snow takes pity on Sam and defends him in arms training . Later on , Sam confesses his life story to Jon , who sympathizes with Sam and secretly uses his influence among the recruits ( making violent threats when necessary ) to protect Sam from harm . When Sam fails to progress in fight training and is not deemed worthy to join the Night 's Watch , Jon persuades Maester Aemon take in Sam as a personal steward assigned to help Aemon in the rookery and library . Sam is the first person to notice something strange about the corpse of rangers Othor and Jafer Flowers ( who are actually wights sent to assassinate Lord Commander Jeor Mormont ) . When Jon tries to abandon the Night 's Watch to join Robb Stark 's army and avenge the death of his father Eddard Stark , Sam alerts their fellow recruits , who catch up to Jon and convince to not break his vows to the Night 's Watch . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Sam takes part in the Great Ranging beyond the Wall , to take care of the ravens as Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's aide . While stopping at Craster 's Keep , Sam befriends one of Craster 's daughter - wives , Gilly . Gilly is pregnant and fears that , if her child is a boy , Craster will sacrifice him to the Others . Sam is horrified , but unable to help . Later , at camp at the Fist of the First Men , Sam and Jon 's direwolf Ghost discover a cache of dragonglass daggers buried underground . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) The Night 's Watch 's camp at the Fist of the First Men comes under attack and is overwhelmed by an army of wights sent by the Others , with Sam one of the survivors who manage to break out . The survivors then flee to Craster 's Keep , but Sam and two other brothers , Small Paul and Grenn , become separated from the group . They are attacked by an Other that kills Paul before Sam stabs it with a dragonglass dagger in desperation , killing it instantly . Sam and Grenn then regroup with the other survivors at Craster 's Keep , where Gilly gives birth to a son . Soon after , a mutiny breaks out , and Mormont and Craster are among those killed in the fight . Sam flees with Gilly and her son , and are accosted by wights before being rescued by a mysterious man , Coldhands , who looks like a wight but is friendly and supposedly a fellow black brother . Coldhands takes them to the Nightfort and asks them to escort Bran Stark and his party through the Wall . Sam and Gilly then encounter a group of black brothers led by Denys Mallister and Bowen Marsh and join them on the march to Castle Black . They arrive to find that Stannis Baratheon has defeated the Wildlings besieging Castle Black . Due to Lord Commander Mormont 's death , the Night 's Watch undergoes an election for a new leader . Mallister and Cotter Pyke are the leading candidates , but Janos Slynt , who Sam thinks will be a disastrous leader , is gaining popularity . When Stannis threatens to appoint a leader himself if the Watch can not decide on a leader within a few days , Sam approaches Mallister and Pyke ( who despise each other ) independently , claiming that Stannis plans to name the other as Lord Commander , and suggesting that they both support Jon as middle - ground candidate instead . Thanks to Sam 's machinations , Jon is elected Lord Commander with overwhelming majority vote . A Feast for Crows ( edit ) Jon sends Sam to Oldtown to become a Maester , accompanied by another brother , Dareon ( who is appointed as a recruiter ) , Maester Aemon ( who Jon fears will be sacrificed by Melisandre for his royal blood ) and Gilly and her baby . During the voyage to Braavos , Gilly grows despondent , and Sam realises that Jon had swapped Gilly 's baby with Mance Rayder 's newborn son lest he be sacrificed as well . Aemon falls ill during the voyage and they are forced to spend their money on a healer and lodging in Braavos . In Braavos , Sam also encounters Arya Stark , though he does not realise her identity . Aemon hears of his great - grandniece Daenerys Targaryen and her dragons , and comes to believe that she fulfills the prophecy of a `` prince that was promised '' , asking them to inform the Citadel . Dareon decides to desert and Sam fights him , before being thrown into a canal . He is rescued by a Summer Islander , Xhondo , who offers Sam and Gilly passage to Oldtown . Aemon ultimately passes away early in the journey , and Sam and Gilly briefly become lovers in their grief . Sam plans to have Gilly sent to Horn Hill , with the baby passed off as Sam 's bastard . Meanwhile , Sam arrives at Oldtown to meet with Archmaester Marwyn , telling him of Aemon 's request . Marwyn resolves to travel to Slaver 's Bay to meet with Daenerys , ordering Sam to keep his story secret from the other maesters . In the show ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Sam is quickly identified as being soft and weak by Castle Black 's master - at - arms Ser Alliser Thorne and suffers in sword - training until Jon Snow convinces the other new recruits to go easy on him . Sam is assigned to the order of stewards , to serve Maester Aemon . When Jon tries to abandon the Night 's Watch , Sam follows with Pyp and Grenn and convinces Jon to remain loyal to the Night 's Watch . Season 2 ( edit ) Sam joins the Night 's Watch in the Great Ranging . Along the journey the party rests at Craster 's Keep , where Sam encounters and falls in love with Craster 's pregnant daughter - wife Gilly . While camping at the Fist of the First Men , Sam discovers a cache of weapons made from dragonglass . While Sam is out collecting dung for fires , the White Walkers march on the Fist of the First Men . Sam is unable to outrun the army of the dead , but for unknown reasons their leader spares Sam . Season 3 ( edit ) Sam and the survivors of the resulting massacre flee back to Craster 's Keep . Sam witnesses Gilly give birth to a baby boy , with Gilly and Sam realising that they must keep the birth secret to stop Craster giving the baby to the White Walkers . A brawl later breaks out among Craster and the Night 's Watch , and Sam flees with Gilly and the baby . They are followed by a White Walker who tries to take the baby , but Sam kills it by stabbing it with a dragonglass dagger . Sam and Gilly pass through the Wall at the Nightfort , where they discover Jon 's half - brother Bran Stark and his party , headed beyond the Wall . Sam is unable to dissuade them to come to Castle Black , but promises not to tell Jon of their destination . Arriving back at Castle Black , Sam warns Aemon of the advancing White Walkers and Aemon has Sam send the warning throughout the Seven Kingdoms . Later , Jon returns to Castle Black , gravely wounded and disguised as a Wildling . Sam recognises Jon and orders him to be attended to . Season 4 ( edit ) Sam reveals to Jon that Bran is alive and headed beyond the Wall . Sam decides to send Gilly to Mole 's Town to work as a maid in the brothel , as he fears for her safety at Castle Black . Mole 's Town is attacked by the Wildlings , who slaughter the entire populace of the town ; Sam is distraught , unaware that Gilly and her baby had been spared by Ygritte . Gilly later makes it to Castle Black moments before the Wildlings attack . Sam participates in the battle , and manages to kill the Thenn Warg . Season 5 ( edit ) When the Night 's Watch convenes to choose their new Lord Commander , Sam speaks up to nominate Jon , who is ultimately elected . Sam spends his time researching the weaknesses of the White Walkers and tending to a dying Maester Aemon , and comforts Aemon in his final moments as he dies of old age . Later , Sam is beaten while defending Gilly from two black brothers who attempt to rape her , but they are saved by Jon 's direwolf Ghost . Gilly tends to his wounds , and the two finally consummate their relationship . After Jon returns from Hardhome , Sam entreats Jon to send him to the Citadel in Oldtown in order to train as a Maester , while also taking Gilly and her baby to safety . Season 6 ( edit ) As women are banned from the Citadel , Sam intends to leave Gilly and Little Sam at the Tarly seat of Horn Hill , though he warns Gilly to hide her Wildling heritage due to his father 's bigotry towards the Wildlings . At dinner with the members of House Tarly , Randyll insults Sam 's lack of fighting prowess . Gilly defends Sam by revealing that he killed a White Walker , in doing so accidentally revealing that she is a Wildling . Though disgusted , Randyll acquiesces to Gilly staying at Horn Hill as a servant , but forbids Sam from ever returning to Horn Hill . Sam decides to take Gilly and Little Sam with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's Valyrian steel sword Heartsbane . They travel on to Oldtown , where Sam is scheduled to explain events at Castle Black to the Archmaester . While he waits , Sam is permitted to peruse the Citadel 's library , and is awestruck by the library 's expanse . Season 7 ( edit ) Sam 's early days in Oldtown are frustrating , as he is assigned to menial tasks in the Citadel . The only person who believes his account of the White Walkers ' return is Archmaester Ebrose ; however , Ebrose refuses to let Sam access forbidden textbooks to learn more about the White Walkers , as he does not consider them a threat serious enough to break with protocol . Sam steals a key to take the books back to his and Gilly 's quarters . He discovers the location of a large deposit of dragonglass in a map of Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon ( now King in the North ) of its existence . Sam encounters Jeor 's son Jorah , who is infected by the terminal disease greyscale . Sam discovers a cure for greyscale in an old medical text . Although Ebrose forbids him from attempting it , Sam treats Jorah anyway , out of gratitude for Jeor 's saving his life . Sam is successful in curing Jorah , who is discharged from the Citadel . Ebrose is grudgingly impressed , but reassigns Sam to transcribe papers in danger of decomposing . Sam overhears Ebrose and several other maesters discussing a warning sent by Bran about the White Walkers ' march on the Wall , and is dismayed when the maesters are skeptical . While transcribing the papers in his quarters , Gilly discovers from a recently - deceased High Septon 's journal that Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage to Elia Martell annulled and married another woman ( Lyanna Stark ) in secret , but Sam does not realize the significance of this information due to Gilly having mispronounced Rhaegar as ' Ragger ' . Annoyed at being unable to help in the battle against the White Walkers from the Citadel , Sam steals scrolls pertaining to the White Walkers and leaves Oldtown with Gilly and Little Sam . Sam and his family arrive at Winterfell in the season finale , where Sam is reunited with Bran . When Bran tells Sam that Jon is actually the bastard son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , Sam is reminded of the record detailing Rhaegar receiving an annulment to marry another woman and tells Bran of his discovery . Bran then uses his greenseeing abilities to witness the wedding , and deduces that Jon is a trueborn Targaryen and the actual heir to the Iron Throne . Family tree of House Tarly ( edit ) Randyll Melessa Florent Samwell Talla Daughter Daughter Dickon Eleanor Mooton Tv adaptation ( edit ) John Bradley West plays the role of Samwell Tarly in the television series . Samwell Tarly is played by John Bradley in the television adaption of the series of books . Samwell Tarly appeared for the first time in the fourth episode of first season , as new recruit of the Night 's Watch and a self - described coward . It was John Bradley 's first professional appearance after graduating from the Manchester Metropolitan School of Theatre . The scene used in the auditions belonged to `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things , '' with Sam explaining to Jon how his father forced him to take the black . According to author and executive producer George R.R. Martin , Bradley delivered `` a heartbreaking performance . '' When asked which character he personally would be on the show , Martin said of Samwell Tarly , `` I love Sam , too . He 's a great character - Tyrion might be who I want to be , but Sam is probably closer to who I actually am . The fat kid who likes to read books and does n't like to go up a lot of stairs . '' Remarking on the character 's sex life with Gilly : I think Sam would just happily accept more of the same . He 's not one of the people that tries to inject exotica into his sex life , - Sam thinks about sex the way that most people think about space . It goes on . He has nothing to do with it . He 's fascinated by it in a childlike way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Samwell Tarly played by John Bradley '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Storm of Swords , Part 10 '' . Tor.com . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Matthew T. ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` If George R.R. Martin were in ' Game of Thrones , ' this is how he 'd die '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : John Bradley on Sam '' . Buzzfeed . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' John Bradley on the Evolution of Samwell Tarly '' . New York . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : John Bradley on the `` Success Story '' of Samwell Tarly `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Two For the Watch '' . Not a Blog . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' John Bradley on Samwell Tarly 's Sex Life '' . Time . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samwell_Tarly&oldid=817936977 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional lords and ladies Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 12 : 44 . 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-7941045851702730027	Dissection	Dissection - wikipedia Dissection Not to be confused with Bisection . This article is about the biological examination process . For other uses , see Dissection ( disambiguation ) . Dissection Dissection of a pregnant rat in a biology class Ginkgo seed in dissection , showing embryo and gametophyte . Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Dissection ( from Latin dissecare `` to cut to pieces '' ; also called anatomization ) is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure . Autopsy is used in pathology and forensic medicine to determine the cause of death in humans . It is carried out by or demonstrated to biology and anatomy students in high school and medical school . Less advanced courses typically focus on smaller subjects , such as small formaldehyde - preserved animals , while the more advanced courses normally use cadavers . Consequently , dissection is typically conducted in a morgue or in an anatomy lab . Dissection has been used for centuries to explore anatomy . Objections to the use of cadavers have led to the use of alternatives including virtual dissection of computer models . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Classical antiquity 2.2 India 2.3 Islamic world 2.4 Tibet 2.5 Christian Europe 2.6 Britain 2.7 United States 3 Acquisition of cadavers 4 Disposal of specimens 5 Use in education 6 Alternatives 7 Advantages and disadvantages 8 Additional images 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Plant and animal bodies are dissected to analyze the structure and function of its components . Dissection is practised by students in courses of biology , botany , zoology , and veterinary science , and sometimes in arts studies . In medical schools , students dissect human cadavers to learn anatomy . Dissection is used to help to determine the cause of death in autopsy ( called necropsy in other animals ) and is an intrinsic part of forensic medicine . A key principle in the dissection of human cadavers is the prevention of human disease to the dissector . Prevention of transmission includes the wearing of protective gear , ensuring the environment is clean , dissection technique and pre-dissection tests to specimens for the presence of HIV and Hepatitis viruses . Specimens are dissected in morgues or anatomy labs . When provided , they are evaluated for use as a `` fresh '' or `` prepared '' specimen . A `` fresh '' specimen may be dissected within some days , retaining the characteristics of a living specimen , for the purposes of training . A `` prepared '' specimen may be preserved in solutions such as formalin and pre-dissected by an experienced anatomist , sometimes with the help of a diener . This preparation is sometimes called prosection . Dissection tools . Left to right : scalpels with No. 20 and No. 12 blades , two forceps and scissors Most dissection involves the careful isolation and removal of individual organs , called the Virchow technique . An alternative more cumbersome technique involves the removal of the entire organ body , called the Letulle technique . This technique allows a body to be sent to a funeral director without waiting for the sometimes time - consuming dissection of individual organs . The Rokitansky method involves an in situ dissection of the organ block , and the technique of Ghon involves dissection of three separate blocks of organs - the thorax and cervical areas , gastrointestinal and abdominal organs , and urogenital organs . Dissection of individual organs involves accessing the area in which the organ is situated , and systematically removing the anatomical connections of that organ to its surroundings . For example , when removing the heart , connects such as the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava are separated . If pathological connections exist , such as a fibrous pericardium , then this may be deliberately dissected along with the organ . History ( edit ) Galen ( 129 -- c. 200 AD ) , Opera omnia , dissection of a pig . Engraving made in Venice , 1565 Classical antiquity ( edit ) Human dissections were carried out by the Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC . During this period , the first exploration into full human anatomy was performed rather than a base knowledge gained from ' problem - solution ' delving . Before and after this time investigators appeared to largely limit themselves to animals . While there was a deep taboo within the Greek culture concerning human dissection , there was a strong push by the government to build Greece into a hub of medical insight . For a time , Roman law forbade dissection and autopsy of the human body , so physicians had to use other cadavers . Galen , for example , dissected the Barbary macaque and other primates , assuming their anatomy was basically the same as that of humans . India ( edit ) The Ayurvedic Man. , c. 18th century The ancient societies that were rooted in India left behind artwork on how to kill animals during a hunt . The images showing how to kill most effectively depending on the game being hunted relay an intimate knowledge of both external and internal anatomy as well as the relative importance of organs . The knowledge was mostly gained through hunters preparing the recently captured prey . Once the roaming lifestyle was no longer necessary it was replaced in part by the civilization that formed in the Indus Valley . Unfortunately , there is little that remains from this time to indicate whether or not dissection occurred , the civilization was lost to the Aryan people invading . Early in the history of India ( 2nd to 3rd century ) , the Arthashastra described the 4 ways that death can occur and their symptoms : drowning , hanging , strangling , or asphyxiation . According to that source , an autopsy should be performed in any case of untimely demise . The practice of dissection flourished during the 7th and 8th century . It was under their rule that medical education was standardized . This created a need to better understand human anatomy , so as to have educated surgeons . Dissection was limited by the religious taboo on cutting the human body . This changed the approach taken to accomplish the goal . The process involved the loosening of the tissues in streams of water before the outer layers were sloughed off with soft implements to reach the musculature . To perfect the technique of slicing , the prospective students used gourds and squash . These techniques of dissection gave rise to an advanced understanding of the anatomy and the enabled them to complete procedures used today , such as rhinoplasty . During medieval times the anatomical teachings from India spread throughout the known world however the practice of dissection was stunted by Islam . The practice of dissection at a university level was not seen again until 1827 , when it was performed by the student Pandit Madhusudan Gupta . Through the 1900s , the University teachers had to continually push against the social taboos of dissection , until around 1850 when the universities decided that it was more cost effective to train Indian doctors than bring them in from Britain . Indian medical schools were , however , training female doctors well before those in England . The current state of dissection in India is deteriorating . The number of hours spent in dissection labs during medical school has decreased substantially over the last twenty years . The future of anatomy education will probably be an elegant mix of traditional methods and integrative computer learning . The use of dissection in early stages of medical training has been shown more effective in the retention of the intended information than their simulated counterparts . However , there is use for the computer - generated experience as review in the later stages . The combination of these methods are intended to strengthen the students understanding and confidence of anatomy , a subject that is infamously difficult to master . There is a growing need for anatomist -- seeing as most anatomy labs are taught by graduates hoping to complete degrees in anatomy -- to continue the long tradition of anatomy education . Islamic world ( edit ) Page from a 1531 Latin translation by Peter Argellata of Al - Zahrawi 's c. 1000 treatise on surgical and medical instruments From the beginning of the Islamic faith in 610 A.D. , Shari'ah law has applied to a greater or lesser extent within Muslim countries , supported by Islamic scholars such as Al - Ghazali . Islamic physicians such as Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) ( 1091 -- 1161 ) in Al - Andalus , Saladin 's physician Ibn Jumay during the 12th century , Abd el - Latif in Egypt c. 1200 , and Ibn al - Nafis in Syria and Egypt in the 13th century may have practiced dissection , but it remains ambiguous whether or not human dissection was practiced . Ibn al - Nafis , a physician and Muslim jurist , suggested that the `` precepts of Islamic law have discouraged us from the practice of dissection , along with whatever compassion is in our temperament '' , indicating that while there was no law against it , it was nevertheless uncommon . Islam dictates that the body be buried as soon as possible , barring religious holidays , and that there be no other means of disposal such as cremation . Prior to the 10th century , dissection was not performed on human cadavers . The book Al - Tasrif , written by Al - Zahrawi in 1000 A.D. , details surgical procedure that differed from the previous standards . The book was an educational text of medicine and surgery which included detailed illustrations . It was later translated and took the place of Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine as the primary teaching tool in Europe from the 12th century to the 17th century . There were some that were willing to dissect humans up to the 12th century , for the sake of learning , after which it was forbidden . This attitude remained constant until 1952 , when the Islamic School of Jurisprudence in Egypt ruled that `` necessity permits the forbidden '' . This decision allowed for the investigation of questionable deaths by autopsy . In 1982 , the decision was made by a fatwa that if it serves justice , autopsy is worth the disadvantages . Though Islam now approves of autopsy , the Islamic public still disapproves . Autopsy is prevalent in most Muslim countries for medical and judicial purposes . In Egypt it holds an important place within the judicial structure , and is taught at all the country 's medical universities . In Saudi Arabia , whose law is completely dictated by Shari'ah , autopsy is viewed poorly by the population but can be compelled in criminal cases ; human dissection is sometimes found at university level . Autopsy is performed for judicial purposes in Qatar and Tunisia . Human dissection is present in the modern day Islamic world , but is rarely published on due to the religious and social stigma . Tibet ( edit ) See also : Tree of physiology Tibetan medicine developed a rather sophisticated knowledge of anatomy , acquired from long - standing experience with human dissection . Tibetans had adopted the practice of sky burial because of the country 's hard ground , frozen for most of the year , and the lack of wood for cremation . A sky burial begins with a ritual dissection of the deceased , and is followed by the feeding of the parts to vultures on the hill tops . Over time , Tibetan anatomical knowledge found its way into Ayurveda and to a lesser extent into Chinese medicine . Christian Europe ( edit ) A dissection in Realdo Colombo 's De Re Anatomica , 1559 Throughout the history of Christian Europe , the dissection of human cadavers for medical education has experienced various cycles of legalization and proscription in different countries . Dissection was rare during the Middle Ages , but it was practised , with evidence from at least as early as the 13th century . The practice of autopsy in Medieval Western Europe is `` very poorly known '' as few surgical texts or conserved human dissections have survived . A modern Jesuit scholar has claimed that the Christian theology contributed significantly to the revival of human dissection and autopsy by providing a new socio - religious and cultural context in which the human cadaver was no longer seen as sacrosanct . An edict of the 1163 Council of Tours , and an early 14th - century decree of Pope Boniface VIII have mistakenly been identified as prohibiting dissection and autopsy , misunderstanding or extrapolation from these edicts may have contributed to reluctance to perform such procedures . The Middle Ages witnessed the revival of an interest in medical studies , including human dissection and autopsy . Mondino de Luzzi 's Anathomia , 1541 Frederick II ( 1194 - 1250 ) , the Holy Roman emperor , ruled that any that were studying to be a physician or a surgeon must attend a human dissection , which would be held no less than every five years . Some European countries began legalizing the dissection of executed criminals for educational purposes in the late 13th and early 14th centuries . Mondino de Luzzi carried out the first recorded public dissection around 1315 . At this time , autopsies were carried out by a team consisting of a Lector , who lectured , the Sector , who did the dissection , and the Ostensor who pointed to features of interest . The Italian Galeazzo di Santa Sofia made the first public dissection north of the Alps in Vienna in 1404 . Vesalius with a dissected cadaver in his De humani corporis fabrica , 1543 Vesalius in the 16th century carried out numerous dissections in his extensive anatomical investigations . He was attacked frequently for his disagreement with Galen 's opinions on human anatomy . Vesalius was the first to lecture and dissect the cadaver simultaneously . The Catholic Church is known to have ordered an autopsy on conjoined twins Joana and Melchiora Ballestero in Hispaniola in 1533 to determine whether they shared a soul . They found that there were two distinct hearts , and hence two souls , based on the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles , who believed the soul resided in the heart . Renaissance artists such as Antonio del Pollaiolo studied anatomy to improve their artwork , as seen in this figurine of Hercules , 1470 Human dissection was also practised by Renaissance artists . Though most chose to focus on the external surfaces of the body , some like Michelangelo Buonarotti , Antonio del Pollaiolo , Baccio Bandinelli , and Leonardo da Vinci sought a deeper understanding . However , there were no provisions for artists to obtain cadavers , so they had to resort to unauthorised means , as indeed anatomists sometimes did , such as grave robbing , body snatching , and murder . Anatomization was sometimes ordered as a form of punishment , as , for example , in 1806 to James Halligan and Dominic Daley after their public hanging in Northampton , Massachusetts . In modern Europe , dissection is routinely practised in biological research and education , in medical schools , and to determine the cause of death in autopsy . It is generally considered a necessary part of learning and is thus accepted culturally . It sometimes attracts controversy , as when Odense Zoo decided to dissect lion cadavers in public before a `` self - selected audience '' . Britain ( edit ) Body snatching headstone of an 1823 grave in Stirling In Britain , dissection remained entirely prohibited from the end of the Roman conquest and through the Middle Ages through the 16th century , when a series of royal edicts gave specific groups of physicians and surgeons some limited rights to dissect cadavers . The permission was quite limited : by the mid-18th century , the Royal College of Physicians and Company of Barber - Surgeons were the only two groups permitted to carry out dissections , and had an annual quota of ten cadavers between them . As a result of pressure from anatomists , especially in the rapidly growing medical schools , the Murder Act 1752 allowed the bodies of executed murderers to be dissected for anatomical research and education . By the 19th century this supply of cadavers proved insufficient , as the public medical schools were growing , and the private medical schools lacked legal access to cadavers . A thriving black market arose in cadavers and body parts , leading to the creation of the profession of body snatching , and the infamous Burke and Hare murders in 1828 , when 16 people were murdered for their cadavers , to be sold to anatomists . The resulting public outcry led to the passage of the Anatomy Act 1832 , which increased the legal supply of cadavers for dissection . By the 21st century , the availability of interactive computer programs and changing public sentiment led to renewed debate on the use of cadavers in medical education . The Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry in the UK , founded in 2000 , became the first modern medical school to carry out its anatomy education without dissection . United States ( edit ) A teenage school pupil dissecting an eye In the United States , dissection of frogs became common in college biology classes from the 1920 's , and were gradually introduced at earlier stages of education . By 1988 , some 75 to 80 percent of American high school biology students were participating in a frog dissection , with a trend towards introduction in elementary schools . The frogs are most commonly from the genus Rana . Other popular animals for high - school dissection at the time of that survey were , among vertebrates , fetal pigs , perch , and cats ; and among invertebrates , earthworms , grasshoppers , crayfish , and starfish . About six million animals are ( 2016 ) dissected each year in United States high schools , not counting medical training and research . Most of these are purchased already dead from slaughterhouses and farms . Dissection in U.S. high schools became prominent in 1987 , when a California student , Jenifer Graham , sued to require her school to let her complete an alternative project . The court ruled that mandatory dissections were permissible , but that Graham could ask to dissect a frog that had died of natural causes rather than one that was killed for the purposes of dissection ; the practical impossibility of procuring a frog that had died of natural causes in effect let Graham opt out of the required dissection . The suit gave publicity to anti-dissection advocates . Graham appeared in a 1987 Apple Computer commercial for the virtual - dissection software Operation Frog . The state of California passed a Student 's Rights Bill in 1988 requiring that objecting students be allowed to complete alternative projects . Opting out of dissection increased through the 1990s . In the United States , 17 states along with Washington , D.C. have enacted dissection - choice laws or policies that allow students in primary and secondary education to opt out of dissection . Other states including Arizona , Hawaii , Minnesota , Texas , and Utah have more general policies on opting out on moral , religious , or ethical grounds . As for the dissection of cadavers in undergraduate and medical school , traditional dissection is supported by professors and students , with some opposition , limiting the availability of dissection . Upper level students who have experienced this method along with their professors agree that `` Studying human anatomy with colorful charts is one thing . Using a scalpel and an actual , recently - living person is an entirely different matter . '' Acquisition of cadavers ( edit ) The way in which cadaveric specimens are obtained differs greatly according to country . In the UK , donation of a cadaver is wholly voluntary . Involuntary donation plays a role in about 20 percent of specimens in the US and almost all specimens donated in some countries such as South Africa and Zimbabwe . Countries that practice involuntary donation may make available the bodies of dead criminals or unclaimed or unidentified bodies for the purposes of dissection . Such practices may lead to a greater proportion of the poor , homeless and social outcasts being involuntarily donated . Cadavers donated in one jurisdiction may also be used for the purposes of dissection in another , whether across states in the US , or imported from other countries , such as with Libya . As an example of how a cadaver is donated voluntarily , a funeral home in conjunction with a voluntary donation program identifies a body who is part of the program . After broaching the subject with relatives in a diplomatic fashion , the body is then transported to a registered facility . The body is tested for the presence of HIV and Hepatitis viruses . It is then evaluated for use as a `` fresh '' or `` prepared '' specimen . Disposal of specimens ( edit ) Cadaveric specimens for dissection are , in general , disposed of by cremation . The deceased may then be interred at a local cemetery . If the family wishes , the ashes of the deceased are then returned to the family . Many institutes have local policies to engage , support and celebrate the donors . This may include the setting up of local monuments at the cemetery . Use in education ( edit ) Human cadavers are often used in medicine to teach anatomy or surgical instruction . Cadavers are selected according to their anatomy and availability . They may be used as part of dissection courses involving a `` fresh '' specimen so as to be as realistic as possible -- for example , when training surgeons . Cadavers may also be pre-dissected by trained instructors . This form of dissection involves the preparation and preservation of specimens for a longer time period and is generally used for the teaching of anatomy . Alternatives ( edit ) Some alternatives to dissection may present educational advantages over the use of animal cadavers , while eliminating the problematic ethical issues . These alternatives include computer programs , lectures , three dimensional models , films , and other forms of technology . Concern for animal welfare is often at the root of objections to animal dissection . Studies show that some students reluctantly participate in animal dissection out of fear of real or perceived punishment or ostracism from their teachers and peers , and many do not speak up about their ethical objections . One alternative to the use of cadavers is computer technology . At Stanford Medical School , software combines X-ray , ultrasound and MRI imaging for display on a screen as large as a body on a table . In a variant of this , a `` virtual anatomy '' approach being developed at New York University , students wear three dimensional glasses and can use a pointing device to `` ( swoop ) through the virtual body , its sections as brightly colored as living tissue . '' This method is claimed to be `` as dynamic as Imax ( cinema ) '' . Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Proponents of animal - free teaching methodologies argue that alternatives to animal dissection can benefit educators by increasing teaching efficiency and lowering instruction costs while affording teachers an enhanced potential for the customization and repeat - ability of teaching exercises . Those in favor of dissection alternatives point to studies which have shown that computer - based teaching methods `` saved academic and nonacademic staff time ... were considered to be less expensive and an effective and enjoyable mode of student learning ( and ) ... contributed to a significant reduction in animal use '' because there is no set - up or clean - up time , no obligatory safety lessons , and no monitoring of misbehavior with animal cadavers , scissors , and scalpels . With software and other non-animal methods , there is also no expensive disposal of equipment or hazardous material removal . Some programs also allow educators to customize lessons and include built - in test and quiz modules that can track student performance . Furthermore , animals ( whether dead or alive ) can be used only once , while non-animal resources can be used for many years -- an added benefit that could result in significant cost savings for teachers , school districts , and state educational systems . Several peer - reviewed comparative studies examining information retention and performance of students who dissected animals and those who used an alternative instruction method have concluded that the educational outcomes of students who are taught basic and advanced biomedical concepts and skills using non-animal methods are equivalent or superior to those of their peers who use animal - based laboratories such as animal dissection . Elsewhere it has been reported that students ' confidence and satisfaction increased as did their preparedness for laboratories and their information - retrieval and communication abilities . Three separate studies at universities across the United States found that students who modeled body systems out of clay were significantly better at identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy than their classmates who performed animal dissection . Another study found that students preferred using clay modeling over animal dissection and performed just as well as their cohorts who dissected animals . In 2008 , the National Association of Biology Teachers ( NABT ) affirmed its support for classroom animal dissection stating that they `` Encourage the presence of live animals in the classroom with appropriate consideration to the age and maturity level of the students ... NABT urges teachers to be aware that alternatives to dissection have their limitations . NABT supports the use of these materials as adjuncts to the educational process but not as exclusive replacements for the use of actual organisms . '' The National Science Teachers Association ( NSTA ) `` supports including live animals as part of instruction in the K - 12 science classroom because observing and working with animals firsthand can spark students ' interest in science as well as a general respect for life while reinforcing key concepts '' of biological sciences . NSTA also supports offering dissection alternatives to students who object to the practice . The NORINA database lists over 3,000 products which may be used as alternatives or supplements to animal use in education and training . These include alternatives to dissection in schools . InterNICHE has a similar database and a loans system . Additional images ( edit ) Dissection of a human cheek from Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Dissection of a spiny dogfish Dissection of human axilla Human abdomen and thorax Cow brain prepared for dissection GCSE dissection Technique of dissection and glycerination in Bovine articulation ( tarsus ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It must be noted , however , that the pope did not forbid anatomical dissections but only the dissections performed with the purpose of preserving the bodies for distant burial '' Jump up ^ California , Connecticut , D.C. , Florida , Illinois , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Virginia all have statewide laws or department of education policies that allow students to opt out . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLachlan , John C. ; Patten , Debra ( 17 February 2006 ) . `` Anatomy teaching : ghosts of the past , present and future '' . Medical Education . 40 : 243 -- 253 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2929.2006. 02401. x . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Autopsy '' . Australian Museum . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 . Principles of Dissection '' . Handbook of Autopsy Practice - Springer . pp. 11 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 127 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Hugh J. ; Paige , John T. ; Bok , Leonard ( 2012 - 07 - 12 ) . Simulation in Radiology . OUP USA . pp. 15 -- 20 . ISBN 9780199764624 . Jump up ^ `` prosect - definition of prosect in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Andrew J. ; Finkbeiner , Walter E. ; Ursell , Philip C. ; Davis , Richard L. ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) . Autopsy Pathology : A Manual and Atlas . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 9780323287807 . Jump up ^ von Staden , Heinrich ( 1992 ) . `` The discovery of the body : Human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece '' . The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 65 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 241 . PMC 2589595 . PMID 1285450 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Sanjib Kumar ( 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Human cadaveric dissection : a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era '' . Anatomy & Cell Biology . 48 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 169 . doi : 10.5115 / acb. 2015.48. 3.153 . ISSN 2093 - 3665 . PMC 4582158 . PMID 26417475 . ^ Jump up to : P Prioreschi , ' Determinants of the revival of dissection of the human body in the Middle Ages ' , Medical Hypotheses ( 2001 ) 56 ( 2 ) , 229 -- 234 Jump up ^ `` Tragically , the prohibition of human dissection by Rome in 150 BC arrested this progress and few of their findings survived . '' Arthur Aufderheide , The Scientific Study of Mummies ( 2003 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian , ' The Unknown Galen ' , ( 2002 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Von Staden , Heinrich , Herophilus ( 1989 ) , p. 140 Jump up ^ Lutgendorf , Philip , Hanuman 's Tale : The Messages of a Divine Monkey ( 2007 ) , p. 348 ^ Jump up to : Jacob , Tony ( 2013 ) . `` History of teaching anatomy in India : from ancient to modern times '' . Anatomical Sciences Education . 6 ( 5 ) : 351 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / ase. 1359 . PMID 23495119 . ^ Jump up to : Mathiharan , Karunakaran ( September 2005 ) . `` Origin and Development of Forensic Medicine in India '' . The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 26 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 260 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. paf. 0000163839.24718. b8 . ^ Jump up to : Mohammed , Madadin ; Kharoshah , Magdy ( 2014 ) . `` Autopsy in Islam and current practice in Arab Muslim countries '' . Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine . ^ Jump up to : Savage - Smith , Emilie ( 1995 ) . `` Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam '' . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . 50 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 110 . doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / 50.1. 67 . PMID 7876530 . Jump up ^ Ibn Zuhr and the Progress of Surgery , http://muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-zuhr-and-progress-surgery Jump up ^ Emilie Savage - Smith ( 1996 ) , `` Medicine '' , in Roshdi Rashed , ed. , Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science , Vol. 3 , pp. 903 -- 962 ( 951 -- 952 ) . Routledge , London and New York . Jump up ^ Al - Dabbagh , S.A. ( 1978 ) . `` Ibn Al - Nafis and the pulmonary circulation '' . The Lancet . 1 : 1148 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 78 ) 90318 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hajar A Hajar Albinali ( 2004 ) . `` Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs , Part II : Blood - letting '' . Heart Views. 5 ( 2 ) : 74 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Chavoushi , Seyed Hadi ; Ghabili , Kamyar ; Kazemi , Abdolhassan ; Aslanabadi , Arash ; Babapour , Sarah ; Ahmedli , Rafail ; Golzari , Samad E.J. ( August 2012 ) . `` Surgery for Gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age : Al - Tasrif of Al - Zahrawi ( 936 - 1013 AD ) '' . International Scholarly Research Network . 2012 : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.5402 / 2012 / 934965 . Jump up ^ Wujastyk , Dominik ( 2001 ) . The Roots of Ayurveda . Penguin Classics . Jump up ^ Strober , Deborah Hart ; Strober , Gerald S. ( 2005 ) . His Holiness the Dalai Lama : The Oral Biography . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0471680017 . Jump up ^ Svoboda , Robert E. ( 1996 ) . Tao and Dharma : Chinese Medicine and Ayurveda . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Classen , Albrecht ( 2016 ) . Death in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times : The Material and Spiritual Conditions of the Culture of Death . Walter de Gruyter . p. 388 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 043697 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` In the 13th century , the realisation that human anatomy could best be taught by dissection of the human body resulted in its legalisation of publicly dissecting criminals in some European countries between 1283 and 1365 '' - this was , however , still contrary to the edicts of the Church . Philip Cheung `` Public Trust in Medical Research ? '' ( 2007 ) , page 36 Jump up ^ `` Indeed , very early in the thirteenth century , a religious official , namely , Pope Innocent III ( 1198 - 1216 ) , ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious '' . Toby Huff , The Rise Of Modern Science ( 2003 ) , page 195 Jump up ^ Philippe Charlier , Isabelle Huynh - Charlier , Joël Poupon , Eloïse Lancelot , Paula F. Campos , Dominique Favier , Gaël - François Jeannel , Maurizio Rippa Bonati , Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison , Christian Hervé ( May 2014 ) . `` A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection ( Western Europe , 13th c . A.D. ) '' . Archives of Medical Science . 10 ( 2 ) : 366 -- 373 . doi : 10.5114 / aoms. 2013.33331 . PMC 4042035 . PMID 24904674 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ' While during this period the Church did not forbid human dissections in general , certain edicts were directed at specific practices . These included the Ecclesia Abhorret a Sanguine in 1163 by the Council of Tours and Pope Boniface VIII 's command to terminate the practice of dismemberment of slain crusaders ' bodies and boiling the parts to enable defleshing for return of their bones . Such proclamations were commonly misunderstood as a ban on all dissection of either living persons or cadavers ( Rogers & Waldron , 1986 ) , and progress in anatomical knowledge by human dissection did not thrive in that intellectual climate ' , Arthur Aufderheide , The Scientific Study of Mummies ( 2003 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Current scholarship reveals that Europeans had considerable knowledge of human anatomy , not just that based on Galen and his animal dissections . For the Europeans had performed significant numbers of human dissections , especially postmortem autopsies during this era '' , `` Many of the autopsies were conducted to determine whether or not the deceased had died of natural causes ( disease ) or whether there had been foul play , poisoning , or physical assault . Indeed , very early in the thirteenth century , a religious official , namely , Pope Innocent III ( 1198 -- 1216 ) , ordered the postmortem autopsy of a person whose death was suspicious '' , Toby Huff , The Rise Of Modern Science ( 2003 ) , p. 195 Jump up ^ Wolfgang Regal ; Michael Nanut ( December 13 , 2007 ) . Vienna -- A Doctor 's Guide : 15 walking tours through Vienna 's medical history . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 48952 - 9 . Jump up ^ See C.D. O'Malley Andreas Vesalius ' Pilgrimage , Isis 45 : 2 , 1954 Jump up ^ Freedman , David H. ( September 2012 ) . `` 20 Things you did n't know about autopsies '' . Discovery . 9 : 72 . Jump up ^ Brown , Richard D. ( June 2011 ) . `` '' Tried , Convicted , and Condemned , in Almost Every Bar - room and Barber 's Shop `` : Anti-Irish Prejudice in the Trial of Dominic Daley and James Halligan , Northampton , Massachusetts , 1806 '' . The New England Quarterly . 84 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 233 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00087 . Jump up ^ `` Odense Zoo animal dissections : EAZA response '' . European Association of Zoos and Aquaria . Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animals used for scientific purposes '' . European Union . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheung , pp. 37 -- 44 Jump up ^ Cheung , pp. 33 , 35 Jump up ^ Orlans , F. Barbara ; Beauchamp , Tom L. ; Dresser , Rebecca ; Morton , David B. ; Gluck , John P. ( 1998 ) . The Human Use of Animals . Oxford University Press . p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511908 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Dissection '' . American Anti-Vivisection Society . American Anti-Vivisection Society . 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Howard Rosenberg : Apple Computer 's ' Frog ' Ad Is Taken Off the Air . LA Times , November 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ F. Barbara Orlans ; Tom L. Beauchamp ; Rebecca Dresser ; David B. Morton ; John P. Gluck ( 1998 ) . The Human Use of Animals . Oxford University Press . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511908 - 8 . Jump up ^ Orlans et al. , pp. 209 -- 211 Jump up ^ Johnson , Dirk ( May 29 , 1997 ) . `` Frogs ' Best Friends : Students Who Wo n't Dissect Them '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your Right Not to Dissect '' . PETA2.com . PETA2 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jenner , Andrew ( 2012 ) . `` EMU News '' . EMU 's Cadaver Dissection Gives Pre-Med Students Big Advantage . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gangata , Hope ; Ntaba , Phatheka ; Akol , Princess ; Louw , Graham ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) . `` The reliance on unclaimed cadavers for anatomical teaching by medical schools in Africa '' . Anatomical Sciences Education . 3 ( 4 ) : 174 -- 183 . doi : 10.1002 / ase. 157 . ISSN 1935 - 9780 . PMID 20544835 . Jump up ^ Balcombe , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Dissection : The Scientific Case for Alternatives '' . Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stainsstreet , M ; Spofforth , N ; Williams , T ( 1993 ) . `` Attitudes of undergraduat students to the uses of animals '' . Studies in Higher Education ( 18 ( 2 ) ) : 177 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Oakley , J ( 2012 ) . `` Dissection and choice in the science classroom : student experiences , teacher responses , and a critical analysis of the right to refuse '' . Journal of Teaching and Learning ( 8 ( 2 ) ) . Jump up ^ Oakley , J ( 2013 ) . `` '' I did n't feel right about animal dissection `` : Dissection objectors share their science class experiences '' . Society & Animals ( 21 ( 1 ) ) . Jump up ^ White , Tracie ( 2011 ) . `` Body image : Computerized table lets students do virtual dissection '' . Stanford Medicine : News Center . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Natasha ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` The Virtual Anatomy , Ready for Dissection '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dewhurt , D ; Jenkinson , L ( 1995 ) . `` The impact of computer - based alternatives on the use of animals in undergraduate teaching : A pilot study '' . ATLA ( 23 ( 4 ) ) : 521 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Predavec , M ( 2001 ) . `` Evaluation of E-Rat , a computer - based rat dissection , in terms of student learning outcomes '' . Journal of Biological Education . 35 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 80 . doi : 10.1080 / 00219266.2000. 9655746 . Jump up ^ Youngblut , C ( 2001 ) . `` Use of multimedia technology to provide solutions to existing curriculum problems : Virtual frog dissection '' . Doctoral Dissertation . Jump up ^ Patronek , G.J. ; Rauch , A ( 2007 ) . `` Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to the harmful use of animals in biomedical education '' . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . 230 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 43 . doi : 10.2460 / javma. 230.1. 37 . PMID 17199490 . Jump up ^ Knight , A ( 2007 ) . `` The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education '' . ALTEX. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 . Jump up ^ Waters , J.R. ; Van Meter , P ; Perrotti , W ; Drogo , S ; Cyr , R.J ( 2005 ) . `` Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay : An analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 29 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 34 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00033.2004 . Jump up ^ Motoike , H.K. ; O'Kane , R.L. ; Lenchner , E ; Haspel , C ( 2009 ) . `` Clay modeling as a method to learn human muscles : A community college study '' . Anatomical Sciences Education . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / ase. 61 . Jump up ^ Waters , J.R. ; Van Meter , P ; Perrotti , W ; Drogo , S ; Cyr , R.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Human clay models versus cat dissection : How the similarity between the classroom and the exam affects student performance '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 35 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 236 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00030.2009 . Jump up ^ DeHoff , M.E. ; Clark , K.L ; Meganathan , K ( 2011 ) . `` Learning outcomes and student perceived value of clay modeling and cat dissection in undergraduate human anatomy and physiology '' . Advances in Physiology Education . 35 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 75 . doi : 10.1152 / advan. 00094.2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Use of Animals in Biology Education '' . Position Statements : National Association of Biology Teachers . National Association of Biology Teachers . Archived from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NSTA Position Statement : Responsible Use of Live Animals and Dissection in the Science Classroom '' . National Science Teachers Association . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ NORINA Jump up ^ InterNICHE External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dissection . How to dissect a frog Dissection Alternatives Human Dissections Virtual Frog Dissection Alternatives To Animal Dissection in School Science Classes Research Project on Death and Dead Bodies , last conference : `` Death and Dissection '' July 2009 , Berlin , Germany Evolutionary Biology Digital Dissection Collections Dissection photographs for study and teaching from the University at Buffalo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissection&oldid=859063412 '' Categories : Biological techniques and tools Forensic pathology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2018 , at 13 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was dissection banned in the middle ages	[]	[]
1718205265465579196	Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management	Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management - wikipedia Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) University of Houston , Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management Type Public Established 1969 Dean Dennis E. Reynolds Undergraduates 1,092 Postgraduates 108 Location Houston , Texas Campus Urban Website www.hrm.uh.edu The Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management ( known as simply Hilton College ) is one of 13 academic colleges at the University of Houston . The college offers two degree programs : a Bachelor of Science in Hotel & Restaurant Management and a Master of Science in Hospitality Management . Contents 1 History 2 Barron 's Restaurant 3 Cougar Grounds 4 Hilton University of Houston 5 Hospitality Hall of Honor 6 Student organizations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Hilton College was founded in 1969 , when James C. Taylor , who would become the first dean , presented Eric and Barron Hilton -- sons of Conrad Hilton -- with plans to build a hospitality school at the University of Houston . When they presented the plans to their father , Conrad Hilton contributed $1.5 million for the completion of the project . Classes began at Hilton College on Sept. 16 , 1969 , with 39 students and three professors . Taylor was named the first dean . The first class -- consisting of eight students , most of whom began their hospitality studies elsewhere at UH -- graduated from Hilton College in 1971 . In 1975 , a new Hilton College facility opened , which included the Hilton University of Houston Hotel and Conference Center . In 1983 , the Hilton Foundation gave the college a $21.3 - million grant to expand its facilities and increase endowment and operation support . That gift led to the construction of the South Wing , which opened in 1989 and added 94,000 square feet of education and meeting space to Hilton College . In 2010 , the Hilton University of Houston completed a $12.5 - million renovation to upgrade its facilities and create an enhanced experiential - learning environment for the students of Hilton College . It was the first major renovation to the hotel since it opened in 1975 . Hilton College houses four hospitality - related research institutes , the Hospitality Hall of Honor , the Massad Family Library Research Center and the Hospitality Industry Archives . Barron 's Restaurant ( edit ) Barron 's Restaurant , named for Barron Hilton , is the student - run restaurant at Hilton College . It was created as part of the College 's focus on experiential learning . It is open for lunch , Monday - Friday , during the fall and spring semesters and is staffed entirely by students , from the managers , to the cooks , to the servers . Barron 's serves as a lab for two Hilton College courses : Food & Beverage Service and Advanced Food & Beverage Management . Students in the Barron 's courses are expected to learn foodservice and hospitality industry standards in the lecture portion of their studies , and then apply those teachings in their weekly lab shifts . In the fall of 2012 , Barron 's debuted a new , Bistro - inspired menu . Hilton College students work in the kitchen of Barron 's Restaurant . Cougar Grounds ( edit ) In January 2009 , the College opened the Cougar Grounds coffee shop , the first university coffee house in the U.S. to be run by students as part of a corollary education class . Cougar Grounds serves as the laboratory for an entrepreneurship class , in which students learn about small - business operations , including marketing and sales , price - setting , payroll , cost control , supply management and new product development . Hilton University of Houston ( edit ) The Hilton University of Houston , a full - service Hilton hotel located in the Wheeler District of the university campus , and serves as the primary teaching facility for the Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management . It was first built in 1975 and underwent a $12.5 million renovation in 2010 . The hotel has 86 guest rooms and 25,000 square feet of banquet space . Student interns rotate through many of the positions at the hotel , including jobs in guest services , hotel operations and banquet services . The UH campus and downtown Houston are seen from a room at the Hilton University of Houston Hotel & Conference Center . Hospitality Hall of Honor ( edit ) Hilton College houses the Hospitality Hall of Honor , which was established in 1995 to recognize leaders in the hospitality industry . Each year since 1996 , a small group of honorees has been inducted into the Hall . The induction ceremony includes a formal reception and dinner , which are held at the Hilton University of Houston and planned by a team of student leaders . The week of the ceremony , Hilton College hosts a series of industry - related Think Tanks for students . Student organizations ( edit ) Students get the chance to network with hospitality - industry recruiters twice a year at Hilton College 's spring and fall career fairs . There are 16 student organizations at Hilton College , each of which has its own faculty mentor . The organizations , which cater to different sectors and aspects of the hospitality industry , all participate in community - service projects and networking events . The Hilton College student organizations include : Club Managers Association of America ( CMAA ) Conrad N. Hilton Ambassadors Disney College Program Eta Sigma Delta Graduate Student Association ( GSA ) Green Team Hospitality Financial and Technology Professionals - Cougar Chapter ( HFTP - CC ) Hospitality Sales and Marketing Association International ( HSMAI ) Hotel Management Society ( HMS ) Houston Spa Association -- Student Chapter National Association of Catering and Events ( NACE ) National Society of Minorities in Hospitality -- Cougar Chapter ( NSMH - CC ) Par Excellence Professional Convention Management Association ( PCMA ) Texas Restaurant Association Cougar Chapter ( TRACC ) Wine & Spirits Management Association ( WSMA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Colleges & Schools - University of Houston '' . Uh.edu. 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Galvani , Paul ( 1997 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Grade A '' . Houston Press . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Barron 's Restaurant ( 2010 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Barron 's Restaurant - Houston , Texas '' . Insider Pages . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ By BoJanay Posey ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Barron 's reopens its doors '' . The Daily Cougar . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hilton University of Houston on Campus Hotel '' ... hilton.com. 2011 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hilton University of Houston ( TX ) - Hotel Reviews '' . TripAdvisor. 2015 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Hilton University of Houston '' . Visithoustontexas.com. 2002 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HoustonPBS UH Moment : Hospitality Hall at UH Hilton College '' . YouTube . 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston - Hospitality Hall of Honor '' . Highwayhost.org. 2006 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) External links ( edit ) University of Houston portal Official website University of Houston Located in : Houston , Texas Academics Colleges Architecture Arts Business Education Engineering Hotel and Restaurant Management Law Center Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Natural Sciences and Mathematics Nursing Optometry Pharmacy Social Work Technology Programs Hobby School of Public Affairs Honors College Moores School of Music School of Art School of Theatre & Dance Valenti School of Communication People Presidents Athletics Sports Baseball Football Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Golf Softball Houston -- Rice rivalry Facilities Athletics / Alumni Center Hofheinz Pavilion TDECU Stadium Schroeder Park Cougar Softball Stadium Carl Lewis International Complex Broadcasting KUHT ( TV 8 ) KUHF ( News 88.7 ) Campus A , A Blaffer Art Museum Cullen Boulevard Cullen Performance Hall Ezekiel W. Cullen Building Roy G. Cullen Building Energy Research Park Hilton University of Houston M.D. Anderson Library Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting Moody Towers Moores Opera House Police Department Physics Department Texas Center for Superconductivity University Oaks Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for the Arts Student life The Cougar The Houstonian CoogTV Student Government Association Housing Notable Cougars Traditions `` Cougar Fight Song '' Frontier Fiesta Shasta Spirit of Houston Founded : 1927 Coordinates : 29 ° 43 ′ 08 '' N 95 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W / 29.7188 ° N 95.3415 ° W / 29.7188 ; - 95.3415 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilton_College_of_Hotel_and_Restaurant_Management&oldid=844138373 '' Categories : University of Houston colleges Educational institutions established in 1969 Hospitality schools in the United States Hotels in Houston Hilton Worldwide Hotels established in 1969 1969 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with a promotional tone from September 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Instances of Infobox university using image size All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 21 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many hotel rooms are their in the hilton university of houston	[ "The Hilton University of Houston, a full-service Hilton hotel located in the Wheeler District of the university campus, and serves as the primary teaching facility for the Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management.[9] It was first built in 1975 and underwent a $12.5 million renovation in 2010. The hotel has 86 guest rooms and 25,000 square feet of banquet space. Student interns rotate through many of the positions at the hotel, including jobs in guest services, hotel operations and banquet services.[10][11]\n" ]	[ "86" ]
1086339269911002749	List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons	List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons - wikipedia List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons Jump to : navigation , search St. Louis Cardinals History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 1952 1953 -- 1989 1990 -- present Seasons People Cardinal Nation Award winners Coaches Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Overview Logos and jerseys Records Cubs rivalry Royals rivalry World Series Championships : pre-MLB : 1886 MLB : 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 Grounds Robison Field ( 1893 -- 1920 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1920 -- 53 ) ( Busch I ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1966 - 2005 ) ( Busch II ) Busch Stadium ( Current ) Teams MLB : St. Louis Cardinals , National League AAA : Memphis Redbirds , Pacific Coast League AA : Springfield Cardinals , Texas League Advanced A : Palm Beach Cardinals , Florida State League A : Peoria Chiefs , Midwest League Short season : Johnson City Cardinals GCL Cardinals DSL Cardinals The St. Louis Cardinals , a professional baseball franchise based in St. Louis , Missouri , compete in the National League ( NL ) of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Founded in 1882 as a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) , the team was originally named the Brown Stockings before it was shortened to Browns the next season . The team moved to the National League in 1892 when the AA folded . The club changed its name to the Perfectos for one season in 1899 and adopted the Cardinals name in 1900 . The St. Louis Cardinals are tied with the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates as the third - oldest continuously - operated baseball team . In that time , the team has won 19 National League pennants and 11 World Series championships ( most in the National League and second only to the New York Yankees , who have won 27 ) . They also won four American Association pennants and one pre-World Series championship that Major League Baseball does not consider official . The Cardinals had six periods of continued success during their history . The first period occurred during the 1880s when the team won four consecutive American Association pennants from 1885 -- 1888 while known as the Browns . The Cardinals next found success from 1926 -- 1934 when they played in five World Series , winning three . During World War II the Cardinals won four NL pennants in five years from 1942 -- 1946 , including three World Series championships . During the 1960s the Cardinals won two World Series and played in another . In the 1980s the Cardinals played in three World Series , winning in 1982 . Most recently , the Cardinals have made the playoffs nine times , winning seven NL Central titles and qualifying as a wild - card entrant in 2001 , 2011 and 2012 , winning the World Series in 2006 and 2011 . The only extended period of failure the Cardinals have experienced began when they joined the National League in 1892 . The Cardinals played only five winning seasons in 30 years while finishing last seven times from their entrance to the NL until 1921 . However , the Cardinals have remarkably avoided such failure since then as they have not finished in last place in the National League since 1918 , by far the longest streak in the NL . The Cardinals failed to reach the World Series in the 1950s , 1970s , and 1990s , but were regularly a competitive team in each of these decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Year by year 2 All - time records 3 Record by decade 4 Footnotes 5 Related lists 6 References 7 External links Year by year ( edit ) AA Champions ( 1882 -- 1892 ) * Pre-World Series Champions ( 1884 -- 1891 ) † World Series Champions ( 1903 -- present ) ‡ NL Champions ( 1892 -- present ) * * Division Champions ( 1969 -- present ) ^ Wild Card Berth ( 1994 -- present ) ¤ Season Level League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Post-Season Awards St. Louis Brown Stockings 1882 MLB AA 5th 37 43 . 463 18 St. Louis Browns 1883 MLB AA 2nd 65 33 . 663 1884 MLB AA 4th 67 40 . 626 8 1885 MLB AA * 1st 79 33 . 705 -- Tied World Series ( White Stockings ) 3 -- 3 -- 1 * 1886 MLB † AA * 1st 93 46 . 669 -- Won World Series ( White Stockings ) 4 -- 2 † 1887 MLB AA * 1st 95 40 . 704 -- Lost World Series ( Wolverines ) 10 -- 5 * Tip O'Neill ( TC ) 1888 MLB AA * 1st 92 43 . 681 -- Lost World Series ( Giants ) 6 -- 4 * 1889 MLB AA 2nd 90 45 . 667 1890 MLB AA 3rd 78 58 . 574 12 1891 MLB AA 2nd 85 51 . 625 81⁄2 1892 MLB NL 11th 56 94 . 373 46 1893 MLB NL 10th 57 75 . 432 301⁄2 1894 MLB NL 9th 56 76 . 424 34 1895 MLB NL 11th 39 92 . 298 481⁄2 1896 MLB NL 11th 40 90 . 308 501⁄2 1897 MLB NL 12th 29 102 . 221 631⁄2 1898 MLB NL 12th 39 111 . 260 631⁄2 St. Louis Perfectos 1899 MLB NL 5th 84 67 . 556 181⁄2 St. Louis Cardinals 1900 MLB NL 5th 65 75 . 464 19 1901 MLB NL 4th 76 64 . 543 141⁄2 1902 MLB NL 6th 56 78 . 418 441⁄2 1903 MLB NL 8th 43 94 . 314 461⁄2 1904 MLB NL 5th 75 79 . 487 311⁄2 1905 MLB NL 6th 58 96 . 377 47 1906 MLB NL 7th 52 98 . 347 63 1907 MLB NL 8th 52 101 . 340 551⁄2 1908 MLB NL 8th 49 105 . 318 50 1909 MLB NL 7th 54 98 . 355 56 1910 MLB NL 7th 63 90 . 412 401⁄2 1911 MLB NL 5th 75 74 . 503 22 1912 MLB NL 6th 63 90 . 412 41 1913 MLB NL 8th 51 99 . 340 49 1914 MLB NL 3rd 81 72 . 529 13 1915 MLB NL 6th 72 81 . 471 181⁄2 1916 MLB NL 7th 60 93 . 392 331⁄2 1917 MLB NL 3rd 82 70 . 539 15 1918 MLB NL 8th 51 78 . 395 33 1919 MLB NL 7th 54 83 . 394 401⁄2 1920 MLB NL 5th 75 79 . 487 18 1921 MLB NL 3rd 87 66 . 569 7 1922 MLB NL 3rd 85 69 . 552 8 Rogers Hornsby ( TC ) 1923 MLB NL 5th 79 74 . 516 16 1924 MLB NL 6th 65 89 . 422 281⁄2 1925 MLB NL 4th 77 76 . 503 18 Rogers Hornsby ( MVP , TC ) 1926 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 89 65 . 578 -- Won World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Bob O'Farrell ( MVP ) 1927 MLB NL 2nd 92 61 . 601 11⁄2 1928 MLB NL * * 1st 95 59 . 617 -- Lost World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 0 * * Jim Bottomley ( MVP ) 1929 MLB NL 4th 78 74 . 513 20 1930 MLB NL * * 1st 92 62 . 597 -- Lost World Series ( Athletics ) 4 -- 2 * * 1931 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 101 53 . 656 -- Won World Series ( Athletics ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Frankie Frisch ( MVP ) 1932 MLB NL 6th 72 82 . 468 18 1933 MLB NL 5th 82 71 . 536 91⁄2 1934 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 95 58 . 621 -- Won World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Dizzy Dean ( MVP ) 1935 MLB NL 2nd 96 58 . 623 1936 MLB NL 2nd 87 67 . 565 5 1937 MLB NL 4th 81 73 . 526 15 Joe Medwick ( MVP , TC ) 1938 MLB NL 6th 71 80 . 470 171⁄2 1939 MLB NL 2nd 92 61 . 601 41⁄2 1940 MLB NL 3rd 84 69 . 549 16 1941 MLB NL 2nd 97 56 . 634 21⁄2 1942 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 106 48 . 688 -- Won World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 1 ‡ Mort Cooper ( MVP ) 1943 MLB NL * * 1st 105 49 . 682 -- Lost World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 1 * * Stan Musial ( MVP ) 1944 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 105 49 . 682 -- Won World Series ( Browns ) 4 -- 2 ‡ Marty Marion ( MVP ) 1945 MLB NL 2nd 95 59 . 617 1946 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 98 58 . 628 -- Won World Series ( Red Sox ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Stan Musial ( MVP ) 1947 MLB NL 2nd 89 65 . 578 5 1948 MLB NL 2nd 85 69 . 552 61⁄2 Stan Musial ( MVP ) 1949 MLB NL 2nd 96 58 . 623 1950 MLB NL 5th 78 75 . 510 121⁄2 1951 MLB NL 3rd 81 73 . 526 151⁄2 1952 MLB NL 3rd 88 66 . 571 81⁄2 1953 MLB NL 4th 83 71 . 539 22 1954 MLB NL 6th 72 82 . 468 25 Wally Moon ( ROY ) 1955 MLB NL 7th 68 86 . 442 301⁄2 Bill Virdon ( ROY ) 1956 MLB NL 4th 76 78 . 494 17 1957 MLB NL 2nd 87 67 . 565 8 1958 MLB NL 5th 72 82 . 468 20 1959 MLB NL 7th 71 83 . 461 16 1960 MLB NL 3rd 86 68 . 558 9 1961 MLB NL 5th 80 74 . 519 13 1962 MLB NL 6th 84 78 . 519 171⁄2 1963 MLB NL 2nd 93 69 . 574 6 1964 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 93 69 . 574 -- Won World Series ( Yankees ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Ken Boyer ( MVP ) Bob Gibson ( WS MVP ) 1965 MLB NL 7th 80 81 . 497 161⁄2 1966 MLB NL 6th 83 79 . 512 12 1967 MLB ‡ NL * * 1st 101 60 . 627 -- Won World Series ( Red Sox ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Orlando Cepeda ( MVP ) Bob Gibson ( WS MVP ) 1968 MLB NL * * 1st 97 65 . 599 -- Lost World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 3 * * Bob Gibson ( MVP , CYA ) 1969 MLB NL East 4th 87 75 . 537 13 1970 MLB NL East 4th 76 86 . 469 13 Bob Gibson ( CYA ) 1971 MLB NL East 2nd 90 72 . 556 7 Joe Torre ( MVP ) 1972 MLB NL East 4th 75 81 . 481 211⁄2 1973 MLB NL East 2nd 81 81 . 500 11⁄2 MLB NL East 2nd 86 75 . 534 11⁄2 Bake McBride ( ROY ) MLB NL East 4th 82 80 . 506 101⁄2 1976 MLB NL East 5th 72 90 . 444 29 1977 MLB NL East 3rd 83 79 . 512 18 1978 MLB NL East 5th 69 93 . 426 21 1979 MLB NL East 3rd 86 76 . 531 12 Keith Hernandez ( MVP ) 1980 MLB NL East 4th 74 88 . 457 17 1981 MLB NL East 2nd 30 20 . 600 11⁄2 2nd 29 23 . 558 1⁄2 1982 MLB ‡ NL * * East ^ 1st 92 70 . 568 -- Won NLCS ( Braves ) 3 -- 0 Won World Series ( Brewers ) 4 -- 3 ‡ Darrell Porter ( WS MVP ) MLB NL East 4th 79 83 . 488 11 1984 MLB NL East 3rd 84 78 . 519 121⁄2 1985 MLB NL * * East ^ 1st 101 61 . 623 -- Won NLCS ( Dodgers ) 4 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Royals ) 4 -- 3 * * Willie McGee ( MVP ) Vince Coleman ( ROY ) Whitey Herzog ( MOY ) 1986 MLB NL East 3rd 79 82 . 491 281⁄2 Todd Worrell ( ROY ) MLB NL * * East ^ 1st 95 67 . 586 -- Won NLCS ( Giants ) 4 -- 3 Lost World Series ( Twins ) 4 -- 3 * * 1988 MLB NL East 5th 76 86 . 469 25 1989 MLB NL East 3rd 86 76 . 531 7 1990 MLB NL East 6th 70 92 . 432 25 1991 MLB NL East 2nd 84 78 . 519 14 1992 MLB NL East 3rd 83 79 . 512 13 1993 MLB NL East 3rd 87 75 . 537 10 1994 MLB NL Central 3rd 53 61 . 465 13 Playoffs cancelled 1995 MLB NL Central 4th 62 81 . 434 221⁄2 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 88 74 . 543 -- Won NLDS ( Padres ) 3 -- 0 Lost NLCS ( Braves ) 4 -- 3 1997 MLB NL Central 4th 73 89 . 451 11 1998 MLB NL Central 3rd 83 79 . 512 19 1999 MLB NL Central 4th 75 86 . 466 211⁄2 2000 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 95 67 . 586 -- Won NLDS ( Braves ) 3 -- 0 Lost NLCS ( Mets ) 4 -- 1 2001 MLB NL Central 1st ¤ 93 69 . 574 -- Lost NLDS ( Diamondbacks ) 3 -- 2 Albert Pujols ( ROY ) 2002 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 97 65 . 599 -- Won NLDS ( Diamondbacks ) 3 -- 0 Lost NLCS ( Giants ) 4 -- 1 Tony La Russa ( MOY ) 2003 MLB NL Central 3rd 85 77 . 525 MLB NL * * Central ^ 1st 105 57 . 648 -- Won NLDS ( Dodgers ) 3 -- 1 Won NLCS ( Astros ) 4 -- 3 Lost World Series ( Red Sox ) 4 -- 0 * * 2005 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 100 62 . 617 -- Won NLDS ( Padres ) 3 -- 0 Lost NLCS ( Astros ) 4 -- 2 Albert Pujols ( MVP ) Chris Carpenter ( CYA ) 2006 ' MLB ‡ NL * * Central ^ 1st 83 78 . 516 -- Won NLDS ( Padres ) 3 -- 1 Won NLCS ( Mets ) 4 -- 3 Won World Series ( Tigers ) 4 -- 1 ‡ David Eckstein ( WS MVP ) 2007 MLB NL Central 3rd 78 84 . 481 7 2008 MLB NL Central 4th 86 76 . 531 111⁄2 Albert Pujols ( MVP ) 2009 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 91 71 . 562 -- Lost NLDS ( Dodgers ) 3 -- 0 Albert Pujols ( MVP ) MLB NL Central 2nd 86 76 . 531 6 2011 MLB ‡ NL * * Central 2nd ¤ 90 72 . 556 6 Won NLDS ( Phillies ) 3 -- 2 Won NLCS ( Brewers ) 4 -- 2 Won World Series ( Rangers ) 4 -- 3 ‡ David Freese ( WS MVP ) 2012 MLB NL Central 2nd ¤ 88 74 . 543 9 Won Wild Card Game ( Braves ) Won NLDS ( Nationals ) 3 -- 2 Lost NLCS ( Giants ) 4 -- 3 2013 MLB NL * * Central ^ 1st 97 65 . 599 -- Won NLDS ( Pirates ) 3 -- 2 Won NLCS ( Dodgers ) 4 -- 2 Lost World Series ( Red Sox ) 4 -- 2 * * 2014 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 90 72 . 556 -- Won NLDS ( Dodgers ) 3 -- 1 Lost NLCS ( Giants ) 4 -- 1 2015 MLB NL Central ^ 1st 100 62 . 617 -- Lost NLDS ( Cubs ) 3 -- 1 2016 MLB NL Central 2nd 86 76 . 531 171⁄2 All - time records ( edit ) Totals Wins Losses Win % 781 432 . 644 American Association regular season record ( 1882 -- 1891 ) 16 21 . 432 American Association post-season record ( 1882 -- 1891 ) 9,690 9,269 . 511 National League regular season record ( 1892 -- present ) 129 114 . 531 MLB post-season record ( 1892 -- present ) 10,471 9,701 . 519 All - time regular season record ( 1882 -- present ) 145 135 . 518 All - time post-season record ( 1882 -- present ) 10,616 9,836 . 519 All - time regular and post-season record ( 1882 -- present ) Record by decade ( edit ) The following table describes the Cardinals ' MLB win -- loss record by decade . Decade Wins Losses Pct 1880s 618 323 . 657 1890s 563 816 . 408 1900s 580 888 . 395 1910s 652 830 . 440 1920s 822 712 . 536 1930s 869 665 . 566 1940s 960 580 . 623 1950s 776 763 . 504 1960s 884 718 . 552 1970s 800 813 . 496 1980s 825 734 . 529 1990s 758 794 . 488 2000s 913 706 . 564 2010s 637 497 . 562 All - time 10657 9839 . 520 These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com 's St. Louis Cardinals History & Encyclopedia , and are current as of October 18 , 2016 . Footnotes ( edit ) The current variations of the Cardinals , Reds , and Pirates all began playing in 1882 . The two older clubs are the Atlanta Braves who were founded in 1871 in Boston and the Chicago Cubs who have played continuously since 1874 . The Cardinals did finish in last place of the NL East in 1990 , however the Atlanta Braves of the NL West had a worse record . The next longest streak is by the Cincinnati Reds who most recently finished in last place of the NL in 1982 . The similar streak in the American League is held by the Boston Red Sox who last finished in last place of the AL in 1932 . For lists of all National League pennant winners see National League pennant winners 1876 -- 1900 , National League pennant winners 1901 - 68 , and National League Championship Series . The Finish , Wins , and Losses columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list . The GB column lists `` Games Back '' from the team that finished in first place that season . It is determined by finding the difference in wins plus the difference in losses divided by two . The dispute in 1885 concerned Game 2 , which was forfeited by St. Louis when they pulled their team off the field protesting an umpiring decision . The managers , Cap Anson and Charles Comiskey , initially agreed to disregard the game . When St. Louis won the final game and an apparent 3 -- 2 Series championship , Chicago White Stockings owner Albert Spalding overruled his manager and declared that he wanted the forfeit counted . The result of a tied Series was that neither team got the prize money that had been posted by the owners before the Series ( and was returned to them after they both agreed it was a tie ) . The Cardinals moved from their original home , Sportsman 's Park , to a new field called New Sportsman 's Park where they played until 1920 . The ballpark would later be named League Park and then Robision Field under different Cardinals ownership . During the season the Cardinals moved from Robison Field , where they had played since 1893 , to become tenants of the St. Louis Browns at Sportsman 's Park . The Cardinals had originally played at Sportsman 's Park from 1882 -- 1892 . The 1944 World Series was nicknamed the `` Streetcar Series '' and featured the NL Cardinals against the AL St. Louis Browns . Every game during the series was played at Sportsman 's Park in St. Louis . The Cardinals finished the 1946 regular season tied for first place in the National League with the Brooklyn Dodgers , however the Cardinals claimed the pennant by winning the first two games in a best - of - three playoff series . The 1946 World Series is best remembered for Enos Slaughter 's Mad Dash to score the go - ahead run in the 8th inning of Game 7 . In 1953 the Cardinals were bought by Anheuser - Busch and Gussie Busch became team president , which he would remain until his death in 1989 . Busch then purchased Sportsman 's Park from the rival St. Louis Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium . The Browns would leave St. Louis after the season for Baltimore , Maryland . In 1962 the National League increased the schedule from 154 games , which had been established since 1904 , to 162 games , where it remains today . During the season the Cardinals moved from Busch Stadium I , where they had played since 1920 to Busch Memorial Stadium . In 1969 MLB expanded by 4 teams to 12 in each league and split each league into an East and West division , the Cardinals were placed in the National League East . The 1972 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the first seven games ( thirteen game - days ) of the season . The 1981 season was shortened by a player 's strike . MLB decided to split the season into two halves with the division winner of each half playing in a Divisional Round of the playoffs . The Cardinals finished with the best overall record in the NL East at 59 -- 43 , but they finished in second place in both halves of the season and did not make the playoffs . The 1985 World Series , nicknamed the `` Show - Me Series '' or `` I - 70 Series '' because it featured two Missouri teams in St. Louis and the Kansas City Royals , is most remembered for The Call in Game 6 . With the Cardinals leading the series 3 -- 2 and Game 6 1 -- 0 , they took the field in the 9th inning to claim the championship . Pitcher Todd Worrell faced the Royals Jorge Orta first , Orta hit a slow ground ball to first baseman Jack Clark , who flipped the ball to Worrell at first for the apparent out , however umpire Don Denkinger called Orta safe and the Cardinals unraveled to lose Game 6 and got blown out in Game 7 . The 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike ended the season on August 11 and caused the entire postseason to be cancelled . In 1994 MLB split each league into 3 divisions . The Cardinals were placed in the newly created National League Central . In 2001 the Cardinals and the Houston Astros tied for first place in the NL Central . Since both teams were assured of a place in the playoffs , MLB declared it a shared championship . Houston was granted the NL Central 's position in the playoff bracket by way of a better head - to - head record and St. Louis was given the Wild Card spot . The Cardinals began play in the new Busch Stadium in 2006 after 40 years at Busch Memorial Stadium . They became the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to win the World Series in their first season in a ballpark . Major League Baseball considers this to be the Cardinals ' official all - time record . MLB does not count the years played in the American Association or post-season games towards the official record . Related lists ( edit ) List of St. Louis Cardinals managers List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches References ( edit ) General `` St. Louis Cardinals Year - by - year results '' . www.stlcardinals.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . `` St. Louis Cardinals Team Index '' . www.baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . `` St. Louis Cardinals Post-season results '' . www.stlcardinals.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . `` St. Louis Cardinals Awards '' . www.stlcardinals.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . `` National League season - by - season '' . www.baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 08 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill stats '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triple Crown winners '' . Major League Baseball Official Website . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` MVP winners '' . Major League Baseball Official Website . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball Official Website . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cy Young winners '' . Major League Baseball Official Website . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manager of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball Official Website . Retrieved 5 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National League season - by - season '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jon David Cash , Before They Were Cardinals : Major League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century St. Louis . University of Missouri Press 2002 Jump up ^ Morgan , Joe ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` Strike is no longer necessary '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Year in Review -- 1981 '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Zirin , David ( August 18 , 2004 ) . `` The MLB Strike -- 25 Years in the Making '' . Buzzle editorials . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 National League '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 St. Louis Cardinals '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) St. Louis Cardinals History Major League Baseball season - by - season team history American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams Game 6 of the 2011 World Series 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_St._Louis_Cardinals_seasons&oldid=802104696 '' Categories : St. Louis Cardinals seasons Major League Baseball teams seasons St. Louis Cardinals lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 01 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the st louis cardinals finished in last place	[ "The only extended period of failure the Cardinals have experienced began when they joined the National League in 1892. The Cardinals played only five winning seasons in 30 years while finishing last seven times from their entrance to the NL until 1921. However, the Cardinals have remarkably avoided such failure since then as they have not finished in last place in the National League since 1918, by far the longest streak in the NL.[b] The Cardinals failed to reach the World Series in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s, but were regularly a competitive team in each of these decades." ]	[ "1918" ]
6698934351402374083	Texas Education Agency	Texas Education Agency - wikipedia Texas Education Agency Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Texas Education Agency Agency overview Formed 1949 Jurisdiction Texas Headquarters 1701 , North Congress Avenue Austin Agency executives Mike Morath , Commissioner Penny Schwinn , Deputy Commissioner for Academics Martin Winchester , Deputy Commissioner of Educator Support Kara Belew , Deputy Commissioner of Finance A.J. Crabill , Deputy Commissioner of Governance Megan Aghazadian , Deputy Commissioner of Operations Melody Parrish , Chief Information Officer Website http://www.tea.texas.gov/ The main offices of the Texas Education Agency are located in the William B. Travis State Office Building in Downtown Austin Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The Texas Education Agency ( TEA ) is a branch of the state government of Texas in the United States responsible for public education . The agency is headquartered in the William B. Travis State Office Building in Downtown Austin . Mike Morath , a member of the Dallas Independent School District 's board of trustees , was appointed commissioner of education by Texas Gov. Greg Abbott on Dec. 14 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Duties 3 Curriculum controversies 4 Commissioner of Education 5 State Board of Education 5.1 Regions 6 School and district accountability 6.1 Education performance rating 6.2 Gold Performance Acknowledgements 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the late 1940s , Many school districts in Texas did not operate schools but spent money to send children to schools operated by other districts . In the late 1940s state lawmakers passed a bill abolishing those districts , prompting a wave of mass school district consolidation . Duties ( edit ) See also : List of school districts in Texas TEA is responsible for the oversight of public primary and secondary education in the state of Texas , involving both the over 1,000 individual school districts in the state as well as charter schools . It is also responsible for the safety of students . However , it does not have any jurisdiction over private or parochial schools ( whether or not accredited ) nor over home schools . Although school districts are independent governmental entities , TEA has the authority to oversee a district 's operations ( either involving an individual school or the entire district ) if serious issues arise ( such as poor standardized test performance , financial distress , or reported mismanagement ) . This can be in the form of requiring the district to submit corrective action plans and regular status reports , assigning monitors to oversee operations ( including the authority to assign a management board , which essentially replaces and performs the duties of the elected school board ) , and in extreme cases closure of a school campus or even the entire school district . The University Interscholastic League ( UIL ) , which oversees academic and athletic interscholastic competition in Texas public schools , is a separate entity not under TEA oversight . In addition to primary and secondary education , TEA has oversight duties with respect to driver 's education courses ( initial permits ) and defensive driving courses ( used to have a ticket dismissed and / or for lower insurance premiums ) . Curriculum controversies ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Science curriculum director resigns from Texas Education Agency On November 7 , 2007 , Christine Comer resigned as the director of the science curriculum after more than nine years . Comer said that her resignation was a result of pressure from officials who claimed that she had given the appearance of criticizing the teaching of intelligent design . In 2009 , the Board received criticism from more than fifty scientific organizations over an attempt to weaken science standards on evolution . In 2010 , a group of historians , including Jean A. Stuntz of West Texas A&M University in Canyon , Texas , signed a petition to oppose the revisions in the social studies curricula approved by the state Board , changes which require the inclusion of conservative topics in public school instruction . For instance , Jefferson 's name must be restored to a list of Enlightenment thinkers . There must be emphasis on the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in regard to property rights . Students must be taught that new documents , the Venona project , verify U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy 's suspicions of communist infiltration of the U.S. government during the post-World War II era . Stuntz told the Amarillo Globe - News that the SBOE is `` micromanaging . They do n't know what they 're doing . '' In October 2012 , The Revisionaries , a documentary film about the re-election of the chairman of the Texas Board of Education Don McLeroy and the curriculum controversy was released . In late January 2013 , PBS 's Independent Lens aired an abridged version the film . Texas House Speaker Joe Straus of San Antonio said that the government should `` take a look '' at the structure of the Board and consider a nonpartisan or appointed board if the elected members are `` not getting their job done and they 're not pleasing the Legislature or the citizens , then we ought to take a thorough look at what they are doing . '' In 2010 , it was said to be `` drafting its own version of American history '' , including altering school textbooks to remove what it said was a `` left leaning bias '' and making changes that are said to have `` religious and racial overtones '' . For example , the proposed curriculum would downplay Thomas Jefferson 's emphasis on the separation of church and state ( outlined in his Letter to Danbury Baptists ) , and would include a greater emphasis on the importance of religion to the founding fathers . Other changes include downplaying Abraham Lincoln 's role in the civil war and putting more emphasis on the Confederate leader Jefferson Davis , questioning the Civil Rights Movement in addition to downplaying Martin Luther King Jr. 's legacy , removing such instances and points of history such as downplaying slavery , putting more emphasis on the states rights cause during the Civil War . Critics of the proposed changes believe that such a focus on the religious elements of the founding period could cause teachers to omit lessons on history more pertinent to national standards . Commissioner of Education ( edit ) The current Commissioner of Education is Mike Morath . A former member of the Dallas Independent School District 's board of trustees , he was appointed commissioner of education by Texas Gov. Greg Abbott on Dec. 14 , 2015 . The commissioner 's role is to lead and manage the Texas Education Agency . The Commissioner also co-ordinates efforts between state and federal agencies . Commissioners of Education # Commissioner Took office Left office Governor J.W. Egdar March 1950 June 30 , 1974 Allan Shivers ( 1950 - 1957 ) Price Daniel ( 1957 - 1963 ) John Connally ( 1963 - 1969 ) Preston Smith ( 1963 - 1973 ) Dolph Briscoe ( 1973 / 1974 ) M.L. Brockette July 1 , 1974 August 31 , 1979 Dolph Briscoe ( 1974 - 1979 ) Bill Clements ( 1979 ) Alton O. Bowen September 1 , 1979 May 31 , 1981 Bill Clements ( 1979 - 1981 ) Raymon L. Bynum June 1 , 1981 October 31 , 1984 Bill Clements ( 1981 - 1983 ) Mark White ( 1984 ) 5 William N Kirby Interim November 1 , 1984 -- April 12 , 1985 Mark White ( 1984 - 1987 ) Bill Clements ( 1987 - 1991 ) Ann Richards ( Jan 1991 ) November 1 , 1984 January 31 , 1991 - Tom Anderson ( Interim ) February 1 , 1991 June 30 , 1991 Ann Richards 6 Lionel Meno July 1 , 1991 March 1 , 1995 Ann Richards ( 1991 - 1995 ) George W. Bush ( Feb - Mar 1995 ) 7 Michael Moses March 9 , 1995 September 3 , 1999 George W. Bush 8 James Nelson September 9 , 1999 March 31 , 2002 George W. Bush ( 1999 - 2000 ) Rick Perry ( 2000 - 2002 ) 9 Felipe T. Alanis April 1 , 2002 July 31 , 2003 Rick Perry - Robert Scott ( Interim ) ( 1 / 2 ) August 1 , 2003 January 12 , 2004 10 Shirley J. Neeley January 13 , 2004 July 1 , 2007 11 Robert Scott ( 2 / 2 ) Interim July 2 , 2007 -- October 15 , 2007 July 2 , 2007 July 2 , 2012 - Todd Webster ( Acting ) July 3 , 2012 August 31 , 2012 12 Michael Williams September 1 , 2012 December 31 , 2015 Rick Perry ( 2012 - 2015 ) Greg Abbott ( 2015 - 2015 ) 13 Mike Morath January 1 , 2016 Incumbent Greg Abbott State board of Education ( edit ) TEA is overseen by a 15 - member State Board of Education , elected from single - member districts for four years . The board devises policies and sets academic standards for Texas public schools , as well as overseeing the state Permanent School Fund and selecting textbooks to be used in Texas schools . Since 2011 , the board can still recommend textbooks , but public school districts can order their own books and materials even if their selections are not on the state - approved list . So far , most districts have continued to follow the state - endorsed textbooks , but that trend is expected to change in the next two years as the districts become more cognizant of their available options . Thomas Ratliff , a Moderate Republican and the son of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Ratliff of Mount Pleasant , in 2010 unseated the Bryan dentist Don McLeroy , a former education board chairman who was the leader of the conservative bloc . Ratliff said in 2013 that the board is `` far different '' in political complexion that it was in 2010 . Though the Republicans hold eleven of the fifteen seats , social conservatives are no longer in the majority . SBOE Officers , Committees , and Members District Name Party Committee First elected Seat up Martha M. Dominguez Dem School Initiatives , Vice Chair 2012 2016 Ruben Cortez , Jr. , Secretary Dem School Initiatives 2012 2018 Marisa B. Perez Dem Instruction 2012 2018 Lawrence A. Allen , Jr . Dem School Finance / Permanent School Fund , Vice Chair 2018 5 Ken Mercer Rep School Finance / Permanent School Fund 2006 2016 6 Donna Bahorich , Chair Rep School Initiatives 2012 2016 7 David Bradley Rep School Finance / Permanent School Fund 2018 8 Barbara Cargill Rep Instruction 2016 9 Thomas Ratliff , Vice Chair Rep School Finance / Permanent School Fund 2016 10 Tom Maynard Rep Instruction 2012 2016 11 Patricia Hardy Rep School Finance / Permanent School Fund , Chair 2002 2018 12 Geraldine Miller Rep Instruction , Vice Chair 2012 ( 1984 -- 2010 ) 2018 13 Erika Beltran Dem School Initiatives 2015 2018 14 Sue Melton - Malone Rep Instruction , Chair 2012 2016 15 Marty Rowley Rep School Initiatives , Chair 2012 2016 Regions ( edit ) Main article : List of Education Service Centers in Texas Education Service Center Region XIII in Austin In order to serve the large number of individual school districts and charter schools in Texas , TEA is divided into 20 regions , each containing an Educational Service Center ( ESC , sometimes called Regional Service Center or RSC ) . School and district accountability ( edit ) Education performance rating ( edit ) Main article : Texas Education Agency accountability ratings system TEA rates schools and districts using four criteria . The criteria are the same for schools and districts . According to the Texas Education Agency , the number of state schools and districts receiving the top ratings of `` exemplary '' and `` recognized '' increased from 2,213 in 2005 to 3,380 in 2006 . Gold performance Acknowledgements ( edit ) In addition to the state ranking , districts and schools can be awarded additional commendations ( referred to as Gold Performance Acknowledgements ) for other noteworthy accomplishments not included in the ranking system . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to the Texas Education Agency . '' Texas Education Agency . Accessed December 13 , 2015 . `` Texas Education Agency 1701 N. Congress Avenue Austin , Texas , 78701 '' Jump up ^ `` Week of April 16 -- 20 , 2001 '' ( Archive ) . Railroad Commission of Texas . Accessed August 30 , 2008 . `` The daily hearings schedule is also posted in the lobby of the William B. Travis State Office Building , 1701 N. Congress Avenue , Austin , Texas . '' Jump up ^ Cervantes , Bobby . `` Chopping block : school district consolidation . '' San Antonio Express - News . February 22 , 2011 . Retrieved on May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution Debate Led to Ouster , Official Says '' . New York Times . November 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` State science curriculum director resigns '' . Austin American - Statesman . November 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Texas needs to get it right '' . National Center for Science Education . March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Bernet , `` Rewriting the history books : Educators reflect on state 's curriculum changes , '' May 18 , 2010 `` . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Revisionaries '' . rottentomatoes.com. 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Straus : Look at changing state school board elections -- maybe more '' . Star - Telegram . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Halkett , Kimberly . Texas looks to rewrite history . Al Jazeera. 9 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office of the Commissioner '' . Texas Education Agency . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Kiah ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Dallas Trustee is Next Education Commissioner '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner 's Biography '' . Texas Education Agency . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA Commissioners 1950 - Present '' . Texas Education Agency . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ District map ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : `` SBOE Officers , Committees , and Members '' . Texas Education Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` End poor guidance of Texas education '' . Austin American - Statesman. April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will Weissert , `` Law weakens ed board '' , Laredo Morning Times , September 16 , 2013 , p. 6A Jump up ^ `` Schools improve across the state '' . The Daily Texan . 3 August 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Texas portal Education portal Texas Education Agency Texas Education Agency from the Handbook of Texas Online ( hide ) Texas state agencies Executive Dept. of Agriculture Alcoholic Beverage Commission Animal Health Commission Dept. of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services Attorney General School for the Blind and Visually Impaired Brazos River Authority State Cemetery Comptroller of Public Accounts School for the Deaf Board of Dental Examiners Commission on Environmental Quality Education Agency Employees Retirement System Ethics Commission Facilities Commission Dept. of Family and Protective Services Film Commission Forest Service Office of the Governor Guadalupe - Blanco River Authority Health and Human Services Commission Dept. of State Health Services Higher Education Coordinating Board Historical Commission Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs Dept. of Information Resources Dept. of Insurance Commission on Jail Standards General Land Office Library and Archives Commission Dept. of Licensing and Regulation Lottery Commission Lower Colorado River Authority Dept. of Motor Vehicles Dept. of Parks and Wildlife Preservation Board Dept. of Public Safety Railroad Commission Real Estate Commission Residential Construction Commission Soil and Water Conservation Board Teacher Retirement System Texas A&M University System Dept. of Transportation Trinity River Authority University of Houston System University of North Texas System University of Texas System Texas State University System Texas Tech University System Workforce Commission Juvenile Justice Department Legislative House of Representatives Senate Judicial Courts of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Dept. of Criminal Justice State Bar Supreme Court Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Education_Agency&oldid=815185975 '' Categories : Education in Texas State agencies of Texas State departments of education of the United States Texas Education Agency Government agencies established in 1949 1949 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 08 : 02 . 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5721330167324522958	Let's Make a Deal	Let 's Make a Deal - wikipedia Let 's Make a Deal Let 's Make a Deal Also known as The All New Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) Genre Game show Created by Stefan Hatos Monty Hall Directed by Joe Behar ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Geoff Theobald ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hank Behar ( 1985 -- 86 ) Barry Glazer ( 1990 -- 91 ) James Marcione ( 1990 -- 91 ) Morris Abraham ( 2003 ) Lenn Goodside ( 2009 -- present ) Presented by Monty Hall ( 1963 -- 86 , 1991 ) Bob Hilton ( 1990 ) Billy Bush ( 2003 ) Wayne Brady ( 2009 -- present ) Starring Assistant : Carol Merrill ( 1963 -- 77 ) Maggie Brown ( 1980 -- 81 ) Julie Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Karen LaPierre ( 1984 -- 86 ) Melanie Vincz ( 1984 -- 86 ) Diane Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Elaine Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Georgia Satelle ( 1990 -- 91 ) Alison Fiori ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tiffany Coyne ( 2010 -- present ) Danielle Demski ( 2013 -- 14 ) Narrated by Wendell Niles ( 1963 -- 64 ) Jay Stewart ( 1964 -- 77 ) Chuck Chandler ( 1980 -- 81 ) Brian Cummings ( 1984 -- 85 ) Dean Goss ( 1985 -- 86 ) Dean Miuccio ( 1990 -- 91 ) Vance DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Jonathan Mangum ( 2009 -- present ) Music by Sheldon Allman ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Marilyn Hall ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Michel Camilo for Score Productions , Inc. ( 1984 -- 86 ) Composer ( s ) Ivan Ditmars ( 1963 -- 76 ) Stan Worth ( 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 ) Sheldon Allman ( 1976 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Todd Thicke ( 1985 -- 86 ) Jerry Ray ( 1990 -- 91 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes NBC / ABC ( 1963 -- 76 ) : ~ 3,200 Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 ) : 234 Syndicated ( 1981 ) : 195 Syndicated ( 1984 -- 86 ) : 390 NBC ( 1990 -- 91 ) : 128 NBC ( 2003 ) : 3 CBS ( 2009 -- present ) : 1,500 + ( as of February 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) Dick Clark ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall ( 2003 ) Sharon Hall ( 2003 ) David Garfinkle ( 2003 ) Jay Renfroe ( 2003 ) Jeff Mirkin ( 2003 ) Mike Richards ( 2009 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1963 -- 77 ) Monty Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Ian MacClennan ( 1980 -- 81 ) Bob Synes ( 1984 -- 86 ) Alan Gilbert ( 1984 -- 86 ) Bruce Starin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Paul Pieratt ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ross Kaiman ( 2003 ) Gloria Fujita - O'Brien ( 2003 ) Production location ( s ) NBC Studios , Burbank , California ( 1963 -- 68 , 1984 -- 85 , 2003 ) ABC Television Center , Hollywood , California ( 1968 -- 76 ) Las Vegas Hilton , Las Vegas , Nevada ( 1976 -- 77 ) Panorama Studios , Vancouver , British Columbia ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hollywood Center Studios , Hollywood ( 1985 -- 86 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Orlando , Florida ( 1990 -- 91 ) Tropicana Resort & Casino , Las Vegas ( 2009 -- 10 ) Sunset Bronson Studios , Hollywood ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Raleigh Studios Hollywood ( 2015 -- present ) Running time 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 1990 -- 91 ) 44 -- 52 minutes ( 2003 , 2009 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Stefan Hatos - Monty Hall Productions ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 2009 -- present ) Catalena Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Dick Clark Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall Enterprises , Inc. ( 2003 ) FremantleMedia North America ( 2009 -- present ) Distributor ABC Films / Worldvision Enterprises ( 1971 -- 77 ) Rhodes Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Telepictures Corporation ( 1984 -- 86 ) FremantleMedia Enterprises ( 2009 -- present ) Release Original network NBC ( 1963 -- 68 , 1990 -- 91 , 2003 ) ABC ( 1968 -- 76 ) Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) CBS ( 2009 -- present ) Picture format SDTV ( 480i ) ( 1963 -- 2014 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2014 -- ) Original release December 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 30 ) -- present External links Website Let 's Make a Deal is a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world . The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall , the latter serving as its host for many years . The format of Let 's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience , referred to as `` traders , '' making deals with the host . In most cases , a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item . The program 's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made . The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a `` zonk , '' an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader . Let 's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader . The most recent edition of Let 's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5 , 2009 , when it took over the spot on the network 's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light . Wayne Brady is the host of the current series , with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer / assistant . Tiffany Coyne is the current model , joining in 2010 , with musician Cat Gray in 2011 . Contents 1 Broadcast history 2 Past personnel 2.1 Production locations 3 Format 3.1 Game play 3.2 Quickie Deals 3.3 Other deal formats 3.3. 1 Trading deals 3.3. 2 Games of chance 3.3. 3 Pricing games 3.3. 4 Quiz games 3.4 Big Deal 3.4. 1 Super Deal 3.4. 2 Mega-Deal week 3.4. 3 Mash - Up Week 4 Reception 5 Episode status 6 International versions 7 Merchandise 8 The Monty Hall Problem 9 References 10 External links Broadcast history ( edit ) Let 's Make a Deal first aired on NBC in 1963 as part of its daytime schedule . The show moved to ABC in 1968 , where it remained until 1976 ; and on two separate occasions the show was given a weekly nighttime spot on those networks . The first syndicated edition of Let 's Make a Deal premiered in 1971 . Distributed by ABC Films , and then by its successor Worldvision Enterprises once the fin - syn rules were enacted , the series ran until 1977 and aired weekly . A revival of the series based in Hall 's native Canada was launched in 1980 and aired in syndication on American and Canadian stations for one season . This series was produced by Catalena Productions and distributed in America by Rhodes Productions , Catalena 's partner company . In the fall of 1984 , the series returned for a third run in syndication as The All - New Let 's Make a Deal . Running for two seasons until 1986 , this series was distributed by Telepictures . NBC revived Let 's Make a Deal twice in a thirteen - year span . The first was a daytime series in 1990 that was the first to not be produced or hosted by Monty Hall . Instead , the show was a production of Ron Greenberg and Dick Clark , and featured Bob Hilton ( best known for announcing other game shows ) as host ( although Hall would eventually return as host for special episodes ) . A primetime edition was launched in 2003 but drew poor ratings and was cancelled after three of its intended five episodes had aired . This version had CNN reporter Billy Bush as host , and had a significantly larger budget . A partial remake called Big Deal , hosted by Mark DeCarlo , was broadcast on Fox in 1996 . In 1998 and 1999 , Buena Vista Television ( now Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) was in talks with Stone - Stanley ( the producers of Big Deal ) to create a revival hosted by Gordon Elliott , but it was never picked up . The show was one of several used as part of the summer series Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006 , hosted by Ricki Lake . Alison Fiori models one of the CBS version 's zonk prizes , a live llama As noted above , CBS revived Let 's Make a Deal in 2009 . The revival premiered on October 5 , 2009 , and CBS airs the show daily at 10 : 00 am and 3 : 00 pm Eastern time ( 9 : 00 am and 2 : 00 pm in other time zones ) . Like the program that it replaced , the long - running soap opera Guiding Light , affiliates can choose to air it in either time slot ; most affiliates , however , prefer the early slot in order to pair the two CBS daytime game shows together . From September 20 to October 15 , 2010 , Let 's Make a Deal and The Price Is Right aired two episodes a day on alternating weeks . CBS did this to fill a gap between the final episode of As the World Turns , which ended a fifty - four - year run on September 17 , 2010 , and the debut of The Talk . The double - run games aired at 2 : 00 pm Eastern . Although the current version of the show debuted in September 2009 , long after The Price Is Right ( which made the switch in September 2008 ) and the two Sony Pictures Television daytime dramas had made the switch to high definition , Let 's Make a Deal was , along with Big Brother , one of only two programs across the five major networks that was still being actively produced in standard definition . For the start of production for its 2014 -- 15 season in June 2014 , Let 's Make a Deal began being produced in high definition , with Big Brother 16 making the switch later in June . Let 's Make a Deal was the last remaining CBS program to make the switch by air date , with the first HD episode airing on September 22 , 2014 . Past personnel ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monty Hall hosted the original daytime network series for its entire run ( with the exception of a short time in early 1972 when Hall fell ill and early television pioneer Dennis James substituted in his stead ) ; Hall also hosted its accompanying primetime and syndicated series as well as the two 1980s syndicated efforts , and he served as consultant for the current version until his death . Game show announcer Bob Hilton became the new host for the NBC 1990 series ; however , due to low ratings , Hilton was fired from the show and in October 1990 , Hall returned to the show ( but was announced as `` guest host '' ) and remained as host until the series was canceled in January 1991 . Access Hollywood host Billy Bush emceed the 2003 series , with Hall making a cameo appearance in one episode . Each Let 's Make a Deal announcer also served as a de facto assistant host , as many times the announcer would be called upon to carry props across the trading floor . The original announcer for the series was Wendell Niles , who was replaced by Jay Stewart in 1964 . Stewart remained with Let 's Make a Deal until the end of the syndicated series in 1977 . The 1980 Canadian - produced syndicated series was announced by Chuck Chandler . The 1984 syndicated series employed voice actor Brian Cummings in the announcer / assistant role for its first season , with disc jockey Dean Goss taking the position for the following season . The 1990 NBC revival series was announced by Dean Miuccio , with the 2003 edition featuring Vance DeGeneres in that role . The longest tenured prize model on Let 's Make a Deal was Carol Merrill , who stayed with the series from its debut until 1977 . The models on the 1980s series were Maggie Brown , Julie Hall ( 1980 ) , Karen LaPierre , and Melanie Vincz ( 1984 ) . For the 1990 series , the show featured Georgia Satelle and identical twins Elaine and Diane Klimaszewski , who later gained fame as the Coors Light Twins . Hall ( 2010 and 2013 ) and Merrill ( 2013 ) both appeared on the current Brady version , each making one - week appearances each . The 2013 celebration of the franchise 's 50th anniversary was Hall 's last official appearance on the show prior to his death , but Hall also appeared in 2017 CBS publicity shots with Brady as part of a CBS Daytime publicity photo celebrating the network 's daytime ratings . When the current version debuted in 2009 at Las Vegas , Alison Fiori was the show 's original model , lasting for much of the first season in Las Vegas before the show moved to Los Angeles . During the 2013 - 14 season , Danielle Demski was the show 's model for most of the season while Tiffany Coyne was on maternity leave . Production locations ( edit ) The original daytime series was recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank , California and then at ABC Television Center in Los Angeles once the program switched networks in 1968 . The weekly syndicated series also taped at ABC Television Center , doing so for its first five seasons . After ABC cancelled the daytime series in 1976 , production of the syndicated series ceased there as well and the sixth and final season was recorded in the ballroom of the Las Vegas Hilton hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 1980 Canadian series taped at Panorama Studios in Vancouver , BC , which production company Catalena Productions used as its base of operations . The All - New Let 's Make a Deal taped its first season of episodes in Burbank at NBC Studios , then moved to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood , California for the second and final season . The 1990 NBC daytime series was recorded at Disney - MGM Studios on the grounds of Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida . The 2003 revival returned production to Burbank . The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas . The show returned to Hollywood in 2010 , first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Game play ( edit ) Jay Stewart and Monty Hall on the original version of the show Each episode of Let 's Make a Deal consists of several `` deals '' between the host and a member ( or members , generally a married couple ) of the audience , referred to as `` traders . '' Audience members are picked at the host 's whim as the show moves along , and couples are often selected to play together as traders . The deals are mini-games within the show that take several formats . In the simplest format , a trader is given a prize of medium value ( such as a television set or a few hundred dollars in cash ) , and the host offers them the opportunity to trade for another prize . However , the offered prize is unknown . It might be concealed on the stage behind one of three curtains , or behind `` boxes '' onstage ( large panels painted to look like boxes ) , within smaller boxes brought out to the audience , or occasionally in other formats . The initial prize given to the trader may also be concealed , such as in a box , wallet or purse , or the trader might be initially given a box , envelope or curtain . The format varies widely . Technically , traders are supposed to bring something to trade in , but this rule has seldom been enforced . On several occasions , a trader is actually asked to trade in an item such as their shoes or purse , only to receive the item back at the end of the deal as a `` prize '' . On at least one occasion , the purse was taken backstage and a high - valued prize was placed inside of it . Prizes generally are either a legitimate prize , such as a trip , electronics , furniture , appliances , or a car . Certain contestants also win cash , or a junked booby prize called the `` zonk '' ( e.g. , live animals , large amounts of food , fake money , fake trips , junked cars , etc. or something outlandish such as a giant article of clothing , a room full of junked furniture , etc . ) . Sometimes zonks are legitimate prizes but of a low value ( e.g. , Matchbox cars , wheelbarrows , T - shirts , groceries , etc . ) . On rare occasions , a trader appears to get zonked , but the zonk is a cover - up for a legitimate prize . Also on rare occasions , a contestant who is zonked is given an opportunity to play for the Big Deal of the Day ; usually , this happens only if there are very few or no big winners during the show . Though usually considered joke prizes , traders legally win the zonks . However , after the taping of the show , any trader who had been zonked is offered a consolation prize ( currently $100 ) instead of having to take home the actual zonk . This is partly because some of the zonks are impractical or physically impossible to receive or deliver to the traders ( such as live animals or the guy in an animal costume ) , or the props are owned by the studio . A disclaimer at the end of the credits of later 1970s episodes read `` Some traders accept reasonable duplicates of zonk prizes . '' Starting in the 2012 -- 13 season , CBS invited viewers to provide zonk ideas to producers . At the end of the season , the zonk declared the most creative was worth $2,500 to the winner , and other viewers ' zonk ideas were also used . For every viewer - developed zonk , the host announced the viewer who provided the zonk . The contest has been continued throughout the past several seasons after its 2012 introduction . Quickie deals ( edit ) As the end credits of the show roll , it is typical for the host to ask random members of the studio audience to participate in fast deals . In the current Wayne Brady version , these are often referred to as `` quickie deals '' , and are conducted by the host , announcer , and model each . CBS will post information on the show 's Twitter address ( @ LetsMakeADeal ) days before taping to encourage audience members to carry certain items in their pockets in order to win an additional $500 cash , when one of the hosts approaches them at the end of the show and asks to see such items . The deals are usually in the form of the following : Offering cash to a person for possessing a certain item . Paying a small cash amount for each instance of a certain item ( coins , paperclips , etc . ) that a person can produce . Offering cash for each instance of a particular digit in the serial number on a dollar bill , driver 's license , etc . Offering to pay the last check in the person 's checkbook , if they had one , up to a certain limit ( usually $500 or $1,000 ) . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much the Big Deal of the Day was worth exactly , or the name of the contestant who played for it . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly choose which one of two photos appeared on the show 's Instagram account . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly answer a question relating to their costume . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much money ( $100 , $200 , or $300 ) was in the announcer 's hand . Other Deal formats ( edit ) Deals were often more complicated than the basic format described above . Additionally , some deals took the form of games of chance , and others in the form of pricing games . Trading deals ( edit ) Choosing an envelope , purse , wallet , etc. , which conceal dollar bills . One of them conceals a pre-announced value ( usually $1 or $5 ) , which awards a car or trip . The other envelopes contain a larger amount of money as a consolation prize . The trader must decide whether to keep their choice or trade . In some playings it is possible for more than one trader to win the grand prize . Making decisions for another person , such as a spouse or a series of unrelated traders . Sometimes after several offers , the teams are broken up to make an individual decision . Being presented with a large grocery item ( e.g. , a box of candy bars ) -- almost always containing a hidden cash amount -- or a `` claim check '' at the start of the show . Throughout the show , the trader is given several chances to trade the item and / or give it to another trader in exchange for a different box or curtain . The final trader in possession of the item prior to the Big Deal is usually offered first choice of the three doors in exchange for giving up the item . The contents of the item are only revealed after the Big Deal is awarded ( or prior to the Big Deal if the last trader with the item elected to choose one of the three doors ) . A variation included a cash box with at various points the host inserting packets of money inside , with the trader allowed to give it to another trader in exchange for a curtain or box . As with the above deal , the host revealed the contents only after the last trader with the box goes for the Big Deal ( again , he / she is given first choice of the doors ) or after the Big Deal segment and before the closing credits . Games of chance ( edit ) A wide variety of chance - based games have been used on the show . Examples : Collecting a certain amount of money hidden inside wallets , envelopes , etc. , or by pressing unlabeled buttons on a cash register , in order to reach a pre-stated `` selling price '' for a larger prize , such as a car , trip or larger amount of cash . Typically , there may also be one or more zonk items hidden which end the game immediately if found . In the cash register game , if the zonk button -- the one that rings up `` No Sale '' -- is found , the trader was offered a chance to find the second `` No Sale '' sign to win the grand prize , otherwise the trader won whatever amount was rang up , often double the amount . In the current CBS version , a board with thirteen cash amounts and two zonks is used . Choosing one from among several items ( e.g. , one of three keys that unlocks a safe , one of three diamond rings that is genuine , one of three eggs that is raw , etc . ) in order to win money or a prize . Sometimes , two or perhaps all three of the items would pay off with the stated prize , especially if multiple traders played . Games involving a deck of cards in which a trader must find matching cards , draw cards that reach a cumulative total within a certain number of draws , draw a certain number of cards from a certain suit to win a designated prize ( with one suit always designated as going toward a `` zonk , '' which ends the game with nothing won ) , etc. to win a prize or additional money . Receiving clues about an unknown prize ( such as a partial spelling of the prize or clues in the form or rap , rhyme , etc . ) and deciding whether to take the unknown prize or a cash prize . Receiving money in the form of a long strip of bills dispensed one at a time from a machine . The trader can end the game at any time and keep the accumulated money , but he / she forfeits it if a blank sheet appears . Updated versions of the game involve an ATM . Depositing a card withdraws cash , but if the ATM displays `` overdrawn '' on the screen the trader loses everything . Being given a choice between a cash prize or one spin of a wheel that can award larger / smaller amounts , a zonk , or a car . Rolling dice to receive cash based upon the roll or achieving a cumulative score within a certain number of rolls to win a larger prize . Depending on the game , the trader is given the opportunity to stop the game at various points and take a `` sure thing '' deal or cash / prizes already accumulated or continue on and risk possibly losing . Pricing games ( edit ) Other deals related to pricing merchandise are featured in order to win a larger prize or cash amounts . Sometimes traders are required to price individual items ( either grocery products or smaller prizes generally valued less than $100 ) within a certain range to win successively larger prizes or a car . Other times traders must choose an item that a pre-announced price , order grocery items or small prizes from least to most expensive , or two items with prices that total a certain amount to win a larger prize . These games are not used on the CBS version because of their similarities to The Price is Right . Quiz games ( edit ) On the CBS version , due to the similarities of the pricing game concept with The Price is Right , quiz games are used instead . These deals involve products in the form of when they were introduced to the market , general knowledge quizzes , currency exchange rates ( at the time of taping ) , or knowledge of geography of trips to certain locales used as prizes . Big Deal ( edit ) The Big Deal serves as the final segment of the show and offers a chance at a significantly larger prize for a lucky trader . Before the round , the value of the day 's Big Deal is announced to the audience . The process for choosing traders was the same for every series through the 2003 NBC primetime series . Monty Hall ( or his successors ) would begin asking the day 's traders , starting with the highest winner , if they wanted to give back what they had managed to win earlier in the show for a chance to choose one of three numbered doors on the stage . The process continued until two traders agreed to play , and the biggest winner of the two got first choice of Door # 1 , Door # 2 , or Door # 3 . The other trader then chose from the remaining two doors . Since the 2009 series , the Big Deal has been played with just one trader . Each of the doors conceals either a prize package of some sort , or a cash award hidden inside a prop such as `` Monty 's Piggy Bank '' or the `` Let 's Make a Deal Vault . '' On occasion , a door containing an all - cash prize is opened before the traders make their choices , but the amount of the prize is not revealed . Most often , the value of the `` Low '' Door ( the lowest - valued door ) is less than the value of the player 's original winnings , while the `` Medium '' Door 's value is at least $1,000 more than the player 's traded winnings . When the Big Deal is not behind the selected door , one of the non-Big Deal doors is opened first , then the chosen door , with the Big Deal revealed last . If the Big Deal door IS selected , the other two doors are usually revealed first , although on rare occasions , the Big Deal door has been revealed second , after one of the other two doors ( usually the `` Medium '' door ) is revealed . The Big Deal prize is usually the most extravagant on each episode , and is often a car or a vacation with first - class accommodations . On occasion , the Big Deal consists of one of the all - cash prizes mentioned above ; at other times , a cash bonus is added to the prizes in the Big Deal to bring the total up to the announced value . On other occasions , the Big Deal is revealed to include `` Everything in the Big Deal '' , meaning the prizes behind all 3 doors are won if the player chose the Big Deal . The Big Deal is the one time in the show where a trader is guaranteed to not walk away with a Zonk . Super Deal ( edit ) During the 1975 -- 76 syndicated season , winners of the Big Deal were offered a chance to win the `` Super Deal '' . At this point , Big Deals were limited to a range of $8,000 to $10,000 . The trader could risk their Big Deal winnings on a shot at adding a $20,000 cash prize , which was hidden behind only one of three mini-doors onstage . The other two doors contained cash amounts of $1,000 or $2,000 ; however , the $1,000 value was later replaced with a `` mystery '' amount between $1,000 and $9,000 . A trader who decided to play risked their Big Deal winnings and selected one of the mini-doors . If the $20,000 prize was behind the door , the trader kept the Big Deal and added the $20,000 prize , for a potential maximum total of $30,000 . However , if a trader selected one of the other two doors , he or she forfeited the Big Deal prizes but kept the cash amount behind the door . The Super Deal was discontinued when the show permanently moved to Las Vegas for the final season ( 1976 -- 77 ) , and Big Deal values returned to the previous range of $10,000 to $15,000 . From 2012 to 2016 of the Brady version , the Super Deal was offered as a limited event ( usually for a week of shows promoted as `` Super Deal Week '' ) and was not played regularly . The show designated one or two weeks of episodes , typically airing during a special event ( e.g. , the 500th episode , 50th anniversary of franchise , etc . ) . In this version , the top cash prize was $50,000 while the other two cash prizes were $1,000 and $2,000 . In addition , instead of using mini-doors , the cash amounts were hidden in three large colored envelopes of red , green , and purple , respectively referred by Brady as ruby , emerald , and sapphire . Mega-Deal week ( edit ) For season premiere weeks in 2015 and 2016 of the Brady version , Big Deal of the Day winners had an opportunity to win every non-zonk , non-cash prize from that day 's episode as a `` Mega-Deal '' . Prior to the start of the Big Deal , the contestant picked both a Big Deal curtain and one of seven Mega Deal cards ( reduced by one for each day that the Mega Deal was not won that week ) . Unlike the Super Deal , the contestant does not risk their winnings in the Mega Deal . Only if the contestant won the Big Deal would the contestant 's card be revealed . If the card was the Mega Deal , they won every non-zonk , non-cash prize on the show that day . Regardless , at the end of the Big Deal , whichever door was chosen was the contestant 's to keep . Mash - up week ( edit ) The week of May 9 , 2016 was designated Mash - Up Week . During each of the five broadcast days , Deal and The Price Is Right each featured one game from the other 's lineup . The games were slightly modified to reflect the nature of the shows on which they were played ; those on TPIR required contestants to price items , while those on Deal used random draws and the offer of cash / prize deals to stop a game early . Reception ( edit ) Upon the original Let 's Make a Deal 's debut , journalist Charles Witbeck was skeptical of the show 's chances of success , noting that the previous four NBC programs to compete with CBS 's Password had failed . Some critics described the show as `` mindless '' and `` demeaning to traders and audiences alike '' . By 1974 , however , the show had spent more than a decade at or near the top of daytime ratings , and became the highest - rated syndicated primetime program . At the time , the show held the world 's record for the longest waiting list for tickets in show - business history -- there were 350 seats available for each show , and a wait time of two - to - three years after requesting a ticket . In 2001 , Let 's Make a Deal was ranked as # 18 on TV Guide 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . In 2006 , GSN aired a series of specials counting down its own list of the `` 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' , on which Let 's Make a Deal was # 7 . In 2014 , the American series won a Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song for `` 30,000 Reasons to Love Me '' , composed by Cat Gray and sung by Wayne Brady . Episode status ( edit ) ABC Daytime : A clip from the ABC daytime premiere was used on Monty Hall 's `` Biography '' , which aired during Game Show Week on A&E . Another episode from 1969 was found , which features a gaffe that Hall himself rated as his most embarrassing moment on Let 's Make a Deal -- at the end of the show , he attempted to make a deal with a woman carrying a baby 's bottle . Noting that it had a removable rubber nipple , he offered the woman $100 if she could show him another nipple ( she did n't ) . Episodes substitute - hosted by Dennis James exist in his personal library ; a portion of one such episode is widely circulated as part of a pitch film for James 's version of The Price Is Right . ABC Nighttime / 1971 -- 77 Syndicated : Episodes have been seen on GSN in the past . The CBN Cable Network reran the syndicated series in the 1980s and its successor , The Family Channel , from June 7 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . The 1980 - 81 version continued to air in reruns on Canada 's Global Television Network through the late 1980s . The 1984 -- 86 syndicated version has been seen on GSN in the past . Reruns previously aired on the USA Network from December 29 , 1986 to December 30 , 1988 and The Family Channel from August 30 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . Buzzr began airing episodes from 1985 on June 1 , 2016 . GAMETV in Canada has been airing this version since June 2018 as part of their Gameshow RETRO block . The 1990s NBC version has not been seen since its cancellation . The 2003 NBC prime time version only aired three of the five episodes produced , with no rebroadcasts since . International versions ( edit ) RTL Group holds international ( and as of February 2009 , American ) rights to the show , and has licensed the show to 14 countries . Region or country Local name Host Network Dates Australia Let 's Make A Deal Mike Dyer John Laws Jimmy Hannan Garry Meadows Nine Network 1968 -- 69 1976 -- 77 Vince Sorrenti Network Ten 1990 -- 91 Brazil Topa um Acordo ? Rodrigo Faro Rede Record April 26 , 2014 -- December 2014 Canada ( in English ) Let 's Make A Deal Monty Hall Syndication 1980 -- 81 * Egypt لعبة الحياة -- ليتس ميك آي ديل Lebet el hayat Moutaz Al - Demirdash Al Hayat 1 2013 -- present France Le Bigdil Vincent Lagaf ' and Bill TF1 1998 -- 2004 Germany Geh aufs Ganze ! Jörg Draeger Elmar Hörig Sat. 1 ( 1992 -- 97 ) tm3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) kabel eins ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 1992 -- 2003 Greece Τo Μεyάλo Παζάρi To Megalo Pazari Andreas Mikroutsikos Mega Channel 1992 -- 93 Parta Ola Τα σουτιέν και ο Αντρέας -- Το πιο Μεγάλο Παζάρι Ta soutien kai o Antreas -- To pio Megalo Pazari Alpha TV 2006 -- 07 Kane Pazari Doretta Papadimitriou Skai 2017 - present Hungary Zsákbamacska Rozsa Gyorgy MTV 1 1994 -- 98 India Khullja Sim Sim Aman Verma Hussain Kuwajerwala Star Plus BIG Magic 2001 -- 04 2012 -- 13 Indonesia Super Deal 2 Milyar Nico Siahaan Aditya Herpavi Rachman Indra Bekti and Indy Barends antv 2006 -- 07 April 29 , 2010 -- December 31 , 2010 July 25 , 2011 -- November 21 , 2011 Super Deal Uya Kuya 2014 -- 2015 Raffi Ahmad and Ruben Onsu 2016 Israel עשינו עסק Asinu eseq Avri Gilad Zvika Hadar Channel 2 1994 -- 95 Italy Facciamo un affare Iva Zanicchi Canale 5 1985 -- 86 Lebanon قصة كبيرة Ossa kbireh Michel Kazi Future TV 2002 Mexico Trato Hecho 1999 Poland Idź na całość Zygmunt Chajzer ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Krzysztof Tyniec ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Polsat 1997 -- 2001 Portugal Negócio Fechado Henrique Mendes SIC 1999 -- 2000 Romania Batem palma ! Dan Negru Antena 1 2002 -- 03 Spain Fem Un Pacte Joan Monleón Canal Nou Trato Hecho Bertín Osborne Antena 3 1998 -- 2000 2002 ¿ Hay Trato ? Carlos Sobera Turkey Seç Bakalım Erhan Yazıcıoğlu Kanal 6 ATV 1992 -- 95 1995 -- 98 United Kingdom Trick or Treat Mike Smith and Julian Clary ITV U.S. ( in English ) Let 's Make a Deal Monty Hall NBC 1963 -- 67 ABC Daytime 1968 -- 76 Primetime 1969 -- 71 Syndication 1971 -- 77 Syndication 1980 -- 81 * The All - New Let 's Make a Deal Syndication 1984 -- 86 Let 's Make a Deal Bob Hilton NBC 1990 -- 91 Big Deal Mark DeCarlo FOX Let 's Make a Deal Billy Bush NBC 2003 Wayne Brady CBS 2009 -- present U.S. ( in Spanish ) Trato Hecho Guillermo Huesca Univision January 10 , 2005 -- December 9 , 2005 Vietnam Ô cửa bí mật Trần Ngọc VTV3 January 6 , 2008 -- February 19 , 2012 * The 1980 -- 81 version aired in both the U.S. and Canada . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1964 , Milton Bradley released a home version of Let 's Make a Deal featuring gameplay somewhat different from the television show . In 1974 , Ideal Toys released an updated version of the game featuring Hall on the box cover , which was also given to all traders on the syndicated version in the 1974 -- 75 season . An electronic tabletop version by Tiger Electronics was released in 1998 . In the late summer of 2006 , an interactive DVD version of Let 's Make a Deal was released by Imagination Games , which also features classic clips from the Monty Hall years of the show . In 2010 , Pressman Toy Corporation released an updated version of the box game , with gameplay more similar to the 1974 version , featuring Brady on the box cover . Various U.S. lotteries have included instant lottery tickets based on Let 's Make a Deal . In 1999 , the website BuyBidWin.com licensed the rights to Let 's Make a Deal as it launched a website featuring Monty Hall . In 1999 , Shuffle Master teamed up with Bally 's to do a video slot machine game based on the show with the voice and likeness of Monty Hall . In 2004 , IGT ( International Gaming Technology ) did a new video slot game based on the show still featuring Monty Hall . In 2004 , the now defunct website GameShow24.com was going to release a beta game based on Let 's Make a Deal . In 2012 , a Facebook game based on the Wayne Brady version was released by RealNetwork 's GameHouse . In 2013 , Aristocrat Technology did an all - new video slot machine game based on the Wayne Brady version . The Monty Hall problem ( edit ) Main article : Monty Hall problem The Monty Hall Problem , also called the Monty Hall paradox , is a veridical paradox because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true . The Monty Hall problem , in its usual interpretation , is mathematically equivalent to the earlier Three Prisoners problem , and both bear some similarity to the much older Bertrand 's box paradox . The problem examines the counterintuitive effect of switching one 's choice of doors , one of which hides a `` prize '' . The problem has been analyzed many times , in books , articles and online . In an interview with The New York Times reporter John Tierney in 1991 , Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem , stating that he played on the psychology of the trader , and why the solution did not apply to the case of the actual show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LetsMakeADeal.com -- Show Info '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Wearing costumes was the audience 's idea . To attract Monty 's attention , the traders got creative to out - do each other . Jump up ^ `` New Let 's Make a Deal gets Zonked '' . CNN . 2003 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Petrozzello , Donna ( 4 April 1999 ) . `` The secret words are : game show '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Big Brother 16 Twist Revealed : The Show Will ( Finally ) Be Seen in HD '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LMAD 50th Anniversary '' . CBS . CBS . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Monty Hall '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Witbeck , Charles ( 1964 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Two New Daytime Shows Aired '' . The Blade . The Toledo Blade Company : 10H . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monty Hall 's `` Let 's Make a Deal '' Most Successful Television Program `` . Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company : 9B. 1974 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Jerry ( 1974 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Monty Hall Deals in Entertainment '' . St. Petersburg Times : 10D . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time slideshow '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sesame Street , ' ' Ellen DeGeneres ' Lead Daytime Emmy Creative Arts Winners '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Let 's Make A Deal ' Host Monty Hall Shares His Most Embarrassing Moment ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- June 7 , 1993 Jump up ^ TV Guide -- March 23 -- 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 29 , 1986 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 30 , 1988 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- August 30 , 1993 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- March 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ http://tv.r7.com/record-tv/hora-do-faro/videos/plateia-fantasiada-ganha-muitos-premios-no-topa-um-acordo-21022018 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKFsAIXTq1g Jump up ^ http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/r1608/r1607W/le-bon-deal-du-bigdil.html Jump up ^ http://tvtotal.prosieben.de/videos/TV-total-Hilft--Geh-aufs-Ganze--/4562/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8lEylvynd8 Jump up ^ https://www.skai.gr/kanepazari Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f4M3i7PfIE Jump up ^ http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep68.htm Jump up ^ https://www.antvklik.com/hiburan/superdeal_2miliar.php Jump up ^ Oggi , 1985 Jump up ^ https://www.tvpolsat.info/news.php?readmore=8020 Jump up ^ https://sic.sapo.pt/video/2008-01-16-Negocio-fechado Jump up ^ http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/television/carlos-sobera-presentara-antena-3-hay-trato_89688.html Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal merchandise '' . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovel , Jim ( 2002 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Agency to Put TV Classics onto State Lottery Tickets '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle ( American City Business Journals ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ BuyBidWin.com Let 's Make a Deal website Jump up ^ `` LET 'S MAKE A DEAL '' Goes Social With FremantleMedia Entertprises and GameHouse Jump up ^ Gruber , Gary R. ( 2010 ) . The World 's 200 Hardest Brain Teasers . Google Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 3857 - 4 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` On `` Let 's Make a Deal , '' you pick Door # 1 . Monty opens Door # 2 -- no prize . Do you stay with Door # 1 or switch to # 3 ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 25 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( July 21 , 1991 ) . `` Behind Monty Hall 's Doors : Puzzle , Debate and Answer ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website CBS 's website for the show Let 's Make A Deal at TV.com Let 's Make a Deal ( 1963 -- 77 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1980 -- 81 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1990 -- 91 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2003 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2009 -- present ) on IMDb Big Deal ( 1996 ) on IMDb Le Bigdil ( 1998 -- 2004 ) on IMDb Geh aufs Ganze ! ( 1992 -- 2003 ) on IMDb To megalo pazari ( 1992 -- 93 ) on IMDb Asinu Esek ( 1994 -- 96 ) on IMDb Negócio Fechado ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb Trato Hecho ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb CBC Television Archives profile of Monty Hall with behind - the - scenes footage of Let 's Make a Deal ( 1970 ) `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' the 1992 -- 2003 ( German version ) of `` Let 's Make A Deal '' courtesy of Grundy Light Entertainment description of `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' ( Original website ) Official site of Super Deal 2 Milyar ( 2010 ) via internet archive ) Article about the 2004 Spain version Monty Hall interview on TVParty.com Let 's Make a Deal Video Slots @ Bally Gaming Systems at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 17 , 2001 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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Television Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Dick Clark Productions American television series revived after cancellation English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with Spanish - language external links TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 07 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does let's make a deal tape	[ "The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas. The show returned to Hollywood in 2010, first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios.\n" ]	[ "Raleigh Studios" ]
6345693984740772429	Connor Trinneer	Connor Trinneer - wikipedia Connor Trinneer Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Connor Trinneer Trinneer signing autographs at a convention , 2006 ( 1969 - 03 - 19 ) March 19 , 1969 ( age 48 ) Walla Walla , Washington , U.S. Years active 1996 - present Spouse ( s ) Ariana Navarre ( m . 2004 ) Children Connor Trinneer ( born March 19 , 1969 ) is an American film , stage , and television actor . He is best known for his role as Charles `` Trip '' Tucker III on Star Trek : Enterprise and as Michael on the series Stargate Atlantis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video Games 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Trinneer was born on March 19 , 1969 , in Walla Walla , Washington , but spent many years in Kelso , Washington , where he attended elementary and middle schools , and then Kelso High School . He attended Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma . While at PLU , he played college football . He graduated with a bachelor of fine arts degree in acting , and went on to obtain a master of fine arts degree from University of Missouri -- Kansas City . Career ( edit ) Trinneer , as Commander Charles `` Trip '' Tucker , III , meets U.S. Navy Sailors of the Year for the year 2001 on February 28 , 2002 , courtesy U.S. Navy Trinneer first came to attention in Arcadia at the Huntington Theater Company in Boston . Much of his work to date has been in theater , specifically a long association with the Circle X Theatre Company in Hollywood . He has had several guest - starring roles on television , including One Life to Live , Sliders , and Touched by an Angel . He also had a significant role in the TV adaptation of A.R. Gurney 's Far East , playing the conflicted gay officer Bob Munger . In 2001 , Trinneer auditioned for Star Trek : Enterprise . At the time , he did not follow science fiction and was unaware of the franchise 's significance . He said that he gained the role of Tucker through sheer luck , as he anticipated that more than a hundred actors would audition for the part . Trinneer did not know what to expect from the part . During the audition , he had only seven pages of a script on which to base his performance , and was told only that the character originated from the southern United States . After the cancellation of Enterprise , Trinneer returned to guest - starring roles on series such as Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles and 24 , and a recurring role as the Wraith Michael in Stargate Atlantis . Trinneer attended the GO3 Electronic and Entertainment Expo in Perth , Western Australia , and appeared with fellow Stargate Atlantis co-star David Nykl on the 2009 Channel Seven Perth Telethon . Personal Life ( edit ) Trinneer married Ariana Navarre on May 29 , 2004 ; they have a son , born in 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 61 * Writer # 2 Television film 2009 Star Runners Tycho ' Ty ' Johns Television film 2015 Prey for Death Chamberlain 2017 Unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! Captain Jack Youngblood 2017 American Made George W. Bush Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes One Life to Live Zeus Zelenko # 2 Unknown episodes 1998 Sliders Samson Episode : `` Prophets and Loss '' 1998 Touched by an Angel Paul Ratcliff Episode : `` Seek and Ye Shall Find '' 2000 Freaky Links Ted Episode : `` Subject : Three Thirteen '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Steve Tedesco Episode : `` The Way '' 2001 -- 2005 Star Trek : Enterprise Commander Charles Tucker III 98 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television ( 2002 -- 03 ) 2005 Numb3rs Bob McHugh Episode : `` Toxin '' 2006 Close to Home Eric Foster Episode : `` Privilege '' 2006 -- 2008 Stargate Atlantis Michael Kenmore 10 episodes 2006 NCIS James Dempsey Episode : `` Jeopardy '' 2006 Without a Trace Coach Robert Owens Episode : `` Fade Away '' 2007 Family Guy N / A Episode : `` Road to Rupert '' 2008 Criminal Minds Dan Torre Episode : `` Minimal Loss '' 2009 Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Sheriff Alvan McKinley Episode : `` The Good Wound '' 2009 24 Carl Gadsen Episode : `` Day 7 : 10 : 00pm - 11 : 00pm '' 2009 The Closer Jeff Webb Episode : `` Waivers of Extradition '' 2009 Lincoln Heights Detective Kersey 2 episodes The Mentalist Deputy Bob Woolgar Episode : `` Red Moon '' 2011 Pretty Little Liars Nick McMullers Episode : `` The New Normal '' 2011 NCIS : Los Angeles NCIS Agent Boyle Episode : `` Empty Quiver '' 2012 Suits Preston Reed Episode : `` Asterisk '' 2015 American Odyssey Michael Banks 3 episodes 2017 Riley Parra Samael Web series Video Games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2016 ReCore Dr. Thomas Adams References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Trinneer , Connor '' . Star Trek.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chief Journalist Mark O. Piggott ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) . `` USS Enterprise Sailors meet castmember of Star Trek TV series '' . Navy NewsStand - Eye on the Fleet . Retrieved 2002 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Connor Trinneer Interview '' . Trekcore . October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staten , Joseph ; ReCore , Senior Creative Director for . `` New Trailer Reveal for ReCore , Plus Voice Cast and Story Hints '' . Xbox Wire . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connor Trinneer . Connor Trinneer on IMDb Connor Trinneer on Twitter VIAF : 86405935 LCCN : no2009065105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connor_Trinneer&oldid=801087815 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people People from Walla Walla , Washington American male soap opera actors American male stage actors American male television actors People from Cowlitz County , Washington Male actors from Washington ( state ) Pacific Lutheran University alumni University of Missouri -- Kansas City alumni Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played michael the wraith on stargate atlantis	[ "Connor Trinneer (born March 19, 1969) is an American film, stage, and television actor. He is best known for his role as Charles \"Trip\" Tucker III on Star Trek: Enterprise and as Michael on the series Stargate Atlantis." ]	[ "Connor Trinneer" ]
2975847836288634842	Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness	Life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness - wikipedia Life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness This article is about a famous phrase . For other uses , see The Pursuit of Happiness . Office for Emergency Management . Office of War Information war poster 1941 -- 1945 `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' is a well - known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence . The phrase gives three examples of the `` unalienable rights '' which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their creator , and which governments are created to protect . Contents 1 Origin and phrasing 1.1 Meaning of `` happiness '' 1.2 Lockean roots hypothesis 1.3 Virginia Declaration of Rights 1.4 Alternative hypotheses 2 Comparable mottos worldwide 3 References Origin and phrasing ( edit ) The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson , and then edited by the Committee of Five , which consisted of Jefferson , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Roger Sherman , and Robert Livingston . It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4 , 1776 . The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' . Jefferson 's `` original Rough draught '' is on exhibit in the Library of Congress . This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson 's draft , which reads : We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable ; that all men are created equal & independent , that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable , among which are the preservation of life , & liberty , & the pursuit of happiness ; ... The Committee of Five edited Jefferson 's draft . Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact , and reads : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . -- -- A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson 's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified , although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson . Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime : this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy , which translates as self - rule , self - sufficiency or freedom . The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source . Meaning of `` happiness '' ( edit ) There is debate about what the word `` happiness '' may have meant in 1776 . Current usage focuses on pleasant , positive emotions and having needs satisfied , whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been `` prosperity , thriving , wellbeing '' . Lockean roots hypothesis ( edit ) In 1689 , Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting `` property '' , which he defined as a person 's `` life , liberty , and estate '' . In A Letter Concerning Toleration , he wrote that the magistrate 's power was limited to preserving a person 's `` civil interest '' , which he described as `` life , liberty , health , and indolency of body ; and the possession of outward things '' . He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that `` the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness '' . According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson 's thought in Locke 's doctrine , Jefferson replaced `` estate '' with `` the pursuit of happiness '' , although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the `` pursuit of happiness '' to refer primarily or exclusively to property . Under such an assumption , the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave , and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government . Virginia Declaration of rights ( edit ) The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12 , 1776 , speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which `` the fundamental natural rights of mankind '' were expressed at the time . That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights , of which , when they enter into a state of society , they can not , by any compact , deprive or divest their posterity ; namely , the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the means of acquiring and possessing property , and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . -- Virginia Declaration of Rights Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of `` property '' as a goal of government . It is noted that Franklin found property to be a `` creature of society '' and thus , he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society . Alternative hypotheses ( edit ) In 1628 , Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England , his commentary on Thomas de Littleton , that `` It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law , Life , Liberty , Dower . '' At common law , dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property . Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged . Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind : If , in reality , courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity , the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds , not in him on whom it is bestowed ; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character . If this be the good of the individual , it is likewise that of mankind ; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain ; but supposes , in the highest degree , as possessed by ourselves , that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world . -- Adam Ferguson , An Essay on the History of Civil Society The 17th - century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well - being of our fellow humans is essential to the `` pursuit of our own happiness '' . Locke never associated natural rights with happiness , but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium . William Wollaston 's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the `` truest definition '' of `` natural religion '' as being `` The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth '' . An English translation of Jean - Jacques Burlamaqui 's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the `` noble pursuit '' of `` true and solid happiness '' in the opening chapter discussing natural rights . Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson 's phrase . Another possible source for the phrase is in the Commentaries on the Laws of England published by Sir William Blackstone , from 1765 to 1769 , which are often cited in the laws of the United States . Blackstone argues that God ' has so intimately connected , so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual , that the latter can not be attained but by observing the former ; and , if the former be punctually obeyed , it can not but induce the latter . In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity , he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts , referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things , as some have vainly surmised ; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept , `` that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness . '' This is the foundation of what we call ethics , or natural law . ' Comparable mottos worldwide ( edit ) Other tripartite mottos include `` liberté , égalité , fraternité '' ( liberty , equality , fraternity ) in France ; `` Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit '' ( unity , justice and liberty ) in Germany and `` peace , order , and good government '' in Canada . It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights : `` life , liberty , security of the person '' ( this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights , which added `` enjoyment of property '' to the list ) . The phrase can also be found in Chapter III , Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan , and in President Ho Chi Minh 's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . An alternative phrase `` life , liberty , and property '' , is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights , a resolution of the First Continental Congress . The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments can not deprive any person of `` life , liberty , or property '' without due process of law . Also , Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads , `` Everyone has the right to life , liberty , and security of person '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence : Rough Draft '' . USHistory.org . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Scanned image of the Jefferson 's `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence , written in June 1776 , including all the changes made later by John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee , and by Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 2009 ) . The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . pp. 7 -- 22 . ISBN 0674036069 . Jump up ^ Dube , Ann Marie ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions . Pennsylvania : U.S. National Park Service . OCLC 44638441 . Jump up ^ `` We Hold These Truths To Be Self Evident ... '' U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Julian P. , ed. ( 1950 ) . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson . Volume 1 : 1760 -- 1776 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . pp. 243 -- 47 . OCLC 16353926 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence '' . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Khoddam , Rubin ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` What 's Your Definition of Happiness ? '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Scott Barry ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Differences between Happiness and Meaning in Life '' . Scientific American . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Ben ( September 17 , 2016 ) . `` Two American Dreams : how a dumbed - down nation lost sight of a great idea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Timothy J. ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` What About That Pursuit of Happiness ? '' . Philly.com via Gettysburg College . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1988 ) ( 1689 ) . Laslett , Peter , ed . Two Treatises of Government . Cambridge , NY : Cambridge University Press . Sec. 87 , 123 , 209 , 222 . ISBN 052135448X . Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1983 ) ( 1689 ) . Tully , James H. , ed . A Letter Concerning Toleration . Indianapolis , IN : Hackett Publishing . p. 26 . ISBN 091514560X . Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1975 ) ( 1689 ) . Nidditch , Peter H. , ed . Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . Book 2 , Chapter 21 , Section 51 . ISBN 0198245955 . Jump up ^ Zuckert , Michael P. ( 1996 ) . The Natural Rights Republic . Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press . pp. 73 -- 85 . ISBN 0268014809 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Ross J. ( 2009 ) . The Lockean Commonwealth . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . ISBN 1438427948 . Jump up ^ Pangle , Thomas L. ( 1988 ) . The Spirit of Modern Republicanism . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0226645401 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Alan ( 2009 ) . Interpreting the Founding ( 2nd ed . ) . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700617051 . Jump up ^ Rahe , Paul A. ( 1994 ) ( 1992 ) . Republics Ancient & Modern , Volume 3 ; Inventions of Prudence : Constituting the American Regime . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 19 . ISBN 080784473X . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 2009 ) . The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 78 . ISBN 0674036069 . Jump up ^ Banning , Lance ( 1995 ) . Jefferson & Madison . New York , NY : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 17 , 103 -- 04 . ISBN 0945612486 . Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence , but does not trace it back to Locke , and in general downplays Jefferson 's debts to Locke . Jump up ^ `` The Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin ( 2006 ) . Skousen , Mark , ed . The Compleated Autobiography . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . p. 413 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 033 - 6 . Jump up ^ Coke , Edward ( 1628 ) . The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England . London : Adam Islip . Section 193 . OCLC 84760833 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Edward Jenkins ( 1922 ) . The Law of Real Property in Illinois . 1 . Chicago : Burdette J. Smith & Company . p. 178 . OCLC 60731472 . Jump up ^ Wills , Gary ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . New York , NY : Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 25776 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Adam ( 1995 ) ( 1767 ) . Oz - Salzberger , Fania , ed . An Essay on the History of Civil Society . Cambridge , NY : Cambridge University Press . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 052144215X . Jump up ^ Cumberland , Richard ( 2005 ) ( 1727 ) . A Treatise of the Laws of Nature . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund . pp. 523 -- 24 . ISBN 0865974721 . Jump up ^ Leibniz , Gottfried Wilhelm ( 1988 ) . Riley , Patrick , ed . Leibniz : Political Writings ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , NY : Cambridge University Press . p. 171 . ISBN 0521353807 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , William ( 1759 ) ( 1722 ) . The Religion of Nature Delineated ( 8th ed . ) . London : Samuel Palmer . p. 90 . OCLC 2200588 . Jump up ^ Burlamaqui , Jean - Jacques ( 2006 ) ( 1747 ) . The Principles of Natural and Politic Law . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund . p. 31 . ISBN 0865974969 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 2010 ) . Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 300 . ISBN 0618267468 ... arguably owed more to Jefferson 's reading of the Swiss jurist Jean - Jacques Burlamaqui than it did to his manifest debt to John Locke . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William ( 1765 ) . `` Section the Second : Of the Nature of Laws in General '' . Commentaries on the Laws of England . Clarendon Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . OCLC 65350522 . Jump up ^ Dyck , Perry Rand ( 2000 ) . Canadian Politics : Critical Approaches ( 3rd ed . ) . Scarborough , ON : Nelson Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 616792 - 9 . 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-5919271510458697403	Battle of Dranesville	Battle of Dranesville - wikipedia Battle of Dranesville Coordinates : 38 ° 59 ′ 43.7 '' N 77 ° 20 ′ 13.9 '' W / 38.995472 ° N 77.337194 ° W / 38.995472 ; - 77.337194 Battle of Dranesville Part of the American Civil War Battle of Dranesville Date December 20 , 1861 ( 1861 - 12 - 20 ) Location Fairfax County , Virginia Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Edward O.C. Ord J.E.B. Stuart Strength 5,000 4,000 Casualties and losses 71 230 McClellan 's Operations in Northern Virginia Ball 's Bluff Dranesville The Battle of Dranesville was a small battle during the American Civil War that took place between Confederate forces under Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart and Union forces under Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord on December 20 , 1861 , in Fairfax County , Virginia , as part of Major General George B. McClellan 's operations in northern Virginia . The two forces on similar winter - time patrols encountered and engaged one another in the crossroads village of Dranesville . The battle resulted in a Union victory . Contents 1 Background 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 4 Results 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Approximate site of the battle , seen in 2017 Following the Battle of Ball 's Bluff on October 21 , major offensive action was halted in the eastern theater , as both armies went into winter quarters . Small detachments were still occasionally sent out to probe the enemy 's position and to obtain forage . Such was the case early on the morning of December 20 when General Stuart , with a mixed brigade of infantry comprising the regiments of the 6th South Carolina , 1st Kentucky , 10th Alabama , and 11th Virginia , 150 of his cavalry troopers and Allen S. Cutts 's four - gun Georgia battery , set out north from their position near Centreville to escort the army 's wagons trains on a foraging expedition into Loudoun County . Meanwhile , General Ord , leading the 10,000 strong 3rd Brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves set out west from Langley to clear the south bank of the Potomac River of Confederate pickets and partisans in Fairfax and Loudoun . At Colvin Run Mill , Ord left half his force to protect his rear and prevent his force from being cut off from their base at Langley . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord Commander : Brigadier General Edward O.C. Ord Regiments 6th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 35th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. William M. Penrose 9th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 38th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. Conrad Feger Jackson 10th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 39th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. John S. McCalmont 12th Infantry , Pennsylvania Reserves ( a.k.a. 41st Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Col. John H. Taggart Kane 's 1st Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment ( a.k.a. 42nd Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. l Thomas L. Kane 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry ( a.k.a. 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. Jacob C. Higgins 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Artillery ( a.k.a. 43rd Pennsylvania Volunteers ) : Lt. Col. Charles T. Campbell Battery A : Cpt . Hezekiah Easton Battery F : Cpt . Ezra Matthews Confederate ( edit ) Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart Commander : Brigadier General J.E.B. Stuart Regiments 11th Virginia Volunteers : Col. Samuel Garland , Jr . 6th South Carolina Volunteers : Lt. Col. Andrew J. Secrest 10th Alabama Volunteers : Col. John Horace Forney 1st Kentucky Volunteers : Col. Thomas A Taylor 1st North Carolina Cavalry ( 100 man detachment ) : Maj . James B. Gordon 2nd Virginia Cavalry , Company C : Cpt . Andrew L. Pitzer Sumter Flying Artillery ( Georgia ) : Capt . Allen S. Cutts Battle ( edit ) Sketch of the Affair at Dranesville , Va . Matz , Otto H. , 1895 At about noon , Ord arrived at the intersection of the Georgetown Pike and Leesburg Pike in the village of Dranesville , where he encountered Stuart 's advance cavalry pickets , which were quickly driven off by the Union force . Ord then began to lead his command west , down the Leesburg Pike . At around 1 p.m. Stuart , with the main body of his force approached Dranesville from the south , whereupon he encountered the rear of the Union detachment . Ord halted his infantry and wheeled it around to meet the Confederate threat , forming a line on the north side of the Leesburg Pike . He then deployed his artillery on an eminence near the intersection . Stuart deployed his infantry on the south side of the pike and his artillery 300 yards south of the federal position . While the Confederate infantry was deploying , the 6th South Carolina mistook the 1st Kentucky for Union troops and opened fire , which was quickly returned by the Kentuckians . Hearing the sound of gunfire , the 9th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment charged across the turnpike but were quickly driven back . The artillery then began to duel , but owing to the strength of the Union position , the Confederate guns were quickly knocked out . Ord deployed his infantry in a skirmish line and sent it across the Pike at Stuart and the two sides squared off for nearly 2 hours . At 3 p.m. , with his wagons safely away and secure from capture , Stuart ordered a withdrawal . Ord pursued for a half mile , ensuring his line of retreat was safe , before breaking off the attack and returning to Langley . The following day Stuart returned with reinforcements , but the battle was already over . Results ( edit ) Though the battle was small , of no strategic importance and resulted in only light casualties , it marked the first time in the east that a Union force had bested their Confederate enemy , inflicting 230 casualties while suffering only 71 , and was able to drive them from the field . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ' dual names ' of Pennsylvania Reserve Regiments are employed by Samuel P. Bates . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CWSAC Report Update Jump up ^ Bates , Samuel P. ( 1869 ) . History of Pennsylvania Volunteers , 1861 - 1865 , Volume I. Harrisburg , PA : B. Singerly , State Printer . pp. 539 -- 544 , 692 -- 719 , 784 -- 875 , 907 -- 1056 . ASIN B002FK988S . Jump up ^ Stuart , J.E.B. `` Official Report '' . Shotgun 's Home of the American Civil War . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Stackpole Books ; Mechanicsburg , Pa. 2001 . Evans , Thomas J and James M. Moyer . Mosby 's Confederacy : A Guide to the Roads and Sites of Colonel John Singleton Mosby . White Mane Publishing Company , Inc . Shippensburg , Pa. 1991 . p. 46 . External links ( edit ) History of the Dranesville , Virginia , area ( includes information about the battle ) National Park Service battle description CWSAC Report Update Loudoun County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Ball 's Bluff Battle of Dranesville Battle of Harpers Ferry Battle of Aldie Battle of Middleburg Battle of Upperville Skirmishes The Fight at Waterford Battle of Mile Hill The Affair at Glenmore Farm Battle of Unison Fight at Aldie Skirmish at Miskel Farm Blackleys Grove Second Dranesville Action at Mount Zion Church Battle of Loudoun Heights Heaton 's Crossroads The Harmony Skirmish Raids The Burning Raid George 's Schoolhouse Raid Units Confederate 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry 7th Virginia Cavalry 8th Virginia Infantry Union Loudoun Rangers People John Janney Elijah V. White Robert H. Chilton Samuel C. Means John Mobberly Sites Ball 's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Fort Johnston Fort Evans Fort Beauregard Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. Mosby Edwin H. Stoughton Robert H. Anderson Sites Clarens ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Centreville Military Railroad Colvin Run Mill Fort Lyon ( Virginia ) Fort Marcy Park Hope Park Huntley ( plantation ) Fort O'Rourke Oak Hill ( Annandale , Virginia ) Okeley Manor Ossian Hall ( plantation ) Ox Hill Battlefield Park Ravensworth ( plantation ) St. Mary 's Church ( Fairfax Station , Virginia ) Taylor 's Tavern William Gunnell House ( Fairfax , Virginia ) Mason 's Hill Minor 's Hill Munson 's Hill Upton 's Hill Bailey 's Crossroads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dranesville&oldid=844908810 '' Categories : Loudoun County in the American Civil War Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles for McClellan 's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Union victories of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia 1861 in Virginia 1861 in the American Civil War December 1861 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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-6718102858366318183	Hannah John-Kamen	Hannah John - Kamen - wikipedia Hannah John - Kamen British actress Hannah John - Kamen Hannah Dominique E. John - Kamen ( 1989 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1989 ( age 28 ) Anlaby , East Yorkshire , England Alma mater Central School of Speech and Drama Occupation Actress Years active 2011 -- present Height 1.67 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Hannah John - Kamen ( born 6 September 1989 ) is a British actress . She is known for her roles as Dutch in the Syfy television series Killjoys , Ornela in the HBO series Game of Thrones , F'Nale Zandor in Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One , and Ghost in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant - Man and the Wasp . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Stage 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) John - Kamen was born in Anlaby , East Yorkshire , England , the youngest of three children of a Nigerian forensic psychologist father and a Norwegian former fashion model mother . She has an older brother and an older sister . She attended primary school in Kirk Ella , received her secondary education at Hull Collegiate School and trained at the National Youth Theatre in London . In 2012 , she graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama . Career ( edit ) John - Kamen began her career in 2011 when she provided her voice for the video game Dark Souls . She went on to make episode appearances in television series Misfits ( 2011 ) , Black Mirror ( 2011 ) , Whitechapel ( 2012 ) , The Syndicate ( 2012 ) , The Midnight Beast ( 2012 ) and The Hour ( 2012 ) . In 2012 , John - Kamen landed the lead role of Viva in Viva Forever ! , a West End musical based on the songs of the Spice Girls . Written by Jennifer Saunders and produced by Judy Craymer , Viva Forever ! premiered on 11 December 2012 at the Piccadilly Theatre to largely negative reviews . The Daily Mirror , however , praised John - Kamen 's performance , noting , `` It 's a shame a talented cast , especially Hannah John - Kamen 's Viva and the rest of Eternity , are let down by a clichéd plot and leaden dialogue . '' The show was closed on 29 June 2013 . 2015 saw John - Kamen land a starring role in SyFy 's Killjoys . In 2016 John - Kamen had a guest starring role on HBO 's Game of Thrones . In 2016 , she appeared in `` Playtest '' , an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror . She also appeared in season two of the UK series The Tunnel . On John - Kamen 's role in Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One , Kristen Tauer wrote : `` While much of Ready Player One takes place in a virtual reality world , John - Kamen 's character is unique in that she is rooted in the reality throughout the film . '' Also in 2018 , Kamen played villain Ghost in the superhero film Ant - Man and the Wasp . Personal life ( edit ) John - Kamen plays the piano and is trained in ballet , cabaret , jazz dance , salsa , and tap dance . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director Notes 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens First Order Officer # 1 J.J. Abrams 2018 Tomb Raider Sophie Roar Uthaug Ready Player One F'Nale Zandor Steven Spielberg Ant - Man and the Wasp Ava Starr / Ghost Peyton Reed Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Misfits Carly Episode # 3.6 Black Mirror Selma Episode `` Fifteen Million Merits '' 2012 Whitechapel Roxy 2 episodes The Syndicate Young Shop Assistant Episode # 1.2 The Midnight Beast Pizza Girls Episode : `` Someone Called Sam '' The Hour Rosa Maria Ramírez 4 episodes 2014 Death in Paradise Yasmin Blake Series 3 ; Episode 6 Happy Valley Justine 2015 Cucumber Violet The Ark Nahlab Television film Banana Violet 2015 -- present Killjoys Dutch / Aneela Main role 2016 The Tunnel : Sabotage Rosa Persaud Game of Thrones Ornela Episodes : `` Oathbreaker '' , `` Book of the Stranger '' Black Mirror Sonja Episode : `` Playtest '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Dark Souls Lord 's Blade Ciaran Voice role 2014 Dark Souls II Sweet Shalquoir Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Theatre Notes 2012 Viva Forever ! Viva Piccadilly Theatre From 11 December 2012 to 29 June 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hannah John - Kamen Biography '' . Frost Snow . 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emma ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` DISCOVERY : HANNAH JOHN - KAMEN '' . Interview Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Hannah John - Kamen to star in Spice Girls musical '' . This Is Hull and East Riding. 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hannah John - Kamen '' . The Casting Website.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` Initial Casting Revealed for West End 's Viva Forever ! , Featuring Music of The Spice Girls '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shenton , Mark ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Viva Forever , Musical Featuring Spice Girls Songs , Confirms West End Opening at Piccadilly Theatre '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Alun ( 12 December 2012 ) . `` Lost in Spice : Viva Forever ! the Spice Girls musical is just a Wannabe '' . The Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Killjoys ' actress unleashes her ' bossy ' side '' ... bendbulletin.com . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Killjoys ' Hannah John - Kamen , Aaron Ashmore , and Luke Macfarlane -- Discussing Season Two '' . talknerdywithus.com. 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Killjoys ' John - Kamen generating heat '' . Welland Tribune . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Mirror ' Season 3 Trailer : `` No One Is This Happy ' '' . Deadline. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Tauer , Kristen ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen , a Villain on the Rise '' . WWD . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Black Mirror 's ' Hannah John - Kamen Lands Key Role in ' Ant - Man and the Wasp ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hannah John - Kamen on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0004 5971 4964 VIAF : 18147602433457641079 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_John-Kamen&oldid=856770568 '' Categories : 1989 births Actresses from Yorkshire Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama English people of Nigerian descent English people of Norwegian descent English stage actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses Living people National Youth Theatre members People educated at Hull Collegiate School Actresses from Kingston upon Hull 21st - century English actresses Black English actresses Hidden categories : Articles with short description Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from January 2015 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 12 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what episode of black mirror was hannah john kamen in	[ "\n\nYear\n\nTitle\n\nRole\n\nNotes\n\n\n2011\n\nMisfits\n\nCarly\n\nEpisode #3.6\n\n\nBlack Mirror\n\nSelma\n\nEpisode \"Fifteen Million Merits\"\n\n\n2012\n\nWhitechapel\n\nRoxy\n\n2 episodes\n\n\nThe Syndicate\n\nYoung Shop Assistant\n\nEpisode #1.2\n\n\nThe Midnight Beast\n\nPizza Girls\n\nEpisode: \"Someone Called Sam\"\n\n\nThe Hour\n\nRosa Maria Ramírez\n\n4 episodes\n\n\n2014\n\nDeath in Paradise\n\nYasmin Blake\n\nSeries 3; Episode 6\n\n\nHappy Valley\n\nJustine\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\nCucumber\n\nViolet\n\n\n\n\nThe Ark\n\nNahlab\n\nTelevision film\n\n\nBanana\n\nViolet\n\n\n\n\n2015–present\n\nKilljoys\n\nDutch / Aneela\n\nMain role\n\n\n2016\n\nThe Tunnel: Sabotage\n\nRosa Persaud\n\n\n\n\nGame of Thrones\n\nOrnela\n\nEpisodes: \"Oathbreaker\", \"Book of the Stranger\"\n\n\nBlack Mirror\n\nSonja\n\nEpisode: \"Playtest\"\n", "\n\nYear\n\nTitle\n\nRole\n\nNotes\n\n\n2011\n\nMisfits\n\nCarly\n\nEpisode #3.6\n\n\nBlack Mirror\n\nSelma\n\nEpisode \"Fifteen Million Merits\"\n\n\n2012\n\nWhitechapel\n\nRoxy\n\n2 episodes\n\n\nThe Syndicate\n\nYoung Shop Assistant\n\nEpisode #1.2\n\n\nThe Midnight Beast\n\nPizza Girls\n\nEpisode: \"Someone Called Sam\"\n\n\nThe Hour\n\nRosa Maria Ramírez\n\n4 episodes\n\n\n2014\n\nDeath in Paradise\n\nYasmin Blake\n\nSeries 3; Episode 6\n\n\nHappy Valley\n\nJustine\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\nCucumber\n\nViolet\n\n\n\n\nThe Ark\n\nNahlab\n\nTelevision film\n\n\nBanana\n\nViolet\n\n\n\n\n2015–present\n\nKilljoys\n\nDutch / Aneela\n\nMain role\n\n\n2016\n\nThe Tunnel: Sabotage\n\nRosa Persaud\n\n\n\n\nGame of Thrones\n\nOrnela\n\nEpisodes: \"Oathbreaker\", \"Book of the Stranger\"\n\n\nBlack Mirror\n\nSonja\n\nEpisode: \"Playtest\"\n" ]	[ "Episode \"Fifteen Million Merits\"", "Episode: \"Playtest\"" ]

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